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Equibles

10-Q

First Citizens Bancshares Inc /De/ (FCNCA)

10-Q 2023-08-04 For: 2023-06-30
View Original
Added on April 10, 2026

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

____________________________________________________

FORM 10-Q

____________________________________________________

☒ Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2023
or
☐ Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

Commission File Number: 001-16715

First Citizens BancShares, Inc.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware 56-1528994
(State or other jurisdiction of<br>incorporation or organization) (I.R.S. Employer<br>Identification Number)
4300 Six Forks Road Raleigh North Carolina 27609
(Address of principle executive offices) (Zip code)
(919) 716-7000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

____________________________________________________

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934:
Title of each class Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A Common Stock, Par Value 1 Nasdaq Global Select Market
Depositary Shares, Each Representing a 1/40th Interest in a Share of 5.375% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series A Nasdaq Global Select Market
5.625% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series C Nasdaq Global Select Market
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934:
Class B Common Stock, Par Value 1

All values are in US Dollars.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and ‘emerging growth company’ in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☒ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Class A Common Stock— 13,514,849 shares

Class B Common Stock—1,005,185 shares

(Number of shares outstanding, by class, as of July 31, 2023

CONTENTS
Part One — Financial Information:
Item 1. Financial Statements 4
Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) 4
Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited) 5
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited) 6
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity (Unaudited) 7
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) 9
Notes to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements 11
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 65
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk 113
Item 4. Controls and Procedures 114
Part Two — Other Information:
Item 1. Legal Proceedings 114
Item 1A. Risk Factors 114
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds 114
Item 5. Other Information 114
Item 6. Exhibits 115
Signatures 116

GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

The following is a list of certain abbreviations and acronyms we use throughout this document. You may find it helpful to refer back to this table.

Acronym Definition Acronym Definition
ACL Allowance for Credit Losses HOA Home Owner’s Association
AFS Available for Sale HQLS High Quality Liquid Securities
AOCI Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income HTM Held to Maturity
ASC Accounting Standards Codification ISDA International Swaps and Derivatives Association
ASU Accounting Standards Update LIBOR London Inter-Bank Offered Rate
BHC Bank Holding Company LGD Loss Given Default
BOLI Bank Owned Life Insurance LOCOM Lower of the Cost or Market Value
bps Basis point(s); 1 bp = 0.01% MD&A Management’s Discussion and Analysis
C&I Commercial and Industrial MSRs Mortgage Servicing Rights
CAB Community Association Banking NCCOB North Carolina Commissioner of Banks
CCAR Comprehensive Capital Analysis and Review NII Net Interest Income
CECL Current Expected Credit Losses NII Sensitivity Net Interest Income Sensitivity
DPA Deferred Purchase Agreement NIM Net Interest Margin
DTAs Deferred Tax Assets OREO Other Real Estate Owned
EAD Exposure at Default PAA Purchase Accounting Adjustments
ETR Effective Tax Rate PCA Prompt corrective action
EVE Sensitivity Economic Value of Equity Sensitivity PCAOB Public Company Accounting Oversight Board
FASB Financial Accounting Standards Board PCD Purchased Credit Deteriorated
FCB First-Citizens Bank & Trust Company PD Probability of Obligor Default
FDIC Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation R&S Reasonable and Supportable
FHA Federal Housing Administration PPP Paycheck Protection Program
FHC Financial Holding Company ROU Right of Use
FHLB Federal Home Loan Bank RSU Restricted Stock Unit
FOMC Federal Open Market Committee SBA Small Business Administration
FRB Federal Reserve Bank SOFR Secured Overnight Financing Rate
GAAP Accounting Principles Generally Accepted in the U.S. TDRs Troubled Debt Restructuring
GDP Gross Domestic Product UPB Unpaid Principal Balance
HFI Held for Investment VIE Variable Interest Entity

Item 1. Financial Statements

First Citizens BancShares, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited)

dollars in millions, except share data June 30, 2023 December 31, 2022
Assets
Cash and due from banks $ 917 $ 518
Interest-earning deposits at banks 37,846 5,025
Securities purchased under agreements to resell 298 —
Investment in marketable equity securities (cost of $75 at June 30, 2023 and $75 at December 31, 2022) 76 95
Investment securities available for sale (cost of $12,923 at June 30, 2023 and $9,967 at December 31, 2022), net of allowance for credit losses 11,894 8,995
Investment securities held to maturity (fair value of $8,652 at June 30, 2023 and $8,795 at December 31, 2022) 10,201 10,279
Assets held for sale 117 60
Loans and leases 133,015 70,781
Allowance for credit losses (1,637) (922)
Loans and leases, net of allowance for credit losses 131,378 69,859
Operating lease equipment, net 8,531 8,156
Premises and equipment, net 1,782 1,456
Goodwill 346 346
Other intangible assets 347 140
Other assets 5,769 4,369
Total assets $ 209,502 $ 109,298
Liabilities
Deposits:
Noninterest-bearing $ 44,547 $ 24,922
Interest-bearing 96,617 64,486
Total deposits 141,164 89,408
Credit balances of factoring clients 1,067 995
Borrowings:
Short-term borrowings 454 2,186
Long-term borrowings 39,685 4,459
Total borrowings 40,139 6,645
Other liabilities 7,361 2,588
Total liabilities 189,731 99,636
Stockholders’ equity
Preferred stock - $0.01 par value (20,000,000 and 10,000,000 shares authorized at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively) 881 881
Common stock:
Class A - $1 par value (32,000,000 and 16,000,000 shares authorized at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively; 13,514,849 and 13,501,017 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively) 14 14
Class B - $1 par value (2,000,000 shares authorized; 1,005,185 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022) 1 1
Additional paid in capital 4,106 4,109
Retained earnings 15,541 5,392
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (772) (735)
Total stockholders’ equity 19,771 9,662
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 209,502 $ 109,298

See accompanying Notes to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

First Citizens BancShares, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited)

Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
dollars in millions, except share and per share data 2023 2022 2023 2022
Interest income
Interest and fees on loans $ 2,353 $ 655 $ 3,370 $ 1,276
Interest on investment securities 120 89 227 172
Interest on deposits at banks 480 13 567 19
Total interest income 2,953 757 4,164 1,467
Interest expense
Deposits 575 42 863 81
Borrowings 417 15 490 37
Total interest expense 992 57 1,353 118
Net interest income 1,961 700 2,811 1,349
Provision for credit losses 151 42 934 506
Net interest income after provision for credit losses 1,810 658 1,877 843
Noninterest income
Rental income on operating lease equipment 238 213 471 421
Fee income and other service charges 69 37 116 71
Client investment fees 52 — 54 —
Wealth management services 51 37 91 72
International fees 32 2 36 4
Service charges on deposit accounts 44 28 68 55
Factoring commissions 20 27 39 54
Cardholder services, net 41 26 62 51
Merchant services, net 14 9 24 19
Insurance commissions 14 11 27 23
Realized loss on sale of investment securities available for sale, net — — (14) —
Fair value adjustment on marketable equity securities, net (10) (6) (19) (3)
Bank-owned life insurance 2 9 7 17
Gain on sale of leasing equipment, net 4 5 8 11
Gain on acquisition 55 — 9,879 431
Gain on extinguishment of debt — — — 6
Other noninterest income 32 26 68 42
Total noninterest income 658 424 10,917 1,274
Noninterest expense
Depreciation on operating lease equipment 91 89 180 170
Maintenance and other operating lease expenses 56 47 112 90
Salaries and benefits 775 345 1,195 701
Net occupancy expense 64 48 114 96
Equipment expense 133 54 191 106
Professional fees 21 11 32 23
Third-party processing fees 54 26 84 50
FDIC insurance expense 22 9 40 21
Marketing expense 41 9 56 17
Acquisition-related expenses 205 34 233 169
Intangible asset amortization 18 6 23 12
Other noninterest expense 92 67 167 100
Total noninterest expense 1,572 745 2,427 1,555
Income before income taxes 896 337 10,367 562
Income tax expense 214 82 167 36
Net income $ 682 $ 255 $ 10,200 $ 526
Preferred stock dividends 15 17 29 24
Net income available to common stockholders $ 667 $ 238 $ 10,171 $ 502
Earnings per common share
Basic $ 45.90 $ 14.87 $ 700.10 $ 31.52
Diluted $ 45.87 $ 14.86 $ 699.53 $ 31.48
Weighted average common shares outstanding
Basic 14,528,134 16,023,613 14,527,417 15,918,978
Diluted 14,537,938 16,035,090 14,539,176 15,937,826

See accompanying Notes to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

First Citizens BancShares, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited)

Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
dollars in millions 2023 2022 2023 2022
Net income $ 682 $ 255 $ 10,200 $ 526
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax
Net unrealized loss on securities available for sale (100) (163) (42) (481)
Net change in unrealized loss on securities available for sale transferred to securities held to maturity 1 — 1 1
Net change in defined benefit pension items (4) 3 4 5
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax $ (103) $ (160) $ (37) $ (475)
Total comprehensive income $ 579 $ 95 $ 10,163 $ 51

See accompanying Notes to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

First Citizens BancShares, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity (Unaudited)
dollars in millions, except share data Class A Common Stock Class B Common Stock Additional Paid in Capital Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Total Stockholders' Equity
Balance at March 31, 2023 881 $ 14 $ 1 $ 4,104 $ 14,885 $ (669) $ 19,216
Net income — — — 682 — 682
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax — — — — (103) (103)
Stock based compensation — — 2 — — 2
Cash dividends declared (0.75 per common share):
Class A common stock — — — (10) — (10)
Class B common stock — — — (1) — (1)
Preferred stock dividends declared:
Series A — — — (5) — (5)
Series B — — — (7) — (7)
Series C — — — (3) — (3)
Balance at June 30, 2023 881 $ 14 $ 1 $ 4,106 $ 15,541 $ (772) $ 19,771
Balance at March 31, 2022 881 $ 15 $ 1 $ 5,344 $ 4,634 $ (305) $ 10,570
Net income — — — 255 — 255
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax — — — — (160) (160)
Stock based compensation — — 1 — — 1
Cash dividends declared ( 0.47 per common share):
Class A common stock — — — (7) — (7)
Class B common stock — — — — — —
Preferred stock dividends declared
Series A — — — (5) — (5)
Series B — — — (9) — (9)
Series C — — — (3) — (3)
Balance at June 30, 2022 881 $ 15 $ 1 $ 5,345 $ 4,865 $ (465) $ 10,642

All values are in US Dollars.
dollars in millions, except share data Class A Common Stock Class B Common Stock Additional Paid in Capital Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income Total Stockholders' Equity
Balance at December 31, 2022 881 $ 14 $ 1 $ 4,109 $ 5,392 $ (735) $ 9,662
Net income — — — 10,200 — 10,200
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax — — — — (37) (37)
Stock based compensation — — (3) — — (3)
Cash dividends declared (0.75 per common share):
Class A common stock — — — (20) — (20)
Class B common stock — — — (2) — (2)
Preferred stock dividends declared:
Series A — — — (9) — (9)
Series B — — — (14) — (14)
Series C — — — (6) — (6)
Balance at June 30, 2023 881 $ 14 $ 1 $ 4,106 $ 15,541 $ (772) $ 19,771
Balance at December 31, 2021 340 $ 9 $ 1 $ — $ 4,378 $ 10 $ 4,738
Net income — — — 526 — 526
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax — — — — (475) (475)
Issued in CIT Merger:
Common stock 6 — 5,273 — — 5,279
Series B preferred stock — — — — — 334
Series C preferred stock — — — — — 207
Stock based compensation — — 72 — — 72
Cash dividends declared (0.47 per common share):
Class A common stock — — — (14) — (14)
Class B common stock — — — (1) — (1)
Preferred stock dividends declared
Series A — — — (9) — (9)
Series B — — — (9) — (9)
Series C — — — (6) — (6)
Balance at June 30, 2022 881 $ 15 $ 1 $ 5,345 $ 4,865 $ (465) $ 10,642

All values are in US Dollars.

See accompanying Notes to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

First Citizens BancShares, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)

Six Months Ended June 30,
dollars in millions 2023 2022
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net income $ 10,200 $ 526
Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash provided by operating activities:
Provision for credit losses 934 506
Deferred tax (benefit) expense (404) 14
Depreciation, amortization, and accretion, net 90 263
Stock based compensation expense 3 14
Realized loss on sale of investment securities available for sale, net 14 —
Fair value adjustment on marketable equity securities, net 19 3
Loss (gain) on sale of loans, net 1 (6)
Gain on sale of operating lease equipment, net (8) (11)
Gain on sale of premises and equipment, net — (4)
Gain on other real estate owned, net (2) (6)
Gain on acquisition (9,879) (431)
Gain on extinguishment of debt — (6)
Origination of loans held for sale (286) (342)
Proceeds from sale of loans held for sale 227 386
Net change in other assets (70) 358
Net change in other liabilities (274) (11)
Other operating activities (11) (22)
Net cash provided by operating activities 554 1,231
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Net decrease in interest-earning deposits at banks 1,110 5,514
Purchases of investment securities available for sale (3,095) (1,284)
Proceeds from maturities of investment securities available for sale 486 676
Proceeds from sales of investment securities available for sale 1 —
Purchases of investment securities held to maturity (213) —
Proceeds from maturities of investment securities held to maturity 307 526
Net increase in securities purchased under agreements resell (298) —
Net decrease (increase) in loans 6,284 (2,153)
Proceeds from sales of loans 263 116
Net decrease (increase) in credit balances of factoring clients 72 (463)
Purchases of operating lease equipment (586) (339)
Proceeds from sales of operating lease equipment 76 40
Purchases of premises and equipment (128) (39)
Proceeds from sales of premises and equipment — 12
Proceeds from sales of other real estate owned 10 22
Cash acquired, net of cash paid as consideration for acquisition 879 134
Other investing activities 1,373 (70)
Net cash provided by investing activities 6,541 2,692
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Net increase (decrease) in time deposits 5,466 (1,676)
Net decrease in demand and other interest-bearing deposits (9,780) (110)
Net change in securities sold under customer repurchase agreements 9 57
Repayment of short-term borrowings (2,250) —
Proceeds from issuance of short-term borrowings 500 —
Repayment of long-term borrowings (10,573) (3,542)
Proceeds from issuance of long-term borrowings 9,990 1,652
Cash dividends paid (52) (38)
Other financing activities (7) (21)
Net cash used in financing activities (6,697) (3,678)
Change in cash and due from banks 398 245
Cash and due from banks at beginning of period 518 338
Cash and due from banks at end of period $ 917 $ 583
Six Months Ended June 30,
--- --- --- --- ---
dollars in millions 2023 2022
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION
Cash paid (refunded) during the period for:
Interest $ 1,367 $ 209
Income taxes 427 (2)
Significant non-cash investing and financing activities:
Transfers of loans to other real estate 20 2
Transfers of premises and equipment to other real estate 4 12
Dividends declared but not paid — 1
Transfer of assets from held for investment to held for sale 261 55
Transfer of assets from held for sale to held for investment 11 21
Loans held for sale exchanged for investment securities — 38
Commitments extended during the period on affordable housing investment credits 40 20
Issuance of common stock as consideration for CIT Merger — 5,278
Stock based compensation as consideration for CIT Merger — 81
Issuance of preferred stock as consideration for CIT Merger — 541
Purchase Money Note as consideration for SVBB Acquisition 35,808 —

See accompanying Notes to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

Notes to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

NOTE 1 — SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION

Nature of Operations

First Citizens BancShares, Inc. (the “Parent Company” and, when including all of its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis, “we,” “us,” “our,” “BancShares”) is a financial holding company organized under the laws of Delaware that conducts operations through its banking subsidiary, First-Citizens Bank & Trust Company (“FCB,” or the “Bank”), which is headquartered in Raleigh, North Carolina. BancShares and its subsidiaries operate a network of more than 560 branches in 23 states, predominantly located in the Southeast, Mid-Atlantic, Midwest and Western United States. BancShares provides various types of commercial and consumer banking services, including lending, leasing and wealth management services. Deposit services include checking, savings, money market and time deposit accounts.

BASIS OF PRESENTATION

Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation

These consolidated financial statements and notes thereto are presented in accordance with instructions for Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X and, therefore, do not include all information and notes necessary for a complete presentation of financial position, results of operations and cash flow activity required in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). In the opinion of management, all normal recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the consolidated financial position and consolidated results of operations have been made. The unaudited interim consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in BancShares’ Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (the “2022 Form 10-K”). Interim results are not necessarily indicative of results for a full year.

The consolidated financial statements of BancShares include the accounts of BancShares and its subsidiaries, certain partnership interests and variable interest entities (“VIEs”) where BancShares is the primary beneficiary, if applicable. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated upon consolidation. Assets held in agency or fiduciary capacity are not included in the consolidated financial statements.

Reclassifications

In certain instances, amounts reported in the 2022 consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current financial statement presentation. Such reclassifications had no effect on previously reported stockholders’ equity or net income.

Use of Estimates in the Preparation of Financial Statements

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions based on available information. These estimates and assumptions impact the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes and the disclosures provided, and actual results could differ from those estimates. The significant estimates related to the determination of the allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) and fair values of loans acquired in and the core deposit intangibles associated with a business combination are considered critical accounting estimates.

Business Combinations

BancShares accounts for all business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting. Under this method, acquired assets and assumed liabilities are included with the acquirer’s accounts at their estimated fair value as of the date of acquisition, with any excess of purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired recognized as goodwill. To the extent the fair value of identifiable net assets acquired exceeds the purchase price, a gain on acquisition is recognized. Acquisition-related costs are recognized as period expenses as incurred.

On March 27, 2023, FCB acquired substantially all loans and certain other assets and assumed all customer deposits and certain other liabilities, of Silicon Valley Bridge Bank, N.A. (“SVBB”) from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the “FDIC”) pursuant to the terms of a purchase and assumption agreement (the “SVBB Purchase Agreement”) by and among FCB, the FDIC and the FDIC, as receiver of SVBB (the “SVBB Acquisition”).

On January 3, 2022 (the “CIT Merger Date”), BancShares completed its merger (the “CIT Merger”) with CIT Group Inc. (“CIT”), pursuant to an Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of October 15, 2020, as amended by Amendment No. 1, dated as of September 30, 2021 (as amended, the “CIT Merger Agreement”). Refer to Note 2 — Business Combinations for additional information.

Reportable Segments

As of December 31, 2022, BancShares reported its financial results in the following reportable segments: General Banking, Commercial Banking, Rail, and Corporate segments. During the first quarter of 2023, BancShares added the Silicon Valley Banking (“SVB”) reportable segment, which includes the assets acquired, liabilities assumed and related operations from the SVBB Acquisition.

ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Significant accounting policies are described in the 2022 Form 10-K. We have further described relevant updates to the significant accounting policies presented below.

Securities Purchased Under Agreement to Resell

Securities purchased under agreement to resell (“reverse repos”) are accounted for as collateralized financing transactions as the terms of such purchase agreements do not qualify for sale accounting and are therefore recorded at the amount of cash advanced. Accrued interest receivables are recorded in other assets. Interest earned is recorded in interest income.

Assets Held for Sale

Assets held for sale (“AHFS”) primarily consists of commercial loans carried at the lower of the cost or fair value (“LOCOM”) and residential mortgage loans carried at fair value. AHFS also includes operating lease equipment held for sale carried at LOCOM.

Loans and Leases

BancShares extends credit to commercial customers through a variety of financing arrangements including term loans, revolving credit facilities, finance leases and operating leases. BancShares also extends credit through consumer loans, including residential mortgages and auto loans. Our loan classes are further described in Note 1 — Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Presentation in the 2022 Form 10-K.

SVB Loan Classes

SVB loan classes were added to reflect the loans acquired in the SVBB Acquisition. The SVB loan classes are described below.

Global Fund Banking – Global fund banking is the largest class of SVB loans and consists of capital call lines of credit, the repayment of which is dependent on the payment of capital calls by the underlying limited partner investors in funds managed by certain private equity and venture capital firms.

Investor Dependent – The investor dependent class includes loans made primarily to technology and life science/healthcare companies. These borrowers typically have modest or negative cash flows and rarely have an established record of profitable operations. Repayment of these loans may be dependent upon receipt by borrowers of additional equity financing from venture capital firms or other investors, or in some cases, a successful sale to a third party or an initial public offering (“IPO”). The investor dependent loans are disaggregated into two classes:

•Early-Stage – These include loans to pre-revenue, development-stage companies and companies that are in the early phases of commercialization, with revenues of up to $5 million.

•Growth Stage – These include loans to growth-stage enterprises. Companies with revenues between $5 million and $15 million, or pre-revenue clinical-stage biotechnology companies, are considered to be mid stage, and companies with revenues in excess of $15 million are considered to be later stage.

Cash Flow Dependent and Innovation Commercial and Industrial (“C&I”) – Cash flow dependent and innovation C&I loans are made primarily to technology and life science/healthcare companies that are not investor dependent. Repayment of these loans is not dependent on additional equity financing, a successful sale or an IPO.

•Cash Flow Dependent – Cash flow dependent loans are typically used to assist a select group of private equity sponsors with the acquisition of businesses, are larger in size and repayment is generally dependent upon the cash flows of the combined entities. Acquired companies are typically established, later-stage businesses of scale, and characterized by reasonable levels of leverage with loan structures that include meaningful financial covenants. The sponsor’s equity contribution is often 50 percent or more of the acquisition price.

•Innovation C&I – These include loans in innovation sectors such as technology and life science/healthcare industries. Innovation C&I loans are dependent on either the borrower’s cash flows or balance sheet for repayment. Cash flow dependent loans require the borrower to maintain cash flow from operations that is sufficient to service all debt. Borrowers must demonstrate normalized cash flow in excess of all fixed charges associated with operating the business. Balance sheet dependent loans include asset-backed loans and are structured to require constant current asset coverage (e.g., cash, cash equivalents, accounts receivable and, to a much lesser extent, inventory) in an amount that exceeds the outstanding debt. The repayment of these arrangements is dependent on the financial condition, and payment ability, of third parties with whom our clients do business.

Private Bank – Private banking includes loans to clients who are primarily private equity/venture capital professionals and executives in the innovation companies, as well as high net worth clients. We offer a customized suite of private banking services, including mortgages, home equity lines of credit, restricted and private stock loans, personal capital call lines of credit, lines of credit against liquid assets and other secured and unsecured lending products. In addition, we provide owner occupied commercial mortgages and real estate secured loans.

Commercial Real Estate (“CRE”) – CRE consists generally of acquisition financing loans for commercial properties such as office buildings, retail properties, apartment buildings and industrial/warehouse space.

Other – The remaining smaller acquired portfolios are aggregated into this category. These include other C&I, premium wine and other acquired portfolios.

•Other C&I loans include working capital and revolving lines of credit, as well as term loans for equipment and fixed assets. These loans are primarily to clients that are not in the technology and life sciences/healthcare industries. Additionally, other C&I loans contain commercial tax-exempt loans to not-for-profit private schools, colleges, public charter schools and other not-for-profit organizations.

•Premium wine loans are made to wine producers, vineyards and wine industry or hospitality businesses across the Western United States. A large portion of these loans are secured by real estate collateral such as vineyards and wineries.

▪Other acquired portfolios consist primarily of construction and land loans for financing new developments as well as financing for improvements to existing buildings. These also include community development loans made as part of our responsibilities under the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977, and a small amount of Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) loans, which are loans guaranteed by the SBA that were issued through the PPP.

Acquired Loans and Leases

BancShares’ accounting methods for acquired loans and leases depends on whether or not the loans reflect more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination at the date of acquisition.

Non-Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans and Leases

Non-Purchased Credit Deteriorated (“Non-PCD”) loans and leases do not reflect more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination at the date of acquisition. These loans are recorded at fair value and an increase to the ACL is recorded with a corresponding increase to the provision for credit losses at the date of acquisition. The difference between the fair value and the unpaid principal balance (“UPB”) at the acquisition date is amortized or accreted to interest income over the contractual life of the loan using the effective interest method.

Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans and Leases

Purchased loans and leases that reflect a more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination at the date of acquisition are classified as PCD loans and leases. PCD loans and leases are recorded at acquisition-date amortized cost, which is the purchase price or fair value in a business combination, plus BancShares' initial ACL, which results in a gross up of the loan balance (the “PCD Gross-Up”). The initial ACL for PCD loans and leases is established through the PCD Gross-Up and there is no corresponding increase to the provision for credit losses. The difference between the UPB and the acquisition date amortized cost resulting from the PCD Gross-Up is amortized or accreted to interest income over the contractual life of the loan using the effective interest method. Refer to Note 5 – Allowance for Credit Losses for additional information.

Goodwill

BancShares applied the acquisition method of accounting for the SVBB Acquisition and CIT Merger. The fair value of the net assets acquired exceeded the purchase price for each transaction. Consequently, there was a gain on acquisition (and no goodwill) related to the SVBB Acquisition and the CIT Merger. Refer to further discussion in Note 2 — Business Combinations and Note 7 — Goodwill and Core Deposit Intangibles.

Derivative Assets and Liabilities

Foreign Exchange Contracts

SVB has foreign exchange forwards and swaps contracts with clients involved in foreign activities, either as the purchaser or seller, depending upon the clients’ needs. These are structured as back-to-back contracts to mitigate the risk of fluctuations in currency rates. The foreign exchange forward contracts are with correspondent banks to economically reduce our foreign exchange exposure related to certain foreign currency denominated instruments.

Equity Warrant Assets

In connection with negotiating credit facilities and certain other services, FCB may obtain rights that include an option to purchase a position in a client company's stock in the form of equity warrant assets in primarily private, venture-backed companies in the technology and life science/healthcare industries. These are generally categorized as Level 3 on the fair value hierarchy due to lack of direct observable pricing and a general lack of liquidity due to the private nature of the associated underlying company.

Noninterest Income

Refer to Note 1 — Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Presentation in the 2022 Form 10-K for a discussion on revenue recognition and description of noninterest revenue-generating activities. Descriptions of significant noninterest income new to BancShares due to the SVBB Acquisition are summarized below.

Client investment fees

Client investment fees are earned from discretionary investment management and related transaction-based services. For discretionary investment management services, revenue is recognized monthly based on the clients’ assets under management. Transaction-based fees are earned on fixed income securities and repurchase agreements when transactions are executed. Amounts paid to third-party providers are not reflected in the transaction price because FCB is an agent for such services.

International fees

International fees primarily include foreign exchange fees. Foreign exchange fees represent the difference between foreign currency's purchase and sale price in spot contracts. These fees are recognized when contracts are executed with our clients. Fees related to other foreign exchange contracts are recognized outside the scope of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC 606”) because they are considered derivatives.

Newly Adopted Accounting Standards

BancShares adopted the following accounting standards as of January 1, 2023:

ASU 2022-02 Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures- Issued March 2022 (“ASU 2022-02”)

The amendments in this ASU: (i) eliminate the previous recognition and measurement guidance for TDRs, (ii) require new disclosures for loan modifications when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty (the “Modification Disclosures”) and (iii) require disclosures of current period gross charge-offs by year of origination in the vintage disclosures (the “Gross Charge-off Vintage Disclosures”).

The Modification Disclosures apply to the following modification types: principal forgiveness, interest rate reductions, other-than-insignificant payment delays, term extensions, or a combination thereof. Creditors are required to disclose the following by loan class: (i) amounts and relative percentages of each modification type, (ii) the financial effect of each modification type, (iii) the performance of the loan in the 12 months following the modification and (iv) qualitative information discussing how the modifications factored into the determination of the ACL.

BancShares elected to apply the modified retrospective transition method for ACL recognition and measurement. The adoption of this ASU did not result in a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings. The Modification Disclosures and Gross Charge-off Vintage Disclosures are applied prospectively starting in the period of adoption and are presented in Note 4 — Loans and Leases.

ASU 2022-01, Fair Value Hedging - Portfolio Layer Method - Issued March 2022

The amendments in this ASU allow entities to designate multiple hedged layers of a single closed portfolio and expands the scope of the portfolio layer method to include non-prepayable financial assets. The ASU provides additional guidance on the accounting for and disclosure of hedge basis adjustments under the portfolio layer method. In addition, upon adoption the update permits a one-time reclassification of certain debt securities from the held-to-maturity category to the available-for-sale category if the portfolio layer hedging method is applied to those securities. Upon adoption, we did not make any one-time reclassifications. Adoption of this ASU did not have a material impact on BancShares’ consolidated financial statements and disclosures as BancShares did not have any hedged portfolios.

NOTE 2 — BUSINESS COMBINATIONS

Silicon Valley Bridge Bank Acquisition

FCB completed the SVBB Acquisition on March 27, 2023 (the “SVBB Acquisition Date”) and acquired substantially all loans and certain other assets and assumed all customer deposits and certain other liabilities of SVBB in an FDIC-assisted transaction.

BancShares has determined that the SVBB Acquisition constitutes a business combination as defined by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations. Accordingly, the assets acquired and liabilities assumed are presented at their estimated fair values based on preliminary valuations as of March 27, 2023. The determination of estimated fair values required management to make certain estimates about discount rates, future expected cash flows, market conditions at the time of the SVBB Acquisition and other future events that are highly subjective in nature and may require adjustments.

FCB and the FDIC are awaiting conclusion of the customary final settlement process to determine whether certain assets and liabilities of SVBB will remain with the FDIC or be acquired or assumed by FCB (“Final Settlement”). As a result of progress toward Final Settlement made during the second quarter of 2023, we acquired additional net assets with book values of $702 million, primarily consisting of investment securities and cash, and reflected a corresponding increase to the principal amount of the Purchase Money Note (as defined and described below). While substantial progress was made during the second quarter of 2023, certain items remain pending as of June 30, 2023. The pending items primarily include certain intangible assets of a SVBB subsidiary and remaining options for leased bank premises and related furniture and equipment. These pending items are not reflected in the “Purchase Price Consideration; Unaudited Statement of Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed” table below.

We continue to review information relating to events or circumstances existing at the SVBB Acquisition Date that could impact the preliminary fair value estimates. Until management finalizes its fair value estimates for the acquired assets and assumed liabilities, the preliminary gain on acquisition can be updated for a period not to exceed one year following the SVBB Acquisition Date (the “Measurement Period”). We believe the preliminary fair value estimates of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including the affects of Measurement Period adjustments through June 30, 2023, provide a reasonable basis for determining the preliminary gain on acquisition. The fair value measurements of loans, core deposit intangibles, low-income housing tax credits, unfunded commitments, premises and equipment, and intangibles related to the Shared-Loss Agreement (as defined below) are preliminary at June 30, 2023 as we identify and assess information regarding the nature of these assets and liabilities and review the associated valuation assumptions and methodologies. Further, as described above, whether certain assets and liabilities are acquired or assumed by FCB is subject to the conclusion of Final Settlement. The tax treatment of FDIC-assisted acquisitions is complex and subject to interpretations that may result in future adjustments of deferred taxes as of the SVBB Acquisition Date. As such, the amounts recorded for tax assets and liabilities are considered provisional as we continue to evaluate the nature and extent of permanent and temporary differences between the book and tax bases of the acquired assets and liabilities assumed, as well as the tax impact on the preliminary gain on acquisition.

Pursuant to the terms of the SVBB Purchase Agreement, FCB acquired assets with an estimated total fair value of approximately $107.26 billion as of the SVBB Acquisition Date, primarily including $68.46 billion of loans, net of the initial ACL for PCD loans, and $35.31 billion of cash and interest-earning deposits at banks. FCB also assumed liabilities with an estimated total fair value of approximately $61.07 billion, primarily including $55.90 billion of customer deposits. The deposits were acquired without a premium and the assets were acquired at a discount of approximately $16.45 billion pursuant to the terms of the SVBB Purchase Agreement. Further details regarding the fair values of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities are provided in the “Purchase Price Consideration; Unaudited Statement of Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed” table below.

In connection with the SVBB Acquisition, FCB issued a five-year note of approximately $36 billion payable to the FDIC (the “Purchase Money Note”). The Purchase Money Note will be primarily secured by all loans (other than certain consumer loans and related collateral) and certain real estate and bank premises acquired by FCB from the FDIC, as well as certain other assets acquired, including specified rights under the SVBB Purchase Agreement and Shared-Loss Agreement. The interest rate is 3.50% per annum. FCB may prepay the principal of the Purchase Money Note at any time, without premium or penalty, upon notice to the FDIC. The principal amount of the Purchase Money Note is based on the book value of net assets acquired less the asset discount of $16.45 billion pursuant to the terms of the SVBB Purchase Agreement. The principal amount of the Purchase Money Note is subject to change upon Final Settlement (as defined and described above).

In addition, as part of the consideration for the SVBB Acquisition, BancShares issued a Cash Settled Value Appreciation Instrument to the FDIC (the “Value Appreciation Instrument”) in which FCB agreed to make a cash payment to the FDIC equal to the product of (i) 5 million and (ii) the excess amount by which the average volume weighted price of one share of BancShares’ Class A common stock, par value $1 (“Class A Common Stock”), over the two Nasdaq trading days immediately prior to the date on which the Value Appreciation Instrument is exercised exceeds $582.55; provided that the settlement amount does not exceed $500 million. The Value Appreciation Instrument was exercisable by the holder thereof, in whole or in part, from and including March 27, 2023 to April 14, 2023. The FDIC exercised its right under the Value Appreciation Instrument on March 28, 2023 and a $500 million payment was made on April 4, 2023.

FCB and the FDIC also entered into terms and conditions for a five-year, up to $70 billion line of credit to FCB (the “Credit Facility”) provided by the FDIC. During the two-year period following the SVBB Acquisition Date, FCB may draw on the Credit Facility to support liquidity, including for deposit withdrawal or runoff and to fund the unfunded commercial lending commitments acquired in the SVBB Acquisition (the “Acquired Unfunded Commitments”). The Credit Facility is secured by the loans and other extensions of credit acquired pursuant to the SVBB Acquisition, including Acquired Unfunded Commitments subsequently funded by FCB. Interest on outstanding principal will accrue at a variable rate equal to the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) plus 25 basis points (but in no event less than 0.00%).

In connection with the SVBB Purchase Agreement, FCB also entered into a commercial shared loss agreement with the FDIC (the “Shared-Loss Agreement”). The Shared-Loss Agreement covers an estimated $60 billion of commercial loans (collectively, the “Covered Assets”). The FDIC will reimburse FCB for 0% of losses of up to $5 billion with respect to Covered Assets and 50% of losses in excess of $5 billion with respect to Covered Assets (“FDIC Loss Sharing”) and FCB will reimburse the FDIC for 50% of recoveries related to such Covered Assets (“FCB reimbursement”). The Shared-Loss Agreement provides for FDIC loss sharing for five years and FCB reimbursement for eight years. The Shared-Loss Agreement extends to loans funded after the SVBB Acquisition Date that were unfunded commitments to loans at the SVBB Acquisition Date for a period of one year after the SVBB Acquisition Date. If certain conditions are met pursuant to the Shared-Loss Agreement, FCB has agreed to pay to the FDIC, 45 days after March 31, 2031 (or, if earlier, the time of disposition of all acquired assets pursuant to the Shared-Loss Agreement), a true-up amount up to $1.5 billion calculated using a formula set forth in the Shared-Loss Agreement.

The following tables provide the purchase price allocation to the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their estimated fair values as of the SVBB Acquisition Date. The amounts below reflect Measurement Period adjustments made during the second quarter of 2023, which increased the preliminary after tax gain on acquisition by $55 million. These Measurement Period adjustments primarily relate to refined fair value estimates for acquired affordable housing tax credit investments, loans, and assets and liabilities of acquired SVBB subsidiaries.

Purchase Price Consideration; Unaudited Statement of Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed

dollars in millions Fair Value Purchase Price Allocation as of March 27, 2023
Purchase price consideration
Purchase Money Note (1) $ 35,808
Value Appreciation Instrument 500
Purchase price consideration $ 36,308
Assets
Cash and due from banks 1,379
Interest-earning deposits at banks 33,932
Investment securities 385
Loans and leases, net of PCD ACL 68,460
Affordable housing tax credit investments 1,273
Premises and equipment 310
Core deposit intangibles 230
Other assets 1,286
Total assets acquired $ 107,255
Liabilities
Deposits 55,899
Borrowings 10
Deferred tax liabilities 3,277
Other liabilities 1,882
Total liabilities assumed $ 61,068
Fair value of net assets acquired 46,187
Preliminary gain on acquisition, after income taxes (2) $ 9,879
Preliminary gain on acquisition, before income taxes (2) $ 13,156

(1) The principal amount of the Purchase Money Note is the book value of net assets acquired of approximately $52.522 billion less the asset discount of $16.450 billion pursuant to the SVBB Purchase Agreement. The $35.808 billion above is net of a fair value discount of approximately $264 million.

(2) The difference between the preliminary gain on acquisition before and after taxes reflects the deferred tax liabilities recorded in the SVBB Acquisition, as presented above.

The preliminary gain on acquisition of $9.88 billion included in noninterest income represents the excess of the fair value of net assets acquired over the purchase price. The following is a description of the methods used to determine the estimated fair values of the Purchase Money Note and significant assets acquired and liabilities assumed, as presented above.

Purchase Money Note

The fair value of the Purchase Money Note was estimated based on the income approach, which includes: (i) projecting cash flows over a certain discrete projection period and (ii) discounting those projected cash flows to present value at a rate of return that considers the relative risk of the cash flows and the time value of money.

Cash and interest-earning deposits at banks

For financial instruments with a short-term or no stated maturity, prevailing market rates and limited credit risk, carrying amounts approximate fair value.

Investment Securities

Fair values for securities are based on quoted market prices, where available. If quoted market prices are not available, fair value estimates are based on observable inputs including quoted market prices for similar instruments, quoted market prices that are not in an active market or other inputs that are observable in the market. In the absence of observable inputs, fair value is estimated based on pricing models and/or discounted cash flow methodologies.

Loans

Fair values for loans were based on a discounted cash flow methodology that considered factors including the type of loan and related collateral, classification status, fixed or variable interest rate, remaining term of loan, credit quality ratings or scores, amortization status and current discount rate. Loans with similar risk characteristics were pooled together and treated in aggregate when applying various valuation techniques. The discount rates used for loans were based on an evaluation of current market rates for new originations of comparable loans and required rates of return for market participants to purchase similar assets, including adjustments for liquidity and credit quality when necessary.

BancShares’ accounting methods for acquired Non-PCD and PCD loans and leases are discussed in Note 1 — Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Presentation. The following table presents the UPB and fair value of the loans and leases acquired by BancShares in the SVBB Acquisition as of the SVBB Acquisition Date. The fair value of Non-PCD loans and leases was $66.42 billion, compared to the UPB of $68.73 billion, resulting in a discount of $2.31 billion that will be accreted into income over the contractual life of the loan using the effective interest method.

Loans and Leases Acquired

dollars in millions Loans and Leases
UPB Fair Value
Non-PCD loans and leases $ 68,729 $ 66,424
PCD loans and leases 2,558 2,036
Total loans and leases $ 71,287 $ 68,460

The following table summarizes PCD loans and leases that BancShares acquired in the SVBB Acquisition.

PCD Loans and Leases

dollars in millions Total PCD from SVBB Acquisition
UPB $ 2,558
Fair value 2,036
Fair value discount 522
PCD gross-up (220)
Non-credit discount (1) $ 302

(2) The non-credit discount of $302 million will be accreted into income over the contractual life of the loan using the effective interest method.

Affordable housing tax credit investments

The fair values of the affordable housing tax credit investments were determined based on discounted cash flows. The cash flow projections considered tax credits and net cash flows from operating losses and tax depreciation. The discount rate was determined using observable market data points for similar investments.

Premises and equipment

Fair values for furniture and fixtures, computer software and other equipment were determined using the cost approach.

Core deposit intangibles

The following table presents the intangible asset recorded related to the valuation of core deposits:

Intangible Asset

dollars in millions Fair Value Estimated Useful Life Amortization Method
Core deposit intangibles $ 230 8 years Effective Yield

Certain core deposits were acquired as part of the SVBB Acquisition, which provide an additional source of funds for BancShares. The core deposit intangible represents the costs saved by BancShares by acquiring the core deposits rather than sourcing the funds elsewhere. This intangible was valued using the after-tax cost savings method under the income approach. This method estimates the fair value by discounting to present value the favorable funding spread attributable to the core deposit balances over their estimated average remaining life. The valuation considered a dynamic approach to interest rates and alternative cost of funds. The favorable funding spread is calculated as the difference in the alternative cost of funds and the net deposit cost. Refer to further discussion in Note 7 — Goodwill and Core Deposit Intangibles.

Other assets

The following table details other assets acquired:

Other Assets

dollars in millions Fair Value
Accrued interest receivable $ 428
Federal Home Loan Bank stock / Federal Reserve Bank stock 320
Fair value of derivative financial instruments, net 197
Other 341
Total other assets $ 1,286

The fair values of the derivative assets in the table above and derivative liabilities in the table below were valued using prices of financial instruments with similar characteristics and observable inputs. The fair value of accrued interest receivable and the remaining other assets was determined to approximate book value. Refer to further discussion in Note 12 — Derivative Financial Instruments and Note 14 — Fair Value.

Deposits

Acquired deposits were essentially all transactional deposits. Thus, we determined carrying amounts approximate fair value.

Deferred Tax liability

The SVBB Acquisition is an asset acquisition for tax purposes and is therefore considered a taxable transaction. The deferred tax liability (“DTL”) for the SVBB Acquisition was calculated by applying FCB’s deferred tax rate to the book and tax basis differences on the SVBB Acquisition Date for acquired assets and assumed liabilities. Deferred taxes were not recorded for the affordable housing tax credit investments in accordance with the proportional amortization method.

Other liabilities

The following table details other liabilities assumed:

dollars in millions Fair Value
Commitments to fund tax credit investments $ 715
Fair value of derivative financial instruments, net 336
Accrued expenses and accounts payable 262
Reserve for off-balance sheet credit exposures 253
Accrued interest payable 113
Other 203
Total other liabilities $ 1,882

The fair value of the liability representing our commitment for future capital contributions to the affordable housing tax credit investments was determined based on discounted cash flows. Projected cash flows for future capital contributions were discounted at a rate that represented FCB’s cost of debt.

Shared-Loss Agreement Intangibles

Preliminary estimates indicate there is no material value to attribute to the loss indemnification asset or true-up liability. This is primarily based on evaluation of historical loss experience and the credit quality of the portfolio.

Unaudited Pro Forma Information - SVBB Acquisition

The amount of net interest income, noninterest income and net income of $700 million, $183 million and $224 million, respectively, attributable to the SVBB Acquisition were included in BancShares’ Consolidated Statement of Income for the six months ended June 30, 2023. SVBB’s net interest income, noninterest income and net income noted above reflect management’s best estimates, based on information available at the reporting date.

SVBB was only in operation from March 10 to March 27, 2023 and does not have historical financial information on which we could base pro forma information. Additionally, we did not acquire all assets or assume all liabilities of SVBB and an essential part of the SVBB Acquisition is the federal assistance governed by the SVBB Purchase Agreement and Shared-Loss Agreement, which is not reflected in the previous operations of SVBB. Therefore, it is impracticable to provide pro forma information on revenues and earnings for the SVBB Acquisition in accordance with ASC 805-10-50-2.

CIT Group Inc.

BancShares completed the CIT Merger on January 3, 2022 (the “Merger Date”). Pursuant to the CIT Merger Agreement, each share of CIT common stock, par value $0.01 per share (“CIT Common Stock”), issued and outstanding, except for certain shares of CIT Common Stock owned by CIT or BancShares, was converted into the right to receive 0.062 shares of Class A Common Stock, plus cash in lieu of fractional shares of Class A Common Stock. The Parent Company issued approximately 6.1 million shares of Class A Common Stock in connection with the consummation of the CIT Merger.

The CIT Merger has been accounted for as a business combination under the acquisition method of accounting. Accordingly, the assets acquired and liabilities assumed were recorded at their estimated fair values as of the Merger Date. The determination of estimated fair values required management to make certain estimates about discount rates, future expected cash flows, market conditions at the time of the merger and other future events that are highly subjective in nature and may require adjustments.

The following table provides the purchase price allocation to the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their estimated fair values as of the Merger Date:

Purchase Price Consideration and Net Assets Acquired

dollars in millions, except shares issued and price per share Purchase Price Allocation
Common share consideration
Shares of Class A Common Stock issued 6,140,010
Price per share on January 3, 2022 $ 859.76
Common stock consideration $ 5,279
Preferred stock consideration 541
Stock-based compensation consideration 81
Cash in lieu of fractional shares and other consideration paid 51
Purchase price consideration $ 5,952
Assets
Cash and interest-earning deposits at banks $ 3,060
Investment securities 6,561
Assets held for sale 59
Loans and leases 32,714
Operating lease equipment 7,838
Bank-owned life insurance 1,202
Intangible assets 143
Other assets 2,198
Total assets acquired $ 53,775
Liabilities
Deposits $ 39,428
Borrowings 4,536
Credit balances of factoring clients 1,534
Other liabilities 1,894
Total liabilities assumed $ 47,392
Fair value of net assets acquired 6,383
Gain on acquisition $ 431

BancShares recorded a gain on acquisition of $431 million in noninterest income, representing the excess of the fair value of net assets acquired over the purchase price. The gain on acquisition was not taxable.

For a description of the fair value and unpaid principal balance of loans from the CIT Merger, as well as the methods used to determine the fair values of significant assets and liabilities, see Note 2 — Business Combinations in Item 8 of our 2022 Form 10-K.

NOTE 3 — INVESTMENT SECURITIES

The following tables include the amortized cost and fair value of investment securities at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Amortized Cost and Fair Value - Investment Securities

dollars in millions
Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value
Investment securities available for sale
U.S. Treasury 4,763 $ — $ (129) $ 4,634
Government agency — (3) 140
Residential mortgage-backed securities — (633) 4,810
Commercial mortgage-backed securities — (199) 1,577
Corporate bonds (1) — (62) 476
Municipal bonds — (3) 257
Total investment securities available for sale (1) 12,923 $ — $ (1,029) $ 11,894
Investment in marketable equity securities 75 $ 10 $ (9) $ 76
Investment securities held to maturity
U.S. Treasury 476 $ — $ (50) $ 426
Government agency — (174) 1,328
Residential mortgage-backed securities — (690) 3,716
Commercial mortgage-backed securities — (595) 2,923
Supranational securities — (40) 257
Other — — 2
Total investment securities held to maturity 10,201 $ — $ (1,549) $ 8,652
Total investment securities(1) 23,199 $ 10 $ (2,587) $ 20,622
(1) Balances presented net of allowance for credit losses of 3 million.
Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value
Investment securities available for sale
U.S. Treasury 2,035 $ — $ (137) $ 1,898
Government agency — (2) 162
Residential mortgage-backed securities 1 (630) 4,795
Commercial mortgage-backed securities — (170) 1,604
Corporate bonds — (34) 536
Total investment securities available for sale 9,967 $ 1 $ (973) $ 8,995
Investment in marketable equity securities 75 $ 21 $ (1) $ 95
Investment securities held to maturity
U.S. Treasury 474 $ — $ (50) $ 424
Government agency — (186) 1,362
Residential mortgage-backed securities — (723) 3,882
Commercial mortgage-backed securities — (484) 2,871
Supranational securities — (41) 254
Other — — 2
Total investment securities held to maturity 10,279 $ — $ (1,484) $ 8,795
Total investment securities 20,321 $ 22 $ (2,458) $ 17,885

All values are in US Dollars.

Investments in residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities represent securities issued by the Government National Mortgage Association, Federal National Mortgage Association and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation. U.S. Treasury investments represents T-bills and Notes issued by the U.S. Treasury. Investments in government agency securities represent securities issued by the Small Business Association (“SBA”), Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) and other agencies. Investments in corporate bonds represent positions in debt securities of other financial institutions. Municipal bonds are general obligation bonds that were acquired in the SVBB Acquisition. Investments in supranational securities represent securities issued by the Supranational Entities and Multilateral Development Banks. Investments in marketable equity securities represent positions in common stock of publicly traded financial institutions. Other held to maturity investments include certificates of deposit with other financial institutions.

BancShares also holds approximately 354,000 shares of Class B common stock of Visa, Inc. (“Visa”). Until the resolution of certain litigation, at which time the Visa Class B common stock will convert to publicly traded Visa Class A common stock, these shares are only transferable to other stockholders of Visa Class B common stock. As a result, there is limited transfer activity in private transactions between buyers and sellers. Given this limited trading activity and the continuing uncertainty regarding the likelihood, ultimate timing and eventual exchange rate for shares of Visa Class B common stock into shares of Visa Class A common stock, these shares are not considered to have a readily determinable fair value and have no carrying value. BancShares continues to monitor the trading activity in Visa Class B common stock and the status of the resolution of certain litigation matters at Visa that would trigger the conversion of the Visa Class B common stock into Visa Class A common stock.

Accrued interest receivables for available for sale and held to maturity debt securities were excluded from the estimate for credit losses. At June 30, 2023, accrued interest receivables for available for sale and held to maturity debt securities were $35 million and $18 million, respectively. At December 31, 2022, accrued interest receivables for available for sale and held to maturity debt securities were $33 million and $19 million, respectively. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, there was no accrued interest that was deemed uncollectible and written off against interest income.

The following table provides the amortized cost and fair value by contractual maturity. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities on certain securities because borrowers and issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without prepayment penalties. Residential and commercial mortgage-backed and government agency securities are stated separately as they are not due at a single maturity date.

Maturities - Debt Securities

dollars in millions June 30, 2023 December 31, 2022
Cost Fair Value Cost Fair Value
Investment securities available for sale
Non-amortizing securities maturing in:
One year or less $ 2,987 $ 2,975 $ 37 $ 37
After one through five years 1,910 1,787 2,068 1,928
After five through 10 years 510 457 483 455
After 10 years 154 148 17 14
Government agency 143 140 164 162
Residential mortgage-backed securities 5,443 4,810 5,424 4,795
Commercial mortgage-backed securities 1,776 1,577 1,774 1,604
Total investment securities available for sale (1) $ 12,923 $ 11,894 $ 9,967 $ 8,995
Investment securities held to maturity
Non-amortizing securities maturing in:
One year or less $ 2 $ 2 $ 51 $ 51
After one through five years 1,581 1,426 1,479 1,328
After five through 10 years 694 585 789 663
Residential mortgage-backed securities 4,406 3,716 4,605 3,882
Commercial mortgage-backed securities 3,518 2,923 3,355 2,871
Total investment securities held to maturity $ 10,201 $ 8,652 $ 10,279 $ 8,795

(1)     Balances as of June 30, 2023 are presented net of the allowance for credit losses of $3 million.

The following table presents interest and dividend income on investment securities:

Interest and Dividends on Investment Securities

dollars in millions Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
2023 2022 2023 2022
Interest income - taxable investment securities $ 118 $ 89 $ 224 $ 171
Interest income - nontaxable investment securities 2 — 2 —
Dividend income - marketable equity securities — — 1 1
Interest on investment securities $ 120 $ 89 $ 227 $ 172

The following table presents the gross realized losses on the sales of investment securities available for sale:

Realized Losses on Debt Securities Available For Sale

dollars in millions Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
2023 2022 2023 2022
Gross realized gains on sales of investment securities available for sale $ — $ — $ — $ —
Gross realized losses on sales of investment securities available for sale — — (14) —
Net realized losses on sales of investment securities available for sale $ — $ — $ (14) $ —

The following table provides the fair value adjustment on marketable equity securities:

Fair Value Adjustment on Marketable Equity Securities

dollars in millions Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
2023 2022 2023 2022
Fair value adjustment on marketable equity securities, net $ (10) $ (6) $ (19) $ (3)

The following table provides information regarding investment securities available for sale with unrealized losses:

Gross Unrealized Losses on Debt Securities Available For Sale

dollars in millions June 30, 2023
Less than 12 months 12 months or more Total
Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses
Investment securities available for sale
U.S. Treasury $ 2,760 $ (2) $ 1,874 $ (127) $ 4,634 $ (129)
Government agency 51 (1) 89 (2) 140 (3)
Residential mortgage-backed securities 896 (33) 3,854 (600) 4,750 (633)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities 564 (17) 999 (182) 1,563 (199)
Corporate bonds (1) 216 (19) 260 (43) 476 (62)
Municipal bonds 248 (3) — — 248 (3)
Total (1) $ 4,735 $ (75) $ 7,076 $ (954) $ 11,811 $ (1,029)
December 31, 2022
Less than 12 months 12 months or more Total
Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses
Investment securities available for sale
U.S. Treasury $ 403 $ (27) $ 1,495 $ (110) $ 1,898 $ (137)
Government agency 65 (1) 62 (1) 127 (2)
Residential mortgage-backed securities 1,698 (165) 3,001 (465) 4,699 (630)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities 836 (53) 752 (117) 1,588 (170)
Corporate bonds 499 (30) 37 (4) 536 (34)
Municipal bonds — — — — — —
Total $ 3,501 $ (276) $ 5,347 $ (697) $ 8,848 $ (973)

(1)     Balances as of June 30, 2023 are presented net of the allowance for credit losses of $3 million.

As of June 30, 2023, there were 389 investment securities available for sale with continuous unrealized losses for more than 12 months, of which 345 were government sponsored enterprise-issued mortgage-backed securities, government agency securities, or U.S. treasury securities and the remaining 44 were corporate bonds. BancShares has the ability and intent to retain these securities for a period of time sufficient to recover all unrealized losses. Given the consistently strong credit rating of the U.S. Treasury, and the long history of no credit losses on debt securities issued by government agencies and government sponsored entities, as of June 30, 2023, no ACL was required. For corporate bonds and municipal bonds, we analyzed the changes in interest rates relative to when the investment securities were purchased or acquired, and considered other factors including changes in credit ratings, delinquencies, and other macroeconomic factors. As a result of this analysis, we determined that three corporate bonds carry credit-related losses of $3 million as of June 30, 2023, which is reflected in the provision for credit losses as presented in Note 5 — Allowance for Credit Losses.

BancShares’ portfolio of held to maturity debt securities consists of mortgage-backed securities issued by government agencies and government sponsored entities, U.S. Treasury notes, unsecured bonds issued by government agencies and government sponsored entities, and securities issued by the Supranational Entities and Multilateral Development Banks. Given the consistently strong credit rating of the U.S. Treasury, the Supranational Entities and Multilateral Development Banks and the long history of no credit losses on debt securities issued by government agencies and government sponsored entities, as of June 30, 2023, no ACL was required for held to maturity debt securities.

Investment securities having an aggregate carrying value of $4.03 billion at June 30, 2023, and $4.20 billion at December 31, 2022, were pledged as collateral to secure public funds on deposit and certain short-term borrowings, and for other purposes as required by law.

A security is considered past due once it is 30 days contractually past due under the terms of the agreement. There were no securities past due as of June 30, 2023 or December 31, 2022.

There were no debt securities held to maturity on non-accrual status as of June 30, 2023 or December 31, 2022.

Certain investments held by BancShares were recorded in other assets. BancShares held FHLB stock of $119 million and $197 million at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively; these securities are recorded at cost. BancShares held $58 million and $58 million of nonmarketable securities without readily determinable fair values, which are measured at cost at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Investments in qualified affordable housing projects, all of which are accounted for under the proportional amortization method were $1.81 billion and $598 million at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

NOTE 4 — LOANS AND LEASES

Unless otherwise noted, loans held for sale are not included in the following tables. Leases in the following tables include finance leases, but exclude operating lease equipment. As disclosed in Note 2 — Business Combinations, the following tables and text data as of June 30, 2023 include loans acquired in the SVBB Acquisition.

Loans by Class

dollars in millions June 30, 2023 December 31, 2022
Commercial
Commercial construction $ 3,182 $ 2,804
Owner occupied commercial mortgage 14,748 14,473
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage 10,733 9,902
Commercial and industrial 25,376 24,105
Leases 2,130 2,171
Total commercial 56,169 53,455
Consumer
Residential mortgage 14,065 13,309
Revolving mortgage 1,900 1,951
Consumer auto 1,425 1,414
Consumer other 657 652
Total consumer 18,047 17,326
SVB
Global fund banking 29,333 —
Investor dependent - early stage 1,840 —
Investor dependent - growth stage 4,052 —
Innovation C&I and cash flow dependent 8,905 —
Private Bank 9,580 —
CRE 2,530 —
Other 2,559 —
Total SVB 58,799 —
Total loans and leases $ 133,015 $ 70,781

At June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, accrued interest receivable on loans included in other assets was $601 million and $203 million, respectively, and was excluded from the estimate of credit losses.

There was a discount on acquired loans because the fair value was lower than the UPB as further discussed in Note 2 — Business Combinations. The discount on acquired loans is accreted to interest income over the contractual life of the loan using the effective interest method as further discussed in Note 1 — Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Presentation. Accretion for the discount on acquired loans was $243 million and $260 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively.

The following table presents selected components of the amortized cost of loans, including the unamortized discount on acquired loans.

Components of Amortized Cost

dollars in millions June 30, 2023 December 31, 2022
Deferred (fees) costs, including unamortized costs and unearned fees on non-PCD loans $ (17) $ 34
Net unamortized discount on acquired loans
Non-PCD $ 2,202 $ 73
PCD 276 45
Total net unamortized discount $ 2,478 $ 118

The aging of the outstanding loans and leases by class at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 is provided in the tables below. Loans and leases less than 30 days past due are considered current, as various grace periods allow borrowers to make payments within a stated period after the due date and remain in compliance with the respective agreement.

Loans and Leases - Delinquency Status

dollars in millions June 30, 2023
30-59 Days<br>Past Due 60-89 Days<br>Past Due 90 Days or<br>Greater Total<br>Past Due Current Total
Commercial
Commercial construction $ — $ 9 $ 1 $ 10 $ 3,172 $ 3,182
Owner occupied commercial mortgage 20 9 39 68 14,680 14,748
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage 38 115 260 413 10,320 10,733
Commercial and industrial 84 38 83 205 25,171 25,376
Leases 32 19 14 65 2,065 2,130
Total commercial 174 190 397 761 55,408 56,169
Consumer
Residential mortgage 113 21 46 180 13,885 14,065
Revolving mortgage 12 2 8 22 1,878 1,900
Consumer auto 8 1 1 10 1,415 1,425
Consumer other 3 2 3 8 649 657
Total consumer 136 26 58 220 17,827 18,047
SVB
Global fund banking 6 — — 6 29,327 29,333
Investor dependent - early stage 3 3 21 27 1,813 1,840
Investor dependent - growth stage — 8 12 20 4,032 4,052
Innovation C&I and cash flow dependent 15 2 19 36 8,869 8,905
Private Bank 9 10 17 36 9,544 9,580
CRE 1 2 — 3 2,527 2,530
Other 5 2 4 11 2,548 2,559
Total SVB 39 27 73 139 58,660 58,799
Total loans and leases $ 349 $ 243 $ 528 $ 1,120 $ 131,895 $ 133,015
December 31, 2022
30-59 Days<br>Past Due 60-89 Days<br>Past Due 90 Days or<br>Greater Total<br>Past Due Current Total
Commercial
Commercial construction $ 50 $ — $ 1 $ 51 $ 2,753 $ 2,804
Owner occupied commercial mortgage 29 5 25 59 14,414 14,473
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage 76 144 11 231 9,671 9,902
Commercial and industrial 173 26 53 252 23,853 24,105
Leases 59 17 16 92 2,079 2,171
Total commercial 387 192 106 685 52,770 53,455
Consumer
Residential mortgage 73 16 52 141 13,168 13,309
Revolving mortgage 9 3 8 20 1,931 1,951
Consumer auto 7 1 1 9 1,405 1,414
Consumer other 4 2 3 9 643 652
Total consumer 93 22 64 179 17,147 17,326
Total loans and leases $ 480 $ 214 $ 170 $ 864 $ 69,917 $ 70,781

The amortized cost by class of loans and leases on non-accrual status, and loans and leases greater than 90 days past due and still accruing at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are presented below.

Loans on Non-Accrual Status (1) (2)

dollars in millions June 30, 2023 December 31, 2022
Non-Accrual Loans Loans ><br>90 Days and<br>Accruing Non-Accrual Loans Loans ><br>90 Days and<br>Accruing
Commercial
Commercial construction $ 4 $ — $ 48 $ —
Owner occupied commercial mortgage 51 8 41 2
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage 318 1 228 —
Commercial and industrial 216 30 184 41
Leases 33 3 28 7
Total commercial 622 42 529 50
Consumer
Residential mortgage 72 7 75 10
Revolving mortgage 17 — 18 —
Consumer auto 4 — 4 —
Consumer other 1 3 1 3
Total consumer 94 10 98 13
SVB
Global fund banking — — — —
Investor dependent - early stage 26 3 — —
Investor dependent - growth stage 100 — — —
Innovation C&I and cash flow dependent 43 13 — —
Private Bank 29 2 — —
CRE 14 — — —
Other 1 4 — —
Total SVB 213 22 — —
Total loans and leases $ 929 $ 74 $ 627 $ 63

(1)    Accrued interest that was reversed when the loan went to non-accrual status was $5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and $4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

(2)    Non-accrual loans for which there was no related ACL totaled $74 million at June 30, 2023 and $63 million at December 31, 2022.

Other real estate owned (“OREO”) and repossessed assets were $64 million as of June 30, 2023 and $47 million as of December 31, 2022.

Credit Quality Indicators

Loans and leases are monitored for credit quality on a recurring basis. Commercial loans and leases and consumer loans have different credit quality indicators as a result of the unique characteristics of the loan classes being evaluated. The credit quality indicators for Non-PCD commercial loans and leases are developed through a review of individual borrowers on an ongoing basis. Commercial loans are evaluated periodically with more frequent evaluations done on criticized loans. The indicators as of the date presented are based on the most recent assessment performed and are defined below:

Pass – A pass rated asset is not adversely classified because it does not display any of the characteristics for adverse classification.

Special mention – A special mention asset has potential weaknesses which deserve management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, such potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects or collateral position at some future date. Special mention assets are not adversely classified and do not warrant adverse classification.

Substandard – A substandard asset is inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the borrower or of the collateral pledged, if any. Assets classified as substandard generally have a well-defined weakness, or weaknesses, that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. These assets are characterized by the distinct possibility of loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Doubtful – An asset classified as doubtful has all the weaknesses inherent in an asset classified substandard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full highly questionable and improbable on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and values.

Loss – Assets classified as loss are considered uncollectible and of such little value it is inappropriate to be carried as an asset. This classification is not necessarily equivalent to any potential for recovery or salvage value, but rather it is not appropriate to defer a full charge-off even though partial recovery may be affected in the future.

Ungraded – Ungraded loans represent loans not included in the individual credit grading process due to their relatively small balances or borrower type. The majority of ungraded loans at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, relate to business credit cards. Business credit card loans are subject to automatic charge-off when they become 120 days past due in the same manner as unsecured consumer lines of credit.

The credit quality indicator for consumer loans is based on delinquency status of the borrower as of the date presented. As the borrower becomes more delinquent, the likelihood of loss increases. An exemption is applied to government guaranteed loans as the principal repayments are insured by the Federal Housing Administration and U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and thus remain on accrual status regardless of delinquency status.

The following tables summarize the commercial and SVB loans disaggregated by year of origination and by risk rating. The consumer loan delinquency status by year of origination is also presented below. The tables reflect the amortized cost of the loans and include PCD loans.

Commercial Loans - Risk Classifications by Class

June 30, 2023
Risk Classification: Term Loans by Origination Year Revolving Converted to Term Loans
dollars in millions 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 & Prior Revolving Total
Commercial construction
Pass $ 369 $ 1,260 $ 775 $ 374 $ 99 $ 60 $ 85 $ — $ 3,022
Special Mention — 58 — 49 30 — — — 137
Substandard 1 2 14 — 1 5 — — 23
Doubtful — — — — — — — — —
Ungraded — — — — — — — — —
Total commercial construction 370 1,320 789 423 130 65 85 — 3,182
Owner occupied commercial mortgage
Pass 981 2,740 3,221 2,808 1,699 2,497 167 — 14,113
Special Mention 7 49 13 25 21 69 8 — 192
Substandard 6 35 98 70 43 185 6 — 443
Doubtful — — — — — — — — —
Ungraded — — — — — — — — —
Total owner occupied commercial mortgage 994 2,824 3,332 2,903 1,763 2,751 181 — 14,748
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage
Pass 1,182 2,575 1,660 1,669 1,119 1,349 47 — 9,601
Special Mention 7 — — 95 111 74 — — 287
Substandard 1 2 12 92 382 301 — — 790
Doubtful — — — — 46 9 — — 55
Ungraded — — — — — — — — —
Total non-owner occupied commercial mortgage 1,190 2,577 1,672 1,856 1,658 1,733 47 — 10,733
Commercial and industrial
Pass 5,139 5,141 3,512 1,706 1,233 1,285 5,421 4 23,441
Special Mention 58 114 135 91 52 40 110 — 600
Substandard 44 142 123 204 131 261 232 1 1,138
Doubtful — 8 6 1 23 24 20 — 82
Ungraded — — — — — — 115 — 115
Total commercial and industrial 5,241 5,405 3,776 2,002 1,439 1,610 5,898 5 25,376
Leases
Pass 415 595 387 292 146 105 — — 1,940
Special Mention 10 23 12 10 6 2 — — 63
Substandard 14 34 26 22 9 11 — — 116
Doubtful — 4 3 2 1 1 — — 11
Ungraded — — — — — — — — —
Total leases 439 656 428 326 162 119 — — 2,130
Total commercial $ 8,234 $ 12,782 $ 9,997 $ 7,510 $ 5,152 $ 6,278 $ 6,211 $ 5 $ 56,169

SVB - Risk Classifications by Class

June 30, 2023
Risk Classification: Term Loans by Origination Year Revolving Converted to Term Loans
dollars in millions 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 & Prior Revolving Total
Global fund banking
Pass $ 168 $ 180 $ 129 $ 96 $ 42 $ 8 $ 28,646 $ 39 $ 29,308
Special Mention — — — — — — 14 — 14
Substandard — — — — — — 11 — 11
Doubtful — — — — — — — — —
Ungraded — — — — — — — — —
Total global fund banking 168 180 129 96 42 8 28,671 39 29,333
Investor dependent - early stage
Pass 115 893 298 83 33 6 142 2 1,572
Special Mention 2 1 — — — — — — 3
Substandard 1 69 85 19 7 2 55 — 238
Doubtful — 16 3 2 — — 6 — 27
Ungraded — — — — — — — — —
Total investor dependent - early stage 118 979 386 104 40 8 203 2 1,840
Investor dependent - growth stage
Pass 333 1,219 988 460 119 145 233 5 3,502
Special Mention — 19 55 19 — 1 — — 94
Substandard 5 119 100 78 8 19 28 — 357
Doubtful — 36 34 10 8 6 5 — 99
Ungraded — — — — — — — — —
Total investor dependent - growth stage 338 1,393 1,177 567 135 171 266 5 4,052
Innovation C&I and cash flow dependent
Pass 406 1,527 1,112 1,123 594 479 2,682 — 7,923
Special Mention — 85 37 — 27 49 72 — 270
Substandard 47 110 115 114 11 38 234 — 669
Doubtful — — 1 17 — — 25 — 43
Ungraded — — — — — — — — —
Total innovation C&I and cash flow dependent 453 1,722 1,265 1,254 632 566 3,013 — 8,905
Private bank
Pass 696 2,298 2,205 1,411 789 1,218 899 9 9,525
Special Mention — 2 2 — — 6 6 — 16
Substandard — — — — 2 9 4 — 15
Doubtful — — — 1 1 22 — — 24
Ungraded — — — — — — — — —
Total private bank 696 2,300 2,207 1,412 792 1,255 909 9 9,580
CRE
Pass 171 543 251 182 196 876 85 5 2,309
Special Mention — 3 11 3 3 17 — — 37
Substandard — 1 2 21 98 46 2 — 170
Doubtful — — 2 — 1 11 — — 14
Ungraded — — — — — — — — —
Total CRE 171 547 266 206 298 950 87 5 2,530
Other
Pass 97 456 416 311 139 543 372 65 2,399
Special Mention — 13 8 13 — 16 5 — 55
Substandard — 25 9 10 6 29 26 — 105
Doubtful — — — — — — — — —
Ungraded — — — — — — — — —
Total Other 97 494 433 334 145 588 403 65 2,559
Total SVB $ 2,041 $ 7,615 $ 5,863 $ 3,973 $ 2,084 $ 3,546 $ 33,552 $ 125 $ 58,799

Consumer Loans - Delinquency Status by Class

June 30, 2023
Days Past Due: Term Loans by Origination Year Revolving Converted to Term Loans
dollars in millions 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 & Prior Revolving Total
Residential mortgage
Current $ 1,221 $ 3,513 $ 3,615 $ 1,984 $ 740 $ 2,804 $ 8 $ — $ 13,885
30-59 days 3 15 11 7 6 71 — — 113
60-89 days — 2 5 2 1 11 — — 21
90 days or greater — 1 1 2 — 42 — — 46
Total residential mortgage 1,224 3,531 3,632 1,995 747 2,928 8 — 14,065
Revolving mortgage
Current — — — — — — 1,792 86 1,878
30-59 days — — — — — — 9 3 12
60-89 days — — — — — — 1 1 2
90 days or greater — — — — — — 4 4 8
Total revolving mortgage — — — — — — 1,806 94 1,900
Consumer auto
Current 276 514 324 171 81 49 — — 1,415
30-59 days 1 2 2 1 1 1 — — 8
60-89 days — — 1 — — — — — 1
90 days or greater — 1 — — — — — — 1
Total consumer auto 277 517 327 172 82 50 — — 1,425
Consumer other
Current 74 128 65 10 5 19 348 — 649
30-59 days — — — — — 1 2 — 3
60-89 days — — — — — 1 1 — 2
90 days or greater — — — — — 1 2 — 3
Total consumer other 74 128 65 10 5 22 353 — 657
Total consumer $ 1,575 $ 4,176 $ 4,024 $ 2,177 $ 834 $ 3,000 $ 2,167 $ 94 $ 18,047

The following tables represent current credit quality indicators by origination year as of December 31, 2022:

Commercial Loans - Risk Classifications by Class

December 31, 2022
Risk Classification: Term Loans by Origination Year Revolving Converted to Term Loans
dollars in millions 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 & Prior Revolving Total
Commercial construction
Pass $ 1,140 $ 759 $ 511 $ 157 $ 27 $ 75 $ 42 $ — $ 2,711
Special Mention 4 — 18 18 — — — — 40
Substandard 2 — — 43 — 5 — — 50
Doubtful — — — 3 — — — — 3
Ungraded — — — — — — — — —
Total commercial construction 1,146 759 529 221 27 80 42 — 2,804
Owner occupied commercial mortgage
Pass 2,773 3,328 2,966 1,825 1,048 1,867 177 — 13,984
Special Mention 33 14 32 33 18 49 2 — 181
Substandard 24 47 41 28 47 114 6 — 307
Doubtful — — — — — 1 — — 1
Ungraded — — — — — — — — —
Total owner occupied commercial mortgage 2,830 3,389 3,039 1,886 1,113 2,031 185 — 14,473
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage
Pass 2,501 1,658 1,794 1,397 680 933 48 — 9,011
Special Mention — 1 69 38 35 10 1 — 154
Substandard 3 11 68 324 58 236 — — 700
Doubtful — — — 17 — 20 — — 37
Ungraded — — — — — — — — —
Total non-owner occupied commercial mortgage 2,504 1,670 1,931 1,776 773 1,199 49 — 9,902
Commercial and industrial
Pass 7,695 4,145 2,035 1,533 872 845 5,252 29 22,406
Special Mention 87 153 79 63 52 23 40 — 497
Substandard 106 117 194 132 166 145 200 1 1,061
Doubtful 1 4 3 11 6 16 7 — 48
Ungraded — — — — — — 93 — 93
Total commercial and industrial 7,889 4,419 2,311 1,739 1,096 1,029 5,592 30 24,105
Leases
Pass 718 466 389 216 80 108 — — 1,977
Special Mention 21 22 17 9 4 — — — 73
Substandard 32 32 27 12 7 1 — — 111
Doubtful 2 3 2 1 1 — — — 9
Ungraded — — — — — 1 — — 1
Total leases 773 523 435 238 92 110 — — 2,171
Total commercial $ 15,142 $ 10,760 $ 8,245 $ 5,860 $ 3,101 $ 4,449 $ 5,868 $ 30 $ 53,455

Consumer Loans - Delinquency Status by Class

December 31, 2022
Days Past Due: Term Loans by Origination Year Revolving Converted to Term Loans
dollars in millions 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 & Prior Revolving Total
Residential mortgage
Current $ 3,485 $ 3,721 $ 2,097 $ 805 $ 413 $ 2,625 $ 22 $ — $ 13,168
30-59 days 3 7 6 5 3 49 — — 73
60-89 days 1 1 2 — 1 11 — — 16
90 days or greater — 1 1 2 2 46 — — 52
Total residential mortgage 3,489 3,730 2,106 812 419 2,731 22 — 13,309
Revolving mortgage
Current — — — — — — 1,839 92 1,931
30-59 days — — — — — — 5 4 9
60-89 days — — — — — — 2 1 3
90 days or greater — — — — — — 5 3 8
Total revolving mortgage — — — — — — 1,851 100 1,951
Consumer auto
Current 599 398 216 111 59 22 — — 1,405
30-59 days 1 2 2 1 1 — — — 7
60-89 days — 1 — — — — — — 1
90 days or greater — 1 — — — — — — 1
Total consumer auto 600 402 218 112 60 22 — — 1,414
Consumer other
Current 160 82 13 6 2 19 361 — 643
30-59 days — — — — — 1 3 — 4
60-89 days — — — — — 1 1 — 2
90 days or greater — — — — — 1 2 — 3
Total consumer other 160 82 13 6 2 22 367 — 652
Total consumer $ 4,249 $ 4,214 $ 2,337 $ 930 $ 481 $ 2,775 $ 2,240 $ 100 $ 17,326

Gross Charge-offs

Gross charge-off vintage disclosures by origination year and loan class are summarized in the following table for the six months ended June 30, 2023:

Gross Charge-offs

Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
Term Loans by Origination Year Revolving Converted to Term Loans
dollars in millions 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 & Prior Revolving Total
Commercial
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 17 $ 12 $ — $ — $ 29
Commercial and industrial 3 31 16 5 3 10 16 — 84
Leases — 5 3 1 1 1 — — 11
Total commercial 3 36 19 6 21 23 16 — 124
Consumer
Residential mortgage — — — — — 2 — — 2
Consumer auto — 1 — — — — — — 1
Consumer other 3 1 — — — — 6 — 10
Total consumer 3 2 — — — 2 6 — 13
SVB
Investor dependent - early stage 12 13 5 — — — — — 30
Investor dependent - growth stage 1 5 10 3 1 — 4 — 24
Innovation C&I and cash flow dependent — — — 42 — — 5 — 47
Total SVB 13 18 15 45 1 — 9 — 101
Total loans and leases $ 19 $ 56 $ 34 $ 51 $ 22 $ 25 $ 31 $ — $ 238

Loan Modifications for Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulties

On January 1, 2023, we adopted ASU 2022-02 as further discussed in Note 1 — Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Presentation. The Modification Disclosures required by ASU 2022-02 are included below.

As part of BancShares’ ongoing credit risk management practices, BancShares attempts to work with borrowers when necessary to extend or modify loan terms to better align with borrowers current ability to repay. BancShares’ modifications granted to debtors experiencing financial difficulties typically take the form of term extensions, interest rate reductions, other-than-insignificant payment delays, principal forgiveness, or a combination thereof. Modifications are made in accordance with internal policies and guidelines to conform to regulatory guidance.

The following tables present loan modifications made to debtors experiencing financial difficulty, disaggregated by class and type of loan modification. The tables also include the weighted average term extensions, as well as the modification total relative to the total period-end amortized cost basis of loans in the respective loan class.

Loan Modifications Made to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty (three months ended June 30, 2023)

dollars in millions Term Extension(1) Other Than Insignificant Payment Delay Interest Rate Reduction
Amortized Cost Weighted Average Term Extension (Months) Amortized Cost Weighted Average Payment Delay (Months) Amortized Cost Weighted Average Interest Rate Reduction
Commercial
Commercial construction $ — 47 $ — — $ — — %
Owner occupied commercial mortgage 12 13 — — 1 3.50
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage 161 15 — — — —
Commercial and industrial 57 24 6 6 — 14.40
Total commercial 230 17 6 6 1 3.50
Consumer
Residential mortgage 2 90 — — — —
Revolving mortgage — 55 — — — —
Consumer auto — 19 — — — —
Consumer other — 60 — — — 9.21
Total consumer 2 84 — — — 9.21
SVB
Investor dependent - early stage 2 6 6 4 — —
Innovation C&I and cash flow dependent 42 3 23 7 — —
Total SVB 44 3 29 6 — —
Total loans and leases $ 276 16 $ 35 6 $ 1 3.70 %
dollars in millions Term Extension(1) and Interest Rate Reduction Term Extension(1) and Other Than Insignificant Payment Delay Total
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Amortized Cost Weighted Average Term Extension (Months) Weighted Average Interest Rate Reduction Amortized Cost Weighted Average Term Extension (Months) Weighted Average Payment Delay (Months) Amortized Cost Total as a % of Loan and Lease Class
Commercial
Commercial construction $ — — — % $ — — — $ — 0.01 %
Owner occupied commercial mortgage — — — — — — 13 0.09
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage — — — — — — 161 1.50
Commercial and industrial — 28 5.18 — — — 63 0.25
Total commercial — 28 5.18 — — — 237 0.42
Consumer —
Residential mortgage 3 60 3.44 — — — 5 0.03
Revolving mortgage — 44 0.41 — — — — 0.01
Consumer auto — 31 0.70 — — — — 0.01
Consumer other — — — — — — — 0.01
Total consumer 3 59 3.35 — — — 5 0.03
SVB
Investor dependent - early stage — — — — — — 8 0.41
Innovation C&I and cash flow dependent — — — — — — 65 0.73
Total SVB — — — — — — 73 0.12
Total loans and leases $ 3 58 3.43 % $ — 0 0 $ 315 0.24 %

Loan Modifications Made to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty (six months ended June 30, 2023)

dollars in millions Term Extension(1) Other Than Insignificant Payment Delay Interest Rate Reduction
Amortized Cost Weighted Average Term Extension (Months) Amortized Cost Weighted Average Payment Delay (Months) Amortized Cost Weighted Average Interest Rate Reduction
Commercial
Commercial construction $ 1 22 $ — — $ — — %
Owner occupied commercial mortgage 22 12 — — 2 3.63
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage 212 13 — — — —
Commercial and industrial 67 22 6 6 — 14.40
Total commercial 302 15 6 6 2 3.62
Consumer
Residential mortgage 3 62 — — — —
Revolving mortgage — 56 — — — —
Consumer auto — 19 — — — —
Consumer other — 60 — — — 9.33
Total consumer 3 61 — — — 9.33
SVB
Investor dependent - early stage 2 6 6 4 — —
Innovation C&I and cash flow dependent 49 4 23 7 — —
Other — 17 — — — —
Total SVB 51 4 29 6 — —
Total loans and leases $ 356 13 $ 35 6 $ 2 3.86 %
dollars in millions Term Extension(1) and Interest Rate Reduction Term Extension(1) and Other Than Insignificant Payment Delay Total
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Amortized Cost Weighted Average Term Extension (Months) Weighted Average Interest Rate Reduction Amortized Cost Weighted Average Term Extension (Months) Weighted Average Payment Delay (Months) Amortized Cost Total as a % of Loan and Lease Class
Commercial
Commercial construction $ — — — % $ — — — $ 1 0.03 %
Owner occupied commercial mortgage — 36 2.00 — — — 24 0.16
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage — — — — — — 212 1.97
Commercial and industrial — 30 4.61 3 8 2 76 0.30
Total commercial — 32 3.68 3 8 2 313 0.56
Consumer —
Residential mortgage 3 60 3.44 — — — 6 0.04
Revolving mortgage — 53 0.40 — — — — 0.02
Consumer auto — 31 0.70 — — — — 0.01
Consumer other — — — — — — — 0.01
Total consumer 3 59 3.31 — — — 6 0.04
SVB
Investor dependent - early stage — — — — — — 8 0.41
Innovation C&I and cash flow dependent — — — — — — 72 0.81
Other — — — — — — — —
Total SVB — — — — — — 80 0.14
Total loans and leases $ 3 57 3.34 % $ 3 8 2 $ 399 0.30 %

(1) Term extensions include loans where the balloon payment has been deferred to a later date or is amortizing over an extended period.

Borrowers experiencing financial difficulties are typically identified in our credit risk management process before loan modifications occur. An assessment of whether a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty is reassessed or performed on the date of a modification. Since the effect of most modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty is already included in the allowance for credit losses because of the measurement methodologies used to estimate the allowance, a change to the allowance for credit losses is generally not recorded upon modification. Upon BancShares’ determination that a modified loan (or portion of a loan) has subsequently been deemed uncollectible, the loan (or a portion of the loan) is charged off. There were no significant amounts of modified loans that subsequently defaulted during the first and second quarters of 2023.

The following tables present the amortized cost and performance of modified loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulties. The period of delinquency is based on the number of days the scheduled payment is contractually past due.

Modified Loans Payment Status (three months ended June 30, 2023)

dollars in millions Current 30–59 Days Past Due 60–89 Days Past Due 90 days or greater Past Due Total
Commercial
Commercial construction $ — $ — $ — $ — $ —
Owner occupied commercial mortgage 13 — — — 13
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage 126 — — 35 161
Commercial and industrial 63 — — — 63
Total commercial 202 — — 35 237
Consumer
Residential mortgage 5 — — — 5
Total consumer 5 — — — 5
SVB
Investor dependent - early stage 5 — — 3 8
Innovation C&I and cash flow dependent 59 — — 6 65
Total SVB 64 — — 9 73
Total loans and leases $ 271 $ — $ — $ 44 $ 315

Modified Loans Payment Status (six months ended June 30, 2023)

dollars in millions Current 30–59 Days Past Due 60–89 Days Past Due 90 days or greater Past Due Total
Commercial
Commercial construction $ 1 $ — $ — $ — $ 1
Owner occupied commercial mortgage 24 — — — 24
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage 177 — — 35 212
Commercial and industrial 76 — — — 76
Total commercial 278 — — 35 313
Consumer
Residential mortgage 6 — — — 6
Total consumer 6 — — — 6
SVB
Investor dependent - early stage 5 — — 3 8
Innovation C&I and cash flow dependent 66 — — 6 72
Total SVB 71 — — 9 80
Total loans and leases $ 355 $ — $ — $ 44 $ 399

At June 30, 2023, there were $12 million of commitments to lend additional funds to debtors experiencing financial difficulty for which the terms of the loan were modified.

Prior Period Troubled Debt Restructuring

The following includes disclosures for certain loan modifications or restructurings as troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”) for historical periods prior to adoption of ASU 2022-02. In general, a modification or restructuring of a loan was considered a TDR if, for economic or legal reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties, a concession is granted to the borrower that creditors would not otherwise consider. Many aspects of a borrower’s financial situation are assessed when determining whether they are experiencing financial difficulty.

Concessions may have related to the contractual interest rate, maturity date, payment structure or other actions. The assessments of whether a borrower was experiencing (or is likely to experience) financial difficulty, and whether a concession had been granted, were subjective in nature and management’s judgment was required when determining whether a modification was classified as a TDR. Modified loans that met the definition of a TDR were subject to BancShares’ individually reviewed loans policy.

The following table presents amortized cost of TDRs:

TDRs

dollars in millions December 31, 2022
Accruing Non-Accruing Total
Commercial
Commercial construction $ 2 $ 1 $ 3
Owner occupied commercial mortgage 46 9 55
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage 24 30 54
Commercial and industrial 26 8 34
Leases — 1 1
Total commercial 98 49 147
Consumer
Residential mortgage 33 17 50
Revolving mortgage 17 5 22
Consumer auto 2 — 2
Consumer other — — —
Total consumer 52 22 74
Total TDRs $ 150 $ 71 $ 221

The following table summarizes the loan restructurings during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 that were designated as TDRs. BancShares defines payment default as movement of the TDR to non-accrual status, which is generally 90 days past due, foreclosure or charge-off, whichever occurs first.

Restructurings

dollars in millions (except for number of loans) Three Months Ended June 30, 2022 Six Months Ended June 30, 2022
Number of Loans Amortized Cost at Period End Number of Loans Amortized Cost at Period End
Loans and leases
Interest only 6 $ 6 8 $ 6
Loan term extension 41 4 76 23
Below market rates 25 3 45 5
Discharge from bankruptcy 18 2 42 4
Total 90 $ 15 171 $ 38

There were $1.5 million commitments to lend additional funds to borrowers whose loan terms were modified in TDRs as of December 31, 2022.

After a loan is determined to be a TDR, BancShares continues to track its performance under its most recent restructured terms. TDRs that subsequently defaulted during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, and were classified as TDRs during the applicable 12-month period preceding June 30, 2022 were as follows:

TDR Defaults

dollars in millions Three Months Ended Six Months Ended
June 30, 2022 June 30, 2022
TDR Defaults $ 1 $ 3

Loans Pledged

The following table provides information regarding loans pledged as collateral for borrowing capacity through the FHLB of Atlanta and the Federal Reserve Bank (“FRB”) as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Loans Pledged

dollars in millions June 30, 2023 December 31, 2022
FHLB of Atlanta
Lendable collateral value of pledged non-PCD loans $ 14,999 $ 14,918
Less: Advances 2,425 4,250
Less: Letters of Credit 1,450 1,450
Available borrowing capacity $ 11,124 $ 9,218
Pledged non-PCD loans (contractual balance) $ 23,969 $ 23,491
FRB
Lendable collateral value of pledged non-PCD loans $ 4,817 $ 4,203
Less: Advances — —
Available borrowing capacity $ 4,817 $ 4,203
Pledged non-PCD loans (contractual balance) $ 5,995 $ 5,697

In connection with the SVBB Acquisition, FCB and the FDIC entered into terms and conditions for a five-year, up to $70 billion line of credit to FCB provided by the FDIC and a Purchase Money Note, both of which are or will be primarily secured by all SVB loans acquired and related commitments that subsequently were drawn and outstanding. See Note 2 — Business Combinations for further discussion of the facility and note.

NOTE 5 — ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES

The ACL for loans and leases is reported in the allowance for credit losses on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, while the ACL for unfunded commitments is reported in other liabilities. The provision or benefit for credit losses related to (i) loans and leases (ii) unfunded commitments and (iii) investment securities available for sale is reported in the Consolidated Statements of Income as provision or benefit for credit losses.

The initial ACL for PCD loans and leases acquired in the SVBB Acquisition and the CIT Merger (the “Initial PCD ACL”) were established through a PCD Gross-Up and there were no corresponding increases to the provision for credit losses. The PCD Gross-Ups are discussed further in Note 1 — Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Presentation. The initial ACL for Non-PCD loans and leases acquired in the SVBB Acquisition and the CIT Merger were established through corresponding increases to the provision for credit losses (the “day 2 provision for loans and leases”). The initial ACL for unfunded commitments acquired in the SVBB Acquisition and the CIT Merger were established through a corresponding increase to the provision for unfunded commitments (the “day 2 provision for unfunded commitments”).

The ACL activity for loans and leases, unfunded commitments and investment securities is summarized in the following tables.

ACL for Loans and Leases

dollars in millions Three Months Ended June 30, 2023 Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
Commercial Consumer SVB Total Commercial Consumer SVB Total
Balance at beginning of period $ 800 $ 143 $ 662 $ 1,605 $ 789 $ 133 $ — $ 922
Initial PCD ACL — — 20 20 — — 220 220
Day 2 provision for loans and leases — — — — — — 462 462
Provision (benefit) for credit losses - loans and leases 172 16 (19) 169 230 29 (19) 240
Total provision (benefit) for credit losses- loans and leases 172 16 (19) 169 230 29 443 702
Charge-offs (69) (6) (101) (176) (124) (13) (101) (238)
Recoveries 12 3 4 19 20 7 4 31
Balance at June 30, 2023 $ 915 $ 156 $ 566 $ 1,637 $ 915 $ 156 $ 566 $ 1,637
Three Months Ended June 30, 2022 Six Months Ended June 30, 2022
Commercial Consumer SVB Total Commercial Consumer SVB Total
Balance at beginning of period $ 743 $ 105 $ — $ 848 $ 80 $ 98 $ — $ 178
Initial PCD ACL (12) — — (12) 258 14 — 272
Day 2 provision for loans and leases — — — — 432 22 — 454
Provision (benefit) for credit losses - loans and leases 33 3 — 36 10 (27) — (17)
Total provision (benefit) for credit losses- loans and leases 33 3 — 36 442 (5) — 437
Charge-offs (36) (5) — (41) (64) (10) — (74)
Recoveries 12 7 — 19 24 13 — 37
Balance at June 30, 2022 $ 740 $ 110 $ — $ 850 $ 740 $ 110 $ — $ 850

ACL for Unfunded Commitments

dollars in millions Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
2023 2022 2023 2022
Beginning balance $ 352 $ 75 $ 106 $ 12
Day 2 provision for unfunded commitments — — 254 59
(Benefit) provision for unfunded commitments (17) 6 (25) 10
Total (benefit) provision for credit losses - unfunded commitments (17) 6 229 69
Ending balance $ 335 $ 81 $ 335 $ 81

ACL for Investment Securities

dollars in millions Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
2023 2022 2023 2022
Beginning balance $ 4 $ — $ — $ —
(Benefit) provision for credit losses - investment securities available for sale (1) — 3 —
Ending balance $ 3 $ — $ 3 $ —

NOTE 6 — LEASES

Lessee

BancShares leases primarily include administrative offices and bank locations. Substantially all of our lease liabilities relate to United States real estate leases under operating lease arrangements. Our real estate leases have remaining lease terms of up to 16 years. Our lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease. The options are included in the lease term when it is determined that it is reasonably certain the option will be exercised.

The following table presents supplemental balance sheet information and remaining weighted average lease terms and discount rates.

Supplemental Lease Information

dollars in millions Classification June 30, 2023 December 31, 2022
ROU assets:
Operating leases Other assets $ 360 $ 345
Finance leases Premises and equipment 6 7
Total ROU assets $ 366 $ 352
Lease liabilities:
Operating leases Other liabilities $ 368 $ 352
Finance leases Other borrowings 6 7
Total lease liabilities $ 374 $ 359
Weighted-average remaining lease terms:
Operating leases 9.0 years 9.6 years
Finance leases 3.6 years 4.1 years
Weighted-average discount rate:
Operating leases 2.42 % 2.19 %
Finance leases 2.33 2.34

The following table presents components of lease cost:

Components of Net Lease Cost

dollars in millions Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
Classification 2023 2022 2023 2022
Lease cost
Operating lease cost (1) Occupancy Expense $ 15 $ 15 $ 28 $ 30
Finance lease cost
Amortization of leased assets Equipment expense — 1 1 1
Variable lease cost Occupancy Expense 4 3 7 6
Sublease income Occupancy Expense (1) (1) (1) (1)
Net lease cost $ 18 $ 18 $ 35 $ 36

(1) Includes short-term lease cost, which is not significant.

Variable lease cost includes common area maintenance, property taxes, utilities, and other operating expenses related to leased premises recognized in the period in which the expense was incurred. Certain of our lease agreements also include rental payments adjusted periodically for inflation. While lease liabilities are not remeasured because of these changes, these adjustments are treated as variable lease costs and recognized in the period in which the expense is incurred. Sublease income results from leasing excess building space that BancShares is no longer utilizing under operating leases, which have remaining lease terms of up to 13 years.

The following table presents supplemental cash flow information related to leases:

Supplemental Cash Flow Information

dollars in millions Six Months Ended June 30,
2023 2022
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases $ 28 $ 26
Financing cash flows from finance leases 1 1
ROU assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities 10 15

Lessor

BancShares leases equipment to commercial end-users under operating lease and finance lease arrangements. The majority of operating lease equipment is long-lived rail equipment, which is typically leased several times over its life. We also lease technology and office equipment, and large and small industrial, medical, and transportation equipment under both operating leases and finance leases.

The table that follows presents lease income related to BancShares’ operating and finance leases:

Lease Income

dollars in millions Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
2023 2022 2023 2022
Lease income – Operating leases $ 221 $ 196 $ 435 $ 391
Variable lease income – Operating leases (1) 17 17 36 30
Rental income on operating leases 238 213 471 421
Interest income - Sales type and direct financing leases 43 42 84 84
Variable lease income included in Other noninterest income (2) 14 13 28 23
Interest income - Leveraged leases 4 5 9 9
Total lease income $ 299 $ 273 $ 592 $ 537

(1)     Primarily includes per diem railcar operating lease rental income earned on a time or mileage usage basis.

(2)     Includes leased equipment property tax reimbursements due from customers of $3 million and $8 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, and revenue related to insurance coverage on leased equipment of $10 million and $21 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively. Includes leased equipment property tax reimbursements due from customers of $5 million and $8 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively, and revenue related to insurance coverage on leased equipment of $8 million and $15 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively.

NOTE 7 — GOODWILL AND CORE DEPOSIT INTANGIBLES

Goodwill

BancShares applied the acquisition method of accounting for the SVBB Acquisition and the CIT Merger. The fair value of the net assets acquired exceeded the purchase prices for both acquisitions. Consequently, there was a gain on acquisition (and no goodwill) as discussed further in Note 2 — Business Combinations. BancShares had goodwill of $346 million at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 that relates to business combinations completed prior to the SVBB Acquisition and the CIT Merger. All of the goodwill relates to the General Banking reporting segment. There was no goodwill impairment during the six months ended June 30, 2023 or 2022.

Core Deposit Intangibles

Core deposit intangibles represent the estimated fair value of core deposits and other customer relationships acquired. Core deposit intangibles are being amortized over their estimated useful life. The following tables summarize the activity for core deposit intangibles during the six months ended June 30, 2023.

Core Deposit Intangibles

dollars in millions 2023
Balance, net of accumulated amortization at January 1 $ 140
Core deposit intangibles related to the SVBB Acquisition 230
Amortization for the period (23)
Balance at June 30, net of accumulated amortization $ 347

Core Deposit Intangible Accumulated Amortization

dollars in millions June 30, 2023 December 31, 2022
Gross balance $ 501 $ 271
Accumulated amortization (154) (131)
Balance, net of accumulated amortization $ 347 $ 140

The following table summarizes the expected amortization expense as of June 30, 2023 in subsequent periods for core deposit intangibles.

Core Deposit Intangible Expected Amortization

dollars in millions
Remainder 2023 $ 34
2024 63
2025 54
2026 46
2027 39
2028 35
Thereafter 76
Balance, net of accumulated amortization $ 347

NOTE 8 — VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES

Variable Interest Entities

Described below are the results of BancShares’ assessment of its variable interests in order to determine its current status with regard to being the VIE primary beneficiary. Refer to Note 1 — Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Presentation for additional information on accounting for VIEs and investments in qualified housing projects.

Consolidated VIEs

At June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there were no consolidated VIEs.

Unconsolidated VIEs

Unconsolidated VIEs include limited partnership interests and joint ventures where BancShares’ involvement is limited to an investor interest and BancShares does not have the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance or obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE.

The table below provides a summary of the assets and liabilities included on the Consolidated Balance Sheets associated with unconsolidated VIEs. The table also presents our maximum exposure to loss which consists of outstanding book basis and unfunded commitments for future investments, and represents potential losses that would be incurred under hypothetical circumstances, such that the value of BancShares’ interests and any associated collateral declines to zero and assuming no recovery. BancShares believes the possibility is remote under this hypothetical scenario; accordingly, this disclosure is not an indication of expected loss. As disclosed in Note 2 — Business Combinations, the following tables as of June 30, 2023 include VIEs acquired in the SVBB Acquisition.

Unconsolidated VIEs Carrying Value

dollars in millions June 30, 2023 December 31, 2022
Investment in qualified affordable housing projects $ 1,808 $ 598
Other tax credit equity investments 4 5
Total tax credit equity investments $ 1,812 $ 603
Other unconsolidated investments 161 159
Total assets (maximum loss exposure) (1) $ 1,973 $ 762
Liabilities for commitments to tax credit investments (2) $ 926 $ 295

(1)    Included in other assets.

(2)    Represents commitments to invest in qualified affordable housing investments and other investments qualifying for community reinvestment tax credits. These commitments are payable on demand and are included in other liabilities.

NOTE 9 — OTHER ASSETS

The following table includes the components of other assets. The increases from December 31, 2022 primarily reflect other assets acquired in conjunction with the SVBB Acquisition as further discussed in Note 2 — Business Combinations.

Other Assets

dollars in millions June 30, 2023 December 31, 2022
Affordable housing tax credit and other unconsolidated investments (1) $ 2,010 $ 762
Right of use assets for operating leases, net 360 345
Pension assets 359 343
Accrued interest receivable 732 329
Income tax receivable 208 275
Federal Home Loan Bank stock 119 197
Fair value of derivative financial instruments 758 159
Bank-owned life insurance 104 586
Counterparty receivables 113 98
Nonmarketable equity securities 58 58
Other real estate owned 62 47
Mortgage servicing rights 25 25
Other (2) 861 1,145
Total other assets $ 5,769 $ 4,369

(1)    Refer to Note 8 — Variable Interest Entities for additional information.

(2)    The balance at December 31, 2022 included $607 million in “Other” related to bank-owned life insurance policies that had terminated, but not cash-settled. These items cash-settled during 2023.

NOTE 10 — DEPOSITS

The following table provides detail on deposit types. The deposit balances as of June 30, 2023 include those acquired in the SVBB Acquisition, as described in Note 2 — Business Combinations.

Deposit Types

dollars in millions June 30, 2023 December 31, 2022
Noninterest-bearing demand $ 44,547 $ 24,922
Checking with interest 24,809 16,202
Money market 29,149 21,040
Savings 26,389 16,634
Time 16,270 10,610
Total deposits $ 141,164 $ 89,408

At June 30, 2023, the scheduled maturities of time deposits were:

Deposit Maturities

dollars in millions
Twelve months ended June 30,
2024 $ 13,744
2025 2,042
2026 286
2027 50
2028 23
Thereafter 125
Total time deposits $ 16,270

Time deposits with a denomination of $250,000 or more were $4.95 billion and $2.22 billion at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

NOTE 11 — BORROWINGS

Short-term Borrowings

Short-term borrowings at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 include:

dollars in millions June 30, 2023 December 31, 2022
Securities sold under customer repurchase agreements $ 454 $ 436
Notes payable to FHLB of Atlanta at overnight SOFR plus 0.28%. — 1,750
Total short-term borrowings $ 454 $ 2,186

Securities Sold under Agreements to Repurchase

BancShares held $454 million and $436 million at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, of securities sold under agreements to repurchase that have overnight contractual maturities and are collateralized by government agency securities.

BancShares utilizes securities sold under agreements to repurchase to facilitate the needs for collateralization of commercial customers and secure wholesale funding needs. Repurchase agreements are transactions whereby BancShares offers to sell to a counterparty an undivided interest in an eligible security at an agreed upon purchase price, and which obligates BancShares to repurchase the security at an agreed upon date, repurchase price and interest rate. These agreements are recorded at the amount of cash received in connection with the transactions and are reflected as securities sold under customer repurchase agreements.

BancShares monitors collateral levels on a continuous basis and maintains records of each transaction specifically describing the applicable security and the counterparty’s fractional interest in that security, and segregates the security from general assets in accordance with regulations governing custodial holdings of securities. The primary risk with repurchase agreements is market risk associated with the investments securing the transactions, as additional collateral may be required based on fair value changes of the underlying investments. Securities pledged as collateral under repurchase agreements are maintained with safekeeping agents. The carrying value of investment securities pledged as collateral under repurchase agreements was $508 million and $496 million at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

Long-term Borrowings

Long-term borrowings at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 include:

Long-term Borrowings

dollars in millions Maturity June 30, 2023 December 31, 2022
Parent Company:
Senior:
Senior unsecured fixed line of credit at 3.722% September 2023 $ 15 $ —
Subordinated:
Fixed-to-Floating subordinated notes at 3.375% March 2030 350 350
Junior subordinated debentures at 3-month LIBOR plus 2.25% (FCB/SC Capital Trust II) June 2034 20 20
Junior subordinated debentures at 3-month LIBOR plus 1.75% (FCB/NC Capital Trust III) June 2036 88 88
Subsidiaries:
Senior:
Senior unsecured fixed-to-floating rate notes at 3.929% June 2024 — 500
Senior unsecured fixed-to-floating rate notes at 2.969% September 2025 315 315
Fixed senior unsecured notes at 6.00% April 2036 51 51
Subordinated:
Fixed subordinated notes at 6.125% March 2028 400 400
Fixed-to-Fixed subordinated notes at 4.125% November 2029 100 100
Junior subordinated debentures at 3-month LIBOR plus 2.80% (Macon Capital Trust I) March 2034 14 14
Junior subordinated debentures at 3-month LIBOR plus 2.85% (SCB Capital Trust I) April 2034 10 10
Secured:
Notes payable to FHLB of Atlanta at overnight SOFR plus spreads ranging from 0.32% to 0.36%. Maturities through September 2025 2,425 2,500
Purchase Money Note to FDIC fixed at 3.50% (1) March 2028 36,072 —
Other secured financings Maturities through January 2024 — 18
Capital lease obligations Maturities through June 2027 6 7
Unamortized issuance costs (1) (1)
Unamortized purchase accounting adjustments (2) (180) 87
Total long-term borrowings $ 39,685 $ 4,459

(1)    Issued in connection with the SVBB Acquisition and will be secured by acquired loans. See below and Note 2 — Business Combinations for further information.

(2)    At June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, unamortized purchase accounting adjustments were $62 million and $69 million, respectively, for subordinated debentures.

Pledged Assets

At June 30, 2023, BancShares had pledged $30.0 billion of loans to the FHLB and FRB.

As a member of the FHLB, FCB can access financing based on an evaluation of its creditworthiness, statement of financial position, size and eligibility of collateral. Pledged assets related to these financings totaled $24.0 billion at June 30, 2023. FCB may at any time grant a security interest in, sell, convey or otherwise dispose of any of the assets used for collateral, provided that FCB is in compliance with the collateral maintenance requirement immediately following such disposition.

Under borrowing arrangements with the FRB of Richmond, BancShares has access to an additional $4.8 billion on a secured basis. There were no outstanding borrowings with the FRB Discount Window at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. Assets pledged to the FRB of Richmond totaled $6.0 billion at June 30, 2023.

In connection with the SVBB Acquisition, FCB and the FDIC entered into a Purchase Money Note, which is primarily secured by all loans acquired and related commitments that subsequently were drawn and outstanding as of June 30, 2023.

At June 30, 2023, BancShares had a credit line allowing contingent access to borrowings on an unsecured basis of up to $100 million, of which $85 million was unused and available.

NOTE 12 — DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

The following table presents notional amount and fair value of derivative financial instruments on a gross basis. At June 30, 2023, and December 31, 2022 BancShares’ derivatives are not designated as hedging instruments.

Notional Amount and Fair Value of Derivative Financial Instruments

dollars in millions June 30, 2023 December 31, 2022
Notional Amount Asset Fair Value Liability Fair Value Notional Amount Asset Fair Value Liability Fair Value
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments (Non-qualifying hedges)
Interest rate contracts (1) (4) $ 24,597 $ 553 $ (624) $ 18,173 $ 158 $ (482)
Foreign exchange contracts (2) 12,847 203 (200) 125 1 (4)
Other contracts (3) 826 2 (1) 507 — —
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments $ 38,270 758 (825) $ 18,805 159 (486)
Gross derivatives fair values presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets 758 (825) 159 (486)
Less: Gross amounts offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets — — — —
Net amount presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets 758 (825) 159 (486)
Less: Amounts subject to master netting agreements (5) (110) 110 (13) 13
Less: Cash collateral pledged(received) subject to master netting agreements (6) (533) 39 (124) —
Total net derivative fair value $ 115 $ (676) $ 22 $ (473)

(1)    Fair value balances include accrued interest.

(2)    The foreign exchange contracts exclude foreign exchange spot contracts. The notional amounts of these contracts were $161 million as of June 30, 2023, and $0 million as of December 31, 2022.

(3)    Other derivative contracts not designated as hedging instruments include risk participation agreements and equity warrants.

(4)    BancShares accounts for swap contracts cleared by the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and LCH Clearnet as “settled-to-market”. As a result, variation margin payments are characterized as settlement of the derivative exposure and variation margin balances are netted against the corresponding derivative mark-to-market balances. Gross amounts of recognized assets and liabilities were lowered by $154 million and $33 million, respectively, at June 30, 2023, and $376 million and $19 million, respectively at December 31, 2022.

(5)    BancShares’ derivative transactions are governed by International Swaps and Derivatives Association (“ISDA”) agreements that allow for net settlements of certain payments as well as offsetting of all contracts with a given counterparty in the event of bankruptcy or default of one of the two parties to the transaction. BancShares believes its ISDA agreements meet the definition of a master netting arrangement or similar agreement for purposes of the above disclosure.

(6)    In conjunction with the ISDA agreements described above, BancShares has entered into collateral arrangements with its counterparties, which provide for the exchange of cash depending on change in the market valuation of the derivative contracts outstanding. Such collateral is available to be applied in settlement of the net balances upon an event of default of one of the counterparties. Collateral pledged or received is included in other assets or other liabilities, respectively.

Non-Qualifying Hedges

The following table presents gains of non-qualifying hedges recognized on the Consolidated Statements of Income:

Gains on Non-Qualifying Hedges

dollars in millions Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
Amounts Recognized 2023 2022 2023 2022
Interest rate contracts Other noninterest income $ 8 $ 2 $ 29 $ 6
Foreign currency forward contracts Other noninterest income 1 6 (1) 6
Total non-qualifying hedges - income statement impact $ 9 $ 8 $ 28 $ 12

NOTE 13 — OTHER LIABILITIES

The following table includes the components of other liabilities. The increases from December 31, 2022 primarily reflect other liabilities assumed in conjunction with the SVBB Acquisition as further discussed in Note 2 — Business Combinations.

Other Liabilities

dollars in millions June 30, 2023 December 31, 2022
Fair value of derivative financial instruments $ 825 $ 486
Lease liabilities 368 352
Accrued expenses and accounts payable 391 275
Commitments to fund tax credit investments 926 295
Deferred taxes 3,147 286
ACL for unfunded commitments 335 106
Incentive plan liabilities 369 267
Accrued interest payable 121 57
Other 879 464
Total other liabilities $ 7,361 $ 2,588

NOTE 14 — FAIR VALUE

Fair Value Hierarchy

BancShares measures certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. U.S. GAAP also establishes a fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three levels.

Assets and liabilities are recorded at fair value according to a fair value hierarchy comprised of three levels. The levels are based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the reliability of the assumptions used to determine fair value. The level within the fair value hierarchy for an asset or liability is based on the lowest level of input significant to the fair value measurement with Level 1 inputs considered highest and Level 3 inputs considered lowest. A brief description of each input level follows:

•Level 1 inputs are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities.

•Level 2 inputs are quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active and inputs other than quoted prices observable for the assets or liabilities and market corroborated inputs.

•Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. These unobservable inputs and assumptions reflect the estimates market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following table summarizes BancShares’ assets and liabilities measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis:

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value - Recurring Basis

dollars in millions June 30, 2023
Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
Assets
Investment securities available for sale
U.S. Treasury $ 4,634 $ — $ 4,634 $ —
Government agency 140 — 140 —
Residential mortgage-backed securities 4,810 — 4,810 —
Commercial mortgage-backed securities 1,577 — 1,577 —
Corporate bonds 476 — 325 151
Municipal bonds 257 — 257 —
Total investment securities available for sale $ 11,894 $ — $ 11,743 $ 151
Marketable equity securities 76 24 52 —
Loans held for sale 42 — 42 —
Derivative assets (1)
Interest rate contracts — non-qualifying hedges $ 553 $ — $ 552 $ 1
Foreign exchange contracts — non-qualifying hedges 203 — 203 —
Other derivative contracts — non-qualifying hedges 2 — — 2
Total derivative assets $ 758 $ — $ 755 $ 3
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities (1)
Interest rate contracts — non-qualifying hedges $ 624 $ — $ 624 $ —
Foreign exchange contracts — non-qualifying hedges 200 — 200 —
Other derivative contracts — non-qualifying hedges 1 — — 1
Total derivative liabilities $ 825 $ — $ 824 $ 1
December 31, 2022
Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
Assets
Investment securities available for sale
U.S. Treasury $ 1,898 $ — $ 1,898 $ —
Government agency 162 — 162 —
Residential mortgage-backed securities 4,795 — 4,795 —
Commercial mortgage-backed securities 1,604 — 1,604 —
Corporate bonds 536 — 362 174
Municipal bonds — — — —
Total investment securities available for sale $ 8,995 $ — $ 8,821 $ 174
Marketable equity securities 95 32 63 —
Loans held for sale 4 — 4 —
Derivative assets (1)
Interest rate contracts — non-qualifying hedges $ 158 $ — $ 158 $ —
Foreign exchange contracts — non-qualifying hedges 1 — 1 —
Other derivative contracts — non-qualifying hedges — — — —
Total derivative assets $ 159 $ — $ 159 $ —
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities (1)
Interest rate contracts — non-qualifying hedges $ 482 $ — $ 482 $ —
Foreign exchange contracts — non-qualifying hedges 4 — 4 —
Other derivative contracts — non-qualifying hedges — — — —
Total derivative liabilities $ 486 $ — $ 486 $ —

(1)     Derivative fair values include accrued interest.

The methods and assumptions used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis are as follows:

Investment securities available for sale. The fair value of U.S. Treasury, government agency, mortgage-backed securities, municipal bonds, and a portion of the corporate bonds are generally estimated using a third-party pricing service. To obtain an understanding of the processes and methodologies used, management reviews correspondence from the third-party pricing service. Management also performs a price variance analysis process to corroborate the reasonableness of prices. The third-party provider evaluates securities based on comparable investments with trades and market data and will utilize pricing models which use a variety of inputs, such as benchmark yields, reported trades, issuer spreads, benchmark securities, bids and offers as needed. These securities are generally classified as Level 2. The remaining corporate bonds held are generally measured at fair value based on indicative bids from broker-dealers using inputs that are not directly observable. These securities are classified as Level 3.

Marketable equity securities. Equity securities are measured at fair value using observable closing prices. The valuation also considers the amount of market activity by examining the trade volume of each security. Equity securities are classified as Level 1 if they are traded in an active market and as Level 2 if the observable closing price is from a less than active market.

Loans held for sale. Certain residential real estate loans originated for sale to investors are carried at fair value based on quoted market prices for similar types of loans. Accordingly, the inputs used to calculate fair value of originated residential real estate loans held for sale are considered Level 2 inputs.

Derivative Assets and Liabilities. Derivatives were valued using models that incorporate inputs depending on the type of derivative. Other than the fair value of equity warrants and credit derivatives, which were estimated using Level 3 inputs, most derivative instruments were valued using Level 2 inputs based on observed pricing for similar assets and liabilities and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market. See Note 12 — Derivative Financial Instruments for notional amounts and fair values.

The following tables summarize information about significant unobservable inputs related to BancShares’ categories of Level 3 financial assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis:

Quantitative Information About Level 3 Fair Value Measurements - Recurring Basis

dollars in millions
Financial Instrument Estimated<br>Fair Value Valuation<br>Technique(s) Significant Unobservable Inputs
June 30, 2023
Assets
Corporate bonds $ 151 Indicative bid provided by broker Multiple factors, including but not limited to, current operations, financial condition, cash flows, and recently executed financing transactions related to the issuer.
Interest rate & other derivative — non-qualifying hedges $ 3 Internal valuation model Not material
Liabilities
Interest rate & other derivative — non-qualifying hedges $ 1 Internal valuation model Not material
December 31, 2022
Assets
Corporate bonds $ 174 Indicative bid provided by broker Multiple factors, including but not limited to, current operations, financial condition, cash flows, and recently executed financing transactions related to the issuer.

The following table summarizes the changes in estimated fair value for all assets and liabilities measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3):

Changes in Estimated Fair Value of Level 3 Financial Assets and Liabilities - Recurring Basis

dollars in millions Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 Six Months Ended June 30, 2022
Corporate Bonds Other Derivative Assets — Non-Qualifying Other Derivative Liabilities — Non-Qualifying Corporate Bonds Other Derivative Assets — Non-Qualifying Other Derivative Liabilities — Non-Qualifying
Beginning balance $ 174 $ — $ — $ 207 $ — $ —
Purchases — — — — — 1
Changes in FV included in earnings — 3 — — 1 (1)
Changes in FV included in comprehensive income (14) — — (13) — —
Transfers in — — 1 — — —
Transfers out — — — (14) — —
Maturity and settlements (9) — — — — —
Ending balance $ 151 $ 3 $ 1 $ 180 $ 1 $ —

Fair Value Option

The following table summarizes the difference between the aggregate fair value and the UPB for residential real estate loans originated for sale measured at fair value as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

Aggregate Fair Value and UPB - Residential Real Estate Loans

dollars in millions June 30, 2023
Fair Value Unpaid Principal Balance Difference
Originated loans held for sale $ 42 $ 42 $ —
December 31, 2022
Fair Value Unpaid Principal Balance Difference
Originated loans held for sale $ 4 $ 4 $ —

BancShares has elected the fair value option for residential real estate loans originated for sale. This election reduces certain timing differences in the Consolidated Statements of Income and better aligns with the management of the portfolio from a business perspective. The changes in fair value were recorded as a component of mortgage income and included $0 million and a gain of $1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $0 million and a loss of $2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Interest earned on loans held for sale is recorded within interest income on loans and leases in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

No originated loans held for sale were 90 or more days past due or on non-accrual status as of June 30, 2023 or December 31, 2022.

Assets Measured at Estimated Fair Value on a Non-recurring Basis

Certain assets or liabilities are required to be measured at estimated fair value on a non-recurring basis subsequent to initial recognition. Generally, these adjustments are the result of LOCOM or other impairment accounting. The following table presents carrying value of assets measured at estimated fair value on a non-recurring basis for which gains and losses have been recorded in the periods. The gains and losses reflect amounts recorded for the respective periods, regardless of whether the asset is still held at period end.

Assets Measured at Fair Value - Non-recurring Basis

dollars in millions Fair Value Measurements
Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Gains (Losses)
June 30, 2023
Assets held for sale - loans $ 13 $ — $ — $ 13 $ (6)
Loans - collateral dependent loans 199 — — 199 (71)
Other real estate owned 26 — — 26 2
Total $ 238 $ — $ — $ 238 $ (75)
December 31, 2022
Assets held for sale - loans $ 23 $ — $ — $ 23 $ (1)
Loans - collateral dependent loans 149 — — 149 (24)
Other real estate owned 43 — — 43 14
Mortgage servicing rights — — — — 1
Total $ 215 $ — $ — $ 215 $ (10)

Certain other assets are adjusted to their fair value on a non-recurring basis, including certain loans, OREO, and goodwill, which are periodically tested for impairment, and mortgage servicing rights (“MSRs”), which are carried at the lower of amortized cost or market. Most loans held for investment, deposits, and borrowings are not reported at fair value.

The methods and assumptions used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instruments measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis are as follows:

Assets held for sale - loans. Loans held for investment subsequently transferred to held for sale are carried at the lower of cost or market. When available, the fair values for the transferred loans are based on quoted prices from the purchase commitments for the individual loans being transferred and are considered Level 1 inputs. The fair value of Level 2 assets was primarily estimated based on prices of recent trades of similar assets. For other loans held for sale, the fair value of Level 3 assets was primarily measured under the income approach using the discounted cash flow model based on Level 3 inputs including discount rate or the price of committed trades.

Loans - collateral dependent loans. The population of Level 3 loans measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis includes collateral-dependent loans evaluated individually. Collateral values are determined using appraisals or other third-party value estimates of the subject property discounted based on estimated selling costs, and adjustments for other external factors that may impact the marketability of the collateral.

Other real estate owned. OREO is carried at LOCOM. OREO asset valuations are determined by using appraisals or other third-party value estimates of the subject property with discounts, generally between 6% and 11%, applied for estimated selling costs and other external factors that may impact the marketability of the property. At June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the weighted average discount applied was 8.68% and 9.31%, respectively. Changes to the value of the assets between scheduled valuation dates are monitored through continued communication with brokers and monthly reviews by the asset manager assigned to each asset. If there are any significant changes in the market or the subject property, valuations are adjusted or new appraisals are ordered to ensure the reported values reflect the most current information.

Mortgage servicing rights. MSRs are carried at the lower of amortized cost or market and are, therefore, carried at fair value only when fair value is less than amortized cost. The fair value of MSRs is determined using a pooling methodology. Similar loans are pooled together and a discounted cash flow model, which takes into consideration discount rates, prepayment rates, and the weighted average cost to service the loans, is used to determine the fair value.

Financial Instruments Fair Value

The table below presents the carrying values and estimated fair values for financial instruments, excluding leases and certain other assets and liabilities for which these disclosures are not required.

Carrying Values and Fair Values of Financial Assets and Liabilities

dollars in millions June 30, 2023
Estimated Fair Value
Carrying Value Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
Financial Assets
Cash and due from banks $ 917 $ 917 $ — $ — $ 917
Interest earning deposits at banks 37,846 37,846 — — 37,846
Securities purchased under agreements to resell 298 — 298 — 298
Investment in marketable equity securities 76 24 52 — 76
Investment securities available for sale 11,894 — 11,743 151 11,894
Investment securities held to maturity 10,201 — 8,652 — 8,652
Loans held for sale 115 — 42 73 115
Net loans 129,288 — 1,552 125,261 126,813
Accrued interest receivable 732 — 732 — 732
Federal Home Loan Bank stock 119 — 119 — 119
Mortgage servicing rights 25 — — 47 47
Derivative assets 758 — 755 3 758
Financial Liabilities
Deposits with no stated maturity 124,894 — 124,894 — 124,894
Time deposits 16,270 — 16,220 — 16,220
Credit balances of factoring clients 1,067 — — 1,067 1,067
Securities sold under customer repurchase agreements 454 — 454 — 454
Long-term borrowings 39,679 — 39,011 — 39,011
Accrued interest payable 121 — 121 — 121
Derivative liabilities 825 — 824 1 825
December 31, 2022
Estimated Fair Value
Carrying Value Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
Financial Assets
Cash and due from banks $ 518 $ 518 $ — $ — $ 518
Interest earning deposits at banks 5,025 5,025 — — 5,025
Investment in marketable equity securities 95 32 63 — 95
Investment securities available for sale 8,995 — 8,821 174 8,995
Investment securities held to maturity 10,279 — 8,795 — 8,795
Loans held for sale 52 — 4 45 49
Net loans 67,720 — 1,679 62,633 64,312
Accrued interest receivable 329 — 329 — 329
Federal Home Loan Bank stock 197 — 197 — 197
Mortgage servicing rights 25 — — 47 47
Derivative assets 159 — 159 — 159
Financial Liabilities
Deposits with no stated maturity 78,798 — 78,798 — 78,798
Time deposits 10,610 — 10,504 — 10,504
Credit balances of factoring clients 995 — — 995 995
Securities sold under customer repurchase agreements 436 — 436 — 436
Other short-term borrowings 1,750 — 1,750 — 1,750
Long-term borrowings 4,452 — 4,312 18 4,330
Accrued interest payable 57 — 57 — 57
Derivative liabilities 486 — 486 — 486

The methods and assumptions used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instruments not discussed elsewhere are as follows:

Net loans. The carrying value of net loans is net of the ACL. Loans are generally valued by discounting expected cash flows using market inputs with adjustments based on cohort level assumptions for certain loan types as well as internally developed estimates at a business segment level. Due to the significance of the unobservable market inputs and assumptions, as well as the absence of a liquid secondary market for most loans, these loans are classified as Level 3. Certain loans are measured based on observable market prices sourced from external data providers and classified as Level 2. Nonaccrual loans are written down and reported at their estimated recovery value which approximates their fair value and classified as Level 3.

Securities Purchased Under Agreement to Resell. The fair value of securities purchased under agreement to resell equal the carrying value due to the short term nature, generally overnight, and therefore present an insignificant risk of change in fair value due to changes in market interest rate, and classified as Level 2.

Investment securities held to maturity. BancShares’ portfolio of held to maturity debt securities consists of mortgage-backed securities issued by government agencies and government sponsored entities, U.S. Treasury notes, unsecured bonds issued by government agencies and government sponsored entities, and securities issued by the Supranational Entities and Multilateral Development Banks. We primarily use prices obtained from pricing services to determine the fair value of securities, which are Level 2 inputs.

FHLB stock. The carrying amount of FHLB stock is a reasonable estimate of fair value, as these securities are not readily marketable and are evaluated for impairment based on the ultimate recoverability of the par value. BancShares considers positive and negative evidence, including the profitability and asset quality of the issuer, dividend payment history and recent redemption experience, when determining the ultimate recoverability of the par value. BancShares investment in FHLB stock is ultimately recoverable at par. The inputs used in the fair value measurement for the FHLB stock are considered Level 2 inputs.

Mortgage servicing rights. MSRs are initially recorded at fair value and subsequently carried at the lower of amortized cost or market. Therefore, servicing rights are carried at fair value only when fair value is less than the amortized cost. The fair value of MSRs is determined using a pooling methodology. Similar loans are pooled together and a model which relies on discount rates, estimates of prepayment rates and the weighted average cost to service the loans is used to determine the fair value. The inputs used in the fair value measurement for MSRs are considered Level 3 inputs.

Deposits. The estimated fair value of deposits with no stated maturity, such as demand deposit accounts, money market accounts, and savings accounts was the amount payable on demand at the reporting date. The fair value of time deposits was estimated based on a discounted cash flow technique using Level 2 inputs appropriate to the contractual maturity.

Credit balances of factoring clients. The impact of the time value of money from the unobservable discount rate for credit balances of factoring clients is inconsequential due to the short term nature of these balances, therefore, the fair value approximated carrying value, and the credit balances were classified as Level 3.

Short-term borrowed funds. Includes repurchase agreements and certain other short-term borrowings. The fair value approximates carrying value and are classified as Level 2.

Long-term borrowings. For certain long-term senior and subordinated unsecured borrowings, the fair values are sourced from a third-party pricing service. The fair value of other long-term borrowings are determined by discounting future cash flows using current interest rates for similar financial instruments. The inputs used in the fair value measurement for FHLB borrowings, senior and subordinated debentures, and other borrowings are classified as Level 2. The fair value of other secured borrowings are estimated based on unobservable inputs and therefore classified as Level 3.

For all other financial assets and financial liabilities, the carrying value is a reasonable estimate of the fair value as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The carrying value and fair value for these assets and liabilities are equivalent because they are relatively short-term in nature and there is no interest rate or credit risk that would cause the fair value to differ from the carrying value. Cash and due from banks, and interest earning deposits at banks, are classified on the fair value hierarchy as Level 1. Accrued interest receivable and accrued interest payable are classified as Level 2.

NOTE 15 — STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

A roll forward of common stock activity is presented in the following table:

Number of Shares of Common Stock

Outstanding
Class A Class B
Common stock - March 31, 2023 13,514,808 1,005,185
Restricted stock units vested, net of shares held to cover taxes 41 —
Common stock - June 30, 2023 13,514,849 1,005,185
Common stock - December 31, 2022 13,501,017 1,005,185
Restricted stock units vested, net of shares held to cover taxes 13,832 —
Common stock - June 30, 2023 13,514,849 1,005,185

Common Stock

The Parent Company has Class A Common Stock and Class B common stock (“Class B Common Stock”). Class A Common Stock have one vote per share, while shares of Class B Common Stock have 16 votes per share.

Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock

The following table summarizes BancShares’ non-cumulative perpetual preferred stock.

Preferred Stock

dollars in millions, except per share and par value data
Preferred Stock Issuance Date Earliest Redemption Date Par Value Shares Issued and Outstanding Liquidation Preference Per Share Total Liquidation Preference Dividend Dividend Payment Dates
Series A March 12, 2020 March 15, 2025 $ 0.01 345,000 $ 1,000 345 5.375% Quarterly in arrears on March 15, June 15, September 15, and December 15
Series B(1) January 3, 2022 January 4, 2027 $ 0.01 325,000 $ 1,000 325 LIBOR + 3.792%
Series C January 3, 2022 January 4, 2027 $ 0.01 8,000,000 $ 25 200 5.625%

(1) Beginning July 1, 2023, BancShares has moved to Term SOFR plus a credit spread adjustment for its Series B Preferred Stock. The final dividend payment based on a LIBOR accrual will occur September 15, 2023.

For further description of BancShares’ non-cumulative perpetual preferred stock, refer to Note 17 — Stockholders’ Equity in Item 8 of our 2022 Form 10-K.

Authorized Shares

On April 25, 2023 the Parent Company’s stockholders approved amendments to the Restated Certificate of Incorporation to increase the number of authorized shares of the Class A Common Stock from 16,000,000 shares to 32,000,000 shares and to increase the number of authorized shares of the Preferred Stock from 10,000,000 shares to 20,000,000.

NOTE 16 — ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME

The following table details the components of Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income (“AOCI”):

Components of Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income

dollars in millions June 30, 2023 December 31, 2022
Pretax Income<br>Taxes Net of Income Taxes Pretax Income<br>Taxes Net of Income Taxes
Unrealized loss on securities available for sale $ (1,029) $ 248 $ (781) $ (972) $ 233 $ (739)
Unrealized loss on securities available for sale transferred to held to maturity (7) 2 (5) (8) 2 (6)
Defined benefit pension items 18 (4) 14 13 (3) 10
Total accumulated other comprehensive loss $ (1,018) $ 246 $ (772) $ (967) $ 232 $ (735)

The following table details the changes in the components of AOCI, net of income taxes:

Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income by Component

dollars in millions Unrealized (loss) gain on securities available for sale Unrealized (loss) gain on securities available for sale transferred to held to maturity Net change in defined benefit pension items Total accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income
Balance as of December 31, 2022 $ (739) $ (6) $ 10 $ (735)
AOCI activity before reclassifications (54) — 4 (50)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI to earnings 12 1 — 13
Other comprehensive (loss) income for the period (42) 1 4 (37)
Balance as of June 30, 2023 $ (781) $ (5) $ 14 $ (772)
Balance as of December 31, 2021 $ (9) $ (7) $ 26 $ 10
AOCI activity before reclassifications (481) — — (481)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI to earnings — 1 5 6
Other comprehensive (loss) income for the period (481) 1 5 (475)
Balance as of June 30, 2022 $ (490) $ (6) $ 31 $ (465)

Other Comprehensive Income

The amounts included in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income are net of income taxes. The following table presents the pretax and after-tax components of other comprehensive income:

Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) by Component

dollars in millions Three Months Ended June 30,
2023 2022
Pretax Income<br>Taxes Net of Income Taxes Pretax Income<br>Taxes Net of Income Taxes Income Statement Line Items
Unrealized loss on securities available for sale:
AOCI activity before reclassifications $ (134) $ 35 $ (99) $ (216) $ 53 $ (163)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI to earnings $ (1) $ — $ (1) $ — $ — $ — Provision for credit losses
Other comprehensive loss on securities available for sale $ (135) $ 35 $ (100) $ (216) $ 53 $ (163)
Unrealized loss on securities available for sale transferred to held to maturity:
AOCI activity before reclassifications $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ —
Amounts reclassified from AOCI to earnings 1 — 1 — — — Interest on investment securities
Other comprehensive income on securities available for sale transferred to held to maturity $ 1 $ — $ 1 $ — $ — $ —
Defined benefit pension items:
Actuarial loss $ (5) $ 1 $ (4) $ — $ — $ —
Amounts reclassified from AOCI to earnings — — — 4 (1) 3 Other noninterest expense
Other comprehensive (loss) income for defined benefit pension items $ (5) $ 1 $ (4) $ 4 $ (1) $ 3
Total other comprehensive loss $ (139) $ 36 $ (103) $ (212) $ 52 $ (160)
dollars in millions Six Months Ended June 30,
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
2023 2022
Pretax Income<br>Taxes Net of Income Taxes Pretax Income<br>Taxes Net of Income Taxes Income Statement Line Items
Unrealized loss on securities available for sale:
AOCI activity before reclassifications $ (74) $ 20 $ (54) $ (635) $ 154 $ (481)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI to earnings $ 17 $ (5) $ 12 $ — $ — $ — $14 realized loss on sales of investment securities available for sale, net; $3 provision for credit losses
Other comprehensive loss on securities available for sale $ (57) $ 15 $ (42) $ (635) $ 154 $ (481)
Unrealized loss on securities available for sale transferred to held to maturity:
AOCI activity before reclassifications $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ —
Amounts reclassified from AOCI to earnings 1 — 1 1 — 1 Interest on investment securities
Other comprehensive income on securities available for sale transferred to held to maturity $ 1 $ — $ 1 $ 1 $ — $ 1
Defined benefit pension items:
Actuarial loss $ 5 $ (1) $ 4 $ — $ — $ —
Amounts reclassified from AOCI to earnings — — — 7 (2) 5 Other noninterest expense
Other comprehensive income for defined benefit pension items $ 5 $ (1) $ 4 $ 7 $ (2) $ 5
Total other comprehensive loss $ (51) $ 14 $ (37) $ (627) $ 152 $ (475)

NOTE 17 — REGULATORY CAPITAL

BancShares and FCB are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the BancShares’ Consolidated Financial Statements. Certain activities, such as the ability to undertake new business initiatives, including acquisitions, the access to and cost of funding for new business initiatives, the ability to pay dividends, the ability to repurchase shares or other capital instruments, the level of deposit insurance costs, and the level and nature of regulatory oversight, largely depend on a financial institution’s capital strength.

Federal banking agencies approved regulatory capital guidelines (“Basel III”) aimed at strengthening previous capital requirements for banking organizations. Basel III became effective for BancShares on January 1, 2015 and the associated capital conservation buffers of 2.50% were fully phased in by January 1, 2019.

The following table includes the Basel III requirements for regulatory capital ratios.

Basel III Minimums Basel III Conservation Buffers Basel III Requirements
Regulatory capital ratios
Total risk-based capital 8.00 % 2.50 % 10.50 %
Tier 1 risk-based capital 6.00 2.50 8.50
Common equity Tier 1 4.50 2.50 7.00
Tier 1 leverage 4.00 — 4.00

The FDIC also has Prompt Corrective Action (“PCA”) thresholds for regulatory capital ratios. The regulatory capital ratios for BancShares and FCB are calculated in accordance with the guidelines of the federal banking authorities. The regulatory capital ratios for BancShares and FCB exceed the Basel III requirements and the PCA well-capitalized thresholds as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 as summarized in the following table.

dollars in millions June 30, 2023 December 31, 2022
Basel III Requirements PCA well-capitalized thresholds Amount Ratio Amount Ratio
BancShares
Total risk-based capital 10.50 % 10.00 % $ 22,504 15.84 % $ 11,799 13.18 %
Tier 1 risk-based capital 8.50 8.00 19,898 14.00 9,902 11.06
Common equity Tier 1 7.00 6.50 19,017 13.38 9,021 10.08
Tier 1 leverage 4.00 5.00 19,898 9.50 9,902 8.99
FCB
Total risk-based capital 10.50 % 10.00 % $ 22,292 15.69 % $ 11,627 12.99 %
Tier 1 risk-based capital 8.50 8.00 20,142 14.18 10,186 11.38
Common equity Tier 1 7.00 6.50 20,142 14.18 10,186 11.38
Tier 1 leverage 4.00 5.00 20,142 9.62 10,186 9.25

At June 30, 2023, BancShares and FCB had risk-based capital ratio conservation buffers of 7.84% and 7.69%, respectively, which are in excess of the fully phased in Basel III conservation buffer of 2.50%. At December 31, 2022, BancShares and FCB had risk-based capital ratio conservation buffers of 5.06% and 4.99%, respectively. The capital ratio conservation buffers represent the excess of the regulatory capital ratio as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 over the Basel III minimum for the ratio that is the binding constraint.

Additional Tier 1 capital for BancShares includes preferred stock discussed further in Note 15 — Stockholders’ Equity. Additional Tier 2 capital for BancShares and FCB primarily consists of qualifying ACL and qualifying subordinated debt.

Dividend Restrictions

Dividends paid from FCB to the Parent Company are the primary source of funds available to the Parent Company for payment of dividends to its stockholders. The Board of Directors of FCB may approve distributions, including dividends, as it deems appropriate, subject to the requirements of the FDIC and the General Statutes of North Carolina, provided that the distributions do not reduce the regulatory capital ratios below the applicable requirements. FCB could have paid additional dividends to the Parent Company in the amount of $8.09 billion while continuing to meet the requirements for well-capitalized banks at June 30, 2023. Dividends declared by FCB and paid to the Parent Company amounted to $117 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023. Payment of dividends is made at the discretion of FCB’s Board of Directors and is contingent upon satisfactory earnings as well as projected capital needs.

NOTE 18 — EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE

The following table sets forth the computation of the basic and diluted earnings per common share:

Earnings per Common Share

dollars in millions, except per share data Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
2023 2022 2023 2022
Net income $ 682 $ 255 $ 10,200 $ 526
Preferred stock dividends 15 17 29 24
Net income available to common stockholders $ 667 $ 238 $ 10,171 $ 502
Weighted average common shares outstanding
Basic shares outstanding 14,528,134 16,023,613 14,527,417 15,918,978
Stock-based awards 9,804 11,477 11,759 18,848
Diluted shares outstanding 14,537,938 16,035,090 14,539,176 15,937,826
Earnings per common share
Basic $ 45.90 $ 14.87 $ 700.10 $ 31.52
Diluted $ 45.87 $ 14.86 $ 699.53 $ 31.48

NOTE 19 — INCOME TAXES

BancShares’ global effective income tax rates were 23.9% and 1.6% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, and 24.2% and 6.3% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively. While the effective tax rates for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 were relatively consistent, the decrease from 6.3% in the prior year to 1.6% for the six months ended June 30, 2023 was primarily due to the preliminary gain on acquisition relating to the SVBB Acquisition.

The quarterly income tax expense is based on a projection of BancShares’ annual effective tax rate (“ETR”). This annual ETR is applied to the year-to-date consolidated pre-tax income to determine the interim provision for income taxes before discrete items. The ETR each period is also impacted by a number of factors, including the relative mix of domestic and international earnings, effects of changes in enacted tax laws, adjustments to the valuation allowances, and discrete items. The currently forecasted ETR may vary from the actual year-end 2023 ETR due to the changes in these factors.

Uncertain Tax Benefits

BancShares’ recognizes tax benefits when it is more likely than not that the position will prevail, based solely on the technical merits under the tax law of the relevant jurisdiction. BancShares will recognize the tax benefit if the position meets this recognition threshold determined based on the largest amount of the benefit that is more than likely to be realized.

Net Operating Loss Carryforwards and Valuation Adjustments

As a result of the SVBB Acquisition, BancShares’ net deferred tax liabilities increased by approximately $3.28 billion, primarily related to acquired loans and other assets.

BancShares’ ability to recognize deferred tax assets (“DTAs”) is evaluated on a quarterly basis to determine if there are any significant events that would affect our ability to utilize existing DTAs. If events are identified that affect our ability to utilize its DTAs, adjustments to the valuation allowance adjustments may be required. As a result of further assessment of information received during the second quarter related to the SVBB Acquisition, BancShares released approximately $12 million in the quarter of the $70 million valuation allowance recorded at December 31, 2022.

NOTE 20 — EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS

BancShares sponsors non-contributory defined benefit pension plans for its qualifying employees. The service cost component of net periodic benefit cost is included in salaries and wages while all other non-service cost components are included in other noninterest expense.

The components of net periodic benefit cost are as follows:

dollars in millions Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
2023 2022 2023 2022
Service cost $ 3 $ 4 $ 5 $ 7
Interest cost 15 11 30 22
Expected return on assets (22) (22) (43) (44)
Amortization of prior service cost — — — —
Amortization of net actuarial loss — 3 — 6
Net periodic benefit $ (4) $ (4) $ (8) $ (9)

NOTE 21 — BUSINESS SEGMENT INFORMATION

BancShares’ segments include General Banking, Commercial Banking, a new segment Silicon Valley Banking that includes the operating results for the SVBB Acquisition, as well as Rail and Corporate. Each of the segments are described below.

General Banking

General Banking delivers products and services to consumers and businesses through an extensive network of branches and various digital channels, including a full suite of deposit products, loans (primarily residential mortgages and business/commercial loans), and various fee-based services. General Banking also provides a variety of wealth management products and services to individuals and institutional clients, including brokerage, investment advisory, and trust services. In addition, General Banking has a dedicated business line that supports deposit, cash management and lending to homeowner associations and property management companies nationwide. Revenue is primarily generated from interest earned on loans and fees for banking and advisory services.

Commercial Banking

Commercial Banking provides a range of lending, leasing, capital markets, asset management and other financial and advisory services primarily to small and middle market companies in a wide range of industries. Loans offered are primarily senior secured loans collateralized by accounts receivable, inventory, machinery and equipment, transportation equipment and/or intangibles, and are often used for working capital, plant expansion, acquisitions or recapitalizations. These loans include revolving lines of credit and term loans and, depending on the nature of the collateral, may be referred to as collateral-backed loans, asset-based loans or cash flow loans. Commercial Banking provides senior secured loans to developers and other commercial real estate professionals, and also provides small business loans and leases, including both capital and operating leases, through a highly automated credit approval, documentation and funding process. Commercial Banking also provides factoring, receivable management, and secured financing to businesses that operate in various industries.

Revenue is primarily generated from interest earned on loans, rents on equipment leased, fees and other revenue from lending and leasing activities and banking services, along with capital markets transactions and commissions earned on factoring and related activities.

Silicon Valley Banking

Silicon Valley Banking offers products and services to commercial clients in key innovation markets, such as healthcare and technology industries, as well as private equity and venture capital firms. The segment provides solutions to the financial needs of commercial clients through credit, treasury management, foreign exchange, trade finance and other services. In addition, the segment offers private banking and wealth management and provides a range of personal financial solutions for consumers. Private banking and wealth management clients consist of private equity/venture capital professionals and executive leaders of the innovation companies they support and premium wine clients. The segment offers a customized suite of private banking services, including mortgages, home equity lines of credit, restricted and private stock loans, capital call lines of credit, other secured and unsecured lending products and vineyard development loans, as well as planning-based financial strategies, wealth management, family office, financial planning, tax planning and trust services.

Revenue is primarily generated from interest earned on loans, and fees and other revenue from lending activities and banking services.

Deposit products include business and analysis checking accounts, money market accounts, multi-currency accounts, bank accounts, sweep accounts and positive pay services. Services are provided through online and mobile banking platforms, as well as branch locations.

Rail

Rail offers customized leasing and financing solutions on a fleet of railcars and locomotives to railroads and shippers throughout North America. Railcar types include covered hopper cars used to ship grain and agricultural products, plastic pellets, sand, and cement, tank cars for energy products and chemicals, gondolas for coal, steel coil and mill service products, open hopper cars for coal and aggregates, boxcars for paper and auto parts, and center beams and flat cars for lumber. Revenue is primarily from operating lease income.

Corporate

Certain items that are not allocated to operating segments are included in the Corporate segment, inclusive of similar items related to Silicon Valley Banking. Some of the more significant and recurring items include interest income on investment securities, a portion of interest expense primarily related to corporate funding costs (including brokered deposits), income on BOLI (other noninterest income), acquisition-related costs, as well as certain unallocated costs and certain intangible asset amortization expense (operating expenses). Corporate also includes certain significant items that are infrequent, such as the Initial Non-PCD Provision for loans and leases and unfunded commitments and gain on acquisition. Corporate also includes certain purchase accounting adjustment accretion, such as the accretion of the fair value adjustment associated with the acquired loans in the SVBB Acquisition.

Segment Net Income (Loss) and Select Period End Balances

The following table presents the condensed income statement by segment:

dollars in millions Three Months Ended June 30, 2023
General Banking Commercial Banking Silicon Valley Banking Rail Corporate Total BancShares
Net interest income (expense) $ 603 $ 258 $ 635 $ (33) $ 498 $ 1,961
Provision (benefit) for credit losses 29 170 (47) — (1) 151
Net interest income (expense) after provision for credit losses 574 88 682 (33) 499 1,810
Noninterest income 119 139 169 178 53 658
Noninterest expense 393 188 592 121 278 1,572
Income before income taxes 300 39 259 24 274 896
Income tax expense 73 11 70 6 54 214
Net income $ 227 $ 28 $ 189 $ 18 $ 220 $ 682
Select Period End Balances
Loans and leases $ 44,719 $ 29,433 $ 58,799 $ 64 $ — $ 133,015
Deposits 95,323 3,064 40,860 11 1,906 141,164
Operating lease equipment, net — 741 — 7,790 — 8,531
Three Months Ended June 30, 2022
General Banking Commercial Banking Silicon Valley Banking Rail Corporate Total BancShares
Net interest income (expense) $ 467 $ 204 $ — $ (18) $ 47 $ 700
Provision for credit losses 7 35 — — — 42
Net interest income (expense) after provision for credit losses 460 169 — (18) 47 658
Noninterest income 125 130 — 160 9 424
Noninterest expense 390 180 — 111 64 745
Income (loss) before income taxes 195 119 — 31 (8) 337
Income tax expense 40 24 — 7 11 82
Net income (loss) $ 155 $ 95 $ — $ 24 $ (19) $ 255
Select Period End Balances
Loans and leases $ 40,159 $ 27,505 $ — $ 71 $ — $ 67,735
Deposits 83,518 4,466 — 11 1,334 89,329
Operating lease equipment, net — 724 — 7,247 — 7,971
Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
General Banking Commercial Banking Silicon Valley Banking Rail Corporate Total BancShares
Net interest income (expense) $ 1,163 $ 498 $ 700 $ (61) $ 511 $ 2,811
Provision (benefit) for credit losses 43 219 (47) — 719 934
Net interest income (expense) after provision for credit losses 1,120 279 747 (61) (208) 1,877
Noninterest income 235 282 183 355 9,862 10,917
Noninterest expense 788 399 625 241 374 2,427
Income before income taxes 567 162 305 53 9,280 10,367
Income tax expense (benefit) 138 40 81 13 (105) 167
Net income $ 429 $ 122 $ 224 $ 40 $ 9,385 $ 10,200
Six Months Ended June 30, 2022
General Banking Commercial Banking Silicon Valley Banking Rail Corporate Total BancShares
Net interest income (expense) $ 904 $ 411 $ — $ (37) $ 71 $ 1,349
(Benefit) provision for credit losses (8) 1 — — 513 506
Net interest income (expense) after provision for credit losses 912 410 — (37) (442) 843
Noninterest income 248 242 — 322 462 1,274
Noninterest expense 799 371 — 211 174 1,555
Income (loss) before income taxes 361 281 — 74 (154) 562
Income tax expense (benefit) 80 65 — 18 (127) 36
Net income (loss) $ 281 $ 216 $ — $ 56 $ (27) $ 526

NOTE 22 — COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Commitments

To meet the financing needs of its customers, BancShares and its subsidiaries have financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk. These financial instruments involve elements of credit, interest rate or liquidity risk and include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. The below balances for June 30, 2023 include balances related to the SVBB Acquisition. The balances acquired are included in Financing Commitments and Letters of Credit.

The accompanying table summarizes credit-related commitments and other purchase and funding commitments:

dollars in millions June 30, 2023 December 31, 2022
Financing Commitments
Financing assets (excluding leases) $ 69,292 $ 23,452
Letters of Credit
Standby letters of credit 3,090 436
Other letters of credit 107 44
Deferred Purchase Agreements 1,531 2,039
Purchase and Funding Commitments (1) 672 941

(1)    BancShares’ purchase and funding commitments relate to the equipment leasing businesses’ commitments to fund finance leases and operating leases, and Rail’s railcar manufacturer purchase and upgrade commitments.

Financing Commitments

Commitments to extend credit are legally binding agreements to lend to customers. These commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of fees. Established credit standards control the credit risk exposure associated with these commitments. In some cases, BancShares requires collateral be pledged to secure the commitment, including cash deposits, securities and other assets.

Financing commitments, referred to as loan commitments or lines of credit, primarily reflect BancShares’ agreements to lend to its customers, subject to the customers’ compliance with contractual obligations. At June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, substantially all undrawn financing commitments were senior facilities. The undrawn and available financing commitments are primarily in the Silicon Valley Banking and Commercial Banking segments. Financing commitments also include approximately $69 million and $66 million at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, related to off-balance sheet commitments to fund equity investments. Commitments to fund equity investments are contingent on events that have yet to occur and may be subject to change.

As financing commitments may not be fully drawn, may expire unused, may be reduced or canceled at the customer’s request, and may require the customer to be in compliance with certain conditions, commitment amounts do not necessarily reflect actual future cash flow requirements.

The table above excludes uncommitted revolving credit facilities extended by Commercial Services to its clients for working capital purposes. In connection with these facilities, Commercial Services has the sole discretion throughout the duration of these facilities to determine the amount of credit that may be made available to its clients at any time and whether to honor any specific advance requests made by its clients under these credit facilities.

Letters of Credit

Standby letters of credit are commitments to pay the beneficiary thereof if drawn upon by the beneficiary upon satisfaction of the terms of the letter of credit. Those commitments are primarily issued to support public and private borrowing arrangements. To mitigate its risk, BancShares’ credit policies govern the issuance of standby letters of credit. The credit risk related to the issuance of these letters of credit is essentially the same as in extending loans to clients and, therefore, these letters of credit are collateralized when necessary. These financial instruments generate fees and involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk in excess of amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Deferred Purchase Agreements (“DPA”)

A DPA is provided in conjunction with factoring, whereby a client is provided with credit protection for trade receivables without purchasing the receivables. The trade receivables terms generally require payment in 90 days or less. If the client’s customer is unable to pay an undisputed receivable solely as the result of credit risk, BancShares is then required to purchase the receivable from the client, less any borrowings for such client based on such defaulted receivable. The outstanding amount in the table above, less $136 million and $186 million at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, of borrowings for such clients, is the maximum amount that BancShares would be required to pay under all DPAs. This maximum amount would only occur if all receivables subject to DPAs default in the manner described above, thereby requiring BancShares to purchase all such receivables from the DPA clients.

The table above includes $1.35 billion and $1.90 billion of DPA exposures at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, related to receivables on which BancShares has assumed the credit risk. The table also includes $186 million and $138 million available under DPA credit line agreements provided at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The DPA credit line agreements specify a contractually committed amount of DPA credit protection and are cancellable by us only after a notice period, which is typically 90 days or less.

Litigation and other Contingencies

The Parent Company and certain of its subsidiaries have been named as a defendant in legal actions arising from its normal business activities in which damages in various amounts are claimed. BancShares is also exposed to litigation risk relating to the prior business activities of banks from which assets were acquired and liabilities assumed.

BancShares is involved, and from time to time in the future may be involved, in a number of pending and threatened judicial, regulatory, and arbitration proceedings as well as proceedings, investigations, examinations and other actions brought or considered by governmental and self-regulatory agencies. These matters arise in connection with the ordinary conduct of BancShares’ business. At any given time, BancShares may also be in the process of responding to subpoenas, requests for documents, data and testimony relating to such matters and engaging in discussions to resolve the matters (all of the foregoing collectively being referred to as “Litigation”). While most Litigation relates to individual claims, BancShares may be subject to putative class action claims and similar broader claims and indemnification obligations.

In light of the inherent difficulty of predicting the outcome of Litigation matters and indemnification obligations, particularly when such matters are in their early stages or where the claimants seek indeterminate damages, BancShares cannot state with confidence what the eventual outcome of the pending Litigation will be, what the timing of the ultimate resolution of these matters will be, or what the eventual loss, fines, or penalties related to each pending matter will be, if any. In accordance with applicable accounting guidance, BancShares’ establishes reserves for Litigation when those matters present loss contingencies as to which it is both probable that a loss will occur and the amount of such loss can reasonably be estimated. Based on currently available information, BancShares believes that the outcome of Litigation that is currently pending will not have a material adverse effect on BancShares’ financial condition, but may be material to BancShares’ operating results or cash flows for any particular period, depending in part on its operating results for that period. The actual results of resolving such matters may be substantially higher than the amounts reserved.

For certain Litigation matters in which BancShares is involved, BancShares is able to estimate a range of reasonably possible losses in excess of established reserves and insurance. For other matters for which a loss is probable or reasonably possible, such an estimate cannot be determined. For Litigation and other matters where losses are reasonably possible, management currently estimates an aggregate range of reasonably possible losses of up to $10 million in excess of any established reserves and any insurance we reasonably believe we will collect related to those matters. This estimate represents reasonably possible losses (in excess of established reserves and insurance) over the life of such Litigation, which may span a currently indeterminable number of years, and is based on information currently available as of June 30, 2023. The Litigation matters underlying the estimated range will change from time to time, and actual results may vary significantly from this estimate.

Those Litigation matters for which an estimate is not reasonably possible or as to which a loss does not appear to be reasonably possible, based on current information, are not included within this estimated range and, therefore, this estimated range does not represent BancShares’ maximum loss exposure.

The foregoing statements about BancShares’ Litigation are based on BancShares’ judgments, assumptions, and estimates and are necessarily subjective and uncertain. In the event of unexpected future developments, it is possible that the ultimate resolution of these cases, matters, and proceedings, if unfavorable, may be material to BancShares’ consolidated financial position in a particular period.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Management’s discussion and analysis (“MD&A”) of earnings and related financial data is presented to assist in understanding the financial condition and results of operations of First Citizens BancShares, Inc. (the “Parent Company” and, when including all of its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis, “we,” “us,” “our,” or “BancShares”) and its banking subsidiary, First-Citizens Bank & Trust Company (“FCB”). Unless otherwise noted, the terms “we,” “us,” “our,” and “BancShares” in this section refer to the consolidated financial position and consolidated results of operations for BancShares.

This MD&A is expected to provide our investors with a view of our financial condition and results of operations from our management’s perspective. This MD&A should be read in conjunction with the unaudited consolidated financial statements and related notes presented within this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, along with our consolidated financial statements and related MD&A of financial condition and results of operations included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (the “2022 Form 10-K”). Throughout this MD&A, references to a specific “Note” refer to Notes to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Although certain amounts for the prior year have been reclassified to conform to statement presentations for 2023, the reclassifications had no effect on stockholders’ equity or net income as previously reported. Refer to further detail in Note 1 — Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Presentation.

Management uses certain non-GAAP financial measures in its analysis of the financial condition and results of operations of BancShares. See the "Non-GAAP Financial Measurements" section of this MD&A for a reconciliation of these financial measures to the most directly comparable financial measures in accordance with GAAP.

EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW

The Parent Company is a bank holding company ("BHC") and Financial Holding Company (“FHC”). The Parent Company is regulated by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System under the U.S. Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended. The Parent Company is also registered under the BHC laws of North Carolina and is subject to supervision, regulation and examination by the North Carolina Commissioner of Banks (the “NCCOB”). BancShares conducts its banking operations through its wholly-owned subsidiary, FCB, a state-chartered bank organized under the laws of the state of North Carolina. FCB is regulated by the NCCOB. In addition, FCB, as an insured depository institution, is supervised by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the “FDIC”).

BancShares provides financial services for a wide range of consumer and commercial clients. This includes retail and mortgage banking, wealth management, commercial and middle market banking, factoring, and leasing. BancShares provides commercial factoring, receivables management and secured financing services to businesses (generally manufacturers or importers of goods) that operate in various industries, including apparel, textile, furniture, home furnishings, and consumer electronics.

In addition, BancShares owns a fleet of railcars and locomotives that are leased to railroads and shippers. We also provide various investment products and services through FCB’s wholly owned subsidiaries, First Citizens Investor Services, Inc. (“FCIS”) and First Citizens Asset Management, Inc. (“FCAM”). As a registered broker-dealer, FCIS provides a full range of investment products, including annuities, discount brokerage services and third-party mutual funds. As registered investment advisors, FCIS and FCAM provide investment management services and advice. BancShares delivers products and services to its customers through an extensive branch network and additionally operates a nationwide direct bank (the “Direct Bank”). Services offered at most branches include accepting deposits, cashing checks and providing for consumer and commercial cash needs. Consumer and business customers may also conduct banking transactions through various digital channels.

The SVBB Acquisition (as defined and described below) expanded our client base to serve private equity and venture capital clients and also compliments our existing wealth management business by adding enhanced digital capabilities. The SVBB Acquisition further diversifies our loan portfolio and business mix, particularly across technology and life sciences and healthcare industries, and wealth clients.

Refer to the 2022 Form 10-K for a discussion of our strategy.

Significant Events in 2023

SVBB Acquisition

On March 27, 2023 (the “SVBB Acquisition Date”), FCB acquired substantially all loans and certain other assets and assumed all customer deposits and certain other liabilities, of Silicon Valley Bridge Bank, N.A. (“SVBB”) from the FDIC pursuant to the terms of a purchase and assumption agreement (the “SVBB Purchase Agreement”) by and among FCB, the FDIC, and the FDIC, as receiver of SVBB (the “SVBB Acquisition”).

Significant items related to the SVBB Acquisition are summarized below.

•The fair value of total assets acquired was $107.26 billion, which mainly consisted of approximately $68.46 billion of loans and $35.31 billion of cash and interest-earning deposits at banks.

•The fair value of deposits assumed was $55.90 billion.

•The core deposit intangible was $230 million.

•The preliminary after tax gain on acquisition was $9.88 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2023, representing the excess of the net assets acquired over the purchase price. This includes a net increase of $55 million recognized during the second quarter of 2023, primarily related to refined fair value estimates for acquired affordable housing tax credit investments, loans, and assets and liabilities of acquired SVBB subsidiaries. Until management finalizes its fair value estimates for the acquired assets and assumed liabilities, the preliminary gain on acquisition can be updated for a period not to exceed one year following the SVBB Acquisition Date (the “Measurement Period”).

•The purchase price consideration included a Purchase Money Note (as defined and described below) from the FDIC with an estimated fair value of $35.81 billion.

The SVBB Acquisition is further discussed in Note 2 — Business Combinations.

Segment Updates

As of December 31, 2022, BancShares managed its business and reported its financial results in General Banking, Commercial Banking, Rail, and Corporate segments. In conjunction with the SVBB Acquisition, BancShares added a new business segment, Silicon Valley Banking (“SVB”). Prior periods were not impacted by this update. Information about our segments is included in Note 21 — Business Segment Information and in the section entitled “Results by Business Segment” in this MD&A.

Recent Economic and Industry Developments

During 2023, the Federal Reserve’s Federal Open Market Committee (“FOMC”) continued to raise its target for the federal funds rate in an effort to combat inflation. The FOMC raised interest rates at its January, March, May and July meetings by 25 basis points each, but did not raise the interest rate during its June meeting. With the most recent increase, the FOMC raised their benchmark federal funds rate to a range between 5.25% - 5.50%.

The FOMC stands ready in its efforts to control inflation and said it will monitor economic and financial-market developments and the effects of their earlier rate increases in determining the extent to which additional policy firming may be appropriate to return inflation to 2% over time. The FOMC’s efforts to control inflation has increased concerns over the possibility of a recession within the next twelve months. In addition, geopolitical events are likely to maintain upward pressure on inflation and weigh on economic activity. The timing and impact of inflation, continued volatility in the stock market, rising interest rates, and possible recession will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and difficult to predict.

In recent months, the banking industry has experienced increased volatility due to the failure of multiple high-profile banking institutions. These failures have increased industry concerns related to capital and liquidity, deposit outflows, uninsured deposit concentrations, and unrealized losses on securities. Due to the noted uncertainties and related bank failures, the FDIC and Federal Banking Agencies have issued notice of proposed rulemaking (“NPR”) related to special assessments to repay losses to the FDIC’s Deposit Insurance Fund and one that will require higher capital.

On May 22, 2023 the FDIC issued a NPR. The NPR included an annual special assessment rate of approximately 12.5 basis points (“bps”) to an assessment base that would equal an insured depository institution’s estimated uninsured deposits reported as of December 31, 2022, with the first $5 billion in estimated uninsured deposits excluded from the assessment base. The assessment would be accrued at the time of adoption, then paid in eight quarterly installments, potentially beginning in the first quarter of 2024. The exact timing and assessment calculation is still to be determined and will be published by the FDIC upon final adoption. Refer to the “Funding, Liquidity and Capital Overview” discussion below in the “Financial Performance Summary” section of this MD&A.

On July 27, 2023, the Federal Banking Agencies released an NPR to revise the Basel III Capital Rules, which would be applicable to BancShares and FCB. We are in the process of evaluating this NPR and assessing its potential impact.

Financial Performance Summary

The following tables in this MD&A compare financial data for the three months ended June 30, 2023 (the “current quarter”) to financial data for the three months ended March 31, 2023 (the “linked quarter”) and June 30, 2022 (the “prior year quarter”), and for the six months ended June 30, 2023 (“current YTD”) to the six months ended June 30, 2022 (“prior YTD”). In accordance with Item 303(c) of Regulation S-K, we focus on the linked quarter and prior YTD for the narrative discussion and analysis of our results of operations as we believe this provides investors and other users of our data with the most relevant information. We focus our discussion on our financial position by primarily comparing balances as of June 30, 2023 to December 31, 2022, while the tables also provide balances as of March 31, 2023.

Our results of operations include SVB beginning on the SVBB Acquisition Date, and therefore, many comparisons will highlight the impact of including SVB for the entire current quarter compared to five days in the linked quarter. Financial position balances as of June 30, 2023 and March 31, 2023 include the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the SVBB Acquisition.

The following table summarizes BancShares’ results in accordance with U.S. GAAP, unless otherwise noted. Refer to the section entitled “Non-GAAP Financial Measurements” at the end of this MD&A for a reconciliation of non-GAAP measures to the most directly comparable GAAP measures.

Table 1

Selected Quarterly Data

dollars in millions, except share data Three Months Ended Six Months Ended
June 30, 2023 March 31, 2023 June 30, 2022 June 30, 2023 June 30, 2022
SUMMARY OF OPERATIONS
Interest income $ 2,953 $ 1,211 $ 757 $ 4,164 $ 1,467
Interest expense 992 361 57 1,353 118
Net interest income 1,961 850 700 2,811 1,349
Provision for credit losses 151 783 42 934 506
Net interest income after provision for credit losses 1,810 67 658 1,877 843
Noninterest income 658 10,259 424 10,917 1,274
Noninterest expense 1,572 855 745 2,427 1,555
Income before income taxes 896 9,471 337 10,367 562
Income tax (benefit) expense 214 (47) 82 167 36
Net income 682 9,518 255 10,200 526
Preferred stock dividends 15 14 17 29 24
Net income available to common stockholders $ 667 $ 9,504 $ 238 $ 10,171 $ 502
PER COMMON SHARE DATA
Average diluted common shares 14,537,938 14,539,709 16,035,090 14,539,176 15,937,826
Earnings per common share (diluted) $ 45.87 $ 653.64 $ 14.86 $ 699.53 $ 31.48
KEY PERFORMANCE METRICS
Return on average assets (ROA) 1.31 % 33.23 % 0.95 % 12.62 % 0.97 %
Net interest margin (NIM) (1) 4.10 3.41 3.04 3.86 2.89
SELECTED QUARTERLY AVERAGE BALANCES
Investment securities $ 19,806 $ 19,416 $ 19,185 $ 19,612 $ 19,338
Total loans and leases (2) 134,696 74,907 66,487 104,966 65,899
Operating lease equipment, net 8,405 8,236 7,973 8,321 7,949
Total assets 209,309 116,164 107,575 162,994 108,977
Total deposits 137,408 93,839 90,621 115,743 91,119
Total stockholders’ equity 19,521 11,369 10,567 15,445 10,495
SELECTED QUARTER-END BALANCES
Investment securities $ 22,171 $ 19,527 $ 19,136
Total loans and leases 133,015 138,288 67,735
Operating lease equipment, net 8,531 8,331 7,971
Total assets 209,502 214,658 107,673
Total deposits 141,164 140,050 89,329
Total stockholders’ equity 19,771 19,216 10,642
Loan to deposit ratio 94.23 % 98.74 % 75.83 %
Noninterest-bearing deposits to total deposits 31.56 39.02 29.75
CAPITAL RATIOS
Common equity Tier 1 13.38 % 12.53 % 11.35 %
Tier 1 risk-based capital 14.00 13.13 12.37
Total risk-based capital 15.84 14.86 14.46
Tier 1 leverage 9.50 16.72 9.85
ASSET QUALITY
Ratio of nonaccrual loans to total loans 0.70 % 0.60 % 0.76 %
Allowance for credit losses to loans ratio 1.23 1.16 1.26
Net charge off ratio 0.47 0.27 0.13 0.39 0.11

(1)     The rate presented is calculated net of average credit balances of factoring clients.

(2)     Average loan balances include held for sale and non-accrual loans.

Second Quarter Income Statement Highlights

•Net income for the current quarter was $682 million, a decrease of $8.84 billion or 93% from $9.52 billion for the linked quarter. Net income available to common stockholders for the current quarter was $667 million, a decrease of $8.84 billion or 93% from $9.50 billion for the linked quarter. The decreases were primarily related to the preliminary after tax gain on the SVBB Acquisition of $9.82 billion, partially offset by the $716 million provision for non-purchased credit deteriorated (“Non-PCD”) loans and leases and the unfunded commitments acquired in the SVBB Acquisition (collectively, the “day 2 provision for credit losses”) in the linked quarter. The current quarter also reflected higher NII (as defined below), along with higher noninterest expenses and income tax expense. Purchase accounting accretion for loans increased $226 million, reflecting a full quarter impact of the SVBB Acquisition. Net income per diluted common share for the current quarter was $45.87, a decrease from $653.64 for the linked quarter.

•The current quarter included the following select items:

◦an increase of $55 million in the preliminary after tax gain on acquisition for the Measurement Period adjustments discussed above, and

◦acquisition-related expenses of $205 million.

•The linked quarter included the following select items:

◦the preliminary after tax gain on acquisition of $9.82 billion,

◦day 2 provision for credit losses of $716 million for the SVBB Acquisition, and

◦acquisition-related expenses of $28 million.

•Return on average assets for the current quarter was 1.31%, compared to 33.23% for the linked quarter. The decrease was related to the lower net income described above and the increases in average assets, primarily from the SVBB Acquisition.

•Net interest income (“NII”) for the current quarter was $1.96 billion, an increase of $1.11 billion or 131% from $850 million for the linked quarter. This increase was primarily related to inclusion of loans and interest-earning deposits at banks acquired in the SVBB Acquisition for the entire current quarter, a $226 million increase in purchase accounting accretion for loans, and higher yields which resulted in higher interest income on our interest-earning assets. The increases in interest income were partially offset by higher costs for borrowings and interest-bearing deposits, which were primarily related to the Purchase Money Note and SVB deposits being included for the entire current quarter.

•Net interest margin (“NIM”) for the current quarter was 4.10%, an increase of 69 bps from 3.41% for the linked quarter. The increase in NIM was related to the increases in NII discussed above and partially offset by the increases in average interest-earning assets, reflecting inclusion of SVB for the entire current quarter.

•Provision for credit losses for the current quarter was $151 million, a decrease of $632 million or 81% from $783 million for the linked quarter. The decrease was primarily from the day 2 provision for credit losses of $716 million in the linked quarter, partially offset by an increase to the provision for loans and leases as a result of higher net charge-offs in the current quarter, as further discussed in the “Allowance for Credit Losses (“ACL”)” section of this MD&A.

•Noninterest income for the current quarter was $658 million, a decrease of $9.60 billion or 94% from $10.26 billion for the linked quarter. The decrease was primarily related to the preliminary after tax gain on acquisition of $9.82 billion in the linked quarter. The remaining changes reflect a net increase, primarily including the previously discussed increase of $55 million in the preliminary after tax gain on acquisition, and higher client investment fees, international fees, and service charges on deposit accounts, all of which included SVB for the entire current quarter.

•Noninterest expense for the current quarter was $1.57 billion, an increase of $717 million or 84% from $855 million for the linked quarter. The increase was primarily related to higher salaries and benefits, reflecting a full quarter impact from the SVBB Acquisition, higher acquisition-related costs and higher equipment costs.

Year to Date Income Statement Highlights

•Net income for the current YTD was $10.20 billion, an increase of $9.67 billion from $526 million for the prior YTD. Net income available to common stockholders for the current YTD was $10.17 billion, an increase of $9.67 billion from $502 million for the prior YTD. The increases were primarily related to the preliminary after tax gain on the SVBB Acquisition, which was $9.45 billion higher than the gain on our merger with CIT Group Inc. (“CIT Merger”), and higher NII. The increases were partially offset by the day 2 provision for credit losses, which were $195 million higher in the SVBB Acquisition compared to the CIT Merger, and higher noninterest expenses and income tax expense. Net income per diluted common share for the current YTD was $699.53, an increase from $31.48 for the prior YTD.

•The current YTD included the following select items:

◦a preliminary after tax gain on acquisition of $9.88 billion for the SVBB Acquisition,

◦day 2 provision for credit losses of $716 million for the SVBB Acquisition, and

◦acquisition-related expenses of $233 million.

•The prior YTD included the following select items:

◦a gain on acquisition of $431 million for the CIT Merger,

◦day 2 provision for credit losses of $513 million for the CIT Merger,

◦acquisition-related expenses of $169 million, and

◦a reduction in other noninterest expense of $27 million for the termination of certain legacy CIT retiree benefits, reflecting amounts previously accrued.

•Return on average assets for the current YTD was 12.62%, compared to 0.97% for the prior YTD. The increase was related to the increases in net income described above, partially offset by the increases in average assets, primarily from the SVBB Acquisition.

•NII for the current YTD was $2.81 billion, an increase of $1.46 billion or 108% from $1.35 billion for the prior YTD. This increase was primarily related to the loans and interest-earning deposits at banks acquired in the SVBB Acquisition, higher purchase accounting accretion, higher interest income from organic loan growth, and higher yields from multiple interest rate increases since June 30, 2022. The increases in interest income were partially offset by interest expense for the Purchase Money Note, higher rates on deposits and debt, inclusion of SVB deposits, and deposit growth in the Direct Bank.

•NIM for the current YTD was 3.86%, an increase of 97 bps compared to 2.89% for the prior YTD. The increase in NIM was related to the increases in NII discussed above.

•Provision for credit losses for the current YTD was $934 million, an increase of $428 million or 84% from $506 million for the prior YTD. The increase was primarily related to the day 2 provision for credit losses, which were $195 million higher in the SVBB Acquisition compared to the CIT Merger, higher loan and lease balances, and increases to the provision for loans and leases as a result of higher current YTD net charge-offs, as further discussed in the ACL section of this MD&A.

•Noninterest income for the current YTD was $10.92 billion, an increase of $9.64 billion from $1.27 billion for the prior YTD. The increase was primarily related to the higher gain on acquisition as previously discussed. Primarily as a result of the SVBB Acquisition, client investment fees, international fees, and fee income and other service charges were higher. Service charges on deposit accounts also increased, mainly from continued deposit growth in the Digital Bank.

•Noninterest expense for the current YTD was $2.43 billion, an increase of $872 million or 56% from $1.56 billion for the prior YTD. The increase was primarily related to higher salary and benefit costs, acquisition-related costs and equipment costs resulting from the SVBB Acquisition.

Refer to the “Results of Operations” section of this MD&A for further discussion.

Balance Sheet Highlights

•Total loans and leases at June 30, 2023 were $133.02 billion, an increase of $62.23 billion or 88% from $70.78 billion at December 31, 2022 and a decrease of $5.27 billion or 4% from $138.29 billion at March 31, 2023. The increase from December 31, 2022 was primarily related to SVB loans of $58.80 billion as of June 30, 2023 and organic loan growth in the General and Commercial Banking segments. SVB loans declined by $7.37 billion from March 31, 2023, primarily related to the Global Fund Banking portfolio, partially offset by growth of $1.37 billion in the General Banking segment in business and commercial loans and growth of $749 million in the Commercial Bank in many of our industry verticals.

•Total deposits at June 30, 2023 were $141.16 billion, an increase of $51.76 billion or 58% from $89.41 billion at December 31, 2022 and $1.11 billion from $140.05 billion at March 31, 2023. The increase from December 31, 2022 included $40.86 billion of SVB deposits as of June 30, 2023 and solid deposit growth in our Direct Bank and community association banking (“CAB”). The $1.11 billion increase from March 31, 2023 is due to an increase of $9.34 billion in the General Banking segment which includes the Direct Bank, partially offset by the decline of $8.40 billion in SVB deposits. As further discussed below, SVB deposits began to stabilize early in the second quarter.

•Total borrowings at June 30, 2023 were $40.14 billion, an increase of $33.49 billion from $6.65 billion at December 31, 2022 and a decrease of $5.96 billion from $46.09 billion at March 31, 2023. The increase from December 31, 2022 was primarily due to the Purchase Money Note of $35.82 billion payable as of June 30, 2023 to the FDIC related to the SVBB Acquisition as further discussed in Note 2 — Business Combinations. The decrease from March 31, 2023 primarily reflects repayments of FHLB borrowings.

•At June 30, 2023, BancShares remained well capitalized with a total risk-based capital ratio of 15.84%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 14.00%, a common equity Tier 1 ratio of 13.38% and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 9.50%.

Funding, Liquidity and Capital Overview

Deposit Composition

We fund our business primarily through deposits. Deposits represent approximately 78% of total funding at June 30, 2023. The following table summarizes the composition, average size and uninsured percentages of our deposits.

Table 2

Select Deposit Data

Deposits as of June 30, 2023
Ending Balance (in millions) Average Size (in thousands) Uninsured %
General Banking segment $ 95,323 $ 38 25 %
Commercial Banking segment 3,064 255 87
SVB segment 40,860 314 72
Other business segments 1,917 n/m 3
Total $ 141,164 53 40

The General Banking segment includes deposits from our branch network, which deploys a relationship-based approach to deposit gathering. The remaining deposits in the General Banking segment are primarily related to the Direct Bank, which enables us to increase deposits to meet the needs of our business, albeit at a higher cost compared to the branch network. The Commercial Banking segment includes deposits of commercial customers, and the SVB segment includes deposits related to the SVBB Acquisition. Other business segments primarily include brokered deposits of $1.91 billion in the Corporate segment, and the remaining $11 million relates to the Rail segment.

As displayed in the table above, the average size of deposits varies across our business segments. The uninsured data represents the percentage of deposits in the respective business segments. At June 30, 2023, total uninsured deposits were approximately $56.39 billion or 40% of total deposits. The increase in uninsured deposits from of $29.13 billion or 33% of total deposits at December 31, 2022 is due to deposits in the SVB segment, which have higher average customer balances.

Deposit Trends

Table 3

Deposit Trends

(dollars in millions) Deposit Balance
Acquisition Date
June 30, 2023 April 28, 2023 April 14, 2023 March 31, 2023 March 27, 2023 December 31, 2022
SVB segment $ 40,860 $ 41,425 $ 41,336 $ 49,259 $ 55,899 $ —
General Banking, Commercial Banking, Rail and Corporate segments 100,304 92,447 92,149 90,791 — 89,408
Total deposits $ 141,164 $ 133,872 $ 133,485 $ 140,050 $ 89,408

SVB deposits declined from $55.90 billion at the SVBB Acquisition Date to $49.26 billion at March 31, 2023, primarily due to uncertainty in the banking industry. SVB deposits further declined to $40.86 billion at June 30, 2023. As noted in the table above, SVB deposits began to stabilize early during the current quarter. The table above also indicates that aggregate deposits for the General Banking, Commercial Banking, Rail and Corporate segments increased during 2023, primarily from deposit growth in the Direct Bank, which is included in the General Banking segment.

Liquidity Position

We strive to maintain a strong liquidity position, and our risk appetite for liquidity is low. At June 30, 2023, liquidity metrics remained strong as we had $53.42 billion in liquid assets consisting of $37.15 billion in cash and interest-earning deposits at banks and $16.27 billion in high-quality liquid securities. We have unused borrowing capacity with the FHLB and Federal Reserve Bank of $11.12 billion and $4.82 billion, respectively. Further, in conjunction with the SVBB Acquisition, we entered into binding terms and conditions for a five year, up to $70.00 billion line of credit with the FDIC. Refer to the “Liquidity Risk” section of this MD&A for further discussion.

Investment Securities Duration

At June 30, 2023, our investment securities portfolio primarily consisted of debt securities available for sale and debt securities held to maturity as summarized below. The available for sale securities portfolio has an average duration of 2.7 years, and the debt securities held to maturity portfolio has an average duration of 4.9 years. Refer to the “Interest-earning Assets - Investment securities” section of this MD&A and Note 3 — Investment Securities for further information.

Table 4

Investment Securities

dollars in millions June 30, 2023
Composition(1) Amortized cost Fair value Fair value to cost
Total investment securities available for sale 57.6 % $ 12,923 $ 11,894 92.0 %
Total investment securities held to maturity 42.0 10,201 8,652 84.8
Investment in marketable equity securities 0.4 75 76 101.3
Total investment securities 100 % $ 23,199 $ 20,622
(1) Calculated as a percentage of the total fair value of investment securities.

Capital Position

Our capital position remains strong, and all regulatory capital ratios for BancShares and FCB significantly exceed the Prompt Corrective Action (“PCA”) well-capitalized thresholds and Basel III Requirements as further discussed in the “Capital” section of this MD&A and Note 17 — Regulatory Capital.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

NET INTEREST INCOME AND NET INTEREST MARGIN

NII is the difference between interest income on interest-earning assets and interest expense on interest-bearing liabilities. NII is affected by changes in interest rates and changes in the amount and composition of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. The following tables present the average balances, yields on interest-earning assets, rates on interest-bearing liabilities, and changes in NII due to changes in: (i) volume (average balances of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities) and (ii) yields or rates.

•The change in NII due to volume is calculated as the change in average balance multiplied by the yield or rate from the prior period.

•The change in NII due to yield or rate is calculated as the change in yield or rate multiplied by the average balance from the prior period.

•The change in NII due to rate/volume change (i.e., portfolio mix) is calculated as the change in rate multiplied by the change in volume. This component is allocated between the changes in NII due to volume and yield or rate based on the ratio each component bears to the absolute value of their total.

•Tax equivalent net interest income was not materially different from NII, therefore we present NII in our analysis.

Table 5

Average Balances and Rates

dollars in millions Three Months Ended
June 30, 2023 March 31, 2023 Change in NII Due to:
Average<br>Balance Income /<br>Expense Yield /<br>Rate Average<br>Balance Income /<br>Expense Yield /<br>Rate Volume(1) Yield /Rate(1) Total Change
Loans and leases (1)(2) $ 133,528 $ 2,353 7.06 % $ 73,900 $ 1,017 5.57 % $ 1,003 $ 333 $ 1,336
Investment securities 19,806 117 2.36 19,416 107 2.21 2 8 10
Securities purchased under agreements to resell 191 3 4.92 — — — 3 — 3
Interest-earning deposits at banks 38,014 480 5.07 7,585 87 4.61 389 4 393
Total interest-earning assets (2) $ 191,539 $ 2,953 6.18 % $ 100,901 $ 1,211 4.85 % $ 1,397 $ 345 $ 1,742
Operating lease equipment, net $ 8,405 $ 8,236
Cash and due from banks 1,161 595
Allowance for credit losses (1,600) (936)
All other noninterest-earning assets 9,804 7,368
Total assets $ 209,309 $ 116,164
Interest-bearing deposits
Checking with interest $ 24,164 $ 118 1.92 % $ 16,494 $ 22 0.50 % $ 13 $ 83 $ 96
Money Market 29,066 148 2.04 21,216 80 1.53 36 32 68
Savings 21,979 188 3.44 17,521 110 2.54 32 46 78
Time deposits 14,958 121 3.24 12,126 76 2.55 21 24 45
Total interest-bearing deposits 90,167 575 2.56 67,357 288 1.73 102 185 287
Borrowings:
Securities sold under customer repurchase agreements 456 1 0.31 455 — 0.30 1 — 1
Short-term FHLB borrowings 110 1 5.17 328 4 4.67 (3) — (3)
Short-term borrowings 566 2 1.26 783 4 2.13 (2) — (2)
FHLB borrowings 5,558 74 5.35 3,284 40 4.96 30 4 34
Senior unsecured borrowings 798 4 2.11 883 5 2.06 (1) — (1)
Subordinated debt 1,045 10 3.59 1,048 9 3.54 — 1 1
Other borrowings 35,168 327 3.74 1,978 15 2.95 307 5 312
Long-term borrowings 42,569 415 3.91 7,193 69 3.84 336 10 346
Total borrowings 43,135 417 3.88 7,976 73 3.68 334 10 344
Total interest-bearing liabilities $ 133,302 $ 992 2.98 % $ 75,333 $ 361 1.94 % $ 436 $ 195 $ 631
Noninterest-bearing deposits $ 47,241 $ 26,482
Credit balances of factoring clients 1,168 1,007
Other noninterest-bearing liabilities 8,077 1,973
Stockholders' equity 19,521 11,369
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 209,309 $ 116,164
Interest rate spread (2) 3.20 % 2.91 %
Net interest income and net yield on interest-earning assets (2) $ 1,961 4.10 % $ 850 3.41 %

(1)     Loans and leases include non-PCD and PCD loans, nonaccrual loans and held for sale. Interest income on loans and leases includes accretion income and loan fees.

(2)    The balance and rate presented is calculated net of average credit balances of factoring clients.

Current quarter compared to linked quarter

•NII for the current quarter was $1.96 billion, an increase of $1.11 billion or 131% from $850 million for the linked quarter. This increase was primarily due to higher average loans, purchase accounting accretion and interest-earning deposits at banks, reflecting the SVBB Acquisition, along with organic loan growth and higher yields, partially offset by higher costs on borrowings and interest-bearing deposits. The SVBB Acquisition impacted average balances and NII and NIM for the entire current quarter, whereas the linked quarter was impacted for only five days as the acquisition was completed on March 27, 2023.

◦Interest income earned on loans and leases for the current quarter was $2.35 billion, an increase of $1.34 billion or 131% from $1.02 billion for the linked quarter. The increase was primarily due to higher average loans and purchase accounting accretion, reflecting the SVBB Acquisition, and loan growth in the General Bank and Commercial Bank portfolios, as well as higher yields. Purchase accounting accretion for loans increased $226 million, reflecting a full quarter impact of the SVBB Acquisition.

◦Interest income earned on investment securities for the current quarter was $117 million, an increase of $10 million or 9% from $107 million for to the linked quarter. The increase was primarily due to higher reinvestment rates.

◦Interest income earned on securities purchased under agreements to resell was $3 million, related to assets acquired in the SVBB Acquisition.

◦Interest income earned on interest-earning deposits at banks for the current quarter was $480 million, an increase of $393 million from $87 million for the linked quarter, reflecting a higher average balance of interest-earning deposits at banks due to the impact of the SVBB Acquisition and higher Fed Funds.

◦Interest expense on interest-bearing deposits for the current quarter was $575 million, an increase of $287 million or 100% from $288 million for the linked quarter, primarily reflecting higher average balances from the SVBB Acquisition and increased deposits in our Direct Bank, along with higher deposit rates.

◦Interest expense on borrowings for the current quarter was $417 million, an increase of $344 million from $73 million for the linked quarter, primarily due to a full quarter impact of the Purchase Money Note related to the SVBB Acquisition, and by higher average FHLB borrowings. The increase was also due to higher average FHLB borrowings during the current quarter. In March we increased FHLB borrowings to improve liquidity in light of market conditions that led to bank failures. We repaid the new advances in the current quarter as we continuously rebalance our funding profile to match our funding needs. Refer to “Interest-Bearing Liabilities – Borrowings in this MD&A for further discussion of FHLB borrowings.

•NIM for the current quarter was 4.10%, an increase of 69 bps from 3.41% for the linked quarter. NIM improved due to the reasons explained above, the inclusion of the SVB loans and higher purchase accounting accretion, higher interest earning deposits at banks and higher yields offset the impacts of higher rates paid on and level of interest-bearing deposits and higher average balance of borrowings.

•Average interest-earning assets for the current quarter were $191.54 billion, an increase of $90.64 billion or 90% from $100.90 billion for the linked quarter, reflecting increases in average loans and leases and interest-earning deposits at banks of $59.63 billion and $30.43 billion, respectively, primarily due to the SVBB Acquisition.

•Average interest-bearing liabilities for the current quarter were $133.30 billion, an increase of $57.97 billion or 77% from $75.33 billion for the linked quarter, reflecting higher average balances for deposits and borrowings, primarily reflecting the SVBB Acquisition. The average rate on interest-bearing liabilities for the current quarter was 2.98%, an increase of 104 bps from 1.94% for the linked quarter, reflecting the weighting of the Purchase Money Note and the higher interest rate environment.

Table 6

Average Balances and Rates

dollars in millions Three Months Ended
June 30, 2023 June 30, 2022 Change in NII Due to:
Average<br>Balance Income /<br>Expense Yield /<br>Rate Average<br>Balance Income /<br>Expense Yield /<br>Rate Volume(1) Yield /Rate(1) Total Change
Loans and leases (1)(2) $ 133,528 $ 2,353 7.06 % $ 65,298 $ 655 4.03 % $ 985 $ 713 $ 1,698
Investment securities 19,806 117 2.36 19,185 89 1.85 3 25 28
Securities purchased under agreements to resell 191 3 4.92 — — — 3 — 3
Interest-earning deposits at banks 38,014 480 5.07 7,629 13 0.72 187 280 467
Total interest-earning assets (2) $ 191,539 $ 2,953 6.18 % $ 92,112 $ 757 3.28 % $ 1,178 $ 1,018 $ 2,196
Operating lease equipment, net $ 8,405 $ 7,973
Cash and due from banks 1,161 524
Allowance for credit losses (1,600) (849)
All other noninterest-earning assets 9,804 7,815
Total assets $ 209,309 $ 107,575
Interest-bearing deposits
Checking with interest $ 24,164 $ 118 1.92 % $ 16,503 $ 4 0.12 % $ 4 $ 110 $ 114
Money Market 29,066 148 2.04 25,468 18 0.28 3 127 130
Savings 21,979 188 3.44 13,303 11 0.34 12 165 177
Time deposits 14,958 121 3.24 8,796 9 0.38 9 103 112
Total interest-bearing deposits 90,167 575 2.56 64,070 42 0.26 28 505 533
Borrowings:
Securities sold under customer repurchase agreements 456 1 0.31 627 — 0.16 — 1 1
Short-term FHLB borrowings 110 1 5.17 — — — 1 — 1
Short-term borrowings 566 2 1.26 627 — 0.16 1 1 2
FHLB borrowings 5,558 74 5.35 386 2 1.64 62 10 72
Senior unsecured borrowings 798 4 2.11 894 4 2.05 — — —
Subordinated debt 1,045 10 3.59 1,057 8 3.06 — 2 2
Other borrowings 35,168 327 3.74 83 1 2.37 326 — 326
Long-term borrowings 42,569 415 3.91 2,420 15 2.43 388 12 400
Total borrowings 43,135 417 3.88 3,047 15 1.96 389 13 402
Total interest-bearing liabilities $ 133,302 $ 992 2.98 % $ 67,117 $ 57 0.34 % $ 417 $ 518 $ 935
Noninterest-bearing deposits $ 47,241 $ 26,551
Credit balances of factoring clients 1,168 1,189
Other noninterest-bearing liabilities 8,077 2,151
Stockholders' equity 19,521 10,567
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 209,309 $ 107,575
Interest rate spread (2) 3.20 % 2.94 %
Net interest income and net yield on interest-earning assets (2) $ 1,961 4.10 % $ 700 3.04 %

(1), (2) See footnotes to previous table.

dollars in millions Six Months Ended
June 30, 2023 June 30, 2022 Change in NII Due to:
Average<br>Balance Income /<br>Expense Yield /<br>Rate Average<br>Balance Income /<br>Expense Yield /<br>Rate Volume(1) Yield /Rate(1) Total Change
Loans and leases (1)(2) $ 103,878 $ 3,370 6.53 % $ 64,724 $ 1,276 3.96 % $ 1,013 $ 1,081 $ 2,094
Investment securities 19,612 224 2.29 19,338 172 1.78 2 50 52
Securities purchased under agreements to resell 96 3 4.92 — — — 3 — 3
Interest-earning deposits at banks 22,884 567 4.99 9,542 19 0.40 60 488 548
Total interest-earning assets (2) $ 146,470 $ 4,164 5.72 % $ 93,604 $ 1,467 3.14 % $ 1,078 $ 1,619 $ 2,697
Operating lease equipment, net $ 8,321 $ 7,949
Cash and due from banks 880 530
Allowance for credit losses (1,270) (882)
All other noninterest-earning assets 8,593 7,776
Total assets $ 162,994 $ 108,977
Interest-bearing deposits
Checking with interest $ 20,350 $ 140 1.35 % $ 16,578 $ 9 0.11 % $ 3 $ 128 $ 131
Money Market 25,162 228 1.82 25,832 33 0.26 (1) 196 195
Savings 19,762 298 3.04 13,480 20 0.30 14 264 278
Time deposits 13,550 197 2.93 9,293 19 0.40 12 166 178
Total interest-bearing deposits 78,824 863 2.21 65,183 81 0.25 28 754 782
Borrowings:
Securities sold under customer repurchase agreements 456 1 0.31 614 — 0.16 — 1 1
Short-term FHLB borrowings 218 5 4.79 — — — 5 — 5
Short-term borrowings 674 6 1.76 614 — 0.16 5 1 6
FHLB borrowings 4,427 114 5.20 513 4 1.41 81 29 110
Senior unsecured borrowings 840 9 2.09 1,801 16 1.80 (9) 2 (7)
Subordinated debt 1,047 19 3.57 1,059 16 3.01 — 3 3
Other borrowings 18,665 342 3.70 84 1 2.20 340 1 341
Long-term borrowings 24,979 484 3.90 3,457 37 2.12 412 35 447
Total borrowings 25,653 490 3.85 4,071 37 2.12 417 36 453
Total interest-bearing liabilities $ 104,477 $ 1,353 2.61 % $ 69,254 $ 118 0.34 % $ 445 $ 790 $ 1,235
Noninterest-bearing deposits $ 36,919 $ 25,936
Credit balances of factoring clients 1,088 1,175
Other noninterest-bearing liabilities 5,065 2,117
Stockholders' equity 15,445 10,495
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 162,994 $ 108,977
Interest rate spread (2) 3.11 % 2.80 %
Net interest income and net yield on interest-earning assets (2) $ 2,811 3.86 % $ 1,349 2.89 %

(1), (2) See footnotes to previous table.

Year to Date 2023 compared to 2022

•NII for the current YTD was $2.81 billion, an increase of $1.46 billion or 108% from $1.35 billion for the prior YTD. As discussed below, this increase was primarily due to the SVBB Acquisition, as well as the higher rate environment.

◦Interest income earned on loans and leases for the current YTD was $3.37 billion, an increase of $2.09 billion or 164% from $1.28 billion for the prior YTD. The increase was balanced between the impact of the rising interest rate environment and the average loan balance increase. The average loan balances increase reflected the SVBB Acquisition and loan growth in the General and Commercial Banking segments. The higher yield was due to multiple interest rate increases since last year. In addition, purchase accounting accretion was up in the current YTD.

◦Interest income earned on investment securities for the current YTD was $224 million, an increase of $52 million or 30% from $172 million for the prior YTD. The increase was primarily due to higher reinvestment rates.

◦Interest income earned on securities purchased under agreements to resell was $3 million, related to assets acquired in the SVBB Acquisition.

◦Interest income earned on interest-earning deposits at banks for the current YTD was $567 million, an increase of $548 million from $19 million for the prior YTD. Even though the average balance was up substantially, the increase primarily reflects higher Fed Funds rate. The higher average balance was due to the impact of the SVBB Acquisition and maintaining a higher level of liquidity due to the market uncertainty.

◦Interest expense on interest-bearing deposits for the current YTD was $863 million, an increase of $782 million from $81 million for the prior YTD, reflecting higher deposit rates across all our product lines, as we maintain competitive rates offered to customers, and higher average balances from the SVBB Acquisition and organic growth, mainly in higher-cost savings and time deposits.

◦Interest expense on borrowings for the current YTD was $490 million, an increase of $453 million from $37 million for the prior YTD, primarily due to the impact of the Purchase Money Note related to the SVBB Acquisition, and higher average FHLB borrowings.

•NIM for the current YTD was 3.86%, an increase of 97 bps from 2.89% for the prior YTD. The benefit of the rising interest rate environment on our interest-earning assets exceeded the impacts of higher rates paid on interest-bearing deposits and borrowings.

•Average interest-earning assets for the current YTD were $146.47 billion, an increase of $52.87 billion or 56% from $93.60 billion for the prior YTD, primarily reflecting increases in average loans and leases and interest-earning deposits at banks of $39.15 billion and $13.34 billion, respectively.

•Average interest-bearing liabilities for the current YTD were $104.48 billion, an increase of $35.22 billion or 51% from $69.25 billion for the prior YTD, reflecting higher average balances for both deposits and borrowings. The average rate on interest-bearing liabilities for the current YTD was 2.61%, an increase of 227 bps from 0.34% for the prior YTD, reflecting the higher interest rate environment and the weighting of the Purchase Money Note.

The following table details the average interest earning assets by category:

Table 7

Average Interest-earning Asset Mix

% of Total Interest-earning Assets
Three Months Ended Six Months Ended
June 30, 2023 March 31, 2023 June 30, 2022 June 30, 2023 June 30, 2022
Loans and leases 70 % 73 % 71 % 71 % 69 %
Investment securities 10 19 21 13 21
Securities purchased under agreements to resell — — — — —
Interest-earning deposits at banks 20 8 8 16 10
Total interest earning assets 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 %

The following table shows our average funding mix:

Table 8

Average Funding Mix

% of Total Interest-bearing Liabilities
Three Months Ended Six Months Ended
June 30, 2023 March 31, 2023 June 30, 2022 June 30, 2023 June 30, 2022
Total interest-bearing deposits 68 % 89 % 95 % 75 % 94 %
Short-term borrowings — 1 1 1 1
Long-term borrowings 32 10 4 24 5
100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 %

The above average mix tables include SVB average balances for an entire current quarter and only five days during the linked quarter as the acquisition was completed on March 27, 2023.

PROVISION FOR CREDIT LOSSES

As presented in the following table, the provision for credit losses for the current quarter was $151 million, a decrease of $632 million or 81% from $783 million for the linked quarter. The $632 million decrease is primarily due to the day 2 provision for credit losses of $716 million related to the SVBB Acquisition in the linked quarter, which included $462 million for acquired loans and leases (the “day 2 provision for loans and leases”) and $254 million for acquired unfunded commitments (the “day 2 provision for unfunded commitments”).

Absent the day 2 provision for credit losses, there was an increase in the provision for credit losses for loans and leases compared to the linked quarter. This reflected increases in charge-offs and specifically reserved loans and unfavorable trends in certain macroeconomic variables, most notably the CRE Price Index.

The provision for credit losses for the current YTD was $934 million, an increase of $428 million or 84% from $506 million for the prior YTD. As previously discussed, the provision for credit losses includes the day 2 provision for credit losses, which were higher for the SVBB Acquisition in the current YTD than for the CIT Merger in the prior YTD. The remaining increases are due to the reasons discussed above.

The ACL is further discussed in the “Critical Accounting Estimates” and “Credit Risk Management – Credit Risk – Allowance for Credit Losses” sections of this MD&A and in Note 5 — Allowance for Credit Losses.

Table 9

Provision for Credit Losses

dollars in millions Three Months Ended Six Months Ended
June 30, 2023 March 31, 2023 June 30, 2022 June 30, 2023 June 30, 2022
Day 2 provision for loans and leases $ — $ 462 $ — $ 462 $ 454
Provision (benefit) for credit losses - loans and leases 169 71 36 240 (17)
Total provision for credit losses- loans and leases 169 533 36 702 437
Day 2 provision for unfunded commitments — 254 — 254 59
(Benefit) provision for unfunded commitments (17) (8) 6 (25) 10
Total (benefit) provision for credit losses - unfunded commitments (17) 246 6 229 69
(Benefit) provision for credit losses - investment securities available for sale (1) 4 — 3 —
Provision for credit losses $ 151 $ 783 $ 42 $ 934 $ 506

NONINTEREST INCOME

Noninterest Income

Noninterest income is an essential component of our total revenue. The primary sources of noninterest income consist of rental income on operating lease equipment, fee income and other service charges, client investment fees, wealth management services, service charges generated from deposit accounts, cardholder and merchant services, international fees, factoring commissions, and mortgage lending and servicing.

The current quarter includes a full quarter of noninterest income related to SVB while the prior quarter includes only five days, as the SVBB Acquisition was completed on March 27, 2023. We added client investment and international fees as new categories of noninterest income as a result of the SVBB Acquisition. Client investment fees are earned from discretionary investment management services for managing clients’ portfolios based on their investment policies, strategies and objectives. International fees primarily include foreign exchange fees that represent the income differential between purchases and sales of foreign currency on behalf of our clients, primarily from spot contracts. The remaining noninterest income from SVB was aligned into pre-existing categories and primarily included items such as fee income and other service charges, wealth management services, service charges on deposit accounts, and other noninterest income.

Table 10

Noninterest Income

dollars in millions Three Months Ended Six Months Ended
June 30, 2023 March 31, 2023 June 30, 2022 June 30, 2023 June 30, 2022
Rental income on operating lease equipment $ 238 $ 233 $ 213 $ 471 $ 421
Other noninterest income:
Fee income and other service charges 69 47 37 116 71
Client investment fees 52 2 — 54 —
Wealth management services 51 40 37 91 72
International fees 32 4 2 36 4
Service charges on deposit accounts 44 24 28 68 55
Factoring commissions 20 19 27 39 54
Cardholder services, net 41 21 26 62 51
Merchant services, net 14 10 9 24 19
Insurance commissions 14 13 11 27 23
Realized loss on sale of investment securities available for sale, net — (14) — (14) —
Fair value adjustment on marketable equity securities, net (10) (9) (6) (19) (3)
Bank-owned life insurance 2 5 9 7 17
Gain on sale of leasing equipment, net 4 4 5 8 11
Gain on acquisition 55 9,824 — 9,879 431
Gain on extinguishment of debt — — — — 6
Other noninterest income 32 36 26 68 42
Total other noninterest income 420 10,026 211 10,446 853
Total noninterest income $ 658 $ 10,259 $ 424 $ 10,917 $ 1,274

Rental Income on Operating Lease Equipment

Rental income from equipment we lease was $238 million for the current quarter, an increase of $5 million or 2% from the linked quarter. Rental income from equipment we lease was $471 million for the current YTD, an increase of $50 million or 12% from $421 million for the prior YTD. Rental income is generated primarily in the Rail segment and, to a lesser extent, in the Commercial Banking segment. Revenue is generally dictated by the size of the portfolio, utilization of the railcars, re-pricing of equipment renewed upon lease maturities and pricing on new leases. Re-pricing refers to the rental rate in the renewed equipment contract compared to the prior contract. Refer to the Rail discussion in the “Results by Business Segment” section of this MD&A for further details.

Other Noninterest Income

Other noninterest income for the current quarter was $420 million, a decrease of $9.61 billion or 96% from $10.03 billion for the linked quarter. As presented above, the decrease was primarily due to the preliminary gain on acquisition in the linked quarter. The current quarter includes an additional preliminary gain on acquisition of $55 million due to Measurement Period adjustments as discussed in the Significant Events section of this MD&A. The remaining changes in other noninterest income represent a net increase compared to the linked quarter and reflect increases and decreases among various noninterest income accounts as summarized below.

•Fee income and other service charges, consisting of items such as capital market-related fees, fees for lines and letters of credit, and servicing fees, increased by $22 million, primarily reflecting additional activity from the SVBB Acquisition, in addition to a modest increase in capital markets fees.

•Client investment fees, a revenue stream added with the SVBB Acquisition, consist of fees that are earned for managing off-balance sheet client funds. Refer to the description above and in Note 1 — Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Presentation.

•Wealth management services increased by $11 million, primarily reflecting additional activity from SVBB Acquisition, which resulted in higher assets under management led by our trust and brokerage channels.

•International fees, a revenue stream added with the SVBB Acquisition, relate to commissions on customer foreign currency transactions. Refer to the description above and in Note 1 — Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Presentation.

•Service charges on deposit accounts increased by $20 million, primarily reflecting additional volume from the SVBB Acquisition.

•Cardholder services increased by $20 million, mostly reflecting additional amounts from the SVBB Acquisition, along with an increase in existing programs, a higher volume of transactions and higher reward expenses.

•The realized loss on sale of investment securities available for sale in the linked quarter was due to the sale of a single corporate bond of a distressed entity.

•Other noninterest income consisted of items such as derivative gains and losses, gains or losses on sales of other assets including OREO, fixed assets and loans. The additional miscellaneous income from the SVBB Acquisition was offset by lower derivative income.

Other noninterest income for the current YTD was $10.45 billion, an increase of $9.59 billion from $853 million for the prior YTD. The increase was primarily due to the preliminary gain on acquisition. The remaining changes compared to the prior YTD reflect increases and decreases among various noninterest income accounts and generally trend as described above, with the following additional comments:

•Factoring commissions decreased $15 million, reflecting lower factoring volumes and surcharges.

•Fair value adjustments on marketable equity securities reflect changes in market prices of underlying portfolio investments.

•BOLI income was down, reflecting our decision in 2022 to terminate a significant portion of the contracts.

•Other noninterest income consisted of items such as derivative gains and losses, gain on sales of other assets including OREO, fixed assets and loans, and non-marketable securities. Other noninterest income increased by $26 million, primarily due to additional miscellaneous income from the SVBB Acquisition and net positive marks on derivatives.

NONINTEREST EXPENSE

The current quarter includes a full quarter of noninterest expense related to SVB while the prior quarter includes only five days, as the SVBB Acquisition was completed on March 27, 2023. Noninterest expense from SVB was aligned into pre-existing operating expense categories, with salaries and benefits and acquisition-related expenses impacted the most.

Table 11

Noninterest Expense

dollars in millions Three Months Ended Six Months Ended
June 30, 2023 March 31, 2023 June 30, 2022 June 30, 2023 June 30, 2022
Depreciation on operating lease equipment $ 91 $ 89 $ 89 $ 180 $ 170
Maintenance and other operating lease expenses 56 56 47 112 90
Operating expenses:
Salaries and benefits 775 420 345 1,195 701
Net occupancy expense 64 50 48 114 96
Equipment expense 133 58 54 191 106
Professional fees 21 11 11 32 23
Third-party processing fees 54 30 26 84 50
FDIC insurance expense 22 18 9 40 21
Marketing expense 41 15 9 56 17
Acquisition-related expenses 205 28 34 233 169
Intangible asset amortization 18 5 6 23 12
Other noninterest expense 92 75 67 167 100
Total operating expenses 1,425 710 609 2,135 1,295
Total noninterest expense $ 1,572 $ 855 $ 745 $ 2,427 $ 1,555

Depreciation on Operating Lease Equipment

Depreciation expense on operating lease equipment is primarily related to rail equipment and small and large ticket equipment we own and lease to others. Operating lease activity is in the Rail and Commercial Banking segments. The useful lives of rail equipment is generally longer in duration, 40-50 years, whereas small and large ticket equipment is generally 3-10 years. Refer to the Rail discussion in the section entitled “Results by Business Segment” of this MD&A for further details.

Maintenance and Other Operating Lease Expenses

Rail provides railcars primarily pursuant to full-service lease contracts under which Rail, as lessor, is responsible for railcar maintenance and repair. Maintenance and other operating lease expenses for the current quarter were $56 million, unchanged from the linked quarter. Maintenance and other operating lease expenses for the current YTD were $112 million, an increase of $22 million or 25% from $90 million for the prior YTD. Maintenance and other operating lease expenses relate to equipment ownership and leasing costs associated with the Rail portfolio and tend to be variable, due to timing and number of railcars coming on or off lease and the asset condition. Refer to the Rail discussion in the section entitled “Results by Business Segment” of this MD&A for further details.

Operating Expenses

The primary components of operating expenses are salaries and benefits and occupancy and equipment expenses. Operating expenses for the current quarter were $1.43 billion, an increase of $715 million or 101% from $710 million in the linked quarter, and were generally higher due to a full quarter of increased operations resulting from the SVBB Acquisition.

The main components of the increase in operating expenses for the current quarter compared to the linked quarter are summarized below.

•Salaries and benefits increased by $355 million, mainly from a full quarter impact of the added employees from the SVBB Acquisition.

•Net occupancy costs increased $14 million, reflecting the additional office space and other rental fees resulting from the SVBB Acquisition.

•Equipment expense increased $75 million, mostly reflecting higher hardware and software-related costs resulting from the SVBB Acquisition.

•Professional fees increased $10 million, mostly reflecting additional costs resulting from the SVBB Acquisition.

•Third-party processing fees increased $24 million, reflecting additional costs resulting from the SVBB Acquisition.

•Marketing costs increased by $26 million, primarily reflecting the timing of our advertising relating to marketing efforts for the Direct Bank to support deposit growth.

•Acquisition-related expenses increased $177 million, primarily due to severance and personnel costs related to the SVBB Acquisition.

•Intangible asset amortization increased $13 million, reflecting the amortization for the core deposit intangible related to the SVBB Acquisition.

•Other expenses consisted of other insurance and taxes (other than income tax), foreclosure, collection and other OREO-related expenses, consulting, telecommunications, and other miscellaneous expenses including travel, postage, supplies, and appraisal expense. Changes in these individual items were not material.

Operating expenses for the current YTD were $2.14 billion, an increase of $840 million or 65% compared to $1.30 billion in the prior YTD. Operating expenses for the current YTD compared to the prior YTD reflected similar trends as noted above. In addition, FDIC insurance increased $19 million due to a higher assessment rate charged to financial institutions and higher deposit balances. Refer to the “Recent Economic and Industry Developments” discussion in the “Significant Events” section of this MD&A regarding a potential special assessment proposed by the FDIC.

INCOME TAXES

Table 12

Income Tax Data

dollars in millions Three Months Ended Six Months Ended
June 30, 2023 March 31, 2023 June 30, 2022 June 30, 2023 June 30, 2022
Income before income taxes $ 896 $ 9,471 $ 337 $ 10,367 $ 562
Income tax (benefit) expense $ 214 $ (47) $ 82 $ 167 $ 36
Effective tax rate 23.9 % (0.5) % 24.2 % 1.6 % 6.3 %

The effective tax rate (“ETR”) was 23.9% for the current quarter, an increase from (0.5)% for the linked quarter. The increase in the ETR from (0.5)% for the quarter ended March 31, 2023 to 23.9% for the current quarter was primarily related to the effects of the non-taxable nature of the preliminary gain on acquisition for the SVBB Acquisition in the linked quarter. The ETR was 1.6% for the current YTD, compared to 6.3% in the prior YTD. The decrease in the ETR for the current YTD was primarily driven by the effects of the non-taxable nature of the preliminary gain on acquisition for the SVBB Acquisition

The ETR each quarter is impacted by a number of factors, including the relative mix of domestic and international earnings, effects of changes in enacted tax laws, adjustments to valuation allowances, and discrete items. The ETR in future periods may vary from the actual 2023 ETR due to changes in these factors.

BancShares monitors and evaluates the potential impact of current events on the estimates used to establish income tax expense and income tax liabilities. On a periodic basis, we evaluate our income tax positions based on current tax law, positions taken by various tax auditors within the jurisdictions where BancShares is required to file income tax returns, as well as potential or pending audits or assessments by tax auditors. Refer to Note 19 — Income Taxes for additional information.

RESULTS BY BUSINESS SEGMENT

Refer to Note 21 — Business Segment Information for related disclosures on the segments and detail on segment products and services. During the first quarter of 2023, we updated our segment disclosures to include SVB.

Results in our business segments reflect our funds transfer policy and allocation of expenses. Unallocated balances and, when applicable, certain select items are reflected in Corporate.

General Banking

The General Banking segment delivers products and services to consumers and businesses through our extensive network of branches and various digital channels, including the Direct Bank. We offer a full suite of deposit products, loans, cash management, wealth, payments and various other fee-based services.

Table 13

General Banking: Financial Data and Metrics

dollars in millions Three Months Ended Six Months Ended
Earnings Summary June 30, 2023 March 31, 2023 June 30, 2022 June 30, 2023 June 30, 2022
Net interest income $ 603 $ 560 $ 467 $ 1,163 $ 904
Provision (benefit) for credit losses 29 14 7 43 (8)
Net interest income after provision for credit losses 574 546 460 1,120 912
Noninterest income 119 116 125 235 248
Noninterest expense 393 395 390 788 799
Income before income taxes 300 267 195 567 361
Income tax expense 73 65 40 138 80
Net income $ 227 $ 202 $ 155 $ 429 $ 281
Select Period End Balances
Loans and leases $ 44,719 $ 43,353 $ 40,159 $ 44,719 $ 40,159
Deposits 95,323 85,982 83,518 95,323 83,518

The increase in net income for the current quarter compared to the linked quarter was due to higher NII, which offset a higher provision for credit losses. NII increased, reflecting growth in the loan portfolio, which offset higher deposit costs. The provision for credit losses increased, mainly due to loan growth and unfavorable trends in certain macroeconomic variables that are inputs to the ACL models, most notably the CRE Price Index. Noninterest income and noninterest expenses for the current quarter were relatively flat compared to the linked quarter and are discussed in the sections entitled “Noninterest Income” and “Noninterest Expense” of this MD&A. Segment net income for the current YTD increased from the prior YTD, reflecting higher NII, as higher yields, resulting from the increased rate environment, and portfolio growth outpaced rising deposit costs.

The increase in loans and leases during 2023 reflected continued demand through our branch network. Growth was primarily concentrated in commercial and business loans. Our consumer mortgage loans also increased, reflecting lower prepayments and originating loans that were held on-balance sheet, which offset lower origination activity due to the high rate environment.

Deposits include deposits from the branch network, Direct Bank and CAB channels. The increase in deposits during 2023 was primarily in our Direct Bank, in products such as time and savings accounts, which partially offset decreases in checking and money market accounts. Refer to consolidated discussions in the sections entitled “Net Interest Income and Net Interest Margin” and “Balance Sheet Analysis—Deposits” of this MD&A for additional information.

Commercial Banking

The Commercial Banking segment provides a range of lending, leasing, capital markets, asset management, and other financial and advisory services primarily to small and middle market companies in a wide range of industries.

Table 14

Commercial Banking: Financial Data and Metrics

dollars in millions Three Months Ended Six Months Ended
Earnings Summary June 30, 2023 March 31, 2023 June 30, 2022 June 30, 2023 June 30, 2022
Net interest income $ 258 $ 240 $ 204 $ 498 $ 411
Provision for credit losses 170 49 35 219 1
Net interest income after provision for credit losses 88 191 169 279 410
Noninterest income 139 143 130 282 242
Noninterest expense 188 211 180 399 371
Income before income taxes 39 123 119 162 281
Income tax expense 11 29 24 40 65
Net income $ 28 $ 94 $ 95 $ 122 $ 216
Select Period End Balances
Loans and leases $ 29,433 $ 28,684 $ 27,505 $ 29,433 $ 27,505
Deposits 3,064 3,045 4,466 3,064 4,466
Operating lease equipment, net 741 719 724 741 724

The decrease in net income for the current quarter compared to the linked quarter was mostly due to higher provision for credit losses. The provision for credit losses increase was mainly due to loan growth and a reserve build as a result of higher charge-offs and unfavorable trends in certain macroeconomic variables, including the CRE Price Index. The reserve build was focused in real estate finance, concentrated in the general office portfolio, and commercial finance. NII increased primarily due to growth and higher yields for loans and leases, which offset higher deposit costs. Noninterest income and noninterest expenses for the current quarter were down compared to the linked quarter and are discussed in the sections entitled “Noninterest Income” and “Noninterest Expense” of this MD&A. Noninterest expenses for this segment also include depreciation on operating lease equipment, which totaled $44 million for the current quarter and $43 million for the linked quarter. Current YTD depreciation totaled $87 million, an increase of $5 million from $82 million in the prior YTD. Segment net income for the current YTD decreased from the prior YTD, primarily reflecting the higher provision for credit losses, partially offset by an increase in noninterest income due to higher rental income on operating lease equipment, capital markets income and interest rate derivative income.

The increase in loans and leases during 2023 reflected growth in a number of our industry verticals, such as maritime, healthcare and energy.

Silicon Valley Banking

The SVB segment products and services are provided to clients primarily in the healthcare and technology industries, as well as private equity and venture capital firms. Financial solutions are provided to commercial clients through credit, treasury management, foreign exchange, trade finance and other financial products and services.

Table 15

Silicon Valley Banking: Financial Data and Metrics

dollars in millions Three Months Ended Six Months Ended
Earnings Summary June 30, 2023 March 31, 2023 June 30, 2022 June 30, 2023 June 30, 2022
Net interest income $ 635 $ 65 $ — $ 700 $ —
Benefit for credit losses (47) — — (47) —
Net interest income after benefit for credit losses 682 65 — 747 —
Noninterest income 169 14 — 183 —
Noninterest expense 592 33 — 625 —
Income before income taxes 259 46 — 305 —
Income tax expense 70 11 — 81 —
Net income $ 189 $ 35 $ — $ 224 $ —
Select Period End Balances
Loans and leases $ 58,799 $ 66,171 $ — $ 58,799 $ —
Deposits 40,860 49,259 — 40,860 —

The current quarter included results of operations related to SVB for the entire period compared to only five days for the three months ended March 31, 2023, as the SVBB Acquisition was completed on March 27, 2023. The results exclude the preliminary gain on acquisition, day 2 provision for credit losses, purchase discount accretion and acquisition-related expenses, all of which are included in the Corporate segment.

NII reflects interest income on loans, partially offset by deposit costs. The benefit related to the provision for credit loss for the current quarter reflects the decline in the acquired loan portfolio and lower unfunded commitments. There was no provision for credit losses during the linked quarter due to the timing of SVBB Acquisition. Noninterest income includes various commercial banking products, two of which are client investment fees and international fees. Noninterest expenses were mostly salary and benefits related costs.

Loans totaled $58.80 billion at June 30, 2023, a decline of $7.37 billion from $66.17 billion at March 31, 2023, most of which was in Global Fund Banking loans. The decline included elevated paydowns, as customers had drawn on their lines of credit during the uncertainty in the banking industry in March, along with impacts of the slowdown in the private equity and venture capital environment on new loan volumes.

Deposits declined from $55.96 billion at the SVBB Acquisition Date to $49.26 billion at March 31, 2023, primarily due to uncertainty in the banking industry. SVB deposits further declined to $40.86 billion at June 30, 2023, but began to stabilize early in the second quarter. For additional information on deposit trends, refer to the “Funding, Liquidity and Capital Overview” discussion in the “Financial Performance Summary” section of this MD&A.

Rail

Our Rail segment offers customized leasing and financing solutions on a fleet of railcars and locomotives to railroads and shippers throughout North America. Railcar types include covered hopper cars used to ship grain and agricultural products, plastic pellets, sand, and cement; tank cars for energy products and chemicals; gondolas for coal, steel coil and mill service products; open hopper cars for coal and aggregates; boxcars for paper and auto parts, and center beams and flat cars for lumber. Revenues are primarily generated from rental income on operating leases.

Table 16

Rail: Financial Data and Metrics

dollars in millions Three Months Ended Six Months Ended
Earnings Summary June 30, 2023 March 31, 2023 June 30, 2022 June 30, 2023 June 30, 2022
Rental income on operating leases $ 180 $ 176 $ 160 $ 355 $ 319
Depreciation on operating lease equipment 47 46 47 94 88
Maintenance and other operating lease expenses 56 56 47 112 90
Adjusted rental income on operating lease equipment(1) 77 74 66 149 141
Interest expense, net 33 28 18 61 37
Other noninterest (expense) income (2) 1 — (1) 3
Operating expenses 18 18 17 34 33
Income before income taxes 24 29 31 53 74
Income tax expense 6 7 7 13 18
Net income $ 18 $ 22 $ 24 $ 40 $ 56
Select Period End Balances
Operating lease equipment, net $ 7,790 $ 7,612 $ 7,247 $ 7,790 $ 7,247

(1)    Adjusted rental income on operating lease equipment is a non-GAAP measure. See the “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section for a reconciliation from the GAAP measure (segment net income) to the non-GAAP measure (Adjusted rental income on operating lease equipment).

Net income and adjusted rental income on operating lease equipment are utilized to measure the profitability of our Rail segment. Adjusted rental income on operating lease equipment reflects rental income on operating lease equipment less depreciation, maintenance and other operating lease expenses. Maintenance and other operating lease expenses relate to equipment ownership and leasing costs associated with the Rail portfolio and tend to be variable. Due to the nature of our portfolio, which is essentially all operating lease equipment, certain financial measures commonly used by banks, such as NII, are not as meaningful for this segment. NII is not used because it includes the impact of debt costs funding our operating lease assets but excludes the associated net rental income.

Net income and adjusted rental income on operating leases for the current quarter were $18 million and $77 million, respectively. Adjusted rental income on operating leases was up slightly on higher rental income from the increased number of rail cars owned and leased. Railcar depreciation is recognized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the asset. Maintenance and other operating lease expenses reflect costs for railcars put back on lease. The decrease in noninterest income reflects a net loss on sale of equipment due to a strategic action to reduce exposure to certain rail assets. Segment net income for the current YTD decreased from the prior YTD, as the higher interest expense offset the higher adjusted rental income, benefiting from improved utilization, re-lease rates and portfolio growth.

Our fleet is diverse, and the average re-pricing of equipment upon lease maturities was 124.0% of the average prior or expiring lease rate during the quarter. Our railcar utilization, including commitments to lease, was 98.3% at June 30, 2023.

Portfolio

Rail customers include all of the U.S. and Canadian Class I railroads (i.e., railroads with annual revenues of approximately $500 million and greater) and other railroads, as well as manufacturers and commodity shippers. Our total operating lease fleet at June 30, 2023 consisted of approximately 121,000 railcars and locomotives. The following tables reflect the proportion of railcars by type based on units and net investment, and rail operating lease equipment by obligor industry:

Table 17

Operating lease Railcar Portfolio by Type (units and net investment)

June 30, 2023 March 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Railcar Type Total Owned <br>Fleet - % Total Units Total Owned <br>Fleet - % Total<br>Net Investment Total Owned <br>Fleet - % Total Units Total Owned <br>Fleet - % Total<br>Net Investment Total Owned <br>Fleet - % Total Units Total Owned <br>Fleet - % Total<br>Net Investment
Covered Hoppers 44 % 42 % 44 % 42 % 43 % 41 %
Tank Cars 28 38 29 39 29 40
Mill/Coil Gondolas 8 7 8 6 8 6
Coal 8 1 8 1 8 1
Boxcars 6 6 6 6 6 6
Other 6 6 5 6 6 6
Total 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 %

Table 18

Rail Operating Lease Equipment by Obligor Industry

dollars in millions June 30, 2023 March 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Manufacturing $ 3,117 40 % $ 3,073 40 % $ 3,016 41 %
Rail 1,960 25 1,958 26 1,981 27
Wholesale 1,171 15 1,137 15 1,101 15
Oil and gas extraction / services 596 8 593 8 552 7
Energy and utilities 235 3 242 3 242 3
Other 710 9 609 8 541 7
Total $ 7,789 100 % $ 7,612 100 % $ 7,433 100 %

Corporate

Certain items that are not allocated to operating segments are included in the Corporate segment. For descriptions of items not allocated, see Note 21 — Business Segment Information.

Table 19

Corporate: Financial Data and Metrics

dollars in millions Three Months Ended Six Months Ended
Earnings Summary June 30, 2023 March 31, 2023 June 30, 2022 June 30, 2023 June 30, 2022
Net interest income $ 498 $ 13 $ 47 $ 511 $ 71
(Benefit) provision for credit losses (1) 720 — 719 513
Net interest income (expense) after provision for credit losses 499 (707) 47 (208) (442)
Noninterest income 53 9,809 9 9,862 462
Noninterest expense 278 96 64 374 174
Income (loss) before income taxes 274 9,006 (8) 9,280 (154)
Income tax expense (benefit) 54 (159) 11 (105) (127)
Net income (loss) $ 220 $ 9,165 $ (19) $ 9,385 $ (27)

Net income for Corporate for the current quarter was down from the linked quarter, which included an initial preliminary gain on acquisition of $9.82 billion and the day 2 provision for credit losses of $716 million related to the SVBB Acquisition. The preliminary gain on acquisition increased $55 million in the current quarter as previously discussed.

The current quarter benefited from higher net interest income that included accretion of $233 million for the loan purchase accounting adjustment related to the SVBB Acquisition. The current quarter also included an increase in noninterest expenses, reflecting acquisition-related expenses of $205 million compared to $28 million in the linked quarter. The income tax rate for the linked quarter reflects the impact of the preliminary gain on acquisition, resulting in a benefit. Refer to the “Income Taxes” section of this MD&A for further discussion. Segment net income for the current YTD increased from the prior YTD, reflecting the more significant impacts from the SVBB Acquisition compared to the impacts of the CIT Merger.

BALANCE SHEET ANALYSIS

INTEREST-EARNING ASSETS

Interest-earning assets include interest-earning deposits at banks, securities purchased under agreement to resell, investment securities, assets held for sale, and loans and leases, all of which reflect varying interest rates based on the risk level and repricing characteristics of the underlying asset. Higher risk investments typically carry a higher interest rate, but expose us to higher levels of market and/or credit risk. We strive to maintain a high level of interest-earning assets relative to total assets, while keeping non-earning assets at a minimum.

Interest-earning Deposits at Banks

Interest-earning deposits at banks at June 30, 2023 totaled $37.85 billion, an increase of $32.82 billion from $5.03 billion at December 31, 2022 and a decrease of $676 million from $38.52 billion at March 31, 2023. The increase from December 31, 2022 primarily related to $33.93 billion acquired in the SVBB Acquisition, plus holding additional liquidity. Subsequent to the SVBB Acquisition Date, interest-earning deposits at banks decreased due to the decline in SVB deposits. The trend in deposits is further addressed in the “Funding, Liquidity and Capital Overview” section of this MD&A.

Securities Purchased Under Agreement to Resell

Securities Purchased Under Agreement to Resell at June 30, 2023 totaled $298 million and were acquired in the SVBB Acquisition.

Investment Securities

The primary objective of the investment portfolio is to generate incremental income by deploying excess funds into securities that have minimal liquidity risk and low to moderate interest rate risk and credit risk. Other objectives include acting as a stable source of liquidity, serving as a tool for asset and liability management and maintaining an interest rate risk profile compatible with BancShares’ objectives. Additionally, purchases of equities and corporate bonds in other financial institutions have been made under a long-term earnings optimization strategy. Changes in the total balance of our investment securities portfolio result from trends in balance sheet funding and market performance. Generally, when inflows arising from deposit and treasury services products exceed loan and lease demand, we invest excess funds into the securities portfolio or into interest-earning deposits at banks. Conversely, when loan demand exceeds growth in deposits and short-term borrowings, we allow interest-earning deposits at banks to decline and use proceeds from maturing securities and prepayments to fund loan growth. Refer to Note 3 — Investment Securities and the “Funding, Liquidity and Capital Overview” section of this MD&A for additional disclosures regarding investment securities.

The carrying value of investment securities at June 30, 2023 totaled $22.17 billion, an increase of $2.80 billion or 15% from $19.37 billion at December 31, 2022, and $2.64 billion or 14% from $19.53 billion at March 31, 2023. The increase from December 31, 2022 reflected investment security purchases of $3.31 billion, most of which were U.S. Treasuries purchased in the current quarter with an average duration of less than one year, and acquired investment securities of $385 million in the SVBB Acquisition. The increase was partially offset by maturities, paydowns and cash sales of $794 million, and included other non-cash items, such as fair value changes, amortization and non-settled transactions. The acquired investments in the SVBB Acquisition were municipal bonds and mortgage-backed securities.

BancShares’ portfolio of investment securities available for sale consists of mortgage-backed securities issued by government agencies and government sponsored entities, U.S. Treasury notes, unsecured bonds issued by government agencies and government sponsored entities, corporate bonds and municipal bonds. Investment securities available for sale are reported at fair value and unrealized gains and losses are included as a component of AOCI, net of deferred taxes. As of June 30, 2023, investment securities available for sale had a net pre-tax unrealized loss of $1.03 billion, compared to a net pre-tax unrealized loss of $972 million as of December 31, 2022. The fair value of investment securities is impacted by interest rates, credit spreads, market volatility and liquidity conditions. The fair value of the investment securities portfolio generally decreases when interest rates increase or when credit spreads widen. Given the consistently strong credit rating of the U.S. Treasury, and the long history of no credit losses on debt securities issued by government agencies and government sponsored entities, as of June 30, 2023, no ACL was required. For corporate bonds and municipal bonds, we analyzed the changes in interest rates relative to when the investment securities were purchased or acquired, and considered other factors, including changes in credit ratings, delinquencies, and other macroeconomic factors. As a result of this analysis, we determined that three corporate bonds carry credit-related losses, which was $3 million as of June 30, 2023.

BancShares’ portfolio of investment securities held to maturity consists of similar mortgage-backed securities, U.S. Treasury Notes and government agency securities described above, as well as securities issued by the Supranational Entities and Multilateral Development Banks and FDIC guaranteed CDs with other financial institutions. Given the consistently strong credit rating of the U.S. Treasury, the Supranational Entities and Multilateral Development Banks and the long history of no credit losses on debt securities issued by government agencies and government sponsored entities, BancShares’ management determined that no ACL was needed for investment securities held to maturity at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

The following table presents the investment securities portfolio at June 30, 2023, March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, segregated by major category:

Table 20

Investment Securities

dollars in millions June 30, 2023 March 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Composition(1) Amortized cost Fair value Composition(1) Amortized cost Fair value Composition(1) Amortized cost Fair value
Investment securities available for sale:
U.S. Treasury 22.5 % $ 4,763 $ 4,634 10.9 % $ 2,091 $ 1,978 10.6 % $ 2,035 $ 1,898
Government agency 0.7 143 140 0.8 152 150 0.9 164 162
Residential mortgage-backed securities 23.3 5,443 4,810 26.7 5,415 4,848 26.8 5,424 4,795
Commercial mortgage-backed securities 7.6 1,776 1,577 8.7 1,755 1,585 9.0 1,774 1,604
Corporate bonds 2.3 538 476 2.8 542 500 3.0 570 536
Municipal bonds 1.2 260 257 — — — — — —
Total investment securities available for sale 57.6 % $ 12,923 $ 11,894 49.9 % $ 9,955 $ 9,061 50.3 % $ 9,967 $ 8,995
Investment in marketable equity securities 0.4 % $ 75 $ 76 0.5 % $ 75 $ 85 0.5 % $ 75 $ 95
Investment securities held to maturity:
U.S. Treasury 2.1 $ 476 $ 426 2.4 $ 475 $ 433 2.4 $ 474 $ 424
Government agency 6.5 1,502 1,328 7.7 1,550 1,387 7.6 1,548 1,362
Residential mortgage-backed securities 18.0 4,406 3,716 21.3 4,511 3,858 21.7 4,605 3,882
Commercial mortgage-backed securities 14.2 3,518 2,923 16.8 3,547 3,051 16.1 3,355 2,871
Supranational securities 1.2 297 257 1.4 296 262 1.4 295 254
Other — 2 2 — 2 2 — 2 2
Total investment securities held to maturity 42.0 % $ 10,201 $ 8,652 49.6 % $ 10,381 $ 8,993 49.2 % $ 10,279 $ 8,795
Total investment securities 100.0 % $ 23,199 $ 20,622 100.0 % $ 20,411 $ 18,139 100.0 % $ 20,321 $ 17,885
(1) Calculated as a percentage of the total fair value of investment securities.

The following table presents the weighted average yields for investment securities available for sale and held to maturity at June 30, 2023, segregated by major category with ranges of contractual maturities. The weighted average yield on the portfolio is calculated using security-level annualized yields.

Table 21

Weighted Average Yield on Investment Securities

June 30, 2023
Within One Year One to Five Years Five to 10 Years After 10 Years Total
Investment securities available for sale:
U.S. Treasury 4.97 % 0.98 % — % — % 3.46 %
Government agency 3.83 4.92 4.90 5.39 4.93
Residential mortgage-backed securities 3.80 3.67 4.25 1.99 2.04
Commercial mortgage-backed securities 3.60 3.95 6.13 2.88 3.11
Corporate bonds 5.00 6.49 5.38 4.67 5.50
Municipal bonds 2.58 2.48 2.61 3.23 2.91
Total investment securities available for sale 4.95 % 1.71 % 4.91 % 2.20 % 2.91 %
Investment securities held to maturity:
U.S. Treasury — % 1.37 % 1.57 % — % 1.38 %
Government agency — 1.39 1.84 — 1.53
Residential mortgage-backed securities (1) — — 2.62 1.89 1.89
Commercial mortgage-backed securities (1) — 2.44 2.00 2.79 2.78
Supranational Securities — 1.35 1.68 — 1.56
Other 1.52 — — — 1.52
Total investment securities held to maturity 1.52 % 1.39 % 1.78 % 2.29 % 2.11 %

(1) Residential mortgage-backed and commercial mortgage-backed securities, which are not due at a single maturity date, have been included in maturity groupings based on the contractual maturity at June 30, 2023. The expected life will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers have the right to prepay the underlying loans.

Assets Held for Sale

Certain residential mortgage loans and commercial loans are originated with the intent to be sold to investors or lenders, respectively, and are recorded in assets held for sale at fair value. In addition, BancShares may change its strategy for certain loans initially held for investment and decide to sell them in the secondary market. At that time, portfolio loans are transferred to loans held for sale at fair value.

Assets held for sale at June 30, 2023 were $117 million, an increase of $57 million or 96% from $60 million at December 31, 2022 and an increase of $23 million or 25% from $94 million at March 31, 2023.

Table 22

Assets Held for Sale

dollars in millions June 30, 2023 March 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Loans and leases:
Commercial $ 62 $ 33 $ 48
Consumer 42 9 4
SVB 11 48 —
Loans and leases 115 90 52
Operating lease equipment 2 4 8
Total assets held for sale $ 117 $ 94 $ 60

Loans and Leases

Loans and leases held for investment at June 30, 2023 were $133.02 billion, an increase of $62.23 billion or 88% from $70.78 billion at December 31, 2022 and a decrease of $5.27 billion or 4% from $138.29 billion at March 31, 2023. The increase from December 31, 2022 reflects approximately $58.80 billion of SVB loans as of June 30, 2023 and growth in commercial and consumer loans, partially offset by run-off during the current quarter of certain acquired portfolios in the SVB segment. As shown in the table below, commercial loans continued to grow during the current quarter in a number of industry verticals with in commercial and industrial, such as maritime, healthcare and energy, and modest growth in our branch network. Most of the decline in the SVB portfolio was in Global Fund Banking loans. The decline included elevated paydowns, as customers had drawn on their lines of credit during the uncertainty in the banking industry in March, along with a combination of balance sheet management and impacts of the high rate environment on new loan volumes.

The following table presents loans and leases by loan segment and loan class, and the respective proportion to total loans:

Table 23

Loans and Leases

dollars in millions June 30, 2023 March 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Balance % to Total Loans Balance % to Total Loans Balance % to Total Loans
Commercial:
Commercial construction $ 3,182 2 % $ 2,971 2 % $ 2,804 4 %
Owner occupied commercial mortgage 14,748 11 14,456 10 14,473 20
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage 10,733 8 10,292 7 9,902 14
Commercial and industrial 25,376 19 24,508 18 24,105 34
Leases 2,130 2 2,163 2 2,171 3
Total commercial $ 56,169 42 % $ 54,390 39 % $ 53,455 75 %
Consumer:
Residential mortgage $ 14,065 11 % $ 13,727 10 % $ 13,309 19 %
Revolving mortgage 1,900 1 1,916 1 1,951 3
Consumer auto 1,425 1 1,452 1 1,414 2
Consumer other 657 1 632 1 652 1
Total consumer $ 18,047 14 % $ 17,727 13 % $ 17,326 25 %
Silicon Valley Banking:
Global fund banking $ 29,333 22 % $ 36,097 26 % $ — — %
Investor dependent - early stage 1,840 1 1,994 1 — —
Investor dependent - growth stage 4,052 3 4,418 3 — —
Innovation C&I and cash flow dependent 8,905 7 9,193 7 — —
Private Bank 9,580 7 9,476 7 — —
CRE 2,530 2 2,444 2 — —
Other 2,559 2 2,549 2 — —
Total Silicon Valley Banking $ 58,799 44 % $ 66,171 48 % $ — — %
Total loans and leases $ 133,015 100 % $ 138,288 100 % $ 70,781 100 %
Less allowance for credit losses (1,637) (1,605) (922)
Net loans and leases $ 131,378 $ 136,683 $ 69,859

The unamortized discount related to acquired loans was $2.48 billion at June 30, 2023, an increase of $2.36 billion from $118 million at December 31, 2022 and a decrease of $196 million from $2.67 billion at March 31, 2023. The increase from December 31, 2022 reflects the discount on loans acquired in the SVBB Acquisition, while the decline from March 31, 2023 was due to accretion recognized during the quarter.

OPERATING LEASE EQUIPMENT, NET

As detailed in the following table, our operating lease portfolio is mostly comprised of rail assets. Refer to the Rail segment discussion in the section entitled “Results by Business Segment” of this MD&A for further details on the rail portfolio.

Table 24

Operating Lease Equipment

dollars in millions June 30, 2023 March 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Railcars and locomotives $ 7,790 $ 7,612 $ 7,433
Other equipment 741 719 723
Total (1) $ 8,531 $ 8,331 $ 8,156

(1)    Includes off-lease Rail equipment of $338 million at June 30, 2023, $409 million at March 31, 2023 and $457 million at December 31, 2022.

INTEREST-BEARING LIABILITIES

Interest-bearing liabilities include interest-bearing deposits, securities sold under customer repurchase agreements, FHLB borrowings, senior and subordinated debt, and other borrowings. Interest-bearing liabilities at June 30, 2023 totaled $136.76 billion, an increase of $65.63 billion or 92% from $71.13 billion at December 31, 2022 and an increase of $5.26 billion or 4% from $131.50 billion at March 31, 2023. The increase from December 31, 2022 was primarily due to deposits assumed in the SVBB Acquisition, the Purchase Money Note, as well as deposit growth in the General Banking Segment, which includes the Direct Bank and CAB, and a net increase in FHLB borrowings.

Deposits

Refer to the “Funding, Liquidity and Capital Overview” section of this MD&A for discussion of deposit composition and recent deposit trends.

Total deposits at June 30, 2023 were $141.16 billion, an increase of $51.76 billion from $89.41 billion at December 31, 2022 and $1.11 billion from $140.05 billion at March 31, 2023. The increase from December 31, 2022 primarily reflects $40.86 billion of SVB deposits as of June 30, 2023. The increase from March 31, 2023 includes solid deposit growth in our Direct Bank and CAB, mostly offset by the decline in SVB deposits.

As summarized from the following table, interest-bearing deposits totaled $96.62 billion, $85.40 billion and $64.49 billion at June 30, 2023, March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Noninterest-bearing deposits totaled $44.55 billion, $54.65 billion and $24.92 billion at June 30, 2023, March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

Table 25

Deposits

dollars in millions June 30, 2023 March 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Noninterest-bearing demand $ 44,547 $ 54,649 $ 24,922
Checking with interest 24,809 23,743 16,202
Money market 29,149 30,598 21,040
Savings 26,389 17,932 16,634
Time 16,270 13,128 10,610
Total deposits $ 141,164 $ 140,050 $ 89,408
Noninterest-bearing deposits to total deposits 31.6 % 39.0 % 27.9 %

We strive to maintain a strong liquidity position, and therefore a focus on deposit retention remains a key business objective. We believe traditional bank deposit products remain an attractive option for many customers. As economic conditions change, we recognize that our liquidity position could be adversely affected if bank deposits are withdrawn. Our ability to fund future loan growth is significantly dependent on our success in retaining existing deposits and generating new deposits at a reasonable cost.

Deposits (based on branch location) as of June 30, 2023, in North Carolina and South Carolina represented approximately 25.0% and 8.2%, respectively, of total deposits. The Direct Bank includes $29.23 billion or 20.7% of total deposits as of June 30, 2023. SVB deposits as of June 30, 2023 were $40.86 billion or 28.9% of total deposits and are primarily concentrated in online banking and California.

Where information is not readily available to determine the amount of insured deposits, the amount of uninsured deposits is estimated, consistent with the methodologies and assumptions utilized in providing information to our regulators. We estimate total uninsured deposits were $56.39 billion, which represents approximately 40% of total deposits at June 30, 2023, compared to $29.13 billion or 33% of total deposits at December 31, 2022. The increase in amount of uninsured deposits from December 31, 2022 reflects the inclusion of SVB deposits.

The following table provides the expected maturity of time deposits in excess of $250,000, the FDIC insurance limit, as of June 30, 2023:

Table 26

Maturities of Time Deposits In Excess of $250,000

dollars in millions June 30, 2023
Time deposits maturing in:
Three months or less $ 394
Over three months through six months 1,457
Over six months through 12 months 2,033
More than 12 months 890
Total $ 4,774

Borrowings

Total borrowings at June 30, 2023 were $40.14 billion, an increase of $33.49 billion from $6.65 billion at December 31, 2022 and a decrease of $5.96 billion from $46.09 billion at March 31, 2023. The increase from December 31, 2022 to June 30, 2023 primarily related to the Purchase Money Note of approximately $35.81 billion payable to the FDIC, as discussed in Note 2 — Business Combinations, partially offset by a net decrease in FHLB borrowings, as discussed below, and the repayment of a $500 million senior unsecured note.

FHLB borrowings were $2.43 billion at June 30, 2023, a decrease of $1.82 billion from $4.25 billion at December 31, 2022 and a decrease of $6.07 billion from $8.50 billion at March 31, 2023. The decline from December 31, 2022 reflected $7.00 billion of advances taken in March 2023 to enhance available liquidity and $3.48 billion of advances in the current quarter, offset by first quarter repayments of $2.75 billion and second quarter repayments of $9.55 billion. We continued repayments of FHLB borrowings in July, to end the month with only a nominal amount outstanding. Refer to the “Liquidity Risk” section below for more information on FHLB borrowings.

The following table presents borrowings, net of the respective unamortized purchase accounting adjustments and issuance costs:

Table 27

Borrowings

dollars in millions June 30, 2023 March 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Securities sold under customer repurchase agreements $ 454 $ 509 $ 436
Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings (1)
Floating rate notes due through September 2025 2,425 8,500 4,250
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
3.500% fixed rate note due March 2028 (2) 35,817 35,151 —
Senior Unsecured Borrowings
3.722% fixed line of credit due September 2023 15 — —
3.929% fixed-to-floating rate notes due June 2024 — 502 505
2.969% fixed-to-floating rate notes due September 2025 319 320 320
6.000% fixed rate notes due April 2036 59 59 59
Subordinated debt
6.125% fixed rate notes due March 2028 463 466 469
4.125% fixed-to-fixed rate notes due November 2029 102 102 102
3.375% fixed-to-floating rate notes due March 2030 349 348 348
Macon Capital Trust I - floating rate debentures due March 2034 14 14 14
SCB Capital Trust I - floating rate debentures due April 2034 10 10 10
FCB/SC Capital Trust II - floating rate debentures due June 2034 18 18 18
FCB/NC Capital Trust III - floating rate debentures due June 2036 88 88 88
Total subordinated debt 1,044 1,046 1,049
Other borrowings 6 7 26
Total borrowings $ 40,139 $ 46,094 $ 6,645

(1)    Includes $0, $500 million and $1.75 billion in short-term borrowings and $2.43 billion, $8.00 billion and $2.50 billion in long-term borrowings at June 30, 2023, March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

(2)    Purchase Money Note issued in connection with the SVBB Acquisition.

Refer to Note 11 — Borrowings for further information on the various components. Also see “Liquidity Risk” in this MD&A.

RISK MANAGEMENT

BancShares provided detail risk management information in our 2022 Form 10-K. There were no significant changes to those disclosures. The following is a summary of those disclosures.

Risk is inherent in any business. BancShares has defined a moderate risk appetite, a balanced approach to risk taking, with a philosophy that does not preclude higher risk business activities commensurate with acceptable returns while meeting regulatory objectives. Through the comprehensive Risk Management Framework and Risk Appetite Framework and Statement, senior management has primary responsibility for day-to-day management of the risks we face with accountability of and support from all associates. Senior management applies various strategies to reduce the risks to which BancShares may be exposed, with effective challenge and oversight by management committees. Our Board strives to ensure that risk management is a part of our business culture and that our policies and procedures for identifying, assessing, monitoring, and managing risk are part of the decision-making process. The Board’s role in risk oversight is an integral part of our overall Risk Management Framework and Risk Appetite Framework. The Board administers its risk oversight function primarily through its Risk Committee.

The Risk Committee structure is designed to allow for information flow, effective challenge and timely escalation of risk-related issues. The Risk Committee is directed to monitor and advise the full Board regarding risk exposures, including Credit, Market, Capital, Liquidity, Operational, Compliance, Asset, Strategic and Reputational risks; review, approve, and monitor adherence to the Risk Appetite Statement and supporting risk tolerance levels via a series of established metrics; and evaluate, monitor and oversee the adequacy and effectiveness of the Risk Management Framework and Risk Appetite Framework and Statement. The Risk Committee also reviews reports of examination by and communications from regulatory agencies, the results of internal and third party testing and qualitative and quantitative assessments related to risk management, and any other matters within the scope of the Risk Committee’s oversight responsibilities. The Risk Committee monitors management’s response to certain risk-related regulatory and audit issues. In addition, the Risk Committee may coordinate with the Audit Committee and the Compensation, Nominations and Governance Committee for the review of financial statements and related risks, compensation risk management and other areas of joint responsibility.

In combination with other risk management and monitoring practices, enterprise-wide stress testing activities are conducted within a defined framework. Stress tests are performed for various risks to ensure the financial institution can support continued operations during stressed periods.

BancShares monitors and stress tests its capital and liquidity consistent with the safety and soundness expectations of the federal regulators. Refer to the “Regulatory Considerations” section of Item 1. Business included in the 2022 Form 10-K for further discussion.

BancShares has been assessing the emerging impacts of the international tensions that could impact the economy and exacerbate headwinds of rising inflation, elevated market volatility, global supply chain disruptions, and recessionary pressures as well as operational risks such as those associated with potential cyberattacks for FCB and third parties upon whom it relies. Assessments have not identified material impacts to date, but those assessments will remain ongoing as the condition continues to exist. BancShares is also assessing the potential risk of an economic slowdown or recession that could create increased credit and market risk having downstream impacts on earnings, capital, and/or liquidity. While economic data continues to be mixed, baseline economic forecasts currently reflect a more marked decline in commercial real estate properties due to rising interest rates that impacted the allowance for credit loss forecasts. Key indicators will continue to be monitored and impacts assessed as part of our ongoing risk management framework. BancShares continues to integrate SVB into its existing risk management processes and procedures.

CREDIT RISK

Credit risk is the risk of not collecting payments pursuant to the contractual terms of loans, leases and certain investment securities. Loans and leases we originate are underwritten in accordance with our credit policies and procedures and are subject to periodic ongoing reviews. Acquired loans, regardless of whether PCD or Non-PCD, are recorded at fair value as of the acquisition date and are subject to periodic reviews to identify any further credit deterioration. Our independent credit review function conducts risk reviews and analyses of both originated and acquired loans to ensure compliance with credit policies and to monitor asset quality trends and borrower financial strength. These reviews include portfolio analysis by geographic location, industry, collateral type and product. We strive to identify potential problem loans as early as possible, to record charge-offs or write-downs as appropriate and to maintain an appropriate ACL that accounts for expected losses over the life of the loan and lease portfolios.

Our ACL estimate as of June 30, 2023 included extensive reviews of the changes in credit risk associated with the uncertainties around economic forecasts. These loss estimates additionally considered BancShares industry risk, and the actual net losses incurred during prior periods of economic stress, as well as recent credit trends, which have not seen significant deterioration as of June 30, 2023. Our ACL methodology was discussed in Note 1 — Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Presentation of our 2022 Form 10-K.

Commercial Lending and Leasing

BancShares employs a dual ratings system where each commercial loan is assigned a probability of default (“PD”) and loss given default (“LGD”) rating using scorecards developed to rate each type of transaction incorporating assessments of both quantitative and qualitative factors. When commercial loans and leases are graded during underwriting, or when updated periodically thereafter, a model is run to generate a preliminary risk rating. These models incorporate both internal and external historical default and loss data to develop loss rates for each risk rating. The preliminary risk rating assigned by the model can be adjusted as a result of borrower specific facts and circumstances, that in management’s judgment, warrant a modification of the modeled risk rating to arrive at the final approved risk ratings.

Consumer Lending

Consumer lending begins with an evaluation of a consumer borrower’s credit profile against published standards. Credit decisions are made after analyzing quantitative and qualitative factors, including borrower’s ability to repay the loan, collateral values, and considering the transaction from a judgmental perspective.

Consumer products use traditional and measurable standards to document and assess the creditworthiness of a loan applicant. Credit standards follow industry standard documentation requirements. Performance is largely evaluated based on an acceptable pay history along with a quarterly assessment which incorporates current market conditions. Loans may also be monitored during quarterly reviews of the borrower’s refreshed credit score. When warranted, an additional review of the loan-to-value of the underlying collateral may be conducted.

Silicon Valley Banking Loans

During integration related to the SVBB Acquisition, ratings and ACL forecasting models will be re-considered and/or re-developed in order to align loans with common risk characteristics to common rating and loss forecasting methodologies. While FCB assesses ratings processes and ACL models during integration, Silicon Valley Bank’s existing ratings and ACL models will be maintained. The methodology for estimating the ACL is the sum of two main components: (i) modeled ACL assessed on a collective basis for pools of loans that share similar risk characteristics that includes a quantitative adjustment to account for portfolio risk not captured in the models and may include a qualitative adjustment based on management’s assessment of the risks and (ii) ACL assessed for individual loans that do not share similar risk characteristics with other loans.

For loans that share similar risk characteristics, the process derives an estimated ACL assumption from a non-discounted cash flow approach based on portfolio classes. This approach incorporates a calculation of three predictive metrics: PD, LGD and Exposure at Default (“EAD”), over the estimated life of the exposure. Similar to the FCB process for other segments, PD and LGD assumptions are developed based on quantitative models and inherent risk of credit loss, both of which involve significant judgment. Renewals and extensions within our control are not considered in the estimated contractual term of a loan. BancShares moved SVB from a three year Reasonable and Supportable (“R&S”) period utilized by Silicon Valley Bank to a life of loan R&S period to ensure consistency with the existing Bancshares assumptions. Silicon Valley Bank and FCB were using similar scenario weighting processes, but BancShares moved SVB to the FCB scenario weights for the ACL estimate as of March 31, 2023. A qualitative adjustment may be applied to account for risk not captured by the models or emerging risks that may not yet be captured.

For loans that do not share similar risk characteristics, the ACL is measured based on the net realizable value, which is the difference between the discounted value of the expected future cash flows and the amortized cost basis of the loan. When a loan is collateral-dependent and the repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral, the ACL is measured as the difference between the amortized cost basis of the loan and the fair value of the collateral.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The ACL at June 30, 2023 was $1.64 billion, representing an increase of $715 million from $922 million at December 31, 2022 and an increase of $32 million from $1.61 billion at March 31, 2023. The ACL as a percentage of total loans and leases at June 30, 2023 was 1.23%, compared to 1.30% at December 31, 2022 and 1.16% at March 31, 2023.

The $715 million increase in the ACL compared to December 31, 2022 was primarily due to the impact of the SVBB Acquisition, including the initial ACL for PCD loans and leases (the “Initial PCD ACL”) of $220 million and the day 2 provision for loans and leases of $462 million. The $32 million increase compared to March 31, 2023 was primarily related to increases in net charge-offs discussed below, unfavorable trends in the CRE Price Index, loan growth in the General and Commercial Banking segments, partially offset by declines in the SVB Global Fund Banking portfolio. In the current quarter, the ACL on commercial loans and consumer loans increased $115 million and $13 million, respectively, partially offset by an ACL decrease of $96 million for SVB loans.

While management utilizes its best judgment and information available, the ultimate adequacy of our ACL is dependent upon a variety of factors beyond our control which are inherently difficult to predict, the most significant being the macroeconomic scenario forecasts that determine the economic variables utilized in the ACL models. Due to the inherent uncertainty in the macroeconomic forecasts, BancShares utilizes baseline, upside, and downside macroeconomic scenarios and weights the scenarios based on review of variable forecasts for each scenario and comparison to expectations. At June 30, 2023, ACL estimates in these scenarios ranged from approximately $1.30 billion, when weighting the upside scenario 100%, to approximately $2.14 billion when weighting the downside scenario 100%. BancShares management determined that an ACL of $1.64 billion was appropriate as of June 30, 2023.

Table 28

ACL for Loans and Leases

dollars in millions Three Months Ended June 30, 2023
Commercial Consumer SVB Total
Balance at March 31, 2023 $ 800 $ 143 $ 662 $ 1,605
Initial PCD ACL — — 20 20
Provision for credit losses - loans and leases 172 16 (19) 169
Charge-offs (69) (6) (101) (176)
Recoveries 12 3 4 19
Balance at June 30, 2023 $ 915 $ 156 $ 566 $ 1,637
Annualized net charge-off ratio 0.47 %
Net charge-offs $ 57 $ 3 $ 97 $ 157
Average loans $ 134,634
Percent of loans in each category to total loans 42 % 14 % 44 % 100 %
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
Commercial Consumer SVB Total
Balance at December 31, 2022 $ 789 $ 133 $ — $ 922
Initial PCD ACL — — 200 200
Day 2 provision for loans and leases — — 462 462
Provision for credit losses - loans and leases 58 13 — 71
Total provision for credit losses - loans and leases 58 13 462 533
Charge-offs (55) (7) — (62)
Recoveries 8 4 — 12
Balance at March 31, 2023 $ 800 $ 143 $ 662 $ 1,605
Annualized net charge-off ratio 0.27 %
Net charge-offs $ 46 $ 4 $ — $ 50
Average loans $ 74,862
Percent of loans in each category to total loans 39 % 13 % 48 % 100 %
Three Months Ended June 30, 2022
Commercial Consumer SVB Total
Balance at March 31, 2022 $ 743 $ 105 $ — $ 848
Initial PCD ACL (12) — — (12)
Benefit for credit losses - loans and leases 33 3 — 36
Charge-offs (36) (5) — (41)
Recoveries 12 7 — 19
Balance at June 30, 2022 $ 740 $ 110 $ — $ 850
Annualized net charge-off ratio 0.13 %
Net charge-offs (recoveries) $ 24 $ (2) $ — $ 22
Average loans $ 66,431
Percent of loans in each category to total loans 76 % 24 % — % 100 %
dollars in millions Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 Six Months Ended June 30, 2022
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Commercial Consumer SVB Total Commercial Consumer SVB Total
Balance at beginning of period $ 789 $ 133 $ — $ 922 $ 80 $ 98 $ — $ 178
Initial PCD ACL — — 220 220 258 14 — 272
Day 2 provision for loans and leases — — 462 462 432 22 — 454
Provision for credit losses - loans and leases 230 29 (19) 240 10 (27) — (17)
Total provision for credit losses- loans and leases 230 29 443 702 442 (5) — 437
Charge-offs (124) (13) (101) (238) (64) (10) — (74)
Recoveries 20 7 4 31 24 13 — 37
Balance at end of period $ 915 $ 156 $ 566 $ 1,637 $ 740 $ 110 $ — $ 850
Annualized net charge-off ratio 0.39 % 0.11 %
Net charge-offs (recoveries) $ 104 $ 6 $ 97 $ 207 $ 40 $ (3) $ — $ 37
Average loans $ 104,913 $ 65,810
Percent of loans in each category to total loans 42 % 14 % 44 % 100 % 76 % 24 % — % 100 %

Net charge-offs during the current quarter were $157 million, an increase of $107 million from $50 million during the linked quarter. On an annualized basis, the net charge-off ratio was 0.47% and 0.27% for the current and linked quarters, respectively. The increase in net charge-offs compared to the linked quarter primarily reflects charge-offs related to SVB loans, along with a modest increase in our commercial loans, mostly in equipment finance and real estate finance businesses. The three largest SVB charge-offs totaled $70 million with $45 million in the Innovation C&I and cash flow dependent portfolios, and the remaining were in the early and growth-stage investor dependent portfolios.

Net charge-offs for the current YTD of $207 million increased from $37 million during the prior YTD, reflecting the current quarter net charge-offs in the SVB portfolio, and higher commercial loan charge-offs, in certain portfolios within the equipment finance and real estate finance businesses. On an annualized basis, the net charge-off ratio was 0.39% and 0.11% for the current YTD and prior YTD, respectively. The following table provides trends in the ACL ratios.

Table 29

ACL for Loans and Leases Ratios

dollars in millions June 30, 2023 March 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Allowance for credit losses $ 1,637 $ 1,605 $ 922
Total loans and leases 133,015 138,288 70,781
Allowance for credit losses to total loans and leases 1.23 % 1.16 % 1.30 %
Commercial loans and leases:
Allowance for credit losses - commercial $ 915 $ 800 $ 789
Commercial loans and leases 56,169 54,390 53,455
Commercial allowance for credit losses to commercial loans and leases 1.63 % 1.47 % 1.48 %
Consumer loans:
Allowance for credit losses - consumer $ 156 $ 143 $ 133
Consumer loans 18,047 17,727 17,326
Consumer allowance for credit losses to consumer loans 0.86 % 0.80 % 0.77 %
SVB loans:
Allowance for credit losses - SVB $ 566 $ 662 $ —
SVB loans 58,799 66,171 —
SVB allowance for credit losses to SVB loans 0.97 % 1.00 % — %

The reserve for unfunded loan commitments was $335 million at June 30, 2023, an increase of $229 million compared to $106 million at December 31, 2022 and decrease of $17 million compared to $352 million at March 31, 2023. The increase from December 31, 2022 primarily reflects the $254 million day 2 provision for unfunded commitments related to the SVBB Acquisition. Refer to Note 22 — Commitments and Contingencies for information relating to off-balance sheet commitments and Note 5 — Allowance for Credit Losses for a roll forward of the ACL for unfunded commitments. The benefit of $17 million in the current quarter was primarily related to decreases in the outstanding commitment amounts for the SVB portfolio.

The following table presents the ACL by loan class:

Table 30

ACL by Loan Class

dollars in millions: June 30, 2023 March 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Allowance for Credit Losses Allowance for Credit Losses as a Percentage of Loans Allowance for Credit Losses Allowance for Credit Losses as a Percentage of Loans Allowance for Credit Losses Allowance for Credit Losses as a Percentage of Loans
Commercial
Commercial construction $ 45 1.42 % $ 36 1.22 % $ 40 1.43 %
Owner occupied commercial mortgage 50 0.34 56 0.39 61 0.42
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage 247 2.30 182 1.77 181 1.83
Commercial and industrial 533 2.10 490 2.00 476 1.98
Leases 40 1.86 36 1.69 31 1.41
Total commercial 915 1.63 800 1.47 789 1.48
Consumer
Residential mortgage 90 0.64 81 0.59 74 0.55
Revolving mortgage 18 0.91 16 0.84 13 0.67
Consumer auto 5 0.33 5 0.35 5 0.37
Consumer other 43 6.56 41 6.42 41 6.32
Total consumer 156 0.86 143 0.80 133 0.77
SVB
Global fund banking 73 0.25 91 0.25 — —
Investor dependent - early stage 106 5.79 130 6.53 — —
Investor dependent - growth stage 175 4.31 175 3.97 — —
Innovation and cash flow dependent 141 1.59 171 1.85 — —
Private Bank 21 0.22 44 0.47 — —
CRE 28 1.10 26 1.07 — —
Other 22 0.88 25 0.98 — —
Total SVB 566 0.97 662 1.00 — —
Total Allowance for Credit Losses $ 1,637 1.23 % $ 1,605 1.16 % $ 922 1.30 %

Credit Metrics

Non-performing Assets

Non-performing assets include non-accrual loans and leases, other real estate owned (“OREO”) and repossessed assets.

The following table presents total nonperforming assets:

Table 31

Non-Performing Assets

dollars in millions June 30, 2023 March 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Non-accrual loans:
Commercial loans $ 622 $ 510 $ 529
Consumer loans 94 94 98
SVB loans 213 224 —
Total non-accrual loans 929 828 627
Other real estate owned and repossessed assets 64 47 47
Total non-performing assets $ 993 $ 875 $ 674
Allowance for credit losses to total loans and leases: 1.23 % 1.16 % 1.30 %
Ratio of total non-performing assets to total loans, leases, other real estate owned and repossessed assets 0.75 0.63 0.95
Ratio of non-accrual loans and leases to total loans and leases 0.70 0.60 0.89
Ratio of allowance for credit losses to non-accrual loans and leases 176.33 193.76 146.88

Non-accrual loans and leases at June 30, 2023 were $929 million, an increase of $302 million from $627 million at December 31, 2022 and an increase of $101 million from $828 million at March 31, 2023. The increase from December 31, 2022 is primarily due to the SVBB Acquisition, resulting in addition of $213 million non-accrual loans and leases. These are mostly in the Investor Dependent and Innovation C&I and Cash Flow Dependent classes. Commercial loan non-accruals increased in the second quarter, primarily due to the addition of a large real estate loan. Refer to Note 4 — Loans and Leases for tabular presentation of non-accrual loans by loan class.

OREO and repossessed assets at June 30, 2023 was $64 million, compared to $47 million at December 31, 2022 and $47 million at March 31, 2023. Non-performing assets as a percentage of total loans, leases, OREO and repossessed assets at June 30, 2023 was 0.75% compared to 0.95% at December 31, 2022 and 0.63% at March 31, 2023. The increase during the current quarter was driven by a transfer of one real estate account to OREO.

Past Due Accounts

The percentage of loans 30 days or more past due at June 30, 2023 was 0.84% of total loans, compared to 1.22% at December 31, 2022 and 0.88% at March 31, 2023. Delinquency status of loans is presented in Note 4 — Loans and Leases.

Commercial Real Estate Portfolio

Our commercial real estate portfolio is diversified across various property types. The following table provides an overview of the property type exposures within our commercial real estate portfolio.

Table 32

Commercial Real Estate Portfolio

dollars in millions June 30, 2023
Net<br>Investment % of Total<br>Loans and Leases
Multi-Family $ 4,170 3.14 %
General Office 2,800 2.11
Medical Office 2,814 2.12
Industrial / Warehouse 2,297 1.73
Retail 1,562 1.17
Hotel / Motel 765 0.58
Other 2,664 2.00
Total $ 17,072 12.83 %

Evolving macroeconomic and social conditions (including the increase in remote working in connection with the COVID pandemic) may result in changes for general office demand moving forward. Select metrics specific to our general office loan portfolio are as follows:

Table 33

Select General Office Loan Metrics

dollars in millions June 30, 2023
% of total loans and leases 2.11 %
% of commercial real estate loans 16.40 %
Average loan balance $ 2
Net charge-offs (%) 0.61 %
Delinquencies as a % of total CRE loans 7.38 %
Non-performing loans as a % of CRE loans 8.96 %
ACL ratio 4.44 %

Concentration Risk

We strive to minimize the risks associated with large concentrations within specific geographic areas, collateral types or industries. Despite our focus on diversification, several characteristics of our loan portfolio subject us to risk, such as our concentrations of real estate secured loans, revolving mortgage loans and healthcare-related loans. Additionally, SVB loans are concentrated in loans with large balances and loans in certain industries and customer groups, including private equity and venture capital. The following discussions present concentration data along our portfolio classes, Commercial, Consumer, and SVB.

Commercial Loans Concentrations

Geographic Concentrations

The following table summarizes state concentrations greater than 5.0% of our loans. Data is based on obligor location unless secured by real estate, then data based on property location.

Table 34

Commercial Loans and Leases - Geography

dollars in millions June 30, 2023 March 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
State
California $ 9,553 17.0 % $ 9,279 17.1 % $ 9,226 17.3 %
North Carolina 9,138 16.3 8,795 16.2 8,699 16.3
Texas 3,899 6.9 3,586 6.6 3,624 6.8
Florida 3,566 6.3 3,398 6.2 3,273 6.1
South Carolina 3,170 5.7 3,076 5.7 3,142 5.9
All other states 25,203 44.9 24,796 45.6 24,243 45.4
Total U.S. $ 54,529 97.1 % $ 52,930 97.4 % $ 52,207 97.8 %
Total International 1,640 2.9 1,460 2.6 1,248 2.2
Total $ 56,169 100.0 % $ 54,390 100.0 % $ 53,455 100.0 %

Industry Concentrations

The following table represents loans by industry of obligor:

Table 35

Commercial Loans and Leases - Industry

dollars in millions June 30, 2023 March 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Real Estate $ 12,600 22.4 % $ 12,179 22.4 % $ 11,684 21.9 %
Healthcare 8,434 15.0 8,264 15.2 8,146 15.2
Business Services 6,041 10.8 5,656 10.4 5,518 10.3
Transportation, Communication, Gas, Utilities 5,375 9.6 5,120 9.4 5,002 9.4
Manufacturing 4,505 8.0 4,400 8.1 4,387 8.2
Service Industries 4,257 7.6 4,118 7.6 4,213 7.9
Retail 3,470 6.2 3,639 6.7 3,462 6.5
Wholesale 2,581 4.6 2,507 4.6 2,605 4.9
Finance and Insurance 2,494 4.4 2,521 4.6 2,604 4.9
Other 6,412 11.4 5,986 11.0 5,834 10.8
Total $ 56,169 100.0 % $ 54,390 100.0 % $ 53,455 100.0 %

Consumer Loans Concentrations

Loan concentrations may exist when multiple borrowers could be similarly impacted by economic or other conditions. The following table summarizes state concentrations greater than 5.0% based on property address:

Table 36

Consumer Loans - Geography

dollars in millions June 30, 2023 March 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Net<br>Investment % of<br>Total Net<br>Investment % of<br>Total Net<br>Investment % of<br>Total
State
North Carolina $ 6,030 33.4 % $ 5,830 32.9 % $ 5,702 32.9 %
California 4,142 23.0 4,001 22.6 4,014 23.2
South Carolina 3,144 17.4 3,079 17.3 3,001 17.3
Other states 4,731 26.2 4,817 27.2 4,609 26.6
Total $ 18,047 100.0 % $ 17,727 100.0 % $ 17,326 100.0 %

Silicon Valley Banking Loans

SVB loan concentrations may exist when there are borrowers engaged in similar activities or types of loans extended to a diverse group of borrowers that could cause those borrowers or portfolios to be similarly impacted by economic or other conditions.

The table below details SVB loans that are secured by real estate, at amortized cost:

Table 37

Silicon Valley Banking Loans Secured by Real Estate

dollars in millions June 30, 2023 March 31, 2023
Private bank:
Loans for personal residence $ 7,398 $ 7,355
Loans to eligible employees 526 519
Home equity lines of credit 143 130
Other 107 117
Total private bank loans secured by real estate 8,174 8,121
Commercial real estate ("CRE"):
Multifamily and residential investment 844 843
Retail 421 412
Office and medical 492 483
Manufacturing, industrial and warehouse 538 489
Hospitality 138 109
Other 97 108
Total CRE loans secured by real estate 2,530 2,444
Premium wine 874 913
Other 619 505
Total real estate secured loans $ 12,197 $ 11,983

The SVB loan portfolio is focused on three primary markets: (i) Global Fund Banking, (ii) Technology and Life Science/Healthcare and (iii) Private Banking. The remainder of the portfolio is made up of CRE and Other loans.

Global Fund Banking

The Global Fund Banking loan portfolio includes loans to clients in the private equity/venture capital community. Global Fund Banking represented 50% and 22% of SVB loans and total loans at June 30, 2023, respectively. The vast majority of this portfolio consists of capital call lines of credit, the repayment of which is dependent on the payment of capital calls by the underlying limited partner investors in the funds managed by these firms. These facilities are generally governed by meaningful financial covenants oriented towards ensuring that the funds’ remaining callable capital is sufficient to repay the loan, and larger commitments (typically provided to larger private equity funds) are typically secured by an assignment of the general partner's right to call capital from the fund's limited partner investors.

Technology and Life Science/Healthcare

The Technology and Life Science/Healthcare loan portfolios include loans to clients at the various stages of their life cycles. The classes of financing receivables for our technology and life science/healthcare market segments are classified as Investor Dependent - Early Stage, Investor Dependent - Growth Stage, and Innovation C&I and Cash Flow Dependent for reporting purposes.

Investor Dependent - Early Stage loans represented 3% and 1% of SVB loans and total loans at June 30, 2023, respectively. These include loans to pre-revenue, development-stage companies and companies that are in the early phases of commercialization, with revenues of up to $5 million. Repayment of these loans may be dependent upon receipt by borrowers of additional equity financing from venture capital firms or other investors, or in some cases, a successful sale to a third party or an initial public offering (“IPO”).

Investor Dependent - Growth Stage loans represented 7% and 3% of SVB loans and total loans at June 30, 2023, respectively. These include loans to growth-stage enterprises. Companies with revenues between $5 million and $15 million, or pre-revenue clinical-stage biotechnology companies, are considered to be mid stage, and companies with revenues in excess of $15 million are considered to be later stage.

Innovation C&I and Cash Flow Dependent loans represented 15% and 7% of SVB loans and total loans at June 30, 2023, respectively. This portfolio is comprised of two types of loans, Innovation C&I and Cash Flow Dependent. Innovation C&I include loans in innovation sectors such as technology and life science/healthcare industries. These loans are dependent on either the borrower’s cash flows or balance sheet for repayment. Cash Flow Dependent loans are typically used to assist a select group of private equity sponsors with the acquisition of businesses, and repayment is generally dependent upon the cash flows of the combined entities.

Private Banking

Private Banking clients consist of executive leaders and senior investment professionals in the innovation economy, as well as high net worth clients. Lending to Private Banking clients represented 16% and 7% of SVB loans and total loans at June 30, 2023, respectively. Many Private Banking products are secured by real estate. These products include mortgage loans, owner-occupied commercial mortgage loans, home equity lines of credit and other secured lending products. The remaining balance of the Private Banking portfolio consists of personal capital call lines of credit, restricted and private stock loans and other secured and unsecured lending products.

CRE

The CRE class represented 4% and 2% of SVB loans and total loans at June 30, 2023, respectively. This class consists generally of acquisition financing loans for commercial properties such as office buildings, retail properties, apartment buildings and industrial/warehouse space. All CRE products are secured by real estate collateral.

Other

The Other class includes Premium Wine, Other C&I and Other portfolios which represented 4% and 2% of SVB loans and total loans at June 30, 2023. Premium wine loans are to wine producers, vineyards and wine industry or hospitality businesses across the Western United States. A large portion of premium wine loans are secured by real estate collateral. Other C&I loans include tax-exempt commercial loans to non-for-profit private schools, college, public charter schools and other not-for-profit organizations as well as commercial loans to clients that are not in technology and life sciences/healthcare industries. Our Other class of loans is primarily comprised of construction and land loans for financing new developments or financing improvements to existing buildings, as well as loans made as part of our responsibilities under the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977.

The following table provides a summary of SVB loans by size and class. The breakout below is based on total client balances (individually or in the aggregate) as of June 30, 2023:

Table 38

Silicon Valley Banking Loans by Size and Class

dollars in millions Less Than 5 Million 5 to < 10 Million 10 to < 20 Million 20 to < 30 Million > 30 Million Total SVB Loans
Global fund banking $ 29,333
Investor dependent - early stage 1,104 459 117 23 137 1,840
Investor dependent - growth stage 753 1,088 1,058 479 674 4,052
Innovation C&I and cash flow dependent 333 256 780 1,327 6,209 8,905
Private Bank 7,201 977 744 257 401 9,580
CRE 691 488 705 402 244 2,530
Other 482 489 741 609 238 2,559
Total $ 58,799

All values are in US Dollars.

SVB Loans - State Concentrations

The following table summarizes state concentrations greater than 5.0% within the SVB loans portfolio at June 30, 2023 and March 31, 2023, based on borrower location:

Table 39

Silicon Valley Banking Loans - Geography

dollars in millions June 30, 2023 March 31, 2023
State
California $ 18,169 30.8 % $ 19,936 30.1 %
Massachusetts 8,831 15.0 9,658 14.6
New York 8,640 14.7 10,094 15.3
Connecticut 4,221 7.2 4,520 6.8
Texas 4,207 7.2 4,578 6.9
All other states 12,331 21.0 14,375 21.7
Total U.S. 56,399 95.9 63,161 95.4
Total International 2,400 4.1 3,010 4.6
Total $ 58,799 100.0 % $ 66,171 100.0 %

MARKET RISK

Interest rate risk management

BancShares is exposed to the risk that changes in market conditions may affect interest rates and negatively impact earnings. The risk arises from the nature of BancShares’ business activities, the composition of BancShares’ balance sheet, and changes in the level or shape of the yield curve. BancShares manages this inherent risk strategically based on prescribed guidelines and approved limits.

Interest rate risk can arise from many of the BancShares’ business activities, such as lending, leasing, investing, deposit taking, derivatives, and funding activities. We evaluate and monitor interest rate risk primarily through two metrics.

•Net Interest Income (“NII Sensitivity”) measures the net impact of hypothetical changes in interest rates on forecasted NII; and

•Economic Value of Equity Sensitivity (“EVE Sensitivity”) measures the net impact of these hypothetical changes on the value of equity by assessing the economic value of assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet instruments.

BancShares uses a holistic process to measure and monitor both short term and long term risks which includes, but is not limited to, gradual and immediate parallel rate shocks, changes in the shape of the yield curve, and changes in the relationship of various yield curves. NII Sensitivity generally focuses on shorter term earnings risk, while EVE Sensitivity assesses the longer-term risk of the existing balance sheet.

Our exposure to NII Sensitivity is guided by the Risk Appetite Framework and Statement and a range of risk metrics and BancShares may utilize tools across the balance sheet to adjust its interest rate risk exposures, including through business line actions and actions within the investment, funding and derivative portfolios.

The composition of our interest rate sensitive assets and liabilities generally results in a net asset-sensitive position for NII Sensitivity, whereby our assets will reprice faster than our liabilities, which is generally concentrated at the short end of the yield curve.

Our funding sources consist primarily of deposits and we also support our funding needs through wholesale funding sources (including unsecured and secured borrowings). The SVBB Acquisition significantly increased our balance sheet and changed our rate sensitivity. At the time of the SVBB Acquisition, we assumed $55.90 billion of deposits, entered into a $36.07 billion fixed-rate Purchase Money Note payable to the FDIC, acquired $68.46 billion of loans, most of which have variable rates, and $35.31 billion of cash and interest-bearing deposits at banks.

The deposit rates we offer are influenced by market conditions and competitive factors. Market rates are the key drivers of deposit costs and we continue to optimize deposit costs by improving our deposit mix. Changes in interest rates, expected funding needs, as well as actions by competitors, can affect our deposit taking activities and deposit pricing. We believe our targeted non-maturity deposit customer retention is strong and we remain focused on optimizing our mix of deposits. We regularly assess the effect of deposit rate changes on our balances and seek to achieve optimal alignment between assets and liabilities.

The following table summarizes the results of 12-month NII Sensitivity simulations produced by our asset/liability management system. These simulations assume static balance sheet replacement with like products and implied forward market rates, but also incorporates additional assumptions, such as, but not limited to prepayment estimates, pricing estimates and deposit behaviors. The below simulations assume an immediate 25, 100 and 200 bps parallel increase and 25 and 100 bps decrease from the market-based forward curve for June 30, 2023, March 31, 2023, and December 2022.

Table 40

Net Interest Income Sensitivity Simulation Analysis

Estimated (Decrease) Increase in NII
Change in interest rate (bps) June 30, 2023 March 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
-100 (9.7) % (11.1) % (4.0) %
-25 (2.4) (2.8) (0.9)
+25 2.4 2.8 0.8
+100 9.5 11.1 3.4
+200 18.9 22.0 6.7

NII Sensitivity metrics at June 30, 2023, compared to March 31, 2023, were primarily affected by compositional changes in deposits, funding and investments. NII Sensitivity metrics at June 30, 2023, compared to December 31, 2022, were primarily affected by the addition of the acquired loans and assumed deposits as part of the SVBB Acquisition, as well as the Purchase Money Note and the higher cash balance to manage liquidity risk from the acquired portfolios.

As of June 30, 2023, BancShares continues to have an asset sensitive interest rate risk profile and the potential exposure to forecasted earnings is largely driven by the composition of the balance sheet (primarily due to floating rate commercial loans and cash), as well as estimates of modest future deposit betas. Approximately 65%-70% of our loans have floating contractual reference rates, indexed primarily to Prime, Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) and LIBOR. Deposit betas are up for the combined company, and are modeled to have a portfolio average of approximately 35%-40% over the forecast horizon. Deposit beta is the portion of a change in the fed funds rate that is passed on to the deposit rate. Impacts to NII Sensitivity may change due to actual results differing from modeled expectations.

As noted above, EVE Sensitivity supplements NII simulations as it estimates risk exposures beyond a twelve-month horizon. EVE Sensitivity measures the change in the economic value of equity driven by changes in assets, liabilities, and off-balance sheet instruments in response to a change in interest rates. EVE Sensitivity is calculated by estimating the change in the net present value of assets, liabilities, and off-balance sheet items under various rate movements.

The following table presents the EVE profile as of June 30, 2023, March 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022:

Table 41

Economic Value of Equity Modeling Analysis

Estimated (Decrease) Increase in EVE
Change in interest rate (bps) June 30, 2023 March 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
-100 (5.0) % (6.1) % (5.3) %
-25 (1.1) (1.4) (1.2)
+100 4.2 5.3 4.1
+200 7.8 10.0 3.0

The economic value of equity metrics at June 30, 2023 compared to March 31, 2023 were primarily affected by compositional changes in deposits, funding and investments. The economic value of equity metrics at June 30, 2023 compared to December 31, 2022 were primarily affected by the balance sheet changes noted earlier due to the SVBB Acquisition.

In addition to the above reported sensitivities, a wide variety of potential interest rate scenarios are simulated within our asset/liability management system. Scenarios that impact management volumes, specific risk events, or the sensitivity to key assumptions are also evaluated.

We use results of our various interest rate risk analyses to formulate and implement asset and liability management strategies, in coordination with the Asset Liability Committee, to achieve the desired risk profile, while managing our objectives for market risk and other strategic objectives. Specifically, we may manage our interest rate risk position through certain pricing strategies and product design for loans and deposits, our investment portfolio, funding portfolio, or by using off balance sheet derivatives to mitigate earnings volatility.

The above sensitivities provide an estimate of our interest rate sensitivity; however, they do not account for potential changes in credit quality, size, mix, or changes in the competition for business in the industries we serve. They also do not account for other business developments and other actions. Accordingly, we can give no assurance that actual results would not differ materially from the estimated outcomes of our simulations. Further, the range of such simulations is not intended to represent our current view of the expected range of future interest rate movements.

The following table provides loan maturity distribution information:

Table 42

Loan Maturity Distribution

dollars in millions At June 30, 2023, Maturing
Within<br>One Year One to Five<br>Years Five to 15<br>Years After 15 Years Total
Commercial
Commercial construction $ 856 $ 1,482 $ 768 $ 76 $ 3,182
Owner occupied commercial mortgage 653 4,454 9,068 573 14,748
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage 2,277 6,027 2,004 425 10,733
Commercial and industrial 6,644 14,831 3,671 230 25,376
Leases 737 1,356 37 — 2,130
Total commercial 11,167 28,150 15,548 1,304 56,169
Consumer
Residential mortgage 116 595 2,331 11,023 14,065
Revolving mortgage 61 133 47 1,659 1,900
Consumer auto 12 715 698 — 1,425
Consumer other 310 187 123 37 657
Total consumer 499 1,630 3,199 12,719 18,047
SVB
Global fund banking 27,366 1,846 121 — 29,333
Investor dependent - early stage 293 1,480 67 — 1,840
Investor dependent - growth stage 362 3,578 112 — 4,052
Innovation and cash flow dependent 1,492 7,017 396 — 8,905
Private Bank 257 516 985 7,822 9,580
CRE 285 1,432 751 62 2,530
Other 423 757 835 544 2,559
Total SVB 30,478 16,626 3,267 8,428 58,799
Total loans and leases $ 42,144 $ 46,406 $ 22,014 $ 22,451 $ 133,015

The following table provides information regarding the sensitivity of loans and leases to changes in interest rates:

Table 43

Loan Interest Rate Sensitivity

dollars in millions Loans Maturing One Year or After with
Fixed Interest Rates Variable Interest Rates
Commercial
Commercial construction $ 942 $ 1,384
Owner occupied commercial mortgage 12,570 1,525
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage 3,479 4,977
Commercial and industrial 8,498 10,234
Leases 1,385 8
Total commercial 26,874 18,128
Consumer
Residential mortgage 7,506 6,443
Revolving mortgage 33 1,806
Consumer auto 1,413 —
Consumer other 320 27
Total consumer 9,272 8,276
SVB
Global fund banking 16 1,951
Investor dependent - early stage 23 1,524
Investor dependent - growth stage 6 3,684
Innovation and cash flow dependent — 7,413
Private Bank 1,893 7,430
CRE 1,001 1,244
Other 1,426 710
Total SVB 4,365 23,956
Total loans and leases $ 40,511 $ 50,360

Reference Rate Reform

U.S. Dollar LIBOR officially ceased reporting at close of business June 30, 2023. The U.K. Financial Conduct Authority at such time announced that U.S. Dollar LIBOR is “Not Representative” going forward.

In April 2018, the FRB of New York commenced publication of SOFR, which has been recommended as an alternative to U.S. Dollar LIBOR by the Alternative Reference Rates Committee, a group of market and official sector participants. On March 15, 2022, the U.S. Congress adopted, as part of the Consolidated Appropriation Act of 2022, the Adjustable Interest Act (“LIBOR Act”), which provides certain statutory requirements and guidance for the selection and use of alternative reference rates in legacy financial contracts governed by U.S. law that do not provide for the use of a clearly defined or practicable alternative reference rate. On July 19, 2022, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System issued a notice of proposed rulemaking on a proposed regulation to implement the LIBOR Act, as required by its terms. The LIBOR Act requires implementing regulations be in place within 180 days of its enactment. The final rule was approved by the FRB on December 16, 2022 and became effective February 27, 2023. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau issued an interim final rule, effective May 15, 2023. This further addresses the planned cessation of most U.S. Dollar LIBOR tenors after June 30, 2023, by incorporating the Board selected benchmark replacement for consumer loans into Regulation Z open-end and closed-end credit provisions. The final rule identifies replacement benchmark rates based on SOFR to replace overnight, one-month, three-month, six-month, and 12-month LIBOR contracts subject to the LIBOR Act. BancShares has adopted Board-selected benchmark replacements to take advantage of the safe harbors, where applicable, that are afforded in the rule.

BancShares holds instruments such as loans, investments, derivative products, and other financial instruments that use LIBOR as a benchmark rate. However, BancShares’ LIBOR exposure is primarily to tenors other than one week and two-month USD LIBOR.

All consumer and commercial clients with contracts providing FCB with unilateral lender discretion were notified in April 2023 of LIBOR’s cessation and FCB’s selected replacement index. During the quarter, IT/Operations added replacement indices to all impacted systems. The remaining servicing task for both General Banking and Commercial Banking is to link transactions to the new index as the index becomes effective (next reset date). In the months leading up to the cessation of LIBOR, Commercial Banking engaged in a proactive exercise to amend existing contracts where it would provide a positive client experience. As of June 30, 2023, substantially all amendments had been completed. Synthetic LIBOR for 1, 3 and 6 month tenors will be reported through the end of September 2024 and is calculated based on CME Term SOFR plus the relevant ISDA fixed spread adjustments.

BancShares is utilizing SOFR as our preferred replacement index for LIBOR. As loans mature and new originations occur a larger percentage of BancShares’ variable-rate loans are expected to reference SOFR in response to the discontinuation of LIBOR. However, we are positioned to accommodate other alternative reference rates (e.g., credit sensitive rates) in response to how the market evolves. Further, BancShares has moved to Term SOFR plus the Alternative Reference Rate Committee recommended credit spread adjustment for its Series B Preferred Stock since the dividends were previously based on a floating rate tied to three-month LIBOR. The last dividend payment based on a LIBOR accrual will occur September 15, 2023.

Some acquired assets, such as loans and derivatives as well as derivative liabilities, from the SVBB Acquisition have LIBOR settings. Processes and procedures are in place to have these LIBOR exposures reference alternative rates, such as Term SOFR and Daily SOFR, in advance of LIBOR’s unavailability.

For a further discussion of risks BancShares faces in connection with the replacement of LIBOR on its operations, see “Risk Factors—Market Risks—We may be adversely impacted by the transition from LIBOR as a reference rate.” in Item 1A. Risk Factors of our 2022 Form 10-K.

LIQUIDITY RISK

Our liquidity risk management and monitoring process is designed to ensure the availability of adequate cash and collateral resources and funding capacity to meet our obligations. Our overall liquidity management strategy is intended to ensure appropriate liquidity to meet expected and contingent funding needs under both normal and stressed environments. Consistent with this strategy, we maintain sufficient amounts of Available Cash and High Quality Liquid Securities (“HQLS”). Additional sources of liquidity include FHLB borrowing capacity, committed credit facilities, repurchase agreements, brokered CD issuances, unsecured debt issuances, and cash collections generated by portfolio asset sales to third parties.

We utilize a series of measurement tools to assess and monitor the level and adequacy of our liquidity position, liquidity conditions and trends. We measure and forecast liquidity and liquidity risks under different hypothetical scenarios and across different horizons. We use a liquidity stress testing framework to better understand the range of potential risks and their impacts to which BancShares is exposed. Stress test results inform our business strategy, risk appetite, levels of liquid assets, and contingency funding plans. Also included among our liquidity measurement tools are key risk indicators that assist in identifying potential liquidity risk and stress events.

BancShares maintains a framework to establish liquidity risk tolerances, monitoring, and breach escalation protocol to alert management of potential funding and liquidity risks and to initiate mitigating actions as appropriate. Further, BancShares maintains a contingent funding plan which details protocols and potential actions to be taken under liquidity stress conditions.

Liquidity includes Available Cash and HQLS. At June 30, 2023 we had $53.42 billion of total Liquid Assets (25.5% of total assets) and $86.03 billion of contingent liquidity sources available.

Table 44

Liquidity

dollars in millions June 30, 2023
Available Cash $ 37,152
High Quality Liquid Securities (1) 16,269
Liquid Assets $ 53,421
FDIC Credit Facility (2) $ 70,000
FHLB capacity (3) 11,124
FRB capacity 4,817
Line of credit 85
Total contingent sources $ 86,026
Total Liquid Assets and contingent sources $ 139,447

(1)    Consist of readily-marketable, unpledged securities, as well as securities pledged but not drawn against at the FHLB and available for sale, and generally is comprised of Treasury and Agency securities held outright or via reverse repurchase agreements.

(2)    Credit facility obtained in connection with SVBB Acquisition. See below for additional details and limits on use.

(3)    See following table for additional details.

We fund our operations through deposits and borrowings. Our primary source of liquidity is derived from our various deposit channels, including our branch network and Direct Bank. Total deposits at June 30, 2023 were $141.16 billion, an increase of $51.76 billion from $89.41 billion at December 31, 2022 and an increase of $1.11 billion from $140.05 billion at March 31, 2023. The increase in deposits from December 31, 2022 primarily reflected additional deposits from the SVBB Acquisition, and growth in the Direct Bank. We use borrowings to diversify the funding of our business operations. Total borrowings at June 30, 2023 were $40.14 billion, an increase of $33.49 billion from $6.65 billion at December 31, 2022 and a decrease of $5.96 billion from $46.09 billion at March 31, 2023. The increase in borrowings from December 31, 2022 primarily reflected the Purchase Money Note (see Note 2 — Business Combination), while the decrease reflected FHLB repayments. In addition to the Purchase Money Note and FHLB advances, borrowings also include senior unsecured notes, securities sold under customer repurchase agreements, and subordinated notes. Refer to the respective “Deposits” and “Borrowings” sections for further discussion on changes in balances.

FHLB Capacity

A source of available funds is advances from the FHLB of Atlanta. We may pledge assets for secured borrowing transactions, which include borrowings from the FHLB and/or FRB, or for other purposes as required or permitted by law. The debt issued in conjunction with these transactions is collateralized by certain discrete receivables, securities, loans, leases and/or underlying equipment. Certain related cash balances are restricted.

Table 45

FHLB Balances

dollars in millions June 30, 2023 March 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Total Total Total
Total borrowing capacity $ 14,999 $ 14,662 $ 14,918
Less:
Advances 2,425 8,500 4,250
Letters of credit (1) 1,450 1,450 1,450
Available capacity $ 11,124 $ 4,712 $ 9,218
Pledged non-PCD loans (contractual balance) $ 23,969 $ 23,743 $ 23,491
Weighted Average Rate 5.40 % 5.21 % 3.28 %

(1)    Letters of credit were established with the FHLB to collateralize public funds.

FRB Capacity

Under borrowing arrangements with the FRB of Richmond, FCB has access to an additional $4.82 billion on a secured basis. There were no outstanding borrowings with the FRB Discount Window at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

In March 2023, following the failures of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank, the FRB created a new Bank Term Funding Program as an additional source of liquidity against high-quality securities in order to make additional funding available to eligible depository institutions. This program offers loans of up to one year in length to eligible depository institutions pledging U.S. Treasuries, agency debt and mortgage-backed securities, and other qualifying assets as collateral, provided that such collateral was owned by the borrower as of March 12, 2023. These pledged assets will be valued at par under the Program. Eligible institutions can request advances under the Program at least through March 11, 2024. As of June 30, 2023, we did not have any securities pledged or amounts advanced related to this program.

FDIC Credit Facility

FCB and the FDIC entered into binding terms and conditions for a five-year, up to $70 billion line of credit to FCB (the “Credit Facility”) provided by the FDIC. During the two-year period following the SVBB Acquisition, FCB may draw on the Credit Facility to support liquidity, including for deposit withdrawal or runoff and to fund the unfunded commercial lending commitments acquired pursuant to the SVBB Acquisition. Interest on outstanding principal will accrue at a variable rate equal to the SOFR plus 25 basis points (but in no event less than 0.00%).

The Credit Facility is primarily secured by all loans acquired in the SVBB Acquisition and related commitments that are subsequently drawn and outstanding as of June 30, 2023.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

The following table includes significant contractual obligations and commitments as of June 30, 2023, representing required and potential cash outflows, including impacts from purchase accounting adjustments and deferred fees. See Note 22 — Commitments and Contingencies for additional information regarding commitments. Financing commitments, letters of credit and deferred purchase commitments are presented at contractual amounts and do not necessarily reflect future cash outflows, as many are expected to expire unused or partially used.

Table 46

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

dollars in millions Payments Due by Period
Less than 1 year 1-3 years 4-5 years Thereafter Total
Contractual obligations:
Time deposits (1) $ 13,744 $ 2,328 $ 73 $ 125 $ 16,270
Short-term borrowings 454 — — — 454
Long-term borrowings (1)(2) (23) 2,665 36,405 638 39,685
Total contractual obligations $ 14,175 $ 4,993 $ 36,478 $ 763 $ 56,409
Commitments:
Financing commitments $ 44,669 $ 13,554 $ 5,342 $ 5,727 $ 69,292
Letters of credit 2,733 328 130 6 3,197
Deferred purchase agreements 1,531 — — — 1,531
Purchase and funding commitments 672 — — — 672
Affordable housing partnerships (1) 305 549 21 51 926
Total commitments $ 49,910 $ 14,431 $ 5,493 $ 5,784 $ 75,618

(1)    Time deposits and long-term borrowings are presented net of purchase accounting adjustments of $21 million and $180 million, respectively. On-balance sheet commitments are included in other liabilities and presented net of a purchase accounting adjustment of $65 million.

(2)    Less than 1 year balance represents the estimated amortization of the purchase accounting adjustment and deferred costs in excess of scheduled repayments.

CAPITAL

Capital requirements applicable to BancShares are discussed in “Regulatory Considerations” section in Item 1. Business — Regulation of our 2022 Form 10-K. The SVBB Acquisition was the primary cause of increase in BancShares’ total assets, from $109.30 billion at December 31, 2022 to $209.50 billion at June 30, 2023. BancShares’ total consolidated assets remains between $100 billion and $250 billion, and, as such, BancShares is required to comply with certain enhanced prudential standards applicable to Category IV banking organizations, subject to the applicable transition periods, as detailed in our 2022 Form 10-K. However, the proposed interagency rulemaking recently announced by the FDIC, the Federal Reserve and the OCC could alter the capital framework for banks with total assets of $100 billion. We are continuing to monitor these proposed rules.

BancShares maintains a comprehensive capital adequacy process. BancShares establishes internal capital risk limits and warning thresholds, which utilize Risk-Based and Leverage-Based Capital calculations, internal and external early warning indicators, its capital planning process, and stress testing to evaluate BancShares' capital adequacy for multiple types of risk in both normal and stressed environments. The capital management framework requires contingency plans be defined and may be employed at management’s discretion.

Common and Preferred Stock Dividends

During the first and second quarters of 2023, we paid a quarterly dividend of $0.75 on the Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock. On July 25, 2023, our Board of Directors declared a quarterly dividend on the Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock of $0.75 per common share. The dividends are payable on September 15, 2023 to stockholders of record as of August 31, 2023.

On July 25, 2023, our Board of Directors also declared dividends on our Series A Preferred Stock, Series B Preferred Stock and Series C Preferred Stock. The dividends are payable on September 15, 2023 to stockholders of record as of August 31, 2023. Dividend payment information on our Series A Preferred Stock, Series B Preferred Stock and Series C Preferred Stock is disclosed in Note 15 — Stockholders’ Equity.

Capital Composition and Ratios

The table below shows activities that caused the change in outstanding Class A Common Stock during 2023:

Table 47

Changes in Shares of Class A Common Stock Outstanding

Three Months Ended June 30, 2023 Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
Class A shares outstanding at beginning of period 13,514,808 13,501,017
Restricted stock units vested, net of shares held to cover taxes 41 13,832
Class A shares outstanding at end of period 13,514,849 13,514,849

We also had 1,005,185 Class B Common Stock outstanding at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

On April 25, 2023 the Parent Company’s stockholders approved amendments to the Restated Certificate of Incorporation to increase the number of authorized shares of the Class A Common Stock from 16,000,000 shares to 32,000,000 shares and to increase the number of authorized shares of the Preferred Stock from 10,000,000 shares to 20,000,000.

We are committed to effectively managing our capital to protect our depositors, creditors and stockholders. We continually monitor the capital levels and ratios for BancShares and FCB to ensure they exceed the minimum requirements imposed by regulatory authorities and to ensure they are appropriate given growth projections, risk profile and potential changes in the regulatory or external environment. Failure to meet certain capital requirements may result in actions by regulatory agencies that could have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In accordance with GAAP, the unrealized gains and losses on certain assets and liabilities, net of deferred taxes, are included in accumulated other comprehensive loss within stockholders’ equity. These amounts are excluded from regulatory in the calculation of our regulatory capital ratios under current regulatory guidelines.

Table 48

Analysis of Capital Adequacy

dollars in millions Requirements to be Well-Capitalized June 30, 2023 March 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Amount Ratio Amount Ratio Amount Ratio
BancShares
Risk-based capital ratios
Total risk-based capital 10.00 % $ 22,504 15.84 % $ 21,764 14.86 % $ 11,799 13.18 %
Tier 1 risk-based capital 8.00 19,898 14.00 19,225 13.13 9,902 11.06
Common equity Tier 1 6.50 19,017 13.38 18,344 12.53 9,021 10.08
Tier 1 leverage ratio 5.00 19,898 9.50 19,225 16.72 9,902 8.99
FCB
Risk-based capital ratios
Total risk-based capital 10.00 % $ 22,292 15.69 % $ 21,578 14.74 % $ 11,627 12.99 %
Tier 1 risk-based capital 8.00 20,142 14.18 19,495 13.32 10,186 11.38
Common equity Tier 1 6.50 20,142 14.18 19,495 13.32 10,186 11.38
Tier 1 leverage ratio 5.00 20,142 9.62 19,495 16.97 10,186 9.25

As of June 30, 2023, BancShares and FCB had risk-based capital ratio conservation buffers of 7.84% and 7.69%, respectively, which are in excess of the Basel III conservation buffer of 2.50%. At December 31, 2022, BancShares and FCB risk-based capital ratio conservation buffers were 5.06% and 4.99%, respectively. The capital ratio conservation buffers represent the excess of the regulatory capital ratios as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 over the Basel III minimum for the ratio that is the binding constraint. Additional Tier 1 capital for BancShares includes perpetual preferred stock. Additional Tier 2 capital for BancShares and FCB primarily consists of qualifying ACL and qualifying subordinated debt.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

As further described in our 2022 Form 10-K, the ACL and fair values of loans acquired in and the core deposit intangibles associated with a business combination are considered critical accounting estimates. The ACL as of June 30, 2023 is discussed in Note 5 — Allowance for Credit Losses and the Credit Risk discussion in the section entitled “Risk Management” above.

Fair values of loans acquired in and the core deposit intangibles associated with the SVBB Acquisition are considered critical accounting estimates. The determination of estimated fair values required management to make certain estimates about discount rates, future expected cash flows, market conditions at the time of the acquisition and other future events that are highly subjective in nature and may require adjustments. The fair values for these items are further discussed in Note 2 — Business Combinations.

RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

The following accounting pronouncements were issued by the FASB but are not yet effective for BancShares.

Standard Summary of Guidance Effect on BancShares’ Financial Statements
ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting<br>Issued March 2020 <br><br>ASU 2021-01, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Scope<br>Issued January 2021<br><br>ASU 2022-06, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848<br>Issued December 2022 The amendments in these updates apply only to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform.<br><br><br><br>Allows entities to prospectively apply certain optional expedients for contract modifications and removes the requirements to remeasure contract modifications or de-designate hedging relationships. In addition, potential sources of ineffectiveness as a result of reference rate reform may be disregarded when performing certain effectiveness assessments.<br><br><br><br>The main purpose of the practical expedients is to ease the administrative burden of accounting for contracts impacted by reference rate reform.<br><br><br><br>ASU 2021-01 refines the scope of ASC 848 and clarifies which optional expedients may be applied to derivative instruments that do not reference LIBOR or a reference rate that is expected to be discontinued, but that are being modified in connection with the market-wide transition to new reference rates.<br><br><br><br>ASU 2022-06 extends the period of time entities can utilize the reference rate reform relief guidance under ASU 2020-04 from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024. BancShares continues to assess the impact of the optional expedients available through December 31, 2024 for eligible contract modifications and hedge relationships. <br><br>The reference rate reform optional expedients have not yet been applied to any contracts and adoption of this guidance has not had, and is not expected to have, a material impact on the financial statements.
ASU 2023-02 – <br>Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method <br>Issued March 2023 The amendments in this update allow entities to elect to account for qualifying tax equity investments using the proportional amortization method (“PAM”), regardless of the program giving rise to the related income tax credits. PAM accounting had been available only for qualifying investments in qualified affordable housing projects. The guidance also requires disclosure of the nature of the investor’s tax equity investments and the effect of income tax credits and other income tax benefits from tax equity investments on the investor’s balance sheet and income statement. Effective for BancShares as of January 1, 2024. Early adoption is permitted.<br><br>BancShares does not expect the adoption of the update to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
ASU 2022-03 - <br>Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions <br>Issued June 2022 The amendments in this update clarify that a contractual restriction on the sale of an equity security is not considered part of the unit of account of the equity security and, therefore, is not considered in measuring fair value. The amendments also require specific disclosures for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions. Effective for BancShares as of January 1, 2024. Early adoption is permitted.<br><br>BancShares does not expect the adoption of the update to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASUREMENTS

BancShares provides certain non-GAAP information in reporting its financial results to give investors additional data to evaluate its operations. A non-GAAP financial measure is a numerical measure of a company’s historical or future financial performance or financial position that may either exclude or include amounts or is adjusted in some way to the effect of including or excluding amounts, as compared to the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP financial statements. BancShares believes that non-GAAP financial measures, when reviewed in conjunction with GAAP financial information, can provide transparency about, or an alternate means of assessing, its operating results and financial position to its investors, analysts and management. These non-GAAP measures should be considered in addition to, and not superior to or a substitute for, GAAP measures presented in BancShares’ consolidated financial statements and other publicly filed reports. In addition, our non-GAAP measures may be different from or inconsistent with non-GAAP financial measures used by other institutions.

Whenever we refer to a non-GAAP financial measure we will generally define and present the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP, along with a reconciliation between the U.S. GAAP financial measure and the non-GAAP financial measure. We describe each of these measures below and explain why we believe the measure to be useful.

Adjusted Rental Income on Operating Lease Equipment for Rail Segment

Adjusted rental income on operating lease equipment within the Rail segment is calculated as gross revenue earned on rail car leases less depreciation and maintenance. This metric allows us to monitor the performance and profitability of the rail leases after deducting direct expenses.

The table below presents a reconciliation of net income to adjusted rental income on operating lease equipment.

Table 49

Rail Segment

dollars in millions Three Months Ended Six Months Ended
June 30, 2023 March 31, 2023 June 30, 2022 June 30, 2023 June 30, 2022
Net income (GAAP) $ 18 $ 22 $ 24 $ 40 $ 56
Plus: Provision for income taxes 6 7 7 13 18
Plus: Other noninterest expense 18 18 17 34 33
Less: Other noninterest income (2) 1 — (1) 3
Plus: Interest expense, net 33 28 18 61 37
Adjusted rental income on operating lease equipment (non-GAAP) $ 77 $ 74 $ 66 $ 149 $ 141

Forward-Looking Statements

Statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 regarding the financial condition, results of operations, business plans, asset quality, and future performance and other strategic goals of BancShares. Words such as “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “expects,” “predicts,” “forecasts,” “intends,” “plans,” “projects,” “targets,” “designed,” “could,” “may,” “should,” “will,” “potential,” “continue,” “aims” or other similar words and expressions are intended to identify these forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are based on BancShares’ current expectations and assumptions regarding BancShares’ business, the economy, and other future conditions.

Because forward-looking statements relate to future results and occurrences, they are subject to inherent risks, uncertainties, changes in circumstances and other factors that are difficult to predict. Many possible events or factors could affect BancShares’ future financial results and performance and could cause the actual results, performance or achievements of BancShares to differ materially from any anticipated results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Such risks and uncertainties include, among others, general competitive, economic, political, geopolitical events (including the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine) and market conditions, including changes in competitive pressures among financial institutions and the impacts related to or resulting from recent bank failures and other volatility, the financial success or changing conditions or strategies of BancShares’ vendors or customers, including changes in demand for deposits, loans and other financial services, fluctuations in interest rates, changes in the quality or composition of BancShares’ loan or investment portfolio, actions of government regulators, including the recent and projected interest rate hikes by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve Board (the “Federal Reserve”), changes to estimates of future costs and benefits of actions taken by BancShares, BancShares’ ability to maintain adequate sources of funding and liquidity, the potential impact of decisions by the Federal Reserve on BancShares’ capital plans, adverse developments with respect to U.S. or global economic conditions, including the significant turbulence in the capital or financial markets, the impact of the current inflationary environment, the impact of implementation and compliance with current or proposed laws, regulations and regulatory interpretations, including the interagency proposed rule on regulatory capital, along with the risk that such laws, regulations and regulatory interpretations may change, the availability of capital and personnel, and the failure to realize the anticipated benefits of BancShares’ previously announced acquisition transactions, including the SVBB Acquisition and the previously completed transaction with CIT, which acquisition risks include (1) disruption from the transactions with customer, supplier or employee relationships, (2) the possibility that the amount of the costs, fees, expenses and charges related to the transactions may be greater than anticipated, including as a result of unexpected or unknown factors, events or liabilities, (3) reputational risk and the reaction of the parties’ customers to the transactions, (4) the risk that the cost savings and any revenue synergies from the transactions may not be realized or take longer than anticipated to be realized, (5) difficulties experienced in completing the integration of the businesses, (6) the ability to retain customers following the transactions and (7) adjustments to BancShares’ estimated purchase accounting impacts of the SVBB Acquisition.

Except to the extent required by applicable law or regulation, BancShares disclaims any obligation to update such factors or to publicly announce the results of any revisions to any of the forward-looking statements included herein to reflect future events or developments. Additional factors which could affect the forward-looking statements can be found in the 2022 Form 10-K, its Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2023, and its other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Market risk is the potential economic loss resulting from changes in market prices and interest rates. This risk can either result in diminished current fair values of financial instruments or reduced NII in future periods. As of June 30, 2023, BancShares’ market risk profile has changed since December 31, 2022, primarily due to the SVBB Acquisition. See Risk Management within Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for discussion of changes. Changes in fair value that result from movement in market rates cannot be predicted with any degree of certainty. Therefore, the impact that future changes in market rates will have on the fair values of financial instruments is uncertain.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

EVALUATION OF DISCLOSURE CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Under the supervision of and with the participation of management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”), as of June 30, 2023. Based on such evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that we are able to record, process, summarize and report in a timely manner the information required to be disclosed in the reports we file under the Exchange Act.

CHANGES IN INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING

We review our internal controls over financial reporting on an ongoing basis and make changes intended to ensure the quality of our financial reporting. During the first quarter of 2023, as the result of the SVBB Acquisition, we commenced the evaluation of the acquired entities controls, and designed and implemented new controls as needed. The evaluation of the changes to processes, information technology systems and other components of internal control over financial reporting related to the SVBB Acquisition is ongoing. Otherwise, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 under the Exchange Act) during the three months ended June 30, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, BancShares’ internal control over financial reporting.

Part II

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

The Parent Company and various subsidiaries are named as defendants in various legal actions arising from our normal business activities in which damages in various amounts were claimed. Although the amount of any ultimate liability with respect to those matters cannot be determined, in the opinion of management, no legal actions currently exist that would be material to BancShares’ consolidated financial statements. Additional information relating to legal proceedings is set forth in Note 22 — Commitments and Contingencies, of BancShares’ Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Except for the new and updated risk factors related to the SVBB Acquisition that were disclosed in our Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2023, there have been no material changes in the risk factors during 2023 from those reported in our 2022 Form 10-K. For a discussion of the risks and uncertainties that management believes are material to an investment in us in addition to those listed below, refer to Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors, of our 2022 Form 10-K, and Forward-Looking Statements of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Additional risks and uncertainties that are not currently known to management or that management does not currently deem material could also have a material adverse impact on our financial condition, the results of our operations or our business. If such risks and uncertainties were to materialize or the likelihoods of the risks were to increase, we could be adversely affected, and the market price of our securities could significantly decline.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

(c) There were no repurchases of our stock during the three months ended June 30, 2023.

Item 5. Other Information

During the second quarter of 2023, none of the Company’s directors or officers adopted or terminated any “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or any “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as each term is defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K.

Item 6. Exhibits

2.1 Extensions of Time to the Purchase and Assumption Agreement All Deposits dated March 27, 2023, by and among the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, received of Silicon Valley Bridge Bank, N.A., the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and First-Citizens Bank & Trust Company (filed herewith)
31.1 Certification of Chief Executive Officer (filed herewith)
31.2 Certification of Chief Financial Officer (filed herewith)
32.1 Certification of Chief Executive Officer (filed herewith)
32.2 Certification of Chief Financial Officer (filed herewith)
*101.INS Inline XBRL Instance Document (filed herewith)
*101.SCH Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema (filed herewith)
*101.CAL Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase (filed herewith)
*101.LAB Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase (filed herewith)
*101.PRE Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase (filed herewith)
*101.DEF Inline XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase (filed herewith)
*104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document filed as Exhibit 101)
* Interactive data files are furnished but not filed for purposes of Sections 11 and 12 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

Date: August 4, 2023 FIRST CITIZENS BANCSHARES, INC.
(Registrant)
By: /s/ Craig L. Nix
Craig L. Nix
Chief Financial Officer

116

Document

Exhibit 2.1

EXTENSION OF TIME PURSUANT TO ARTICLE IV OF THE PURCHASE AND ASSUMPTION AGREEMENT AMONG

FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION, RECEIVER OF

SILICON VALLEY BRIDGE BANK, NA; FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION; AND FIRST-CITIZENS BANK & TRUST COMPANY EFFECTIVE MARCH 27, 2023

This Extension of Time between the Receiver and First-Citizens Bank & Trust Company relates to Article IV of the Purchase and Assumption Agreement effective March 27, 2023:

First-Citizens Bank & Trust Company has requested, and the Receiver has determined that it is in its best interest to extend the deadline set forth below.

Article IV, Section 4.6(b)(f) is hereby extended to permit First-Citizens Bank & Trust Company to exercise its option with respect to Leased Bank Premises and Furniture and Equipment. The new deadline for First-Citizens Bank & Trust Company to exercise such option is June 26, 2023.

IN WITNESS HEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by their duly authorized representatives, effective March 27, 2023.

FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION, AS RECEIVER OF SILICON VALLEY BRIDGE BANK, NA

SANTA CLARA, CALIFORNIA

BY:    /s/ Marilil Reeves

NAME:    Marilil J. Reeves

TITLE:    Chief, Settlements Section

FIRST-CITIZENS BANK & TRUST COMPANY

RALEIGH, NORTH CAROLINA

BY:    /s/ Julie M. Sizer

NAME:    Julie M. Sizer

TITLE:    Chief Bank Operations Officer

Extension of Time pursuant to Article IV of the

Purchase and Assumption Agreement

Silicon Valley Bridge Bank, NA, Santa Clara, CA

EXTENSION OF TIME PURSUANT TO ARTICLE IV OF THE PURCHASE AND ASSUMPTION AGREEMENT AMONG

FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION, RECEIVER OF SILICON VALLEY BRIDGE BANK, NA; FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION; AND FIRST-CITIZENS BANK & TRUST COMPANY EFFECTIVE MARCH 27, 2023

This Extension of Time between the Receiver and First-Citizens Bank & Trust Company relates to Article IV of the Purchase and Assumption Agreement effective March 27, 2023:

First-Citizens Bank & Trust Company has requested, and the Receiver has determined that it is in its best interest to extend the deadline set forth below.

Article IV, Section 4.6(g)(i)(ii) is hereby extended for First-Citizens Bank & Trust Company with respect to Surrendering Bank Premises and requirement related to Furniture and Equipment. The deadline for First-Citizens Bank & Trust Company to surrender Leased Bank Premises and requirement related to Furniture and Equipment will be extended to September 25, 2023.

IN WITNESS HEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by their duly authorized representatives, effective March 27, 2023.

FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION, AS RECEIVER OF SILICON VALLEY BRIDGE BANK, NA

SANTA CLARA, CALIFORNIA

BY:    /s/ Marilil Reeves

NAME:    Marilil J. Reeves

TITLE:    Chief, Settlements Section

FIRST-CITIZENS BANK & TRUST COMPANY

RALEIGH, NORTH CAROLINA

BY:    /s/ Julie M. Sizer

NAME:    Julie M. Sizer

TITLE:    Chief Bank Operations Officer

Extension of Time pursuant to Article IV of the

Purchase and Assumption Agreement

Silicon Valley Bridge Bank, NA, Santa Clara, CA

Document

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION

I, Frank B. Holding, Jr., certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of First Citizens BancShares, Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(i)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(ii)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(iii)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(iv)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors:

(i)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(ii)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: August 4, 2023

/s/ Frank B. Holding, Jr.
Frank B. Holding, Jr.
Chief Executive Officer

Document

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION

I, Craig L. Nix, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of First Citizens BancShares, Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(i)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(ii)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(iii)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(iv)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors:

(i)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(ii)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: August 4, 2023

/s/ Craig L. Nix
Craig L. Nix
Chief Financial Officer

Document

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION

The undersigned hereby certifies that (i) the Form 10-Q filed by First Citizens BancShares, Inc. (the “Issuer”) for the period ended June 30, 2023, fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and (ii) the information contained in that report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Issuer on the dates and for the periods presented therein.

August 4, 2023

/s/ Frank B. Holding, Jr.
Frank B. Holding, Jr.
Chief Executive Officer

Document

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION

The undersigned hereby certifies that (i) the Form 10-Q filed by First Citizens BancShares, Inc. (the “Issuer”) for the period ended June 30, 2023, fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and (ii) the information contained in that report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Issuer on the dates and for the periods presented therein.

August 4, 2023

/s/ Craig L. Nix
Craig L. Nix
Chief Financial Officer

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