Equibles

10-Q

Affinity Bancshares, Inc. (AFBI)

10-Q 2023-11-09 For: 2023-09-30
View Original
Added on April 06, 2026

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 or 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 or 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period

Commission File No. 001-39914

Affinity Bancshares, Inc.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Maryland 82-1147778
(State or Other Jurisdiction of<br><br>Incorporation or Organization) (I.R.S. Employer<br><br>Identification No.)
3175 Highway 278<br><br>Covington, Georgia 30014
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code)

(770) 786-7088

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

(Former Name, Former Address and Former Fiscal Year, if Changed Since Last Report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class Trading Symbol(s) Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share AFBI The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer ☐
Non-accelerated filer ☒ Smaller reporting company ☒
Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of November 7, 2023, 6,388,309 shares of the Registrant’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share, were outstanding.

Affinity Bancshares, Inc.

Form 10-Q

Table of Contents

Page
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements 2
Consolidated Balance Sheets at September 30, 2023 (unaudited) and December 31, 2022 2
Consolidated Statements of Income for the Three Months and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (unaudited) 3
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the Three Months and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (unaudited) 4
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the Three Months and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (unaudited) 5
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (unaudited) 6
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements 7
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 25
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk 37
Item 4. Controls and Procedures 37
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings 38
Item 1A. Risk Factors 38
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities 38
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities 38
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures 38
Item 5. Other Information 38
Item 6. Exhibits 39
SIGNATURES 40

Item 1. Financial Statements

AFFINITY BANCSHARES, INC.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

December 31, 2022
Assets
Cash and due from banks 5,441 $ 2,928
Interest-earning deposits in other depository institutions 56,062 23,396
Cash and cash equivalents 61,503 26,324
Investment securities available-for-sale 48,012 46,200
Investment securities held-to-maturity (estimated fair value of 32,925, net of allowance for credit losses of 42 at September 30, 2023 and estimated fair value of 26,251 at December 31, 2022) 34,183 26,527
Other investments 4,885 1,082
Loans 661,016 646,234
Allowance for credit loss on loans (9,211 ) (9,325 )
Net loans 651,805 636,909
Other real estate owned 2,901 2,901
Premises and equipment, net 3,872 4,257
Bank owned life insurance 15,991 15,724
Intangible assets 18,414 18,558
Other assets 13,865 12,801
Total assets 855,431 $ 791,283
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity
Liabilities:
Non-interest-bearing checking 170,654 $ 190,297
Interest-bearing checking 92,177 91,167
Money market accounts 144,439 148,097
Savings accounts 79,446 101,622
Certificates of deposit 222,329 125,989
Total deposits 709,045 657,172
Federal Home Loan Bank advances and other borrowings 20,000 10,025
Accrued interest payable and other liabilities 7,910 6,983
Total liabilities 736,955 674,180
Stockholders' equity:
Common stock (par value 0.01 per share, 40,000,000 shares authorized;    6,404,961 issued and outstanding at September 30, 2023 and 6,605,384     issued and outstanding at December 31, 2022) 64 66
Preferred stock (10,000,000 shares authorized, no shares outstanding) — —
Additional paid in capital 60,978 63,130
Unearned ESOP shares (4,639 ) (4,795 )
Retained earnings 69,832 65,357
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (7,759 ) (6,655 )
Total stockholders' equity 118,476 117,103
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity 855,431 $ 791,283

All values are in US Dollars.

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

AFFINITY BANCSHARES, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Income

(unaudited)

Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
2023 2022 2023 2022
(Dollars in thousands except per share amounts)
Interest income:
Loans, including fees $ 9,113 $ 7,734 $ 26,131 $ 22,013
Investment securities 1,022 301 2,957 857
Interest-earning deposits 889 189 2,527 286
Total interest income 11,024 8,224 31,615 23,156
Interest expense:
Deposits 3,915 625 10,015 1,612
FHLB advances and other borrowings 208 73 1,109 (874 )
Total interest expense 4,123 698 11,124 738
Net interest income before provision for credit losses 6,901 7,526 20,491 22,418
Provision for credit losses — 187 7 654
Net interest income after provision for credit losses 6,901 7,339 20,484 21,764
Noninterest income:
Service charges on deposit accounts 426 420 1,222 1,205
Other 204 173 638 631
Total noninterest income 630 593 1,860 1,836
Noninterest expenses:
Salaries and employee benefits 3,007 3,187 9,047 9,219
Occupancy 637 675 1,919 1,798
Advertising 59 128 238 326
Data processing 525 486 1,504 1,476
FHLB prepayment penalties — — — 647
Other 1,178 1,014 3,176 3,019
Total noninterest expenses 5,406 5,490 15,884 16,485
Income before income taxes 2,125 2,442 6,460 7,115
Income tax expense 502 581 1,525 1,680
Net income $ 1,623 $ 1,861 $ 4,935 $ 5,435
Weighted average common shares outstanding
Basic 6,417,754 6,652,811 6,500,562 6,683,052
Diluted 6,493,114 6,752,152 6,575,923 6,782,393
Basic earnings per share $ 0.25 $ 0.28 $ 0.76 $ 0.81
Diluted earnings per share $ 0.25 $ 0.27 $ 0.75 $ 0.80

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

AFFINITY BANCSHARES, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)

(unaudited)

Nine Months Ended September 30,
2022 2023 2022
(In thousands)
Net income 1,623 $ 1,861 $ 4,935 $ 5,435
Other comprehensive loss:
Net unrealized loss on available-for-sale securities, net of taxes of 368, 629, 374 and 2,230 (1,090 ) (1,855 ) (1,104 ) (6,586 )
Total other comprehensive loss (1,090 ) (1,855 ) (1,104 ) (6,586 )
Total comprehensive income (loss) 533 $ 6 $ 3,831 $ (1,151 )

All values are in US Dollars.

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

AFFINITY BANCSHARES, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity

(unaudited)

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022
Accumulated
Additional Other
Common Paid In Unearned Retained Comprehensive
Stock Capital ESOP Shares Earnings Income (Loss) Total
(In thousands)
Ending balance December 31, 2022 $ 66 $ 63,130 $ (4,795 ) $ 65,357 $ (6,655 ) $ 117,103
ESOP loan payment and release of ESOP shares — 63 156 — — 219
Stock-based compensation expense — 782 — — — 782
Change in unrealized loss on investment securities available-for-sale, net of tax — — — — (1,104 ) (1,104 )
Common stock repurchase (2 ) (2,997 ) (2,999 )
Adoption of new accounting pronouncement (see Note 1) — — — (460 ) — (460 )
Net income — — — 4,935 — 4,935
Ending balance September 30, 2023 $ 64 60,978 (4,639 ) 69,832 (7,759 ) 118,476
Beginning balance December 31, 2021 $ 69 $ 68,038 $ (5,004 ) $ 58,223 $ (358 ) $ 120,968
ESOP loan payment and release of ESOP shares — 80 157 — — 237
Issuance of restricted stock<br>   awards 1 77 — — — 78
Stock-based compensation expense — 382 — — — 382
Change in unrealized loss on investment securities available-for-sale, net of tax — — — — (6,586 ) (6,586 )
Common stock repurchase (4 ) (5,289 ) — — — (5,293 )
Net income — — — 5,435 — 5,435
Ending balance September 30, 2022 $ 66 $ 63,288 $ (4,847 ) $ 63,658 $ (6,944 ) $ 115,221
Three Months Ended Setpember 30, 2023 and 2022
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Accumulated
Additional Other
Common Paid In Unearned Retained Comprehensive
Stock Capital ESOP Shares Earnings Income (Loss) Total
(In thousands)
Beginning balance June 30, 2023 $ 64 $ 61,027 $ (4,692 ) $ 68,209 $ (6,669 ) $ 117,939
ESOP loan payment and release of ESOP shares — 21 53 — — 74
Stock-based compensation expense — 258 — — — 258
Change in unrealized loss on investment securities available-for-sale, net of tax — — — — (1,090 ) (1,090 )
Common stock repurchase — (328 ) (328 )
Net income — — — 1,623 — 1,623
Ending balance September 30, 2023 $ 64 60,978 (4,639 ) 69,832 (7,759 ) 118,476
Beginning balance June 30, 2022 $ 65 $ 63,497 $ (4,899 ) $ 61,797 $ (5,089 ) $ 115,371
ESOP loan payment and release of ESOP shares — 25 52 — — 77
Issuance of restricted stock<br>   awards 1 77 — — — 78
Stock-based compensation expense — 203 — — — 203
Change in unrealized loss on investment securities available-for-sale, net of tax — — — — (1,855 ) (1,855 )
Common stock repurchase — (514 ) — — — (514 )
Net income — — — 1,861 — 1,861
Ending balance September 30, 2022 $ 66 $ 63,288 $ (4,847 ) $ 63,658 $ (6,944 ) $ 115,221

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

AFFINITY BANCSHARES, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(unaudited)

Nine Months Ended September 30,
2023 2022
(In thousands)
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income $ 4,935 $ 5,435
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and (accretion) amortization 576 (329 )
Stock-based compensation expense 782 460
Provision for credit losses 7 654
ESOP expense 219 237
Increase in cash surrender value of bank owned life insurance (267 ) (260 )
Change in:
Accrued interest receivable and other assets (531 ) 168
Accrued interest payable and other liabilities 341 1,850
Net cash provided by operating activities 6,062 8,215
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of investment securities held-to-maturity (7,609 ) —
Purchases of investment securities available-for-sale (5,710 ) (5,701 )
Purchases of premises and equipment (352 ) (930 )
Proceeds from paydowns of investment securities available-for-sale 2,424 3,428
Proceeds from maturity of investment securities held-to-maturity 37 —
Purchases of other investments (5,716 ) (1,130 )
Proceeds from sales of other investments 1,913 2,581
Net change in loans (14,720 ) (65,665 )
Net cash used in investing activities (29,733 ) (67,417 )
Cash flows from financing activities:
Net change in deposits 51,875 31,225
Stock repurchase (2,999 ) (5,293 )
Proceeds from FHLB advances 65,000 105,000
Repayment of FHLB advances (55,000 ) (143,000 )
Proceeds from federal funds purchased 26 —
Repayment of federal funds purchased (51 ) —
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities 58,851 (12,068 )
Net change in cash and cash equivalents 35,180 (71,270 )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period 26,324 111,776
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period $ 61,503 $ 40,506
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Cash paid for income taxes $ 1,543 $ 1,019
Cash paid for interest 10,306 1,788
Change in unrealized loss on investment securities available-for-sale, net of tax (1,104 ) (6,586 )

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

AFFINITY BANCSHARES, INC.

Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

(1) Nature of Operations

Affinity Bancshares, Inc. (the “Company”) is a bank holding company, headquartered in Covington, Georgia. The Company has one operating subsidiary, Affinity Bank, National Association (the “Bank”, and formerly named “Newton Federal Bank”), a national bank, conducting banking activities primarily in Newton County, Georgia and surrounding counties and in Cobb and Fulton Counties, Georgia and surrounding counties, and originating dental practice loans and indirect automobile loans throughout the Southeastern United States. Effective September 15, 2023, the Bank converted from a federal savings association to a national bank, and as a result, the Company became a bank holding company instead of a savings and loan holding company. The Bank offers such customary banking services as consumer and commercial checking accounts, savings accounts, certificates of deposit, mortgage, commercial and consumer loans, including indirect automobile loans, money transfers and a variety of other banking services. The Company was incorporated in 2020 to be the successor corporation to Community First Bancshares, Inc., a federal corporation, upon completion of the second-step mutual-to-stock conversion (the “Conversion”) of Community First Bancshares, MHC, the top tier mutual holding company of Community First Bancshares, Inc. Community First Bancshares, Inc. was the former mid-tier holding company for the Bank (formerly named Newton Federal Bank). Prior to completion of the Conversion, approximately 54% of the shares of common stock of Community First Bancshares, Inc. were owned by Community First Bancshares, MHC. In conjunction with the Conversion, Community First Bancshares, Inc. was merged into Affinity Bancshares, Inc. (and ceased to exist) and Affinity Bancshares, Inc. became its successor holding company for Newton Federal Bank.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto contain all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary to present fairly, in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”), the financial position of the Company as of September 30, 2023 and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the periods presented. The interim consolidated financial information should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and the notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for a full year or for any other period. Use of Estimates – The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reported period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Material estimates common to the banking industry that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near term include, but are not limited to, the determination of the allowance for credit losses, the valuation of other real estate acquired in connection with foreclosure or in satisfaction of loans and valuation allowances associated with the realization of deferred tax assets, which are based on future taxable income. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – The accounting and reporting policies of the Company conform to GAAP and general practices within the banking industry. There have been no material changes or developments in the application of principles or in our evaluation of the accounting estimates and the underlying assumptions or methodologies that we believe to be Critical Accounting Policies as disclosed in the Company’s financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022 included in the Company’s Form 10-K.

Earnings per Share

Basic earnings per common share are calculated by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per common share are calculated by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of shares adjusted for the dilutive effect of common stock awards (outstanding stock options), if any. Presented below are the calculations for basic and diluted earnings per common share.

7

AFFINITY BANCSHARES, INC.

Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
2023 2022 2023 2022
(Dollars in thousands except per share data)
Net income $ 1,623 $ 1,861 $ 4,935 $ 5,435
Weighted average common shares outstanding 6,417,754 6,652,811 6,500,562 6,683,052
Effect of dilutive common stock awards 75,360 99,341 75,361 99,341
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding 6,493,114 6,752,152 6,575,923 6,782,393
Basic earnings per common share $ 0.25 $ 0.28 $ 0.76 $ 0.81
Diluted earnings per common share* 0.25 $ 0.27 0.75 0.80

* Cumulative quarterly per share performance may not equal annual per share totals due to the effects of the amount and timing of capital increases. When computing earnings per share for an interim period, the denominator is based on the weighted average shares outstanding during the interim period, and not on an annualized weighted average basis. Accordingly, the sum of the earnings per share data for the quarters will not necessarily equal the year-to-date earnings per share data.

There were 284,454 anti-dilutive options for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 234,954 anti-dilutive options for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Adoption of New Accounting Standards

On January 1, 2023, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-13 Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, as amended, which replaces the incurred loss methodology with an expected loss methodology that is referred to as the current expected credit loss (CECL) methodology. The measurement of expected credit losses under the CECL methodology is applicable to financial assets measured at amortized cost, including held-to-maturity securities. It also applies to off-balance sheet credit exposures. In addition, Accounting Standard Codification ("ASC") 326 made changes to the accounting for available-for-sale securities. One such change is to require credit losses to be presented as an allowance rather than as a write-down on available-for-sale securities management does not intend to sell or believes that it is more likely than not they will be required to sell.

The Company adopted ASC 326 using the modified retrospective method for all financial assets measured at amortized cost and off-balance-sheet credit exposures. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2023 are presented under ASC 326 while prior period amounts continue to be reported in accordance with previously applicable GAAP. The Company adopted this ASU on January 1, 2023, and recorded a one-time entry to retained earnings of $460,000, net of tax ($437,000 related to credit losses for unfunded commitments and $23,000 related to credit losses for securities held-to-maturity).

In January 2023, the Company adopted ASU 2022-02, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures” (“ASU 2022-02”), which eliminated the accounting guidance for troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”) while enhancing disclosure requirements for certain loan refinancing and restructurings by creditors when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. This guidance was applied on a prospective basis. Upon adoption of this guidance, the Bank no longer establishes a specific reserve for modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. Instead, these modifications are included in their respective cohort and a historical loss rate is applied to the current loan balance to arrive at the quantitative baseline portion of the Allowance. Adoption of this ASU did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements; however, it resulted in new disclosures. See Note 3 for the new disclosures.

Allowance for Credit Losses ("ACL") - Loans

The CECL framework requires an estimate of expected credit losses for the remaining estimated life of the financial asset using historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The following discussion provides a description of the methodology applied to calculate the ACL under CECL.

The ACL is a valuation account that is deducted from the loans' amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Loans are charged off against the ACL when management believes the uncollectibility of a loan balance is confirmed. Accrued interest receivable is excluded from the estimate of credit losses.

8

AFFINITY BANCSHARES, INC.

Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

Management determines the ACL balance using relevant available information from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Historical credit behaviors along with model judgments provide the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Adjustments to modeled loss estimates may be made for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics such as differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix, delinquency level, or term as well as for changes in environmental conditions, such as changes in economic conditions, property values, or other relevant factors. For the majority of loans and leases, the ACL is calculated using a discounted cash flow methodology applied at a loan level with a one-year reasonable and supportable forecast period and a two-year straight-line reversion period.

The ACL-loans is measured on a collective basis when similar risk characteristics exist. The Bank has identified the following portfolio segments and calculates the ACL for each using a discounted cash flow methodology at the loan level, with loss rates, prepayment assumptions and curtailment assumptions driven by each loan’s collateral type:

Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied)- Loans in this category are susceptible to business failure and general economic conditions.

Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) - Common risks for this loan category are declines in general economic conditions, declines in real estate value, declines in occupancy rates, and lack of suitable alternative use for the property.

Commercial & industrial - Risks to this loan category include the inability to monitor the condition of the collateral, which often consists of inventory, accounts receivable and other non-real estate assets. Equipment and inventory obsolescence can also pose a risk. Declines in general economic conditions and other events can cause cash flows to fall to levels insufficient to service debt.

Construction, land, and acquisition and development - Risks common to construction loans are cost overruns, changes in market demand for property, inadequate long-term financing arrangements and declines in real estate values.

Residential mortgage - Residential mortgage loans are susceptible to weakening general economic conditions, increases in unemployment rates and declining real estate values.

Consumer installment - Risks common to consumer direct loans include unemployment and changes in local economic conditions as well as the inability to monitor collateral consisting of personal property.

When management determines that foreclosure is probable or when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty at the reporting date and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral, expected credit losses are based on the fair value of the collateral at the reporting date, adjusted for selling costs as appropriate.

When the discounted cash flow method is used to determine the ACL, management adjusts the effective interest rate used to discount expected cash flows to incorporate expected prepayments. The ACL on a TDR is measured using the same method as all other loans held for investment, except that the original interest rate is used to discount the expected cash flows, not the rate specified within the restructuring.

Determining the Contractual Term: Expected credit losses are estimated over the contractual term of the loans, adjusted for expected prepayments when appropriate. The contractual term excludes expected extensions, renewals, and modifications unless either of the following applies: management has a reasonable expectation at the reporting date that a TDR will be executed with an individual borrower or the extension or renewal options are included in the original or modified contract at the reporting date and are not unconditionally cancellable by the Bank.

Allowance for Credit Losses - Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures

The Bank estimates expected credit losses over the contractual period in which the Bank is exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit, unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by the Bank. The allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures is adjusted through provision for credit loss expense. The estimate includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur and an estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be

9

AFFINITY BANCSHARES, INC.

Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

funded over its estimated life. The estimate is influenced by historical loss experience, adjusted for current risk characteristics, and economic forecasts.

Allowance for Credit Losses - Investment Securities Available-for-Sale

For available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position, the Bank first assesses whether it intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security's amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For available-for-sale securities that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, the Bank evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, management considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the securities by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected form the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in the comprehensive income. Accrued interest receivable on available-for-sale securities is excluded from the estimate of credit losses. The guidance under ASC Topic 326 had no impact on the Bank’s available-for-sale debt securities at January 1, or September 30, 2023.

Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded as provision of (or reversal of) credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of an available-for-sale security is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met.

Allowance for Credit Losses - Investment Securities Held-to-Maturity

Management measures expected credit losses on held-to-maturity securities on a collective basis by major security type. The estimate of expected credit losses considers historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Accrued interest receivable on held-to-maturity debt securities is excluded from the estimate of credit losses. Management classifies the held-to-maturity portfolio into the following major security types: U.S. Treasuries, government agency mortgage-backed, and corporate securities. The U.S. Treasuries and the Government agency mortgage-backed securities held by the Bank are issues by U.S. government entities and agencies. These securities are either explicitly or implicitly guaranteed by the U.S. government, are highly rated by major rating agencies, and have a long history of no credit losses. The corporate securities are comprised of investments in corporate bonds whose issuers are primarily banks. At September 30, 2023, these securities are all rated as investment grade.

10

AFFINITY BANCSHARES, INC.

Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

(2) Investment Securities

Investment securities available-for-sale at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are as follows: (in thousands)

Amortized Gross <br>Unrealized Gross <br>Unrealized Estimated
September 30, 2023 Cost Gains Losses Fair Value
U.S. Treasury securities $ 6,132 $ — $ (841 ) $ 5,291
Municipal securities - tax exempt 528 — (136 ) 392
Municipal securities - taxable 2,530 — (524 ) 2,006
U. S. Government sponsored enterprises 11,837 — (3,772 ) 8,065
Government agency mortgage-backed securities 19,063 — (3,585 ) 15,478
Corporate securities 18,309 26 (1,555 ) 16,780
Total $ 58,399 $ 26 $ (10,413 ) $ 48,012
December 31, 2022
U.S. Treasury securities $ 6,084 $ — $ (776 ) $ 5,308
Municipal securities - tax exempt 533 — (96 ) 437
Municipal securities - taxable 2,529 — (485 ) 2,044
U. S. Government sponsored enterprises 11,837 — (3,499 ) 8,338
Government agency mortgage-backed securities 20,555 — (3,053 ) 17,502
Corporate securities 13,571 5 (1,005 ) 12,571
Total $ 55,109 $ 5 $ (8,914 ) $ 46,200

Investment securities held-to-maturity at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are as follows: (in thousands)

Amortized Gross <br>Unrealized Gross <br>Unrealized Estimated Allowance for
September 30, 2023 Cost Gains Losses Fair Value Credit Losses
U.S. Treasury securities $ 999 $ — $ (10 ) $ 989 $ —
Government agency mortgage-backed securities 812 — (109 ) 703 —
Corporate securities 32,414 4 (1,185 ) 31,233 (42 )
Total $ 34,225 $ 4 $ (1,304 ) $ 32,925 $ (42 )
December 31, 2022
U.S. Treasury securities $ 998 $ — $ — $ 998 $ —
Government agency mortgage-backed securities 837 — (13 ) 824 —
Corporate securities 24,692 4 (267 ) 24,429 —
Total $ 26,527 $ 4 $ (280 ) $ 26,251 $ —

The Bank recorded $32,000 of provision for credit losses on held-to-maturity securities on January 1, 2023 upon adoption of ASC 326, and recorded an additional provision for credit losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 of $0 and $10,000 for held-to-maturity securities, respectively.

Investment securities available-for-sale in an unrealized loss position at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are as follows: (in thousands)

11

AFFINITY BANCSHARES, INC.

Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

Less Than 12 Months 12 Months or More Total
September 30, 2023 Fair Value Unrealized Loss Fair Value Unrealized Loss Fair Value Unrealized Loss
U.S. Treasury securities $ 994 $ (2 ) $ 4,297 $ (839 ) $ 5,291 $ (841 )
Municipal securities - tax exempt — — 392 (136 ) 392 (136 )
Municipal securities - taxable — — 2,006 (524 ) 2,006 (524 )
U. S. Government sponsored enterprises — — 8,065 (3,772 ) 8,065 (3,772 )
Government agency mortgage-backed securities — — 15,478 (3,585 ) 15,478 (3,585 )
Corporate securities 6,953 (237 ) 8,233 (1,318 ) 15,186 (1,555 )
Total $ 7,947 $ (239 ) $ 38,471 $ (10,174 ) $ 46,418 $ (10,413 )
December 31, 2022
U.S. Treasury securities $ — $ — $ 4,331 $ (776 ) $ 4,331 $ (776 )
Municipal securities - tax exempt — — 437 (96 ) 437 (96 )
Municipal securities - taxable 452 (32 ) 1,592 (453 ) 2,044 (485 )
U. S. Government sponsored enterprises — — 8,338 (3,499 ) 8,338 (3,499 )
Government agency mortgage-backed securities 5,598 (452 ) 11,904 (2,601 ) 17,502 (3,053 )
Corporate securities 4,541 (324 ) 5,466 (681 ) 10,007 (1,005 )
Total $ 10,591 $ (808 ) $ 32,068 $ (8,106 ) $ 42,659 $ (8,914 )

There were six available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position totaling $239,000 as of September 30, 2023 for less than 12 months. There were 65 available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position for 12 months or greater totaling $10.2 million as of September 30, 2023. The unrealized losses on the debt securities arose due to changing interest rates and market conditions and are considered to be temporary because of acceptable investment grades and are reviewed regularly. Four of the securities are agency bonds and six are U.S. Treasury bonds, so all of these are direct obligations of the U.S. Government. Thirty-nine of the securities are mortgage backed bonds that have the direct or implied backing of the U.S. Government. Four of the bonds are municipal securities and the remaining 18 securities are corporate securities that are either trust preferred securities or subordinated debentures where the Bank performs a credit review regularly and such review has raised no concerns.

Debt securities issued by U.S. government agencies, U.S. government-sponsored enterprises ("GSEs"), and the U.S. Treasury, including notes and mortgage backed securities, accounted for the majority of the available-for-sale portfolio as of September 30, 2023, and the Bank expects no credit losses on these securities, given the explicit and implicit guarantees provided by the U.S. federal government. The available-for-sale portfolio also includes corporate securities, but are underwritten as loans with features that are typically found in commercial loans. Accordingly, the Bank monitors the credit quality of these corporate bonds through quarterly credit reviews to determine impairment, if any. The decline in fair value is attributable to changes in interest rates, and not credit quality, and the Bank does not have the intent to sell the U.S. government and agencies debt securities and the corporate securities and it is likely that it will not be required to sell the securities before their anticipated recovery, the Bank does not consider impairments on these securities to be credit related as of September 30, 2023.

There were 17 held-to-maturity securities in an unrealized loss position totaling $1.3 million as of September 30, 2023 for less than 12 months. There were no held-to-maturity securities in an unrealized loss position greater than 12 months as of September 30, 2023. The unrealized losses on the debt securities arose due to changing interest rates and market conditions and are considered to be temporary because of acceptable investment grades and are reviewed regularly. One security is a U.S. Treasury bonds, so it is a direct obligations of the U.S. Government. One security is a mortgage-backed security of a U.S. Government sponsored agency that has the implied backing of the U.S. Government. Fifteen are subordinated debentures of banks where the Bank performs a credit review quarterly and such reviews have raised no concerns.

Corporate securities account for the majority of the held-to-maturity portfolio as of September 30, 2023. As stated above, these corporate securities are accounted for as securities, but are underwritten as loans with features that are typically found in commercial loans. Accordingly, the Bank monitors the credit quality of these corporate bonds through quarterly credit reviews to determine impairment, if any. At September 30, 2023, these securities are all rated as investment grade and the $42,000 of

12

AFFINITY BANCSHARES, INC.

Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

allowance for credit losses associated with these securities was calculated using a Moody's report on the cumulative default rates of corporate issuers.

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of investment securities available-for-sale and held-to-maturity at September 30, 2023, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Maturities of mortgage-backed securities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay certain obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Therefore, these securities are not included in the maturity categories. (in thousands)

Available-for-Sale Held-to-Maturity
Amortized Estimated Amortized Estimated
Cost Fair Value Cost Fair Value
Within 1 year $ 996 $ 994 $ — $ —
Greater than 1 to 5 years 6,931 6,452 17,756 17,359
Greater than 5 to 10 years 19,315 16,778 15,657 14,863
Greater than 10 years 12,094 8,310 — —
39,336 32,534 33,413 32,222
Government agency mortgage-backed securities 19,063 15,478 812 703
Total $ 58,399 $ 48,012 $ 34,225 $ 32,925

There were no sales of investment securities available-for-sale during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 or 2022.

Available-for-sale securities with a carrying value of approximately $4.1 million and $4.7 million were pledged to secure public deposits at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

(3) Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses

Major classifications of loans, by collateral code, at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are summarized as follows: (in thousands)

September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022
Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) $ 159,958 $ 162,989
Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) 140,287 135,720
Commercial and industrial 143,371 147,775
Construction, land and acquisition & development 46,626 37,158
Residential mortgage 1-4 family 55,558 51,324
Consumer installment 115,216 111,268
Total 661,016 646,234
Less allowance for credit losses (9,211 ) (9,325 )
Total loans, net $ 651,805 $ 636,909

The Bank grants loans and extensions of credit to individuals and a variety of firms and corporations located primarily in the Atlanta, Georgia MSA. A substantial portion of the loan portfolio is collateralized by improved and unimproved real estate and is dependent upon the real estate market. The Bank also conducts lending within professional markets, with a primary focus on the dental industry in Georgia and adjoining states. The majority of these loans are commercial and industrial credits for practice acquisitions and equipment financing with the remainder being owner-occupied real estate. Accrued interest on loans totaled $1.9 million on September 30, 2023 and $1.6 million on December 31, 2022 and is included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet.

The adoption of ASU 2016-13 Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326) did not result in an increase to allowance for credit losses for loans for the Bank.

13

AFFINITY BANCSHARES, INC.

Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

The following table presents the balance in the allowance for credit losses and the recorded investment in loans by portfolio segment and based on impairment method as of and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and as of December 31, 2022: (in thousands)

September 30, 2023 Commercial<br>(Secured by Real<br>Estate - Owner Occupied) Commercial<br>(Secured by Real Estate - Non-Owner Occupied) Commercial <br>and Industrial Construction, <br>Land and<br>Acquisition & Development Residential<br> Mortgage Consumer<br>Installment Unallocated Total
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning balance December 31, 2022 $ 2,403 $ 2,079 $ 2,292 $ 487 $ 345 $ 1,675 $ 9,325
Provision (996 ) (819 ) (1,369 ) 547 1,183 780 -
Charge-offs (4 ) — (3 ) — — (212 ) (219 )
Recoveries 8 — 1 — 49 47 105
Ending balance $ 1,411 $ 1,260 $ 921 $ 1,034 $ 1,577 $ 2,290 $ 9,211
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning balance June 30, 2023 $ 1,492 $ 1,331 $ 1,116 $ 1,010 $ 1,475 $ 2,321 $ 9,252
Provision (81 ) (71 ) (196 ) 24 89 24 -
Charge-offs — — — — — (64 ) (64 )
Recoveries — — 1 — 13 9 23
Ending balance $ 1,411 $ 1,260 $ 921 $ 1,034 $ 1,577 $ 2,290 $ 9,211
December 31, 2022
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning balance $ 2,701 $ 1,980 $ 2,242 $ 162 $ 502 $ 969 $ 8,559
Provision (421 ) 99 55 325 (196 ) 801 704
Charge-offs — — (26 ) — — (123 ) (149 )
Recoveries 123 — 21 — 39 28 211
Ending balance $ 2,403 $ 2,079 $ 2,292 $ 487 $ 345 $ 1,675 $ 9,325
Ending allowance attributable to<br>   loans:
Individually evaluated<br>   for impairment $ 85 $ 1 $ — $ — $ 4 $ — $ 90
Collectively evaluated<br>   for impairment 2,318 2,078 2,292 487 341 1,675 9,235
Total ending allowance $ 2,403 $ 2,079 $ 2,292 $ 487 $ 345 $ 1,675 $ 9,325
Loans:
Individually evaluated<br>   for impairment $ 85 $ 3,265 $ — $ — $ 2,399 $ — $ 5,749
Collectively evaluated<br>   for impairment 162,904 132,455 147,775 37,158 48,925 111,268 640,485
Total loans $ 162,989 $ 135,720 $ 147,775 $ 37,158 $ 51,324 $ 111,268 $ 646,234

All values are in US Dollars.

The Bank recorded a provision for credit losses for unfunded commitments of $586,000 on January 1, 2023 upon adoption of ASC 326. A release on unfunded commitments for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 of $3,000 was recorded, and is included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. The Bank also recorded a provision of $10,000 for credit losses for held-to-maturity securities for a net $7,000 recorded of provision for credit losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. No provision for credit losses was recorded for the three months ended September 30, 2023.

The Bank individually evaluates all loans for impairment that are on nonaccrual status or are rated substandard (as described below). Additionally, all loan modifications to a borrower with financial difficulty are evaluated for impairment. A loan is considered impaired when, based on current events and circumstances, it is probable that all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan will not be collected. Impaired loans are measured based on the present value of expected future cash flows, discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, at the loan’s observable market price, or the fair value of the collateral

14

AFFINITY BANCSHARES, INC.

Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

if the loan is collateral dependent. Interest payments received on impaired loans are applied as a reduction of the outstanding principal balance.

Collateral-Dependent Loans We classify a loan as collateral-dependent when our borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, and we expect repayment to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of collateral. Our commercial loans have collateral that is comprised of real estate and business assets. Our consumer loans have collateral that is substantially comprised of residential real estate. There were no significant changes in the extent to which collateral secures our collateral-dependent loans during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, and we had $4.6 million of collateral-dependent loans without an allowance and no collateral-dependent loans with an allowance at September 30, 2023.

Impaired loans at December 31, 2022 were as follows: (in thousands)

December 31, 2022 Recorded<br>Investment Unpaid<br>Principal<br>Balance Allocated<br>Related<br>Allowance Average<br>Recorded<br>Investment Interest<br>Income<br>Recognized
With no related allowance recorded:
Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) $ — $ — $ — $ — $ —
Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) 3,089 3,089 — 3,145 —
Commercial and industrial — — — — —
Construction, land and acquisition & development — — — — —
Residential mortgage 1,526 1,526 — 1,596 5
Consumer installment — — — — —
4,615 4,615 — 4,741 5
With an allowance recorded:
Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) 85 85 85 90 4
Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) 176 176 1 182 8
Commercial and industrial — — — — —
Construction, land and acquisition & development — — — — —
Residential mortgage 873 873 4 907 22
Consumer installment — — — — —
1,134 1,134 90 1,179 34
Total impaired loans $ 5,749 $ 5,749 $ 90 $ 5,920 $ 39

15

AFFINITY BANCSHARES, INC.

Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

The following table presents the aging of the recorded investment in past due loans, as well as the recorded investment in nonaccrual loans, as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 by class of loans: (in thousands)

September 30, 2023 30 -59 <br>Days<br> Past Due 60- 89 <br>Days<br> Past Due 90 Days<br>or Greater<br>Past Due Total Accruing Loans<br>Past Due Nonaccrual with Allowance Nonaccrual without Allowance Current Total
Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 159,958 $ 159,958
Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) — — — — — 4,777 135,510 140,287
Commercial and industrial — — — — — — 143,371 143,371
Construction, land and acquisition &<br>   development — — — — — — 46,626 46,626
Residential mortgage 984 - - 984 - 2,570 52,004 55,558
Consumer installment 83 — — 83 — 290 114,843 115,216
Total $ 1,067 $ — $ — $ 1,067 $ — $ 7,637 $ 652,312 $ 661,016
December 31, 2022 30 -59 <br>Days<br> Past Due 60- 89 <br>Days<br> Past Due 90 Days<br>or Greater<br>Past Due Total Accruing Loans<br>Past Due Nonaccrual Current Total
Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 85 $ 162,904 $ 162,989
Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) — — — — 3,312 132,408 135,720
Commercial and industrial — — — — 3 147,772 147,775
Construction, land and acquisition &<br>   development 85 — — 85 — 37,073 37,158
Residential mortgage 2,341 533 249 3,123 3,185 45,016 51,324
Consumer installment 571 59 — 630 135 110,503 111,268
Total $ 2,997 $ 592 $ 249 $ 3,838 $ 6,720 $ 635,676 $ 646,234

On January 1, 2023, the Bank adopted ASU 2022-02, which eliminated the accounting guidance for TDRs by creditors and enhanced the disclosure requirements for certain loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. There was one loan that was both experiencing financial difficulty and was modified during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

There was one new residential mortgage loan modification to a borrower with financial difficulty for $26,000 during the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The maturity date was extended. No loan modifications made to a borrower with financial difficulty subsequently defaulted during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

The Bank categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information and current economic trends, among other factors. The Bank analyzes loans individually by classifying the loans as to credit risk. This analysis is performed on a continuous basis. The Bank uses the following definitions for its risk ratings:

Special Mention. Loans have potential weaknesses that may, if not corrected, weaken or inadequately protect the Bank's credit position at some future date. Weaknesses are generally the result of deviation from prudent lending practices, such as over advances on collateral. Credits in this category should, within a 12-month period, move to Pass if improved or drop to Substandard if poor trends continue.

16

AFFINITY BANCSHARES, INC.

Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

Substandard. Inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or by the collateral pledged, if any. Loans have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses such as primary source of repayment is gone or severely impaired or cash flow is insufficient to reduce debt. There is a distinct possibility that the Bank will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Doubtful. Loans have the same weaknesses as those classified Substandard, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full highly questionable and improbable. The likelihood of a loss on an asset or portion of an asset classified Doubtful is high.

Loss. Loans considered uncollectible and of such little value that the continuance as a Bank asset is not warranted. This does not mean that the loan has no recovery or salvage value, but rather the asset should be charged off even though partial recovery may be possible in the future.

17

AFFINITY BANCSHARES, INC.

Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

Loans not meeting the criteria above that are analyzed individually as part of the above described process are considered to be Pass rated loans. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, and based on the most recent analysis performed, the risk category and year of origination of loans by class of loans is as follows: (in thousands)

2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Revolvers Total
Pass
Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) $ 4,239 $ 28,079 $ 30,166 $ 23,411 $ 11,915 $ 53,082 $ 8,726 $ 159,618
Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) 25,934 36,270 25,932 4,493 10,156 17,846 10,729 131,360
Commercial and industrial 17,836 22,111 28,494 15,849 17,743 27,950 13,388 143,371
Construction, land and acquisition & development 16,247 21,084 6,359 147 219 610 1,938 46,604
Residential mortgage 5,702 6,147 2,477 1,928 1,440 30,029 4,921 52,644
Consumer installment 34,341 51,590 19,639 5,818 2,451 289 654 114,782
Total pass 104,299 165,281 113,067 51,646 43,924 129,806 40,356 648,379
Special Mention
Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) — — — — — 340 — 340
Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) — — 3,561 — — 543 — 4,104
Commercial and industrial — — — — — — — —
Construction, land and acquisition & development — — — — — — — —
Residential mortgage — — — — — 224 — 224
Consumer installment — 99 75 — 8 — — 182
Total special mention — 99 3,636 — 8 1,107 — 4,850
Substandard
Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) — — — — — — — —
Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) — — — — — 4,808 15 4,823
Commercial and industrial — — — — — — — —
Construction, land and acquisition & development — — — 22 — — — 22
Residential mortgage — 205 109 110 118 2,148 — 2,690
Consumer installment — 79 146 6 21 — — 252
Total substandard — 284 255 138 139 6,956 15 7,787
Total $ 104,299 $ 165,664 $ 116,958 $ 51,784 $ 44,071 $ 137,869 $ 40,371 $ 661,016
Current year to date period gross write-offs
Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 4 $ — $ 4
Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) — — — — — — — —
Commercial and industrial — — — — — 3 — 3
Construction, land and acquisition & development — — — — — — — —
Residential mortgage — — — — — — — —
Consumer installment — 111 90 11 — — — 212
Total current period gross write-offs $ — $ 111 $ 90 $ 11 $ — $ 7 $ — $ 219

18

AFFINITY BANCSHARES, INC.

Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2022 Pass Special<br>Mention Substandard Doubtful/<br>Loss Total
Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) $ 162,541 $ 362 $ 86 $ — $ 162,989
Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) 130,115 2,293 3,312 — 135,720
Commercial and industrial 147,772 — 3 — 147,775
Construction, land and acquisition & development 37,158 — — — 37,158
Residential mortgage 48,193 — 3,131 — 51,324
Consumer installment 111,049 84 135 — 111,268
Total $ 636,828 $ 2,739 $ 6,667 $ — $ 646,234

(4) Intangible Assets

The core deposit premium intangible asset had a gross carrying amount of $1.9 million and accumulated amortization of $717,000 at September 30, 2023. The core deposit premium intangible asset had a gross carrying amount of $1.9 million and accumulated amortization of $574,000 at December 31, 2022. Aggregate amortization expense was $47,000 and $143,000 during for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

Goodwill acquired through acquisition was $17.2 million at September 30, 2023 and 2022. No impairment loss was recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

(5) Deposits

The aggregate amounts of certificates of deposit of $250,000 or more, the standard FDIC deposit insurance coverage limit per depositor, were approximately $35.4 million at September 30, 2023 and $26.4 million at December 31, 2022. Due to the FDIC insurance coverage rules and limits for a depositor's specific group of deposit accounts, it is important to note not all deposits in excess of $250,000 are uninsured.

Brokered CDs totaled $107.3 million and had a weighted average rate of 4.87% and a weighted average maturity of 31 months at September 30, 2023 and $34.9 million and had a weighted average rate of 4.50% and a weighted average maturity of 34 months at December 31, 2022.

(6) Borrowings

The following FHLB advances, which required monthly or quarterly interest payments, were outstanding at September 30, 2023:

Advance Date Advance Interest Rate Maturity Rate Call Feature
1/6/2023 $ 10,000,000 4.22 % 1/6/2026 Fixed N/A
1/6/2023 10,000,000 3.94 % 1/6/2028 Fixed N/A
$ 20,000,000

There were FHLB advances totaling $10.0 million consisting of advances with a book value of $10.0 million and no fair value adjustment as of December 31, 2022. At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the FHLB advances were collateralized by certain loans which totaled approximately $395.4 million and $384.4 million, and by the Company’s investment in FHLB stock which totaled approximately $1.5 million and $832,000 at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. Acquired FHLB advances totaling $49.0 million were paid off during the nine months ended September 30, 2022. We were able to accrete to income the remaining $1.0 million fair value adjustment associated with these acquired advances, resulting in a reduction in interest expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. We also incurred $647,000 of prepayment penalties during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 in connection with the payoff of the acquired advances.

The Company had one FHLB letter of credit of $12.5 million, used to collateralize public deposits, outstanding at both September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

The Company has Federal Funds unsecured lines of credit totaling $32.5 million. No amount was borrowed under these lines as of September 30, 2023.

We also have a line of $70.9 million with the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Discount Window secured by $102.5 million in loans. No amount was outstanding on the unsecured lines of credit or the Discount Window at September 30, 2023

AFFINITY BANCSHARES, INC.

Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

(7) Employee Stock Ownership Plan

The Company sponsors an employee stock ownership plan (“ESOP”) that covers all employees who meet certain service requirements. The Company makes annual contributions to the ESOP in amounts as defined by the plan document. These contributions are used to pay debt service and purchase additional shares. Certain ESOP shares are pledged as collateral for debt. As the debt is repaid, shares are released from collateral and allocated to active employees, based on the proportion of debt service paid in the year.

In 2017, the ESOP borrowed $3.0 million payable to the Company for the purpose of purchasing shares of the Company’s common stock. A total of 295,499 shares were purchased with the loan proceeds as part of the Company’s initial stock offering. In 2021, the ESOP borrowed $3.0 million payable to the Company for the purpose of purchasing additional shares of the Company’s common stock. A total of 225,721 shares were purchased with the loan proceeds as part of the Company’s second stock offering. Total ESOP expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 was approximately $74,000, $77,000, $220,000 and $237,000, respectively. The balance of the note payable of the ESOP was approximately $5.3 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. Because the source of the loan payments is contributions received by the ESOP from the Company, the related note receivable is shown as a reduction of stockholders’ equity. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, 80,000 shares had been released.

(8) Stock-Based Compensation

In 2018, shareholders approved the Company’s 2018 Equity Incentive Plan, which authorizes the issuance of up to 133,987 shares of common stock pursuant to restricted stock grants and up to 334,970 shares of common stock pursuant to the exercise of options.

In May 2022, shareholders approved the Company’s 2022 Equity Incentive Plan, which authorizes the issuance of up to 148,060 shares of common stock pursuant to restricted stock grants and up to 370,150 shares of common stock pursuant to the exercise of options.

A Black-Scholes model is utilized to estimate the fair value of stock option grants, while the market price of the Company’s stock at the date of grant is used to estimate the fair value of restricted stock awards. The weighted average assumptions used in the Black-Scholes model for valuing stock option grants during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 were as follows: dividend yield of 0%, expected volatility of 27.58%, risk-free interest rate of 3.84%, expected average life of

7.13

, and weighted average per share fair value of options of $5.46. A summary of the Company’s stock option activity is summarized below.

Stock Options Option Shares Outstanding Weighted Average Exercise Price Weighted Average Remaining Life (Years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)
Outstanding - December 31, 2022 484,519 $ 12.28 8.45 $ 1,522
Granted 57,500 14.40
Exercise of stock options* (8,753 ) 11.14
Outstanding - March 31, 2023 533,266 $ 12.21 8.06 $ 1,439
Exercisable - March 31, 2023 125,255 $ 9.78 6.53 $ 643
Granted — —
Forfeited — —
Outstanding - June 30, 2023 533,266 $ 12.21 7.81 $ 934
Exercisable - June 30, 2023 189,515 $ 10.06 6.50 $ 607
Granted 7,500 $ 13.51
Forfeited (8,000 ) 14.85
Outstanding - September 30, 2023 532,766 $ 12.19 7.57 $ 1,143
Exercisable - September 30, 2023 225,739 $ 10.81 6.64 $ 747

20

AFFINITY BANCSHARES, INC.

Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

* The terms of the stock option agreements permit having a number of shares of stock withheld, the fair market value of which as of the date of exercise is sufficient to satisfy the exercise price and/or tax withholding requirements. All 2023 exercises of stock options were exercised in this manner.

Intrinsic value represents the amount by which the fair market value of the underlying stock exceeds the exercise price of the stock options. A summary of the Company’s restricted stock activity is summarized below.

Restricted Stock Restricted Shares Outstanding Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding - December 31, 2022 169,504 $ 11.97
Granted 12,400 14.40
Outstanding - March 31, 2023 181,904 $ 12.08
Vested* (27,147 ) 10.42
Outstanding - June 30, 2023 154,757 $ 12.08
Vested* (20,867 ) 14.85
Outstanding - September 30, 2023 133,890 $ 12.08

* The terms of the restricted stock agreements permit the surrender of shares to the Company upon vesting in order to satisfy applicable tax withholding requirements at the minimum statutory withholding rate, and accordingly, 1,666 and 3,417 shares were surrendered during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023.

The Company recognized approximately $258,000, $281,000, $782,000 and $460,000 of stock-based compensation expense during the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 respectively, associated with its common stock awards granted to directors and officers.

As of September 30, 2023, there was approximately $2.9 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to equity award grants. The cost is expected to be recognized over the weighted average remaining vesting period of approximately

2.34

years.

(9) Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures

The Company utilizes fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and liabilities and to determine fair value disclosures. From time to time, the Company may be required to record at fair value other assets on a nonrecurring basis, such as impaired loans and other real estate owned. These nonrecurring fair value adjustments typically involve application of the lower of cost or market accounting or write-downs of individual assets. Additionally, the Company is required to disclose, but not record, the fair value of other financial instruments.

Fair Value Hierarchy

The Company groups assets and liabilities at fair value in three levels, based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the reliability of the assumptions used to determine fair value. These levels are:

Level 1 – Valuation is based upon quoted prices for identical instruments traded in active markets.

Level 2 – Valuation is based upon quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market.

Level 3 – Valuation is generated from model-based techniques that use at least one significant assumption not observable in the market. These unobservable assumptions reflect estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Valuation techniques include use of option pricing models, discounted cash flow models and similar techniques.

21

AFFINITY BANCSHARES, INC.

Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

Following is a description of valuation methodologies used for assets and liabilities recorded at fair value.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents is a reasonable estimate of fair value.

Investment Securities Available-for-Sale

Available-for-sale securities are recorded at market value. Fair value measurement is based upon quoted prices, if available. If quoted prices are not available, fair values are measured using independent pricing models or other model-based valuation techniques such as the present value of future cash flows, adjusted for the security’s credit rating, prepayment assumptions and other factors such as credit loss assumptions. Level 1 securities include those traded on an active exchange, such as the New York Stock Exchange, and U.S. Treasury securities that are traded by dealers or brokers in active over-the-counter market funds. Level 2 securities include mortgage-backed securities issued by government sponsored enterprises and state, county and municipal bonds. Securities classified as Level 3 include asset-backed securities in less liquid markets.

Other Investments

The carrying value of other investments includes FHLB stock and FNBB stock and approximates fair value.

Loans

The Company does not record loans at fair value on a recurring basis. However, from time to time, a loan is considered impaired and a specific reserve may be required to be established within the allowance for credit losses. Loans for which it is probable that payment of interest and principal will not be made in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan agreement are considered impaired. Once a loan is identified as individually impaired, management measures impairment in accordance with GAAP. The fair value of impaired loans is estimated using one of three methods, including collateral value, market value of similar debt, and discounted cash flows. Those impaired loans not requiring an allowance represent loans for which the fair value of the expected repayments or collateral exceed the recorded investments in such loans. In accordance with GAAP, impaired loans where an allowance is established based on the fair value of collateral require classification in the fair value hierarchy. When the fair value of the collateral is based on an observable market price, the Company records the impaired loan as nonrecurring Level 2. When an appraised value is used or an appraisal is not available or management determines the fair value of the collateral is further impaired below the appraised value and there is no observable market price, the Company records the impaired loan as nonrecurring Level 3. For disclosure purposes, the fair value of fixed rate loans which are not considered impaired is estimated by discounting the future cash flows using the current rates at which similar loans would be made to borrowers with similar credit ratings. For unimpaired variable rate loans, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value for disclosure purposes.

Other Real Estate Owned

Other real estate properties are adjusted to fair value upon transfer of the loans to other real estate. Subsequently, other real estate assets are carried at fair value less estimated selling costs. Fair value is based upon independent market prices, appraised values of the collateral or management’s estimation of the value of the collateral. When the fair value of the collateral is based on an observable market price, the Bank records the other real estate as nonrecurring Level 2. When an appraised value is used or an appraisal is not available or management determines the fair value of the collateral is further impaired below the appraised value and there is no observable market price, the Bank records the other real estate asset as nonrecurring Level 3.

Bank Owned Life Insurance

The carrying value of the cash surrender value of life insurance reasonably approximates fair value.

Deposits

The fair value of savings accounts, interest bearing checking accounts, non-interest bearing checking accounts and market rate checking accounts is the amount payable on demand at the reporting date, while the fair value of fixed maturity certificates of deposit is estimated by discounting the future cash flows using current rates at which comparable certificates would be issued.

22

AFFINITY BANCSHARES, INC.

Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

FHLB Advances and Other Borrowings

FHLB advances are carried at cost and the fair value is obtained from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta. Federal Funds

Purchased are carried at cost and because they are overnight funds, the carrying value is a reasonable estimate of fair value.

Commitments to Extend Credit

Commitments to extend credit are short-term and, therefore, the carrying value and the fair value are considered immaterial for disclosure.

Assets Recorded at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The Company’s only assets recorded at fair value on a recurring basis are available-for-sale securities that had fair values of approximately $48.0 million and $46.2 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. They are classified as Level 2.

Assets Recorded at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

The Company may be required, from time to time, to measure certain assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis in accordance with GAAP. These include assets that are measured at the lower of cost or market that were recognized at fair value below cost at the end of the period. Assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis are included in the table below as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands).

September 30, 2023 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
Other real estate owned $ — $ — $ 2,901 $ 2,901
Collateral dependent loans — — 4,600 4,600
Total assets at fair value $ — $ — $ 7,501 $ 7,501
December 31, 2022 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
Other real estate owned $ — $ — $ 2,901 $ 2,901
Impaired loans — — 5,659 5,659
Total assets at fair value $ — $ — $ 8,560 $ 8,560

The carrying amounts and estimated fair values (in thousands) of the Company’s financial instruments at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are as follows:

September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022
Carrying Estimated Carrying Estimated
Amount Fair Value Amount Fair Value
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents $ 61,503 $ 61,503 $ 26,324 $ 26,324
Investment securities available-for-sale 48,012 48,012 46,200 46,200
Investment securities held-to-maturity 34,183 32,925 26,527 26,251
Other investments 4,885 4,885 1,082 1,082
Loans, net 651,805 629,318 636,909 611,687
Bank owned life insurance 15,991 15,991 15,724 15,724
Financial liabilities:
Deposits 709,045 706,468 657,172 653,577
FHLB advances and other borrowings 20,000 20,374 10,025 10,025

23

AFFINITY BANCSHARES, INC.

Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

Limitations

Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information and information about the financial instrument. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time the Company’s entire holdings of a particular financial instrument. Because no market exists for a significant portion of the Company’s financial instruments, fair value estimates are based on many judgments. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and therefore cannot be determined with precision. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect the estimates.

Fair value estimates are based on existing on and off-balance sheet financial instruments without attempting to estimate the value of anticipated future business and the value of assets and liabilities that are not considered financial instruments. Significant assets and liabilities that are not considered financial instruments include deferred income taxes and premises and equipment. In addition, the tax ramifications related to the realization of the unrealized gains and losses can have a significant effect on fair value estimates and have not been considered in the estimates.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

General

Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 and for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 is intended to assist in understanding the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. The information contained in this section should be read in conjunction with the unaudited consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto appearing in Part I, Item 1, of this report on Form 10-Q.

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This report contains forward-looking statements, which can be identified by the use of words such as “estimate,” “project,” “believe,” “intend,” “anticipate,” “assume,” “plan,” “seek,” “expect,” “will,” “may,” “should,” “indicate,” “would,” “contemplate,” “continue,” “target” and words of similar meaning. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:

• statements of our goals, intentions and expectations;

• statements regarding our business plans, prospects, growth and operating strategies;

• statements regarding the quality of our loan and investment portfolios; and

• estimates of our risks and future costs and benefits.

These forward-looking statements are based on our current beliefs and expectations and are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control. In addition, these forward-looking statements are subject to assumptions with respect to future business strategies and decisions that are subject to change. Accordingly, you should not place undue reliance on such statements. We are under no duty to and do not take any obligation to update any forward-looking statements after the date of this report.

The following factors, among others, could cause actual results to differ materially from the anticipated results or other expectations expressed in the forward-looking statements:

• general economic conditions, either nationally or in our market areas, that are worse than expected;

• changes in the level and direction of loan delinquencies and write-offs and changes in estimates of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses;

• our ability to access cost-effective funding;

• changes in liquidity, including the size and composition of our deposit portfolio and the percentage of uninsured deposits in the portfolio;

• fluctuations in real estate values and both residential and commercial real estate market conditions;

• demand for loans and deposits in our market area;

• our ability to implement and change our business strategies;

• competition among depository and other financial institutions, including with respect to service charges and fees;

• inflation and changes in the interest rate environment that reduce our margins and yields, our mortgage banking revenues, the fair value of financial instruments or our level of loan originations, or increase the level of defaults, losses and prepayments on loans we have made and make;

• adverse changes in the securities or secondary mortgage markets;

• changes in laws or government regulations or policies affecting financial institutions, including changes in regulatory fees and capital requirements;

• changes in tax laws;

• changes in the quality or composition of our loan or investment portfolios;

• technological changes that may be more difficult or expensive than expected;

• failure or breaches of our IT security systems;

• the inability of third-party providers to perform as expected;

• our ability to manage market risk, credit risk and operational risk in the current economic environment;

• our ability to introduce new products and services, enter new markets successfully and capitalize on growth opportunities;

• our ability to successfully integrate into our operations any assets, liabilities, customers, systems and management personnel we may acquire and our ability to realize related revenue synergies and cost savings within expected time frames, and any goodwill charges related thereto;

• changes in consumer spending, borrowing and savings habits;

• changes in accounting policies and practices, as may be adopted by the bank regulatory agencies, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, the Securities and Exchange Commission or the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board;

• our ability to retain key employees;

• the effects of global or national war, conflict or acts of terrorism;

• changes in the value of our goodwill or other intangible assets;

• risks related to the COVID-19 pandemic or any other pandemic;

• the effects of any Federal government shutdown;

• our compensation expense associated with equity allocated or awarded to our employees; and

• changes in the financial condition, results of operations or future prospects of issuers of securities that we own.

Because of these and other uncertainties, our actual future results may be materially different from the results indicated by these forward-looking statements.

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

A summary of our accounting policies is described in Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. There have been no material changes to our significant accounting policies as described in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

Comparison of Financial Condition at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022

Total assets increased $64.1 million, or 8.1%, to $855.4 million at September 30, 2023 from $791.3 million at December 31, 2022, due primarily to an increase in cash and cash equivalents as well as an increase in loans.

Cash and cash equivalents increased $35.2 million, or 133.6%, to $61.5 million at September 30, 2023 from $26.3 million at December 31, 2022 primarily due to cash received from an increase in deposits as well as an increase in Federal Home Loan Bank advances as we have increased our levels of liquidity in response to recent market events.

Net loans increased $14.9 million, or 2.3%, to $651.8 million at September 30, 2023 from $636.9 million at December 31, 2022. Construction loans increased $9.5 million, or 25.5%, to $46.6 million at September 30, 2023 from $37.2 million at December 31, 2022. Non-owner-occupied commercial real estate loans increased $4.6 million, or 3.5%, while one- to four-family residential real estate loans increased $4.2 million, or 8.2% and consumer installment loans increased $3.9 million or 3.5%. We experienced decreases in commercial and industrial loans ($4.4 million, or 3.0%) and owner-occupied commercial real estate loans ($3.0 million, or 1.9%).

Total investment securities increased $9.5 million, or 13.0%, to $82.2 million at September 30, 2023, from $72.7 million at December 31, 2022, as we continued to invest excess cash in securities in an effort to increase yield.

Total deposits increased $51.9 million, or 7.9%, to $709.0 million at September 30, 2023 from $657.2 million at December 31, 2022, reflecting an increase in certificates of deposit. Certificates of deposit increased $96.3 million, or 76.5%, to $222.3 million at September 30, 2023 from $126.0 million at December 31, 2022. This was partially offset by a decrease in non-time deposits of $44.5 million, or 8.4%, as we believe customers increased deposits in higher-yielding accounts during the current interest rate environment. The certificates of deposits increase included brokered deposits at September 30, 2023, totaling $107.3 million. Brokered deposits have an average life of 2.6 years and an average interest rate of 4.87%. The loan-to-deposit ratio at September 30, 2023 was 93.2%, as compared to 98.3% at December 31, 2022.

We had $20.0 million of FHLB advance and no other borrowings at September 30, 2023, compared to $10.0 million of Federal Home Loan Bank advances at December 31, 2022. We increased borrowings during the first quarter of 2023 to increase our liquidity position in response to recent market events, including the closures of Signature Bank and Silicon Valley Bank. During the second quarter, $15.0 million of FHLB borrowings matured, and an additional $20.0 million of FHLB borrowings was prepaid that was issued in first quarter of 2023.

Stockholders’ equity increased by $1.4 million, or 1.2% to $118.5 million at September 30, 2023 compared to $117.1 million at December 31, 2022, primarily due to net income of $4.9 million during the first nine months of 2023, partially offset by a decrease in additional paid in capital from the repurchase of 216,317 shares of our common stock totaling $3.0 million at an average price per share of $13.82.

Average Balance Sheets

The following tables set forth average balance sheets, average annualized yields and costs, and certain other information for the periods indicated. No tax-equivalent yield adjustments have been made, as the effects would be immaterial. All average balances are monthly average balances. Non-accrual loans were included in the computation of average balances. The yields set forth below include the effect of deferred fees, discounts, and premiums that are amortized or accreted to interest income or interest expense.

For the Three Months Ended September 30,
2023 2022
Average<br>Outstanding<br>Balance Interest Average<br>Yield/Rate Average<br>Outstanding<br>Balance Interest Average<br>Yield/Rate
(Dollars in thousands)
Interest-earning assets:
Loans $ 660,456 $ 9,113 5.47 % $ 639,115 $ 7,734 4.80 %
Investment securities held-to-maturity 34,158 525 6.10 % — — —
Investment securities available-for-sale 49,242 461 3.71 % 44,690 289 2.56 %
Interest-earning deposits and federal funds 68,892 889 5.12 % 39,384 189 1.91 %
Other investments 2,053 36 6.96 % 1,163 12 4.19 %
Total interest-earning assets 814,801 11,024 5.37 % 724,352 8,224 4.50 %
Non-interest-earning assets 51,971 49,770
Total assets $ 866,772 $ 774,122
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Interest-bearing checking accounts $ 90,682 $ 73 0.32 % $ 98,473 $ 47 0.19 %
Money market accounts 142,346 987 2.75 % 159,478 100 0.25 %
Savings accounts 81,756 569 2.76 % 83,484 187 0.89 %
Certificates of deposit 232,276 2,286 3.90 % 89,871 291 1.28 %
Total interest-bearing deposits 547,060 3,915 2.84 % 431,306 625 0.57 %
FHLB advances and other borrowings 20,000 208 4.13 % 13,696 73 2.12 %
Total interest-bearing liabilities 567,060 4,123 2.88 % 445,002 698 0.62 %
Non-interest-bearing liabilities 180,868 211,986
Total liabilities 747,928 656,988
Total stockholders' equity 118,844 117,134
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity $ 866,772 $ 774,122
Net interest rate spread 2.49 % 3.88 %
Net interest income $ 6,901 $ 7,526
Net interest margin 3.36 % 4.12 %
For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
2023 2022
Average<br>Outstanding<br>Balance Interest Average<br>Yield/Rate Average<br>Outstanding<br>Balance Interest Average<br>Yield/Rate
(Dollars in thousands)
Interest-earning assets:
Loans $ 659,416 $ 26,131 5.30 % $ 616,141 $ 22,013 4.78 %
Investment securities held-to-maturity 33,733 1,549 6.14 % — — —
Investment securities available-for-sale 49,616 1,299 3.50 % 46,585 827 2.37 %
Interest-earning deposits and federal funds 69,340 2,527 4.87 % 43,125 286 0.89 %
Other investments 2,285 109 6.38 % 1,117 30 3.57 %
Total interest-earning assets 814,390 31,615 5.19 % 706,968 23,156 4.38 %
Non-interest-earning assets 51,675 51,687
Total assets $ 866,065 $ 758,655
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Interest-bearing checking accounts $ 92,614 $ 172 0.25 % $ 97,463 $ 134 0.18 %
Money market accounts 139,726 2,472 2.37 % 151,654 282 0.25 %
Savings accounts 88,528 1,680 2.54 % 84,042 356 0.57 %
Certificates of deposit 207,734 5,691 3.66 % 91,493 840 1.23 %
Total interest-bearing deposits 528,602 10,015 2.53 % 424,652 1,612 0.51 %
FHLB advances and other borrowings 33,975 1,109 4.36 % 12,350 (874 ) -9.46 %
Total interest-bearing liabilities 562,577 11,124 2.64 % 437,002 738 0.23 %
Non-interest-bearing liabilities 184,871 203,164
Total liabilities 747,448 640,166
Total stockholders' equity 118,617 118,489
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity $ 866,065 $ 758,655
Net interest rate spread 2.55 % 4.15 %
Net interest income $ 20,491 $ 22,418
Net interest margin 3.36 % 4.24 %

Rate/Volume Analysis

The following table presents the effects of changing rates and volumes on our net interest income for the periods indicated. The rate column shows the effects attributable to changes in rate (changes in rate multiplied by prior volume). The volume column shows the effects attributable to changes in volume (changes in volume multiplied by prior rate). The total column represents the sum of the prior columns. For purposes of this table, changes attributable to both rate and volume, which cannot be segregated, have been allocated proportionately based on the changes due to rate and the changes due to volume.

Three Months Ended September 30,<br>2023 vs. 2022 Nine Months Ended September 30,<br>2023 vs. 2022
Increase (Decrease) Due to Total Increase (Decrease) Due to Total
Increase Increase
Volume Rate (Decrease) Volume Rate (Decrease)
(In thousands)
Interest-earning assets:
Loans $ 1,141 $ 238 $ 1,379 $ 3,815 $ 303 $ 4,118
Investment securities held-to-maturity 495 30 525 1,459 90 1,549
Investment securities available-for-sale 153 19 172 398 74 472
Interest-earning deposits and federal funds 651 49 700 2,027 214 2,241
Other investments 22 2 24 75 4 79
Total interest-earning assets 2,462 338 2,800 7,774 685 8,459
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Interest-bearing checking accounts (207 ) 233 26 (80 ) 118 38
Market rate checking accounts (5,163 ) 6,050 887 (2,985 ) 5,175 2,190
Savings accounts (1,421 ) 1,803 382 953 371 1,324
Certificates of deposit 1,913 82 1,995 4,649 202 4,851
Total interest-bearing deposits (4,878 ) 8,168 3,290 2,537 5,866 8,403
FHLB advances 127 8 135 1,629 354 1,983
Total interest-bearing liabilities (4,751 ) 8,176 3,425 4,166 6,220 10,386
Change in net interest income $ 7,213 $ (7,838 ) $ (625 ) $ 3,608 $ (5,535 ) $ (1,927 )

Comparison of Operating Results for the Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022

General. Net income was $1.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $1.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022. The decrease was caused by an increase in interest expense offset partially by an increase in interest income.

Interest Income. Interest income increased $2.8 million, or 34.1%, to $11.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 from $8.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022. The increase was due to increases in all categories of interest-earning assets. Interest income on loans increased $1.4 million, or 7.8%, to $9.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 from $7.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022. The average yield on loans increased 67 basis points to 5.47% for the current quarter, as compared to 4.80% for the prior year period, due to the continued changes in the interest rate environment. In addition, our average balance of loans increased by $21.3 million, or 3.3%, to $660.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 from $639.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022. The average balance of loans increased due to steady loan demand.

Interest income on interest-earning deposits and federal funds increased $700,000 to $889,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2023 from $189,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2022. The average balance of interest-earning deposits and federal funds increased $29.5 million to $68.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $39.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, as we held excess cash to increase liquidity, as described above. In addition, the yields we received on these funds increased to 5.12% from 1.91% due to the continued changes in the interest rate environment.

Interest income on available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities increased $697,000 to $986,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2023 from $289,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2022. The average balance of held-to-maturity securities was $34.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to zero for the three months ended September 30, 2022, as we began to classify some new purchases as held-to-maturity.

Interest Expense. Interest expense increased $3.7 million to $4.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $698,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2022, due to increases in the average balances of interest-bearing liabilities as well as the rates paid on such liabilities.

We recognized increases in all categories of interest-bearing liabilities. Interest expense on deposits increased to $3.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 from $625,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2022. The largest increase was in interest expense on certificates of deposit, which increased $2.0 million to $2.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The average rate we paid on certificates of deposit increased 262 basis points to 3.90% for the three months ended September 30, 2023 from 1.28% for the three months ended September 30, 20222, due to the continued changes in the interest rate environment. In addition, the average balance of certificates of deposit increased $142.4 million to $232.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 from $89.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, as we believe customers increased deposits in higher-yielding accounts during the current interest rate environment in addition to the brokered deposits we took out during the first quarter to enhance liquidity. We also experienced increases of $887,000 in interest expense on money market accounts from $987,000 for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 and savings accounts of $382,000 to $569,000 for the quarter ended September 30, 2023, due to increases in the rates we paid on these accounts of 250 basis points and 187 basis points, respectively.

Interest expense on borrowings increased to $208,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2023 from $73,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2022. We increased borrowings during the first quarter of 2023 to increase our liquidity position in response to recent market events, including the closures of Signature Bank and Silicon Valley Bank.

Net Interest Income. Net interest income decreased $625,000, or 8.3%, to $6.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $7.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022. Our net interest rate spread decreased to 2.48% for the three months ended September 30, 2023 from 3.88% for the three months ended September 30, 2022, and our net interest margin decreased to 3.36% for the three months ended September 30, 2023 from 4.12% for the three months ended September 30, 2022 as the rates we paid on interest-bearing liabilities increased faster than the yields we earned on our interest-earning assets, and as we paid off FHLB advances and recognized $1.0 million in accretion from fair value adjustments during the quarter ended March 31, 2022. Our average net interest-earning assets decreased to $247.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $279.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022.

Provision for Credit Losses. The provisions for credit losses consists of provisions for credit losses for loans and unfunded loan commitments, as well as held-to-maturity securities.

Provisions for credit losses for loans are charged to operations to establish an allowance for credit losses at a level necessary to absorb known and inherent losses in our loan portfolio that are both probable and reasonably estimable at the date of the consolidated financial statements. In evaluating the level of the allowance for credit losses for loans, management analyzes several qualitative loan portfolio risk factors including, but not limited to, management’s ongoing review and grading of loans, facts and issues related to specific loans, historical loan loss and delinquency experience, trends in past due and non-accrual loans, existing risk characteristics of specific loans or loan pools, the fair value of underlying collateral, current economic conditions and other qualitative and quantitative factors which could affect potential credit losses.

Provisions for credit losses for unfunded commitments are charged to operations to establish an allowance for credit losses for contractual obligations to extend credit. The estimate includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur and an estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over its estimated life. The estimate is influenced by historical loss experience, adjusted for current risk characteristics, and economic factors.

Provisions for credit losses for held-to-maturity securities are also charged to operations to establish an allowance on a collective basis by major security type. The estimate of expected credit losses for held-to-maturity securities considers historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. See “—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” for additional information.

After an evaluation of these factors, we recorded no provision for credit losses for the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to a provision of $187,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2022. Our allowance for credit losses was $9.2 million at September 30, 2023 , and $9.3 at December 31, 2022 and September 30, 2022. The allowance for credit losses to total loans was 1.39% at September 30, 2023 compared to 1.46% at December 31, 2022 and 1.43% at September 30, 2022. The allowance for credit losses to non-performing loans was 120.6% at September 30, 2023 compared to 138.8% at December 31, 2022 and 128.4% at September 30, 2022. Net charge-offs were $41,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to net loan recoveries of $133,000 for the three months ended September 31, 2022.

To the best of our knowledge, we have recorded all credit losses that are both probable and reasonable to estimate at September 30, 2023. However, future changes in the factors described above, including, but not limited to, actual loss experience with respect to our loan portfolio, could result in material increases in our provision for credit losses. In addition, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, as an integral part of its examination process, periodically reviews our allowance for credit losses, and as a result of such reviews, we may have to adjust our allowance for credit losses. However, regulatory agencies are not directly involved in the process of establishing the allowance for credit losses as the process is our responsibility and any increase or decrease in the allowance is the responsibility of management.

Non-interest Income. Non-interest income increased $37,000, or 6.2%, to $630,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2023 from $593,000. There were no material changes in any categories of non-interest income.

Non-interest Expenses. Non-interest expenses information is as follows.

Three Months Ended September 30, Change
2023 2022 Amount Percent
(Dollars in thousands)
Salaries and employee benefits $ 3,007 $ 3,187 $ (180 ) (5.6 )%
Occupancy 637 675 (38 ) (5.6 )%
Advertising 59 128 (69 ) (53.9 )%
Data processing 525 486 39 8.0 %
Other 1,178 1,014 164 16.2 %
Total non-interest expenses $ 5,406 $ 5,490 $ (84 ) (1.5 )%

Salaries and employee benefits expense decreased due to changes in staffing.

Income Tax Expense. We recorded income tax expense of $502,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $581,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2022. The effective tax rate was 23.6% and 23.8% for the respective periods.

Comparison of Operating Results for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022

General. Net income was $4.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $5.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The decrease was caused by an increase in interest expense partially offset by an increase in interest income and a decrease in noninterest expenses and the provision for credit losses.

Interest Income. Interest income increased $8.5 million, or 36.5%, to $31.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023from $23.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The increase was due to increases in all categories of interest-earning assets. Interest income on loans increased $4.1 million, or 18.7%, to $26.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 from $22.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Our average balance of loans increased by $43.3 million, or 7.0%, to $659.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 from $616.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The average balance of loans increased due to steady loan demand. The average yield on loans increased 52 basis points to 5.30% for the current quarter, as compared to 4.78% for the prior year period, due to the continued changes in the interest rate environment.

Interest income on interest-earning deposits and federal funds increased $2.2 million to $2.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 from $286,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The average balance of interest-earning deposits and federal funds increased $26.2 million to $69.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $43.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, as we held excess cash to increase liquidity, as described above. In addition, the yields we received on these funds increased to 4.87% from 0.89% due to the continued changes in the interest rate environment.

Interest income on available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities, increased $2.0 million to $2.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 from $827,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The average balance of held-to-maturity securities was $33.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to zero for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, as we began to purchase held-to-maturity securities.

Interest Expense. Interest expense increased to $11.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $738,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, due to increases in interest rate environment with respect to the current period as well as our repaying acquired FHLB borrowings in the previous period, recognizing $1.0 million in accretion from the fair value adjustments.

We recognized increases in all categories of interest-bearing liabilities. Interest expense on deposits increased to $10.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 from $1.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The largest increase was in interest expense on certificates of deposit, which increased $4.9 million to $5.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The average rate we paid on certificates of deposit increased 243 basis points to 3.66% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 from 1.23% for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, due to the continued changes in the interest rate environment. In addition, the average balance of certificates of deposit increased $116.2 million to $207.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 from $91.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, as we believe customers increased deposits in higher-yielding accounts during the current interest rate environment in addition to the brokered deposits we took out during the first quarter to enhance liquidity. We also experienced increases in interest expense on money market accounts of $2.2 million to $2.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and savings accounts of $1.3 million to $1.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, due to increases in the rates we paid on these accounts of 212 basis points and 197 basis points, respectively.

Interest expense on borrowings increased to $1.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 from negative $874,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, due to our repaying acquired FHLB borrowings, and recognizing $1.0 million in accretion from the fair value adjustments on acquired advances in the previous period. We also increased borrowings during the first quarter of 2023 to increase our liquidity position in response to recent market events, including the closures of Signature Bank and Silicon Valley Bank.

Net Interest Income. Net interest income decreased $1.9 million, or 8.6%, to $20.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $22.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Our net interest rate spread decreased to 2.55% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 from 4.15% for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, and our net interest margin decreased to 3.36% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 from 4.24% for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 as the rates we paid on interest-bearing liabilities increased faster than the yields we earned on our interest-earning assets, and as we paid off FHLB advances and recognized $1.0 million in accretion from fair value adjustments during the first quarter of 2022. Our average net interest-earning assets decreased to $251.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $270.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Provision for Credit Losses. The provisions for credit losses consists of provisions for credit losses for loans and unfunded loan commitments, as well as held-to-maturity securities.

Provisions for credit losses for loans are charged to operations to establish an allowance for credit losses at a level necessary to absorb known and inherent losses in our loan portfolio that are both probable and reasonably estimable at the date of the consolidated financial statements. In evaluating the level of the allowance for credit losses for loans, management analyzes several qualitative loan portfolio risk factors including, but not limited to, management’s ongoing review and grading of loans, facts and issues related to specific loans, historical loan loss and delinquency experience, trends in past due and non-accrual loans, existing risk characteristics of specific loans or loan pools, the fair value of underlying collateral, current economic conditions and other qualitative and quantitative factors which could affect potential credit losses.

Provisions for credit losses for unfunded commitments are charged to operations to establish an allowance for credit losses for contractual obligations to extend credit. The estimate includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur and an estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over its estimated life. The estimate is influenced by historical loss experience, adjusted for current risk characteristics, and economic factors.

Provisions for credit losses for held-to-maturity securities are also charged to operations to establish an allowance on a collective basis by major security type. The estimate of expected credit losses for held-to-maturity securities considers historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. See “—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” for additional information.

After an evaluation of these factors, we recorded a provision for credit losses of $7,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to a provision of $654,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Our allowance for credit losses was $9.2 million at September 30, 2023 and $9.3 million at December 31, 2022 and September 30, 2022. The allowance for

credit losses to total loans was 1.39% at September 30, 2023 compared to 1.44% at December 31, 2022 and 1.43% at September 30, 2022. This reduces the overall allowance for credit loss to total loans percentage. The allowance for credit losses to non-performing loans was 120.6% at September 30, 2023 compared to 138.8% at December 31, 2022 and 132.8% at September 30, 2022. Net charge-offs were $114,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to net loan recoveries of $108,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 .

To the best of our knowledge, we have recorded all credit losses that are both probable and reasonable to estimate at September 30, 2023. However, future changes in the factors described above, including, but not limited to, actual loss experience with respect to our loan portfolio, could result in material increases in our provision for credit losses. In addition, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, as an integral part of its examination process, periodically reviews our allowance for credit losses, and as a result of such reviews, we may have to adjust our allowance for credit losses. However, regulatory agencies are not directly involved in the process of establishing the allowance for credit losses as the process is our responsibility and any increase or decrease in the allowance is the responsibility of management.

Non-interest Income. Non-interest income decreased $24,000 from $1.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $1.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Non-interest Expenses. Non-interest expenses information is as follows.

Nine Months Ended<br>September 30, Change
2023 2022 Amount Percent
(Dollars in thousands)
Salaries and employee benefits $ 9,047 $ 9,219 $ (172 ) (1.9 )%
Occupancy 1,919 1,798 121 6.7 %
Advertising 238 326 (88 ) (27.0 )%
Data processing 1,504 1,476 28 1.9 %
FHLB prepayment penalties — 647 (647 ) (100.0 )%
Other 3,176 3,019 157 5.2 %
Total non-interest expenses $ 15,884 $ 16,485 $ (601 ) (3.6 )%

We incurred FHLB prepayment penalties as we repaid FHLB advances in the first quarter of 2022, but recognized $1.0 million of fair value adjustments in making such repayments.

Income Tax Expense. We recorded income tax expense of $1.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $1.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The effective tax rate was 23.6% for both periods.

Management of Market Risk

General. Our most significant form of market risk is interest rate risk because, as a financial institution, the majority of our assets and liabilities are sensitive to changes in interest rates. Therefore, a principal part of our operations is to manage interest rate risk and limit the exposure of our financial condition and results of operations to changes in market interest rates. Our Asset/Liability Management Committee is responsible for evaluating the interest rate risk inherent in our assets and liabilities, for determining the level of risk that is appropriate, given our business strategy, operating environment, capital, liquidity and performance objectives, and for managing this risk consistent with the policy and guidelines approved by our board of directors. We currently utilize a third-party modeling program, prepared on a quarterly basis, to evaluate our sensitivity to changing interest rates, given our business strategy, operating environment, capital, liquidity and performance objectives, and for managing this risk consistent with the guidelines approved by the board of directors.

We have sought to manage our interest rate risk in order to minimize the exposure of our earnings and capital to changes in interest rates. We have implemented the following strategies to manage our interest rate risk:

• limiting our reliance on non-core/wholesale funding sources;

• growing our volume of transaction deposit accounts;

• increasing our investment securities portfolio, with an average maturity of less than 15 years;

• diversifying our loan portfolio by adding more commercial-related loans and consumer loans, which typically have shorter maturities and/or balloon payments; and

• continuing to price our one-to-four family residential real estate loan products in a way that encourages borrowers to select our balloon loans as opposed to longer-term, fixed-rate loans.

By following these strategies, we believe that we are better positioned to react to increases in market interest rates. In addition, we originate adjustable-rate, one-to-four-family residential real estate loans and home equity loans and lines of credit, which are originated with adjustable interest rates.

We do not engage in hedging activities, such as engaging in futures, options or swap transactions, or investing in high-risk mortgage derivatives, such as collateralized mortgage obligation residual interests, real estate mortgage investment conduit residual interests or stripped mortgage-backed securities.

Net Interest Income. We analyze our sensitivity to changes in interest rates through a net interest income model. Net interest income is the difference between the interest income we earn on our interest-earning assets, such as loans and securities, and the interest we pay on our interest-bearing liabilities, such as deposits and borrowings. We estimate what our net interest income would be for a 12-month period. We then calculate what the net interest income would be for the same period under the assumptions that the United States Treasury yield curve increases or decreases instantaneously by 200 and 400 basis point increments, with changes in interest rates representing immediate and permanent, parallel shifts in the yield curve. A basis point equals one-hundredth of one percent, and 100 basis points equals one percent. An increase in interest rates from 3% to 4% would mean, for example, a 100 basis point increase in the “Change in Interest Rates” column below.

The table below sets forth, as of September 30, 2023, the calculation of the estimated changes in our net interest income that would result from the designated immediate changes in the United States Treasury yield curve.

Change in Interest Rates <br>(basis points) (1) Net Interest Income<br>Year 1 Forecast Year 1 Change<br>from Level
(Dollars in thousands)
+400 $ 30,973 1.41 %
+200 30,806 0.87 %
Level 30,541 —
-200 29,257 (4.20 )%
-400 26,225 (14.13 )%

(1) Assumes an immediate uniform change in interest rates at all maturities.

The table above indicates that at September 30, 2023, in the event of an instantaneous parallel 200 basis point increase in interest rates, we would have experienced a 0.87% decrease in net interest income, and in the event of an instantaneous 200 basis point decrease in interest rates, we would have experienced a 4.20% decrease in net interest income. At September 30, 2022, in the event of an instantaneous parallel 200 basis point increase in interest rates, we would have experienced a 1.86% decrease in net interest income, and in the event of an instantaneous 200 basis point decrease in interest rates, we would have experienced a 7.32% decrease in net interest income.

Certain shortcomings are inherent in the methodologies used in the above interest rate risk measurement. Modeling changes require making certain assumptions that may or may not reflect the manner in which actual yields and costs respond to changes in market interest rates. In this regard, the net interest income table presented assumes that the composition of our interest-sensitive assets and liabilities existing at the beginning of a period remains constant over the period being measured and assumes that a particular change in interest rates is reflected uniformly across the yield curve regardless of the duration or repricing of specific assets and liabilities. Accordingly, although the net interest income table provides an indication of our interest rate risk exposure at a particular point in time, such measurements are not intended to and do not provide a precise forecast of the effect of changes in market interest rates on net interest income and will differ from actual results. Furthermore, although certain assets and liabilities may have similar maturities or periods to repricing, they may react in different degrees to changes in market interest rates. Additionally, certain assets, such as adjustable-rate loans, have features that restrict changes in interest rates both on a short-term basis and over the life of the asset.

Interest rate risk calculations also may not reflect the fair values of financial instruments. For example, decreases in market interest rates can increase the fair values of our loans, deposits and borrowings.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity describes our ability to meet the financial obligations that arise in the ordinary course of business. Liquidity is primarily needed to meet the borrowing and deposit withdrawal requirements of our customers and to fund current and planned expenditures. Our primary sources of funds are deposits, principal and interest payments on loans and securities, proceeds from the sale of loans, and proceeds from maturities of securities. We also have the ability to borrow from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta. At September 30, 2023, we had a $219.2 million line of credit with the Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta, with advances of $20.0 million outstanding and a $12.5 million letter of credit outstanding, and we had a $5.0 million unsecured federal funds line of credit, a $7.5 million unsecured federal funds line of credit, and a $20.0 million unsecured federal funds line of credit. We also have a line of $70.9 million with the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Discount Window secured by $102.5 million in loans. No amount was outstanding on the unsecured lines of credit or the Discount Window at September 30, 2023.

While maturities and scheduled amortization of loans and securities are predictable sources of funds, deposit flows and loan prepayments are greatly influenced by general interest rates, economic conditions, and competition. Our most liquid assets are cash and short-term investments including interest-bearing demand deposits. The levels of these assets are dependent on our operating, financing, lending, and investing activities during any given period.

Our cash flows are comprised of three primary classifications: cash flows from operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities. Net cash provided by operating activities was $6.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $8.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Net cash used in investing activities was $29.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $67.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Net cash used in investing activities typically consists primarily of disbursements for loan originations and purchases of investment securities. Net cash provided by financing activities, which consists primarily of activity in deposit accounts and proceeds/repayments of FHLB advances, and a stock repurchase program, was $58.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 which included repaying $55.0 million of FHLB borrowings, borrowing $65.0 million in FHLB advances and repurchasing stock of $3.0 million, compared to net cash used in financing activities of $12.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, which included repaying $143.0 million of FHLB borrowings, borrowing $105.0 million in FHLB advances and repurchasing stock of $5.3 million.

We are committed to maintaining a strong liquidity position. In the first quarter, in order to further enhance liquidity, we issued $85.6 million of brokered deposits and borrowed $45.0 million in advances from the FHLB. During the second quarter, $4.0 million of brokered deposits matured, $15.0 million of FHLB borrowings matured, and an additional $20.0 million of FHLB borrowings was prepaid that was issued in first quarter of 2023. During the third quarter, $9.0 million of brokered deposits matured. We monitor our liquidity position on a daily basis. We anticipate that we will have sufficient funds to meet our current funding commitments. Based on our deposit retention experience and current pricing strategy, we anticipate that a significant portion of maturing time deposits will be retained.

At September 30, 2023, we exceeded all of our regulatory capital requirements and the Bank is categorized as “well capitalized.” Management is not aware of any conditions or events since the most recent notification that would change our category. The Bank’s actual capital amounts and ratios for September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are presented in the table below (in thousands).

For Capital To Be Well Capitalized
Adequacy Under Prompt Corrective
Actual Purposes Action Provisions
Amount Ratio Amount Ratio Amount Ratio
As of September 30, 2023:
Common Equity Tier 1 (to Risk Weighted Assets) $ 93,230 12.14 % $ 34,558 4.50 % $ 49,917 6.50 %
Total Capital (to Risk Weighted Assets) 102,832 13.39 % 61,438 8.00 % 76,798 10.00 %
Tier I Capital (to Risk Weighted Assets) 93,230 12.14 % 46,077 6.00 % 61,437 8.00 %
Tier I Capital (to Average Assets) 93,230 10.89 % 34,244 4.00 % 42,805 5.00 %
As of December 31, 2022:
Common Equity Tier 1 (to Risk Weighted Assets) $ 87,397 11.86 % $ 33,170 4.50 % $ 47,913 6.50 %
Total Capital (to Risk Weighted Assets) 96,612 13.11 % 58,970 8.00 % 73,712 10.00 %
Tier I Capital (to Risk Weighted Assets) 87,397 11.86 % 44,227 6.00 % 58,970 8.00 %
Tier I Capital (to Average Assets) 87,397 10.97 % 31,865 4.00 % 39,832 5.00 %

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements and Aggregate Contractual Obligations

Commitments. As a financial services provider, we routinely are a party to various financial instruments with off-balance-sheet risks, such as commitments to extend credit and unused lines of credit. While these contractual obligations represent our future cash requirements, a significant portion of commitments to extend credit may expire without being drawn upon. Such commitments are subject to the same credit policies and approval process accorded to loans we make. At September 30, 2023, we had outstanding commitments to originate loans of $76.5 million. We anticipate that we will have sufficient funds available to meet our current lending commitments. Time deposits that are scheduled to mature in less than one year from September 30, 2023 totaled $73.9 million. Management expects that a substantial portion of the maturing time deposits will be renewed. However, if a substantial portion of these deposits is not retained, we may utilize FHLB advances or raise interest rates on deposits to attract new accounts, which may result in higher levels of interest expense.

Contractual Obligations. In the ordinary course of our operations, we enter into certain contractual obligations. Such obligations include data processing services, operating leases for premises and equipment, agreements with respect to borrowed funds and deposit liabilities.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

The information required by this item is included in Part 1, Item 2 of this quarterly report under “Management of Market Risk.”

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

An evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) promulgated under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) as of September 30, 2023. Based on that evaluation, the Company’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

During the quarter ended September 30, 2023, there have been no changes in the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

We are not involved in any pending legal proceedings as a defendant other than routine legal proceedings occurring in the ordinary course of business. At September 30, 2023, we were not involved in any legal proceedings the outcome of which would be material to our financial condition or results of operations.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Not applicable for smaller reporting companies.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The following table sets forth information in connection with repurchases of shares of the Company’s common stock during the three months ended September 30, 2023:

Period Total Number of Shares Purchased Average Price Paid per Share Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (1) Maximum Number of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under Plans or Programs (1)
July 1, 2023 through July 31, 2023 5,590 12.42 5,590 105,153
August 1, 2023 through August 31, 2023 5,593 14.14 5,593 99,560
September 1, 2023 through September 30, 2023 12,563 14.89 12,563 86,997
23,746 $ 14.13 23,746 86,997

(1) The Board of Directors approved a stock repurchase program on October 31, 2022, which authorized the repurchase of up to 331,997 shares (approximately 5.0% of the then-outstanding shares). The total number of shares purchased as part of the publicly announced plan totaled 245,000 as of September 30, 2023. There is no expiration date for the stock repurchase plan.

Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibit
Number Description
3.1 Charter of Affinity Bancshares, Inc. (1)
3.2 Bylaws of Affinity Bancshares, Inc. (2)
3.3 Amendment to Bylaws of Affinity Bancshares, Inc. (3)
31.1 Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2 Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32 Written Statement of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.0 The following materials for the quarter ended September 30, 2023, formatted in inline XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Balance Sheets, (ii) Statements of Income, (iii) Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income, (iv) Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity, (v) Statements of Cash Flows, and (vi) Notes to Financial Statements
104.0 Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

(1) Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended (Commission File No. 333-215041).

(2) Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended (Commission File No. 333-215041).

(3) Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 31, 2017 (Commission File No. 001-38074).

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

AFFINITY BANCSHARES, INC.
Date: November 9, 2023 /s/ Edward J. Cooney
Edward J. Cooney
President and Chief Executive Officer
Date: November 9, 2023 /s/ Brandi Pajot
Brandi Pajot
Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

Certification of Principal Executive Officer

Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

I, Edward J. Cooney, certify that:

  1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Affinity Bancshares, Inc.;

  2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

  3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

  4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

  1. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing equivalent functions):

a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: November 9, 2023 /s/ Edward J. Cooney
Edward J. Cooney
President and Chief Executive Officer

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

Certification of Principal Financial Officer

Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

I, Brandi Pajot, certify that:

  1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Affinity Bancshares, Inc.;

  2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

  3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

  4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

  1. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing equivalent functions):

a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: November 9, 2023 /s/ Brandi Pajot
Brandi Pajot
Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

EX-32

Exhibit 32

Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer

Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

Edward J. Cooney, Chief Executive Officer of Affinity Bancshares, Inc. (the “Company”), and Brandi Pajot, Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of the Company, each certify in his or her capacity as an executive officer of the Company that he or she has reviewed the quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 (the “Report”) and that to the best of his or her knowledge:

  1. the Report fully complies with the requirements of Sections 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

  2. the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: November 9, 2023 /s/ Edward J. Cooney
Edward J. Cooney
President and Chief Executive Officer
Date: November 9, 2023 /s/ Brandi Pajot
Brandi Pajot
Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

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