Equibles

10-Q

Tesla, Inc. (TSLA)

10-Q 2023-10-23 For: 2023-09-30
View Original
Added on April 01, 2026

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

x QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023

OR

o TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _________ to _________

Commission File Number: 001-34756

Tesla, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware 91-2197729
(State or other jurisdiction of<br><br>incorporation or organization) (I.R.S. Employer<br><br>Identification No.) 1 Tesla Road<br><br>Austin, Texas 78725
--- ---
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

(512) 516-8177

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class Trading Symbol(s) Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock TSLA The Nasdaq Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (“Exchange Act”) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

Large accelerated filer x Accelerated filer o
Non-accelerated filer o Smaller reporting company o
Emerging growth company o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No x

As of October 16, 2023, there were 3,178,921,391 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.

TESLA, INC.

FORM 10-Q FOR THE QUARTER ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

INDEX

Page
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements 4
Consolidated Balance Sheets 4
Consolidated Statements of Operations 5
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income 6
Consolidated Statements of Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests and Equity 7
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows 9
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 10
Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 27
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk 36
Item 4. Controls and Procedures 36
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings 36
Item 1A. Risk Factors 37
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds 37
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities 37
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures 37
Item 5. Other Information 37
Item 6. Exhibits 38
Signatures 39

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Forward-Looking Statements

The discussions in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contain forward-looking statements reflecting our current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements concerning supply chain constraints, our strategy, competition, future operations and production capacity, future financial position, future revenues, projected costs, profitability, expected cost reductions, capital adequacy, expectations regarding demand and acceptance for our technologies, growth opportunities and trends in the markets in which we operate, prospects and plans and objectives of management. The words “anticipates,” “believes,” “could,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “may,” “plans,” “projects,” “will,” “would” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Actual results or events could differ materially from the plans, intentions and expectations disclosed in the forward-looking statements that we make. These forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements, including, without limitation, the risks set forth in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” of the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 and that are otherwise described or updated from time to time in our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). The discussion of such risks is not an indication that any such risks have occurred at the time of this filing. We do not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking statements.

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PART I.    FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1.    FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Tesla, Inc.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(in millions, except per share data)

(unaudited)

September 30,<br>2023 December 31,<br>2022
Assets
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents $ 15,932 $ 16,253
Short-term investments 10,145 5,932
Accounts receivable, net 2,520 2,952
Inventory 13,721 12,839
Prepaid expenses and other current assets 2,708 2,941
Total current assets 45,026 40,917
Operating lease vehicles, net 6,119 5,035
Solar energy systems, net 5,293 5,489
Property, plant and equipment, net 27,744 23,548
Operating lease right-of-use assets 3,637 2,563
Digital assets, net 184 184
Intangible assets, net 191 215
Goodwill 250 194
Other non-current assets 5,497 4,193
Total assets $ 93,941 $ 82,338
Liabilities
Current liabilities
Accounts payable $ 13,937 $ 15,255
Accrued liabilities and other 7,636 7,142
Deferred revenue 2,206 1,747
Customer deposits 894 1,063
Current portion of debt and finance leases 1,967 1,502
Total current liabilities 26,640 26,709
Debt and finance leases, net of current portion 2,426 1,597
Deferred revenue, net of current portion 3,059 2,804
Other long-term liabilities 7,321 5,330
Total liabilities 39,446 36,440
Commitments and contingencies (Note 9)
Redeemable noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries 277 409
Equity
Stockholders’ equity
Preferred stock; $0.001 par value; 100 shares authorized; no shares issued and outstanding — —
Common stock; $0.001 par value; 6,000 shares authorized; 3,179 and 3,164 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively 3 3
Additional paid-in capital 34,201 32,177
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (692) (361)
Retained earnings 19,954 12,885
Total stockholders’ equity 53,466 44,704
Noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries 752 785
Total liabilities and equity $ 93,941 $ 82,338

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Tesla, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Operations

(in millions, except per share data)

(unaudited)

Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
2023 2022 2023 2022
Revenues
Automotive sales $ 18,582 $ 17,785 $ 57,879 $ 46,969
Automotive regulatory credits 554 286 1,357 1,309
Automotive leasing 489 621 1,620 1,877
Total automotive revenues 19,625 18,692 60,856 50,155
Energy generation and storage 1,559 1,117 4,597 2,599
Services and other 2,166 1,645 6,153 4,390
Total revenues 23,350 21,454 71,606 57,144
Cost of revenues
Automotive sales 15,656 13,099 47,919 34,166
Automotive leasing 301 381 972 1,157
Total automotive cost of revenues 15,957 13,480 48,891 35,323
Energy generation and storage 1,178 1,013 3,770 2,470
Services and other 2,037 1,579 5,723 4,275
Total cost of revenues 19,172 16,072 58,384 42,068
Gross profit 4,178 5,382 13,222 15,076
Operating expenses
Research and development 1,161 733 2,875 2,265
Selling, general and administrative 1,253 961 3,520 2,914
Restructuring and other — — — 142
Total operating expenses 2,414 1,694 6,395 5,321
Income from operations 1,764 3,688 6,827 9,755
Interest income 282 86 733 140
Interest expense (38) (53) (95) (158)
Other income (expense), net 37 (85) 317 (1)
Income before income taxes 2,045 3,636 7,782 9,736
Provision for income taxes 167 305 751 856
Net income 1,878 3,331 7,031 8,880
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests and redeemable noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries 25 39 (38) 11
Net income attributable to common stockholders $ 1,853 $ 3,292 $ 7,069 $ 8,869
Net income per share of common stock attributable to common stockholders
Basic $ 0.58 $ 1.05 $ 2.23 $ 2.84
Diluted $ 0.53 $ 0.95 $ 2.03 $ 2.55
Weighted average shares used in computing net income per share of common stock
Basic 3,176 3,146 3,171 3,120
Diluted 3,493 3,468 3,481 3,474

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Tesla, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

(in millions)

(unaudited)

Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
2023 2022 2023 2022
Net income $ 1,878 $ 3,331 $ 7,031 $ 8,880
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Foreign currency translation adjustment (289) (460) (343) (977)
Unrealized net gain (loss) on investments 7 (5) 8 (19)
Adjustment for net loss realized and included in net income — — 4 —
Comprehensive income 1,596 2,866 6,700 7,884
Less: Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests and redeemable noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries 25 39 (38) 11
Comprehensive income attributable to common stockholders $ 1,571 $ 2,827 $ 6,738 $ 7,873

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Tesla, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests and Equity

(in millions, except per share data)

(unaudited)

Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 Redeemable<br><br>Noncontrolling<br><br>Interests Common Stock Additional<br>Paid-In<br>Capital Accumulated<br><br>Other<br><br>Comprehensive<br><br>Loss Retained<br>Earnings Total<br><br>Stockholders’<br><br>Equity Noncontrolling<br><br>Interests in<br><br>Subsidiaries Total<br><br>Equity
Shares Amount
Balance as of June 30, 2023 $ 288 3,174 $ 3 $ 33,436 $ (410) $ 18,101 $ 51,130 $ 764 $ 51,894
Exercises of conversion feature of convertible senior notes — 0 0 0 — — 0 — 0
Issuance of common stock for equity incentive awards — 5 0 254 — — 254 — 254
Stock-based compensation — — — 513 — — 513 — 513
Distributions to noncontrolling interests (10) — — — — — — (33) (33)
Buy-outs of noncontrolling interests (5) — — (2) — — (2) — (2)
Net income 4 — — — — 1,853 1,853 21 1,874
Other comprehensive loss — — — — (282) — (282) — (282)
Balance as of September 30, 2023 $ 277 3,179 $ 3 $ 34,201 $ (692) $ 19,954 $ 53,466 $ 752 $ 54,218 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 Redeemable<br><br>Noncontrolling<br><br>Interests Common Stock Additional<br>Paid-In<br>Capital Accumulated<br><br>Other<br><br>Comprehensive<br><br>Loss Retained<br>Earnings Total<br><br>Stockholders’<br><br>Equity Noncontrolling<br><br>Interests in<br><br>Subsidiaries Total<br><br>Equity
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Shares Amount
Balance as of December 31, 2022 $ 409 3,164 $ 3 $ 32,177 $ (361) $ 12,885 $ 44,704 $ 785 $ 45,489
Exercises of conversion feature of convertible senior notes — 0 0 0 — — 0 — 0
Issuance of common stock for equity incentive awards — 15 0 548 — — 548 — 548
Stock-based compensation — — — 1,473 — — 1,473 — 1,473
Distributions to noncontrolling interests (24) — — — — — — (83) (83)
Buy-outs of noncontrolling interests (8) — — 3 — — 3 (12) (9)
Net (loss) income (100) — — — — 7,069 7,069 62 7,131
Other comprehensive loss — — — — (331) — (331) — (331)
Balance as of September 30, 2023 $ 277 3,179 $ 3 $ 34,201 $ (692) $ 19,954 $ 53,466 $ 752 $ 54,218

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Three Months Ended September 30, 2022 Redeemable<br><br>Noncontrolling<br><br>Interests Common Stock Additional<br>Paid-In<br>Capital Accumulated<br><br>Other<br><br>Comprehensive<br><br>Loss Retained<br>Earnings Total<br><br>Stockholders’<br><br>Equity Noncontrolling<br><br>Interests in<br><br>Subsidiaries Total<br><br>Equity
Shares Amount
Balance as of June 30, 2022 $ 421 3,122 $ 3 $ 30,944 $ (477) $ 5,906 $ 36,376 $ 861 $ 37,237
Exercises of conversion feature of convertible senior notes — 0 0 0 — — 0 — 0
Settlement of warrants — 29 0 0 — — 0 — 0
Issuance of common stock for equity incentive awards — 7 0 229 — — 229 — 229
Stock-based compensation — — — 419 — — 419 — 419
Distributions to noncontrolling interests (11) — — — — — — (36) (36)
Net income 11 — — — — 3,292 3,292 27 3,319
Other comprehensive loss — — — — (465) — (465) — (465)
Balance as of September 30, 2022 $ 421 3,158 $ 3 $ 31,592 $ (942) $ 9,198 $ 39,851 $ 852 $ 40,703 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 Redeemable<br><br>Noncontrolling<br><br>Interests Common Stock Additional<br>Paid-In<br>Capital Accumulated<br><br>Other<br><br>Comprehensive<br><br>Income (Loss) Retained<br>Earnings Total<br><br>Stockholders’<br><br>Equity Noncontrolling<br><br>Interests in<br><br>Subsidiaries Total<br><br>Equity
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Shares Amount
Balance as of December 31, 2021 $ 568 3,100 $ 3 $ 29,803 $ 54 $ 329 $ 30,189 $ 826 $ 31,015
Exercises of conversion feature of convertible senior notes — 0 0 0 — — 0 — 0
Settlements of warrants — 37 0 0 — — 0 — 0
Issuance of common stock for equity incentive awards — 21 0 474 — — 474 — 474
Stock-based compensation — — — 1,323 — — 1,323 — 1,323
Distributions to noncontrolling interests (36) — — — — — — (84) (84)
Buy-out of noncontrolling interests (11) — — (8) — — (8) — (8)
Net (loss) income (100) — — — — 8,869 8,869 110 8,979
Other comprehensive loss — — — — (996) — (996) — (996)
Balance as of September 30, 2022 $ 421 3,158 $ 3 $ 31,592 $ (942) $ 9,198 $ 39,851 $ 852 $ 40,703

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Tesla, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(in millions)

(unaudited)

Nine Months Ended September 30,
2023 2022
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Net income $ 7,031 $ 8,880
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation, amortization and impairment 3,435 2,758
Stock-based compensation 1,328 1,141
Inventory and purchase commitments write-downs 361 118
Foreign currency transaction net unrealized (gain) loss (317) 1
Non-cash interest and other operating activities 94 159
Digital assets loss, net — 106
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable 377 (426)
Inventory (1,953) (4,492)
Operating lease vehicles (1,858) (1,136)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets 322 (865)
Other non-current assets (2,655) (1,580)
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities (24) 4,659
Deferred revenue 774 856
Customer deposits (95) 251
Other long-term liabilities 2,066 1,016
Net cash provided by operating activities 8,886 11,446
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Purchases of property and equipment excluding finance leases, net of sales (6,592) (5,300)
Purchases of solar energy systems, net of sales — (5)
Proceeds from sales of digital assets — 936
Purchase of intangible assets — (9)
Purchases of investments (13,221) (1,467)
Proceeds from maturities of investments 8,959 3
Proceeds from sales of investments 138 —
Business combinations, net of cash acquired (64) —
Net cash used in investing activities (10,780) (5,842)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Proceeds from issuances of debt 2,526 —
Repayments of debt (887) (3,000)
Proceeds from exercises of stock options and other stock issuances 548 474
Principal payments on finance leases (340) (369)
Debt issuance costs (23) —
Distributions paid to noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries (105) (118)
Payments for buy-outs of noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries (17) (19)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities 1,702 (3,032)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash (142) (567)
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash (334) 2,005
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period 16,924 18,144
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period $ 16,590 $ 20,149
Supplemental Non-Cash Investing and Financing Activities
Acquisitions of property and equipment included in liabilities $ 1,717 $ 1,877
Leased assets obtained in exchange for finance lease liabilities $ 1 $ 36
Leased assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities $ 1,548 $ 691

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Tesla, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(unaudited)

Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Unaudited Interim Financial Statements

The consolidated financial statements of Tesla, Inc. (“Tesla”, the “Company”, “we”, “us” or “our”), including the consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2023, the consolidated statements of operations, the consolidated statements of comprehensive income, the consolidated statements of redeemable noncontrolling interests and equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, and the consolidated statements of cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, as well as other information disclosed in the accompanying notes, are unaudited. The consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022 was derived from the audited consolidated financial statements as of that date. The interim consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes should be read in conjunction with the annual consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

The interim consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes have been prepared on the same basis as the annual consolidated financial statements and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair statement of the results of operations for the periods presented. The consolidated results of operations for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year or for any other future years or interim periods.

Reclassifications

Certain prior period balances have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation in the accompanying notes.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue by source

The following table disaggregates our revenue by major source (in millions):

Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
2023 2022 2023 2022
Automotive sales $ 18,582 $ 17,785 $ 57,879 $ 46,969
Automotive regulatory credits 554 286 1,357 1,309
Energy generation and storage sales 1,416 966 4,188 2,186
Services and other 2,166 1,645 6,153 4,390
Total revenues from sales and services 22,718 20,682 69,577 54,854
Automotive leasing 489 621 1,620 1,877
Energy generation and storage leasing 143 151 409 413
Total revenues $ 23,350 $ 21,454 $ 71,606 $ 57,144

Automotive Segment

Automotive Sales Revenue

Deferred revenue is related to the access to our Full Self Driving (“FSD”) features and ongoing maintenance, internet connectivity, free Supercharging programs and over-the-air software updates primarily on automotive sales, which amounted to $3.27 billion and $2.91 billion as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

Deferred revenue is equivalent to the total transaction price allocated to the performance obligations that are unsatisfied, or partially unsatisfied, as of the balance sheet date. Revenue recognized from the deferred revenue balance as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $360 million and $169 million for nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Of the total deferred revenue balance as of September 30, 2023, we expect to recognize $815 million of revenue in the next 12 months. The remaining balance will be recognized at the time of transfer of control of the product or over the performance period.

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We have been providing loans for financing our automotive deliveries in volume since fiscal year 2022. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we have recorded net financing receivables on the consolidated balance sheets, of which $239 million and $128 million, respectively, is recorded within Accounts receivable, net, for the current portion and $1.11 billion and $665 million, respectively, is recorded within Other non-current assets for the long-term portion.

Automotive Regulatory Credits

During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we had also recognized $288 million in revenue due to changes in regulation which entitled us to additional consideration for credits sold previously.

Automotive Leasing Revenue

Direct Sales-Type Leasing Program

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, we recognized $20 million and $197 million, respectively, of sales-type leasing revenue and $16 million and $149 million, respectively, of sales-type leasing cost of revenue. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, we recognized $161 million and $559 million, respectively, of sales-type leasing revenue and $97 million and $343 million, respectively, of sales-type leasing cost of revenue.

Lease receivables relating to sales-type leases are presented on the consolidated balance sheets as follows (in millions):

September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022
Gross lease receivables $ 803 $ 837
Unearned interest income (84) (95)
Allowance for expected credit losses (6) (4)
Net investment in sales-type leases $ 713 $ 738
Reported as:
Prepaid expenses and other current assets $ 178 $ 164
Other non-current assets 535 574
Net investment in sales-type leases $ 713 $ 738

Energy Generation and Storage Segment

Energy Generation and Storage Sales

We record as deferred revenue any non-refundable amounts that are collected from customers related to fees charged for prepayments, which is recognized as revenue ratably over the respective customer contract term. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, deferred revenue related to such customer payments amounted to $1.05 billion and $863 million, respectively, mainly due to billings for milestone payments. Revenue recognized from the deferred revenue balance as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $511 million and $132 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of September 30, 2023, total transaction price allocated to performance obligations that were unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied for contracts with an original expected length of more than one year was $1.91 billion. Of this amount, we expect to recognize $709 million in the next 12 months and the rest over the remaining performance obligation period.

We have been providing loans for financing our energy generation products in volume since fiscal year 2022. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we have recorded net financing receivables on the consolidated balance sheets, of which $29 million and $24 million, respectively, is recorded within Accounts receivable, net, for the current portion and $541 million and $387 million, respectively, is recorded within Other non-current assets for the long-term portion.

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Income Taxes

We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and in many foreign jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes, our deferred tax assets and liabilities and any valuation allowance recorded against our net deferred tax assets that are not more likely than not to be realized. The determination of the realizability of deferred tax assets requires significant judgment in assessing the likelihood of future tax consequences. In completing our assessment of realizability of our deferred tax assets, we consider our history of losses measured at pre-tax income (loss) adjusted for permanent book-tax differences on a jurisdictional basis, volatility in actual earnings, excess tax benefits related to stock-based compensation in recent prior years, and impacts of the timing of reversal of existing temporary differences. We also rely on our assessment of the Company’s projected future results of business operations, including uncertainty in future operating results relative to historical results, volatility in the market price of our common stock and its performance over time, variable macroeconomic conditions impacting our ability to forecast future taxable income, and changes in business that may affect the existence and magnitude of future taxable income. Our valuation allowance assessment is based on our best estimate of future results considering all available information.

We monitor the realizability of the U.S. deferred tax assets taking into account all relevant factors. As of September 30, 2023, we continued to maintain a full valuation allowance on our U.S. deferred tax assets. We will release the valuation allowance when there is sufficient positive evidence to support a conclusion that it is more likely than not the deferred tax assets will be realized. Depending on our operating results and the amount of stock-based compensation tax deductions available in the future, we may release the valuation allowance associated with the U.S. deferred tax assets within the next year. The timing and amount of the valuation allowance release could vary based on our assessment of all available evidence. Release of all, or a portion, of the valuation allowance would result in the recognition of certain deferred tax assets and may result in a material decrease to income tax expense for the period the release is recorded.

There are transactions that occur during the ordinary course of business for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the aggregate balances of our gross unrecognized tax benefits were $1.04 billion and $870 million, respectively, of which $616 million and $572 million, respectively, would not give rise to changes in our effective tax rate since these tax benefits would increase a deferred tax asset that is currently fully offset by a valuation allowance.

We file income tax returns in the U.S. and various state and foreign jurisdictions. We are currently under examination by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) for the years 2015 to 2018. Additional tax years within the periods 2004 to 2014 and 2019 to 2022 remain subject to examination for federal income tax purposes. All net operating losses and tax credits generated to date are subject to adjustment for U.S. federal and state income tax purposes. Our returns for 2004 and subsequent tax years remain subject to examination in U.S. state and foreign jurisdictions.

Given the uncertainty in timing and outcome of our tax examinations, an estimate of the range of the reasonably possible change in gross unrecognized tax benefits within twelve months cannot be made at this time.

Net Income per Share of Common Stock Attributable to Common Stockholders

The following table presents the reconciliation of net income attributable to common stockholders to net income used in computing basic and diluted net income per share of common stock (in millions):

Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
2023 2022 2023 2022
Net income attributable to common stockholders $ 1,853 $ 3,292 $ 7,069 $ 8,869
Less: Buy-out of noncontrolling interest 2 — (3) 8
Net income used in computing basic net income per share of common stock 1,851 3,292 7,072 8,861
Less: Dilutive convertible debt (0) (0) (0) (1)
Net income used in computing diluted net income per share of common stock $ 1,851 $ 3,292 $ 7,072 $ 8,862

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The following table presents the reconciliation of basic to diluted weighted average shares used in computing net income per share of common stock attributable to common stockholders (in millions):

Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
2023 2022 2023 2022
Weighted average shares used in computing net income per share of common stock, basic 3,176 3,146 3,171 3,120
Add:
Stock-based awards 304 301 297 311
Convertible senior notes 2 2 2 4
Warrants 11 19 11 39
Weighted average shares used in computing net income per share of common stock, diluted 3,493 3,468 3,481 3,474

The following table presents the potentially dilutive shares that were excluded from the computation of diluted net income per share of common stock attributable to common stockholders, because their effect was anti-dilutive (in millions):

Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
2023 2022 2023 2022
Stock-based awards 13 3 12 3

Restricted Cash

Our total cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, as presented in the consolidated statements of cash flows, was as follows (in millions):

September 30,<br>2023 December 31,<br>2022 September 30,<br>2022 December 31,<br>2021
Cash and cash equivalents $ 15,932 $ 16,253 $ 19,532 $ 17,576
Restricted cash included in prepaid expenses and other current assets 453 294 382 345
Restricted cash included in other non-current assets 205 377 235 223
Total as presented in the consolidated statements of cash flows $ 16,590 $ 16,924 $ 20,149 $ 18,144

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Depending on the day of the week on which the end of a fiscal quarter falls, our accounts receivable balance may fluctuate as we are waiting for certain customer payments to clear through our banking institutions and receipts of payments from our financing partners, which can take up to approximately two weeks based on the contractual payment terms with such partners. Our accounts receivable balances associated with our sales of regulatory credits, which are typically transferred to other manufacturers during the last few days of the quarter, is dependent on contractual payment terms. Additionally, government rebates can take up to a year or more to be collected depending on the customary processing timelines of the specific jurisdictions issuing them. These various factors may have a significant impact on our accounts receivable balance from period to period. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had $328 million and $753 million, respectively, of long-term government rebates receivable in Other non-current assets in our consolidated balance sheets.

Financing Receivables

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the majority of our financing receivables were at current status with only immaterial balances being past due. As of September 30, 2023, the majority of our financing receivables, excluding MyPower notes receivable, were originated in 2023 and 2022, and as of December 31, 2022, the majority of our financing receivables, excluding MyPower notes receivable, were originated in 2022.

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As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the total outstanding balance of MyPower customer notes receivable, net of allowance for expected credit losses, was $268 million and $280 million, respectively, of which $6 million and $7 million were due in the next 12 months as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the allowance for expected credit losses was $37 million.

Concentration of Risk

Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject us to a concentration of credit risk consist of cash, cash equivalents, investments, restricted cash, accounts receivable and financing receivables. Our cash and investments balances are primarily comprised of deposits which are diversified among high credit quality financial institutions or invested in U.S. government securities. These deposits are typically in excess of insured limits. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, no entity represented 10% or more of our total receivables balance.

Supply Risk

We are dependent on our suppliers, including single source suppliers, and the inability of these suppliers to deliver necessary components of our products in a timely manner at prices, quality levels and volumes acceptable to us, or our inability to efficiently manage these components from these suppliers, could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

Operating Lease Vehicles

The gross cost of operating lease vehicles as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was $7.40 billion and $6.08 billion, respectively. Operating lease vehicles on the consolidated balance sheets are presented net of accumulated depreciation of $1.28 billion and $1.04 billion as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

Goodwill

Goodwill increased $56 million within the automotive segment from $194 million as of December 31, 2022 to $250 million as of September 30, 2023 primarily from a business combination and divestiture.

Warranties

Accrued warranty activity consisted of the following (in millions):

Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
2023 2022 2023 2022
Accrued warranty—beginning of period $ 4,465 $ 2,433 $ 3,505 $ 2,101
Warranty costs incurred (335) (236) (911) (574)
Net changes in liability for pre-existing warranties, including expirations and foreign exchange impact 15 156 426 158
Provision for warranty 577 418 1,702 1,086
Accrued warranty—end of period $ 4,722 $ 2,771 $ 4,722 $ 2,771

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recently adopted accounting pronouncements

In October 2021, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2021-08, Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers (Topic 805). This ASU requires an acquirer in a business combination to recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities (deferred revenue) from acquired contracts using the revenue recognition guidance in Topic 606. At the acquisition date, the acquirer applies the revenue model as if it had originated the acquired contracts. The ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. We adopted this ASU prospectively on January 1, 2023. This ASU has not and is currently not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

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In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02, Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures. This ASU eliminates the accounting guidance for troubled debt restructurings by creditors that have adopted ASU 2016-13, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which we adopted on January 1, 2020. This ASU also enhances the disclosure requirements for certain loan refinancing and restructurings by creditors when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. In addition, the ASU amends the guidance on vintage disclosures to require entities to disclose current period gross write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investments in leases within the scope of ASC 326-20. The ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. We adopted the ASU prospectively on January 1, 2023. This ASU has not and is currently not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“IRA”) was enacted into law and is effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2022. The IRA includes multiple incentives to promote clean energy, electric vehicles, battery and energy storage manufacture or purchase, in addition to a new corporate alternative minimum tax of 15% on adjusted financial statement income of corporations with profits greater than $1 billion. Some of these measures are expected to materially affect our consolidated financial statements. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the impact was primarily a reduction of our material costs. We will continue to evaluate the effects of the IRA as more guidance is issued and the relevant implications to our consolidated financial statements.

Note 2 – Fair Value of Financial Instruments

ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements (“ASC 820”) states that fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability. The three-tiered fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes which inputs should be used in measuring fair value, is comprised of: (Level I) observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets; (Level II) inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are observable either directly or indirectly and (Level III) unobservable inputs for which there is little or no market data. The fair value hierarchy requires the use of observable market data when available in determining fair value. Our assets and liabilities that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows (in millions):

September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022
Fair Value Level I Level II Level III Fair Value Level I Level II Level III
Money market funds $ 1,153 $ 1,153 $ — $ — $ 2,188 $ 2,188 $ — $ —
U.S. government securities 4,798 — 4,798 — 894 — 894 —
Corporate debt securities 559 — 559 — 885 — 885 —
Certificates of deposit and time deposits 4,788 — 4,788 — 4,253 — 4,253 —
Total $ 11,298 $ 1,153 $ 10,145 $ — $ 8,220 $ 2,188 $ 6,032 $ —

All of our money market funds were classified within Level I of the fair value hierarchy because they were valued using quoted prices in active markets. Our U.S. government securities, certificates of deposit, time deposits and corporate debt securities are classified within Level II of the fair value hierarchy and the market approach was used to determine fair value of these investments.

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Our cash, cash equivalents and investments classified by security type as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 consisted of the following (in millions):

September 30, 2023
Adjusted Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Cash and Cash Equivalents Short-Term Investments
Cash $ 14,779 $ — $ — $ 14,779 $ 14,779 $ —
Money market funds 1,153 — — 1,153 1,153 —
U.S. government securities 4,800 — (2) 4,798 — 4,798
Corporate debt securities 569 1 (11) 559 — 559
Certificates of deposit and time deposits 4,788 — — 4,788 — 4,788
Total cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments $ 26,089 $ 1 $ (13) $ 26,077 $ 15,932 $ 10,145 December 31, 2022
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Adjusted Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Cash and Cash Equivalents Short-Term Investments
Cash $ 13,965 $ — $ — $ 13,965 $ 13,965 $ —
Money market funds 2,188 — — 2,188 2,188 —
U.S. government securities 897 — (3) 894 — 894
Corporate debt securities 907 — (22) 885 — 885
Certificates of deposit and time deposits 4,252 1 — 4,253 100 4,153
Total cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments $ 22,209 $ 1 $ (25) $ 22,185 $ 16,253 $ 5,932

We record gross realized gains, losses and credit losses as a component of Other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of operations. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, we did not recognize any material gross realized gains, losses or credit losses. The ending allowance balances for credit losses were immaterial as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. We have determined that the gross unrealized losses on our investments as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were temporary in nature.

The following table summarizes the fair value of our investments by stated contractual maturities as of September 30, 2023 (in millions):

Due in 1 year or less $ 9,734
Due in 1 year through 5 years 383
Due in 5 years through 10 years 28
Total $ 10,145

Disclosure of Fair Values

Our financial instruments that are not re-measured at fair value include accounts receivable, financing receivables, other receivables, digital assets, accounts payable, accrued liabilities, customer deposits and debt. The carrying values of these financial instruments materially approximate their fair values, other than our 2.00% Convertible Senior Notes due in 2024 (“2024 Notes”) and digital assets.

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We estimate the fair value of the 2024 Notes using commonly accepted valuation methodologies and market-based risk measurements that are indirectly observable, such as credit risk (Level II). In addition, we estimate the fair values of our digital assets based on quoted prices in active markets (Level I). The following table presents the estimated fair values and the carrying values (in millions):

September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022
Carrying Value Fair Value Carrying Value Fair Value
2024 Notes $ 37 $ 452 $ 37 $ 223
Digital assets, net $ 184 $ 311 $ 184 $ 191

Note 3 – Inventory

Our inventory consisted of the following (in millions):

September 30,<br>2023 December 31,<br>2022
Raw materials $ 5,817 $ 6,137
Work in process 2,246 2,385
Finished goods (1) 4,550 3,475
Service parts 1,108 842
Total $ 13,721 $ 12,839

(1)Finished goods inventory includes vehicles in transit to fulfill customer orders, new vehicles available for sale, used vehicles and energy products available for sale.

We write-down inventory for any excess or obsolete inventories or when we believe that the net realizable value of inventories is less than the carrying value. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, we recorded write-downs of $43 million and $148 million, respectively, in Cost of revenues in the consolidated statements of operations. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, we recorded write-downs of $42 million and $91 million, respectively, in Cost of revenues in the consolidated statements of operations.

Note 4 – Property, Plant and Equipment, Net

Our property, plant and equipment, net, consisted of the following (in millions):

September 30,<br>2023 December 31,<br>2022
Machinery, equipment, vehicles and office furniture $ 15,077 $ 13,558
Tooling 2,865 2,579
Leasehold improvements 2,892 2,366
Land and buildings 8,584 7,751
Computer equipment, hardware and software 3,225 2,072
Construction in progress 6,341 4,263
38,984 32,589
Less: Accumulated depreciation (11,240) (9,041)
Total $ 27,744 $ 23,548

Construction in progress is primarily comprised of construction of Gigafactory Texas, and equipment and tooling related to the manufacturing of our products.

Depreciation expense during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 was $897 million and $2.44 billion, respectively. Depreciation expense during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 was $620 million and $1.75 billion, respectively.

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Note 5 – Accrued Liabilities and Other

Our accrued liabilities and other current liabilities consisted of the following (in millions):

September 30,<br>2023 December 31,<br>2022
Accrued purchases (1) $ 2,708 $ 2,747
Taxes payable (2) 1,095 1,235
Payroll and related costs 1,192 1,026
Accrued warranty reserve, current portion 1,376 1,025
Sales return reserve, current portion 218 270
Operating lease liabilities, current portion 613 485
Other current liabilities 434 354
Total $ 7,636 $ 7,142

(1)Accrued purchases primarily reflects receipts of goods and services for which we had not yet been invoiced. As we are invoiced for these goods and services, this balance will reduce and accounts payable will increase.

(2)Taxes payable includes value added tax, income tax, sales tax, property tax and use tax payables.

Note 6 – Other Long-Term Liabilities

Our other long-term liabilities consisted of the following (in millions):

September 30,<br>2023 December 31,<br>2022
Operating lease liabilities $ 3,181 $ 2,164
Accrued warranty reserve 3,346 2,480
Other non-current liabilities 794 686
Total other long-term liabilities $ 7,321 $ 5,330

Note 7 – Debt

The following is a summary of our debt and finance leases as of September 30, 2023 (in millions):

Net Carrying Value Unpaid<br>Principal<br>Balance Unused<br>Committed<br>Amount (1) Contractual<br>Interest Rates Contractual<br>Maturity Date
Current Long-Term
Recourse debt:
2024 Notes $ 37 $ — $ 37 $ — 2.00 % May 2024
RCF Credit Agreement — — — 5,000 Not applicable January 2028
Solar Bonds — 7 7 — 4.70-5.75% March 2025 - January 2031
Total recourse debt 37 7 44 5,000
Non-recourse debt:
Automotive Asset-backed Notes 1,482 1,795 3,290 — 0.36-6.57% July 2024-August 2027
Solar Asset-backed Notes 4 10 14 — 4.80 % December 2026
Cash Equity Debt 29 340 378 — 5.25-5.81% July 2033-January 2035
Total non-recourse debt 1,515 2,145 3,682 —
Total debt 1,552 2,152 $ 3,726 $ 5,000
Finance leases 415 274
Total debt and finance leases $ 1,967 $ 2,426

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The following is a summary of our debt and finance leases as of December 31, 2022 (in millions):

Net Carrying Value Unpaid<br>Principal<br>Balance Unused<br>Committed<br>Amount (2) Contractual<br>Interest Rates Contractual<br>Maturity Date
Current Long-Term
Recourse debt:
2024 Notes $ — $ 37 $ 37 $ — 2.00 % May 2024
Credit Agreement — — — 2,266 Not applicable July 2023
Solar Bonds — 7 7 — 4.70-5.75% March 2025 - January 2031
Total recourse debt — 44 44 2,266
Non-recourse debt:
Automotive Asset-backed Notes 984 613 1,603 — 0.36-4.64% December 2023-September 2025
Solar Asset-backed Notes 4 13 17 — 4.80 % December 2026
Cash Equity Debt 28 359 397 — 5.25-5.81% July 2033-January 2035
Automotive Lease-backed Credit Facilities — — — 151 Not applicable September 2024
Total non-recourse debt 1,016 985 2,017 151
Total debt 1,016 1,029 $ 2,061 $ 2,417
Finance leases 486 568
Total debt and finance leases $ 1,502 $ 1,597

(1)There are no restrictions on draw-down or use for general corporate purposes with respect to any available committed funds under our RCF Credit Agreement. Refer to the notes to the consolidated financial statements included in our reporting on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 for the terms of the facility.

(2)There were no restrictions on draw-down or use for general corporate purposes with respect to any available committed funds under our credit facilities, except certain specified conditions prior to draw-down, including pledging to our lenders sufficient amounts of qualified receivables, inventories, leased vehicles and our interests in those leases or various other assets as described in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included in our report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Recourse debt refers to debt that is recourse to our general assets of the respective guarantors. Non-recourse debt refers to debt that is recourse to only assets of our subsidiaries. The differences between the unpaid principal balances and the net carrying values are due to debt discounts or deferred issuance costs. As of September 30, 2023, we were in material compliance with all financial debt covenants.

2024 Notes

During the first three quarters of 2023, the closing price of our common stock continued to exceed 130% of the applicable conversion price of our 2024 Notes on at least 20 of the last 30 consecutive trading days of the quarter, causing the 2024 Notes to be convertible by their holders during the second, third and fourth quarters of 2023. Should the closing price conditions continue to be met in a future quarter for the 2024 Notes, the 2024 Notes will be convertible at their holders’ option during the immediately following quarter.

Automotive Asset-backed Notes

In the third quarter of 2023, we transferred beneficial interests related to certain leased vehicles into special purpose entities and issued $2.53 billion in aggregate principal amount of Automotive Asset-backed Notes, with terms similar to our other previously issued Automotive Asset-backed Notes. The proceeds from the issuance, net of debt issuance costs, were $2.52 billion.

Automotive Lease-backed Credit Facilities

In the third quarter of 2023, we terminated our Automotive Lease-backed Credit Facilities and the previously committed funds are no longer available for future borrowings.

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Note 8 – Equity Incentive Plans

Other Performance-Based Grants

From time to time, the Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors grants certain employees performance-based restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and stock options.

As of September 30, 2023, we had unrecognized stock-based compensation expense of $525 million under these grants to purchase or receive an aggregate 4.7 million shares of our common stock. For awards probable of achievement, we estimate the unrecognized stock-based compensation expense of $131 million will be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3 years.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, we recorded $10 million and $56 million, respectively, of stock-based compensation expense related to these grants, net of forfeitures. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, we recorded $31 million and $134 million, respectively, of stock-based compensation expense related to these grants, net of forfeitures.

Summary Stock-Based Compensation Information

The following table summarizes our stock-based compensation expense by line item in the consolidated statements of operations (in millions):

Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
2023 2022 2023 2022
Cost of revenues $ 181 $ 150 $ 554 $ 424
Research and development 189 124 491 389
Selling, general and administrative 95 88 283 328
Total $ 465 $ 362 $ 1,328 $ 1,141

Our income tax benefits recognized from stock-based compensation arrangements in each of the periods presented were immaterial due to cumulative losses and valuation allowances.

Note 9 – Commitments and Contingencies

Operating Lease Arrangements in Buffalo, New York and Shanghai, China

For a description of our operating lease arrangements in Buffalo, New York, and Shanghai, China, refer to Note 15, Commitments and Contingencies, in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. As of September 30, 2023, we expect to meet the requirements under these arrangements based on our current and anticipated level of operations.

Legal Proceedings

Litigation Relating to the SolarCity Acquisition

Between September 1, 2016 and October 5, 2016, seven lawsuits were filed in the Delaware Court of Chancery by purported stockholders of Tesla challenging our acquisition of SolarCity Corporation (“SolarCity”). Following consolidation, the lawsuit names as defendants the members of Tesla’s board of directors as then constituted and alleges, among other things, that board members breached their fiduciary duties in connection with the acquisition. The complaint asserts both derivative claims and direct claims on behalf of a purported class and seeks, among other relief, unspecified monetary damages, attorneys’ fees and costs. On January 22, 2020, all of the director defendants except Elon Musk reached a settlement to resolve the lawsuit against them for an amount to be paid entirely under the applicable insurance policy. The settlement, which does not involve an admission of any wrongdoing by any party, was approved by the Court on August 17, 2020. Tesla received payment of approximately $43 million on September 16, 2020, which has been recognized in our consolidated statements of operations as a reduction to Selling, general and administrative operating expenses for costs previously incurred related to the acquisition of SolarCity. The trial was held from July 12 to July 23, 2021 and on August 16, 2021. On October 22, 2021, the Court approved the parties’ joint stipulation that (a) the class is decertified and the action shall continue exclusively as a derivative action under Court of Chancery Rule 23.1 and (b) the direct claims against Elon Musk are dismissed with prejudice. Following post-trial briefing, post-trial argument was held on January 18, 2022.

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On April 27, 2022, the Court entered judgment in favor of Mr. Musk on all counts. On May 26, 2022, the plaintiff filed a notice of appeal. Oral argument was held before the Supreme Court of Delaware on March 29, 2023, and on June 6, 2023, the Supreme Court of Delaware affirmed the Court of Chancery’s decision.

These plaintiffs and others filed parallel actions in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware on or about April 21, 2017. They include claims for violations of the federal securities laws and breach of fiduciary duties by Tesla’s board of directors. Those actions were consolidated and stayed pending the above-referenced Chancery Court litigation. On October 16, 2023, these plaintiffs filed a voluntary dismissal of the action.

Litigation Relating to 2018 CEO Performance Award

On June 4, 2018, a purported Tesla stockholder filed a putative class and derivative action in the Delaware Court of Chancery against Elon Musk and the members of Tesla’s board of directors as then constituted, alleging corporate waste, unjust enrichment and that such board members breached their fiduciary duties by approving the stock-based compensation plan awarded to Elon Musk in 2018. The complaint seeks, among other things, monetary damages and rescission or reformation of the stock-based compensation plan. On August 31, 2018, defendants filed a motion to dismiss the complaint; plaintiff filed its opposition brief on November 1, 2018; and defendants filed a reply brief on December 13, 2018. The hearing on the motion to dismiss was held on May 9, 2019. On September 20, 2019, the Court granted the motion to dismiss as to the corporate waste claim but denied the motion as to the breach of fiduciary duty and unjust enrichment claims. Defendants’ answer was filed on December 3, 2019.

On January 25, 2021, the Court conditionally certified certain claims and a class of Tesla stockholders as a class action. On September 30, 2021, plaintiff filed a motion for leave to file a verified amended derivative complaint. On October 1, 2021, defendants Kimbal Musk and Steve Jurvetson moved for summary judgment as to the claims against them. Following the motion, plaintiff agreed to voluntarily dismiss the claims against Kimbal Musk and Steve Jurvetson. Plaintiff also moved for summary judgment on October 1, 2021. On October 27, 2021, the Court approved the parties’ joint stipulation that, among other things, (a) all claims against Kimbal Musk and Steve Jurvetson in the Complaint are dismissed with prejudice; (b) the class is decertified and the action shall continue exclusively as a derivative action under Court of Chancery Rule 23.1; and (c) the direct claims against the remaining defendants are dismissed with prejudice. On November 18, 2021, the remaining defendants (a) moved for partial summary judgment, (b) opposed plaintiff’s summary judgment motion and (c) opposed the plaintiff’s motion to amend his complaint. In January 2022, the case was assigned to a different judge. On February 24, 2022, the court (i) granted plaintiff’s motion to amend his complaint, and (ii) canceled oral argument on the summary judgment motions, stating that the court is “skeptical that this litigation can be resolved based on the undisputed facts” and the “case is going to trial,” but that the “parties may reassert their arguments made in support of summary judgment in their pre-trial and post-trial briefs.” Trial was held November 14-18, 2022. Post-trial briefing and argument are now complete.

Litigation Related to Directors’ Compensation

On June 17, 2020, a purported Tesla stockholder filed a derivative action in the Delaware Court of Chancery, purportedly on behalf of Tesla, against certain of Tesla’s current and former directors regarding compensation awards granted to Tesla’s directors, other than Elon Musk, between 2017 and 2020. The suit asserts claims for breach of fiduciary duty and unjust enrichment and seeks declaratory and injunctive relief, unspecified damages and other relief. Defendants filed their answer on September 17, 2020. Trial is currently set for November 27, 2023, to December 1, 2023.

On July 14, 2023, the parties filed a Stipulation and Agreement of Compromise and Settlement, which does not involve an admission of any wrongdoing by any party. If the settlement is approved by the Court, this action will be fully settled and dismissed with prejudice. Pursuant to the terms of the agreement, Tesla provided notice of the proposed settlement to stockholders of record as of July 14, 2023. The general terms, conditions and timing of this proposed settlement are further set forth in the Form 8-K filed on July 20, 2023, which includes, among other things, the court-approved notice of the proposed settlement. The Court held a hearing regarding the settlement on October 13, 2023, after which it took the settlement and plaintiff counsels’ fee request under advisement. The settlement is not expected to have an adverse impact on our results of operations, cash flows or financial position.

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Litigation Relating to Potential Going Private Transaction

Between August 10, 2018 and September 6, 2018, nine purported stockholder class actions were filed against Tesla and Elon Musk in connection with Mr. Musk’s August 7, 2018 Twitter post that he was considering taking Tesla private. On January 16, 2019, Plaintiffs filed their consolidated complaint in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California and added as defendants the members of Tesla’s board of directors. The consolidated complaint asserts claims for violations of the federal securities laws and seeks unspecified damages and other relief. The parties stipulated to certification of a class of stockholders, which the court granted on November 25, 2020. Trial started on January 17, 2023, and on February 3, 2023, a jury rendered a verdict in favor of the defendants on all counts. After trial, plaintiffs filed a motion for judgment as a matter of law and a motion for new trial, which the Court denied and judgement was entered in favor of defendants on July 11, 2023. On July 14, 2023, plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal.

Between October 17, 2018 and March 8, 2021, seven derivative lawsuits were filed in the Delaware Court of Chancery, purportedly on behalf of Tesla, against Mr. Musk and the members of Tesla’s board of directors, as constituted at relevant times, in relation to statements made and actions connected to a potential going private transaction, with certain of the lawsuits challenging additional Twitter posts by Mr. Musk, among other things. Five of those actions were consolidated, and all seven actions have been stayed pending resolution of the above-referenced consolidated purported stockholder class action. In addition to these cases, two derivative lawsuits were filed on October 25, 2018 and February 11, 2019 in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware, purportedly on behalf of Tesla, against Mr. Musk and the members of the Tesla board of directors as then constituted. Those cases have also been consolidated and stayed pending resolution of the appeal in the above-referenced consolidated purported stockholder class action.

On October 21, 2022, a lawsuit was filed in the Delaware Court of Chancery by a purported shareholder of Tesla alleging, among other things, that board members breached their fiduciary duties in connection with their oversight of the Company’s 2018 settlement with the SEC, as amended. Among other things, the plaintiff seeks reforms to the Company’s corporate governance and internal procedures, unspecified damages, and attorneys’ fees. The parties reached an agreement to stay the case until December 5, 2023.

On November 15, 2021, JPMorgan Chase Bank (“JP Morgan”) filed a lawsuit against Tesla in the Southern District of New York alleging breach of a stock warrant agreement that was entered into as part of a convertible notes offering in 2014. In 2018, JP Morgan informed Tesla that it had adjusted the strike price based upon Mr. Musk’s August 7, 2018 Twitter post that he was considering taking Tesla private. Tesla disputed JP Morgan’s adjustment as a violation of the parties’ agreement. In 2021, Tesla delivered shares to JP Morgan per the agreement, which they duly accepted. JP Morgan now alleges that it is owed approximately $162 million as the value of additional shares that it claims should have been delivered as a result of the adjustment to the strike price in 2018. On January 24, 2022, Tesla filed multiple counterclaims as part of its answer to the underlying lawsuit, asserting among other points that JP Morgan should have terminated the stock warrant agreement in 2018 rather than make an adjustment to the strike price that it should have known would lead to a commercially unreasonable result. Tesla believes that the adjustments made by JP Morgan were neither proper nor commercially reasonable, as required under the stock warrant agreements. JP Morgan filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings, which Tesla opposed, and that motion is currently pending before the Court.

Litigation and Investigations Relating to Alleged Discrimination and Harassment

On October 4, 2021, in a case captioned Diaz v. Tesla, a jury in the Northern District of California returned a verdict against Tesla on claims by a former contingent worker that he was subjected to race discrimination while assigned to work at Tesla’s Fremont Factory from 2015-2016. On November 16, 2021, Tesla filed a post-trial motion for relief that included a request for a new trial or reduction of the jury’s damages. On April 13, 2022, the Court granted Tesla’s motion in part, reducing the total damages and conditionally denied the motion for a new trial subject to the plaintiff’s acceptance of the reduced award. On June 21, 2022, the plaintiff rejected the reduced award and, as a result, on June 27, 2022, the Court ordered a new trial on damages only, which commenced on March 27, 2023, after which a jury returned a verdict of $3,175,000. As a result, the damages awarded against Tesla were reduced from an initial $136.9 million (October 4, 2021) down to $15 million (April 13, 2022), and then further down to $3.175 million (April 3, 2023).

On February 9, 2022, shortly after the first Diaz jury verdict, the California Civil Rights Department (”CRD,” formerly “DFEH”) filed a civil complaint against Tesla in Alameda County, California Superior Court, alleging systemic race discrimination, hostile work environment and pay equity claims, among others. CRD’s amended complaint seeks monetary damages and injunctive relief. On September 22, 2022, Tesla filed a cross complaint against CRD, alleging that it violated the Administrative Procedures Act by failing to follow statutory pre-requisites prior to filing suit and that cross complaint was subject to a sustained demurrer, which Tesla later amended and refiled. The case is now in discovery.

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Additionally, on June 1, 2022 the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”) issued a cause finding against Tesla that closely parallels the CRD’s allegations. Tesla engaged in a mandatory mediation with the EEOC in June 2023, which did not result in a resolution. On September 28, 2023, the EEOC filed a civil complaint against Tesla in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California asserting claims for race harassment and retaliation and seeking, among other things, monetary and injunctive relief.

On June 16, 2022, two Tesla stockholders filed separate derivative actions in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas, purportedly on behalf of Tesla, against certain of Tesla’s current and former directors. Both suits assert claims for breach of fiduciary duty, unjust enrichment, and violation of the federal securities laws in connection with alleged race and gender discrimination and sexual harassment. Among other things, plaintiffs seek declaratory and injunctive relief, unspecified damages payable to Tesla, and attorneys’ fees. On July 22, 2022, the Court consolidated the two cases and on September 6, 2022, plaintiffs filed a consolidated complaint. On November 7, 2022, the defendants filed a motion to dismiss the case. Plaintiffs filed a response of January 13, 2023, and the defendants replied on February 17, 2023. On September 15, 2023, the Court dismissed the action but granted plaintiffs leave to file an amended complaint.

Other Litigation Related to Our Products and Services

We are also subject to various lawsuits that seek monetary and other injunctive relief. These lawsuits include proposed class actions and other consumer claims that allege, among other things, defects and misrepresentations related to our products and services. For example, on September 14, 2022, a proposed class action was filed against Tesla, Inc. and related entities in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California, alleging various claims about the Company’s driver assistance technology systems under state and federal law. This case was later consolidated with several other proposed class actions, and a Consolidated Amended Complaint was filed on October 28, 2022, which seeks damages and other relief on behalf of all persons who purchased or leased from Tesla between January 1, 2016 to the present. On October 5, 2022 a proposed class action complaint was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York asserting similar state and federal law claims against the same defendants. On September 30, 2023, the Court dismissed this action with leave to amend the complaint. On March 22, 2023, the plaintiffs in the California consolidated action filed a motion for a preliminary injunction to order Tesla to (1) cease using the term “Full Self-Driving Capability” (FSDC), (2) cease the sale and activation of FSDC and deactivate FSDC on Tesla vehicles, and (3) provide certain notices to consumers about proposed court-findings about the accuracy of the use of the terms Autopilot and FSDC. Tesla opposed the motion. On September 30, 2023, the Court denied the request for a preliminary injunction, compelled four of five plaintiffs to arbitration, and dismissed the claims of the fifth plaintiff with leave to amend the complaint. Subsequently, on October 2, 2023, a similar proposed class action was filed in San Diego County Superior Court in California.

On February 27, 2023, a proposed class action was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California against Tesla, Inc., Elon Musk and certain current and former Company executives. The complaint alleges that the defendants made material misrepresentations and omissions about the Company’s Autopilot and FSDC technologies and seeks money damages and other relief on behalf of persons who purchased Tesla stock between February 19, 2019 and February 17, 2023. An amended complaint was filed on September 5, 2023, naming only Tesla, Inc. and Elon Musk as defendants. On April 13, 2023, a putative Tesla shareholder filed a related shareholder derivative complaint against the members of Tesla’s board of directors and certain current and former executives, alleging contribution for violations of the federal securities law, breach of fiduciary duties, waste, and unjust enrichment. The complaint asserted derivative claims and seeks, among other relief, unspecified monetary damages, attorneys’ fees and costs. On July 19, 2023, the plaintiff in the shareholder derivative action voluntarily dismissed the complaint without prejudice.

On March 14, 2023, a proposed class action was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California. Several similar complaints have also been filed in the same court and these cases have now all been consolidated. These complaints allege that Tesla violates federal antitrust and warranty laws through its repair, service, and maintenance practices and seeks, among other relief, damages for persons who paid Tesla for repairs services or Tesla compatible replacement parts from March 2019 to March 2023. On July 17, 2023, these plaintiffs filed a consolidated amended complaint.

The Company intends to vigorously defend itself in these matters; however, we cannot predict the outcome or impact. We are unable to reasonably estimate the possible loss or range of loss, if any, associated with these claims, unless noted.

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Certain Investigations and Other Matters

We receive requests for information from regulators and governmental authorities, such as the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the National Transportation Safety Board, the SEC, the Department of Justice (“DOJ”) and various local, state, federal and international agencies. We routinely cooperate with such regulatory and governmental requests, including subpoenas, formal and informal requests and other investigations and inquiries.

For example, the SEC had issued subpoenas to Tesla in connection with Elon Musk’s prior statement that he was considering taking Tesla private. The take-private investigation was resolved and closed with a settlement entered into with the SEC in September 2018 and as further clarified in April 2019 in an amendment. The SEC also has periodically issued subpoenas to us seeking information on our governance processes around compliance with the SEC settlement, as amended.

Separately, the Company has received requests for information, including subpoenas, from the DOJ. These have included requests for documents related to Tesla’s Autopilot and FSD features. Additionally, the Company has received requests for information, including subpoenas from the DOJ, regarding certain matters associated with personal benefits, related parties, vehicle range and personnel decisions. To our knowledge no government agency in any ongoing investigation has concluded that any wrongdoing occurred. We cannot predict the outcome or impact of any ongoing matters. Should the government decide to pursue an enforcement action, there exists the possibility of a material adverse impact on our business, results of operation, prospects, cash flows, financial position or brand.

We are also subject to various other legal proceedings, risks and claims that arise from the normal course of business activities. For example, during the second quarter of 2023, a foreign news outlet reported that it obtained certain misappropriated data including, purportedly, among other things, non-public Tesla business and personal information. Tesla has made notifications to potentially affected individuals (current and former employees) and regulatory authorities and we are working with certain law enforcement and other authorities. On August 5, 2023, a putative class action was filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, purportedly on behalf of all U.S. individuals impacted by the data incident, followed by several additional lawsuits, that each assert claims under various state laws and seeks monetary damages and other relief. If an unfavorable ruling or development were to occur in these or other possible legal proceedings, risks and claims, there exists the possibility of a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, prospects, cash flows, financial position or brand.

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Note 10 – Variable Interest Entity Arrangements

The aggregate carrying values of the variable interest entities’ assets and liabilities, after elimination of any intercompany transactions and balances, in the consolidated balance sheets were as follows (in millions):

September 30,<br>2023 December 31,<br>2022
Assets
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents $ 78 $ 68
Accounts receivable, net 30 22
Prepaid expenses and other current assets 341 274
Total current assets 449 364
Solar energy systems, net 3,921 4,060
Other non-current assets 390 404
Total assets $ 4,760 $ 4,828
Liabilities
Current liabilities
Accrued liabilities and other $ 73 $ 69
Deferred revenue 10 10
Current portion of debt and finance leases 1,512 1,013
Total current liabilities 1,595 1,092
Deferred revenue, net of current portion 145 149
Debt and finance leases, net of current portion 2,134 971
Other long-term liabilities — 3
Total liabilities $ 3,874 $ 2,215

Note 11 – Segment Reporting and Information about Geographic Areas

We have two operating and reportable segments: (i) automotive and (ii) energy generation and storage. The following table presents revenues and gross profit by reportable segment (in millions):

Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
2023 2022 2023 2022
Automotive segment
Revenues $ 21,791 $ 20,337 $ 67,009 $ 54,545
Gross profit $ 3,797 $ 5,278 $ 12,395 $ 14,947
Energy generation and storage segment
Revenues $ 1,559 $ 1,117 $ 4,597 $ 2,599
Gross profit $ 381 $ 104 $ 827 $ 129

The following table presents revenues by geographic area based on the sales location of our products (in millions):

Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
2023 2022 2023 2022
United States $ 10,893 $ 10,236 $ 33,472 $ 28,584
China 5,020 5,131 15,642 13,568
Other international 7,437 6,087 22,492 14,992
Total $ 23,350 $ 21,454 $ 71,606 $ 57,144

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The following table presents long-lived assets by geographic area (in millions):

September 30,<br>2023 December 31,<br>2022
United States $ 25,162 $ 21,667
Germany 4,008 3,547
China 2,786 2,978
Other international 1,081 845
Total $ 33,037 $ 29,037

The following table presents inventory by reportable segment (in millions):

September 30,<br>2023 December 31,<br>2022
Automotive $ 11,398 $ 10,996
Energy generation and storage 2,323 1,843
Total $ 13,721 $ 12,839

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ITEM 2.    MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Overview

Our mission is to accelerate the world’s transition to sustainable energy. We design, develop, manufacture, lease and sell high-performance fully electric vehicles, solar energy generation systems and energy storage products. We also offer maintenance, installation, operation, financial and other services related to our products. Additionally, we are increasingly focused on products and services based on artificial intelligence, robotics and automation.

In 2023, we produced 1,350,996 consumer vehicles and delivered 1,324,074 consumer vehicles through the third quarter. We are currently focused on increasing vehicle production, capacity and delivery capabilities, reducing costs, improving and developing our vehicles and battery technologies, vertically integrating and localizing our supply chain, improving and further deploying our FSD capabilities, increasing the affordability and efficiency of our vehicles, bringing new products to market and expanding our global infrastructure.

In 2023, we deployed 11.52 GWh of energy storage products and 182 megawatts of solar energy systems through the third quarter. We are currently focused on ramping production of energy storage products, improving our Solar Roof installation capability and efficiency, and increasing market share of retrofit solar energy systems.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, we recognized total revenues of $23.35 billion and $71.61 billion, respectively, representing increases of $1.90 billion and $14.46 billion, respectively, over the same periods ended September 30, 2022. We continue to ramp production, build new manufacturing capacity, invest in research and development and expand our operations to enable increased deliveries and deployments of our products and further revenue growth.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, our net income attributable to common stockholders was $1.85 billion and $7.07 billion, respectively, representing unfavorable changes of $1.44 billion and $1.80 billion, respectively, over the same periods ended September 30, 2022. We continue to focus on further cost reductions and operational efficiencies while maximizing delivery volumes.

We ended the third quarter of 2023 with $26.08 billion in cash and cash equivalents and investments, representing an increase of $3.89 billion from the end of 2022. Our cash flows provided by operating activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 were $8.89 billion and $11.45 billion, respectively, representing a decrease of $2.56 billion. Capital expenditures amounted to $6.59 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $5.30 billion during the same period ended September 30, 2022, representing an increase of $1.29 billion. Sustained growth has allowed our business to generally fund itself, and we will continue investing in a number of capital-intensive projects and research and development in upcoming periods.

Management Opportunities, Challenges and Uncertainties and 2023 Outlook

Automotive—Production

The following is a summary of the status of production of each of our announced vehicle models in production and under development, as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q:

Production Location Vehicle Model(s) Production Status
Fremont Factory Model S / Model X Active
Model 3 / Model Y Active
Gigafactory Shanghai Model 3 / Model Y Active
Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg Model Y Active
Gigafactory Texas Model Y Active
Cybertruck Pilot production
Gigafactory Nevada Tesla Semi Pilot production
Various Next Generation Platform In development
TBD Tesla Roadster In development

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We are focused on growing our manufacturing capacity, which includes capacity for manufacturing new vehicle models such as our Cybertruck and next generation platform, and ramping all of our production vehicles to their installed production capacities as well as increasing production rate and efficiency at our current factories. The next phase of production growth will depend on the ramp at Gigafactory Texas and Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg, as well as our ability to add to our available sources of battery cell supply by manufacturing our own cells that we are developing to have high-volume output, lower capital and production costs and longer range. Our goals are to improve vehicle performance, decrease production costs and increase affordability and customer awareness.

These plans are subject to uncertainties inherent in establishing and ramping manufacturing operations, which may be exacerbated by new product and manufacturing technologies we introduce, the number of concurrent international projects, any industry-wide component constraints, labor shortages and any future impact from events outside of our control. For example, during the third quarter of 2023, we experienced a sequential decline in production volumes due to pre-planned shutdowns for upgrades at various factories. Moreover, we have set ambitious technological targets with our plans for battery cells as well as for iterative manufacturing and design improvements for our vehicles with each new factory.

Automotive—Demand, Sales, Deliveries and Infrastructure

Our cost reduction efforts, cost innovation strategies, and additional localized procurement and manufacturing are key to our vehicles’ affordability and have allowed us to competitively price our vehicles. We will also continue to generate demand and brand awareness by improving our vehicles’ performance and functionality, including through products based on artificial intelligence such as Autopilot and FSD, and other software features and delivering new vehicles, such as our upcoming Cybertruck. Moreover, we expect to continue to benefit from ongoing electrification of the automotive sector and increasing environmental regulations and initiatives.

However, we operate in a cyclical industry that is sensitive to political and regulatory uncertainty, including with respect to trade and the environment, all of which can be compounded by inflationary pressures, rising energy prices, increases in interest rates and the liquidity of enterprise customers. For example, inflationary pressures have increased across the markets in which we operate. In an effort to curb this trend, central banks in developed countries raised interest rates rapidly and substantially, impacting the affordability of vehicle lease and finance arrangements. Further, sales of vehicles in the automotive industry also tend to be cyclical in many markets, which may expose us to increased volatility as we expand and adjust our operations. Moreover, as additional competitors enter the marketplace and help bring the world closer to sustainable transportation, we will have to adjust and continue to execute well to maintain our momentum. Additionally, our suppliers’ liquidity and allocation plans may be affected by current challenges in the North American automotive industry, which could reduce our access to components or result in unfavorable changes to cost. These macroeconomic and industry trends have had, and will likely continue to have, an impact on the pricing of, and order rate for our vehicles, and in turn our operating margin. We will continue to adjust accordingly to such developments, and we believe our ongoing cost reduction, including improved production innovation and efficiency at our newest factories and lower logistics costs, and focus on operating leverage will continue to benefit us in relation to our competitors, while our new products will help enable future growth.

As our production increases, we must work constantly to similarly increase vehicle delivery capability so that it does not become a bottleneck on our total deliveries. We are also committed to reducing the percentage of vehicles delivered in the third month of each quarter, which will help to reduce the cost per vehicle. As we expand our manufacturing operations globally, we will also have to continue to increase and staff our delivery, servicing and charging infrastructure accordingly, maintain our vehicle reliability and optimize our Supercharger locations to ensure cost effectiveness and customer satisfaction. In particular, as other automotive manufacturers have announced their adoption of the North American Charging Standard (“NACS”) and agreements with us to utilize our Superchargers, we must correspondingly expand our network in order to ensure adequate availability to meet customer demands. We also remain focused on continued enhancements of the capability and efficiency of our servicing operations.

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Energy Generation and Storage Demand, Production and Deployment

The long-term success of this business is dependent upon increasing margins through greater volumes. We continue to increase the production of our energy storage products to meet high levels of demand, including the announcement of a new Megafactory in Shanghai and the ongoing ramp at our Megafactory in Lathrop, California. For Megapack, energy storage deployments can vary meaningfully quarter to quarter depending on the timing of specific project milestones. We remain committed to growing our retrofit solar energy business by offering a low-cost and simplified online ordering experience. In addition, we continue to seek to improve our installation capabilities and price efficiencies for Solar Roof. As these product lines grow, we will have to maintain adequate battery cell supply for our energy storage products and ensure the availability of qualified personnel, particularly skilled electricians, to support the ramp of Solar Roof.

Cash Flow and Capital Expenditure Trends

Our capital expenditures are typically difficult to project beyond the short-term given the number and breadth of our core projects at any given time, and may further be impacted by uncertainties in future global market conditions. We are simultaneously ramping new products, building or ramping manufacturing facilities on three continents, piloting the development and manufacture of new battery cell technologies, expanding our Supercharger network and investing in autonomy and other artificial intelligence enabled training and products, and the pace of our capital spend may vary depending on overall priority among projects, the pace at which we meet milestones, production adjustments to and among our various products, increased capital efficiencies and the addition of new projects. Owing and subject to the foregoing as well as the pipeline of announced projects under development, all other continuing infrastructure growth and varying levels of inflation, we currently expect our capital expenditures to exceed $9.00 billion in 2023 and be between $7.00 to $9.00 billion in each of the following two fiscal years.

Our business has been consistently generating cash flow from operations in excess of our level of capital spend, and with better working capital management resulting in shorter days sales outstanding than days payable outstanding, our sales growth is also generally facilitating positive cash generation. We have and will continue to utilize such cash flows, among other things, to do more vertical integration, expand our product roadmap and provide financing options to our customers. At the same time, we are likely to see heightened levels of capital expenditures during certain periods depending on the specific pace of our capital-intensive projects and other potential variables such as rising material prices and increases in supply chain and labor expenses resulting from changes in global trade conditions and labor availability. Overall, we expect our ability to be self-funding to continue as long as macroeconomic factors support current trends in our sales.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

For a description of our critical accounting policies and estimates, refer to Part II, Item 7, Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. There have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates since our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

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Results of Operations

Revenues

Three Months Ended September 30, Change Nine Months Ended September 30, Change
(Dollars in millions) 2023 2022 % 2023 2022 %
Automotive sales $ 18,582 $ 17,785 4 % $ 57,879 $ 46,969 23 %
Automotive regulatory credits 554 286 268 94 % 1,357 1,309 48 4 %
Automotive leasing 489 621 (132) (21) % 1,620 1,877 (257) (14) %
Total automotive revenues 19,625 18,692 933 5 % 60,856 50,155 10,701 21 %
Services and other 2,166 1,645 521 32 % 6,153 4,390 1,763 40 %
Total automotive & services and other segment revenue 21,791 20,337 1,454 7 % 67,009 54,545 12,464 23 %
Energy generation and storage segment revenue 1,559 1,117 442 40 % 4,597 2,599 1,998 77 %
Total revenues $ 23,350 $ 21,454 9 % $ 71,606 $ 57,144 25 %

All values are in US Dollars.

Automotive & Services and Other Segment

Automotive sales revenue increased $797 million, or 4%, in the three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to an increase of 89,649 combined Model 3 and Model Y cash deliveries from production ramping of Model Y globally, partially offset by a decrease of 2,162 combined Model S and Model X cash deliveries year over year. Additionally, there was a lower average selling price on our vehicles driven by overall price reductions year over year, sales mix, and a negative impact from the United States dollar strengthening against other foreign currencies in the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the prior period.

Automotive sales revenue increased $10.91 billion, or 23%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to an increase of 394,409 combined Model 3 and Model Y cash deliveries from production ramping of Model Y globally. The increase was partially offset by lower average selling price on our vehicles for the same factors mentioned above.

Automotive regulatory credits revenue increased $268 million, or 94%, in the three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. Automotive regulatory credits revenue increased $48 million, or 4%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022. In the first quarter of 2022, we recognized $288 million in revenue primarily due to changes in regulation which entitled us to additional consideration for credits sold previously.

Automotive leasing revenue decreased $132 million, or 21%, in the three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. Automotive leasing revenue decreased $257 million, or 14%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The decreases were primarily due to a decrease in direct sales-type leasing revenue driven by lower deliveries year over year, partially offset by an increase from our growing direct operating lease portfolio.

Services and other revenue increased $521 million, or 32%, in the three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. Services and other revenue increased $1.76 billion, or 40%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The increases were primarily due to higher used vehicle revenue driven by increases in volume, non-warranty maintenance services revenue, body shop and part sales revenue, paid Supercharging revenue and insurance services revenue, all of which are primarily attributable to our growing fleet. Additionally, there was an increase in retail merchandise revenue, partially offset by decreases in the average selling price of used vehicles.

Energy Generation and Storage Segment

Energy generation and storage revenue increased $442 million, or 40%, in the three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. Energy generation and storage revenue increased $2.00 billion, or 77%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The increases were primarily due to an increase in deployments of Megapack.

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Cost of Revenues and Gross Margin

Three Months Ended September 30, Change Nine Months Ended September 30, Change
(Dollars in millions) 2023 2022 % 2023 2022 %
Cost of revenues
Automotive sales $ 15,656 $ 13,099 20 % $ 47,919 $ 34,166 40 %
Automotive leasing 301 381 (80) (21) % 972 1,157 (185) (16) %
Total automotive cost of revenues 15,957 13,480 2,477 18 % 48,891 35,323 13,568 38 %
Services and other 2,037 1,579 458 29 % 5,723 4,275 1,448 34 %
Total automotive & services and other segment cost of revenues 17,994 15,059 2,935 19 % 54,614 39,598 15,016 38 %
Energy generation and storage segment 1,178 1,013 165 16 % 3,770 2,470 1,300 53 %
Total cost of revenues $ 19,172 $ 16,072 19 % $ 58,384 $ 42,068 39 %
Gross profit total automotive $ 3,668 $ 5,212 $ 11,965 $ 14,832
Gross margin total automotive 18.7 % 27.9 % 19.7 % 29.6 %
Gross profit total automotive & services and other segment $ 3,797 $ 5,278 $ 12,395 $ 14,947
Gross margin total automotive & services and other segment 17.4 % 26.0 % 18.5 % 27.4 %
Gross profit energy generation and storage segment $ 381 $ 104 $ 827 $ 129
Gross margin energy generation and storage segment 24.4 % 9.3 % 18.0 % 5.0 %
Total gross profit $ 4,178 $ 5,382 $ 13,222 $ 15,076
Total gross margin 17.9 % 25.1 % 18.5 % 26.4 %

All values are in US Dollars.

Automotive & Services and Other Segment

Cost of automotive sales revenue increased $2.56 billion, or 20%, in the three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. Cost of automotive sales revenue increased $13.75 billion, or 40%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Cost of automotive sales revenue increased in line with the change in deliveries year over year, as discussed above. The increase was partially offset by a decrease in the average combined cost per unit of our vehicles primarily due to sales mix, a decrease in material costs and lower manufacturing costs from better fixed cost absorption. Our costs of revenue were also positively impacted by the IRA manufacturing credits earned during the current periods and by the United States dollar strengthening against our foreign currencies as compared to the prior periods.

Cost of automotive leasing revenue decreased $80 million, or 21%, in the three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. Cost of automotive leasing revenue decreased $185 million, or 16%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The decreases were primarily due to a decrease in direct sales-type leasing cost of revenue driven by lower deliveries year over year.

Cost of services and other revenue increased $458 million, or 29%, in the three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. Cost of services and other revenue increased $1.45 billion, or 34%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The increases were in line with the changes in services and other revenue as discussed above.

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Gross margin for total automotive decreased from 27.9% to 18.7% in the three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. Gross margin for total automotive decreased from 29.6% to 19.7% in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The decreases were primarily due to lower average selling price on our vehicles partially offset by the favorable change in our average combined cost per unit of our vehicles as discussed above and an increase in regulatory credits revenue.

Gross margin for total automotive & services and other segment decreased from 26.0% to 17.4% in the three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. Gross margin for total automotive & services and other segment decreased from 27.4% to 18.5% in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to the automotive gross margin decrease discussed above while there was an improvement in our services and other gross margin.

Energy Generation and Storage Segment

Cost of energy generation and storage revenue increased $165 million, or 16%, in the three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. Cost of energy generation and storage revenue increased $1.30 billion, or 53%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022, in line with the changes in Megapack deployments year over year, as discussed above. These increases were partially offset by improvements in production ramping that drove down the average cost per MWh of Megapack.

Gross margin for energy generation and storage increased from 9.3% to 24.4% in the three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. Gross margin for energy generation and storage increased from 5.0% to 18.0% in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The increases were driven by an improvement in our Megapack gross margin from lower average cost per MWh and a higher proportion of Megapack, which operated at a higher gross margin, within the segment as compared to the prior year periods.

Research and Development Expense

Three Months Ended September 30, Change Nine Months Ended September 30, Change
(Dollars in millions) 2023 2022 % 2023 2022 %
Research and development $ 1,161 $ 733 58 % $ 2,875 $ 2,265 27 %
As a percentage of revenues 5 % 3 % 4 % 4 %

All values are in US Dollars.

Research and development (“R&D”) expenses increased $428 million, or 58%, in the three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. R&D expenses increased $610 million, or 27%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The overall increases were primarily driven by additional costs in the current period related to the pre-production phase for Cybertruck, AI and other programs.

R&D expenses as a percentage of revenue increased from 3% to 5% in the three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. R&D expenses as a percentage of revenue stayed consistent at 4% in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. The growth of our R&D expenses have outpaced the growth of our revenue in pre-production periods and as we continue to invest more heavily in our product roadmap and technologies.

Selling, General and Administrative Expense

Three Months Ended September 30, Change Nine Months Ended September 30, Change
(Dollars in millions) 2023 2022 % 2023 2022 %
Selling, general and administrative $ 1,253 $ 961 30 % $ 3,520 $ 2,914 21 %
As a percentage of revenues 5 % 4 % 5 % 5 %

All values are in US Dollars.

Selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses increased $292 million, or 30%, in the three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. This was driven by a $126 million increase in employee and labor costs primarily from increased headcount, including professional services and a $108 million increase in facilities related expenses.

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SG&A expenses increased $606 million, or 21%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022. This was driven by a $309 million increase in employee and labor costs primarily from increased headcount, including professional services and a $273 million increase in facilities related expenses.

Restructuring and Other

Three Months Ended September 30, Change Nine Months Ended September 30, Change
(Dollars in millions) 2023 2022 % 2023 2022 %
Restructuring and other $ — $ — — % $ — $ 142 (100) %

All values are in US Dollars.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we recorded impairment loss of $170 million as well as realized gains of $64 million in connection with converting our holdings of digital assets into fiat currency. We also recorded other expenses of $36 million related to employee terminations during the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Interest Income

Three Months Ended September 30, Change Nine Months Ended September 30, Change
(Dollars in millions) 2023 2022 % 2023 2022 %
Interest income $ 282 $ 86 228 % $ 733 $ 140 424 %

All values are in US Dollars.

Interest income increased $196 million, or 228%, in the three months ended September 30, 2023 and increased $593 million, or 424%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively. This increase was primarily due to higher interest earned on our cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the prior periods due to rising interest rates and our increasing portfolio balance.

Other Income (Expense), Net

Three Months Ended September 30, Change Nine Months Ended September 30, Change
(Dollars in millions) 2023 2022 % 2023 2022 %
Other income (expense), net $ 37 $ (85) (144) % $ 317 $ (1) (31800) %

All values are in US Dollars.

Other income, net, changed favorably by $122 million in the three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. Other income, net, changed favorably by $318 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The favorable changes were primarily due to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates on our intercompany balances.

Provision for Income Taxes

Three Months Ended September 30, Change Nine Months Ended September 30, Change
(Dollars in millions) 2023 2022 % 2023 2022 %
Provision for income taxes $ 167 $ 305 (45) % $ 751 $ 856 (12) %
Effective tax rate 8 % 8 % 10 % 9 %

All values are in US Dollars.

Our provision for income taxes decreased by $138 million, or 45%, in the three months ended September 30, 2023 and decreased by $105 million, or 12%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively, primarily due to the change in our pre-tax income year over year and changes in mix of jurisdictional earnings.

Our effective tax rate remains at 8% in the three months ended September 30, 2023 and increased from 9% to 10% in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively, primarily due to changes in mix of jurisdictional earnings.

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See Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for further details.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We expect to continue to generate net positive operating cash flow as we have done in the last five fiscal years. The cash we generate from our core operations enables us to fund ongoing operations and production, our research and development projects for new products and technologies including our proprietary battery cells, additional manufacturing ramps at existing manufacturing facilities, the construction of future factories, and the continued expansion of our retail and service locations, body shops, Mobile Service fleet, Supercharger, including to support NACS, energy product installation capabilities and autonomy and other artificial intelligence enabled products.

In addition, because a large portion of our future expenditures will be to fund our growth, we expect that if needed we will be able to adjust our capital and operating expenditures by operating segment. For example, if our near-term manufacturing operations decrease in scale or ramp more slowly than expected, including due to global economic or business conditions, we may choose to correspondingly slow the pace of our capital expenditures. Finally, we continually evaluate our cash needs and may decide it is best to raise additional capital or seek alternative financing sources to fund the rapid growth of our business, including through drawdowns on existing or new debt facilities or financing funds. Conversely, we may also from time to time determine that it is in our best interests to voluntarily repay certain indebtedness early.

Accordingly, we believe that our current sources of funds will provide us with adequate liquidity during the 12-month period following September 30, 2023, as well as in the long-term.

See the sections below for more details regarding the material requirements for cash in our business and our sources of liquidity to meet such needs.

Material Cash Requirements

From time to time in the ordinary course of business, we enter into agreements with vendors for the purchase of components and raw materials to be used in the manufacture of our products. However, due to contractual terms, variability in the precise growth curves of our development and production ramps, and opportunities to renegotiate pricing, we generally do not have binding and enforceable purchase orders under such contracts beyond the short-term, and the timing and magnitude of purchase orders beyond such period is difficult to accurately project.

As discussed in and subject to the considerations referenced in Part I, Item 2, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Management Opportunities, Challenges and Uncertainties and 2023 Outlook—Cash Flow and Capital Expenditure Trends in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, we currently expect our capital expenditures to support our projects globally to exceed $9.00 billion in 2023 and be between $7.00 to $9.00 billion in each of the following two fiscal years. We also have certain obligations in connection with our operations at Gigafactory New York and Gigafactory Shanghai, as outlined in Part II, Item 7, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Material Cash Requirements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

As of September 30, 2023, we and our subsidiaries had outstanding $3.73 billion in aggregate principal amount of indebtedness, of which $1.56 billion is scheduled to become due in the succeeding 12 months. For details regarding our indebtedness, refer to Note 7, Debt, to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Sources and Conditions of Liquidity

Our sources to fund our material cash requirements are predominantly from our deliveries and servicing of new and used vehicles, sales and installations of our energy storage products and solar energy systems, proceeds from debt facilities and proceeds from equity offerings, when applicable.

As of September 30, 2023, we had $15.93 billion and $10.15 billion of cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments, respectively. Balances held in foreign currencies had a U.S. dollar equivalent of $3.86 billion and consisted primarily of Chinese yuan, euros and Canadian dollar. We had $5.00 billion of unused committed amounts under our revolving credit facility as of September 30, 2023. For details regarding our indebtedness, refer to Note 7, Debt, to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

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We continue adapting our strategy to meet our liquidity and risk objectives, such as investing in U.S. government and other investments, to do more vertical integration, expand our product roadmap and provide financing options to our customers.

Summary of Cash Flows

Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in millions) 2023 2022
Net cash provided by operating activities $ 8,886 $ 11,446
Net cash used in investing activities $ (10,780) $ (5,842)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities $ 1,702 $ (3,032)

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities decreased by $2.56 billion to $8.89 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 from $11.45 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2022. This decrease was primarily due to unfavorable changes in net operating assets and liabilities of $1.33 billion and the decrease in net income excluding non-cash expenses, gains and losses of $1.23 billion.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Cash flows from investing activities and their variability across each period related primarily to capital expenditures, which were $6.59 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and $5.30 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, mainly for global factory expansion and machinery and equipment as we expand our product roadmap. We also purchased $4.12 billion and $1.46 billion of investments, net of proceeds from maturities and sales, for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively. Additionally, net cash inflows related to sales of digital assets were $936 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Net cash from financing activities changed by $4.73 billion to $1.70 billion net cash provided by financing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 from $3.03 billion net cash used in financing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The change was primarily due to a $2.53 billion increase in proceeds from issuances of debt and a $2.11 billion decrease in repayments of debt. See Note 7, Debt, to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for further details regarding our debt obligations.

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ITEM 3.    QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Foreign Currency Risk

We transact business globally in multiple currencies and hence have foreign currency risks related to our revenue, costs of revenue and operating expenses denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar (primarily the Chinese yuan, euro, Australian dollar and Canadian dollar in relation to our current year operations). In general, we are a net receiver of currencies other than the U.S. dollar for our foreign subsidiaries. Accordingly, changes in exchange rates affect our revenue and other operating results as expressed in U.S. dollars as we do not typically hedge foreign currency risk.

We have also experienced, and will continue to experience, fluctuations in our net income as a result of gains (losses) on the settlement and the re-measurement of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies that are not the local currency (primarily consisting of our intercompany and cash and cash equivalents balances).

We considered the historical trends in foreign currency exchange rates and determined that it is reasonably possible that adverse changes in foreign currency exchange rates of 10% for all currencies could be experienced in the near-term. These changes were applied to our total monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than our local currencies at the balance sheet date to compute the impact these changes would have had on our net income before income taxes. These changes would have resulted in a gain or loss of $688 million at September 30, 2023 and $473 million at December 31, 2022, assuming no foreign currency hedging.

ITEM 4.    CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rule 13a-15 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, our management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that our management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.

Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of September 30, 2023, our disclosure controls and procedures were designed at a reasonable assurance level and were effective to provide reasonable assurance that the information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 2023, which has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II.    OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1.    LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

For a description of our material pending legal proceedings, please see Note 9, Commitments and Contingencies, to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

In addition, each of the matters below is being disclosed pursuant to Item 103 of Regulation S-K because it relates to environmental regulations and aggregate civil penalties that we currently believe could potentially exceed $1 million. We believe that any proceeding that is material to our business or financial condition is likely to have potential penalties far in excess of such amount.

District attorneys in certain California counties conducted an investigation into Tesla’s waste segregation practices pursuant to Cal. Health & Saf. Code § 25100 et seq. and Cal. Civil Code § 1798.80. Tesla has implemented various remedial measures, including conducting training and audits, and enhancements to its site waste management programs, and settlement discussions are ongoing. While the outcome of this matter cannot be determined at this time, it is not currently expected to have a material adverse impact on our business.

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ITEM 1A.    RISK FACTORS

Our operations and financial results are subject to various risks and uncertainties, including the factors discussed in Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, which could adversely affect our business, financial conditions and future results.

ITEM 2.    UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

None.

ITEM 3.    DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None.

ITEM 4.    MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

ITEM 5.    OTHER INFORMATION

None of the Company’s directors or officers adopted, modified or terminated a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or a non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement during the Company’s fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2023, as such terms are defined under Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K, except as follows:

On September 17, 2023, Xiaotong Zhu, Senior Vice President, Automotive, adopted a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement for the potential sale of up to 30,000 shares of our common stock, subject to certain conditions. The arrangement's expiration date is July 2, 2024.

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ITEM 6.    EXHIBITS

See Index to Exhibits at the end of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the information required by this Item.

INDEX TO EXHIBITS

Exhibit<br>Number Incorporated by Reference Filed<br>Herewith
Exhibit Description Form File No. Exhibit Filing Date
10.1*† Letter Agreement, dated as of August4, 2023, between Registrant and Zachary Kirkhorn — — — — X
31.1 Rule 13a-14(a) / 15(d)-14(a) Certification of Principal Executive Officer — — — — X
31.2 Rule 13a-14(a) / 15(d)-14(a) Certification of Principal Financial Officer — — — — X
32.1** Section 1350 Certifications — — — —
101.INS Inline XBRL Instance Document — — — — X
101.SCH Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document — — — — X
101.CAL Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. — — — — X
101.DEF Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document — — — — X
101.LAB Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document — — — — X
101.PRE Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document — — — — X
104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL with applicable taxonomy extension information contained in Exhibits 101)

*    Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement

**     Furnished herewith

† Portions of this exhibit have been redacted in compliance with Regulation S-K Item 601(b)(10)(iv)

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Tesla, Inc.
Date: October 20, 2023 /s/ Vaibhav Taneja
Vaibhav Taneja
Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer and<br>Duly Authorized Officer)

39

Document

Exhibit 10.1

August 4, 2023

Zachary Kirkhorn [***]

Dear Zachary,

This letter agreement ("Agreement") sets forth the substance and terms of the separation that Tesla, Inc. or one of its subsidiaries ("Tesla" or the "Company") is offering to aid you with your employment transition.

1.SEPARATION. Your employment with the Company is ending. As of August 4, 2023 (the “Separation Date”) you are no longer serving as Master of Coin and Chief Financial Officer. Your last day of employment [***] (your "Exit Date").

2.SEVERANCE. Although Tesla has no legal obligation to provide any separation pay or benefits, Tesla will provide you with the benefits set forth below (collectively, the “Severance Benefits”), in exchange for the promises and representations you make in this Agreement and provided you sign this Agreement. Please be advised that pursuant to paragraph 13 below, any violation of the Proprietary Information Obligations you agreed to as part of your employment or in this Agreement will disqualify you from receiving Severance Benefits and may result in legal action against you. If you have breached any of your confidentiality obligations and disclosed Confidential Information or Business Information to the press, a reporter, or another party who you believe may have been in contact with the press or a reporter, prior to signing this Agreement and you make a complete disclosure to Tesla at the time of signing this Agreement, Tesla will not pursue additional legal action against you. In the event through its investigation Tesla finds that you have breached your confidentiality obligations and did not disclose such breach prior to signature of this Agreement, Tesla reserves all rights at equity, contract or law.

Severance Benefits

(a).Tesla will continue to treat you as an active employee with the same pay and benefits you were receiving as Master of Coin and Chief Financial Officer, from the Separation Date through the Exit Date (the “Severance Period”), for purposes of salary continuation, benefits, and vesting of equity, if applicable.

(b).If you were enrolled in Tesla health care benefits as of your Exit date and you timely enroll in COBRA coverage and comply with the terms of this Agreement, then Tesla will cover the cost of your COBRA coverage for two months following the date that your active benefits coverage ends. You will receive a COBRA enrollment packet in the mail within 10 business days of your Exit date which will include instructions on how to enroll in COBRA coverage through Tesla.

3.EXPENSE REIMBURSEMENTS. Within ten (10) calendar days of receiving of this Agreement, you agree to submit your final documented expense reimbursement statement reflecting any and all reasonable and necessary business expenses you incurred in the course of fulfilling your job duties for Tesla for which you are seeking reimbursement. Tesla will reimburse you for such expenses in accordance with its applicable policies, and pursuant to its regular business practice.

4.COMPENSATION AND BENEFITS. You acknowledge that, except as expressly provided in this Agreement, you will not receive nor are you entitled to receive any additional compensation, severance, benefits, or other payments from Tesla after the Exit Date.

5.WORKING CONDITIONS. Tesla wants to make sure that if there were any problems with your compensation or if you had workplace safety concerns during your employment, that those concerns were properly addressed. If they were not and/or the representations set forth in the

Certain identified information has been omitted from this document because it is not material and is the type that the company treats as private or confidential, and has been marked with “[***]” to indicate where omissions have been made. This letter agreement was previously disclosed on Form 8-K filed on August 7, 2023.

subsections below are not true, please contact your Human Resources Business Partner (“HRBP”) prior to entering into this Agreement, so that we may understand your concerns and take appropriate action. Otherwise, by signing this Agreement, you acknowledge and represent that:

(a).other than the payments set forth in this Agreement, the Company has paid or provided all salary, wages, bonuses, accrued vacation/paid time off, premiums, leaves, housing allowances, relocation costs, interest, severance, outplacement costs, fees, reimbursable expenses, commissions, stock, stock options, vesting, and any and all other benefits and compensation due to you;

(b).you have not made any claims or allegations related to sexual harassment or sexual abuse that were not fully resolved during your employment, with your acknowledgment that the Severance Benefits, accordingly, are not related to sexual harassment or sexual abuse;

(c).you have received any leave to which you were entitled or to which you requested, if any, under the Family Medical Leave Act or applicable state law, and that you did not sustain any workplace injury during your employment with Tesla that you have not already reported;

(d).you have had the opportunity to raise any safety concerns, safety complaints, or whistleblower activities against the Company, and that if any safety concerns, safety complaints, or whistleblower activities were raised during your employment, they were addressed to your satisfaction; and

(e).as of the date you sign this Agreement, you are not aware of any violation of law, regulation or breach of any other legal obligation by the Company or other Releasees.

6.RELEASE OF CLAIMS. In consideration for the Severance Benefit and other promises and undertakings contained in this Agreement to which you would not otherwise be entitled, and except as otherwise set forth in this Agreement, you release, acquit and forever discharge Tesla, its parents and subsidiaries, and its and their respective officers, directors, agents, servants, employees, attorneys, administrators, benefit plans, plan administrators, insurers, staffing agencies, investors, shareholders, divisions, successors and predecessors, assigns and affiliates (together "Releasees"), of and from any and all claims, liabilities, demands, charges, causes of action, costs, expenses, attorneys' fees, damages, indemnities and obligations of every kind and nature, in law, equity, or otherwise, which you assert or could assert against the Company at common law or under any statute, rule, regulation, order or law, whether federal, state or local, on any ground whatsoever, known and unknown, suspected and unsuspected, disclosed and undisclosed, arising out of or in any way related to your employment, separation from employment, terms and conditions of employment, agreements, events, acts or conduct at any time prior to and including the date you sign this Agreement, including but not limited to:

(a).all such claims and demands directly or indirectly arising out of or in any way connected with your employment with the Company or the termination of that employment; claims or demands related to any disputed wages, commissions, stock, stock options, or any other ownership interests in the Company, vacation or other time off pay, fringe benefits, expense reimbursements, severance pay, or any other form of compensation (noting that the Company disputes any wage claims by you, if applicable); any and all causes of action, including but not limited to actions for breach of contract, express or implied, breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing, express or implied, wrongful termination in violation of public policy, all other claims for wrongful termination and constructive discharge, and all other tort claims, including, but not limited to, intentional or negligent infliction of emotional distress, invasion of privacy, negligence, negligent investigation, negligent hiring,

supervision or retention, assault and battery, false imprisonment, defamation, intentional or negligent misrepresentation, or fraud;

(b).any and all claims arising under any federal, law or statute, including, but not limited to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964; the Civil Rights Act of 1991; the Rehabilitation Act of 1973; the Equal Pay Act; the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974; the Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act; the Americans with Disabilities Act, 42 U.S.C. § 1981; the Family and Medical Leave Act (except as prohibited by law); the Fair Labor Standards Act (except as prohibited by law); the Fair Credit Reporting; the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002; the Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act;

(c).any and all claims arising out of any applicable state or local law, including, but not limited to the following (to the extent any such laws apply to your employment with the Company): California Labor Code (except as prohibited by law); California Business and Professions Code; California Civil Code; California Fair Employment and Housing Act; California Family Rights Act; California Unruh Civil Rights Act; California Fair Pay Act; California Pregnancy Disability Leave Law; California WARN Act; California Equal Pay Law; the California Whistleblower Protection Laws; any applicable California Industrial Welfare Commission Wage Order; the California Constitution; Illinois Human Rights Act; Illinois Equal Pay Act; Illinois Whistleblower Act; Illinois Wages for Women and Minors Act; Illinois Family Bereavement Leave Act/Child Bereavement Leave Act; Illinois Religious Freedom Restoration Act; Illinois Service Member Employment & Reemployment Rights Act; Illinois Family Military Leave Act; Illinois WARN Act; Illinois Right to Privacy in the Workplace Act; Illinois Union Employee Health and Benefits Protection Act; Illinois Employment Contract Act; Illinois Labor Dispute Act; Illinois Victims’ Economic Security and Safety Act; Illinois Nursing Mothers in the Workplace Act; Cook County Human Rights Ordinance (if applicable); Chicago Human Rights Ordinance (if applicable); Massachusetts Law Prohibiting Unlawful Discrimination/Massachusetts Fair Employment Practices Act; Massachusetts Equal Pay Law, except for claims that cannot be waived related to inquiry or discussion of wages; Massachusetts Right to be Free from Sexual Harassment Law; Massachusetts Age Discrimination Law; Massachusetts Equal Rights Law; Massachusetts Equal Rights for the Elderly and Disabled Law; Massachusetts Civil Rights Law; Massachusetts False Claims Act; Massachusetts Paid Family and Medical Leave Laws; Massachusetts Small Necessities Leave Act; Massachusetts Parental Leave Act; Massachusetts Pregnant Workers Fairness Act; Massachusetts Earned Sick Time Law; Massachusetts Labor and Industry Privacy Law (and by entering into this Agreement, you acknowledge that your release and waiver includes any future claims against the Company or other Releasees under Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 149, § 148 - the Massachusetts Wage Act, which claims include, but are not limited to, failure to pay earned wages, failure to pay overtime, failure to pay earned commissions, failure to timely pay wages, failure to pay accrued vacation or holiday pay, failure to furnish appropriate pay stubs, claims for improper wage deductions, and claims for failing to provide proper check-cashing facilities); Nevada Fair Employment Practices Act (including age and sexual harassment claims, claims related to false pretenses, blacklisting, grafting, kickbacks, or lie detectors); Nevada Paid Leave Law; Waivable claims under Nev. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 608.250; Nev. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 613.010; Nev. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 613.210; Nev. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 613.110; Nev. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 613.120; Nev. Rev. Stat.  §§ 613.440 – 613.510; New York State Human Rights Law; New York Off Duty Conduct Law Activities Discrimination Law; New York City Humans Rights Law (if applicable); New York City Earned Sick Time Act (if applicable); New York Wage Hour and Wage Payment Law; New York Minimum Wage Law; New York WARN Act; New York Equal Pay Law; New York State Civil Rights Law; New York Family Leave Law; New York Sick Leave Law; New York Workers’ Compensation Law Retaliation Provisions;

(d).any amendments to the foregoing, and any and all other laws and regulations relating to employment termination, employment discrimination, harassment or retaliation, claims for wages, hours, benefits, compensation, and federal, state, and/or municipal statue, law, amendment, directive, order, and/or regulation enacted in response to the COVID-19

pandemic; and any and all claims for attorneys' fees and costs, inasmuch as is permissible by law and by the respective governmental enforcement agencies for the above-listed laws;

(e).any claim for any loss, cost, damage, or expense arising out of any dispute over the non-withholding or other tax treatment of any of the Severance Benefits or other proceeds received by you as a result of this Agreement; and

(f).any and all claims for attorneys’ fees and costs.

You hereby represent that you do not have any pending judicial or administrative lawsuits, claims, or actions pending in your name or on behalf of any other person or entity against Tesla or any other person or entity subject to the release granted in this Agreement. You affirm and represent to the Company that you have complied with all Company policies and procedures during your employment. If the Company discovers or learns that you did not comply with all Company policies and procedures during your employment, then Company may seek all remedies available under the law and equity including but not limited to delay or withholding of the Severance Benefit, or seek or force the return or repayment by you of the Severance Benefit, regardless of when discovered. The release of claims in this paragraph does not impact the Company’s obligations to you with respect to certain indemnifiable events under any Indemnification Agreement(s) between you and the Company signed during your employment as an officer of the Company.

7.RELEASE OF UNKNOWN CLAIMS. You acknowledge that you intend to release all claims, whether known or unknown, including claims that you may not presently be aware of, or have knowledge of their existence. You have been advised to consult with legal counsel and you are familiar with, and are hereby waiving, any applicable statutory provisions that might otherwise limit your release of unknown claims. By way of example, you are aware of, and hereby waive (to the extent applicable to your employment), the protections of California Civil Code Section 1542, a statute that otherwise prohibits the release of unknown claims, which provides as follows: “A GENERAL RELEASE DOES NOT EXTEND TO CLAIMS THAT THE CREDITOR OR RELEASING PARTY DOES NOT KNOW OR SUSPECT TO EXIST IN HIS OR HER FAVOR AT THE TIME OF EXECUTING THE RELEASE AND THAT, IF KNOWN BY HIM OR HER, WOULD HAVE MATERIALLY AFFECTED HIS OR HER SETTLEMENT WITH THE DEBTOR OR RELEASED PARTY.” Being aware of said code section, you agree to expressly waive any rights thereunder (if applicable), as well as under any other statute or common law principles of similar effect.

8.CLAIMS EXCLUDED FROM RELEASE. Nothing in this Agreement is intended to release or waive claims (a) for unemployment or workers' compensation benefits (in the case of workers’ compensation benefits, to the extent applicable state law prohibits the direct release of such benefits without judicial or agency approval, with the understanding that such benefits, if any, would only be payable in accordance with the terms of any workers’ compensation coverage or fund of the Company); (b) continued participation in certain benefits under COBRA (or any state law counterpart), if applicable; (c) for vested rights under ERISA-covered employee benefit plans as applicable on the date you sign this Agreement; (d) that may arise after you sign this Agreement; (e) for reimbursement of expenses in accordance with the Company's expense reimbursement policies; or (f) which cannot be released by private agreement, including those permitted by the Permitted Disclosures and Actions section (below).

9.PERMITTED DISCLOSURES AND ACTIONS. You understand that nothing in this Agreement shall limit or prohibit you from providing relevant information to applicable governmental, regulatory, or legislative bodies regarding a possible violation of law, or as compelled or requested by lawful process. You are, however, waiving any right to recover money in connection with any agency charge or agency or judicial decision, including class or collective action rulings, other than properly awarded bounty money under applicable federal law. You recognize that this provision does not allow for the disclosure of any Company attorney-client privileged communications, and that any such disclosure without the Company's written consent shall constitute a material breach of this Agreement.

10.COOPERATION. Except to the extent inconsistent with the Permitted Disclosures and Actions section, you agree to cooperate with Tesla in the transition of your duties and to provide

information to and assist the Company in the investigation, defense, or prosecution of any suspected claim against or by the Company. Such assistance shall include, but is not limited to, participating in interviews with representatives of Tesla, attending, as a witness, depositions, trials, government inquiries, or other similar proceedings without requiring a subpoena, and producing and/or providing any documents or names of other persons with relevant information. You will be available to your successor in position during regular business hours for questions and you will be obligated to provide reasonable assistance in order to ensure a smooth transition of duties.

11.NO ADMISSION. You understand and agree that the promises and Severance Benefits provided by this Agreement shall not be construed to be an admission or any liability or obligation by Tesla to you or to any other person, and that the Company makes no such admission.

12.RETURN OF COMPANY PROPERTY. [***] Company documents (and all copies thereof) and other Company property and materials in your possession, or your control, including, but not limited to, Company files, notes, memoranda, correspondence, lists, drawings, records, plans and forecasts, financial information, personnel information, customer and customer prospect information, sales and marketing information, product development and pricing information, specifications, computer-recorded information, tangible property, credit cards, entry cards, identification badges and keys; and any materials of any kind which contain or embody any proprietary or confidential material of the Company (and all reproductions thereof). You further agree that in the event that you discover any other Company property in your possession after your Exit Date, you will immediately return such materials to the Company. Return of all Company property is a pre-requisite to your receiving payment under this Agreement.

13.PROPRIETARY INFORMATION OBLIGATIONS.

(a).You reaffirm and agree to fully comply with all post-employment terms of any form of non-disclosure, confidentiality, restrictive covenant, and/or invention assignment agreement you have entered into with the Company, including but not limited to any form of agreement titled Proprietary Information and Inventions Agreement, Non-Disclosure and Inventions Assignment Agreement, Employee Proprietary Information and Inventions Agreement, and/or Applicant Non-Disclosure Agreement (collectively, the “Confidentiality Agreement”), which is hereby incorporated by reference. You represent that you have fully complied, to date, with all terms of any such Confidentiality Agreement. You expressly acknowledge and agree that: (i) in the course of your employment by Tesla, it was necessary for you to create, use, or have access to (A) technical, business, or customer information, materials, or data relating to the Company's present or planned business that has not been released to the public with the company's authorization, including, but not limited to, confidential information, materials, or proprietary data belonging to the Company or relating to the Company's affairs (collectively, "Confidential Information") and (B) information and materials that concern the Company's business that come into the Company's possession by reason of employment with the Company (collectively, "Business Related Information"); (ii) all Confidential Information and Business Related Information are the property of the Company; (iii) the use, misappropriation, or disclosure of any Confidential Information or Business Related Information would constitute a breach of trust and could cause serious and irreparable injury to the Company; and (iv) it is essential to the protection of the Company's goodwill and maintenance of the Company's competitive position that all Confidential Information and Business Related Information be kept confidential and that you not disclose any Confidential Information or Business Related Information to others or use Confidential Information or Business Related Information to your own advantage or the advantage of others.

(b).In recognition of the acknowledgment contained in this Section, subsection (a) above, you agree that until the Confidential Information and/or Business Related Information becomes publicly available (other than through a breach by

you), you shall: (i) hold and safeguard all Confidential Information and Business Related Information in trust for Tesla, its successors, and assigns; (ii) not appropriate or disclose or make available to anyone for use outside of the Company's organization at any time any Confidential Information and Business Related Information, whether or not developed by you; (iii) keep in strictest confidence any Confidential Information or Business Related Information; and (iv) not disclose or divulge, or allow to be disclosed or divulged by any person within your control, to any person, firm, or corporation, or use directly or indirectly, for your own benefit or the benefit of others, any Confidential Information or Business Related Information.

(c).You agree that all lists, materials, records, books, data, plans, files, reports, correspondence, and other documents ("Company material") used or prepared by, or made available to, you shall be and remain property of Tesla. You shall immediately return all Company material to the Company, and you shall not make or retain any copies or extracts thereof.

(d).To the greatest extent permitted by applicable law, you agree that for a period of [***] immediately following the Effective Date, you shall not directly or indirectly solicit any of Tesla’s employees to leave their employment with the Company (and you understand and agree that you are never authorized to use Tesla’s Confidential Information to solicit Tesla’s employees or other service providers to leave or modify their service relationships with Tesla).

(e).You also agree and acknowledge that this Section and all subparts are material terms of this Agreement and that Tesla shall be entitled, as a matter of right, to disqualify you from receiving (and/or to recover from you) any Severance Benefits provided by this Agreement, and/or to obtain temporary, preliminary, and/or permanent injunction and/or other injunctive relief, ex parte or otherwise, from any arbitrator or court of competent jurisdiction, restraining any violation of this Section by you. Such injunctive relief shall be in addition to and in no way limit any and all other remedies the Company shall have in law and equity for the enforcement of such obligations. You hereby consent and stipulate that any violation of this Section would disqualify you from receiving severance under this Agreement, and further you consent and stipulate to the entry of such injunctive relief in such a court prohibiting you from any violation of the covenants and provisions of this Section.

(f).Nothing in this Section is intended to limit any disclosures permitted by the Except to the extent allowed by the Permitted Disclosures and Actions section. Moreover, in accordance with federal law (18 U.S.C. § 1833(b)(1))): (a) an individual shall not be held criminally or civilly liable under any federal or state trade secret law for the disclosure of a trade secret that (A) is made (i) in confidence to a federal, state, or local government official, either directly or indirectly, or to an attorney, and (ii) solely for the purpose of reporting or investigating a suspected violation of law; or (B) is made in a complaint or other document filed in a lawsuit or other proceeding, if such filing is made under seal. Nothing herein is intended to limit the application of such federal law.

14.CONFIDENTIALITY. This Agreement [***] will be held in strictest confidence by you and will not be publicized or disclosed in any manner whatsoever; provided, however, that: (a) you may disclose this Agreement to your spouse; (b) you may disclose this Agreement to your attorney, accountant, auditor, tax preparer, and financial advisor, subject to such parties agreeing to maintain such information as confidential and to prevent disclosure of the information to all other third parties; and (c) you may disclose this Agreement insofar as such disclosure may be necessary to enforce its terms or as otherwise required by law. In particular, and without limitation, you agree not to disclose the terms of this Agreement to any current or former Company employee or contractor. [***]. Failure to comply with this provision shall be a material breach of this Agreement. You hereby agree that any violation of this Section would disqualify you from receiving Severance Benefits under

this Agreement, except to the extent such disclosure is allowed by the Permitted Disclosures and Actions section. The Parties acknowledge that this Agreement may be disclosed as required by law, including without limitation any securities law, rule or regulation.

15.NON-DISPARAGEMENT. Except to the extent allowed by the Permitted Disclosures and Actions section, you agree to refrain from any disparagement, defamation, libel, or slander of Tesla, the other Releasees, and the Company's products (including in any manner likely to be harmful to them or their business, business reputation or personal reputation), and agree to refrain from any tortious interference with the contracts and relationships of any of the Releasees. You agree that this provision is of the essence of this Agreement and, as such, failure to comply with this provision shall be deemed a material breach of this Agreement.

16.EMPLOYMENT VERIFICATION. All inquiries regarding your employment with Tesla should be directed to [***].

17.TAX CONSEQUENCES. The Company makes no representations or warranties with respect to the tax consequences of the Severance Benefits or any other consideration provided to you or made on your behalf under the terms of this Agreement. You agree and understand that you are responsible for payment, if any, of local, state, and/or federal taxes on the payments and any other consideration provided hereunder by the Company and any penalties or assessments thereon.

18.SECTION 409A. The payments and benefits set forth in this Agreement are intended to comply with the “short-term deferral” exception requirements of Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and the regulations thereunder (“Section 409A”). If it is determined that Section 409A applies to any payment or benefit under this Agreement, such payment or benefit shall be administered in accordance with Section 409A. In no event may you, directly or indirectly, designate the calendar year of a payment and if a payment that is subject to execution of this Agreement could be made in more than one taxable year, and such payment is subject to Section 409A, payment will be made in the later taxable year. You will be solely responsible for any tax imposed under Section 409A and in no event will the Company have any liability with respect to any tax, interest or other penalty imposed under Section 409A.

19.BREACH. You acknowledge and agree that any material breach of this Agreement, or of any provision of the Confidentiality Agreement shall entitle the Company to immediately recover and/or cease providing the Severance Benefits, and that you shall be responsible to the Company for all costs, attorneys' fees, and any and all damages incurred by the Company in (a) enforcing your obligations under this Agreement or the Confidentiality Agreement, including the bringing of any action to recover the Severance Benefits, and (b) defending against a claim or suit brought or pursued by you in violation of the terms of this Agreement.

20.ARBITRATION.

(a).THE PARTIES AGREE THAT ANY AND ALL DISPUTES ARISING OUT OF THE TERMS OF THIS AGREEMENT, THEIR INTERPRETATION, AND ANY OF THE MATTERS HEREIN RELEASED, SHALL BE SUBJECT TO INDIVIDUAL ARBITRATION (NOT CLASS OR COLLECTIVE) IN ACCORDANCE WITH ANY ENFORCEABLE ARBITRATION AGREEMENT ENTERED BETWEEN YOU AND THE COMPANY (THE “ARBITRATION AGREEMENT”).

(b).TO THE EXTENT NO ARBITRATION AGREEMENT EXISTS, THEN THE PARTIES AGREE THAT ANY AND ALL DISPUTES ARISING OUT OF THE TERMS OF THIS AGREEMENT, THEIR INTERPRETATION, AND ANY OF THE MATTERS HEREIN RELEASED, SHALL BE SUBJECT TO INDIVIDUAL ARBITRATION (NOT CLASS OR COLLECTIVE) BEFORE JUDICIAL ARBITRATION & MEDIATION SERVICES ("JAMS"), PURSUANT TO ITS EMPLOYMENT ARBITRATION RULES & PROCEDURES, AVAILABLE AT WWW.JAMSADR.COM ("JAMS RULES"). THE ARBITRATOR MAY GRANT INJUNCTIONS AND OTHER RELIEF IN SUCH DISPUTES. THE ARBITRATOR SHALL ADMINISTER AND CONDUCT ANY ARBITRATION IN ACCORDANCE WITH LAW OF THE STATE IN WHICH YOU LAST WORKED FOR THE COMPANY AND THE ARBITRATOR SHALL APPLY THAT SUBSTANTIVE AND PROCEDURAL STATE LAW TO ANY DISPUTE OR CLAIM, WITHOUT

REFERENCE TO ANY CONFLICT-OF-LAW PROVISIONS OF ANY JURISDICTION. TO THE EXTENT THAT THE JAMS RULES CONFLICT WITH LAW OF THE STATE IN WHICH YOU LAST WORKED, THE LAW OF THE STATE IN WHICH YOU LAST WORKED SHALL TAKE PRECEDENCE. THE DECISION OF THE ARBITRATOR SHALL BE FINAL, CONCLUSIVE, AND BINDING ON THE PARTIES TO THE ARBITRATION. THE PARTIES AGREE THAT THE PREVAILING PARTY IN ANY ARBITRATION SHALL BE ENTITLED TO INJUNCTIVE RELIEF IN ANY COURT OF COMPETENT JURISDICTION TO ENFORCE THE ARBITRATION AWARD. EACH PARTY SHALL SEPARATELY PAY FOR ITS RESPECTIVE COUNSEL FEES AND EXPENSES; PROVIDED, HOWEVER, THAT THE ARBITRATOR SHALL AWARD ATTORNEYS' FEES AND COSTS TO THE PREVAILING PARTY, EXCEPT AS PROHIBITED BY LAW. THE PARTIES HEREBY AGREE TO WAIVE THEIR RIGHT TO HAVE ANY DISPUTE CONCERNING THIS AGREEMENT RESOLVED IN A COURT OF LAW BY A JUDGE OR JURY. NOTWITHSTANDING THE FOREGOING, THIS SECTION WILL NOT PREVENT EITHER PARTY FROM SEEKING INJUNCTIVE RELIEF (OR ANY OTHER PROVISIONAL REMEDY) FROM ANY COURT HAVING JURISDICTION OVER THE PARTIES AND THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THEIR DISPUTE RELATING TO THIS AGREEMENT AND THE AGREEMENTS INCORPORATED HEREIN BY REFERENCE.

21.SEVERABILITY. In the event that any provision or any portion of any provision hereof or any surviving agreement made a part hereof becomes or is declared by an arbitrator or court of competent jurisdiction to be illegal, unenforceable, or void, then such determination will not affect any other provision of this Agreement, this Agreement shall continue in full force and effect without said provision or portion of provision, and an arbitrator or court may modify such provision so as to be rendered enforceable to the greatest extent permissible by applicable law.

22.MISCELLANEOUS. This Agreement (together with the Confidentiality Agreement and any Arbitration Agreement) constitutes the complete, final and exclusive embodiment of the entire agreement between you and Tesla with regard to this subject matter. It is entered into without reliance on any promise or representation, written or oral, other than those expressly contained herein, and it supersedes any other such promises, warranties or representations, prior agreements and communications, whether oral or written, as to the specific subjects of this letter by and between you and the Company. This Agreement may not be modified or amended except in writing signed by both you and a duly authorized officer of the Company. However, nothing in this Agreement shall supersede the surviving portions of any confidentiality obligations or agreements into which you have entered with the Company such as may be set forth in the Confidentiality Agreement. This Agreement will bind the heirs, personal representatives, successors and assigns of both you and the Company, and inure to the benefit of you, the Company, the Releasees, their heirs, successors and assigns. No waiver by the Company of any right under this Agreement shall be construed as a waiver of any other right, nor shall any waiver by the Company of any breach of this Agreement be a waiver of any preceding or succeeding breach. This Agreement will be deemed to have been entered into and will be construed and enforced in accordance with the laws of the State in which you were last regularly employed by Tesla, as applied to contracts made and to be performed entirely within such state.

23.KNOWING AND VOLUNTARY EXECUTION OF AGREEMENT. You understand and agree that you executed this Agreement voluntarily, without any duress or undue influence on the part or behalf of the Company or any third party, with the full intent of releasing all claims under this Agreement against the Company and Releasees. You further acknowledge that you (a) have read this Agreement, (b) have been advised of your right to consult with legal counsel before signing this Agreement and have done so or elected not to retain legal counsel, (c) understand the terms and consequences of this Agreement and of the releases it contains; and (d) are fully aware of the legal and binding effect of this Agreement.

24.REVIEW AND EFFECTIVE DATE. This Agreement is executable until the fifth business day after it is received by you (the “Expiration Date”). This Agreement is null and void if the Company has not received a copy of the Agreement executed by you on or before the Expiration Date. You acknowledge that this affords you a reasonable period to consult an attorney (of your choosing, at your own expense) regarding the terms of this Agreement prior to entering into it. If you choose to sign this Agreement prior to the Expiration Date, then you acknowledge that you did so knowingly and voluntarily, and that you were not induced to do so by fraud, misrepresentation or threat by the

Company to withdraw or alter the offer. This Agreement will become effective on the date first set forth above (the “Effective Date”).

To accept this Agreement, within the timeframe specified above, please electronically sign below. As of the Effective Date, this will become our binding agreement with respect to your separation from Tesla.

I UNDERSTAND AND AGREE TO THE TERMS CONTAINED IN THIS AGREEMENT AND INTEND, BY MY SIGNATURE BELOW, TO BE LEGALLY BOUND BY THOSE TERMS. I AM SIGNING THIS AGREEMENT KNOWINGLY, WILLINGLY AND VOLUNTARILY IN EXCHANGE FOR THE SEVERANCE BENEFITS DESCRIBED ABOVE.

NAME: Zachary Kirkhorn
Signature: /s/ Zachary Kirkhorn Date: August 6, 2023
Company: Tesla
Signature: /s/ [***] Date: August 6, 2023

Document

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATIONS

I, Elon Musk, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Tesla, Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s Board of Directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: October 20, 2023 /s/ Elon Musk
Elon Musk
Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)

Document

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATIONS

I, Vaibhav Taneja, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Tesla, Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s Board of Directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: October 20, 2023 /s/ Vaibhav Taneja
Vaibhav Taneja
Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)

Document

Exhibit 32.1

SECTION 1350 CERTIFICATIONS

I, Elon Musk, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, that, to my knowledge, the Quarterly Report of Tesla, Inc. on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023, (i) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and (ii) that the information contained in such Form 10-Q fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of Tesla, Inc.

Date: October 20, 2023 /s/ Elon Musk
Elon Musk
Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)

I, Vaibhav Taneja, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, that, to my knowledge, the Quarterly Report of Tesla, Inc. on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023, (i) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and (ii) that the information contained in such Form 10-Q fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of Tesla, Inc.

Date: October 20, 2023 /s/ Vaibhav Taneja
Vaibhav Taneja
Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)

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