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10-Q

Choiceone Financial Services Inc (COFS)

10-Q 2023-08-14 For: 2023-06-30
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Added on April 12, 2026
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UNITED STATESSECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSIONWASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ Quarterly Report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2023
☐ Transition Report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the transition period from  to

Commission File Number: 000-19202

ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Michigan<br>(State or Other Jurisdiction of<br>Incorporation or Organization) 38-2659066<br>(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
109 East Division<br>Sparta, Michigan <br>(Address of Principal Executive Offices) 49345<br>(Zip Code)
(616) 887-7366<br>(Registrant’s Telephone Number, including Area Code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer ☐
Non-accelerated filer ☒ Smaller reporting company ☒
Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class Trading symbol(s) Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock COFS NASDAQ Capital Market

As of July 31, 2023, the Registrant had 7,537,998 shares of common stock outstanding.

Table of Contents

Page
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION 3
Item 1. Financial Statements 3
Consolidated Balance Sheets 3
Consolidated Statements Of Income 4
Consolidated Statements Of Comprehensive Income (Loss) 5
Consolidated Statements Of Changes In Shareholders’ Equity 6
Consolidated Statements Of Cash Flows 8
Notes To Interim Consolidated Financial Statements 9
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 38
Item 4. Controls and Procedures 50
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION 51
Item 1. Legal Proceedings 51
Item 1A. Risk Factors 51
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds 51
Item 5. Other Information 51
Item 6. Exhibits 52
Signatures 53

Item 1. Financial Statements.

ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc.CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

June 30, December 31,
(Dollars in thousands, except share data) 2023 2022
(Unaudited) (Audited)
Assets
Cash and due from banks $ 76,460 $ 43,593
Time deposits in other financial institutions 350 350
Cash and cash equivalents 76,810 43,943
Equity securities, at fair value (Note 2) 8,299 8,566
Securities available for sale, at fair value (Note 2) 521,202 529,749
Securities held to maturity, at amortized cost net of credit losses (Note 2) 420,549 425,906
Federal Home Loan Bank stock 8,366 3,517
Federal Reserve Bank stock 5,065 5,064
Loans held for sale 8,924 4,834
Loans to other financial institutions (Note 3) 38,838 —
Core loans (Note 3) 1,225,390 1,189,782
Total loans (Note 3) 1,264,228 1,189,782
Allowance for credit losses (Note 3) (14,582 ) (7,619 )
Loans, net 1,249,646 1,182,163
Premises and equipment, net 29,085 28,232
Other real estate owned, net 266 —
Cash value of life insurance policies 44,510 43,978
Goodwill 59,946 59,946
Core deposit intangible 2,304 2,809
Other assets 48,754 47,208
Total assets $ 2,483,726 $ 2,385,915
Liabilities
Deposits – noninterest-bearing $ 544,925 $ 599,579
Deposits – interest-bearing 1,490,093 1,518,424
Brokered deposits 51,370 -
Total deposits 2,086,388 2,118,003
Borrowings 160,000 50,000
Subordinated debentures 35,385 35,262
Other liabilities 22,713 13,776
Total liabilities 2,304,486 2,217,041
Shareholders' Equity
Preferred stock; shares authorized: 100,000; shares outstanding: none — —
Common stock and paid-in capital, no par value; shares authorized: 15,000,000; shares outstanding: 7,534,658 at June 30, 2023 and 7,516,098 at December 31, 2022 172,880 172,277
Retained earnings 67,281 68,394
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net (60,921 ) (71,797 )
Total shareholders’ equity 179,240 168,874
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity $ 2,483,726 $ 2,385,915

See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements.

ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (Unaudited)

Three Months Ended Six Months Ended
(Dollars in thousands, except share data) June 30, June 30,
2023 2022 2023 2022
Interest income
Loans, including fees $ 15,978 $ 12,523 $ 30,851 $ 24,821
Securities:
Taxable 5,378 3,522 10,291 7,029
Tax exempt 1,389 1,559 2,824 3,214
Other 571 62 748 76
Total interest income 23,316 17,666 44,714 35,140
Interest expense
Deposits 5,056 996 8,332 1,779
Advances from Federal Home Loan Bank 621 2 1,226 3
Other 1,548 379 2,053 748
Total interest expense 7,225 1,377 11,611 2,530
Net interest income 16,091 16,289 33,103 32,610
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses on loans (415 ) — (106 ) —
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses on unfunded commitments 165 — (119 ) —
Net Provision for (reversal of) credit losses expense (250 ) — (225 ) —
Net interest income after provision 16,341 16,289 33,328 32,610
Noninterest income
Customer service charges 2,271 2,353 4,538 4,542
Insurance and investment commissions 172 233 368 438
Gains on sales of loans 540 887 943 1,691
Net gains (losses) on sales of securities — (427 ) — (427 )
Net gains on sales and write downs of other assets 133 1 136 172
Earnings on life insurance policies 269 254 532 534
Trust income 196 176 380 354
Change in market value of equity securities (385 ) (327 ) (322 ) (683 )
Other 289 280 581 655
Total noninterest income 3,485 3,430 7,156 7,276
Noninterest expense
Salaries and benefits 7,837 7,537 15,920 15,143
Occupancy and equipment 1,507 1,518 3,150 3,143
Data processing 1,681 1,578 3,363 3,322
Professional fees 619 559 1,240 1,069
Supplies and postage 197 166 388 357
Advertising and promotional 155 147 304 279
Intangible amortization 253 322 505 604
FDIC insurance 220 225 520 450
Other 1,104 1,105 2,178 2,480
Total noninterest expense 13,573 13,157 27,568 26,847
Income before income tax 6,253 6,562 12,916 13,039
Income tax expense 1,040 947 2,070 1,896
Net income $ 5,213 $ 5,615 $ 10,846 $ 11,143
Basic earnings per share (Note 4) $ 0.69 $ 0.75 $ 1.44 $ 1.49
Diluted earnings per share (Note 4) $ 0.69 $ 0.75 $ 1.44 $ 1.49
Dividends declared per share $ 0.26 $ 0.25 $ 0.52 $ 0.50

See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements.

ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) (Unaudited)

Three Months Ended Six Months Ended
(Dollars in thousands) June 30, June 30,
2023 2022 2023 2022
Net income $ 5,213 $ 5,615 $ 10,846 $ 11,143
Other comprehensive income:
Change in net unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale securities (5,018 ) (31,574 ) 8,676 (74,512 )
Income tax benefit (expense) 1,054 6,631 (1,822 ) 15,648
Less: reclassification adjustment for net (gain) loss included in net income - 427 - 427
Income tax benefit (expense) - (90 ) - (90 )
Less: reclassification adjustment for net (gain) loss for fair value hedge 6,752 - 731 -
Income tax benefit (expense) (1,417 ) - (153 ) -
Less: net unrealized (gains) losses on securities transferred from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity - - - 3,404
Income tax benefit (expense) - - - (715 )
Unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale securities, net of tax 1,371 (24,606 ) 7,432 (55,838 )
Reclassification of unrealized gain (loss) upon transfer of securities from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity - - - (3,404 )
Income tax benefit (expense) - - - 715
Amortization of net unrealized (gains) losses on securities transferred from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity 165 74 194 244
Income tax benefit (expense) (35 ) (16 ) (41 ) (51 )
Unrealized loss on held to maturity securities, net of tax 130 58 153 (2,496 )
Change in net unrealized gain (loss) on cash flow hedge 6,019 (5,576 ) 3,123 (5,576 )
Income tax benefit (expense) (1,264 ) 1,171 (656 ) 1,171
Less: reclassification adjustment for net (gain) loss on cash flow hedge - - - -
Income tax benefit (expense) - - - -
Less: amortization of net unrealized (gains) losses included in net income 887 307 1,043 307
Income tax benefit (expense) (186 ) (64 ) (219 ) (64 )
Unrealized gain (loss) on cash flow hedge instruments, net of tax 5,456 (4,162 ) 3,291 (4,162 )
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax 6,957 (28,710 ) 10,876 (62,496 )
Comprehensive income (loss) $ 12,170 $ (23,095 ) $ 21,722 $ (51,353 )

See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements.

ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Unaudited)

For the three months ended June 30,

Accumulated
Common Other
Stock and Comprehensive
Paid in Retained Income/(Loss),
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data) Capital Earnings Net Total
Balance, April 1, 2022 7,489,812 $ 171,492 $ 55,988 $ (36,362 ) $ 191,118
Net income 5,615 5,615
Other comprehensive income (28,710 ) (28,710 )
Shares issued 13,260 139 139
Effect of employee stock purchases 6 6
Stock-based compensation expense 167 167
Cash dividends declared (0.25 per share) (1,875 ) (1,875 )
Balance, June 30, 2022 7,503,072 $ 171,804 $ 59,728 $ (65,072 ) $ 166,460
Balance, April 1, 2023 7,521,749 $ 172,564 $ 64,026 $ (67,878 ) $ 168,712
Net income 5,213 5,213
Other comprehensive income (loss) 6,957 6,957
Shares issued 12,909 150 150
Effect of employee stock purchases 7 7
Stock-based compensation expense 159 159
Cash dividends declared (0.26 per share) (1,958 ) (1,958 )
Balance, June 30, 2023 7,534,658 $ 172,880 $ 67,281 $ (60,921 ) $ 179,240

All values are in US Dollars.

ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Unaudited)

For the six months ended June 30,

Accumulated
Common Other
Stock and Comprehensive
Paid in Retained Income/(Loss),
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data) Capital Earnings Net Total
Balance, January 1, 2022 7,510,379 $ 171,913 $ 52,332 $ (2,576 ) $ 221,669
Net income 11,143 11,143
Other comprehensive loss (62,496 ) (62,496 )
Shares issued 18,592 272 272
Effect of employee stock purchases 13 13
Stock options exercised and issued 288 288
Shares repurchased (25,899 ) (682 ) (682 )
Cash dividends declared (0.50 per share) (3,747 ) (3,747 )
Balance, June 30, 2022 7,503,072 $ 171,804 $ 59,728 $ (65,072 ) $ 166,460
Balance, January 1, 2023 7,516,098 $ 172,277 $ 68,394 $ (71,797 ) $ 168,874
Adoption of ASU 2016-13 (CECL) on January 1, 2023 (8,046 ) (8,046 )
Balance, January 1, 2023 7,516,098 $ 172,277 $ 60,348 $ (71,797 ) $ 160,828
Net income 10,846 10,846
Other comprehensive income (loss) 10,876 10,876
Shares issued 18,560 297 297
Effect of employee stock purchases 14 14
Stock-based compensation expense 292 292
Cash dividends declared (0.52 per share) (3,913 ) (3,913 )
Balance, June 30, 2023 7,534,658 $ 172,880 $ 67,281 $ (60,921 ) $ 179,240

All values are in US Dollars.

ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Unaudited)

Six Months Ended
(Dollars in thousands) June 30,
2023 2022
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income $ 10,846 $ 11,143
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash from operating activities:
Provision for credit losses (225 ) -
Depreciation 1,230 1,356
Amortization 4,970 5,506
Compensation expense on employee and director stock purchases, stock options, and restricted stock units 487 493
Net losses (gains) on sales of available for sale securities - 427
Net change in market value of equity securities 322 683
Gains on sales of loans (943 ) (1,691 )
Loans originated for sale (29,192 ) (53,750 )
Proceeds from loan sales 25,684 53,480
Earnings on bank-owned life insurance (532 ) (534 )
Proceeds from BOLI policy - 130
Earnings on death benefit from bank-owned life insurance - (14 )
(Gains)/losses on sales of other real estate owned - (41 )
Proceeds from sales of other real estate owned - 235
Deferred federal income tax (benefit)/expense 59 169
Net change in:
Other assets 6,649 (768 )
Other liabilities 5,856 5,480
Net cash provided by operating activities 25,211 22,304
Cash flows from investing activities:
Sales of securities available for sale - 31,828
Sales of equity securities 42 -
Maturities, prepayments and calls of securities available for sale 15,159 27,404
Maturities, prepayments and calls of securities held to maturity 5,091 3,485
Purchases of securities available for sale (774 ) (32,676 )
Purchases of securities held to maturity (597 ) (5,748 )
Purchase of Federal Home Loan Bank stock (4,849 ) -
Loan originations and payments, net (74,553 ) (59,602 )
Additions to premises and equipment (2,212 ) (701 )
Proceeds from (payments for) derivative contracts, net (48 ) (16,745 )
Payments for derivative contracts settlements (4,191 ) -
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities (66,932 ) (52,755 )
Cash flows from financing activities:
Net change in deposits (31,615 ) 86,210
Net change in short term borrowings 110,000 (43,000 )
Issuance of common stock 116 80
Repurchase of common stock - (682 )
Cash dividends (3,913 ) (3,747 )
Net cash provided by financing activities 74,588 38,861
Net change in cash and cash equivalents 32,867 8,409
Beginning cash and cash equivalents 43,943 31,887
Ending cash and cash equivalents $ 76,810 $ 40,296
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Cash paid for interest $ 10,269 $ 2,182
Cash paid for income taxes 2,900 -
Loans transferred to other real estate owned 266 -

See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements.

ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc.

NOTES TO INTERIM CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 1 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc. ("ChoiceOne"), its wholly-owned subsidiary, ChoiceOne Bank, and ChoiceOne Bank’s wholly-owned subsidiary, ChoiceOne Insurance Agencies, Inc. Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

ChoiceOne owns all of the common securities of Community Shores Capital Trust I (the “Capital Trust”). Under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"), the Capital Trust is not consolidated because it is a variable interest entity and ChoiceOne is not the primary beneficiary.

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto reflect all adjustments ordinary in nature which are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair presentation of such financial statements. Operating results for the six months ended June 30, 2023, are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2023.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and footnotes thereto included in ChoiceOne’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Use of Estimates

To prepare financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, ChoiceOne’s management makes estimates and assumptions based on available information. These estimates and assumptions affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and the disclosures provided. These estimates and assumptions are subject to many risks and uncertainties, and actual results may differ from these estimates. Estimates associated with the allowance for credit losses and the unrealized gains and losses on securities available for sale and held to maturity are particularly susceptible to change.

Investment Securities

Investment securities for which ChoiceOne has the intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as held to maturity and are carried at amortized cost. Investment securities classified as available for sale are reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses, net of income taxes, as a separate component of other comprehensive income. ChoiceOne determines the appropriate classification of investment securities at the time of purchase and reassesses the classification at each reporting date. Additions to securities held to maturity consist mostly of local issue municipals.

Goodwill

Goodwill results from business acquisitions and represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the acquired tangible assets and liabilities and identifiable intangible assets. Goodwill and intangible assets acquired in a purchase or business combination and determined to have an indefinite useful life are not amortized but tested for impairment at least annually or more frequently if events and circumstances exist that indicate that a goodwill impairment test should be performed.

Core Deposit Intangible

Core deposit intangible represents the value of the acquired customer core deposit bases and is included as an asset on the consolidated balance sheets. The core deposit intangible has an estimated finite life, is amortized on an accelerated basis over a 120 month period and is subject to periodic impairment evaluation.

Stock Transactions

A total of 3,477 shares of common stock were issued to ChoiceOne’s Board of Directors for a cash price of $88,000 under the terms of the Directors’ Stock Purchase Plan in the second quarter of 2023. A total of 3,266 shares for a cash price of $64,000 were issued under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan in the second quarter of 2023. ChoiceOne's common stock repurchase program announced in April 2021 and amended in 2022, authorizes repurchases of up to 375,388 shares, representing 5% of the total outstanding shares of common stock as of the date the program was adopted. No shares were repurchased under this program in the second quarter of 2023.

Reclassifications Certain amounts presented in prior periods have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation.

9

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

Allowance for Credit Losses ("ACL")

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. This ASU (as subsequently amended by ASU 2018-19) significantly changed how entities measure credit losses for most financial assets and certain other instruments that are not measured at fair value through net income. The standard replaced the current “incurred loss” approach with an “expected loss” model. The new model, referred to as the CECL model, applies to financial assets subject to credit losses and measured at amortized cost, and certain off-balance sheet credit exposures. The standard also expands the disclosure requirements regarding an entity’s assumptions, models, and methods for estimating the ACL. In addition, entities need to disclose the amortized cost balance for each class of financial asset by credit quality indicator, disaggregated by the year of origination. A reasonable and supportable economic forecast is a key component of the CECL methodology.

ChoiceOne adopted CECL effective January 1, 2023 using the modified retrospective method for all financial assets measured at amortized cost and off-balance sheet credit exposures. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2023 are presented under CECL while prior period amounts continue to be reported in accordance with the incurred loss accounting standards. The transition adjustment of the CECL adoption included an increase in the ACL of $7.2 million, which included a $5.5 million decrease to the retained earnings account to reflect the cumulative effect of adopting CECL on our Consolidated Balance Sheet, with the $1.5 million tax impact portion being recorded as part of the deferred tax asset in other assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheet. The transition adjustment of the CECL adoption included an additional ACL on unfunded commitments of $3.3 million, which included a $2.6 million decrease to the retained earnings account to reflect the cumulative effect of adopting CECL on our Consolidated Balance Sheet, with the $688,000 tax impact portion being recorded as part of the deferred tax asset in other assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheet.

The ACL is a valuation allowance for expected credit losses. The ACL is increased by the provision for credit losses and decreased by loans charged off less any recoveries of charged off loans. As ChoiceOne has had very limited loss experience since 2011, management elected to utilize benchmark peer loss history data to estimate historical loss rates. ChoiceOne worked with a third party advisory firm to identify an appropriate peer group for each loan cohort which shared similar characteristics. Management estimates the ACL required based on the selected peer group loan loss experience, the nature and volume of the loan portfolio, information about specific borrower situations and estimated collateral values, a reasonable and supportable economic forecast, and other factors. Allocations of the ACL may be made for specific loans, but the entire ACL is available for any loan that, in management’s judgment, should be charged off. Loan losses are charged against the ACL when management believes that collection of a loan balance is not possible.

The ACL consists of general and specific components. The general component covers loans collectively evaluated for credit losses and is based on peer historical loss experience adjusted for current and forecasted factors. Management's adjustment for current and forecasted factors is based on trends in delinquencies, trends in charge-offs and recoveries, trends in the volume of loans, changes in underwriting standards, trends in loan review findings, the experience and ability of lending staff, and a reasonable and supportable economic forecast described further below.

The discounted cash flow methodology is utilized for all loan pools. This methodology is supported by our CECL software provider and allows management to automatically calculate contractual life by factoring in all cash flows and adjusting them for behavioral and credit-related aspects.

Reasonable and supportable economic forecasts have to be incorporated in determining expected credit losses. The forecast period represents the time frame from the current period end through the point in time that we can reasonably forecast and support entity and environmental factors that are expected to impact the performance of our loan portfolio. Ideally, the economic forecast period would encompass the contractual terms of all loans; however, the ability to produce a forecast that is considered reasonable and supportable becomes more difficult or may not be possible in later periods. Subsequent to the end of the forecast period, we revert to historical loan data based on an ongoing evaluation of each economic forecast in relation to then current economic conditions as well as any developing loan loss activity and resulting historical data. As of June 30, 2023, we used a one-year reasonable and supportable economic forecast period, with a two year straight-line reversion period.

We are not required to develop and use our own economic forecast model, and elected to utilize economic forecasts from third-party providers that analyze and develop forecasts of the economy for the entire United States at least quarterly.

Other inputs to the calculation are also updated or reviewed quarterly. Prepayment speeds are updated on a one quarter lag based on the asset liability model from the previous quarter. This model is performed at the loan level by a third party. Curtailment is updated quarterly within the ACL model based on our peer group average. The reversion period is reviewed by management quarterly with consideration of the current economic climate. Prepayment speeds and curtailment were updated during the second quarter of 2023; however, the effect was insignificant.

10

We are also required to consider expected credit losses associated with loan commitments over the contractual period in which we are exposed to credit risk on the underlying commitments unless the obligation is unconditionally cancellable by us. Any allowance for off-balance sheet credit exposures is reported as an other liability on our Consolidated Balance Sheet and is increased or decreased via the provision for credit losses account on our Consolidated Statement of Income. The calculation includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur and forecasted credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over their estimated lives. The allowance is calculated using the same aggregate reserve rates calculated for the funded portion of loans at the portfolio level applied to the amount of commitments expected to be funded.

Securities Available for Sale - For securities AFS in an unrealized loss position, management determines whether they intend to sell or if it is more likely than not that ChoiceOne will be required to sell the security before recovery of the amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income with an allowance being established under CECL. For securities AFS with unrealized losses not meeting these criteria, management evaluates whether any decline in fair value is due to credit loss factors. In making this assessment, management considers any changes to the rating of the security by rating agencies and adverse conditions specifically related to the issuer of the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Changes in the ACL under ASC 326-30 are recorded as provisions for (or reversal of) credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the allowance when the collectability of a debt security AFS is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an ACL is recognized in other comprehensive income, net of income taxes. At June 30, 2023 and at adoption of CECL on January 1, 2023, there was no ACL related to debt securities AFS. Accrued interest receivable on debt securities was excluded from the estimate of credit losses.

Securities Held to Maturity - Since the adoption of CECL, ChoiceOne measures credit losses on HTM securities on a collective basis by major security type with each type sharing similar risk characteristics, and considers historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The ACL on securities HTM is a contra asset valuation account that is deducted from the carrying amount of HTM securities to present the net amount expected to be collected. HTM securities are charged off against the ACL when deemed uncollectible. Adjustments to the ACL are reported in ChoiceOne’s Consolidated Statements of Income in the provision for credit losses. Accrued interest receivable on HTM securities is excluded from the estimate of credit losses. With regard to US Treasury securities, these have an explicit government guarantee; therefore, no ACL is recorded for these securities. With regard to obligations of states and political subdivisions and other HTM securities, management considers (1) issuer bond ratings, (2) historical loss rates for given bond ratings, (3) the financial condition of the issuer, and (4) whether issuers continue to make timely principal and interest payments under the contractual terms of the securities. At June 30, 2023, the ACL related to securities HTM is insignificant.

Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis and are excluded from the collective evaluation. ChoiceOne has determined that any loans which have been placed on non-performing status, loans with a risk rating of 6 or higher, and loans past due more than 60 days will be assessed individually for evaluation. Management's judgment will be used to determine if the loan should be migrated back to pool on an individual basis. Individual analysis will establish a specific reserve for loans in scope. Specific reserves on non-performing loans are typically based on management’s best estimate of the fair value of collateral securing these loans, adjusted for selling costs as appropriate or based on the present value of the expected cash flows from that loan.

Troubled Loan Modifications

FASB also issued ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures. This standard eliminated the previous accounting guidance for troubled debt restructurings and added additional disclosure requirements for gross chargeoffs by year of origination. It also prescribes guidance for reporting modifications of loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty.

Investment in Equity Method and Joint Ventures

In March 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-02, Investments - Equity Method and Joint Venture (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method. The amendments in this ASU permit reporting entities to account for the tax equity investments, regardless of the tax credit program from which the income tax credits are received, using the proportional amortization method. This update will be effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2023. Early adoption is permitted. ChoiceOne is currently evaluating the impact of this standard on the consolidated financial statements.

NOTE 2 – SECURITIES

The fair value of equity securities and the related gross unrealized gains and (losses) recognized in noninterest income were as follows:

June 30, 2023
Gross Gross
(Dollars in thousands) Amortized Unrealized Unrealized Fair
Cost Gains Losses Value
Equity securities $ 9,037 $ 201 $ (939 ) $ 8,299
December 31, 2022
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Gross Gross
(Dollars in thousands) Amortized Unrealized Unrealized Fair
Cost Gains Losses Value
Equity securities $ 8,982 $ 305 $ (721 ) $ 8,566

The following tables present the amortized cost and fair value of securities available for sale and the gross unrealized gains and losses recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and the amortized cost and fair value of securities held to maturity and the related gross unrealized gains and losses:

June 30, 2023
Gross Gross
(Dollars in thousands) Amortized Unrealized Unrealized Fair
Available for Sale: Cost Gains Losses Value
U.S. Treasury notes and bonds $ 90,579 $ - $ (12,184 ) $ 78,395
State and municipal 271,940 - (39,143 ) 232,797
Mortgage-backed 225,413 - (27,764 ) 197,649
Corporate 759 - (54 ) 705
Asset-backed securities 12,144 - (488 ) 11,656
Total $ 600,835 $ - $ (79,633 ) $ 521,202
Held to Maturity:
U.S. Government and federal agency $ 2,969 $ - $ (384 ) $ 2,585
State and municipal 197,746 9 (34,551 ) 163,204
Mortgage-backed 199,093 - (30,552 ) 168,541
Corporate 19,998 17 (3,204 ) 16,811
Asset-backed securities 743 - (59 ) 684
Total $ 420,549 $ 26 $ (68,750 ) $ 351,825
December 31, 2022
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Gross Gross
(Dollars in thousands) Amortized Unrealized Unrealized Fair
Available for Sale: Cost Gains Losses Value
U.S. Treasury notes and bonds $ 90,810 $ - $ (12,606 ) $ 78,204
State and municipal 277,489 - (47,551 ) 229,938
Mortgage-backed 236,703 - (28,140 ) 208,563
Corporate 757 - (46 ) 711
Asset-backed securities 13,031 - (698 ) 12,333
Total $ 618,790 $ - $ (89,041 ) $ 529,749
Held to Maturity:
U.S. Government and federal agency $ 2,966 $ - $ (421 ) $ 2,545
State and municipal 201,890 1 (39,355 ) 162,536
Mortgage-backed 200,473 - (29,868 ) 170,605
Corporate 19,603 - (2,285 ) 17,318
Asset-backed securities 974 - (77 ) 897
Total $ 425,906 $ 1 $ (72,006 ) $ 353,901

12

Available for sale securities with unrealized losses as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, aggregated by investment category and length of time the individual securities have been in an unrealized loss position, were as follows:

June 30, 2023
Less than 12 months More than 12 months Total
(Dollars in thousands) Fair Unrealized Fair Unrealized Fair Unrealized
Available for Sale: Value Losses Value Losses Value Losses
U.S. Treasury notes and bonds $ - $ - $ 78,395 $ 12,184 $ 78,395 $ 12,184
State and municipal 1,311 31 231,235 39,112 232,546 39,143
Mortgage-backed 21,083 1,502 176,566 26,262 197,649 27,764
Corporate - - 705 54 705 54
Asset-backed securities - - 11,656 488 11,656 488
Total temporarily impaired $ 22,394 $ 1,533 $ 498,557 $ 78,100 $ 520,951 $ 79,633
December 31, 2022
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Less than 12 months More than 12 months Total
(Dollars in thousands) Fair Unrealized Fair Unrealized Fair Unrealized
Available for Sale: Value Losses Value Losses Value Losses
U.S. Treasury notes and bonds $ - $ - $ 78,204 $ 12,606 $ 78,204 $ 12,606
State and municipal 89,158 12,612 140,390 34,939 229,548 47,551
Mortgage-backed 63,249 3,093 144,318 25,047 207,567 28,140
Corporate 711 46 - - 711 46
Asset-backed securities - - 12,333 698 12,333 698
Total temporarily impaired $ 153,118 $ 15,751 $ 375,245 $ 73,290 $ 528,363 $ 89,041

13

Held to maturity securities with unrealized losses as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, aggregated by investment category and length of time the individual securities have been in an unrealized loss position, were as follows:

June 30, 2023
Less than 12 months More than 12 months Total
(Dollars in thousands) Fair Unrealized Fair Unrealized Fair Unrealized
Held to Maturity: Value Losses Value Losses Value Losses
U.S. Government and federal agency $ - $ - $ 2,585 $ 384 $ 2,585 $ 384
State and municipal 768 4 162,252 34,547 163,020 34,551
Mortgage-backed 404 34 168,137 30,518 168,541 30,552
Corporate - - 15,159 3,204 15,159 3,204
Asset-backed securities - - 684 59 684 59
Total temporarily impaired $ 1,172 $ 38 $ 348,817 $ 68,712 $ 349,989 $ 68,750
December 31, 2022
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Less than 12 months More than 12 months Total
(Dollars in thousands) Fair Unrealized Fair Unrealized Fair Unrealized
Held to Maturity: Value Losses Value Losses Value Losses
U.S. Government and federal agency $ - $ - $ 2,545 $ 421 $ 2,545 $ 421
State and municipal 13,457 1,899 149,016 37,456 162,473 39,355
Mortgage-backed 25,582 822 145,024 29,046 170,606 29,868
Corporate 5,296 603 10,771 1,682 16,067 2,285
Asset-backed securities - - 897 77 897 77
Total temporarily impaired $ 44,335 $ 3,324 $ 308,253 $ 68,682 $ 352,588 $ 72,006

14

ChoiceOne evaluates all securities on a quarterly basis to determine if an ACL and corresponding impairment charge should be recorded. Consideration is given to the extent to which the fair value has been less than cost, the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, and the intent and ability of ChoiceOne to retain its investment in the issuer for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value of amortized cost basis. ChoiceOne believes that unrealized losses on securities were temporary in nature and were caused primarily by changes in interest rates, increased credit spreads, and reduced market liquidity and were not caused by the credit status of the issuer. No ACL was recorded in the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, and no other-than-temporary impairment charges were recorded in the same periods in 2022.

At June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there were 601 and 611 securities with an unrealized loss, respectively. Unrealized losses on corporate and municipal bonds have not been recognized into income because the issuers’ bonds are of high credit quality, and management does not intend to sell prior to their anticipated recovery, and the decline in fair value is largely due to changes in interest rates and other market conditions. The issuers continue to make timely principal and interest payments on the bonds. The fair value is expected to recover as the bonds approach maturity.

The majority of unrealized losses at June 30, 2023, are related to U.S. Treasury notes and bonds, state and municipal bonds and mortgage backed securities. The U.S. Treasury notes are guaranteed by the U.S. government and 100% of the notes are rated AA or better. State and municipal bonds are backed by the taxing authority of the bond issuer or the revenues from the bond. On June 30, 2023, 86% of state and municipal bonds held are rated AA or better, 11% are A rated and 3% are not rated. Of the mortgage-backed securities held on June 30, 2023, 38% were issued by US government sponsored entities and agencies, and rated AA, 37% are AAA rated private issue and collateralized mortgage obligation, and 25% are unrated privately issued mortgage-backed securities with structured credit enhancement and collateralized mortgage obligation.

15

Presented below is a schedule of maturities of securities as of June 30, 2023. Available for sale securities are reported at fair value and held to maturity securities are reported at amortized cost. Callable securities in the money are presumed called and matured at the callable date.

Available for Sale Securities maturing within:
Fair Value
Less than 1 Year - 5 Years - More than at June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) 1 Year 5 Years 10 Years 10 Years 2023
U.S. Government and federal agency $ - $ - $ - $ - $ -
U.S. Treasury notes and bonds - 40,530 37,865 - 78,395
State and municipal 2,717 7,031 86,525 136,524 232,797
Corporate 504 - 201 — 705
Asset-backed securities — 8,473 3,183 — 11,656
Total debt securities 3,221 56,034 127,774 136,524 323,553
Mortgage-backed securities 9,856 71,075 95,439 21,279 197,649
Total Available for Sale $ 13,077 $ 127,109 $ 223,213 $ 157,803 $ 521,202
Held to Maturity Securities maturing within:
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Amortized Cost
Less than 1 Year - 5 Years - More than at June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) 1 Year 5 Years 10 Years 10 Years 2023
U.S. Government and federal agency $ — $ — $ 2,969 $ — $ 2,969
State and municipal 1,633 9,469 93,041 93,603 197,746
Corporate — - 19,998 - 19,998
Asset-backed securities — 743 — — 743
Total debt securities 1,633 10,212 116,008 93,603 221,456
Mortgage-backed securities 18,743 34,838 145,512 — 199,093
Total Held to Maturity $ 20,376 $ 45,050 $ 261,520 $ 93,603 $ 420,549

Following is information regarding unrealized gains and losses on equity securities for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022:

Three Months Ended Six Months Ended
June 30, June 30,
2023 2022 2023 2022
Net gains and (losses) recognized during the period $ (385 ) $ (327 ) $ (322 ) $ (683 )
Less: Net gains and (losses) recognized during the period on securities sold — — — —
Unrealized gains and (losses) recognized during the reporting period on securities still held at the reporting date $ (385 ) $ (327 ) $ (322 ) $ (683 )

NOTE 3 – LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES

Loans by type as a percentage of the portfolio were as follows:

June 30, 2023 December 31, 2022
(Dollars in thousands) Balance % Balance % Percent Increase (Decrease)
Agricultural $ 40,684 3.22 % 64,159 5.39 % (36.59 ) %
Commercial and Industrial 224,191 17.73 % 210,210 17.67 % 6.65 %
Commercial Real Estate 657,549 52.01 % 630,953 53.03 % 4.22 %
Consumer 38,614 3.05 % 39,808 3.35 % (3.00 ) %
Construction Real Estate 16,734 1.32 % 14,736 1.24 % 13.56 %
Residential Real Estate 247,618 19.59 % 229,916 19.32 % 7.70 %
Loans to Other Financial Institutions 38,838 3.07 % - 0.00 % 100.00 %
Gross Loans $ 1,264,228 $ 1,189,782
Allowance for credit losses 14,582 1.15 % 7,619 0.64 %
Net loans $ 1,249,646 $ 1,182,163

17

Activity in the allowance for credit losses and balances in the loan portfolio were as follows:

Commercial Loans to Other
(Dollars in thousands) and Commercial Construction Residential Financial
Agricultural Industrial Consumer Real Estate Real Estate Real Estate Institutions Unallocated Total
Allowance for Credit Losses Three Months Ended June 30, 2023
Beginning balance $ 136 $ 3,020 $ 913 $ 7,837 $ 72 $ 3,087 $ — $ — $ 15,065
Charge-offs — — (131 ) — — — — — (131 )
Recoveries — 2 59 — — 2 — — 63
Provision (58 ) (126 ) 44 (600 ) (2 ) 287 40 — (415 )
Ending balance $ 78 $ 2,896 $ 885 $ 7,237 $ 70 $ 3,376 $ — $ — $ 14,582
Allowance for Credit Losses Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
Beginning balance $ 144 $ 1,361 $ 310 $ 4,822 $ 63 $ 906 $ — $ 13 $ 7,619
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle 14 1,587 541 3,006 20 2,010 — (13 ) 7,165
Charge-offs — — (271 ) — — — — — (271 )
Recoveries — 29 129 13 — 5 — — 176
Provision (80 ) (81 ) 176 (604 ) (13 ) 455 40 — (106 )
Ending balance $ 78 $ 2,896 $ 885 $ 7,237 $ 70 $ 3,376 $ 40 $ — $ 14,582
Individually evaluated for credit loss $ 1 $ 34 $ — $ 1 $ — $ 36 $ — $ — $ 72
Collectively evaluated for credit loss $ 77 $ 2,862 $ 885 $ 7,236 $ 70 $ 3,340 $ 40 $ — $ 14,510
Loans
June 30, 2023
Individually evaluated for credit loss $ 17 $ 318 $ — $ 32 $ — $ 1,756 $ — $ 2,123
Collectively evaluated for credit loss 40,667 223,873 38,614 657,517 16,734 245,862 38,838 1,262,105
Ending balance $ 40,684 $ 224,191 $ 38,614 $ 657,549 $ 16,734 $ 247,618 $ 38,838 $ 1,264,228

18

Commercial
(Dollars in thousands) and Commercial Construction Residential
Agricultural Industrial Consumer Real Estate Real Estate Real Estate Unallocated Total
Allowance for Loan Losses Three Months Ended June 30, 2022
Beginning balance $ 387 $ 1,752 $ 304 $ 3,690 $ 37 $ 589 $ 842 $ 7,601
Charge-offs - (100 ) (144 ) — - — - (244 )
Recoveries - 2 55 1 - 1 - 59
Provision (255 ) (41 ) 94 533 8 101 (440 ) —
Ending balance $ 132 $ 1,613 $ 309 $ 4,224 $ 45 $ 691 $ 402 $ 7,416
Allowance for Loan Losses Six Months Ended June 30, 2022
Beginning balance $ 448 $ 1,454 $ 290 $ 3,705 $ 110 $ 671 $ 1,010 $ 7,688
Charge-offs (131 ) (255 ) - - — - (386 )
Recoveries 4 106 2 - 2 - 114
Provision (316 ) 286 168 517 (65 ) 18 (608 ) -
Ending balance $ 132 $ 1,613 $ 309 $ 4,224 $ 45 $ 691 $ 402 $ 7,416
Individually evaluated for impairment $ 1 $ 52 $ 1 $ 7 $ — $ 154 $ — $ 215
Collectively evaluated for impairment $ 131 $ 1,561 $ 308 $ 4,217 $ 45 $ 537 $ 402 $ 7,201
Commercial
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
(Dollars in thousands) and Commercial Construction Residential
Agricultural Industrial Consumer Real Estate Real Estate Real Estate Unallocated Total
Allowance for Loan Losses
December 31, 2022
Individually evaluated for impairment $ 2 $ 14 $ 1 $ 5 $ 131 $ — $ 153
Collectively evaluated for impairment $ 142 $ 1,347 $ 309 $ 4,817 $ 775 $ 13 $ 7,466
Loans
December 31, 2022
Individually evaluated for impairment $ 23 $ 177 $ 7 $ 165 — $ 2,474 $ 2,846
Collectively evaluated for impairment 64,136 206,074 39,793 622,131 225,792 1,172,662
Acquired with deteriorated credit quality — 3,959 8 8,657 — 1,650 14,274
Ending balance $ 64,159 $ 210,210 $ 39,808 $ 630,953 $ 229,916 $ 1,189,782

All values are in US Dollars.

19

The provision for credit losses on loans was a benefit of $415,000 and a benefit of $106,000 in the second quarter and first half of 2023 respectively, compared to $0 in the same periods in the prior year. The provision benefit was deemed necessary due to the impact of improvements in the Federal Open Market Committee ("FOMC") forecast for unemployment and Gross Domestic Product ("GDP") growth exceeding the provision required for loan growth in the second quarter and first half of 2023. The FOMC forecast for change in real GDP improved from 0.4% in March to 1.0% in June while the unemployment rate forecast improved from 4.5% in March to 4.1% in June.

The process to monitor the credit quality of ChoiceOne’s loan portfolio includes tracking (1) the risk ratings of business loans, (2) the level of classified business loans, and (3) delinquent and nonperforming consumer loans. Business loans are risk rated on a scale of 1 to 9. A description of the characteristics of the ratings follows:

Risk Rating 1 through 5 or pass: These loans are considered pass credits. They exhibit acceptable credit risk and demonstrate the ability to repay the loan from normal business operations.

Risk rating 6 or special mention: Loans and other credit extensions bearing this grade are considered to be inadequately protected by the current sound worth and debt service capacity of the borrower or of any pledged collateral. These obligations, even if apparently protected by collateral value, have well-defined weaknesses related to adverse financial, managerial, economic, market, or political conditions that have clearly jeopardized repayment of principal and interest as originally intended. Furthermore, there is the possibility that ChoiceOne Bank will sustain some future loss if such weaknesses are not corrected. Clear loss potential, however, does not have to exist in any individual asset classified as substandard. Loans falling into this category should have clear action plans and timelines with benchmarks to determine which direction the relationship will move.

Risk rating 7 or substandard: Loans and other credit extensions graded “7” have all the weaknesses inherent in those graded “6”, with the added characteristic that the severity of the weaknesses makes collection or liquidation in full highly questionable or improbable based upon currently existing facts, conditions, and values. Loans in this classification should be evaluated for non-accrual status. All nonaccrual commercial and Retail loans must be at a minimum graded a risk code “7”.

Risk rating 8 or doubtful: Loans and other credit extensions bearing this grade have been determined to have the extreme probability of some loss, but because of certain important and reasonably specific factors, the amount of loss cannot be determined. Such pending factors could include merger or liquidation, additional capital injection, refinancing plans, or perfection of liens on additional collateral.

Risk rating 9 or loss: Loans in this classification are considered uncollectible and cannot be justified as a viable asset of ChoiceOne Bank. This classification does not mean the loan has absolutely no recovery value, but that it is neither practical nor desirable to defer writing off this loan even though partial recovery may be obtained in the future.

20

The following table reflects the amortized cost basis of loans as of June 30, 2023 based on year of origination (dollars in thousands):

Commercial: 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Term Loans Total Revolving Loans Grand Total
Agricultural
Pass $ 1,168 $ 4,940 $ 3,197 $ 1,827 $ 7,427 $ 17,414 $ 35,973 $ 4,455 $ 40,428
Special mention - - - - 182 74 256 - 256
Substandard - - - - - - - - -
Doubtful - - - - - - - - -
Loss - - - - - - - - -
Total $ 1,168 $ 4,940 $ 3,197 $ 1,827 $ 7,609 $ 17,488 $ 36,229 $ 4,455 $ 40,684
Current year-to-date gross write-offs $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ -
Commercial and Industrial
Pass $ 19,124 $ 45,260 $ 26,555 $ 12,437 $ 14,795 $ 14,162 $ 132,333 $ 91,514 $ 223,847
Special mention - - 34 113 87 97 331 9 340
Substandard - - - - - 4 4 - 4
Doubtful - - - - - - - - -
Loss - - - - - - - - -
Total $ 19,124 $ 45,260 $ 26,589 $ 12,550 $ 14,882 $ 14,263 $ 132,668 $ 91,523 $ 224,191
Current year-to-date gross write-offs $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ -
Commercial Real Estate
Pass $ 29,461 $ 137,786 $ 110,926 $ 74,413 $ 46,365 $ 150,104 $ 549,055 $ 107,383 $ 656,438
Special mention - - - - - 586 586 - 586
Substandard - - - - - 525 525 - 525
Doubtful - - - - - - - - -
Loss - - - - - - - - -
Total $ 29,461 $ 137,786 $ 110,926 $ 74,413 $ 46,365 $ 151,215 $ 550,166 $ 107,383 $ 657,549
Retail: 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Term Loans Total Revolving Loans Grand Total
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Consumer
Performing $ 5,938 $ 16,228 $ 8,648 $ 3,820 $ 1,764 $ 1,682 $ 38,080 $ 534 $ 38,614
Nonperforming - - - - - - - - -
Nonaccrual - - - - - - - - -
Total $ 5,938 $ 16,228 $ 8,648 $ 3,820 $ 1,764 $ 1,682 $ 38,080 $ 534 $ 38,614
Current year-to-date gross write-offs $ - $ 12 $ 9 $ 28 $ - $ 1 $ 50 $ - $ 50
Construction real estate
Performing $ 1,313 $ 1,770 $ 565 $ - $ - $ - $ 3,648 $ 13,086 $ 16,734
Nonperforming - - - - - - - - -
Nonaccrual - - - - - - - - -
Total $ 1,313 $ 1,770 $ 565 $ - $ - $ - $ 3,648 $ 13,086 $ 16,734
Current year-to-date gross write-offs $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ -
Residential real estate
Performing $ 25,538 $ 67,935 $ 30,068 $ 17,783 $ 13,699 $ 43,496 $ 198,519 $ 47,517 $ 246,036
Nonperforming - - - - - - - - -
Nonaccrual - 436 347 - - 799 1,582 - 1,582
Total $ 25,538 $ 68,371 $ 30,415 $ 17,783 $ 13,699 $ 44,295 $ 200,101 $ 47,517 $ 247,618

21

Corporate Credit Exposure - Credit risk profile by credit worthiness category

(Dollars in thousands) Agricultural Commercial and Industrial Commercial Real Estate
December 31, December 31, December 31,
2022 2022 2022
Pass $ 63,867 $ 209,700 $ 624,555
Special Mention 289 400 2,048
Substandard 3 110 4,350
Doubtful — - —
Loss - - -
$ 64,159 $ 210,210 $ 630,953

Consumer Credit Exposure - Credit risk profile based on payment activity

(Dollars in thousands) Consumer Construction Real Estate Residential Real Estate
December 31, December 31, December 31,
2022 2022 2022
Performing $ 39,808 $ 14,736 $ 228,653
Nonperforming — — —
Nonaccrual — — 1,263
$ 39,808 $ 14,736 $ 229,916

The following table provides information on loans that were considered troubled loan modification ("TLMs") that were modified during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023

Three Months Ended June 30, 2023
Term Extension
% of Total
Class of
(Dollars in thousands) Amortized Financing
Cost Basis Receivable
Commercial and industrial $ 67 0 %
Total 67
Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
--- --- --- --- --- ---
Term Extension
% of Total
Class of
(Dollars in thousands) Amortized Financing
Cost Basis Receivable
Commercial and industrial 67 0 %
Residential real estate $ 129 0 %
Total 196

22

The following table presents the financial effect by type of modification made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty and class of financing receivable.

Three Months Ended June 30, 2023
Term Extension
Commercial and industrial Termed out line of Credit
Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
--- ---
Term Extension
Commercial and industrial Termed Out Line of Credit
Residential real estate Provided twelve month payment plan to catch up past due amount through our standard program.

The following table presents the period-end amortized cost basis of financing receivables that had a payment default during the period and were modified in the 12 months before default to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty.

Three Months Ended June 30, 2023
(Dollars in thousands) Term extension
Commercial and industrial 67
Total $ 67
Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
--- --- ---
(Dollars in thousands) Term extension
Commercial and industrial 67
Residential real estate $ 129
Total $ 196

The following table presents the period-end amortized cost basis of loans that have been modified in the past 12 months to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty by payment status and class of financing receivable.

Three Months Ended June 30, 2023
(Dollars in thousands) Current 30-89 days Greater than 90 days Total
Commercial and industrial 67 — — 67
Total $ 67 $ - $ - $ 67
Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
(Dollars in thousands) Current 30-89 days Greater than 90 days Total
Commercial and industrial 67 — — 67
Residential real estate — — 129 129
Total $ 67 $ - $ 129 $ 196

23

The following table provides information on loans that were considered troubled debt restructurings ("TDRs") that were modified during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022.

Three Months Ended June 30, 2022 Six Months Ended June 30, 2022
Pre- Post- Pre- Post-
Modification Modification Modification Modification
Outstanding Outstanding Outstanding Outstanding
(Dollars in thousands) Number of Recorded Recorded Number of Recorded Recorded
Loans Investment Investment Loans Investment Investment
Agricultural — $ — $ — 1 $ 258 $ 258
Commercial and industrial 1 19 19 1 19 19
Total 1 $ 19 $ 19 2 $ 277 $ 277

There were no TDRs where the borrower was past due with respect to principal and/or interest for 30 days or more during the three months ended June 30, 2022, which loans had been modified and classified as TDRs during the year prior to the default.

Nonaccrual loans by loan category as of June 30, 2023 were as follows:

(Dollars in thousands) Nonaccrual loans with no ACL Total nonaccrual loans Interest income recognized during the period on nonaccrual loans Interest income recognized during the period on nonaccrual loans
Residential real estate $ 676 $ 1,581 $ — $ —
Total nonaccrual loans $ 676 $ 1,581 $ — $ —

Nonaccrual loans by loan category as of December 31, 2022 were as follows:

(Dollars in thousands) Total nonaccrual loans
Residential real estate $ 1,263
$ 1,263

24

The following schedule provides information regarding average balances of loans evaluated for impairment and interest recognized on impaired loans for the three months and six months ended December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2022:

Unpaid
(Dollars in thousands) Recorded Principal Related
Investment Balance Allowance
December 31, 2022
With no related allowance recorded
Agricultural $ — $ — $ —
Commercial and industrial — — —
Consumer — — —
Construction real estate — — —
Commercial real estate — — —
Residential real estate 550 595 —
Subtotal 550 595 —
With an allowance recorded
Agricultural 23 27 2
Commercial and industrial 177 177 14
Consumer 7 7 1
Construction real estate — — —
Commercial real estate 165 165 5
Residential real estate 1,924 1,954 131
Subtotal 2,296 2,330 153
Total
Agricultural 23 27 2
Commercial and industrial 177 177 14
Consumer 7 7 1
Construction real estate — — —
Commercial real estate 165 165 5
Residential real estate 2,474 2,549 131
Total $ 2,846 $ 2,925 $ 153
Unpaid
--- --- --- --- --- --- ---
(Dollars in thousands) Recorded Principal Related
Investment Balance Allowance
June 30, 2022
With no related allowance recorded
Agricultural $ 314 $ 428 $ —
Commercial and industrial — — —
Consumer — — —
Construction real estate — — —
Commercial real estate — — —
Residential real estate 439 469 —
Subtotal 753 897 —
With an allowance recorded
Agricultural 6 7 1
Commercial and industrial 159 190 52
Consumer 7 8 1
Construction real estate 149 149 —
Commercial real estate — — 7
Residential real estate 1,613 1,644 154
Subtotal 1,934 1,998 215
Total
Agricultural 320 435 1
Commercial and industrial 159 190 52
Consumer 7 8 1
Construction real estate 149 149 —
Commercial real estate — — 7
Residential real estate 2,052 2,113 154
Total $ 2,687 $ 2,895 $ 215

25

Average Interest
(Dollars in thousands) Recorded Income
Investment Recognized
Three Months Ended June 30, 2022
With no related allowance recorded
Agricultural $ 314 $ —
Commercial and industrial 46 —
Consumer — —
Construction real estate — —
Commercial real estate — —
Residential real estate 220 —
Subtotal 580 —
With an allowance recorded
Agricultural 1,117 -
Commercial and industrial 211 1
Consumer 20 —
Construction real estate — —
Commercial real estate 153 2
Residential real estate 1,733 12
Subtotal 3,234 15
Total
Agricultural 1,431 —
Commercial and industrial 257 1
Consumer 20 —
Construction real estate — —
Commercial real estate 153 2
Residential real estate 1,953 12
Total $ 3,814 $ 15
Average Interest
--- --- --- --- ---
(Dollars in thousands) Recorded Income
Investment Recognized
Six Months Ended June 30, 2022
With no related allowance recorded
Agricultural $ 314 $ —
Commercial and industrial 31 —
Consumer — —
Construction real estate — —
Commercial real estate 31 —
Residential real estate 201 —
Subtotal 577 —
With an allowance recorded
Agricultural 1,512 —
Commercial and industrial 254 2
Consumer 18 —
Construction real estate — —
Commercial real estate 162 5
Residential real estate 1,831 29
Subtotal 3,777 36
Total
Agricultural 1,826 —
Commercial and industrial 285 2
Consumer 18 —
Construction real estate — —
Commercial real estate 193 5
Residential real estate 2,032 29
Total $ 4,354 $ 36

26

An aging analysis of loans by loan category follows:

Loans Loans
Loans Loans Past Due 90 Days
Past Due Past Due Greater Past
(Dollars in thousands) 30 to 59 60 to 89 Than 90 Loans Not Total Due and
Days (1) Days (1) Days (1) Total (1) Past Due Loans Accruing
June 30, 2023
Agricultural $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 40,684 $ 40,684 $ —
Commercial and industrial 61 132 — 193 223,998 224,191 —
Consumer 5 — — 5 38,609 38,614 —
Commercial real estate 1,059 — — 1,059 656,490 657,549 —
Construction real estate — 128 — 128 16,606 16,734 —
Residential real estate 224 653 560 1,437 246,181 247,618
Loans to Other Financial Institutions — — — — 38,838 38,838
$ 1,349 $ 913 $ 560 $ 2,822 $ 1,261,406 $ 1,264,228 $ —
December 31, 2022
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Agricultural $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 64,159 $ 64,159 $ —
Commercial and industrial — 171 — 171 210,039 210,210 —
Consumer 39 7 — 46 39,762 39,808 —
Commercial real estate — — — — 630,953 630,953 —
Construction real estate — — — — 14,736 14,736 —
Residential real estate 682 — 842 1,524 228,392 229,916 —
$ 721 $ 178 $ 842 $ 1,741 $ 1,188,041 $ 1,189,782 $ —

(1) Includes nonaccrual loans.

The table below presents a roll forward of the accretable yield on the County Bank Corp. acquired loan portfolio for the years ended December 31, 2022 and the six months ended June 30, 2023 (dollars in thousands):

(Dollars in thousands) Purchased with credit deterioration Purchased without credit deterioration Acquired
Total
Balance January 1, 2022 $ 288 $ 1,176 $ 1,464
Transfer from non-accretable to accretable yield 2,192 — 2,192
Accretion January 1, 2022 through December 31, 2022 (553 ) (98 ) (651 )
Balance January 1, 2023 1,927 1,078 3,005
Transfer from non-accretable to accretable yield -
Accretion January 1, 2023 through June 30, 2023 (269 ) (270 ) (539 )
Balance, June 30, 2023 $ 1,658 $ 808 $ 2,466

The table below presents a roll forward of the accretable yield on Community Shores Bank Corporation acquired loan portfolio for the years ended December 31, 2022 and the six months ended June 30, 2023 (dollars in thousands):

Purchased with credit deterioration Purchased without credit deterioration Acquired
Total
Balance January 1, 2022 $ 522 $ 197 $ 719
Transfer from non-accretable to accretable yield 1,086 — 1,086
Accretion January 1, 2022 through December 31, 2022 (993 ) (197 ) (1,190 )
Balance January 1, 2023 615 - 615
Transfer from non-accretable to accretable yield 622 622
Accretion January 1, 2023 through June 30, 2023 (376 ) (376 )
Balance, June 30, 2023 $ 861 $ - $ 861

NOTE 4 – EARNINGS PER SHARE

Earnings per share are based on the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period. A computation of basic earnings per share and diluted earnings per share follows:

Three Months Ended Six Months Ended
(Dollars in thousands, except share data) June 30, June 30,
2023 2022 2023 2022
Basic
Net income $ 5,213 $ 5,615 $ 10,846 $ 11,143
Weighted average common shares outstanding 7,529,177 7,499,497 7,524,257 7,497,492
Basic earnings per common shares $ 0.69 $ 0.75 $ 1.44 $ 1.49
Diluted
Net income $ 5,213 $ 5,615 $ 10,846 $ 11,143
Weighted average common shares outstanding 7,529,177 7,499,497 7,524,257 7,497,492
Plus dilutive stock options and restricted stock units 22,720 11,027 28,335 13,766
Weighted average common shares outstanding and potentially dilutive shares 7,551,897 7,510,524 7,552,592 7,511,258
Diluted earnings per common share $ 0.69 $ 0.75 $ 1.44 $ 1.49

There were 15,000 stock options and 5,125 performance awards that were considered anti-dilutive to earnings per share for the three months ended June 30, 2023. There were 15,000 stock options and 5,125 performance awards that were considered anti-dilutive to earnings per share for the six months ended June 30, 2023. There were 15,000 stock options, 28,660 restricted stock units, and 6,396 performance awards that were considered anti-dilutive to earnings per share for the three months ended June 30,2022. There were 15,000 stock options, 28,660 restricted stock units, and 6,396 performance awards that were considered anti-dilutive for the six months ended June 30, 2022.

Note 5 – Financial Instruments

Financial instruments as of the dates indicated were as follows:

Quoted Prices
In Active Significant
Markets for Other Significant
Identical Observable Unobservable
(Dollars in thousands) Carrying Estimated Assets Inputs Inputs
Amount Fair Value (Level 1) (Level 2) (Level 3)
June 30, 2023
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents $ 76,810 $ 76,810 $ 76,810 $ - $ -
Equity securities at fair value 8,299 8,299 5,599 - 2,700
Securities available for sale 521,202 521,202 78,395 442,807 -
Securities held to maturity 420,549 351,825 - 337,944 13,881
Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal
Reserve Bank stock 13,431 13,431 - 13,431 -
Loans held for sale 8,924 9,192 - 9,192 -
Loans to other financial institutions 38,838 38,838 - 38,838 -
Loans, net 1,249,646 1,195,843 - - 1,195,843
Accrued interest receivable 8,650 8,650 - 8,650 -
Interest rate lock commitments 126 126 - 126 -
Mortgage loan servicing rights 4,030 5,769 - 5,769 -
Interest rate derivative contracts 11,177 11,177 - 11,177 -
Liabilities
Noninterest-bearing deposits 544,925 544,925 544,925 - -
Interest-bearing deposits 1,490,093 1,486,941 - 1,486,941 -
Brokered deposits 51,370 51,292 - 51,292 -
Borrowings 160,000 159,122 - 159,122 -
Subordinated debentures 35,385 30,613 - 30,613 -
Accrued interest payable 1,952 1,952 - 1,952 -
Interest rate derivative contracts - - - - -
December 31, 2022
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents $ 43,943 $ 43,943 $ 43,943 $ - $ -
Equity securities at fair value 8,566 8,566 6,024 - 2,542
Securities available for sale 529,749 529,749 78,204 451,545 -
Securities held to maturity 425,906 353,901 - 338,583 15,318
Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal
Reserve Bank stock 8,581 8,581 - 8,581 -
Loans held for sale 4,834 4,979 - 4,979 -
Loans to other financial institutions - - - - -
Loans, net 1,182,163 1,123,198 - - 1,123,198
Accrued interest receivable 8,949 8,949 - 8,949 -
Interest rate lock commitments 28 28 - 28 -
Mortgage loan servicing rights 4,322 5,855 - 5,855 -
Interest rate derivative contracts 9,204 9,204 - 9,204 -
Liabilities
Noninterest-bearing deposits 599,579 599,579 599,579 - -
Interest-bearing deposits 1,518,424 1,514,294 - 1,514,294 -
Borrowings 50,000 50,000 - 50,000 -
Subordinated debentures 35,262 30,304 - 30,304 -
Accrued interest payable 610 610 - 610 -
Interest rate derivative contracts 5,823 5,823 - 5,823 -

NOTE 6 – FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

The following tables present information about assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and the valuation techniques used to determine those fair values.

In general, fair values determined by Level 1 inputs use quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that ChoiceOne Bank has the ability to access.

Fair values determined by Level 2 inputs use other inputs that are observable, either directly or indirectly. These Level 2 inputs include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and other inputs such as interest rates and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals.

Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs, including inputs that are available in situations where there is little, if any, market activity for the related asset or liability.

In instances where inputs used to measure fair value fall into different levels in the above fair value hierarchy, fair value measurements in their entirety are categorized based on the lowest level input that is significant to the valuation. ChoiceOne Bank’s assessment of the significance of particular inputs to these fair value measurements requires judgment and considers factors specific to each asset or liability.

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Disclosures concerning assets and liabilities measured at fair value are as follows:

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

Quoted Prices
In Active Significant
Markets for Other Significant
Identical Observable Unobservable Balance
(Dollars in thousands) Assets Inputs Inputs at Date
(Level 1) (Level 2) (Level 3) Indicated
Equity Securities Held at Fair Value - June 30, 2023
Equity securities $ 5,599 $ - $ 2,700 $ 8,299
Investment Securities, Available for Sale - June 30, 2023
U.S. Treasury notes and bonds $ 78,395 $ - $ - $ 78,395
State and municipal - 232,797 - 232,797
Mortgage-backed - 197,649 - 197,649
Corporate - 705 - 705
Asset-backed securities - 11,656 - 11,656
Total $ 78,395 $ 442,807 $ - $ 521,202
Derivative Instruments - June 30, 2023
Interest rate derivative contracts - assets $ - $ 11,177 $ - $ 11,177
Interest rate derivative contracts - liabilities $ - $ - $ - $ -
Equity Securities Held at Fair Value - December 31, 2022
Equity securities $ 6,024 $ - $ 2,542 $ 8,566
Investment Securities, Available for Sale - December 31, 2022
U. S. Government and federal agency $ - $ - $ - $ -
U. S. Treasury notes and bonds 78,204 - - 78,204
State and municipal - 229,938 - 229,938
Mortgage-backed - 208,563 - 208,563
Corporate - 711 - 711
Asset-backed securities - 12,333 - 12,333
Total $ 78,204 $ 451,545 $ - $ 529,749
Derivative Instruments - December 31, 2022
Interest rate derivative contracts - assets $ - $ 9,204 $ - $ 9,204
Interest rate derivative contracts - liabilities $ - $ 5,823 $ - $ 5,823

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Changes in Level 3 Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

Six Months Ended
(Dollars in thousands) June 30,
2023 2022
Equity Securities Held at Fair Value
Balance, January 1 $ 2,542 $ 1,768
Total realized and unrealized gains included in noninterest income 60 (5 )
Net purchases, sales, calls, and maturities 98 63
Net transfers into Level 3 - -
Balance, June 30, $ 2,700 $ 1,826
Amount of total losses for the period included in earning attributable to the change in<br>   unrealized gains (losses) relating to assets and liabilities still held at June 30, $ 60 $ (5 )
Investment Securities, Available for Sale
Balance, January 1 $ - $ 21,050
Total unrealized gains included in other comprehensive income - -
Net purchases, sales, calls, and maturities - -
Net transfers into Level 3 - -
Transfer to held to maturity - (21,050 )
Balance, June 30, $ - $ -
Amount of total losses for the period included in earning attributable to the change in<br>   unrealized gains (losses) relating to assets and liabilities still held at June 30, $ - $ -

Both observable and unobservable inputs may be used to determine the fair value of positions classified as Level 3 investment securities and liabilities. As a result, the unrealized gains and losses for these assets and liabilities presented in the tables above may include changes in fair value that were attributable to both observable and unobservable inputs.

Securities categorized as Level 3 assets as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 primarily consist of common and preferred equity securities of community banks. ChoiceOne estimates the fair value of these equity securities based on the present value of expected future cash flows using management’s best estimate of key assumptions, including forecasted interest yield and payment rates, credit quality and a discount rate commensurate with the current market and other risks involved.

ChoiceOne also has assets that under certain conditions are subject to measurement at fair value on a non-recurring basis. These assets are not normally measured at fair value, but can be subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances, such as impairment. Disclosures concerning assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis are as follows:

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Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Non-recurring Basis

Quoted Prices
In Active Significant
Markets for Other Significant
Balances at Identical Observable Unobservable
(Dollars in thousands) Dates Assets Inputs Inputs
Indicated (Level 1) (Level 2) (Level 3)
Collateral Dependent Loans
June 30, 2023 $ 676 $ - $ - $ 676
December 31, 2022 $ 2,846 $ - $ - $ 2,846
Other Real Estate
June 30, 2023 $ 266 $ - $ - $ 266
December 31, 2022 $ - $ - $ - $ -

Collateral dependent loans categorized as Level 3 assets consist of non-homogeneous loans that are considered non-accrual or higher risk. ChoiceOne estimates the fair value of the loans based on the present value of expected future cash flows using management’s estimate of key assumptions. These assumptions include future payment ability, timing of payment streams, and estimated realizable values of available collateral (typically based on outside appraisals). The changes in fair value consisted of charge-downs of collateral dependent loans that were posted to the allowance for credit losses and write-downs of other real estate that were posted to a valuation account.

NOTE 7 – REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS

ChoiceOne has a variety of sources of revenue, which include interest and fees from customers as well as revenue from non-customers. ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts With Customers, covers certain sources of revenue that are classified within noninterest income in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Sources of revenue that are included in the scope of ASC Topic 606 include service charges and fees on deposit accounts, interchange income, investment asset management income and transaction-based revenue, and other charges and fees for customer services.

Service Charges and Fees on Deposit Accounts

Revenue includes charges and fees to provide account maintenance, overdraft services, wire transfers, funds transfer, and other deposit-related services. Account maintenance fees such as monthly service charges are recognized over the period of time that the service is provided. Transaction fees such as wire transfer charges are recognized when the service is provided to the customer.

Interchange Income

Revenue includes debit card interchange and network revenues. This revenue is earned on debit card transactions that are conducted through payment networks such as MasterCard. The revenue is recorded as services are delivered and is presented net of interchange expenses.

Investment Commission Income

Revenue includes fees from the investment management advisory services and revenue is recognized when services are rendered. Revenue also includes commissions received from the placement of brokerage transactions for purchase or sale of stocks or other investments. Commission income is recognized when the transaction has been completed.

Trust Fee Income

Revenue includes fees from the management of trust assets and from other related advisory services. Revenue is recognized when services are rendered.

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Following is noninterest income separated by revenue within the scope of ASC 606 and revenue within the scope of other GAAP topics:

Three Months Ended Six Months Ended
June 30, June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) 2023 2022 2023 2022
Service charges and fees on deposit accounts $ 1,105 $ 1,036 $ 2,132 $ 2,067
Interchange income 1,166 1,317 2,406 2,475
Investment commission income 172 233 368 438
Trust fee income 196 176 380 354
Other charges and fees for customer services 155 125 292 274
Noninterest income from contracts with customers<br>within the scope of ASC 606 2,794 2,887 5,578 5,608
Noninterest income within the scope of other GAAP topics 691 543 1,578 1,668
Total noninterest income $ 3,485 $ 3,430 $ 7,156 $ 7,276

NOTE 8 – DERIVATIVE AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES

ChoiceOne is exposed to certain risks relating to its ongoing business operations. ChoiceOne utilizes interest rate derivatives as part of its asset liability management strategy to help manage its interest rate risk position. Derivative instruments represent contracts between parties that result in one party delivering cash to the other party based on a notional amount and an underlying term (such as a rate, security price or price index) as specified in the contract. The amount of cash delivered from one party to the other is determined based on the interaction of the notional amount of the contract with the underlying term. Derivatives are also implicit in certain contracts and commitments.

ChoiceOne recognizes derivative financial instruments in the consolidated financial statements at fair value regardless of the purpose or intent for holding the instrument. ChoiceOne records derivative assets and derivative liabilities on the balance sheet within other assets and other liabilities, respectively. Changes in the fair value of derivative financial instruments are either recognized in income or in shareholders’ equity as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income or loss depending on whether the derivative financial instrument qualifies for hedge accounting and, if so, whether it qualifies as a fair value hedge or cash flow hedge.

ChoiceOne currently uses interest rate swaps to manage its exposure to certain fixed and variable rate assets and variable rate liabilities.

Interest rate swaps

ChoiceOne uses interest rate swaps as part of its interest rate risk management strategy to add stability to net interest income and to manage its exposure to interest rate movements. Interest rate swaps designated as hedges involve the receipt of variable-rate amounts from a counterparty in exchange for ChoiceOne making fixed-rate payments or the receipt of fixed-rate amounts from a counterparty in exchange for ChoiceOne making variable rate payments, over the life of the agreements without the exchange of the underlying notional amount.

In the second quarter of 2022, ChoiceOne entered into two pay-floating/receive-fixed interest rate swaps (the “Pay Floating Swap Agreements”) for a total notional amount of $200.0 million that were designated as cash flow hedges. These derivatives hedge the variable cash flows of specifically identified available-for-sale securities, cash and loans. The Pay Floating Swap Agreements were determined to be highly effective during the periods presented and therefore no amount of ineffectiveness has been included in net income. The Pay Floating Swap Agreements pay a coupon rate equal to SOFR while receiving a fixed coupon rate of 2.41%. In March 2023, ChoiceOne terminated all Pay Floating Swap Agreements for a cash payment of $4.2 million. The loss will be amortized into interest income over 13 months, which was the remaining period of the swap agreements.

In the second quarter of 2022, ChoiceOne entered into one forward starting pay-fixed/receive-floating interest rate swap (the “Pay Fixed Swap Agreement”) for a notional amount of $200.0 million that was designated as a cash flow hedge. This derivative hedges the risk of variability in cash flows attributable to forecasted payments on future deposits or floating rate borrowings indexed to the SOFR Rate. The Pay Fixed Swap Agreement is two years forward starting with an eight-year term set to expire in 2032. The Pay Fixed Swap Agreements will pay a fixed coupon rate of 2.75% while receiving the SOFR Rate.

In the fourth quarter of 2022, ChoiceOne entered into four pay-fixed/receive-floating interest rate swaps, with payments starting in April 2024, for a total notional amount of $201.0 million that were designated as fair value hedges. These derivatives hedge the risk of changes in fair value of certain available for sale securities for changes in the SOFR benchmark interest rate component of the fixed rate bonds. All four of these hedges were effective immediately on December 22, 2022. Of the total notional value, $101.9 million has a ten-year term set to expire in 2032, with the benchmark SOFR interest rate risk component of the fixed rate bonds equal to 3.390%. Of the total notional value, $50.0 million has a nine-year term set to expire in 2031, with the benchmark SOFR interest rate risk component of the fixed rate bonds equal to 3.4015%. The remaining notional value of $49.1 million has a nine-year term set to expire in 2031, with the benchmark SOFR interest rate risk component of the fixed rate bond equal to 3.4030%. ChoiceOne adopted ASC2022-01, as of December 20, 2022, to use the portfolio layer method. The fair value basis adjustment associated with available-for-sale fixed rate bonds initially results in an adjustment to AOCI. For available-for-sale securities subject to fair value hedge accounting, the changes in the fair value of the fixed rate bonds related to the hedged risk (the benchmark interest rate component and the partial term) are then reclassed from AOCI to current earnings offsetting the fair value measurement change of the interest rate swap, which is also recorded in current earnings. Net cash settlements are received/paid semi-annually, with the first starting in March 2023, and will be included in interest income.

Net cash settlements received on these four pay-fixed/receive-floating swaps were $798,000 and $1.4 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, which were included in interest income.

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The table below presents the fair value of derivative financial instruments as well as the classification within the consolidated statements of financial condition:

June 30, 2023 December 31, 2022
(Dollars in thousands) Balance Sheet Location Fair Value Balance Sheet Location Fair Value
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments
Interest rate contracts Other Assets $ 11,177 Other Assets $ 9,204
Interest rate contracts Other Liabilities $ — Other Liabilities $ 5,823

The table below presents the effect of fair value and cash flow hedge accounting on the consolidated statements of operations for the periods presented:

Location and Amount of Gain or (Loss) Location and Amount of Gain or (Loss)
Recognized in Income on Fair Value and Cash Flow Hedging Relationships Recognized in Income on Fair Value and Cash Flow Hedging Relationships
Three months ended June 30, 2023 Three months ended June 30, 2022 Six months ended June 30, 2023 Six months ended June 30, 2022
Interest Income Interest Expense Interest Income Interest Expense Interest Income Interest Expense Interest Income Interest Expense
Total amounts of income and expense line items presented in the consolidated statements of income in which the effects of fair value or cash flow hedges are recorded $ (137 ) $ - $ 422 $ (155 ) $ (504 ) $ - $ 422 $ (155 )
Gain or (loss) on fair value hedging relationships:
Interest rate contracts:
Hedged items $ (6,753 ) $ - $ (71 ) $ - $ (731 ) $ - $ - $ -
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments $ 6,705 $ - $ 71 $ - $ 745 $ - $ - $ -
Amount excluded from effectiveness testing recognized in earnings based on amortization approach $ - $ - $ (153 ) $ - $ - $ - $ (153 ) $ -
Gain or (loss) on cash flow hedging relationships:
Interest rate contracts:
Amount of gain or (loss) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income into income $ (887 ) $ - $ - $ - $ (1,043 ) $ - $ - $ -
Amount excluded from effectiveness testing recognized in earnings based on amortization approach $ - $ - $ - $ (155 ) $ - $ - $ - $ (155 )

The table below presents the cumulative basis adjustments on hedged items designated as fair value hedges and the related amortized cost of those items as of the periods presented:

June 30, 2023
Cumulative amount of Fair
Value Hedging Adjustment
Line Item in the Statement of included in the carrying
Financial Position in which the Amortized cost of the amount of the Hedged
Hedged Item is included Hedged Assets/(Liabilities) Assets/(Liabilities)
Securities available for sale $ 224,399 $ 2,662

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion is designed to provide a review of the consolidated financial condition and results of operations of ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc. (“ChoiceOne”), its wholly-owned subsidiary ChoiceOne Bank, and ChoiceOne Bank’s wholly-owned subsidiary, ChoiceOne Insurance Agencies, Inc. This discussion should be read in conjunction with the interim consolidated financial statements and related notes.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This discussion and other sections of this quarterly report contain forward-looking statements that are based on management’s beliefs, assumptions, current expectations, estimates and projections about the financial services industry, the economy, and ChoiceOne. Words such as “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “expects,” “forecasts,” “intends,” “is likely,” “plans,” “predicts,” “projects,” “may,” “could,” “look forward,” “continue,” “future,” “will” and variations of such words and similar expressions are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. Management’s determination of the provision for credit losses and ACL, the carrying value of goodwill, loan servicing rights, other real estate owned, and the fair value of investment securities (including whether any impairment on any investment security is temporary or other-than-temporary and the amount of any impairment) and management’s assumptions concerning pension and other post-retirement benefit plans involve judgments that are inherently forward-looking. All of the information concerning interest rate sensitivity is forward-looking. All statements with references to future time periods are forward-looking. These statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve certain risks, uncertainties and assumptions (“risk factors”) that are difficult to predict with regard to timing, extent, likelihood, and degree of occurrence. Therefore, actual results and outcomes may materially differ from what may be expressed, implied or forecasted in such forward-looking statements. Furthermore, ChoiceOne undertakes no obligation to update, amend, or clarify forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise.

Additional risk factors include, but are not limited to, the risk factors discussed in Item 1A of ChoiceOne’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 and in Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. These are representative of the risk factors that could cause a difference between an ultimate actual outcome and a preceding forward-looking statement.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

ChoiceOne reported net income of $5,213,000 and $10,846,000 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, compared to $5,615,000 and $11,143,000 for the same periods in 2022. Diluted earnings per share were $0.69 and $1.44 in the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, compared to $0.75 and $1.49 per share in the same periods in the prior year. The increase in deposit costs during the first half of 2023 has negatively impacted earnings, offset by higher interest income from higher interest rates on loans and organic loan growth.

Total assets as of June 30, 2023, increased $73.8 million as compared to March 31, 2023. The asset growth during the second quarter of 2023 is due to an increase in cash of $21.6 million, an increase in core loans (which excludes held for sale loans, loans to other financial institutions, and PPP loans (“core loans”)) of $14.8 million or 4.9% annualized, and an increase in loans to other financial institutions of $38.8 million. Loans to other financial institutions is comprised of a warehouse line of credit to facilitate mortgage loan originations, and interest rates fluctuate with the national mortgage market. This balance is short term in nature with an average life of under 30 days. Management believes the short-term structure and low credit risk of this asset is advantageous in the current rate environment. Asset growth from June 30, 2022 to June 30, 2023 of $123.5 million is due to an increase in cash of $36.5 million and an increase in core loans of $145.8 million or 13.5%.

Deposits, excluding brokered deposits, decreased by $103.5 million or 4.8% as of June 30, 2023 compared to June 30, 2022 and decreased $33.1 million or 1.6% compared to March 31, 2023. The decrease in deposits since June 30, 2022 was largely concentrated in the first quarter of 2023 as a result of a combination of customers using cash on hand for debt payoffs, seasonal tax and municipal bond payments, and customers seeking higher rates via money market securities or other investments. Deposit outflows have stabilized in the second quarter of 2023 with monthly growth of deposits, excluding brokered deposits, in May and June of 2023. In the last 12 months ended June 30, 2023, approximately $39 million or 38% of the trailing 12-month deposit runoff has been transferred from bank deposits to the ChoiceOne Wealth department. During the second quarter of 2023, ChoiceOne borrowed $160 million from the Federal Reserve’s Bank Term Funding Program (BTFP). This program provides a 1-year term at a fixed rate with the ability to prepay at any time without penalty. Collateral pledged is U.S. Treasuries, agency debt and mortgage-backed securities valued at par. The interest rate on the BTFP borrowings as of June 30, 2023 is 4.71% and fixed through May of 2024. Management elected to use the BTFP over other funding options due to the favorable interest rate and terms offered.

The return on average assets and return on average shareholders’ equity were 0.86% and 12.13%, respectively, for the second quarter of 2023, compared to 0.95% and 12.68%, respectively, for the same period in 2022. The return on average assets and return on average shareholders’ equity were 0.90% and 12.75%, respectively, for the first six months of 2023, compared to 0.94% and 11.62%, respectively, for the same period in 2022. The decrease in the return on average shareholders' equity in the three months ended June 30, 2023, was caused by an increase in shareholders’ equity related to a decrease in unrealized losses on available for sale securities and an increase in the fair value of derivatives. The increase in return on average shareholders' equity in the six months ended June 30, 2023 was caused by a decline in shareholders equity related to the increase in unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities.

Dividends

Cash dividends of $2.0 million or $0.26 per share were declared in the second quarter of 2023, compared to $1.9 million or $0.25 per share in the second quarter of 2022. Cash dividends declared in the first six months of 2023 were $3.9 million or $0.52 per share, compared to $3.7 million or $0.50 per share in the same period during the prior year. The cash dividend payout percentage was 36.1% for the first half of 2023, compared to 33.6% in the same period in the prior year.

Interest Income and Expense

Tables 1 and 2 on the following pages provide information regarding interest income and expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022. Table 1 documents ChoiceOne’s average balances and interest income and expense, as well as the average rates earned or paid on assets and liabilities. Table 2 documents the effect on interest income and expense of changes in volume (average balance) and interest rates. These tables are referred to in the discussion of interest income, interest expense and net interest income.

Table 1 – Average Balances and Tax-Equivalent Interest Rates

Three Months Ended June 30,
2023 2022
(Dollars in thousands) Average Average
Balance Interest Rate Balance Interest Rate
Assets:
Loans (1)(3)(4)(5)(6) $ 1,218,860 $ 15,986 5.26 % $ 1,076,934 $ 12,529 4.65 %
Taxable securities (2)(6) 756,239 5,378 2.85 780,689 3,522 1.80
Nontaxable securities (1) 296,952 1,758 2.38 317,730 1,973 2.48
Other 41,075 571 5.57 40,728 63 0.61
Interest-earning assets 2,313,126 23,693 4.11 2,216,081 18,087 3.26
Noninterest-earning assets 109,441 145,398
Total assets $ 2,422,567 $ 2,361,479
Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity:
Interest-bearing demand deposits $ 815,179 $ 1,905 0.94 % $ 911,936 $ 627 0.27 %
Savings deposits 372,651 345 0.37 461,934 157 0.14
Certificates of deposit 285,160 2,225 3.13 181,851 211 0.47
Brokered deposit 49,679 581 4.69 - - 0.00
Borrowings 144,231 1,717 4.78 5,765 21 1.44
Subordinated debentures 35,352 407 4.62 35,095 361 4.11
Other 3,763 45 4.81 - - 0.00
Interest-bearing liabilities 1,706,015 7,225 1.70 1,596,581 1,377 0.34
Demand deposits 534,106 578,943
Other noninterest-bearing liabilities 10,534 8,870
Total liabilities 2,250,655 2,184,394
Shareholders' equity 171,912 177,085
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity $ 2,422,567 $ 2,361,479
Net interest income (tax-equivalent basis) (Non-GAAP) (1) $ 16,468 $ 16,710
Net interest margin (tax-equivalent basis) (Non-GAAP) (1) 2.86 % 3.02 %
Reconciliation to Reported Net Interest Income
Net interest income (tax-equivalent basis) (Non-GAAP) (1) $ 16,468 $ 16,710
Adjustment for taxable equivalent interest (377 ) (422 )
Net interest income (GAAP) $ 16,091 $ 16,288
Net interest margin (GAAP) 2.79 % 2.94 %

(1) Adjusted to a fully tax-equivalent basis to facilitate comparison to the taxable interest-earning assets. The adjustment uses an incremental tax rate of 21%. The presentation of these measures on a tax-equivalent basis is not in accordance with GAAP, but is customary in the banking industry. These non-GAAP measures ensure comparability with respect to both taxable and tax-exempt loans and securities.

(2) Taxable securities include dividend income from Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Bank stock.

(3) Loans include both loans to other financial institutions and loans held for sale.

(4) Non-accruing loan and PPP loan balances are included in the balances of average loans. Non-accruing loan average balances were $1.6 million and $1.3 million in the second quarter of 2023 and 2022, respectively. PPP loan average balances were $0 and $5.1 million in the second quarter of 2023 and 2022, respectively.

(5) Interest on loans included net origination fees, accretion income, and PPP fees. Accretion income was $444,000 and $408,000 in the second quarter of 2023 and 2022, respectively. PPP fees were approximately $0 and $283,000 in the second quarter of 2023 and 2022, respectively.

(6) Interest on loans and securities included derivative income and expense. Derivative income in securities was $523,000 and derivative expense in securities was $9,000 in the second quarter of 2023 and 2022, respectively. Derivative expense in loan interest income was $665,000 and derivative income in loan interest was $430,000 in the second quarter of 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Six Months Ended June 30,
2023 2022
(Dollars in thousands) Average Average
Balance Interest Rate Balance Interest Rate
Assets:
Loans (1)(3)(4)(5)(6) $ 1,210,611 $ 30,876 5.10 % $ 1,056,155 $ 24,832 4.70 %
Taxable securities (2)(6) 756,967 10,291 2.72 786,620 7,029 1.79
Nontaxable securities (1) 296,969 3,575 2.41 326,687 4,068 2.49
Other 30,325 748 4.93 38,521 76 0.39
Interest-earning assets 2,294,872 45,490 3.96 2,207,983 36,005 3.26
Noninterest-earning assets 112,160 155,796
Total assets $ 2,407,032 $ 2,363,779
Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity:
Interest-bearing demand deposits $ 845,140 $ 3,477 0.82 % $ 920,141 $ 1,062 0.23 %
Savings deposits 389,742 618 0.32 451,462 303 0.13
Certificates of deposit 266,611 3,504 2.63 180,620 413 0.46
Brokered deposit 31,322 733 4.68 - - 0.00
Borrowings 103,900 2,425 4.67 1,872 27 2.85
Subordinated debentures 35,321 809 4.58 36,509 725 3.97
Other 1,888 45 4.78 - - 0.00
Interest-bearing liabilities 1,673,924 11,611 1.39 1,590,604 2,530 0.32
Demand deposits 550,281 566,177
Other noninterest-bearing liabilities 12,721 15,235
Total liabilities 2,236,926 2,172,016
Shareholders' equity 170,106 191,763
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity $ 2,407,032 $ 2,363,779
Net interest income (tax-equivalent basis) (Non-GAAP) (1) $ 33,879 $ 33,475
Net interest margin (tax-equivalent basis) (Non-GAAP) (1) 2.95 % 3.03 %
Reconciliation to Reported Net Interest Income
Net interest income (tax-equivalent basis) (Non-GAAP) (1) $ 33,879 $ 33,475
Adjustment for taxable equivalent interest (776 ) (866 )
Net interest income (GAAP) $ 33,103 $ 32,609
Net interest margin (GAAP) 2.88 % 2.95 %

(1) Adjusted to a fully tax-equivalent basis to facilitate comparison to the taxable interest-earning assets. The adjustment uses an incremental tax rate of 21%. The presentation of these measures on a tax-equivalent basis is not in accordance with GAAP, but is customary in the banking industry. These non-GAAP measures ensure comparability with respect to both taxable and tax-exempt loans and securities.

(2) Taxable securities include dividend income from Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Bank stock.

(3) Loans include both loans to other financial institutions and loans held for sale.

(4) Non-accruing loan and PPP loan balances are included in the balances of average loans. Non-accruing loan average balances were $1.5 million and $1.4 million in the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. PPP loan average balances were $0 and $14.5 million in the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

(5) Interest on loans included net origination fees, accretion income, and PPP fees. Accretion income was $916,000 and $1.2 million in the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. PPP fees were approximately $0 and $1.2 million in the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

(6) Interest on loans and securities included derivative income and expense. Derivative income in securities was $896,000 and derivative expense in securities was $9,000 in the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Derivative expense in loan interest income was $1.4 million and derivative income in loan interest was $430,000 in the six months ended June 30, 2023and 2022, respectively.

Table 2 – Changes in Tax-Equivalent Net Interest Income

Three Months Ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) 2023 Over 2022
Total Volume Rate
Increase (decrease) in interest income (1)
Loans (2) $ 3,457 $ 1,732 $ 1,725
Taxable securities 1,856 (741 ) 2,597
Nontaxable securities (2) (215 ) (130 ) (85 )
Other 508 1 507
Net change in interest income 5,606 862 4,744
Increase (decrease) in interest expense (1)
Interest-bearing demand deposits 1,278 (448 ) 1,726
Savings deposits 188 (204 ) 392
Certificates of deposit 2,014 184 1,830
Brokered deposit 581 581 -
Borrowings 1,696 1,547 149
Subordinated debentures 46 3 43
Other 45 45 -
Net change in interest expense 5,848 1,708 4,140
Net change in tax-equivalent net interest income $ (242 ) $ (846 ) $ 604
Six Months Ended June 30,
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
(Dollars in thousands) 2023 Over 2022
Total Volume Rate
Increase (decrease) in interest income (1)
Loans (2) $ 6,044 $ 4,679 $ 1,365
Taxable securities 3,262 (513 ) 3,775
Nontaxable securities (2) (493 ) (417 ) (76 )
Other 672 (38 ) 710
Net change in interest income 9,485 3,711 5,774
Increase (decrease) in interest expense (1)
Interest-bearing demand deposits 2,415 (181 ) 2,596
Savings deposits 315 (85 ) 400
Certificates of deposit 3,091 519 2,572
Brokered deposit 733 733 0
Borrowings 2,398 2,384 14
Subordinated debentures 84 (41 ) 125
Other 45 45 0
Net change in interest expense 9,081 3,374 5,707
Net change in tax-equivalent net interest income $ 404 $ 337 $ 67

(1) The volume variance is computed as the change in volume (average balance) multiplied by the previous year’s interest rate. The rate variance is computed as the change in interest rate multiplied by the previous year’s volume (average balance). The change in interest due to both volume and rate has been allocated to the volume and rate changes in proportion to the relationship of the absolute dollar amounts of the change in each.

(2) Interest on nontaxable investment securities and loans has been adjusted to a fully tax-equivalent basis using an incremental tax rate of 21%.

Net Interest Income

Tax-equivalent net interest income decreased $242,000 and increased $404,000 in the second quarter and first six months of 2023, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2022. The Federal Reserve increased the federal funds rate by 5.00% from March 31, 2022 to June 30, 2023 in response to published inflation rates. This increased rates on newly originated loans and increased rates paid on deposits. Tax equivalent net interest margin decreased 16 basis points and 8 basis points in the second quarter and first six months of 2023 to 2.86% and 2.95%, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2022. GAAP based net interest margin decreased 15 basis points and 7 basis points in the second quarter and first six months of 2023 to 2.79% and 2.88%, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2022. GAAP Net interest margin during the month of June 2023 was 2.75%.

The following table presents the cost of deposits and the cost of funds for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022.

Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
2023 2022 2023 2022
Cost of deposits 0.98 % 0.19 % 0.80 % 0.17 %
Cost of funds 1.29 % 0.25 % 2.09 % 0.47 %

ChoiceOne has experienced substantial core loan growth from June 30, 2022 to June 30, 2023, leading to an increase in interest income from loans of $3.5 million and $6.0 million in the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, compared to the same periods in the prior year. Average core loans grew $168.7 million and $181.2 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively, compared to the same periods in the prior year. In addition, the average rate earned on loans increased 61 basis points and 40 basis points for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, compared to the same periods in the prior year. The increase in interest income from loans and the average rate increase on loans was muted by a decline in PPP fees and an increase in derivative expense in the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the same periods in 2022. PPP fee income in the first six months of 2023 was $0 compared to $283,000 and $1.2 million in the three and six months ended June 30, 2022. Derivative expense was $665,000 and $1.4 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, compared to derivative income in the prior year of $431,000 during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022.

The average balance of total securities decreased $45.2 million and $59.4 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, compared to the same periods in the prior year. The decrease is due to the liquidation of $31.8 million in securities during the first six months of 2022, with the remainder attributed to paydowns and a decline in the fair value of available for sale securities. The average rate earned on securities increased 71 basis points and 64 basis points for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, compared to the same periods in the prior year, which was aided by $523,000 and $896,000 of income related to derivative instruments for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, compared to the same periods in the prior year.

Interest expense increased $5.8 million and $9.1 million in the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, compared to the same periods in the prior year. The average rate paid on interest bearing-demand deposits and savings deposits increased 53 basis points and 46 basis points in the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, compared to the same periods in the prior year. This was offset by the decline in the average balance of interest bearing-demand deposits and savings deposits, of $186.0 million and $136.7 million during the respective time periods. The increase in the average balance of certificates of deposit of $103.3 million and $86.0 million, combined with a 266 basis point and 217 basis point increase in the rate paid on certificates of deposits in the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, compared to the same periods in the prior year, led to an increase in interest expense of $2.0 million and $3.1 million during the respective time periods.

In order to bolster liquidity, ChoiceOne borrowed $160.0 million from the Bank Term Funding Program ("BTFP") and obtained $51.4 million in brokered deposits at the end of the second quarter of 2023. The net effect of these additional borrowed funds and brokered CDs was an increase in interest expense of $2.3 million and $3.1 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2022.

In September 2021, ChoiceOne completed a private placement of $32.5 million in aggregate principal amount of 3.25% fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes due 2031. In addition, ChoiceOne holds certain subordinated debentures issued in connection with a trust preferred securities offering that were obtained as part of the merger with Community Shores. The average balance of subordinated debentures was relatively flat in the second quarter of 2023 compared to the same period in the prior year.

Provision and Allowance for Credit Losses

On January 1, 2023, ChoiceOne adopted ASU 2016-13 CECL which caused an increase in the ACL of $7.2 million. The large increase is partially due to the current economic environment and the nature of the CECL calculation. Approximately 20% of this increase is related to the migration of purchased loans into the portfolio assessed by the CECL calculation. ChoiceOne also booked a liability for expected credit losses on unfunded loans and other commitments of $3.3 million related to the adoption of CECL guidance. These unfunded loans are open credit lines with current customers and loans approved by ChoiceOne but not funded. The increase in the allowance and the cost of the liability resulted in a decrease in the retained earnings account on our Consolidated Balance Sheet equal to the after-tax impact, with the tax impact portion being recorded in deferred taxes in our Consolidated balance Sheet in accordance with FASB guidance.

The ACL consists of general and specific components. The general component covers loans collectively evaluated for credit loss and is based on peer historical loss experience adjusted for current and forecasted factors. Management's adjustment for current and forecasted factors is based on trends in delinquencies, trends in charge-offs and recoveries, trends in the volume of loans, changes in underwriting standards, trends in loan review findings, the experience and ability of lending staff, and a reasonable and supportable economic forecast described further below.

The determination of our loss factors is based, in part, upon benchmark peer loss history adjusted for qualitative factors that, in management's judgment, affect the collectability of the portfolio as of the analysis date. ChoiceOne's lookback period of benchmark peer net charge-off history was from January 1, 2004 through December 31, 2019 for this analysis.

Loans individually evaluated for credit losses decreased by $723,000 to $2.1 million during the six months ended June 30, 2023, and the ACL related to these individually evaluated loans decreased by $81,000 during the six months ended June 30, 2023 largely due to the loan balances being fully collateralized compared to December 31, 2022.

Nonperforming loans, which includes Other Real Estate Owned (OREO) but excludes performing TLM and TDR loans, were $1.8 million as of June 30, 2023, compared to $2.7 million as of December 31, 2022. The ACL was 1.15% of total loans at June 30, 2023, compared to 1.24% as of January 1, 2023 (the CECL adoption date) and 0.64% at December 31, 2022. The liability for expected credit losses on unfunded loans and other commitments was $3.2 million on June 30, 2023, compared to $3.3 million as of January 1, 2023 (the CECL adoption date) and did not exist on December 31, 2022.

Net charge-offs were $95,000 in the first six months of 2023, compared to net charge-offs of $272,000 during the same period in 2022. Checking account charge-off and recovery activity is included in the consumer charge-off activity below. Net charge-offs for checking accounts for the second quarter of 2023 were $100,000 compared to $113,000 for the same period in the prior year. Net charge-offs on an annualized basis as a percentage of average loans were 0.03% in the first six months of 2023 compared to annualized net charge-offs of 0.05% of average loans in the same period in the prior year.

Charge-offs and recoveries for respective loan categories for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

(Dollars in thousands) 2023 2022
Charge-offs Recoveries Charge-offs Recoveries
Agricultural $ — $ — $ — $ —
Commercial and industrial - 29 131 4
Consumer 271 129 255 106
Commercial real estate — 13 — 2
Construction real estate — — — —
Residential real estate — 5 — 2
$ 271 $ 176 $ 386 $ 114

The provision for credit losses benefit was $415,000 and $106,000 in the second quarter of 2023 and first six months of 2023, respectively, compared to $0 in the same periods in the prior year. The provision benefit was deemed necessary due to the impact of improvements in the FOMC forecast for unemployment and GDP growth exceeding the provision required for loan growth in the second quarter and first half of 2023. The FOMC forecast for change in real GDP improved from 0.4% in March to 1.0% in June while the unemployment rate forecast improved from 4.5% in March to 4.1% in June.

The loan provision benefit was offset by the increase in unfunded commitments provision of $165,000 in the second quarter of 2023 as ChoiceOne saw increases in the pipeline for new loans approved but not funded. The total unfunded commitments increased $50.1 million in the second quarter of 2023 compared to March 31, 2023 and $40.0 million compared to January 1, 2023.

The net provision benefit of $250,000 and $225,000 was recorded in the second quarter and first six months of 2023, respectively, compared to zero for the same periods in 2022.

Noninterest Income

Total noninterest income increased $55,000 or 1.59% and decreased $120,000 or 1.7% in the second quarter and first half of 2023, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2022. This was largely due to a decline of $748,000 in gains on sales of loans for the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the same period in the prior year. With the rapid rise in interest rates, refinancing activity has slowed and the rate environment for mortgage loans has become increasingly competitive. This decline was offset by reduced losses on the sale of securities and a smaller decline in the change in market value of equity securities. Equity investments include local community bank stocks and Community Reinvestment Act bond mutual funds.

Noninterest Expense

Total noninterest expense increased $416,000 or 3.2% and $721,000 or 2.7% in the second quarter and first half of 2023, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2022. The increase in total noninterest expense was related to inflationary pressures on employee wages and benefits. This increase was offset by decreases in other categories including intangible amortization and fraud losses. ChoiceOne continues to monitor expenses and looks to improve our efficiency through automation and use of digital tools. ChoiceOne launched an enhanced treasury services online platform for business clients during the first quarter of 2023. This new platform targets mid-sized businesses and municipalities who require enhanced reporting, security, and payment capabilities. Management believes that continuing to invest in our technology and people is the right way to maintain sustainable growth.

Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense was $2.1 million in the first six months of 2023 compared to $1.9 million for the same period in 2022. The effective tax rate was 16.0% for the first six months of 2023 compared to 14.5% for the same period in 2022. In the six months ended June 30, 2023, non taxable municipal interest decreased and disallowed interest expense increased compared to the first six months of 2022.

FINANCIAL CONDITION

Securities

Total available for sale securities on June 30, 2023, were $521.2 million compared to $529.7 on December 31, 2022, with the small decrease caused by $15.2 million of principal repayments, calls or maturities, which was offset by an increase in the fair value of the underlying securities. The unrealized loss on securities available for sale declined by $9.4 million in the first six months of 2023. ChoiceOne's held to maturity securities declined slightly during the first half of 2023, as $3.2 million of securities were called or matured and principal repayments on securities totaled $1.9 million. The securities portfolio is projected to produce approximately $179 million of cashflows over the next two years as lower yielding assets mature.

At June 30, 2023, ChoiceOne had $148.4 million in unrealized losses on its investment securities, including $79.6 million in unrealized losses on available for sale securities and $68.8 in unrealized losses on held to maturity securities. Unrealized losses on corporate and municipal bonds have not been recognized into income because management believes the issuers’ are of high credit quality, and management does not intend to sell prior to their anticipated recovery, and the decline in fair value is largely due to changes in interest rates and other market conditions. The issuers continue to make timely principal and interest payments on the bonds. The fair value is expected to recover as the bonds approach maturity.

ChoiceOne utilizes interest rate derivatives as part of its asset liability management strategy to help manage its interest rate risk position. In order to hedge the risk of rising rates and unrealized losses on securities resulting from the rising rates, ChoiceOne currently holds four interest rate swaps with a total notional value of $401.0 million. These derivative instruments increase in value as long-term interest rates rise, which offsets the reduction in shareholders' equity due to unrealized losses on securities available for sale. Refer to footnote 8 for more discussion on ChoiceOne’s derivative position.

Equity securities included a money market preferred security ("MMP") of $1.0 million and common stock of $7.3 million as of June 30, 2023. As of December 31, 2022, equity securities included an MMP of $1.0 million and common stock of $7.6 million.

Per U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, unrealized gains or losses on securities available for sale are reflected on the balance sheet in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), while unrealized gains or losses on securities held to maturity are not reflected on the balance sheet in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

Loans

Core loans grew organically by $14.8 million or 4.9% on an annualized basis during the second quarter of 2023 and $145.8 million or 13.5% since June 30, 2022. Loans to other financial institutions increased to $38.8 million as of June 30, 2023, compared to $37.4 million as of June 30, 2022. Loans to other financial institutions is comprised of a warehouse line of credit to facilitate mortgage loan originations and the interest rate fluctuates with the national mortgage market. This balance is short term in nature with an average life of under 30 days. Management believes the short-term structure and low credit risk of this asset is advantageous in the current rate environment. Loan interest income increased $3.5 million in the second quarter of 2023 compared to the same period in 2022, despite being offset by a decline in PPP fees and an increase in derivative expense in the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the same periods in 2022. PPP fee income in 2023 was $0 compared to $283,000 and $1.2 million in the three and six months ended June 30, 2022. Derivative expense was $665,000 and $1.4 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, compared to derivative income in the prior year of $431,000 during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022.

Loan growth was concentrated in commercial real estate loans which grew $91.1 million in the trailing twelve months from June 30, 2023. Much of this growth in commercial real estate loans is directly the result of the new loan production offices in both the city of Wyoming and Macomb County as well as the newly hired experienced lenders in these locations. Approximately 12% of this commercial real estate loan growth is a single land development loan which consists of high end single family homes currently under construction, 85% of which are pre-sold. Another 19% of this growth is owner-occupied and mainly consists of current customers who are expanding businesses that are performing well in the current environment. Residential real estate loans also grew $52.7 million in the trailing twelve months from June 30, 2023 as the 5/1 ARM product became popular as a mortgage option and it is less salable than more traditional fixed-rate mortgage products. These large increases were offset by declines in agricultural loans of $18.6 million and construction real estate loans of $1.2 million during the period beginning on July 1, 2022 through June 30, 2023.

During the second quarter and first half of 2023, ChoiceOne recorded accretion income related to acquired loans in the amount of $444,000 and $916,000, respectively. Remaining credit and yield mark on acquired loans from the mergers with County Bank Corp. and Community Shores will accrete into income as the acquired loans mature. The remaining yield mark on acquired loans from the mergers with County Bank Corp. and Community Shores totaled $3.3 million as of June 30, 2023.

Asset Quality

Information regarding individually evaluated loans can be found in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements included in this report. The total balance of individually evaluated loans was $2.1 million on June 30, 2023, compared to $2.8 million of impaired loans as of December 31, 2022. The change in the first six months of 2023 was primarily due to the decline in non-accrual residential mortgage loans.

As part of its review of the loan portfolio, management also monitors the various nonperforming loans. Nonperforming loans are comprised of loans accounted for on a nonaccrual basis and loans, not included in nonaccrual loans, which are contractually past due 90 days or more as to interest or principal payments.

The balances of these nonperforming loans were as follows:

(Dollars in thousands) June 30, December 31,
2023 2022
Loans accounted for on a nonaccrual basis $ 1,581 $ 1,263
Accruing loans which are contractually past due 90 days or more as to principal or interest payments — —
Loans past due defined as "troubled loan modifications" or "troubled debt restructurings " which are not included above 129 —
Total $ 1,710 $ 1,263

The small increase in the balance of nonaccrual loans in the second quarter of 2023 was primarily due to the increase in residential mortgage loans. Management believes the ACL allocated to its nonperforming loans was sufficient at June 30, 2023.

Goodwill

Goodwill is not amortized but is evaluated annually for impairment and on an interim basis if events or changes in circumstances indicate that goodwill might be impaired. The goodwill impairment test is performed by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, and an impairment charge would be recognized for any amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit's fair value. Accounting pronouncements allow a company to first perform a qualitative assessment for goodwill prior to a quantitative assessment (Step 1 assessment). If the results of the qualitative assessment indicate that it is more likely than not that goodwill is impaired, then a quantitative assessment must be performed. If not, there is no further assessment required. ChoiceOne acquired Valley Ridge Financial Corp. in 2006, County Bank Corp. in 2019, and Community Shores in 2020, which resulted in the recognition of goodwill of $13.7 million, $38.9 million and $7.3 million, respectively.

ChoiceOne conducted an annual assessment of goodwill as of June 30, 2023 and no impairment was identified. ChoiceOne used a qualitative assessment to determine goodwill was not impaired.

During the prior year, ChoiceOne engaged a third party valuation firm to assist in performing a quantitative analysis of goodwill as of November 30, 2022 ("the valuation date"). In deriving the fair value of the reporting unit (the Bank), the third-party firm assessed general economic conditions and outlook; industry and market considerations and outlook; the impact of recent events to financial performance; the market price of ChoiceOne’s common stock and other relevant events. In addition, the valuation relied on financial projections through 2027 and growth rates prepared by management. Based on the valuation prepared, it was determined that ChoiceOne's estimated fair value of the reporting unit at the valuation date was greater than its book value and impairment of goodwill was not required.

Management concurred with the conclusion derived from the quantitative goodwill analysis as of the valuation date and determined that there were no material changes and that no triggering events had occurred that indicated impairment from the valuation date through June 30, 2023, and as a result that it is more likely than not that there was no goodwill impairment.

Deposits and Borrowings

ChoiceOne saw deposits, excluding brokered deposits, decline $83.0 million or 3.9% in the first six months of 2023 compared to December 31, 2022. The decrease in deposits was largely concentrated in the first quarter of 2023 as a result of a combination of customers using cash on hand for debt payoffs, seasonal tax and municipal bond payments, and customers seeking higher rates via money market securities or other investments. Deposit outflows have stabilized in the second quarter of 2023 with monthly growth of deposits in May and June of 2023. In the last 12 months ended June 30, 2023, approximately $39 million or 38% of the trailing 12-month deposit runoff has been transferred from bank deposits to the ChoiceOne Wealth department, which is off balance sheet. The cost of deposits has increased to 0.98% during the three months ended June 30, 2023 compared to 0.62% and 0.19% for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and June 30, 2022, respectively, due to rising short term interest rates and is expected to continue to increase as deposits reprice. ChoiceOne is actively managing these costs and expects rates paid on deposits to continue to lag the federal fund rate.

Uninsured deposits total $700.3 million or 34.4% of deposits at June 30, 2023 compared to $751.4.million, or 36% of total deposits and $823.2 million, or 39% of total deposits at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. At June 30, 2023, total available borrowing capacity from all sources was $791.7 million, which exceeds uninsured deposits.

In September 2021, ChoiceOne completed a private placement of $32.5 million in aggregate principal amount of 3.25% fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes due 2031. ChoiceOne also holds $3.2 million in subordinated debentures issued in connection with a $4.5 million trust preferred securities offering, which were obtained in the merger with Community Shores, offset by the merger mark-to-market adjustment.

During the second quarter of 2023, ChoiceOne borrowed $160 million from the Federal Reserve’s Bank Term Funding Program (BTFP). This program provides a 1-year term at a fixed rate with the ability to prepay at any time without penalty. The interest rate on the BTFP borrowings as of June 30, 2023 is 4.71% and fixed through May of 2024. Collateral pledged is U.S. Treasuries, agency debt and mortgage-backed securities valued at par. The interest rate on the BTFP borrowings as of June 30, 2023 is 4.71% and fixed through May of 2024. During the first six months of 2023 ChoiceOne also obtained $51.4 million in short term brokered deposits, which were fixed at below market rates prior to the latest increase to the federal funds rate by the Federal Reserve. Brokered deposits allow us to preserve borrowing capacity at more accessible funding options. ChoiceOne will continue to use brokered deposits, Federal Home Loan Bank advances, advances from the Federal Reserve Bank Discount Window, and the Bank Term Funding Program to meet short-term funding needs in the remainder of 2023.

Shareholders' Equity

Shareholders’ equity totaled $179.2 million as of June 30, 2023, a $10.4 million increase compared to December 31, 2022. The increase is primarily due to a decrease in the after-tax net unrealized loss on securities available for sale resulting from higher market interest rates. ChoiceOne uses interest rate swaps to manage interest rate exposure to certain fixed assets and variable rate liabilities. On June 30, 2023 ChoiceOne has pay-fixed interest rate swaps with a total notional value of $401.0 million. These derivative instruments increase in value as long-term interest rates rise, which offsets the reduction in equity due to unrealized losses on securities available for sale.

On January 1, 2023, ChoiceOne adopted ASU 2016-13 CECL which caused an increase in the ACL of $7.2 million and booked a liability for expected credit losses on unfunded loans and other commitments of $3.3 million related to the adoption of CECL guidance. The increase in the allowance and the cost of the liability resulted in a decrease in the retained earnings account on our Consolidated Balance Sheet equal to the after-tax impact, with the tax impact portion being recorded in deferred taxes in our Consolidated balance Sheet in accordance with FASB guidance. This reduction in retained earnings was offset by first quarter 2023 earnings and recovery of accumulated other comprehensive loss.

Regulatory Capital Requirements

Following is information regarding compliance of ChoiceOne and ChoiceOne Bank with regulatory capital requirements:

Minimum Required
to be Well
Minimum Required Capitalized Under
for Capital Prompt Corrective
(Dollars in thousands) Actual Adequacy Purposes Action Regulations
Amount Ratio Amount Ratio Amount Ratio
June 30, 2023
ChoiceOne Financial Services Inc.
Total capital (to risk weighted assets) $ 223,004 13.2 % $ 135,279 8.0 % N/A N/A
Common equity Tier 1 capital (to risk weighted assets) 177,911 10.5 76,094 4.5 N/A N/A
Tier 1 capital (to risk weighted assets) 182,411 10.8 101,459 6.0 N/A N/A
Tier 1 capital (to average assets) 182,411 7.7 94,633 4.0 N/A N/A
ChoiceOne Bank
Total capital (to risk weighted assets) $ 214,046 12.7 % $ 135,044 8.0 % $ 168,805 10.0 %
Common equity Tier 1 capital (to risk weighted assets) 205,497 12.2 75,962 4.5 109,723 6.5
Tier 1 capital (to risk weighted assets) 205,497 12.2 101,283 6.0 135,044 8.0
Tier 1 capital (to average assets) 205,497 8.7 94,500 4.0 118,125 5.0
December 31, 2022
ChoiceOne Financial Services Inc.
Total capital (to risk weighted assets) $ 222,006 13.8 % $ 128,545 8.0 % N/A N/A
Common equity Tier 1 capital (to risk weighted assets) 177,916 11.1 72,307 4.5 N/A N/A
Tier 1 capital (to risk weighted assets) 182,416 11.4 96,409 6.0 N/A N/A
Tier 1 capital (to average assets) 182,416 7.9 92,558 4.0 N/A N/A
ChoiceOne Bank
Total capital (to risk weighted assets) $ 208,696 13.0 % $ 128,294 8.0 % $ 160,367 10.0 %
Common equity Tier 1 capital (to risk weighted assets) 201,077 12.5 72,165 4.5 104,239 6.5
Tier 1 capital (to risk weighted assets) 201,077 12.5 96,220 6.0 128,294 8.0
Tier 1 capital (to average assets) 201,077 8.7 92,449 4.0 115,562 5.0

Management reviews the capital levels of ChoiceOne and ChoiceOne Bank on a regular basis. The Board of Directors and management believe that the capital levels as of June 30, 2023 are adequate for the foreseeable future. The Board of Directors’ determination of appropriate cash dividends for future periods will be based on, among other things, market conditions and ChoiceOne’s requirements for cash and capital.

Liquidity

Net cash provided by operating activities was $25.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to $22.3 million in the same period in 2022. The change was due to lower net proceeds from loan sales in 2023 compared to 2022, which was offset by change in other assets. Net cash used in investing activities was $66.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to $52.8 million used in the same period in 2022. ChoiceOne purchased $6.2 million of securities and had maturities, principal paydowns or sales of securities of $20.3 million in the first six months of 2023 compared to $38.4 million of purchases and $62.7 million of maturities, principal paydowns or sales in the same period in 2022. An increase in net loan originations led to cash used of $74.6 million in the first six months of 2023 compared to $59.6 million used in the same period during the prior year. Net cash provided by financing activities was $74.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared to $38.9 million in the same period in the prior year. ChoiceOne experienced a decline of $31.6 million in deposits in the first six months of 2023 compared to $86.2 million of growth in the same period in 2022. ChoiceOne increased borrowing by $110.0 million in the first six months of 2023 compared to a decrease of $43.0 million in the same period during the prior year.

ChoiceOne's market risk exposure occurs in the form of interest rate risk and liquidity risk. ChoiceOne's business is transacted in U.S. dollars with no foreign exchange risk exposure. Agricultural loans comprise a relatively small portion of ChoiceOne's total assets. Management believes that ChoiceOne's exposure to changes in commodity prices is insignificant.

Liquidity risk deals with ChoiceOne's ability to meet its cash flow requirements. These requirements include depositors desiring to withdraw funds and borrowers seeking credit. Longer-term liquidity needs may be met through core deposit growth, maturities of and cash flows from investment securities, normal loan repayments, advances from the FHLB and the Federal Reserve Bank, brokered certificates of deposit, and income retention. ChoiceOne had $160.0 million in outstanding borrowings from the Federal Reserve’s Bank Term Funding Program (BTFP) as of June 30, 2023. ChoiceOne had no outstanding borrowings at the FHLB as of June 30, 2023. The acceptance of brokered certificates of deposit is not limited as long as the Bank is categorized as “well capitalized” under regulatory guidelines. At June 30, 2023, total available borrowing capacity from the FHLB and the Federal Reserve Bank was $791.7 million.

ChoiceOne continues to review its liquidity management and has taken steps in an effort to ensure adequacy. These steps include limiting bond purchases in the first six months of 2023, pledging securities to FHLB and the Federal Reserve Bank in order to increase borrowing capacity and using alternative funding sources such as brokered deposits.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

An evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of ChoiceOne’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of ChoiceOne’s disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2023. Based on and as of the time of that evaluation, ChoiceOne’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, concluded that ChoiceOne’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report to ensure that material information required to be disclosed in the reports that ChoiceOne files or submits under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”) is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that ChoiceOne files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including ChoiceOne’s principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

There was no change in ChoiceOne’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the three months ended June 30, 2023 that has materially affected, or that is reasonably likely to materially affect, ChoiceOne’s internal control over financial reporting.

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

There are no material pending legal proceedings to which ChoiceOne or ChoiceOne Bank is a party or to which any of their properties are subject, except for proceedings that arose in the ordinary course of business.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

Information concerning risk factors is contained in the discussion in Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” in ChoiceOne’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

There were no unregistered sales of equity securities in the second quarter of 2023.

There were no issuer purchases of equity securities during the second quarter of 2023.

Item 5. Other Information

None.

Item 6. Exhibits

The following exhibits are filed or incorporated by reference as part of this report:

Exhibit<br>Number Document
3.1 Restated Articles of Incorporation of ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc. Previously filed as an exhibit to ChoiceOne’s Form 10-K Annual Report for the year ended December 31, 2022. Here incorporated by reference.
3.2 Bylaws of ChoiceOne as currently in effect and any amendments thereto. Previously filed as an exhibit to ChoiceOne’s Form 8-K filed April 21, 2021. Here incorporated by reference.
4.1 Advances, Pledge and Security Agreement between ChoiceOne Bank and the Federal Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis. Previously filed as an exhibit to ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc.’s Form 10-K Annual Report for the year ended December 31, 2013. Here incorporated by reference.
4.2 Form of 3.25% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Note due September 3, 2031. Previously filed as an exhibit to ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc.'s Form 8-K filed September 7, 2021. Here incorporated by reference.
4.3 Form of 3.25% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Global Subordinated Note due September 3, 2031. Previously filed as an exhibit to ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc.'s Form 8-K filed September 7, 2021. Here incorporated by reference.
31.1 Certification of Chief Executive Officer
31.2 Certification of Chief Financial Officer
32.1 Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350.
101.INS Inline XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

CHOICEONE FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC.
Date: August 14, 2023 /s/ Kelly J. Potes
Kelly J. Potes<br>Chief Executive Officer<br>(Principal Executive Officer)
Date: August 14, 2023 /s/ Adom J. Greenland
Adom J. Greenland<br>Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer<br>(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

EX-31.1

EXHIBIT 31.1

CERTIFICATIONS

I, Kelly J. Potes, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The Registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the Registrant and have:

a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the Registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) Disclosed in this report any change in the Registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the Registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the Registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The Registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the Registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: August 14, 2023
/s/ Kelly J. Potes
Kelly J. Potes<br>Chief Executive Officer<br>ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc.

EX-31.2

EXHIBIT 31.2

CERTIFICATIONS

I, Adom J. Greenland, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The Registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the Registrant and have:

a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the Registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) Disclosed in this report any change in the Registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the Registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the Registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The Registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the Registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: August 14, 2023
/s/ Adom J. Greenland
Adom J. Greenland<br>Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer<br>ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc.

EX-32.1

EXHIBIT 32.1

CERTIFICATION

Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, each of the undersigned hereby certifies in his capacity as an officer of ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc. (the “Company”) that the Quarterly Report of the Company on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2023 fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and that the information contained in such report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition of the Company at the end of such period and the results of operations of the Company for such period.

Date: August 14, 2023 /s/ Kelly J. Potes
Kelly J. Potes<br>Chief Executive Officer
Date: August 14, 2023 /s/ Adom J. Greenland
Adom J. Greenland<br>Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer

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