Equibles

10-Q

UNITED BANKSHARES INC/WV (UBSI)

10-Q 2025-11-07 For: 2025-09-30
View Original
Added on April 04, 2026
Table of Contents

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2025

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ________ to _________

Commission File Number: 002-86947

United Bankshares, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

West Virginia 55-0641179
(State or other jurisdiction of (I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization) Identification No.)
300 United Center<br><br>500 Virginia Street, East
Charleston, West Virginia 25301
(Address of principal executive offices) Zip Code

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (304) 424-8716

Not Applicable

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class Trading<br><br>Symbol(s) Name of each exchange<br><br>on which registered
Common Stock, par value $2.50 per share UBSI NASDAQ Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes

☒

No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).  Yes

☒

No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☒ Accelerated filer ☐
Non-accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐
Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No

☒

As of October

31, 2025 , the registrant had 140,416,592 shares of common stock, $2.50 par value per share, outstanding.

Table of Contents

UNITED BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

FORM 10-Q

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements
Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 4
Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited) for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 5
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited) for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 7
Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity (Unaudited) for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 8
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 10
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 11
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 60
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk 81
Item 4. Controls and Procedures 84
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings 85
Item 1A. Risk Factors 85
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds 85
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities 86
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures 86
Item 5. Other Information 86
Item 6. Exhibits 87
Signatures 88

2

Table of Contents

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

The September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, consolidated balance sheets of United Bankshares, Inc. and Subsidiaries (“United” or the “Company”), consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the related consolidated statement of changes in shareholders’ equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the related condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, and the notes to consolidated financial statements appear on the following pages.

3

Table of Contents

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

UNITED BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

(Dollars in thousands, except par value) December 31
2024
(Note 1)
Assets
Cash and due from banks 267,506 $ 240,655
Interest-bearing deposits with other banks 2,249,868 2,050,321
Federal funds sold 1,345 1,268
Total cash and cash equivalents 2,518,719 2,292,244
Securities available for sale at estimated fair value (amortized cost-3,248,173 at September 30, 2025 and 3,282,690 at December 31, 2024, allowance for credit losses of 0 at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024) 3,023,976 2,959,719
Securities held to maturity, net of allowance for credit losses of 17 at September 30, 2025 and 18 at December 31, 2024 (estimated fair value-1,020 at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024) 1,003 1,002
Equity securities at estimated fair value 34,694 21,058
Other investment securities 299,851 277,517
Loans held for sale measured using fair value option 24,226 44,360
Loans and leases 24,531,155 21,680,498
Less: Unearned income (11,449 ) (7,005 )
Loans and leases, net of unearned income 24,519,706 21,673,493
Less: Allowance for loan and lease losses (300,050 ) (271,844 )
Net loans and leases 24,219,656 21,401,649
Bank premises and equipment 207,671 186,131
Operating lease right-of-use assets 89,967 81,742
Goodwill 2,018,864 1,888,889
Bank-owned life insurance (“BOLI”) 544,979 497,181
Accrued interest receivable 112,077 102,412
Other assets 311,498 269,641
TOTAL ASSETS 33,407,181 $ 30,023,545
Liabilities
Deposits:
Noninterest-bearing 6,587,911 $ 6,135,413
Interest-bearing 20,295,609 17,826,446
Total deposits 26,883,520 23,961,859
Borrowings:
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase 169,013 176,090
Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) borrowings 250,000 260,199
Other long-term borrowings 281,418 280,221
Reserve for lending-related commitments 32,639 34,911
Operating lease liabilities 95,901 86,771
Accrued expenses and other liabilities 248,975 230,271
TOTAL LIABILITIES 27,961,466 25,030,322
Shareholders’ Equity
Preferred stock, 1.00 par value; Authorized-50,000,000 shares, none issued 0 0
Common stock, 2.50 par value; Authorized-200,000,000 shares; issued-150,832,358 and 142,694,816 at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, including 9,662,100 and 7,348,188 shares in treasury at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively 377,081 356,737
Surplus 3,464,927 3,196,154
Retained earnings 2,094,957 1,917,726
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (157,815 ) (223,903 )
Treasury stock, at cost (333,435 ) (253,491 )
TOTAL SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY 5,445,715 4,993,223
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY 33,407,181 $ 30,023,545

All values are in US Dollars.

See notes to consolidated unaudited financial statements.

4

Table of Contents

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (Unaudited)

UNITED BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

(Dollars in thousands, except per share data) Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended
September 30 September 30
2025 2024 2025 2024
Interest income
Interest and fees on loans $ 378,193 $ 331,531 $ 1,100,673 $ 978,775
Interest on federal funds sold and other short-term investments 24,053 19,241 70,412 44,331
Interest and dividends on securities:
Taxable 27,509 30,797 81,126 99,487
Tax-exempt 1,202 1,154 3,589 3,494
Total interest income 430,957 382,723 1,255,800 1,126,087
Interest expense
Interest on deposits 143,445 143,313 418,889 404,115
Interest on short-term borrowings 1,420 2,048 4,358 6,336
Interest on long-term borrowings 5,977 7,106 17,846 37,176
Total interest expense 150,842 152,467 441,093 447,627
Net interest income 280,115 230,256 814,707 678,460
Provision for credit losses 12,095 6,943 47,087 18,462
Net interest income after provision for credit losses 268,020 223,313 767,620 659,998
Other income
Fees from trust services 4,970 4,904 14,683 14,294
Fees from brokerage services 6,264 5,073 16,771 15,299
Fees from deposit services 10,145 9,413 29,116 27,710
Bankcard fees and merchant discounts 1,858 1,775 5,711 5,003
Other service charges, commissions, and fees 1,183 890 3,418 2,617
Income from bank-owned life insurance 3,460 3,032 10,448 7,999
Income from mortgage banking activities 2,495 4,544 7,577 13,743
Mortgage loan servicing income 0 7,385 0 8,957
Net investment securities gains (losses) 10,442 (6,715 ) 11,388 (7,032 )
Other income 2,387 1,641 5,106 5,787
Total other income 43,204 31,942 104,218 94,377
Other expense
Employee compensation 64,092 58,481 187,887 176,275
Employee benefits 14,641 13,084 41,366 39,902
Net occupancy expense 12,488 11,271 37,614 35,014
Other real estate owned (“OREO”) expense 201 104 459 531
Net (gains) losses on the sales of OREO properties 0 (34 ) 5 (85 )
Equipment expense 8,540 7,811 25,673 22,212
Data processing expense 8,135 7,456 24,542 22,209
Mortgage loan servicing expense and impairment 0 403 0 2,429
Bankcard processing expense 576 661 1,764 1,879
FDIC insurance expense 4,345 4,338 13,605 15,851
Other expense 33,723 31,764 115,419 94,638
Total other expense 146,741 135,339 448,334 410,855
Income before income taxes 164,483 119,916 423,504 343,520
Income taxes 33,735 24,649 87,729 64,932
Net income $ 130,748 $ 95,267 $ 335,775 $ 278,588

5

Table of Contents

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (Unaudited) - continued

UNITED BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

(Dollars in thousands, except per share data) Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended
September 30 September 30
2025 2024 2025 2024
Earnings per common share:
Basic $ 0.92 $ 0.70 $ 2.36 $ 2.06
Diluted $ 0.92 $ 0.70 $ 2.36 $ 2.06
Average outstanding shares:
Basic 141,547,684 135,158,476 141,901,752 134,912,625
Diluted 141,960,608 135,504,911 142,209,810 135,143,028

See notes to consolidated unaudited financial statements.

6

Table of Contents

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (Unaudited)

UNITED BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

(Dollars in thousands) Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended
September 30 September 30
2025 2024 2025 2024
Net income $ 130,748 $ 95,267 $ 335,775 $ 278,588
Other comprehensive income on <br>available-for-sale<br> (“AFS”) securities, net of tax 27,438 71,280 75,166 71,054
Other comprehensive loss on cash flow hedge, net of tax (1,565 ) (9,407 ) (9,118 ) (11,577 )
Other comprehensive income on defined benefit pension plan, net of tax 40 444 40 1,292
Comprehensive income, net of tax $ 156,661 $ 157,584 $ 401,863 $ 339,357

See notes to consolidated unaudited financial statements.

7

Table of Contents

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

UNITED BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)
Accumulated
Other Total
Par Retained Comprehensive Treasury Shareholders’
Value Surplus Earnings Income (Loss) Stock Equity
Balance at January 1, 2025 142,694,816 $ 356,737 $ 3,196,154 $ 1,917,726 $ (223,903 ) $ (253,491 ) $ 4,993,223
Comprehensive income:
Net income 0 0 0 84,306 0 0 84,306
Other comprehensive income, net of tax 0 0 0 0 28,895 0 28,895
Total comprehensive income, net of tax 113,201
Acquisition of Piedmont Bancorp, Inc. (7,860,831 shares) 7,860,831 19,652 261,294 0 0 0 280,946
Stock based compensation expense 0 0 2,875 0 0 0 2,875
Stock grant forfeiture (8,543 shares) 0 0 313 0 0 (313 ) 0
Purchase of treasury stock (582,324 shares) 0 0 0 0 0 (20,348 ) (20,348 )
Cash dividends (0.37 per share) 0 0 0 (53,336 ) 0 0 (53,336 )
Net issuance of common stock under stock-based compensation plans (274,556 shares) 274,556 687 (2,799 ) 0 0 0 (2,112 )
Balance at March 31, 2025 150,830,203 377,076 3,457,837 1,948,696 (195,008 ) (274,152 ) 5,314,449
Comprehensive income:
Net income 0 0 0 120,721 0 0 120,721
Other comprehensive income, net of tax 0 0 0 0 11,280 0 11,280
Total comprehensive income, net of tax 132,001
Stock based compensation expense 0 0 3,384 0 0 0 3,384
Stock grant forfeiture (846 shares) 0 0 30 0 0 (30 ) 0
Purchase of treasury stock (981,428 shares) 0 0 0 0 0 (32,555 ) (32,555 )
Cash dividends (0.37 per share) 0 0 0 (52,746 ) 0 0 (52,746 )
Net issuance of common stock under stock-based compensation plans (578 shares) 578 1 7 0 0 0 8
Balance at June 30, 2025 150,830,781 377,077 3,461,258 2,016,671 (183,728 ) (306,737 ) 5,364,541
Comprehensive income:
Net income 0 0 0 130,748 0 0 130,748
Other comprehensive income, net of tax 0 0 0 0 25,913 0 25,913
Total comprehensive income, net of tax 156,661
Stock based compensation expense 0 0 3,442 0 0 0 3,442
Stock grant forfeiture (5,311 shares) 0 0 194 0 0 (194 ) 0
Purchase of treasury stock (735,460 shares) 0 (26,504 ) (26,504 )
Cash dividends (0.37 per share) 0 0 0 (52,462 ) 0 0 (52,462 )
Net issuance of common stock under stock-based compensation plans (1,577 shares) 1,577 4 33 0 0 0 37
Balance at September 30, 2025 150,832,358 $ 377,081 $ 3,464,927 $ 2,094,957 $ (157,815 ) $ (333,435 ) $ 5,445,715

All values are in US Dollars.

See notes to consolidated unaudited financial statements.

8

Table of Contents

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

UNITED BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)
Accumulated
Other Total
Par Retained Comprehensive Treasury Shareholders’
Value Surplus Earnings Income (Loss) Stock Equity
Balance at January 1, 2024 142,257,646 $ 355,644 $ 3,181,764 $ 1,745,619 $ (259,681 ) $ (252,106 ) $ 4,771,240
Comprehensive income:
Net income 0 0 0 86,814 0 0 86,814
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax 0 0 0 0 (1,311 ) 0 (1,311 )
Total comprehensive income, net of tax 85,503
Stock based compensation expense 0 0 3,266 0 0 0 3,266
Stock grant forfeiture (5,215 shares) 0 0 190 0 0 (190 ) 0
Purchase of treasury stock (29,896 shares) 0 0 0 0 0 (1,030 ) (1,030 )
Cash dividends (0.37 per share) 0 0 0 (50,213 ) 0 0 (50,213 )
Net issuance of common stock under stock-based compensation plans (278,723 shares) 278,723 697 (2,022 ) 0 0 0 (1,325 )
Balance at March 31, 2024 142,536,369 356,341 3,183,198 1,782,220 (260,992 ) (253,326 ) 4,807,441
Comprehensive income:
Net income 0 0 0 96,507 0 0 96,507
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax 0 0 0 0 (237 ) 0 (237 )
Total comprehensive income, net of tax 96,270
Stock based compensation expense 0 0 3,004 0 0 0 3,004
Purchase of treasury stock (65 shares) 0 0 0 0 0 (1 ) (1 )
Cash dividends (0.37 per share) 0 0 0 (50,204 ) 0 0 (50,204 )
Stock grant forfeiture (2,053 shares) 0 0 76 0 0 (76 ) 0
Net issuance of common stock under stock-based compensation plans (5,147 shares) 5,147 13 110 0 0 0 123
Balance at June 30, 2024 142,541,516 356,354 3,186,388 1,828,523 (261,229 ) (253,403 ) 4,856,633
Comprehensive income:
Net income 0 0 0 95,267 0 0 95,267
Other comprehensive gain, net of tax 0 0 0 0 62,317 0 62,317
Total comprehensive income, net of tax 157,584
Stock based compensation expense 0 0 3,118 0 0 0 3,118
Purchase of treasury stock (226 shares) 0 0 0 0 0 (9 ) (9 )
Cash dividends (0.37 per share) 0 0 0 (50,213 ) 0 0 (50,213 )
Stock grant forfeiture (357 shares) 0 0 14 0 0 (14 ) 0
Net issuance of common stock under stock-based compensation plans (25,649 shares) 25,649 64 643 0 0 0 707
Balance at September 30, 2024 142,567,165 $ 356,418 $ 3,190,163 $ 1,873,577 $ (198,912 ) $ (253,426 ) $ 4,967,820

All values are in US Dollars.

See notes to consolidated unaudited financial statements.

9

Table of Contents

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Unaudited)

UNITED BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

(Dollars in thousands)

Nine Months Ended
September 30
2025 2024
NET CASH PROVIDED BY OPERATING ACTIVITIES $ 359,987 $ 309,174
INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Proceeds from sales of securities available for sale 427 286,340
Proceeds from maturities and calls of securities available for sale 1,581,586 1,755,364
Purchases of securities available for sale (1,449,057 ) (1,414,809 )
Proceeds from sales of equity securities 713 7,832
Purchases of equity securities (645 ) (1,060 )
Proceeds from sales and redemptions of other investment securities 14,829 159,199
Purchases of other investment securities (47,178 ) (131,461 )
Purchases of bank premises and equipment (12,285 ) (9,330 )
Proceeds from sales of bank premises and equipment 1,443 97
Proceeds from redemption of bank-owned life insurance policies 4,249 1,229
Proceeds from sale of mortgage servicing rights 0 12,489
Acquisition of Piedmont Bancorp, Inc., net of cash paid 77,476 0
Proceeds from the sales of OREO properties 185 2,328
Net change in loans and leases (848,334 ) (262,647 )
NET CASH (USED IN) PROVIDED BY INVESTING ACTIVITIES (676,591 ) 405,571
FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Cash dividends paid (156,521 ) (150,536 )
Acquisition of treasury stock (79,407 ) (1,040 )
Proceeds from exercise of stock options 365 1,533
Repayment of long-term Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings (10,000 ) (1,500,000 )
Proceeds from issuance of long-term Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings 0 250,000
Redemption of subordinated debt (20,575 ) 0
Changes in:
Deposits 816,294 1,009,313
Federal funds purchased, securities sold under agreements to repurchase and other short-term borrowings (7,077 ) (14,126 )
NET CASH PROVIDED BY (USED IN) FINANCING ACTIVITIES 543,079 (404,856 )
Increase in cash and cash equivalents 226,475 309,889
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year 2,292,244 1,598,943
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period $ 2,518,719 $ 1,908,832
Supplemental information
Noncash investing activities:
Transfers of other investment securities to equity securities $ 2,316 $ 0
Transfers of loans to OREO 6,827 119
Right-of-use<br> assets obtained in the exchange for lease liabilities 15,433 7,865
Acquisition of Piedmont Bancorp, Inc.:
Assets acquired, net of cash 2,225,854 0
Liabilities assumed 2,152,359 0
Goodwill 129,975 0
Issuance of common stock as consideration for acquisition 280,946 0

See notes to consolidated unaudited financial statements .

10

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)

UNITED BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated interim financial statements of United Bankshares, Inc. and Subsidiaries (“United” or “the Company”) have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles for interim financial information generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) and with the instructions for Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, the financial statements do not contain all of the information and footnotes required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. In preparing the consolidated financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The financial statements presented as of September 30, 2025 and 2024 and for the three-month and nine-month periods then ended have not been audited. The consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024 has been extracted from the audited financial statements included in United’s 2024 Annual Report to Shareholders. The Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements appearing in United’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, which includes descriptions of significant accounting policies, should be read in conjunction with these interim financial statements. In the opinion of management, any adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of financial position and results of operations for the interim periods have been made. Such adjustments are of a normal and recurring nature.

The accompanying consolidated interim financial statements include the accounts of United and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in the consolidated financial statements. Information is presented in these notes to the unaudited consolidated interim financial statements with dollars expressed in thousands, except per share or unless otherwise noted.

Operating and Reporting Segments

As of September 30, 2025, United’s business activities are confined to one operating segment, United Bank, and one reportable segment, community banking. As a community banking entity, United, through United Bank, offers a full range of products and services through various delivery channels. Included among the banking products and services offered are the acceptance of deposits in checking, savings, time and money market accounts; the making and servicing of personal, credit card, commercial, and floor plan loans; and the making of construction and real estate loans as well as the origination and sale of residential mortgages in the secondary market. Also offered are trust and brokerage services, safe deposit boxes, and wire transfers. United’s chief operating decision maker regularly reviews the operating results of United Bank in order to assess performance and make decisions about resource allocation.

New Accounting Standards

In September 2025, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) released Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2025-06, “Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software.” ASU 2025-06 modernizes the accounting for internal-use software (the existing internal-use software guidance does not contemplate more current methods of software development). The amendments in ASU 2025-06 are limited and focused on the key challenge that entities face in applying FASB ASC 350-40—applying that guidance to software that is developed using an incremental and iterative method. The amendments in ASU 2025-06 apply to all entities subject to the internal-use software guidance in FASB ASC 350-40. The amendments also apply to all entities that account for website development costs in accordance with FASB ASC 350-50, Intangibles— Goodwill and Other—Website Development Costs. ASU 2025-06 is effective for all business entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of ASU 2025-06 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

11

Table of Contents

In July 2025, the FASB released ASU 2025-05, “Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets.” ASU 2025-05 amends ASC Subtopic 326-20 to provide a practical expedient for all entities and an accounting policy election for all entities, other than public business entities, that elect the practical expedient related to the estimation of expected credit losses for current accounts receivable and current contract assets that arise from transactions accounted for under ASC 606. ASU 2025-05 addresses concerns from stakeholders that estimating expected credit losses can be costly and complex for such transactions. ASU 2025-05 is effective for all business entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2025, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of ASU 2025-05 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

In May 2025, The FASB has released ASU 2025-03, “Determining the Accounting Acquirer in the Acquisition of a Variable Interest Entity.” ASU 2025-03 is based on an EITF Issue and revises the guidance in ASC 805 to clarify that, in determining the accounting acquirer in “a business combination that is effected primarily by exchanging equity interests in which a VIE is acquired,” an entity would be required to consider the factors in ASC 805-10-55-12 through 55-15. Previously, the accounting acquirer in such transactions was always the primary beneficiary. ASU 2025-03 is effective for all business entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026. The adoption of ASU 2025-03 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

In January 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-01, “Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40).” ASU 2025-01 revised the effective date of ASU 2024-03 to clarify that all public business entities are required to adopt the guidance in annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Entities within the ASU’s scope are permitted to early adopt. The adoption of ASU 2025-01 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations but could change certain disclosures in United’s SEC filings.

In November 2024, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update ASU 2024-04, “Induced Conversions of Convertible Debt Instruments.” ASU 2024-04 provides additional guidance on whether induced conversion or extinguishment accounting should be applied to certain settlements of convertible debt instruments that do not occur in accordance with the instruments’ preexisting terms. ASU 2024-04 requires entities to apply a preexisting contract approach. To qualify for induced conversion accounting under this approach, the inducement offer is required to preserve the form of consideration and result in an amount of consideration that is not less than that issuable pursuant to the preexisting conversion privileges. ASU 2024-04 clarifies how entities should assess the form and amount of consideration when applying this approach. ASU 2024-04 is effective for public business entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2025, with early adoption permitted, and can be adopted either on a prospective or retrospective basis. However, the effective date was updated by ASU 2025-01. The adoption of ASU 2024-04 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

In November 2024, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update ASU 2024-03, “Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses.” ASU 2024-03 requires disaggregated disclosure of income statement expenses for public business entities. ASU 2024-03 adds ASC 220-40 to require a footnote disclosure about specific expenses by requiring public business entities to disaggregate, in a tabular presentation, each relevant expense caption on the face of the income statement that includes any of the following natural expenses: purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, intangible asset amortization, and depreciation, depletion, and amortization recognized as part of oil- and gas-producing activities or other types of depletion expenses. Certain other expenses and gains or losses that must be disclosed under existing U.S. GAAP, and that are recorded in a relevant expense caption, must be presented in the same tabular disclosure. ASU 2024-03 does not change or remove existing expense disclosure requirements; however, it may affect where that information appears in the footnote to the financial statements. ASU 2024-03 is effective for public business entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026. Entities are permitted to early adopt the standard and apply retrospectively for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. The adoption of ASU 2024-03 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations but could change certain disclosures in United’s SEC filings.

12

Table of Contents

In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-09, “Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures.” ASU 2023-09 enhances annual income tax disclosures by requiring (1) consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation and (2) income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. ASU 2023-09 also includes certain other amendments to improve the effectiveness of income tax disclosures. ASU 2023-09 is effective for public business entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Entities are permitted to early adopt the standard for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. The adoption of ASU 2023-09 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations but could change certain disclosures in United’s SEC filings.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures.” The amendments in ASU 2023-07 improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, mainly through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. In addition, the amendments enhance interim disclosure requirements, clarify circumstances in which an entity can disclose multiple segment measures of profit or loss, provide new segment disclosure requirements for entities with a single reportable segment, and contain other disclosure requirements. The purpose of the amendments will enable investors to better understand an entity’s overall performance and assess potential future cash flows. ASU No. 2023-07 is effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption of the amendment is permitted. The adoption of ASU 2023-07 did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations but changed certain disclosures in United’s SEC filings starting with the 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

In October 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-06, “Disclosure Improvements: Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC’s Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative,” which adopts certain disclosure requirements referred by the SEC. For entities subject to the SEC’s existing disclosure requirements and for entities required to file or furnish financial statements with or to the SEC in preparation for the sale of or for purposes of issuing securities that are not subject to contractual restrictions on transfer, the effective date for each amendment will be the date on which the SEC’s removal of that related disclosure from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K becomes effective, with early adoption prohibited. For all other entities, the amendments will be effective two years later. The adoption of ASU 2023-06 did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

In August 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-05, “Business Combinations – Joint Venture Formations (Subtopic 805-60).” ASU 2023-05 requires a joint venture to apply a new basis of accounting at its formation date by valuing the net assets contributed at fair value for both business and asset transactions. The value of the net assets in total is then allocated to individual assets and liabilities by applying Topic 805 with certain exceptions. ASU 2023-05 requires certain disclosures to aid the user of the financial statements in understanding the implications of the joint venture formation. ASU 2023-05 is effective for joint venture formations with a formation date on or after January 1, 2025. The adoption of ASU 2023-05 did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

In March 2023, the FASB issued Accounting ASU 2023-02, “Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method.” ASU 2023-02 permits reporting entities to elect to account for their tax equity investments, regardless of the tax credit program from which the income tax credits are received, using the proportional amortization method if certain conditions are met. The amendments in this ASU apply to all reporting entities that hold tax equity investments that meet the conditions for and elect to account for them using the proportional amortization method or an investment in a low income housing tax credit (“LIHTC”) structure through a limited liability entity that is not accounted for using the proportional amortization method and to which certain LIHTC-specific guidance removed from Subtopic 323-740 has been applied. Additionally, the disclosure requirements apply to investments that generate income tax credits and other income tax benefits from a tax credit program for which the entity has elected to apply the proportional amortization method (including investments within that elected program that do not meet the conditions to apply the proportional amortization method). ASU 2023-02 was effective for United on January 1, 2024. The amendments in this update must be applied on either a modified retrospective or a retrospective basis except for LIHTC investments not accounted for using the proportional amortization method. At January 1, 2024, United chose not to elect to account for its tax equity investments using the proportional amortization method.

13

Table of Contents

In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848.” ASU 2022-06 extends the period of time financial statement preparers can utilize the reference rate reform relief guidance. In 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04 to provide temporary, optional expedients related to the accounting for contract modifications and hedging transactions as a result of the global markets’ anticipated transition away from the use of LIBOR and other interbank offered rates to alternative reference rates. At the time ASU 2020-04 was issued, the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”) had established the intent that it would no longer be necessary to persuade, or compel, banks to submit to LIBOR after December 31, 2021. As a result, the sunset provision was set for December 31, 2022; 12 months after the expected cessation date of all currencies and tenors of LIBOR. In March 2021, the FCA announced that the intended cessation date of LIBOR in the United States would be June 30, 2023, which has now taken effect as intended. Accordingly, ASU 2022-06 defers the expiration date of ASU 848 to December 31, 2024. United implemented a comprehensive project plan to execute the transition of its LIBOR-based financial instruments to alternative reference rates. United utilized the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) and Prime as the preferred alternatives to LIBOR.

  1. MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS

On January 10, 2025 (“Acquisition Date”), United consummated its acquisition of Piedmont Bancorp, Inc. (“Piedmont”). Piedmont was merged with and into United (the “Merger”), pursuant to the terms of the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated May 9, 2024, by and between United and Piedmont (the “Agreement”). The Merger was accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting. Piedmont was the holding company for The Piedmont Bank, a Georgia state-chartered bank, with sixteen locations in the State of Georgia.

Under the terms of the Agreement, each outstanding share of common stock of Piedmont was converted into the right to receive 0.300 shares of United common stock, par value $2.50 per share (the “Exchange Ratio”).

Also pursuant to the Agreement, as of the effective time of the Merger, each option to purchase shares of Piedmont Common Stock (each, a “Piedmont Stock Option”) that was outstanding under the Piedmont Bancorp, Inc. 2009 Stock Option Plan (the “Piedmont Stock Plan”) immediately prior to the effective time of the Merger, was, to the extent not vested, became fully vested and exercisable and was canceled in consideration for the right to receive a lump sum cash payment with respect thereto equal to the product of: (i) the excess, if any, of the product of (A) the volume-weighted average of the closing sales price on Nasdaq of United Common Stock for the 10 full trading days ending on the second trading day immediately preceding the effective date of the Merger (the “Average United Closing Price”) multiplied by (B) the Exchange Ratio, over the applicable exercise price of such Piedmont Stock Option; and (ii) the number of shares of Piedmont Common Stock subject to such Piedmont Stock Option, less any required withholding taxes.

Also pursuant to the Agreement, as of the effective time of the Merger, each warrant to purchase shares of Piedmont Common Stock (each, a “Piedmont Stock Warrant”) that was outstanding under the Piedmont Stock Plan or individual award agreement immediately prior to the Effective Time, was, to the extent not vested, became fully vested and exercisable and canceled, and in consideration therefor, received a lump sum cash payment with respect thereto equal to the product of: (A) the excess, if any, of the product of (x) the Average United Closing Price multiplied by (y) the Exchange Ratio, over the applicable exercise price of such Piedmont Stock Warrant; and (B) the number of shares of Piedmont Common Stock subject to such Piedmont Stock Warrant, less any required withholding taxes.

In addition, at the effective time of the Merger, each restricted stock grant, restricted stock unit grant and any other award in respect of a share of Piedmont Common Stock subject to vesting, repurchase or other lapse restriction under a Piedmont Stock Plan that was outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time other than a Piedmont Option or a Piedmont Stock Warrant (each, a “Piedmont Stock Award”) became fully vested, cancelled and converted automatically into the right to receive the Merger Consideration (with any fractional share being entitled to receive cash in lieu thereof) in respect of each share of Piedmont Common Stock underlying such Piedmont Stock Award, less any required withholding taxes.

14

Table of Contents

Immediately following the Merger, The Piedmont Bank, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Piedmont, merged with and into United Bank, a wholly-owned subsidiary of United (the “Bank Merger”) pursuant to an Agreement and Plan of Merger dated May 9, 2024 (the “Bank Plan of Merger”). United Bank survived the Bank Merger and continues to exist as a Virginia banking corporation. The former Piedmont offices operate under the DBA United Bankshares.

The Piedmont Merger was accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting. The results of operations of Piedmont are included in the consolidated results of operations from the Acquisition Date. At the Acquisition Date, Piedmont had $2,356,883 in total assets, $2,079,933 in loans and leases, net of unearned income and $2,105,402 in deposits. For the first nine months of 2025, United recorded acquisition-related costs for the Piedmont merger of $31,407, including a provision for credit losses of $18,726 for purchased non-credit deteriorated (“non-PCD”) loans.

The aggregate purchase price was $280,967, including common stock valued at $280,946 and cash paid for fractional shares of $21. The number of shares issued in the transaction was 7,860,831, which were valued based on the closing market price of $35.74 for United’s common shares on January 10, 2025. The purchase price has been allocated to the identifiable tangible and intangible assets resulting in preliminary additions to goodwill, and core deposit intangibles of $129,975 and $32,764, respectively. The goodwill recognized results from the expected synergies and potential earnings from the combination of United and Piedmont. None of the goodwill from the Piedmont acquisition is expected to be deductible for tax purposes. The core deposit intangible is expected to be amortized on an accelerated basis over ten years.

United used an independent third party to help determine the fair values of the assets and liabilities acquired from Piedmont. As a result of the merger, United recorded preliminary fair value discounts of $64,065 on the loans and leases acquired, $24,977 on available-for-sale investment securities acquired, and $3,492 on land acquired, respectively, and premiums of $1,469 on buildings acquired and $408 on interest-bearing time deposits, respectively. United also recorded an allowance for loan and lease losses of $36,244 on the loans acquired split between $17,518 for purchased credit deteriorated (“PCD”) loans which is part of the acquisition date fair value, and $18,726 for non-PCD loans recorded to the provision for credit losses. In addition, United also recorded a reserve for lending-related commitments of $4,058 on the loan commitments acquired with an offset within other expense. The discounts and premium amounts, except for discount on the land acquired, are being accreted or amortized on an accelerated or straight-line basis, based on the type of asset or liability, over each asset’s or liability’s estimated remaining life at the time of acquisition. At September 30, 2025, the premiums on the buildings and interest-bearing time deposits each had an average estimated remaining life of 30.75 years and 1.25 years, respectively.

Portfolio loans acquired from Piedmont were recorded at their fair value at the Acquisition Date based on a discounted cash flow methodology. The estimated fair value incorporates adjustments related to market loss assumptions and prevailing market interest rates for comparable assets and other market factors such as liquidity from the perspective of a market participant. Also, acquired portfolio loans and leases were evaluated upon acquisition and classified as either PCD, which indicates that the loan has experienced a more-than-insignificant deterioration in credit quality since origination, or non-PCD. United considered a variety of factors in evaluating the acquired loans and leases for a more-than-insignificant deterioration in credit quality, including but not limited to risk grades, delinquency, nonperforming status, current or previous troubled debt restructurings or bankruptcies, watch list credits and other qualitative factors that indicated a deterioration in credit quality since origination. For PCD loans and leases, an initial allowance is determined based on the same methodology as other portfolio loans and leases. This initial allowance for loan and lease losses is allocated to individual PCD loans and leases and added to the acquisition date fair values to establish the initial amortized cost basis for the PCD loans and leases. The difference between the unpaid principal balance (“UPB”), or par value, of PCD loans and leases and the amortized cost basis is considered to relate to noncredit factors and resulted in a discount of $20,906 at Acquisition Date. This discount will be recognized through interest income on a level-yield method over the life of the loans which is estimated at September 30, 2025 to be a weighted-average of 5.75 years. For non-PCD acquired loans and leases, the differences between the initial fair value and the UPB, or par value, are recognized as interest income on a level-yield basis over the lives of the related loans and leases which at September 30, 2025 is estimated to be a weighted-average of 5.05 years. The total fair value mark on the non-PCD loans at the Acquisition Date was $43,159. At the Acquisition Date, an initial allowance for expected loan and lease losses of $18,726 was recorded with a corresponding charge to the provision for credit losses in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Subsequent changes in the allowance for credit losses related to PCD and non-PCD loans and leases are recognized in the provision for credit losses.

15

Table of Contents

The following table provides a reconciliation of the difference between the purchase price and the par value of portfolio PCD loans and leases acquired from Piedmont as of the Acquisition Date:

Purchase price of PCD loans and leases at acquisition $ 409,872
Allowance for credit losses at acquisition 17,518
Non-credit<br> discount at acquisition 20,906
Par value (UPB) of acquired PCD loans and leases at acquisition $ 448,296

The consideration paid for Piedmont’s common equity and the preliminary amounts of acquired identifiable assets and liabilities assumed as of the Piedmont Acquisition Date were as follows:

Purchase price:
Value of common shares issued (7,860,831 shares) $ 280,946
Cash for fractional shares 21
Total purchase price 280,967
Identifiable assets:
Cash and cash equivalents 77,497
Investment securities 94,426
Net loans and leases 1,998,350
Premises and equipment 23,816
Operating lease <br>right-of-use<br> assets 5,124
BOLI 40,801
Core deposit intangible 32,764
Other assets 30,573
Total identifiable assets $ 2,303,351
Identifiable liabilities:
Deposits $ 2,105,810
Long-term borrowings 20,000
Operating lease liabilities 5,744
Other liabilities 20,805
Total identifiable liabilities 2,152,359
Preliminary fair value of net assets acquired including identifiable intangible assets 150,992
Preliminary resulting goodwill $ 129,975

The fair value of the acquired assets and liabilities noted in the table above is preliminary pending review of the final valuation information for those assets and liabilities. During the preliminary period (“Measurement Period”), which may last up to twelve months subsequent to the Acquisition Date, the Company will continue to review information relating to events and circumstances existing as of the Acquisition Date that could impact the preliminary fair value estimates of the acquired assets and liabilities. In the table of acquired net assets above, the amount of net assets acquired reflect Measurement Period adjustments made since the Acquisition Date that resulted in a net increase in net assets acquired of $4,740 and therefore, a corresponding decrease in resulting goodwill from the acquisition. The increase in net assts acquired was primarily driven by an increase of $5,910 in deferred taxes on fair value adjustments partially offset by an increase of $1,040 in accrued liabilities based on factors that were determined to be in existence as of the Acquisition Date.

The operating results of United include operating results of acquired assets and assumed liabilities subsequent to the Acquisition Date. The operations of United’s Georgia geographic area, which comprises the acquired operations of Piedmont provided $110,911 in total revenues (net interest income plus other income), and $74,172 in net income, excluding non-allocated items, since the Acquisition Date. These amounts are included in United’s consolidated financial statements as of September 30, 2025 and for the first nine months of 2025. Piedmont’s results of operations prior to the Acquisition Date are not included in United’s consolidated results of operations.

16

Table of Contents

The following table presents certain unaudited pro forma information for the results of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, as if the Piedmont merger had occurred on January 1, 2025 and 2024, respectively. These results combine the historical results of Piedmont into United’s consolidated statement of income and, while certain adjustments were made for the estimated impact of certain fair valuation adjustments and other acquisition-related activity, they are not indicative of what would have occurred had the acquisition taken place on the indicated date nor are they intended to represent or be indicative of future results of operations. In particular, no adjustments have been made to eliminate the amount of Piedmont’s provision for credit losses for 2025 and 2024 that may not have been necessary had the acquired loans been recorded at fair value as of the beginning of 2025 and 2024. Additionally, United expects to achieve operating cost savings and other business synergies as a result of the acquisition which are not reflected in the pro forma amounts.

Proforma<br><br> <br>Nine Months Ended<br><br> <br>September 30
2025 2024
Total Revenues<br>(1) $ 922,389 $ 860,539
Net Income 324,021 311,769
(1) Represents net interest income plus other income
--- ---
  1. INVESTMENT SECURITIES

Securities Available for Sale

Securities held for indefinite periods of time are classified as available for sale and carried at estimated fair value. The amortized cost and estimated fair values of securities available for sale are summarized as follows.

September 30, 2025
Gross Gross Allowance Estimated
Amortized Unrealized Unrealized For Credit Fair
Cost Gains Losses Losses Value
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government corporations and agencies $ 294,442 $ 24 $ 1,758 $ 0 $ 292,708
State and political subdivisions 577,706 224 61,159 0 516,771
Residential mortgage-backed securities
Agency 1,337,725 4,859 122,369 0 1,220,215
Non-agency 73,258 231 4,357 0 69,132
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
Agency 422,037 4,863 28,426 0 398,474
Asset-backed securities 279,702 113 2,587 0 277,228
Single issue trust preferred securities 13,311 0 688 0 12,623
Other corporate securities 249,992 0 13,167 0 236,825
Total $ 3,248,173 $ 10,314 $ 234,511 $ 0 $ 3,023,976

17

Table of Contents

December 31, 2024
Gross Gross Allowance Estimated
Amortized Unrealized Unrealized For Credit Fair
Cost Gains Losses Losses Value
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government corporations and agencies $ 248,867 $ 59 $ 3,084 $ 0 $ 245,842
State and political subdivisions 574,580 8 79,515 0 495,073
Residential mortgage-backed securities
Agency 1,226,400 433 167,114 0 1,059,719
Non-agency 88,392 262 6,531 0 82,123
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
Agency 372,646 38 42,698 0 329,986
Asset-backed securities 476,863 166 2,047 0 474,982
Single issue trust preferred securities 13,296 0 1,377 0 11,919
Other corporate securities 281,646 0 21,571 0 260,075
Total $ 3,282,690 $ 966 $ 323,937 $ 0 $ 2,959,719

For the adoption of ASC Topic 326, “Financial Instruments—Credit Losses,” United made a policy election to exclude accrued interest from the amortized cost basis of available-for-sale debt securities and report accrued interest separately in “Accrued interest receivable” in the consolidated balance sheets. Available-for-sale debt securities are placed on non-accrual status when we no longer expect to receive all contractual amounts due, which is generally at 90 days past due. Accrued interest receivable is reversed against interest income when a security is placed on non-accrual status. Accordingly, United does not currently recognize an allowance for credit loss against accrued interest receivable on available-for-sale debt securities. The table above excludes accrued interest receivable of $13,821 and $14,776 at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, that is recorded in “Accrued interest receivable.”

The following is a summary of securities available for sale which were in an unrealized loss position at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Less than 12 months 12 months or longer Total
Fair Unrealized Fair Unrealized Fair Unrealized
Value Losses Value Losses Value Losses
September 30, 2025
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government corporations and agencies $ 881 $ 6 $ 41,592 $ 1,752 $ 42,473 $ 1,758
State and political subdivisions 4,057 64 489,794 61,095 493,851 61,159
Residential mortgage-backed securities
Agency 57,909 57 819,243 122,312 877,152 122,369
Non-agency 0 0 21,095 4,357 21,095 4,357
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
Agency 7,028 8 294,792 28,418 301,820 28,426
Asset-backed securities 50,632 54 144,475 2,533 195,107 2,587
Single issue trust preferred securities 0 0 12,623 688 12,623 688
Other corporate securities 0 0 230,079 13,167 230,079 13,167
Total $ 120,507 $ 189 $ 2,053,693 $ 234,322 $ 2,174,200 $ 234,511

18

Table of Contents

Less than 12 months 12 months or longer Total
Fair Unrealized Fair Unrealized Fair Unrealized
Value Losses Value Losses Value Losses
December 31, 2024
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government corporations and agencies $ 1,476 $ 3 $ 42,886 $ 3,081 $ 44,362 $ 3,084
State and political subdivisions 3,314 22 479,681 79,493 482,995 79,515
Residential mortgage-backed securities
Agency 128,655 1,660 856,448 165,454 985,103 167,114
Non-agency 0 0 59,668 6,531 59,668 6,531
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
Agency 0 0 319,506 42,698 319,506 42,698
Asset-backed securities 83,188 50 215,886 1,997 299,074 2,047
Single issue trust preferred securities 0 0 11,919 1,377 11,919 1,377
Other corporate securities 2,476 24 252,634 21,547 255,110 21,571
Total $ 219,109 $ 1,759 $ 2,238,628 $ 322,178 $ 2,457,737 $ 323,937

The following table shows the proceeds from maturities, sales and calls of available for sale securities and the gross realized gains and losses on sales and calls of those securities that have been included in earnings as a result of any sales and calls. Gains or losses on sales and calls of available for sale securities were recognized by the specific identification method.

Three Months Ended<br><br> <br>September 30 Nine Months Ended<br><br> <br>September 30
2025 2024 2025 2024
Proceeds from sales, calls and maturities $ 663,951 $ 829,939 $ 1,582,013 $ 2,041,704
Gross realized gains 0 0 0 0
Gross realized losses 0 (6,879 ) 0 (13,941 )

At September 30, 2025, gross unrealized losses on available for sale securities were $234,511 on 887 securities of a total portfolio of 1,065 available for sale securities. Securities with the most significant gross unrealized losses at September 30, 2025 consisted primarily of agency residential mortgage-backed securities, state and political subdivision securities, agency commercial mortgage-backed securities and other corporate securities.

In determining whether or not a security is impaired, management considered the severity of the loss in conjunction with United’s positive intent and the more likely than not ability to hold these securities to recovery of their cost basis or maturity. Generally, the significant amount of gross unrealized losses on available for sale securities at September 30, 2025 was the result of higher interest rates.

State and political subdivisions

United’s state and political subdivisions portfolio relates to securities issued by various municipalities located throughout the United States. The total amortized cost of available for sale state and political subdivision securities was $577,706 at September 30, 2025. As of September 30, 2025, approximately 46% of the portfolio was supported by the general obligation of the issuing municipality, which allows for the securities to be repaid by any means available to the municipality. The majority of the portfolio was rated AA or higher, and no securities within the portfolio were rated below investment grade as of September 30, 2025. In addition to monitoring the credit ratings of these securities, management also evaluates the financial performance of the underlying issuers on an ongoing basis. Based upon management’s analysis and judgment, it was determined that none of the state and political subdivision securities had credit losses at September 30, 2025.

19

Table of Contents

Mortgage-backed securities

The fair value of mortgage-backed securities is affected by changes in interest rates and prepayment speeds. When interest rates decline, prepayment speeds generally accelerate due to homeowners refinancing their mortgages at lower interest rates. This may result in the proceeds being reinvested at lower interest rates. Rising interest rates may decrease the assumed prepayment speed. Slower prepayment speeds may extend the maturity of the security beyond its estimated maturity. Therefore, investors may not be able to invest at current higher market rates due to the extended expected maturity of the security. United had a net unrealized loss of $145,199 on mortgage-backed securities at September 30, 2025. Below is a detailed discussion of mortgage-backed securities by type.

United’s agency mortgage-backed securities portfolio relates to securities issued by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and Ginnie Mae. The total amortized cost of available for sale agency mortgage-backed securities was $1,759,762 at September 30, 2025. Of the $1,759,762 amount, $422,037 was related to agency commercial mortgage-backed securities and $1,337,725 was related to agency residential mortgage-backed securities. Each of the agency mortgage-backed securities provides a guarantee of full and timely payments of principal and interest by the issuing agency. Based upon management’s analysis and judgment, it was determined that none of the agency mortgage-backed securities had credit losses at September 30, 2025.

United’s non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities portfolio relates to securities of various private label issuers. The total amortized cost of available for sale non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities was $73,258 at September 30, 2025. Of the $73,258, 100% was rated AAA. Based upon management’s analysis and judgment, it was determined that none of the non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities had credit losses at September 30, 2025.

Asset-backed securities

As of September 30, 2025, United’s asset-backed securities portfolio had a total amortized cost balance of $279,702. 100% of the portfolio was investment grade rated as of September 30, 2025. Approximately 53% of the portfolio relates to securities that are backed by Federal Family Education Loan Program (“FFELP”) student loan collateral which includes a minimum of a 97% government repayment guaranty, as well as additional credit support and subordination in excess of the government guaranteed portion. Approximately 47% of the portfolio relates to collateralized loan obligation securities that are all AAA rated. Upon reviewing this portfolio as of September 30, 2025, it was determined that none of the asset-backed securities had credit losses.

Single issue trust preferred securities

The majority of United’s single issue trust preferred portfolio consists of obligations from large cap banks (i.e. banks with market capitalization in excess of $10 billion). All single issue trust preferred securities are currently receiving interest payments. The amortized cost of available for sale single issue trust preferred securities as of September 30, 2025 consisted of $7,486 in investment grade bonds and $5,825 in unrated bonds. Management reviews each issuer’s current and projected earnings trends, asset quality, capitalization levels, and other key factors. Upon completing the review for the third quarter of 2025, it was determined that none of the single issue trust preferred securities had credit losses.

Other corporate securities

As of September 30, 2025, United’s other corporate securities portfolio had a total amortized cost balance of $249,992. The majority of the portfolio consisted of debt issuances of corporations representing a variety of industries, including financial institutions. Of the $249,992, 95% had at least one rating above investment grade, 2% were below investment grade rated, and 3% were unrated. For other corporate securities, management has evaluated the near-term prospects of the investment in relation to the severity of any unrealized loss. Based upon management’s analysis and judgment, it was determined that none of the other corporate securities had credit losses at September 30, 2025.

20

Table of Contents

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of securities available for sale at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 by contractual maturity are shown as follows. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because the issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations without penalties.

September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024
Estimated Estimated
Amortized Fair Amortized Fair
Cost Value Cost Value
Due in one year or less $ 333,833 $ 333,071 $ 262,093 $ 261,458
Due after one year through five years 473,041 445,307 405,617 375,276
Due after five years through ten years 662,950 612,958 863,601 779,069
Due after ten years 1,778,349 1,632,640 1,751,379 1,543,916
Total $ 3,248,173 $ 3,023,976 $ 3,282,690 $ 2,959,719

Equity securities at fair value

Equity securities consist mainly of equity securities of financial institutions, mutual funds of Community Reinvestment Act (“CRA”) qualified investments and equity securities within a rabbi trust for the payment of benefits under a deferred compensation plan for certain key officers of United and its subsidiaries. The fair value of United’s equity securities was $34,694 at September 30, 2025 and $21,058 at December 31, 2024.

Three Months Ended<br><br> <br>September 30 Nine Months Ended<br><br> <br>September 30
2025 2024 2025 2024
Net gains (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities sold $ 0 $ (46 ) $ 0 $ 4,602
Unrealized gains recognized during the period on equity securities still held at period end 10,442 210 11,421 2,432
Unrealized losses recognized during the period on equity securities still held at period end 0 0 (33 ) (125 )
Net gains recognized during the period $ 10,442 $ 164 $ 11,388 $ 6,909

Other investment securities

During the third quarter of 2025, United evaluated all of its cost method investments to determine if certain events or changes in circumstances during the third quarter of 2025 had a significant adverse effect on the recorded value of any of its cost method securities. United determined that there was no individual security that experienced an adverse event during the third quarter. There were no other events or changes in circumstances during the third quarter which would have an adverse effect on the recorded fair value of its cost method securities.

The carrying value of securities pledged to secure public deposits, securities sold under agreements to repurchase, and for other purposes as required or permitted by law, approximated $2,003,904 and $2,038,864 at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

21

Table of Contents

  1. LOANS AND LEASES

Major classes of loans and leases are as follows:

September 30,<br> 2025 December 31,<br> 2024
Commercial, financial and agricultural:
Owner-occupied commercial real estate $ 2,115,386 $ 1,590,002
Nonowner-occupied commercial real estate 8,391,901 6,939,641
Other commercial 3,579,455 3,351,362
Total commercial, financial & agricultural 14,086,742 11,881,005
Residential real estate 6,010,274 5,507,384
Construction & land development 3,651,199 3,509,034
Consumer:
Bankcard 9,298 9,998
Other consumer 773,642 773,077
Less: Unearned income (11,449 ) (7,005 )
Total gross loans $ 24,519,706 $ 21,673,493

The table above does not include loans held for sale of $24,226 and $44,360 at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Loans held for sale consist of single-family residential real estate loans originated for sale in the secondary market.

United’s subsidiary bank has made loans to the directors and officers of United and its subsidiaries, and to their affiliates. The aggregate dollar amount of these loans was $32,710 and $22,702 at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

  1. CREDIT QUALITY

Management monitors the credit quality of its loans and leases on an ongoing basis. Measurement of delinquency and past due status are based on the contractual terms of each loan. United considers a loan to be past due when it is 30 days or more past its contractual payment due date.

For all loan classes, past due loans and leases are reviewed on a monthly basis to identify loans and leases for nonaccrual status. Generally, when collection in full of the principal and interest is jeopardized, the loan is placed on nonaccrual status. The accrual of interest income on commercial and most consumer loans generally is discontinued when a loan becomes 90 to 120 days past due as to principal or interest. However, regardless of delinquency status, if a loan is fully secured and in the process of collection and resolution of collection is expected in the near term (generally less than 90 days), then the loan will not be placed on nonaccrual status. When interest accruals are discontinued, unpaid interest recognized in income in the current year is reversed, and unpaid interest accrued in prior years is charged to the allowance for credit losses. United’s method of income recognition for loans and leases that are classified as nonaccrual is to recognize interest income on a cash basis or apply the cash receipt to principal when the ultimate collectability of principal is in doubt. Nonaccrual loans and leases will not normally be returned to accrual status unless all past due principal and interest has been paid and the borrower has evidenced their ability to meet the contractual provisions of the note.

The following table sets forth United’s age analysis of its past due loans and leases, segregated by class of loans and leases:

Age Analysis of Past Due Loans and Leases
As of September 30, 2025
30-89 Days<br><br> Past Due 90 Days or<br> more Past<br> Due Total Past<br> Due Current &<br> Other Total<br><br> <br>Financing<br> Receivables 90 Days or<br> More Past<br> Due &<br> Accruing
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied $ 3,261 $ 2,857 $ 6,118 $ 2,109,268 $ 2,115,386 $ 80
Nonowner-occupied 16,443 78,248 94,691 8,297,210 8,391,901 219
Other commercial 4,926 12,545 17,471 3,561,984 3,579,455 195
Residential real estate 21,125 19,669 40,794 5,969,480 6,010,274 5,236
Construction & land development 16,391 1,419 17,810 3,633,389 3,651,199 34
Consumer:
Bankcard 33 21 54 9,244 9,298 21
Other consumer 13,436 2,108 15,544 758,098 773,642 846
Total $ 75,615 $ 116,867 $ 192,482 $ 24,338,673 $ 24,531,155 $ 6,631

22

Table of Contents

Age Analysis of Past Due Loans and Leases
As of December 31, 2024
30-89 Days<br><br> Past Due 90 Days or<br> more Past<br> Due Total Past<br> Due Current &<br> Other Total<br><br> <br>Financing<br> Receivables 90 Days or<br> More Past<br><br> <br>Due &<br> Accruing
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied $ 3,767 $ 1,284 $ 5,051 $ 1,584,951 $ 1,590,002 $ 0
Nonowner-occupied 11,931 23,379 35,310 6,904,331 6,939,641 0
Other commercial 5,594 19,019 24,613 3,326,749 3,351,362 431
Residential real estate 33,783 20,946 54,729 5,452,655 5,507,384 12,429
Construction & land development 390 4,265 4,655 3,504,379 3,509,034 1,677
Consumer:
Bankcard 63 61 124 9,874 9,998 61
Other consumer 28,414 4,446 32,860 740,217 773,077 2,342
Total $ 83,942 $ 73,400 $ 157,342 $ 21,523,156 $ 21,680,498 $ 16,940

The following table sets forth United’s nonaccrual loans and leases, segregated by class of loans and leases:

At September 30, 2025 At December 31, 2024
Nonaccruals With No Related<br> Allowance for<br> Credit Losses Nonaccruals With No Related<br> Allowance for<br> Credit Losses
Commercial Real Estate:
Owner-occupied $ 2,777 $ 2,777 $ 1,284 $ 1,284
Nonowner-occupied 78,029 78,029 23,379 8,475
Other Commercial 12,350 9,187 18,588 584
Residential Real Estate 14,433 11,793 8,517 5,562
Construction 1,385 1,385 2,588 2,589
Consumer:
Bankcard 0 0 0 0
Other consumer 1,262 1,262 2,104 2,104
Total $ 110,236 $ 104,433 $ 56,460 $ 20,598

Interest income recognized on nonaccrual loans was insignificant during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

In some cases, United will modify a loan to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty by providing multiple types of concessions such as a term extension, principal forgiveness, an interest rate reduction or a combination thereof. The following table presents the amortized cost of loans and leases to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty modified during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, by class of financing receivable and by type of modification. The percentage of the amortized cost basis of loans and leases that were modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty as compared to the amortized cost basis of each class of financing receivable is also represented below.

23

Table of Contents

Amortized Cost Basis of Loan Modifications Made to Borrowers Experiencing Financial<br> Difficulty
For the Three Months ended September 30, 2025
Term<br> Extension Interest<br><br> <br>Rate<br><br> <br>Reduction Payment<br><br> <br>Delay Interest Rate<br><br> <br>Reduction &<br> Payment Delay % of Total Class of<br> Financing Receivable
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 0.00 %
Nonowner-occupied 0 0 0 0 0.00 %
Other commercial 0 0 0 0 0.00 %
Residential real estate 78 0 0 0 0.00 %
Construction & land development 0 0 0 0 0.00 %
Consumer:
Bankcard 0 0 0 0 0.00 %
Other consumer 0 0 0 0 0.00 %
Total $ 78 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 0.00 %
Amortized Cost Basis of Loan Modifications Made to Borrowers Experiencing Financial<br> Difficulty
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
For the Three Months ended September 30, 2024
Term<br> Extension Interest<br><br> <br>Rate<br><br> <br>Reduction Term Extension &<br> Interest Rate<br> Reduction Term Extension &<br> Payment Delay % of Total Class of<br> Financing<br> Receivable
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied $ 452 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 0.03 %
Nonowner-occupied 64 0 0 0 0.00 %
Other commercial 0 0 0 0 0.00 %
Residential real estate 192 0 0 0 0.00 %
Construction & land development 55 0 0 0 0.00 %
Consumer:
Bankcard 0 0 0 0 0.00 %
Other consumer 0 0 0 0 0.00 %
Total $ 763 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 0.00 %
Amortized Cost Basis of Loan Modifications Made to Borrowers Experiencing Financial<br> Difficulty
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
For the Nine Months ended September 30, 2025
Term<br> Extension Interest<br><br> <br>Rate<br><br> <br>Reduction Payment<br><br> <br>Delay Interest Rate<br> Reduction &<br> Payment Delay % of Total Class of<br> Financing<br> Receivable
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied $ 8,402 $ 0 $ 0 $ 3,466 0.56 %
Nonowner-occupied 5,686 4,616 5,341 0 0.19 %
Other commercial 1,477 0 0 0 0.04 %
Residential real estate 78 0 0 0 0.00 %
Construction & land development 0 0 0 0 0.00 %
Consumer:
Bankcard 0 0 0 0 0.00 %
Other consumer 0 0 0 0 0.00 %
Total $ 15,643 $ 4,616 $ 5,341 $ 3,466 0.12 %

24

Table of Contents

Amortized Cost Basis of Loan Modifications Made to Borrowers Experiencing Financial<br> Difficulty
For the Nine Months ended September 30, 2024
Term<br> Extension Interest<br><br> <br>Rate<br><br> <br>Reduction Term Extension &<br> Interest Rate<br> Reduction Term Extension &<br> Payment Delay % of Total Class of<br> Financing<br> Receivable
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied $ 452 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 0.03 %
Nonowner-occupied 5,774 0 0 0 0.08 %
Other commercial 0 0 2,800 0 0.00 %
Residential real estate 192 0 0 168 0.00 %
Construction & land development 55 0 0 674 0.02 %
Consumer:
Bankcard 0 0 0 0 0.00 %
Other consumer 0 0 0 0 0.00 %
Total $ 6,473 $ 0 $ 2,800 $ 842 0.05 %

As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were commitments to lend additional funds of $106 and $1,199, respectively, to debtors owing loan receivables whose terms have been modified.

United’s estimate of future credit losses uses a lifetime methodology, derived from modeled loan performance based on the extensive historical experience of loans with similar risk characteristics, adjusted to reflect current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The historical loss experience used in United’s credit loss models includes the impact of loan modifications provided to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, and also includes the impact of projected loss severities as a result of loan defaults.

United closely monitors the performance of the loans that are modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to understand the effectiveness of its modification efforts. The following table presents the performance in the 12 months after a modification made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty presented by class of financing receivable:

Payment Status (Amortized Cost Basis)
As of September 30, 2025 As of September 30, 2024
Current 30-89 Days<br><br> Past Due 90+ Days<br> Past Due Current 30-89 Days<br><br> Past Due 90+ Days<br> Past Due
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied $ 11,868 $ 0 $ 0 $ 452 $ 0 $ 0
Nonowner-occupied 11,291 4,399 0 32,481 4,399 0
Other commercial 1,477 0 0 2,931 0 0
Residential real estate 243 0 0 360 0 0
Construction & land development 43 0 0 55 674 0
Consumer:
Bankcard 0 0 0 0 0 0
Other consumer 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total $ 24,922 $ 4,399 $ 0 $ 36,279 $ 5,073 $ 0

25

Table of Contents

The following table presents the financial effect of loan and lease modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

For the Three Months Ended For the Three Months Ended
September 30, 2025 September 30, 2024
Weighted-<br> Average<br> Interest<br> Rate<br> Reduction Weighted<br> Average<br> Payment<br> Delay<br><br> <br>(in years) Weighted<br> Average<br> Term<br> Extension<br><br> <br>(in years) Weighted-<br> Average<br> Interest<br> Rate<br> Reduction Weighted<br> Average Term<br> Extension<br><br> <br>(in years)
Commercial Real Estate:
Owner-occupied 0.00 % 0 0 0.00 % 0
Nonowner-occupied 0.00 % 0 0 0.00 % 4.0
Other Commercial 0.00 % 0 0 0.00 % 0
Residential Real Estate 0.00 % 0 0.3 0.00 % 4.8
Construction & land development 0.00 % 0 0 0.00 % 4.5
Consumer:
Bankcard 0.00 % 0 0 0.00 % 0
Other consumer 0.00 % 0 0 0.00 % 0
For the Nine Months Ended For the Nine Months Ended
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
September 30, 2025 September 30, 2024
Weighted-<br> Average<br> Interest<br> Rate<br> Reduction Weighted<br> Average<br> Payment<br> Delay<br><br> <br>(in years) Weighted<br> Average<br> Term<br> Extension<br><br> <br>(in years) Weighted-<br> Average<br> Interest<br> Rate<br> Reduction Weighted<br> Average Term<br> Extension<br><br> <br>(in years)
Commercial Real Estate:
Owner-occupied 0.50 % 2.4 0.5 0.00 % 0
Nonowner-occupied 0.50 % 2.0 0.4 0.00 % 0
Other Commercial 0.00 % 0 0.1 1.00 % 0
Residential Real Estate 0.00 % 0 0.3 0.00 % 4.9
Construction & land development 0.00 % 0 0 0.00 % 1.5
Consumer:
Bankcard 0.00 % 0 0 0.00 % 0
Other consumer 0.00 % 0 0 0.00 % 0

No loan or lease modifications completed within the last 12 months to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty had a payment default during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

United elected the practical expedient to measure expected credit losses on collateral dependent loans and leases based on the difference between the loan’s amortized cost and the collateral’s fair value, adjusted for selling costs. The following table presents the amortized cost basis of collateral-dependent loans and leases in which repayment is expected to be derived substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral and where the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, by class of loans and leases as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

Collateral Dependent Loans and Leases
At September 30, 2025
Residential<br> Property Business<br> Assets Land Commercial<br> Property Other Total
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 4,183 $ 19,656 $ 23,839
Nonowner-occupied 9,746 0 0 102,821 40,122 152,689
Other commercial 0 9,695 0 5,515 3,900 19,110
Residential real estate 6,256 0 0 0 7 6,263
Construction & land development 294 0 6,336 0 646 7,276
Consumer:
Bankcard 0 0 0 0 0 0
Other consumer 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total $ 16,296 $ 9,695 $ 6,336 $ 112,519 $ 64,331 $ 209,177

26

Table of Contents

Collateral Dependent Loans and Leases
At December 31, 2024
Residential<br> Property Business<br> Assets Land Commercial<br> Property Other Total
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied $ 5 $ 0 $ 0 $ 3,119 $ 6,465 $ 9,589
Nonowner-occupied 7,037 0 0 23,975 2,367 33,379
Other commercial 0 15,816 0 5,041 528 21,385
Residential real estate 7,348 0 0 0 11 7,359
Construction & land development 0 0 2,492 0 873 3,365
Consumer:
Bankcard 0 0 0 0 0 0
Other consumer 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total $ 14,390 $ 15,816 $ 2,492 $ 32,135 $ 10,244 $ 75,077

United categorizes loans and leases into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, underlying collateral (if any), public information and current economic trends, among other factors.

United uses the following definitions for risk ratings:

• Pass
• Special Mention
--- ---
• Substandard
--- ---
• Doubtful
--- ---

For United’s loans with a corporate credit exposure, United analyzes loans individually to classify the loans as to credit risk. Review and analysis of criticized (special mention-rated loans in the amount of $1,000 or greater) and classified (substandard-rated and worse in the amount of $500 and greater) loans is completed once per quarter. Review of notes with committed exposure of $3,000 or greater is completed at least annually. For loans with a consumer credit exposure, United internally assigns a grade based upon an individual loan’s delinquency status. United reviews and updates, as necessary, these grades on a quarterly basis .

Special mention loans, with a corporate credit exposure, have potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loans or in the Company’s credit position at some future date. Borrowers may be experiencing adverse operating trends (declining revenues or margins) or an ill proportioned balance sheet (e.g., increasing inventory without an increase in sales, high leverage, tight liquidity). Adverse economic or market conditions, such as interest rate increases or the entry of a new competitor, may also support a special mention rating. Nonfinancial reasons for rating a credit exposure special mention include management problems, pending litigation, an ineffective loan agreement or other material structural weakness, and any other significant deviation from prudent lending practices. For loans with a consumer credit exposure, loans that are past due 30-89 days are generally considered special mention.

27

Table of Contents

A substandard loan with a corporate credit exposure is inadequately protected by the current sound worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans so classified have a well-defined weakness, or weaknesses, that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt by the borrower. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Company will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. They require more intensive supervision by management. Substandard loans are generally characterized by current or expected unprofitable operations, inadequate debt service coverage, inadequate liquidity, or marginal capitalization. Repayment may depend on collateral or other credit risk mitigants. For some substandard loans, the likelihood of full collection of interest and principal may be in doubt and thus, placed on nonaccrual. For loans with a consumer credit exposure, loans that are 90 days or more past due or that have been placed on nonaccrual are considered substandard.

A loan with corporate credit exposure is classified as doubtful if it has all the weaknesses inherent in one classified as substandard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable. A doubtful loan has a high probability of total or substantial loss, but because of specific pending events that may strengthen the loan, its classification as loss is deferred. Doubtful borrowers are usually in default, lack adequate liquidity or capital, and lack the resources necessary to remain an operating entity. Pending events can include mergers, acquisitions, liquidations, capital injections, the perfection of liens on additional collateral, the valuation of collateral, and refinancing. Generally, there are not any loans with a consumer credit exposure that are classified as doubtful. Usually, they are charged-off prior to such a classification.

Based on the most recent analysis performed, the risk category of loans and leases as well as charge-offs and recoveries by class of loans is as follows. Loans originated in any year may be renewals of existing loans and not necessarily new loans.

Commercial Real Estate – Owner-occupied

Term Loans<br><br> <br>Origination Year Revolving loans<br><br> <br>amortized cost<br> basis Revolving<br><br> <br>loans<br><br> <br>converted to<br><br> <br>term loans Total
As of September 30, 2025 2025 2024 2023 2022 2021 Prior
Internal Risk Grade:
Pass $ 227,973 $ 388,888 $ 203,057 $ 319,518 $ 289,213 $ 595,843 $ 45,492 $ 0 $ 2,069,984
Special Mention 0 0 0 0 0 4,938 2,795 0 7,733
Substandard 0 246 4,031 3,426 0 21,050 8,591 118 37,462
Doubtful 0 0 0 0 0 207 0 0 207
Total $ 227,973 $ 389,134 $ 207,088 $ 322,944 $ 289,213 $ 622,038 $ 56,878 $ 118 $ 2,115,386
Current-period charge-offs 0 0 0 0 0 (228 ) 0 0 (228 )
Current-period recoveries 0 0 0 11 0 144 0 0 155
Current-period net recoveries (charge-offs) $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 11 $ 0 $ (84 ) $ 0 $ 0 $ (73 )
Term Loans<br><br> <br>Origination Year Revolving loans<br> amortized cost<br> basis Revolving<br><br> <br>loans and leases<br><br> <br>converted to<br> term loans Total
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
As of December 31, 2024 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Prior
Internal Risk Grade:
Pass $ 236,547 $ 132,095 $ 243,103 $ 225,152 $ 205,461 $ 467,417 $ 29,900 $ 0 $ 1,539,675
Special Mention 0 0 0 0 0 15,199 8,545 0 23,744
Substandard 247 0 3,493 0 307 21,744 445 121 26,357
Doubtful 0 0 0 0 0 226 0 0 226
Total $ 236,794 $ 132,095 $ 246,596 $ 225,152 $ 205,768 $ 504,586 $ 38,890 $ 121 $ 1,590,002
Current-period charge-offs 0 0 0 0 0 (116 ) 0 0 (116 )
Current-period recoveries 0 0 15 0 0 1,168 0 0 1,183
Current-period net recoveries $ 0 $ 0 $ 15 $ 0 $ 0 $ 1,052 $ 0 $ 0 $ 1,067

28

Table of Contents

Commercial Real Estate – Nonowner-occupied

Term Loans<br><br> <br>Origination Year Revolving loans<br> amortized cost<br> basis Revolving<br><br> <br>loans<br><br> <br>converted to<br> term loans Total
As of September 30, 2025 2025 2024 2023 2022 2021 Prior
Internal Risk Grade:
Pass $ 1,266,475 $ 933,509 $ 789,441 $ 1,966,731 $ 1,183,616 $ 1,602,747 $ 139,173 $ 55 $ 7,881,747
Special Mention 1,898 0 11,944 50,574 114,216 120,290 0 0 298,922
Substandard 0 0 5,115 51,984 5,360 125,973 22,800 0 211,232
Doubtful 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total $ 1,268,373 $ 933,509 $ 806,500 $ 2,069,289 $ 1,303,192 $ 1,849,010 $ 161,973 $ 55 $ 8,391,901
Current-period charge-offs 0 0 0 0 0 (27,192 ) 0 0 (27,192 )
Current-period recoveries 0 0 0 0 0 159 0 0 159
Current-period net charge-offs $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ (27,033 ) $ 0 $ 0 $ (27,033 )
Term Loans<br><br> <br>Origination Year Revolving loans<br> amortized cost<br> basis Revolving<br><br> <br>loans and leases<br><br> <br>converted to<br> term loans Total
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
As of December 31, 2024 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Prior
Internal Risk Grade:
Pass $ 741,996 $ 485,437 $ 1,623,423 $ 1,294,232 $ 639,143 $ 1,584,833 $ 160,243 $ 78 $ 6,529,385
Special Mention 0 0 8,465 82,240 29,940 210,912 0 0 331,557
Substandard 0 0 4,085 4,020 143 48,633 21,818 0 78,699
Doubtful 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total $ 741,996 $ 485,437 $ 1,635,973 $ 1,380,492 $ 669,226 $ 1,844,378 $ 182,061 $ 78 $ 6,939,641
Current-period charge-offs 0 0 0 0 (751 ) (1,830 ) 0 0 (2,581 )
Current-period recoveries 0 0 0 0 0 200 0 0 200
Current-period net charge-offs $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ (751 ) $ (1,630 ) $ 0 $ 0 $ (2,381 )

Other commercial

Term Loans and leases<br><br> <br>Origination Year Revolving loans<br> and leases<br> amortized cost<br> basis Revolving<br><br> <br>loans and leases<br><br> <br>converted to<br> term loans Total
As of September 30, 2025 2025 2024 2023 2022 2021 Prior
Internal Risk Grade:
Pass $ 383,380 $ 395,224 $ 485,805 $ 274,843 $ 341,789 $ 584,986 $ 1,051,142 $ 0 $ 3,517,169
Special Mention 26 69 125 1,207 164 9,680 1,920 0 13,191
Substandard 273 2,406 2,993 12,122 7,178 18,655 5,468 0 49,095
Doubtful 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total $ 383,679 $ 397,699 $ 488,923 $ 288,172 $ 349,131 $ 613,321 $ 1,058,530 $ 0 $ 3,579,455
Current-period charge-offs 0 (48 ) (141 ) (229 ) (1,625 ) (2,420 ) (835 ) 0 (5,298 )
Current-period recoveries 0 0 2 19 2 1,267 61 0 1,351
Current-period net charge-offs $ 0 $ (48 ) $ (139 ) $ (210 ) $ (1,623 ) $ (1,153 ) $ (774 ) $ 0 $ (3,947 )
Term Loans and leases<br><br> <br>Origination Year Revolving loans<br> and leases<br> amortized cost<br> basis Revolving<br><br> <br>loans and leases<br><br> <br>converted to<br> term loans Total
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
As of December 31, 2024 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Prior
Internal Risk Grade:
Pass $ 403,641 $ 505,947 $ 378,072 $ 394,412 $ 164,671 $ 519,488 $ 912,293 $ 0 $ 3,278,524
Special Mention 81 36 1,129 339 251 18,941 4,652 0 25,429
Substandard 206 419 18,927 7,029 835 11,262 8,706 0 47,384
Doubtful 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 25
Total $ 403,928 $ 506,402 $ 398,128 $ 401,780 $ 165,757 $ 549,716 $ 925,651 $ 0 $ 3,351,362
Current-period charge-offs 0 (464 ) (252 ) (156 ) (148 ) (1,352 ) (1,217 ) 0 (3,589 )
Current-period recoveries 10 67 9 45 0 1,512 7 0 1,650
Current-period net recoveries (charge- offs) $ 10 $ (397 ) $ (243 ) $ (111 ) $ (148 ) $ 160 $ (1,210 ) $ 0 $ (1,939 )

29

Table of Contents

Residential Real Estate

Term Loans<br><br> <br>Origination Year Revolving loans<br><br> <br>amortized cost<br> basis Revolving<br><br> <br>loans<br><br> <br>converted to<br><br> <br>term loans Total
As of September 30, 2025 2025 2024 2023 2022 2021 Prior
Internal Risk Grade:
Pass $ 488,249 $ 447,737 $ 828,951 $ 1,655,229 $ 815,286 $ 1,216,394 $ 517,331 $ 246 $ 5,969,423
Special Mention 0 691 105 14,500 0 4,294 672 0 20,262
Substandard 0 200 109 164 7,862 12,044 210 0 20,589
Doubtful 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total $ 488,249 $ 448,628 $ 829,165 $ 1,669,893 $ 823,148 $ 1,232,732 $ 518,213 $ 246 $ 6,010,274
Current-period charge-offs 0 (63 ) (199 ) (53 ) (6 ) (167 ) (13 ) 0 (501 )
Current-period recoveries 0 0 0 0 2 318 1 0 321
Current-period net (charge-offs) recoveries $ 0 $ (63 ) $ (199 ) $ (53 ) $ (4 ) $ 151 $ (12 ) $ 0 $ (180 )
Term Loans<br><br> <br>Origination Year Revolving loans<br><br> <br>amortized cost<br> basis Revolving<br><br> <br>loans<br><br> <br>converted to<br> term loans Total
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
As of December 31, 2024 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Prior
Internal Risk Grade:
Pass $ 407,430 $ 820,059 $ 1,617,541 $ 827,395 $ 396,094 $ 971,226 $ 447,363 $ 2,467 $ 5,489,575
Special Mention 382 107 0 0 0 2,466 1,326 0 4,281
Substandard 0 0 0 508 0 12,430 507 83 13,528
Doubtful 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total $ 407,812 $ 820,166 $ 1,617,541 $ 827,903 $ 396,094 $ 986,122 $ 449,196 $ 2,550 $ 5,507,384
Current-period charge-offs 0 (7 ) (2 ) 0 0 (359 ) (113 ) 0 (481 )
Current-period recoveries 0 0 0 5 0 489 1 0 495
Current-period net (charge-offs) recoveries $ 0 $ (7 ) $ (2 ) $ 5 $ 0 $ 130 $ (112 ) $ 0 $ 14

Construction and Land Development

Term Loans<br><br> <br>Origination Year Revolving loans<br> amortized cost<br> basis Revolving<br><br> <br>loans<br><br> <br>converted to<br> term loans Total
As of September 30, 2025 2025 2024 2023 2022 2021 Prior
Internal Risk Grade:
Pass $ 773,037 $ 1,006,627 $ 831,585 $ 490,724 $ 171,005 $ 32,911 $ 291,376 $ 0 $ 3,597,265
Special Mention 0 2,827 12,927 15,719 15,000 141 0 0 46,614
Substandard 0 5,469 294 34 0 1,523 0 0 7,320
Doubtful 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total $ 773,037 $ 1,014,923 $ 844,806 $ 506,477 $ 186,005 $ 34,575 $ 291,376 $ 0 $ 3,651,199
Current-period charge-offs 0 0 (9 ) 0 (103 ) (164 ) 0 0 (276 )
Current-period recoveries 0 0 0 0 0 215 0 0 215
Current-period net recoveries $ 0 $ 0 $ (9 ) $ 0 $ (103 ) $ 51 $ 0 $ 0 $ (61 )
Term Loans<br><br> <br>Origination Year Revolving loans<br> amortized cost<br> basis Revolving<br><br> <br>loans<br><br> <br>converted to<br> term loans Total
As of December 31, 2024 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Prior
Internal Risk Grade:
Pass $ 628,186 $ 837,662 $ 1,253,480 $ 426,662 $ 18,559 $ 18,542 $ 302,302 $ 0 $ 3,485,393
Special Mention 0 0 1,455 18,356 57 153 0 0 20,021
Substandard 0 0 0 200 1,607 1,813 0 0 3,620
Doubtful 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total $ 628,186 $ 837,662 $ 1,254,935 $ 445,218 $ 20,223 $ 20,508 $ 302,302 $ 0 $ 3,509,034
Current-period charge-offs 0 0 0 0 0 (29 ) 0 0 (29 )
Current-period recoveries 0 0 0 0 0 319 0 0 319
Current-period net recoveries $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 290 $ 0 $ 0 $ 290

30

Table of Contents

Bankcard

Term Loans<br><br> <br>Origination Year Revolving loans<br> amortized cost<br> basis Revolving<br><br> <br>loans<br><br> <br>converted to<br> term loans Total
As of September 30, 2025 2025 2024 2023 2022 2021 Prior
Internal Risk Grade:
Pass $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 9,244 $ 0 $ 9,244
Special Mention 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 0 33
Substandard 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 21
Doubtful 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 9,298 $ 0 $ 9,298
Current-period charge-offs 0 0 0 0 0 0 (271 ) 0 (271 )
Current<br>-period recoveries 0 0 0 0 0 0 41 0 41
Current-period net charge-offs $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ (230 ) $ 0 $ (230 )
Term Loans<br><br> <br>Origination Year Revolving loans<br> amortized cost<br> basis Revolving<br><br> <br>loans<br><br> <br>converted to<br> term loans Total
As of December 31, 2024 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Prior
Internal Risk Grade:
Pass $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 9,874 $ 0 $ 9,874
Special<br>Mention 0 0 0 0 0 0 63 0 63
Substandard 0 0 0 0 0 0 61 0 61
Doubtful 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 9,998 $ 0 $ 9,998
Current-period charge-offs 0 0 0 0 0 0 (431 ) 0 (431 )
Current-period recoveries 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 19
Current-period net charge-offs $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ (412 ) $ 0 $ (412 )

Other Consumer

Term Loans<br><br> <br>Origination Year Revolving loans<br> amortized cost<br> basis Revolving<br><br> <br>loans<br><br> <br>converted to<br> term loans Total
As of September 30, 2025 2025 2024 2023 2022 2021 Prior
Internal Risk Grade:
Pass $ 277,685 $ 103,367 $ 90,474 $ 184,914 $ 71,507 $ 27,474 $ 2,669 $ 0 $ 758,090
Special Mention 385 297 839 6,446 4,131 1,299 47 0 13,444
Substandard 0 51 188 1,219 498 152 0 0 2,108
Doubtful 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total $ 278,070 $ 103,715 $ 91,501 $ 192,579 $ 76,136 $ 28,925 $ 2,716 $ 0 $ 773,642
Current-period charge-offs 0 (103 ) (419 ) (3,473 ) (1,317 ) (655 ) 0 0 (5,967 )
Current-period recoveries 0 6 76 430 244 335 0 0 1,091
Current-period net charge-offs $ 0 $ (97 ) $ (343 ) $ (3,043 ) $ (1,073 ) $ (320 ) $ 0 $ 0 $ (4,876 )
Term Loans<br><br> <br>Origination Year Revolving loans<br> amortized cost<br> basis Revolving<br><br> <br>loans<br><br> <br>converted to<br> term loans Total
As of December 31, 2024 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Prior
Internal Risk Grade:
Pass $ 139,908 $ 131,108 $ 276,041 $ 118,478 $ 49,553 $ 22,913 $ 2,215 $ 0 $ 740,216
Special Mention 495 1,805 13,462 8,485 2,704 1,440 23 0 28,414
Substandard 76 182 2,454 1,106 358 261 10 0 4,447
Doubtful 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total $ 140,479 $ 133,095 $ 291,957 $ 128,069 $ 52,615 $ 24,614 $ 2,248 $ 0 $ 773,077
Current-period charge-offs (28 ) (206 ) (5,724 ) (3,096 ) (869 ) (380 ) 0 0 (10,303 )
Current-period recoveries 0 21 402 241 125 330 0 0 1,119
Current-period net charge-offs $ (28 ) $ (185 ) $ (5,322 ) $ (2,855 ) $ (744 ) $ (50 ) $ 0 $ 0 $ (9,184 )

At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, other real estate owned (“OREO”) included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets was $6,891 and $327, respectively. OREO consists of real estate acquired in foreclosure or other settlement of loans. Such assets are carried at the lower of the investment in the assets or the fair value of the assets less estimated selling costs. Any adjustment to the fair value at the date of transfer is charged against the allowance for loan losses. Any subsequent valuation adjustments as well as any costs relating to operating, holding or disposing of the property are recorded in other expense in the period incurred. At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the recorded investment of consumer mortgage loans secured by residential real estate properties for which formal foreclosure proceedings are in process was $97 and $795, respectively.

31

Table of Contents

  1. ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES

The allowance for loan losses is an estimate of the expected credit losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost to present the net amount expected to be collected as of the balance sheet date. Such allowance is based on the credit losses expected to arise over the life of the asset (contractual term). Assets are charged off when United determines that such financial assets are deemed uncollectible or based on regulatory requirements, whichever is earlier. Charge-offs are recognized as a deduction from the allowance for credit losses. Expected recoveries of amounts previously charged-off, not to exceed the aggregate of the amount previously charged-off, are included in determining the necessary reserve at the balance sheet date.

United made a policy election to present the accrued interest receivable balance separately in its consolidated balance sheets from the amortized cost of a loan. Accrued interest receivable was $96,642 and $87,062 at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, related to loans and leases are included separately in “Accrued interest receivable” in the consolidated balance sheets. For all classes of loans and leases receivable, the accrual of interest is discontinued when the contractual payment of principal or interest has become 90 days past due, unless the loan is well secured and in the process of collection. Interest received on nonaccrual loans and leases, generally is either applied against principal or reported as interest income, according to management’s judgment as to the collectability of principal.

The following table represents the accrued interest receivable as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

Accrued Interest Receivable
At September 30, 2025 At December 31, 2024
Commercial Real Estate:
Owner-occupied $ 6,172 $ 4,700
Nonowner-occupied 38,739 30,582
Other Commercial 12,357 10,512
Residential Real Estate 21,741 21,662
Construction 15,288 17,174
Consumer:
Bankcard 0 0
Other consumer 2,345 2,432
Total $ 96,642 $ 87,062

The following table represents the accrued interest receivables written off by reversing interest income for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:

Accrued Interest Receivables Written<br> Off by Reversing Interest Income
Three Months Ended<br><br> <br>September 30 Nine Months Ended<br><br> <br>September 30
2025 2024 2025 2024
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied $ 0 $ 0 $ 68 $ 186
Nonowner-occupied 1,112 52 1,212 54
Other commercial 3 47 80 722
Residential real estate 28 68 434 202
Construction & land development 9 0 216 7
Consumer:
Bankcard 0 0 0 0
Other consumer 41 64 190 279
Total $ 1,193 $ 231 $ 2,200 $ 1,450

32

Table of Contents

United estimates the allowance balance using relevant available information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Adjustments to historical loss information are made for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics such as differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix, delinquency level or term as well as reasonable and supportable forecast adjustments for changes in environmental conditions, such as changes in unemployment rates, property values or other relevant factors. A reversion to historical loss data occurs via a straight-line method during the year following the one-year reasonable and supportable forecast period.

United pools its loans and leases based on similar risk characteristics in estimating expected credit losses. United has identified the following portfolio segments and measures the allowance for credit losses using the following methods:

• Method: Probability of Default/Loss Given Default (PD/LGD)
• Commercial Real Estate Owner-Occupied
--- ---
• Commercial Real Estate Nonowner-Occupied
--- ---
• Commercial Other
--- ---
• Method: Cohort
--- ---
• Residential Real Estate
--- ---
• Construction & Land Development
--- ---
• Consumer
--- ---
• Bankcard
--- ---

Risk characteristics of commercial real estate owner-occupied loans and commercial other loans and leases are similar in that they are normally dependent upon the borrower’s internal cash flow from operations to service debt. Commercial real estate nonowner-occupied loans differ in that cash flow to service debt is normally dependent on external income from third parties for use of the real estate such as rents, leases and room rates. Residential real estate loans are dependent upon individual borrowers who are affected by changes in general economic conditions, demand for housing and resulting residential real estate valuation. Construction and land development loans are impacted mainly by demand whether for new residential housing or for retail, industrial, office and other types of commercial construction within a given area. Consumer loan pool risk characteristics are influenced by general, regional and local economic conditions.

Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. Loans evaluated individually are not also included in the collective evaluation. When management determines that foreclosure is probable or when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty at the reporting date and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral but may also include other non-performing loans, expected credit losses are based on the fair value of the collateral at the reporting date, adjusted for selling costs as appropriate. These individually evaluated loans are removed from their respective pools and typically represent collateral dependent loans.

Expected credit losses are estimated over the contractual term of the loans and leases, adjusted for expected prepayments when appropriate. The contractual term excludes expected extensions, renewals and modifications unless management has a reasonable expectation at the reporting date that the extension or renewal options are included in the original or modified contract at the reporting date and are not unconditionally cancelable by United.

At the acquisition date, an initial allowance for expected credit losses for non-PCD loans is estimated and recorded as credit loss expense. The subsequent measurement of expected credit losses for all acquired loans is the same as the subsequent measurement of expected credit losses for originated loans. For allowance for credit losses under ASC Topic 326 calculation purposes, United includes its acquired loans and leases in their relevant pool unless they meet the criteria for specific review.

33

Table of Contents

United maintains an allowance for loan losses and a reserve for lending-related commitments such as unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit. The reserve for lending-related commitments of $32,639 and $34,911 at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, is separately classified on the balance sheet and is included in other liabilities. The combined allowance for loan losses and reserve for lending-related commitments is considered the allowance for credit losses.

United’s allowance for loan and lease losses at September 30, 2025 increased $28,206 or 10.38% from December 31, 2024. As previously mentioned, during the first nine months of 2025, United recorded an allowance for loan and lease losses on acquired Piedmont non-PCD loans of $18,726 and on acquired Piedmont PCD loans of $17,518.

The third quarter of 2025 qualitative adjustments include analyses of the following:

• Current conditions<br> – United considered the impact of government efficiency efforts, potential tariffs and geopolitical events when making determinations related to factor adjustments for the external environment. United also considered the impact of changes in economic and business conditions; collateral values for dependent loans; past due, nonaccrual and adversely classified loans and leases; and concentrations of credit.
• Reasonable and supportable forecasts<br> – The forecast is determined on a <br>portfolio-by-portfolio<br> basis by relating the correlation of real GDP and the unemployment rate to loss rates to forecasts of those variables. The reasonable and supportable forecast selection is subjective in nature and requires more judgment compared to the other components of the allowance. Assumptions for the economic variables were the following:
--- ---
• The forecast for real GDP increased slightly in the third quarter, from a projection of 1.40% for 2025 as of <br>mid-June<br> 2025 to 1.60% for 2025 as of <br>mid-September<br> with a projection of 1.80% for 2026. The unemployment rate forecast remained the same in the third quarter with a projection of 4.50% for 2025 as of <br>mid-June<br> 2025 and 4.50% for 2025 as of <br>mid-September<br> with a projection of 4.40% for 2026.
--- ---
• Greater risk of loss in the office portfolio within the CRE NOO loan segment due to challenging office market dynamics and stress in certain markets.
--- ---
• Reversion to historical loss data occurs via a straight-line method during the year following the <br>one-year<br> reasonable and supportable forecast period.
--- ---

A progression of the allowance for loan and lease losses, by portfolio segment, for the periods indicated is summarized as follows:

Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses and Carrying Amount of Loans and Leases
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2025
Commercial Real Estate Other<br> Commercial Residential<br> Real Estate Construction<br> & Land<br> Development Bankcard Total
Owner-<br> occupied Nonowner-<br> occupied Other<br> Consumer
Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses:
Beginning balance $ 12,776 $ 96,871 $ 63,746 $ 51,813 $ 70,761 $ 905 $ 11,090 $ 307,962
Initial allowance for PCD loans (acquired during the period) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Charge-offs 0 (19,106 ) (525 ) (114 ) (245 ) (80 ) (1,720 ) (21,790 )
Recoveries 113 111 984 83 112 22 357 1,782
Provision 368 22,988 (4,569 ) 1,523 (10,444 ) 46 2,184 12,096
Ending balance $ 13,257 $ 100,864 $ 59,636 $ 53,305 $ 60,184 $ 893 $ 11,911 $ 300,050

34

Table of Contents

Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses and Carrying Amount of Loans and Leases
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025
Commercial Real Estate Other<br> Commercial Residential<br> Real<br> Estate Construction<br> & Land<br> Development Bankcard Total
Owner-<br> occupied Nonowner-<br> occupied Other<br> Consumer
Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses:
Beginning balance $ 11,852 $ 74,522 $ 65,105 $ 46,373 $ 63,621 $ 891 $ 9,480 $ 271,844
Initial allowance for PCD loans (acquired during the period) 795 11,059 872 208 4,584 0 0 17,518
Charge-offs (228 ) (27,192 ) (5,298 ) (501 ) (276 ) (271 ) (5,967 ) (39,733 )
Recoveries 155 159 1,351 321 215 41 1,091 3,333
Provision 683 42,316 (2,394 ) 6,904 (7,960 ) 232 7,307 47,088
Ending balance $ 13,257 $ 100,864 $ 59,636 $ 53,305 $ 60,184 $ 893 $ 11,911 $ 300,050
Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses and Carrying Amount of Loans and Leases
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
For the Year Ended December 31, 2024
Commercial Real Estate Other<br> Commercial Residential<br> Real<br> Estate Construction<br> & Land<br> Development Bankcard Total
Owner-<br> occupied Nonowner-<br> occupied Other<br> Consumer
Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses:
Beginning balance $ 11,895 $ 57,935 $ 75,007 $ 41,167 $ 59,913 $ 810 $ 12,510 $ 259,237
Charge-offs (116 ) (2,581 ) (3,589 ) (481 ) (29 ) (431 ) (10,303 ) (17,530 )
Recoveries 1,183 200 1,650 495 319 19 1,119 4,985
Provision (1,110 ) 18,968 (7,963 ) 5,192 3,418 493 6,154 25,152
Ending balance $ 11,852 $ 74,522 $ 65,105 $ 46,373 $ 63,621 $ 891 $ 9,480 $ 271,844
  1. INTANGIBLE ASSETS

The following is a summary of intangible assets subject to amortization and those not subject to amortization:

September 30, 2025
Community Banking Total
Gross<br> Carrying<br> Amount Accumulated<br> Amortization Gross<br> Carrying<br> Amount Accumulated<br> Amortization
Amortized intangible assets:
Core deposit intangible assets $ 137,929 ($ 103,321 ) $ 137,929 ($ 103,321 )
Goodwill not subject to amortization $ 2,018,864 $ 2,018,864

35

Table of Contents

December 31, 2024
Community Banking Total
Gross<br> Carrying<br> Amount Accumulated<br> Amortization Gross<br> Carrying<br> Amount Accumulated<br> Amortization
Amortized intangible assets:
Core deposit intangible assets $ 105,165 ($ 96,299 ) $ 105,165 ($ 96,299 )
Goodwill not subject to amortization $ 1,888,889 $ 1,888,889

The following table provides a reconciliation of goodwill:

Community<br> Banking Total
Goodwill at December 31, 2024 $ 1,888,889 $ 1,888,889
Preliminary addition to goodwill from Piedmont acquisition 129,975 129,975
Goodwill at September 30, 2025 $ 2,018,864 $ 2,018,864

United incurred amortization expense of $2,340 and $7,022 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 as compared to $909 and $2,729 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively.

The following table sets forth the anticipated amortization expense for intangible assets for the years subsequent to 2024:

Year Amount
2025 $ 9,363
2026 7,351
2027 5,060
2028 4,003
2029 3,518
2030 and thereafter 12,335

8. LEASES

United determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. United and certain subsidiaries have entered into various noncancelable-operating leases for branch and loan production offices as well as operating facilities. Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and operating lease liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Operating leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Presently, United does not have any finance leases.

United’s operating leases are subject to renewal options under various terms. United’s operating leases have remaining terms of 1 to 15 years, some of which include options to extend leases generally for periods of 5 years. United rents or subleases certain real estate to third parties. Our sublease portfolio generally consists of operating leases to other organizations for former branch offices.

ROU assets represent United’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent United’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As most of United’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The operating lease ROU asset also includes any lease payments made and excludes lease incentives. Lease terms may include options to extend the lease when it is reasonably certain that United will exercise that option. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

36

Table of Contents

The components of lease expense were as follows:

Classification Three Months<br> Ended<br> September 30,<br> 2025 Three Months<br> Ended<br> September 30,<br> 2024
Operating lease cost Net occupancy expense $ 5,038 $ 4,668
Sublease income Net occupancy expense (51 ) (50 )
Net lease cost $ 4,987 $ 4,618
Classification Nine Months<br><br> <br>Ended<br> September 30,<br> 2025 Nine Months<br> Ended<br> September 30,<br> 2024
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Operating lease cost Net occupancy expense $ 15,066 $ 15,514
Sublease income Net occupancy expense (152 ) (134 )
Net lease cost $ 14,914 $ 15,380

Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows:

Classification September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024
Operating lease <br>right-of-use<br> assets Operating lease right-of-use assets $ 89,967 $ 81,742
Operating lease liabilities Operating lease liabilities $ 95,901 $ 86,771

Other information related to leases was as follows:

September 30, 2025
Weighted-average remaining lease term: Operating leases 7.62 years
Weighted-average discount rate: Operating leases 3.57 %

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:

Three Months Ended
September 30, 2025 September 30, 2024
Cash paid for amounts in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases $ 4,920 $ 4,660
ROU assets obtained in the exchange for lease liabilities 2,783 2,958
Nine Months Ended
--- --- --- --- ---
September 30, 2025 September 30, 2024
Cash paid for amounts in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases $ 14,891 $ 15,167
ROU assets obtained in the exchange for lease liabilities 15,433 7,865

Maturities of lease liabilities by year and in the aggregate, under operating leases with initial or remaining terms of one year or more, for years subsequent to December 31, 2024, consists of the following as of September 30, 2025:

Year Amount
2025 $ 4,674
2026 18,466
2027 17,002
2028 14,820
2029 12,679
Thereafter 43,129
Total lease payments 110,770
Less: imputed interest (14,869 )
Total $ 95,901

37

Table of Contents

  1. SHORT-TERM BORROWINGS

At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, short-term borrowings were as follows:

As of<br><br> <br>September 30, 2025 As of<br><br> <br>December 31, 2024
Federal funds purchased $ 0 $ 0
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase 169,013 176,090
Total short-term borrowings $ 169,013 $ 176,090

Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase have not been a significant source of funds for the company. The securities sold under agreements to repurchase were accounted for as collateralized financial transactions. They were recorded at the amounts at which the securities were acquired or sold plus accrued interest.

United has various unused lines of credit available from certain of its correspondent banks in the aggregate amount of $280,000. These lines of credit, which bear interest at prevailing market rates, permit United to borrow funds in the overnight market, and are renewable annually subject to certain conditions.

  1. LONG-TERM BORROWINGS

United’s subsidiary bank is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”). Membership in the FHLB makes available short-term and long-term borrowings from collateralized advances. All FHLB borrowings are collateralized by a mix of single-family residential mortgage loans, commercial loans and investment securities. At September 30, 2025, United had an unused borrowing amount of approximately $8,969,909 available subject to delivery of collateral after certain trigger points. Advances may be called by the FHLB or redeemed by United based on predefined factors and penalties.

At September 30, 2025, a $250,000 FHLB advance with a weighted-average contractual interest rate of 4.43% and a weighted-average effective interest rate of 0.59% is scheduled to mature in 2025. The weighted-average effective rate considers the effect of any interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges outstanding at September 30, 2025 to manage interest rate risk on its long-term debt.

The scheduled maturities of these FHLB borrowings are as follows:

Year Amount
2025 $ 250,000
2026 0
2027 0
2028 0
2029 and thereafter 0
Total $ 250,000

At September 30, 2025, United had a total of twenty statutory business trusts that were formed for the purpose of issuing or participating in pools of trust preferred capital securities (“Capital Securities”) with the proceeds invested in junior subordinated debt securities (“Debentures”) of United. The Debentures, which are subordinate and junior in right of payment to all present and future senior indebtedness and certain other financial obligations of United, are the sole assets of the trusts and United’s payment under the Debentures is the sole source of revenue for the trusts. At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the outstanding balance of the Debentures was $281,418 and $280,221, respectively, and was included in the category of long-term debt on the Consolidated Balance Sheets entitled “Other long-term borrowings.” The Capital Securities are not included as a component of shareholders’ equity in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. United fully and unconditionally guarantees each individual trust’s obligations under the Capital Securities. Under the provisions of the subordinated debt, United has the right to defer payment of interest on the subordinated debt at any time, or from time to time, for periods not exceeding five years. If interest payments on the subordinated debt are deferred, the dividends on the Capital Securities are also deferred. Interest on the subordinated debt is cumulative.

38

Table of Contents

United also assumed $20,000 in aggregate principal amount of fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes in the Piedmont acquisition which were also included in the category of long-term debt entitled “Other long-term borrowings” on the Consolidated Balance Sheets for June 30 and March 31, 2025. These subordinated notes were redeemed during the third quarter of 2025.

In accordance with the fully-phased in “Basel III Capital Rules” as published by United’s primary federal regulator, the Federal Reserve, United is unable to consider the Capital Securities or the fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes as Tier 1 capital, but rather the Capital Securities and the fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes are included as a component of United’s Tier 2 capital. United can include the Capital Securities and the fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes in its Tier 2 capital on a permanent basis.

  1. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES

Lending-related Commitments

United is a party to financial instruments with off-balance-sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers and to alter its own exposure to fluctuations in interest rates. These financial instruments include loan commitments, standby letters of credit, and interest rate swap agreements. The instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the financial statements.

United’s maximum exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the counterparty to the financial instrument for the loan commitments and standby letters of credit is the contractual or notional amount of those instruments. United uses the same policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for on-balance sheet instruments. Collateral may be obtained, if deemed necessary, based on management’s credit evaluation of the counterparty.

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the commitment contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require the payment of a fee. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily, and historically do not, represent future cash requirements. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary upon the extension of credit, is based on management’s credit evaluation of the counterparty. United had approximately $6,327,914 and $5,886,473 of loan commitments outstanding as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, approximately 35% of which contractually expire within one year.

Commercial and standby letters of credit are agreements used by United’s customers as a means of improving their credit standing in their dealings with others. Under these agreements, United guarantees certain financial commitments of its customers. A commercial letter of credit is issued specifically to facilitate trade or commerce. Typically, under the terms of a commercial letter of credit, a commitment is drawn upon when the underlying transaction is consummated as intended between the customer and a third party. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, United had $16,514 and $15,546 of commercial letters of credit outstanding. A standby letter of credit is generally contingent upon the failure of a customer to perform according to the terms of an underlying contract with a third party. United has issued standby letters of credit of $138,049 and $148,874 as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. In accordance with the Contingencies Topic of the FASB Accounting Standards Codification, United has determined that substantially all of its letters of credit are renewed on an annual basis and the fees associated with these letters of credit are immaterial.

Mortgage Banking

Related to its mortgage banking activities, United provides for its estimated exposure to repurchase loans previously sold to investors for which borrowers failed to provide full and accurate information on their loan application or for which appraisals have not been acceptable or where the loan was not underwritten in accordance with the loan program specified by the loan investor, and for other exposure to its investors related to loan sales activities. United evaluates the merits of each claim and estimates its reserve based on actual and expected claims received and considers the historical amounts paid to settle such claims. United’s reserve was immaterial as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

39

Table of Contents

United has derivative counter-party risk that may arise from the possible inability of United’s mortgage banking third party investors to meet the terms of their forward sales contracts. United works with mortgage banking third-party investors that are generally well-capitalized, are investment grade and exhibit strong financial performance to mitigate this risk. United does not expect any third-party investor to fail to meet its obligation.

Legal Proceedings

United and its subsidiaries are currently involved in various legal proceedings in the normal course of business. On at least a quarterly basis, United assesses its liabilities and contingencies in connection with all pending or threatened claims and litigation, utilizing the most recent information available. On a matter-by-matter basis, an accrual for loss is established for those matters which United believes it is probable that a loss may be incurred and that the amount of such loss can be reasonably estimated. Once established, each accrual is adjusted as appropriate to reflect any subsequent developments. Accordingly, management’s estimate will change from time to time, and actual losses may be more or less than the current estimate. For matters where a loss is not probable, or the amount of the loss cannot be estimated, no accrual is established.

Management is vigorously pursuing all its legal and factual defenses and, after consultation with legal counsel, believes that all such litigation will be resolved with no material effect on United’s financial statements.

Regulatory Matters

A variety of consumer products, including mortgage and deposit products, and certain fees and charges related to such products, have come under increased regulatory scrutiny. It is possible that regulatory authorities could bring enforcement actions, including civil money penalties, or take other actions against United in regard to these consumer products. United could also determine of its own accord, or be required by regulators, to refund or otherwise make remediation payments to customers in connection with these products. It is not possible at this time for management to assess the probability of a material adverse outcome or reasonably estimate the amount of any potential loss related to such matters.

  1. DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

United uses derivative instruments to help aid against adverse price changes or interest rate movements on the value of certain assets or liabilities and on future cash flows. These derivatives may consist of interest rate swaps, caps, floors, collars, futures, forward contracts, written and purchased options. United also executes derivative instruments with its commercial banking customers to facilitate its risk management strategies.

Derivative instruments designated in a hedge relationship to mitigate exposure to changes in the fair value of an asset, liability, or firm commitment attributable to a particular risk, such as interest rate risk, are considered fair value hedges. Derivative instruments designated in a hedge relationship to mitigate exposure to variability in expected future cash flows, or other types of forecasted transactions, are considered cash flow hedges.

Fair value hedges may be eligible for offset on the consolidated balance sheets because they are subject to master netting arrangements or similar agreements. United has elected not to offset the assets and liabilities subject to such arrangements on the consolidated financial statements.

During 2020, United entered into two interest rate swap derivatives designated as cash flow hedges. The notional amount of these cash flow hedge derivatives totaled $500,000. The derivatives were intended to hedge the changes in cash flows associated with floating rate FHLB borrowings. One of these two interest rate swap derivatives with a notional amount of $250,000 matured during the third quarter of 2024.

40

Table of Contents

As of September 30, 2025, United has determined that no forecasted transactions related to its cash flow hedges resulted in gains or losses pertaining to cash flow hedge reclassification from AOCI to income because the forecasted transactions became probable of not occurring. United estimates that $7,940 will be reclassified from AOCI as a decrease to interest expense over the next 12-months following September 30, 2025 related to the cash flow hedges. As of September 30, 2025, the maximum length of time over which forecasted transactions are hedged is five years.

At inception of a hedge relationship, United formally documents the hedged item, the particular risk management objective, the nature of the risk being hedged, the derivative being used, how effectiveness of the hedge will be assessed and how the ineffectiveness of the hedge will be measured. United also assesses hedge effectiveness at inception and on an ongoing basis using regression analysis. Hedge ineffectiveness is measured by using the change in fair value method. The change in fair value method compares the change in the fair value of the hedging derivative to the change in the fair value of the hedged exposure, attributable to changes in the benchmark rate.

United is subject to the Dodd-Frank Act clearing requirement for eligible derivatives. United has executed and cleared eligible derivatives through the London Clearing House (“LCH”). Variation margin at the LCH is distinguished as settled-to-market and settled daily based on the prior day value, rather than collateralized-to-market. The daily settlement of the derivative exposure does not change or reset the contractual terms of the instrument. The total notional amount of interest rate swap derivatives designated as cash flow hedges cleared through the LCH include $250,000 for asset derivatives as of September 30, 2025. Balances related to LCH are presented as a single unit of account with the fair value of the designated cash flow interest rate swap asset being reduced by variation margin posted by (with) the applicable counterparty and reported in the following table on a net basis. The related fair value on a net basis approximates zero.

United enters into interest rate lock commitments to finance residential mortgage loans with its customers. These commitments, which contain fixed expiration dates, offer the borrower an interest rate guarantee provided the loan meets underwriting guidelines and closes within the timeframe established by United. Interest rate risk arises on these commitments and subsequently closed loans if interest rates change between the time of the interest rate lock and the delivery of the loan to the investor. Market risk on interest rate lock commitments and mortgage loans held for sale is managed using corresponding forward mortgage loan sales contracts. United is a party to these forward mortgage loan sales contracts to sell loans with servicing released and short sales of mortgage-backed securities. When the interest rate is locked with the borrower, the rate lock commitment, forward sale agreement, and mortgage-backed security position are undesignated derivatives and marked to fair value through earnings. The fair value of the rate lock derivative is measured using valuations from investors for loans with similar characteristics as well as considering the probability of the loan closing (i.e. the “pull-through” rate) with some adjusted for the Company’s actual sales experience versus the investor’s indicated pricing. Fair values of TBA mortgage-backed securities are measured using valuations from investors for mortgage-backed securities with similar characteristics. Income from mortgage banking activities includes the gain recognized for the period presented and associated elements of fair value.

41

Table of Contents

The following tables disclose the derivative instruments’ location on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets and the notional amount and fair value of those instruments at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Asset Derivatives
September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024
Balance<br><br> <br>Sheet<br><br> <br>Location Notional<br><br> <br>Amount Fair<br><br> <br>Value Balance<br><br> <br>Sheet<br><br> <br>Location Notional<br><br> <br>Amount Fair<br><br> <br>Value
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments
Fair Value Hedges:
Interest rate swap contracts (hedging commercial loans) Other assets $ 9,796 $ 341 Other assets $ 10,770 $ 644
Total Fair Value Hedges $ 9,796 $ 341 $ 10,770 $ 644
Cash Flow Hedges:
Interest rate swap contracts (hedging FHLB borrowings) Other assets $ 250,000 $ 0 Other assets $ 250,000 $ 0
Total Cash Flow Hedges $ 250,000 $ 0 $ 250,000 $ 0
Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments $ 259,796 $ 341 $ 260,770 $ 644
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
Forward loan sales commitments Other assets $ 2,668 $ 1 Other assets $ 0 $ 0
TBA mortgage-backed securities Other assets 35,128 96 Other assets 54,826 278
Interest rate lock commitments Other assets 33,941 617 Other assets 21,553 339
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments $ 71,737 $ 714 $ 76,379 $ 617
Total asset derivatives $ 331,533 $ 1,055 $ 337,149 $ 1,261
Liability Derivatives
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024
Balance<br><br> <br>Sheet<br><br> <br>Location Notional<br><br> <br>Amount Fair<br><br> <br>Value Balance<br><br> <br>Sheet<br><br> <br>Location Notional<br><br> <br>Amount Fair<br><br> <br>Value
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
TBA mortgage-backed securities Other liabilities $ 0 $ 0 Other liabilities $ 0 $ 0
Forward loan sales commitments Other liabilities 0 0 Other liabilities 3,186 20
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments $ 0 $ 0 $ 3,186 $ 20
Total liability derivatives $ 0 $ 0 $ 3,186 $ 20

The following table represents the carrying amount of the hedged assets/(liabilities) and the cumulative amount of fair value hedging adjustment included in the carrying amount of the hedged assets/(liabilities) that are designated as a fair value accounting relationship as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Derivatives in Fair Value<br><br>Hedging Relationships Location in the Statement<br><br>of Condition September 30, 2025
Carrying Amount of<br> the Hedged<br><br> <br>Assets/(Liabilities) Cumulative Amount of<br><br> <br>Fair Value Hedging<br> Adjustment Included<br> in the Carrying<br> Amount of the Hedged<br> Assets/(Liabilities) Cumulative Amount of<br> Fair Value Hedging<br> Adjustment Remaining for<br> any Hedged Assets/<br> (Liabilities) for which<br> Hedge Accounting has<br> been Discontinued
Interest rate swaps Loans, net of unearned income $ 9,796 $ (357 ) $ 0
Derivatives in Fair Value<br><br>Hedging Relationships Location in the Statement<br><br>of Condition December 31, 2024
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Carrying Amount of<br> the Hedged<br><br> <br>Assets/(Liabilities) Cumulative Amount of<br> Fair Value Hedging<br> Adjustment Included<br> in the Carrying<br> Amount of the Hedged<br> Assets/(Liabilities) Cumulative Amount of<br> Fair Value Hedging<br> Adjustment Remaining for<br> any Hedged Assets/<br> (Liabilities) for which<br> Hedge Accounting has<br> been Discontinued
Interest rate swaps Loans, net of unearned income $ 10,770 $ (657 ) $ 0

42

Table of Contents

Derivative contracts involve the risk of dealing with both bank customers and institutional derivative counterparties and their ability to meet contractual terms. Credit risk arises from the possible inability of counterparties to meet the terms of their contracts. United’s exposure is limited to the replacement value of the contracts rather than the notional amount of the contract. The Company’s agreements generally contain provisions that limit the unsecured exposure up to an agreed upon threshold. Additionally, the Company attempts to minimize credit risk through certain approval processes established by management.

43

Table of Contents

The effect of United’s derivative financial instruments on its unaudited Consolidated Statements of Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 are presented as follows:

Three Months Ended
Income Statement<br><br>Location September 30,<br> 2025 September 30,<br> 2024
Derivatives in hedging relationships
Cash flow Hedges:
Interest rate swap contracts Interest on long-term borrowings $ 2,470 $ 5,418
Fair Value Hedges:
Interest rate swap contracts Interest and fees on loans $ 0 $ (5 )
Total derivatives in hedging relationships $ 2,470 $ 5,413
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
Forward loan sales commitments Income from Mortgage Banking Activities $ (43 ) $ (18 )
TBA mortgage-backed securities Income from Mortgage Banking Activities 659 84
Interest rate lock commitments Income from Mortgage Banking Activities (137 ) 164
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments $ 479 $ 230
Total derivatives $ 2,949 $ 5,643
Nine Months Ended
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Income Statement<br><br>Location September 30,<br> 2025 September 30,<br> 2024
Derivatives in hedging relationships
Cash flow Hedges:
Interest rate swap contracts Interest on long-term borrowings $ 7,387 $ 18,156
Fair Value Hedges:
Interest rate swap contracts Interest and fees on loans $ (3 ) $ 1
Total derivatives in hedging relationships $ 7,384 $ 18,157
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
Forward loan sales commitments Income from Mortgage Banking Activities $ 21 $ (111 )
TBA mortgage-backed securities Income from Mortgage Banking Activities (182 ) 835
Interest rate lock commitments Income from Mortgage Banking Activities 198 157
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments $ 37 $ 881
Total derivatives $ 7,421 $ 19,038

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, changes in the fair value of any interest rate swaps attributed to hedge ineffectiveness were recorded, but not significant to United’s Consolidated Statements of Income.

  1. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

United determines the fair values of its financial instruments based on the fair value hierarchy established in ASC Topic 820, which also clarifies that fair value of certain assets and liabilities is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants.

ASC Topic 820 specifies a hierarchy of valuation techniques based on whether the inputs to those valuation techniques are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect United’s market assumptions.

44

Table of Contents

The three levels of the fair value hierarchy based on these two types of inputs are as follows:

Level 1 - Valuation is based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities.
Level 2 - Valuation is based on observable inputs including quoted prices in active markets for similar assets and liabilities, quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in less active markets, and model-based valuation techniques for which significant assumptions can be derived primarily from or corroborated by observable data in the market.
Level 3 - Valuation is based on model-based techniques that use one or more significant inputs or assumptions that are unobservable in the market.

When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities, United looks to active and observable markets to price identical assets or liabilities whenever possible and classifies such items in Level 1. When identical assets and liabilities are not traded in active markets, United looks to market observable data for similar assets and liabilities and classifies such items as Level 2. Nevertheless, certain assets and liabilities are not actively traded in observable markets and United must use alternative valuation techniques using unobservable inputs to determine a fair value and classifies such items as Level 3. For assets and liabilities that are not actively traded, the fair value measurement is based primarily upon estimates that require significant judgment. Therefore, the results may not be realized in an actual sale or immediate settlement of the asset or liability. Additionally, there are inherent weaknesses in any calculation technique, and changes in the underlying assumptions used, including discount rates and estimates of future cash flows, could significantly affect the results of current or future values. The level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant in the fair value measurement.

In accordance with ASC Topic 820, the following describes the valuation techniques used by United to measure certain financial assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis in the financial statements.

Securities available for sale and equity securities : Securities available for sale and equity securities are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Fair value measurement is based upon quoted market prices, when available (“Level 1”). If quoted market prices are not available, fair values are measured utilizing independent valuation techniques of identical or similar securities for which significant assumptions are derived primarily from or corroborated by observable market data. Using a market approach valuation methodology, third party vendors compile prices based on observable market inputs, which include benchmark yields, reported trades, issuer spreads, benchmark securities, and “To Be Announced” prices (“Level 2”). Management internally reviews the fair values provided by third party vendors on a monthly basis. Management also performs a quarterly price testing analysis at the individual security level which compares the pricing provided by the third party vendors to an independent pricing source’s valuation of the same securities. Variances that are deemed to be material are reviewed by management. Additionally, to further assess the reliability of the information received from third party vendors, management obtains documentation from third party vendors related to the sources, methodologies, and inputs utilized in valuing securities classified as Level 2. Management analyzes this information to ensure the underlying assumptions appear reasonable. Management also obtains an independent service auditor’s report from third party vendors to provide reasonable assurance that appropriate controls are in place over the valuation process. Upon completing its review of the pricing from third party vendors at September 30, 2025, management determined that the prices provided by its third party pricing sources were reasonable and in line with management’s expectations for the market values of these securities. Therefore, prices obtained from third party vendors that did not reflect forced liquidation or distressed sales were not adjusted materially by management at September 30, 2025. Management utilizes a number of factors to determine if a market is inactive, all of which may require a significant level of judgment. Factors that management considers include: a significant widening of the bid-ask spread, a considerable decline in the volume and level of trading activity in the instrument, a significant variance in prices among market participants, and a significant reduction in the level of observable inputs. Any securities available for sale not valued based upon quoted market prices or third party pricing models that consider observable market data are considered Level 3. Currently, United does not have any available-for-sale securities considered as Level 3.

Loans held for sale : For residential mortgage loans sold, the loans closed are recorded at fair value using the fair value option which is measured using valuations from investors for loans with similar characteristics (“Level 2”) with some adjusted for the Company’s actual sales experience versus the investor’s indicated pricing (“Level 3”). The unobservable input for Level 3 valuations is the Company’s historical sales prices. For September 30, 2025, the range of historical sales prices increased the investor’s indicated pricing by a range of 0.01% to 0.34% with a weighted average increase of 0.11%.

45

Table of Contents

Derivatives : United utilizes interest rate swaps to hedge exposure to interest rate risk and variability of cash flows associated to changes in the underlying interest rate of the hedged item. These hedging interest rate swaps are classified as either a fair value hedge or a cash flow hedge. United utilizes third-party vendors for derivative valuation purposes. These vendors determine the appropriate fair value based on a net present value calculation of the cash flows related to the interest rate swaps using primarily observable market inputs such as interest rate yield curves (“Level 2”). Valuation adjustments to derivative fair values for liquidity and credit risk are also taken into consideration, as well as the likelihood of default by United and derivative counterparties, the net counterparty exposure and the remaining maturities of the positions. Values obtained from third party vendors are typically not adjusted by management. Management internally reviews the derivative values provided by third party vendors on a quarterly basis. All derivative values are tested for reasonableness by management utilizing a net present value calculation.

For a fair value hedge, the fair value of the interest rate swap is recognized on the balance sheet as either a freestanding asset or liability with a corresponding adjustment to the hedged financial instrument. Subsequent adjustments due to changes in the fair value of a derivative that qualifies as a fair value hedge are offset in current period earnings either in interest income or interest expense depending on the nature of the hedged financial instrument. For a cash flow hedge, the fair value of the interest rate swap is recognized on the balance sheet as either a freestanding asset or liability with a corresponding adjustment to accumulated other comprehensive income within shareholders’ equity, net of tax. Subsequent adjustments due to changes in the fair value of a derivative that qualifies as a cash flow hedge are offset to accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax and reclassified into earnings in the same line associated with the forecasted transaction when the forecasted transaction affects earnings.

The Company records its interest rate lock commitments and forward loan sales commitments at fair value determined as the amount that would be required to settle each of these derivative financial instruments at the balance sheet date. In the normal course of business, United enters into contractual interest rate lock commitments to extend credit to borrowers with fixed expiration dates. The commitments become effective when the borrowers “lock-in” a specified interest rate within the timeframes established by the mortgage companies. All borrowers are evaluated for credit worthiness prior to the extension of the commitment. Interest rate risk arises if interest rates move adversely between the time of the interest rate lock by the borrower and the sale date of the loan to the investor. To mitigate the effect of the interest rate risk inherent in providing rate lock commitments to borrowers, United enters into either a forward sales contract to sell loans to investors or a TBA mortgage-backed security. Fair values of TBA mortgage-backed securities are measured using valuations from investors for mortgage-backed securities with similar characteristics (“Level 2”). The forward sales contracts lock in an interest rate and price for the sale of loans similar to the specific rate lock commitments. These valuations fall into a Level 2 category. The interest rate lock commitments are recorded at fair value which is measured using valuations from investors for loans with similar characteristics (“Level 2”) with some adjusted for the Company’s actual sales experience versus the investor’s indicated pricing (“Level 3”). The unobservable input for Level 3 valuations is the Company’s historical sales prices. For September 30, 2025, the range of historical sales prices increased the investor’s indicated pricing by a range of 0.01% to 0.34% with a weighted average increase of 0.11%.

For derivatives that are not designated in a hedge relationship, changes in the fair value of the derivatives are recognized in income from mortgage banking activities in the same period as the change in the fair value. Unrealized gains and losses due to changes in the fair value of other derivative financial instruments not in hedge relationships are included in noninterest income and noninterest expense, respectively.

46

Table of Contents

The following tables present the balances of financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, segregated by the level of the valuation inputs within the fair value hierarchy.

Fair Value at September 30, 2025 Using
Description Balance as of<br><br> <br>September 30,<br><br> <br>2025 Quoted Prices<br><br> <br>in Active<br><br> <br>Markets for<br><br> <br>Identical<br><br> <br>Assets<br><br> <br>(Level 1) Significant<br><br> <br>Other<br><br> <br>Observable<br><br> <br>Inputs<br><br> <br>(Level 2) Significant<br><br> <br>Unobservable<br><br> <br>Inputs<br><br> <br>(Level 3)
Assets
Available for sale debt securities:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government corporations and agencies $ 292,708 $ 0 $ 292,708 $ 0
State and political subdivisions 516,771 0 516,771 0
Residential mortgage-backed securities
Agency 1,220,215 0 1,220,215 0
Non-agency 69,132 0 69,132 0
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
Agency 398,474 0 398,474 0
Asset-backed securities 277,228 0 277,228 0
Single issue trust preferred securities 12,623 0 12,623 0
Other corporate securities 236,825 4,755 232,070 0
Total available for sale securities 3,023,976 4,755 3,019,221 0
Equity securities:
Financial services industry 26,065 20,611 5,454 0
Equity mutual funds (1) 3,326 3,326 0 0
Other equity securities 5,303 5,303 0 0
Total equity securities 34,694 29,240 5,454 0
Loans held for sale 24,226 0 0 24,226
Derivative financial assets:
Interest rate swap contracts 341 0 341 0
Forward loan sales commitments 1 0 0 1
TBA mortgage-backed securities 96 0 0 96
Interest rate lock commitments 617 0 0 617
Total derivative financial assets 1,055 0 341 714

47

Table of Contents

Fair Value at December 31, 2024 Using
Description Balance as of<br><br> <br>December 31,<br><br> <br>2024 Quoted Prices<br><br> <br>in Active<br><br> <br>Markets for<br><br> <br>Identical<br><br> <br>Assets<br><br> <br>(Level 1) Significant<br><br> <br>Other<br><br> <br>Observable<br><br> <br>Inputs<br><br> <br>(Level 2) Significant<br><br> <br>Unobservable<br><br> <br>Inputs<br><br> <br>(Level 3)
Assets
Available for sale debt securities:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government corporations and agencies $ 245,842 $ 0 $ 245,842 $ 0
State and political subdivisions 495,073 0 495,073 0
Residential mortgage-backed securities
Agency 1,059,719 0 1,059,719 0
Non-agency 82,123 0 82,123 0
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
Agency 329,986 0 329,986 0
Asset-backed securities 474,982 0 474,982 0
Single issue trust preferred securities 11,919 0 11,919 0
Other corporate securities 260,075 4,965 255,110 0
Total available for sale securities 2,959,719 4,965 2,954,754 0
Equity securities:
Financial services industry 12,504 12,504 0 0
Equity mutual funds (1) 3,394 3,394 0 0
Fixed income mutual funds 5,160 5,160 0 0
Total equity securities 21,058 21,058 0 0
Loans held for sale 44,360 0 0 44,360
Derivative financial assets:
Interest rate swap contracts 644 0 644 0
TBA mortgage-backed securities 278 0 0 278
Interest rate lock commitments 339 0 0 339
Total derivative financial assets 1,261 0 644 617
Liabilities
Derivative financial liabilities:
Forward loan sales commitments 20 0 0 20
Total derivative financial liabilities 20 0 0 20
(1) The equity mutual funds are within a rabbi trust for the payment of benefits under a deferred compensation plan for certain key officers of United and its subsidiaries.
--- ---

There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 for financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and the year ended December 31, 2024.

48

Table of Contents

The following tables present additional information about financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 on a recurring basis and for which United has utilized Level 3 inputs to determine fair value. The amount of total gains or losses for the period included in earnings (or changes in net assets) attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses related to assets still held at the reporting date are recorded in Income from mortgage banking activities in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Derivative Assets Derivative Liabilities
September 30, 2025 Loans<br><br> <br>Held for<br><br> <br>Sale TBA<br> Securities Forward Sales<br> Commitments Interest Rate<br> Lock<br> Commitments TBA<br> Securities Forward<br> Sales<br> Commitments
Balance, beginning of period $ 44,360 $ 278 $ 0 $ 339 $ 0 $ 20
Originations 283,722 0 0 0 0 0
Sales (311,433 ) 0 0 0 0 0
Transfers other 0 (182 ) 1 278 0 (20 )
Total gains during the period recognized in earnings 7,577 0 0 0 0 0
Balance, end of period $ 24,226 $ 96 $ 1 $ 617 $ 0 $ 0
The amount of total (losses) gains for the period included in earnings (or changes in net assets) attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to assets still held at reporting date $ (12 ) $ 96 $ 1 $ 617 $ 0 $ 0
Derivative Assets Derivative Liabilities
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
December 31, 2024 Loans<br><br> <br>Held for<br><br> <br>Sale TBA<br> Securities Forward Sales<br> Commitments Interest Rate<br> Lock<br> Commitments TBA<br> Securities Forward<br> Sales<br> Commitments
Balance, beginning of period $ 51,978 $ 0 $ 33 $ 1,005 $ 667 $ 0
Originations 607,383 0 0 0 0 0
Sales (630,244 ) 0 0 0 0 0
Transfers other 0 278 (33 ) (666 ) (667 ) 20
Total gains during the period recognized in earnings 15,243 0 0 0 0 0
Balance, end of period $ 44,360 $ 278 $ 0 $ 339 $ 0 $ 20
The amount of total (losses) gains for the period included in earnings (or changes in net assets) attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to assets still held at reporting date $ (1,133 ) $ 278 $ 0 $ 339 $ 0 $ 20

Fair Value Option

The following table reflects the change in fair value included in earnings of financial instruments for which the fair value option has been elected:

Description Three Months Ended<br><br> <br>September 30, 2025 Three Months Ended<br><br> <br>September 30, 2024
Income from mortgage banking activities $ (424 ) $ (111 )
Description Nine Months Ended<br><br> <br>September 30, 2025 Nine Months Ended<br><br> <br>September 30, 2024
--- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Income from mortgage banking activities $ (12 ) $ (698 )

No loans held for sale were past due or on nonaccrual status as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

The following table reflects the difference between the aggregate fair value and the remaining contractual principal outstanding for financial instruments for which the fair value option has been elected:

September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024
Description Unpaid<br> Principal<br> Balance Fair<br> Value Fair Value<br> Over/(Under)<br> Unpaid<br> Principal<br> Balance Unpaid<br> Principal<br> Balance Fair<br> Value Fair Value<br> Over/(Under)<br> Unpaid<br> Principal<br> Balance
Loans held for sale $ 23,576 $ 24,226 $ 650 $ 43,698 $ 44,360 $ 662

49

Table of Contents

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

Certain financial assets are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis in accordance with GAAP. Adjustments to the fair value of these assets usually result from the application of lower-of-cost-or-market accounting or write-downs of individual assets.

The following describes the valuation techniques used by United to measure certain financial assets recorded at fair value on a nonrecurring basis in the financial statements.

Individually assessed loans : In the determination of the allowance for loan losses, loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. Loans evaluated individually are not also included in the collective evaluation. When management determines that foreclosure is probable or when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty at the reporting date and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral, expected credit losses are based on the fair value of the collateral at the reporting date, adjusted for selling costs as appropriate. Fair value is measured using a market approach based on the value of the collateral securing the loans. Collateral may be in the form of real estate or business assets including equipment, inventory, and accounts receivable. The vast majority of the collateral is real estate. The value of real estate collateral is determined utilizing an appraisal conducted by an independent, licensed appraiser outside of the Company using comparable property sales (“Level 2”). However, if the collateral is a house or building in the process of construction or if an appraisal of the real estate property is over two years old, then the fair value is considered Level 3. The value of business equipment is based upon an outside appraisal if deemed significant, or the net book value on the applicable business’ financial statements if not considered significant using observable market data. Likewise, values for inventory and accounts receivables collateral are based on financial statement balances or aging reports (“Level 3”). For individually assessed loans, a specific reserve is established through the allowance for loan losses, if necessary, by estimating the fair value of the underlying collateral on a nonrecurring basis. Any fair value adjustments are recorded in the period incurred as provision for credit losses expense on the Consolidated Statements of Income.

OREO : OREO consists of real estate acquired in foreclosure or other settlement of loans. Such assets are carried on the balance sheet at the lower of the investment in the assets or the fair value of the assets less estimated selling costs. Fair value is determined by one of two market approach methods depending on whether the property has been vacated and an appraisal can be conducted. If the property has yet to be vacated and thus an appraisal cannot be performed, a Brokers Price Opinion (i.e. BPO), is obtained. A BPO represents a best estimate valuation performed by a realtor based on knowledge of current property values and a visual examination of the exterior condition of the property. Once the property is subsequently vacated, a formal appraisal is obtained and the recorded asset value appropriately adjusted. On the other hand, if the OREO property has been vacated and an appraisal can be conducted, the fair value of the property is determined based upon the appraisal using a market approach. An authorized independent appraiser conducts appraisals for United. Appraisals for property other than ongoing construction are based on consideration of comparable property sales (“Level 2”). In contrast, valuation of ongoing construction assets requires some degree of professional judgment. In conducting an appraisal for ongoing construction property, the appraiser develops two appraised amounts: an “as is” appraised value and a “completed” value. Based on professional judgment and their knowledge of the particular situation, management determines the appropriate fair value to be utilized for such property (“Level 3”). As a matter of policy, valuations are reviewed at least annually and appraisals are generally updated on a bi-annual basis with values lowered as necessary.

Intangible Assets : For United, intangible assets consist of goodwill and core deposit intangibles. Goodwill is tested for impairment at least annually or sooner if indicators of impairment exist. United may elect to perform a qualitative analysis to determine whether or not it is more-likely-than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If United elects to bypass this qualitative analysis, or concludes via qualitative analysis that it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, United may use either a market or income quantitative approach to determine the fair value of the reporting unit. If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, an impairment charge would be recorded for the difference, not to exceed the amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. At each reporting date, the Company considers potential indicators of impairment. United performed its annual goodwill impairment test on the Company’s reporting units as of September 30, 2025. The goodwill impairment test did not identify any goodwill impairment. In subsequent periods, economic uncertainty, market volatility and the performance of the Company’s stock as well as possible other impairment indicators could cause us to perform a goodwill impairment test which could result in an impairment charge being recorded for that period if the carrying value of goodwill was found to exceed fair value. Core deposit intangibles relate to the estimated value of the deposit base of acquired institutions. Management reviews core deposit intangible assets on an annual basis, or sooner if indicators of impairment exist, and evaluates changes in facts and circumstances that may indicate impairment in the carrying value. Other than those intangible assets recorded in the acquisition of Piedmont in the first nine months of 2025, no other fair value measurement of intangible assets was made during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

50

Table of Contents

The following table summarizes United’s financial assets that were measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis during the period:

Description Balance as of<br><br> <br>September 30, 2025 Fair Value at September 30, 2025 YTD Gains<br><br> <br>(Losses)
Quoted Prices<br><br> <br>in Active<br><br> <br>Markets for<br><br> <br>Identical<br><br> <br>Assets<br><br> <br>(Level 1) Significant<br><br> <br>Other<br><br> <br>Observable<br><br> <br>Inputs<br><br> <br>(Level 2) Significant<br><br> <br>Unobservable<br><br> <br>Inputs<br><br> <br>(Level 3)
Assets
Individually assessed loans $ 60,757 $ 0 $ 44,331 $ 16,426 $ 990
OREO 6,891 0 6,771 120 (55 )
Description Balance as of<br><br> <br>December 31, 2024 Fair Value at December 31, 2024 YTD Gains<br><br> <br>(Losses)
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Quoted Prices<br><br> <br>in Active<br><br> <br>Markets for<br><br> <br>Identical<br><br> <br>Assets<br><br> <br>(Level 1) Significant<br><br> <br>Other<br><br> <br>Observable<br><br> <br>Inputs<br><br> <br>(Level 2) Significant<br><br> <br>Unobservable<br><br> <br>Inputs<br><br> <br>(Level 3)
Assets
Individually assessed loans $ 40,701 $ 0 $ 21,725 $ 18,976 $ (231 )
OREO 327 0 240 87 0

Fair Value of Other Financial Instruments

The following methods and assumptions were used by United in estimating its fair value disclosures for other financial instruments:

Cash and Cash Equivalents: The carrying amounts reported in the balance sheet for cash and cash equivalents approximate those assets’ fair values.

Securities held to maturity and other securities : The estimated fair values of securities held to maturity are based on quoted market prices, where available. If quoted market prices are not available, fair values are measured utilizing independent valuation techniques of identical or similar securities for which significant assumptions are derived primarily from or corroborated by observable market data. Third party vendors compile prices from various sources and may determine the fair value of identical or similar securities by using pricing models that consider observable market data. Any securities held to maturity, not valued based upon the methods above, are valued based on a discounted cash flow methodology using appropriately adjusted discount rates reflecting nonperformance and liquidity risks. Other securities consist mainly of shares of Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Bank stock as well as investment tax credits that do not have readily determinable fair values and are carried at cost.

Loans and leases : The fair values of certain mortgage loans (e.g., one-to-four family residential), credit card loans, and other consumer loans are based on quoted market prices of similar loans sold in conjunction with securitization transactions, adjusted for differences in loan characteristics. The fair values of other loans and leases (e.g., commercial real estate and rental property mortgage loans, commercial and industrial loans, financial institution loans and agricultural loans) are estimated using discounted cash flow analyses, using market interest rates currently being offered for loans and leases with similar terms to borrowers of similar creditworthiness, which include adjustments for liquidity concerns. For acquired PCD loans, fair value is assumed to equal United’s carrying value, which represents the present value of expected future principal and interest cash flows, as adjusted for any Allowance for Credit Losses recorded for these loans.

51

Table of Contents

Deposits : The fair values of demand deposits (e.g., interest and noninterest checking, regular savings and certain types of money market accounts) are, by definition, equal to the amount payable on demand at the reporting date (i.e., their carrying amounts). The carrying amounts of variable-rate, fixed-term money market accounts and certificates of deposit approximate their fair values at the reporting date. Fair values of fixed-rate certificates of deposit are estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation that applies interest rates currently being offered on certificates to a schedule of aggregated expected monthly maturities on time deposits.

Short-term Borrowings: The carrying amounts of federal funds purchased, borrowings under repurchase agreements and any other short-term borrowings approximate their fair values.

Long-term Borrowings: The fair values of United’s Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings and trust preferred securities are estimated using discounted cash flow analyses, based on United’s current incremental borrowing rates for similar types of borrowing arrangements.

Summary of Fair Values for All Financial Instruments

The estimated fair values of United’s financial instruments are summarized below:

Fair Value Measurements
Carrying<br> Amount Fair Value Quoted Prices<br><br> <br>in Active<br><br> <br>Markets for<br><br> <br>Identical<br><br> <br>Assets<br><br> <br>(Level 1) Significant<br><br> <br>Other<br><br> <br>Observable<br><br> <br>Inputs<br><br> <br>(Level 2) Significant<br><br> <br>Unobservable<br><br> <br>Inputs<br><br> <br>(Level 3)
September 30, 2025
Cash and cash equivalents $ 2,518,719 $ 2,518,719 $ 0 $ 2,518,719 $ 0
Securities available for sale 3,023,976 3,023,976 4,755 3,019,221 0
Securities held to maturity 1,003 1,020 0 0 1,020
Equity securities 34,694 34,694 29,240 5,454 0
Other securities 299,851 284,858 0 0 284,858
Loans held for sale 24,226 24,226 0 0 24,226
Net loans 24,219,656 24,208,888 0 0 24,208,888
Derivative financial assets 1,055 1,055 0 341 714
Deposits 26,883,520 26,847,025 0 26,847,025 0
Short-term borrowings 169,013 169,013 0 169,013 0
Long-term borrowings 531,418 525,385 0 525,385 0
Derivative financial liabilities 0 0 0 0 0
December 31, 2024
Cash and cash equivalents $ 2,292,244 $ 2,292,244 $ 0 $ 2,292,244 $ 0
Securities available for sale 2,959,719 2,959,719 4,965 2,954,754 0
Securities held to maturity 1,002 1,020 0 0 1,020
Equity securities 21,058 21,058 21,058 0 0
Other securities 277,517 263,641 0 0 263,641
Loans held for sale 44,360 44,360 0 0 44,360
Net loans 21,401,649 20,868,239 0 0 20,868,239
Derivative financial assets 1,261 1,261 0 644 617
Deposits 23,961,859 23,922,063 0 23,922,063 0
Short-term borrowings 176,090 176,090 0 176,090 0
Long-term borrowings 540,420 505,305 0 505,305 0
Derivative financial liabilities 20 20 0 0 20

52

Table of Contents

  1. STOCK BASED COMPENSATION

On May 14, 2025, United’s shareholders approved the 2025 Equity Incentive Plan (“2025 EIP”), becoming effective on that date. The 2025 EIP replaces United’s 2020 Long-Term Incentive Plan (“2020 LTI Plan”). An award granted under the 2025 EIP may consist of stock options, stock appreciation rights (“SARs”), restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance based stock awards, dividend equivalent rights and other equity-based or equity-related awards. These awards all relate to the common stock of United. The maximum number of shares of United common stock which may be issued under the 2025 EIP is 3,000,000. The 2025 EIP will be administered by the Compensation and Human Capital Committee of the Board (the “Committee”). Subject to certain change in control provisions, all awards are subject to a minimum vesting schedule of at least twelve months following the date of grant of such award, except that 5% of the shares available for grant under the 2025 EIP may be granted with a shorter minimum vesting period. Awards under the 2025 EIP will be subject to the terms of the Company’s Compensation Recoupment Policy and any other clawback or recapture policy that the Company may adopt from time to time and, in accordance with such policy, may be subject to the requirement that the awards be repaid to the Company after they have been distributed to the grantee. A Form S-8 was filed on May 30, 2025 with the Securities and Exchange Commission to register all the shares which were available for issuance under the 2025 EIP Plan.

During the first nine months of 2025, a total of 184,515 shares of restricted stock and 256,385 of restricted stock units were granted under the 2020 LTI Plan. No non-qualified stock options were granted under the 2020 LTI Plan during the first nine months of 2025. Compensation expense of $3,442 and $9,701 related to all share-based grants and awards under United’s Long-Term Incentive Plans was incurred for the third quarter and first nine months of 2025, respectively, as compared to compensation expense of $3,118 and $9,388 related to the all share-based grants and awards under United’s Long-Term Incentive Plans for the third quarter and first nine months of 2024, respectively. Compensation expense was included in employee compensation in the unaudited Consolidated Statements of Income.

Stock Options

As of September 30, 2025, no stock option awards have been granted under the 2025 EIP. United does have options outstanding from various other option plans (the “Prior Plans”); however, no common shares of United stock are available for grants under the Prior Plans as these plans have expired. Awards outstanding under the Prior Plans will remain in effect in accordance with their respective terms. The maximum term for options granted under the plans is ten (10) years.

A summary of activity under United’s stock option plans as of September 30, 2025, and the changes during the first nine months of 2025 are presented below:

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025
Weighted Average
Shares Aggregate<br> Intrinsic<br> Value Remaining<br> Contractual<br> Term (Yrs.) Exercise<br> Price
Outstanding at January 1, 2025 1,049,668 $ 36.29
Exercised (11,971 ) 30.94
Forfeited or expired (18,756 ) 37.90
Outstanding at September 30, 2025 1,018,941 $ 3,022 2.6 $ 36.32
Exercisable at September 30, 2025 1,018,941 $ 3,022 2.6 $ 36.32

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, 11,971 and 56,787 shares, respectively, were issued in connection with stock option exercises. All shares issued in connection with stock option exercises for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 were issued from authorized and unissued stock. The total intrinsic value of options exercised under the Plans during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 was $92 and $524 respectively.

As of September 30, 2025, there was no unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested stock option awards.

53

Table of Contents

Restricted Stock

As of September 30, 2025, no restricted stock awards have been granted under the 2025 EIP. Under the 2020 LTI Plan, United awarded restricted common shares to key employees and non-employee directors. Restricted shares granted to participants vested no sooner than 1/3 per year over the first three anniversaries of the award. Recipients of restricted shares did not pay any consideration to United for the shares, had the right to vote all shares subject to such grant and received all dividends with respect to such shares, whether or not the shares have vested. Presently, these nonvested participating securities have an immaterial impact on diluted earnings per share. Under the 2025 EIP, recipients of restricted shares will still not pay any consideration to United for the shares and still have the right to vote all shares subject to such grant, whether or not the shares have vested. However, in a change from the 2020 LTI Plan, any dividends paid upon any restricted stock granted under the 2025 EIP, during the period of restriction, will be retained by the Company and will be paid to the relevant grantee (without interest) when the restricted stock vests and will revert back to the Company if for any reason the restricted stock upon which such dividends were paid reverts back to the Company. As of September 30, 2025, the total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested restricted stock awards was $8,616 with a weighted-average expense recognition period of 1.1 years.

The following summarizes the changes to United’s nonvested restricted common shares for the period ended September 30, 2025:

Shares Weighted-Average Grant<br><br> Date Fair Value Per<br> Share
Nonvested at January 1, 2025 310,027 $ 36.58
Granted 184,515 36.77
Vested (151,153 ) 36.94
Forfeited (14,700 ) 36.53
Nonvested at September 30, 2025 328,689 $ 36.52

Restricted Stock Units

As of September 30, 2025, no restricted stock units have been granted under the 2025 EIP. Under the 2020 LTI Plan, United granted restricted stock units (“RSUs”) to key employees. These awards helped align the interests of these employees with the interests of the shareholders of United by providing economic value directly related to the performance of the Company. These RSU grants were time-vested RSUs, performance-vested RSUs, or a combination of both. Currently, time-vested RSUs vest ratably over three years from the date of grant. Performance-vested RSUs cliff-vest after assessment of the Company’s performance over a period of three years. The number of performance-vested RSUs that vest is determined by two metrics measured relative to peers: Return on Average Tangible Common Equity (“ROATCE”) and Total Shareholder Return (“TSR”). Based on ASC Topic 718, the ROATCE comparison is considered a performance condition while the TSR comparison is considered a market condition. There will be no payout of the performance-vested awards if the threshold performance is not achieved. United communicates the specific threshold, target, and maximum performance-vested RSU awards and performance targets to the applicable key employees at the beginning of a performance period. Dividends are accrued but not paid in respect to the awards until the RSUs vest. The holder does not have the right to vote the shares during the time and performance periods. The value of the time-vested RSUs and the performance-vested, based on the performance condition, RSUs awarded is established as the fair market value of the stock at the time of the grant. The value of the performance-vested, based on the market condition, RSUs awarded is estimated through the use of a Monte Carlo valuation model as of the grant date. The Company recognizes expense on the RSUs in accordance with ASC Topic 718.

The following table summarizes the status of United’s nonvested RSUs during the first nine months of 2025:

Shares Weighted-Average Grant<br><br> Date Fair Value Per<br> Share
Nonvested at January 1, 2025 490,119 $ 35.41
Granted 256,385 35.35
Vested (148,597 ) 35.81
Forfeited or expired (2,422 ) 36.26
Nonvested at September 30, 2025 595,485 $ 35.28

As of September 30, 2025, the total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested restricted stock units was $11,486 with a weighted-average expense recognition period of 1.4 years.

54

Table of Contents

  1. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS

United has a defined benefit retirement plan covering qualified employees hired prior to October 1, 2007. Pension benefits are based on years of service and the average of the employee’s highest five consecutive plan years of basic compensation paid during the ten plan years preceding the date of determination. Contributions are intended to provide not only for benefits attributed to service to date, but also for those expected to be earned in the future. No discretionary contributions were made during the third quarter or first nine months of 2025 and 2024.

Included in accumulated other comprehensive income at December 31, 2024 are unrecognized actuarial losses of $17,884 ($9,645 net of tax) that have not yet been recognized in net periodic pension cost.

Net periodic pension cost for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 included the following components:

Three Months Ended<br><br> <br>September 30 Nine Months Ended<br><br> <br>September 30
2025 2024 2025 2024
Service cost $ 275 $ 257 $ 967 $ 1,038
Interest cost 1,905 1,778 5,555 5,216
Expected return on plan assets (2,790 ) (2,680 ) (8,262 ) (7,980 )
Recognized net actuarial loss 52 634 52 1,733
Net periodic pension (benefit) cost $ (558 ) $ (11 ) $ (1,688 ) $ 7
Weighted-average assumptions:
Discount Rate 5.77 % 5.07 % 5.77 % 5.07 %
Expected return on assets 6.15 % 6.25 % 6.15 % 6.25 %
Rate of Compensation Increase (prior to age 40) 6.00 % 5.00 % 6.00 % 5.00 %
Rate of Compensation Increase (ages <br>40-49) 5.50 % n/a 5.50 % n/a
Rate of Compensation Increase (ages <br>40-54) n/a 4.00 % n/a 4.00 %
Rate of Compensation Increase (ages <br>50-54) 5.00 % n/a 5.00 % n/a
Rate of Compensation Increase (ages <br>55-64) 4.00 % n/a 4.00 % n/a
Rate of Compensation Increase (otherwise) 3.00 % 3.50 % 3.00 % 3.50 %
  1. INCOME TAXES

United records a liability for uncertain income tax positions based on a recognition threshold of more-likely-than-not, and a measurement attribute for all tax positions taken on a tax return, in order for those tax positions to be recognized in the financial statements.

As of September 30, 2025 and 2024, the total amount of accrued interest related to uncertain tax positions was $731 and $827, respectively. United accounts for interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as part of its provision for federal and state income taxes.

United is currently open to audit under the statute of limitations by the Internal Revenue Service for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023 and certain State Taxing authorities for the years ended December 31, 2021 through 2023.

United’s effective tax rate was 20.51% and 20.72% for the third quarter and first nine months of 2025, respectively, and 20.56% and 18.90% for the third quarter and first nine months of 2024. United’s effective tax rate was 20.62% for the second quarter of 2025.

55

Table of Contents

  1. COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

The components of total comprehensive income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 are as follows:

Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended
September 30 September 30
2025 2024 2025 2024
Net Income $ 130,748 $ 95,267 $ 335,775 $ 278,588
Available for sale (“AFS”) securities:
Change in net unrealized gain on AFS securities arising during the period 36,056 86,787 98,773 79,430
Related income tax effect (8,618 ) (20,742 ) (23,607 ) (19,028 )
Net reclassification adjustment for losses included in net income 0 6,879 0 13,941
Related income tax effect 0 (1,644 ) 0 (3,289 )
Net effect of AFS securities on other comprehensive income 27,438 71,280 75,166 71,054
Cash flow hedge derivatives:
Unrealized gain (loss) on cash flow hedge before reclassification to interest expense 414 (6,943 ) (4,594 ) 2,966
Related income tax effect (99 ) 1,659 1,098 (650 )
Net reclassification adjustment for gains included in net income (2,470 ) (5,418 ) (7,387 ) (18,156 )
Related income tax effect 590 1,295 1,765 4,263
Net effect of cash flow hedge derivatives on other comprehensive income (1,565 ) (9,407 ) (9,118 ) (11,577 )
Defined benefit pension plan:
Amortization of net actuarial loss recognized in net income 52 634 52 1,733
Related income tax benefit (12 ) (190 ) (12 ) (441 )
Net effect of change in defined benefit pension plan asset on other comprehensive income 40 444 40 1,292
Total change in other comprehensive income, net of tax 25,913 62,317 66,088 60,769
Total Comprehensive Income $ 156,661 $ 157,584 $ 401,863 $ 339,357

The components of accumulated other comprehensive income for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 are as follows:

Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (AOCI) by Component <br>(a)
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025
Unrealized<br> Gains/<br> Losses on<br> AFS<br> Securities Unrealized<br> Gains/<br> Losses on<br> Cash Flow<br> Hedges Defined<br> Benefit<br> Pension<br><br> <br>Items Total
Balance at January 1, 2025 $ (247,964 ) $ 33,706 $ (9,645 ) $ (223,903 )
Other comprehensive income before reclassification 75,166 (3,496 ) 0 71,670
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income 0 (5,622 ) 40 (5,582 )
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax 75,166 (9,118 ) 40 66,088
Balance at September 30, 2025 $ (172,798 ) $ 24,588 $ (9,605 ) $ (157,815 )
(a) All amounts are <br>net-of-tax.<br> United has adopted the portfolio approach for purposes of releasing residual tax effects within AOCI.
--- ---

56

Table of Contents

Reclassifications out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (AOCI)
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025
Details about AOCI Components Amount<br> Reclassified<br> from AOCI Affected Line Item in the Statement Where<br><br>Net Income is Presented
Cash flow hedge:
Net reclassification adjustment for gains included<br><br>in net income $ (7,387 ) Interest expense
(7,387 ) Total before tax
Related income tax effect 1,765 Tax expense
(5,622 ) Net of tax
Pension plan:
Recognized net actuarial loss 52 (a) Employee benefits
52 Total before tax
Related income tax effect (12 ) Tax expense
40 Net of tax
Total reclassifications for the period $ (5,582 )
(a) This AOCI component is included in the computation of changes in plan assets (see Note 15, Employee Benefit Plans)
--- ---
  1. EARNINGS PER SHARE

The reconciliation of the numerator and denominator of basic earnings per share with that of diluted earnings per share is presented as follows:

Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended
September 30 September 30
2025 2024 2025 2024
Distributed earnings allocated to common stock $ 52,119 $ 49,915 $ 158,032 $ 150,193
Undistributed earnings allocated to common stock 78,336 45,141 176,996 127,767
Net earnings allocated to common shareholders $ 130,455 $ 95,056 $ 335,028 $ 277,960
Average common shares outstanding 141,547,684 135,158,476 141,901,752 134,912,625
Equivalents from stock options 412,924 346,435 308,058 230,403
Average diluted shares outstanding 141,960,608 135,504,911 142,209,810 135,143,028
Earnings per basic common share $ 0.92 $ 0.70 $ 2.36 $ 2.06
Earnings per diluted common share $ 0.92 $ 0.70 $ 2.36 $ 2.06

Antidilutive stock options and restricted stock outstanding of 564,090 and 996,626 for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, were excluded from the earnings per diluted common share calculation as compared to 754,682 and 1,318,294 for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively.

  1. VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES

Variable interest entities (“VIEs”) are entities that either have a total equity investment that is insufficient to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support or whose equity investors lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest (i.e., ability to make significant decisions, through voting rights, right to receive the expected residual returns of the entity, and obligation to absorb the expected losses of the entity). VIEs can be structured as corporations, trusts, partnerships, or other legal entities. United’s business practices include relationships with certain VIEs. For United, the business purpose of these relationships primarily consists of funding activities in the form of issuing trust preferred securities.

57

Table of Contents

United currently sponsors twenty statutory business trusts that were created for the purpose of raising funds that originally qualified for Tier I regulatory capital. As previously discussed, these trusts now are considered Tier II regulatory capital. These trusts, of which several were acquired through bank acquisitions, issued or participated in pools of trust preferred capital securities to third-party investors with the proceeds invested in junior subordinated debt securities of United. The Company, through a small capital contribution, owns 100% of the voting equity shares of each trust. The assets, liabilities, operations, and cash flows of each trust are solely related to the issuance, administration, and repayment of the preferred equity securities held by third-party investors. United fully and unconditionally guarantees the obligations of each trust and is obligated to redeem the junior subordinated debentures upon maturity.

As defined in applicable accounting standards, VIEs are entities that lack one or more of the characteristics of a voting interest entity. A controlling financial interest in a VIE is present when an enterprise has both the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and an obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The enterprise with a controlling financial interest, known as the primary beneficiary, consolidates the VIE. United’s wholly owned and indirect wholly owned statutory trust subsidiaries are VIEs for which United is not the primary beneficiary. Accordingly, its accounts are not included in United’s consolidated financial statements. At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, United’s investment (maximum exposure to loss) in these trusts were $12,569 and $12,238, respectively.

Information related to United’s statutory trusts is presented in the table below:

Description Issuance Date Amount of<br> Capital<br> Securities Issued Stated Interest Rate <br>(1) Maturity Date
United Statutory Trust III December 17, 2003 $ 20,000 3-month<br> CME Term SOFR + 2.85% December 17, 2033
United Statutory Trust IV December 19, 2003 $ 25,000 3-month<br> CME Term SOFR + 2.85% January 23, 2034
United Statutory Trust V July 12, 2007 $ 50,000 3-month<br> CME Term SOFR + 1.55% October 1, 2037
United Statutory Trust VI September 20, 2007 $ 30,000 3-month<br> CME Term SOFR + 1.30% December 15, 2037
Premier Statutory Trust II September 25, 2003 $ 6,000 3-month<br> CME Term SOFR + 3.10% October 8, 2033
Premier Statutory Trust III May 16, 2005 $ 8,000 3-month<br> CME Term SOFR + 1.74% June 15, 2035
Premier Statutory Trust IV June 20, 2006 $ 14,000 3-month<br> CME Term SOFR + 1.55% September 23, 2036
Premier Statutory Trust V December 14, 2006 $ 10,000 3-month<br> CME Term SOFR + 1.61% March 1, 2037
Centra Statutory Trust I September 20, 2004 $ 10,000 3-month<br> CME Term SOFR + 2.29% September 20, 2034
Centra Statutory Trust II June 15, 2006 $ 10,000 3-month<br> CME Term SOFR + 1.65% July 7, 2036
VCBI Capital Trust II December 19, 2002 $ 15,000 6-month<br> CME Term SOFR + 3.30% December 19, 2032
VCBI Capital Trust III December 20, 2005 $ 25,000 3-month<br> CME Term SOFR + 1.42% February 23, 2036
Cardinal Statutory Trust I July 27, 2004 $ 20,000 3-month<br> CME Term SOFR + 2.40% September 15, 2034
UFBC Capital Trust I December 30, 2004 $ 5,000 3-month<br> CME Term SOFR + 2.10% March 15, 2035
Carolina Financial Capital Trust I December 19, 2002 $ 5,000 Prime + 0.50% December 31, 2032
Carolina Financial Capital Trust II November 5, 2003 $ 10,000 3-month<br> CME Term SOFR + 3.05% January 7, 2034
Greer Capital Trust I October 12, 2004 $ 6,000 3-month<br> CME Term SOFR + 2.20% October 18, 2034
Greer Capital Trust II December 28, 2006 $ 5,000 3-month<br> CME Term SOFR + 1.73% January 30, 2037
First South Preferred Trust I September 26, 2003 $ 10,000 3-month<br> CME Term SOFR + 2.95% September 30, 2033
BOE Statutory Trust I December 12, 2003 $ 4,000 3-month<br> CME Term SOFR + 3.00% December 12, 2033
(1) The <br>3-month<br> CME Term SOFR rates have a spread adjustment of 0.26161% and the <br>6-month<br> CME Term SOFR rate has a spread adjustment of 0.42826%.
--- ---

United, through its banking subsidiary, also makes limited partner equity investments in various low income housing and community development partnerships sponsored by independent third-parties. United invests in these partnerships to either realize tax credits on its consolidated federal income tax return or for purposes of earning a return on its investment. These partnerships are considered VIEs as the limited partners lack a controlling financial interest in the entities through their inability to make decisions that have a significant effect on the operations and success of the partnerships. These partnerships are not consolidated as United is not deemed to be the primary beneficiary. At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, United’s investment (maximum exposure to loss) in these low income housing and community development partnerships were $108,666 and $98,441, respectively, while related unfunded commitments were $88,211 and $89,292 respectively. As of September 30, 2025, United expects to recover its remaining investments through the use of the tax credits that are generated by the investments.

58

Table of Contents

  1. SEGMENT INFORMATION

United operates in one reportable segment, community banking. Through its community banking segment, United offers a full range of products and services through various delivery channels. Included among the banking products and services offered are the acceptance of deposits in checking, savings, time and money market accounts; the making and servicing of personal, credit card, commercial, and floor plan loans; and the making of construction and real estate loans as well as the origination and sale of residential mortgages in the secondary market. Also offered are trust and brokerage services, safe deposit boxes, and wire transfers. The community banking segment derives revenues mainly from interest income on loans to customers, investment securities held and other short-term investments in addition to fees and income derived related to the services listed above.

The accounting policies of the community banking segment are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies. United’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) is its chief executive officer who maintains responsibility for the day-to-day management of the Company including regularly reviewing the operating results of the community banking segment in order to assess performance and make decisions about resource allocation based on net income that also is reported on the income statement as consolidated net income. The measure of community banking segment assets is reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as total assets.

The CODM uses net income to evaluate income generated from segment assets (return on assets) in deciding whether to reinvest profits into the community banking segment or into other parts of the entity, such as for acquisitions or to pay dividends. Net income is used to monitor budget versus actual results as well as comparing to prior year’s results. The comparative analysis along with the monitoring of budgeted versus actual results are used in assessing performance of the segment.

Information about the community banking segment net income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 is as follows:

For the Three Months Ended<br><br> <br>September 30 For the Nine Months Ended<br><br> <br>September 30
2025 2024 2025 2024
Net interest income $ 280,115 $ 230,256 $ 814,707 $ 678,460
Provision for credit losses 12,095 6,943 47,087 18,462
Other income 43,204 31,942 104,218 94,377
Other expense
Employee compensation 64,092 58,481 187,887 176,275
Employee benefits 14,641 13,084 41,366 39,902
Net occupancy expense 12,488 11,271 37,614 35,014
OREO expense 201 104 459 531
Net (gains) losses on the sales of OREO properties 0 (34 ) 5 (85 )
Equipment expense 8,540 7,811 25,673 22,212
Data processing expense 8,135 7,456 24,542 22,209
Mortgage loan servicing expense and impairment 0 403 0 2,429
Bankcard processing expense 576 661 1,764 1,879
FDIC insurance expense 4,345 4,338 13,605 15,851
Other segment expense <br>(a) 33,723 31,764 115,419 94,638
Total other expense 146,741 135,339 448,334 410,855
Income before income taxes 164,483 119,916 423,504 343,520
Income taxes 33,735 24,649 87,729 64,932
Segment net income 130,748 95,267 335,775 278,588
Reconciliation of profit or loss
Adjustments and reconciling items 0 0 0 0
Consolidated net income $ 130,748 $ 95,267 $ 335,775 $ 278,588
(a) Other segment expense includes legal, consulting and other professional services expense, franchise and other taxes not on income, expense for reserve on lending-related commitments, ATM expenses, marketing expense, core deposits amortization, and other general operating expenses.
--- ---

Information about community banking segment total assets as of September 30, 2025 and 2024 is as follows:

As of September 30,<br> 2025 As of September 30,<br> 2024
Total Assets $ 33,407,181 $ 29,863,262

59

Table of Contents

Table of Contents

Item 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Congress passed the Private Securities Litigation Act of 1995 to encourage corporations to provide investors with information about the company’s anticipated future financial performance, goals, and strategies. The act provides a safe haven for such disclosure; in other words, protection from unwarranted litigation if actual results are not the same as management expectations.

United desires to provide its shareholders with sound information about past performance and future trends. Consequently, any forward-looking statements contained in this report, in a report incorporated by reference to this report, or made by management of United in this report, in any other reports and filings, in press releases and in oral statements, involve numerous assumptions, risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of the words “expect,” “may,” “could,” “intend,” “project,” “estimate,” “believe,” “anticipate,” and other words of similar meaning. Such forward-looking statements are based on assumptions and estimates, which although believed to be reasonable, may turn out to be incorrect. Therefore, undue reliance should not be placed upon these estimates and statements. United cannot assure that any of these statements, estimates, or beliefs will be realized and actual results may differ from those contemplated in these “forward-looking statements.” The following factors, among others, could cause the actual results of United’s operations to differ materially from its expectations: (1) the duration of the U.S. government shutdown and the effects of and changes in trade and monetary and fiscal policies and laws, including the interest rate policies of the Federal Reserve and the trade tariff policies; (2) general competitive, economic, political and market conditions and other factors that may affect future results of United, including changes in asset quality and credit risk; the inability to sustain revenue and earnings growth; changes in interest rates and capital markets; inflation; customer borrowing, repayment, investment and deposit practices; the impact, extent and timing of technological changes; capital management activities; and other actions of the Federal Reserve Board and legislative and regulatory actions and reforms; (3) risks related to the acquisition and integration of Piedmont Bancorp, Inc. including, among others, (i) the risk that the expected growth opportunities or cost savings from the acquisition may not be fully realized or may take longer to realize than expected, and (ii) reputational risk and the reaction of each company’s customers, suppliers, employees or other business partners to the acquisition; (4) deposit attrition, client loss or revenue loss following completed mergers or acquisitions that may be greater than anticipated; (5) regulatory change risk resulting from new laws, rules, regulations, or accounting principles, including, without limitation, the possibility that regulatory agencies may require higher levels of capital above the current regulatory-mandated minimums and the possibility of changes in accounting standards, policies, principles and practices; (6) the cost and effects of cyber incidents or other failures, interruptions, or security breaches of United’s systems and those of our customers or third-party providers; (7) competitive pressures on product pricing and services; (8) success, impact, and timing of United’s business strategies, including market acceptance of any new products or services; (9) volatility and disruptions in global capital and credit markets; (10) operational, technological, cultural, regulatory, legal, credit and other risks associated with the exploration, consummation and integration of potential future acquisitions; (11) catastrophic events such as hurricanes, tornados, earthquakes, floods or other natural or human disasters, including public health crises and infectious disease outbreaks, as well as any government actions in response to such events; (12) geopolitical risk from terrorist activities and armed conflicts that may result in economic and supply disruptions, and loss of market and consumer confidence; (13) the risks of fluctuations in market prices for United common stock that may or may not reflect economic condition or performance of United; (14) the nature, extent, timing, and results of governmental actions, examinations, reviews, reforms, regulations, and interpretations; and any other risks described in the “Risk Factors” sections of this and other reports filed by United with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

United undertakes no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise.

60

Table of Contents

ACQUISITION

On January 10, 2025 (the “Acquisition Date”), United consummated its acquisition of Atlanta-based Piedmont Bancorp, Inc. (“Piedmont”). As of January 10, 2025, Piedmont had total assets of approximately $2.4 billion, total loans of approximately $2.1 billion, total liabilities of approximately $2.2 billion and total deposits of approximately $2.1 billion. The operating results of United include operating results of acquired assets and assumed liabilities subsequent to the Acquisition Date. Piedmont’s results of operations prior to the Acquisition Date are not included in United’s consolidated results of operations.

ECONOMIC AND TRADE POLICY UNCERTAINTY

United continues to monitor the potential impact of evolving trade policies, including the threat of additional tariffs imposed by the United States. While no specific tariffs have been implemented during the reporting period that materially affect United’s operations, the potential for future changes in cross-border trade arrangements and import/export duties contributes to broader economic uncertainty. Management has considered these risks in its forward-looking assessments and determined that, as of the reporting date, there are no material adverse effects on United’s financial position, results of operations, or estimates related to credit losses or asset impairments.

THE ONE BIG BEAUTIFUL BILL ACT

On July 4, 2025, President Trump signed into law H.R. 1, The One Big Beautiful Bill Act (“OBBBA”). There was no significant financial statement impact reflected in the third quarter or first nine months of 2025. However, the Company will continue to evaluate and apply the provisions of the OBBBA but does not expect any material impact on the consolidated financial statements .

INTRODUCTION

The following discussion and analysis presents the significant changes in financial condition and the results of operations of United and its subsidiaries for the periods indicated below. This discussion and the unaudited consolidated financial statements and the notes to unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of United Bankshares, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, unless otherwise indicated. Management has evaluated all significant events and transactions that occurred after September 30, 2025, but prior to the date these financial statements were issued, for potential recognition or disclosure required in these financial statements.

This discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes thereto, which are included elsewhere in this document.

USE OF NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES

This discussion and analysis contains certain financial measures that are not recognized under GAAP. Under SEC Regulation G, public companies making disclosures containing financial measures that are not in accordance with GAAP must also disclose, along with each “non-GAAP” financial measure, certain additional information, including a reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measure to the closest comparable GAAP financial measure, as well as a statement of the company’s reasons for utilizing the non-GAAP financial measure.

Generally, United has presented a non-GAAP financial measure because it believes that this measure provides meaningful additional information to assist in the evaluation of United’s results of operations or financial position. Presentation of a non-GAAP financial measure is consistent with how United’s management evaluates its performance internally and this non-GAAP financial measure is frequently used by securities analysts, investors and other interested parties in the evaluation of companies in the banking industry. Specifically, this discussion contains certain references to financial measures identified as tax-equivalent (“FTE”) net interest income and return on average tangible equity. Management believes these non-GAAP financial measures to be helpful in understanding United’s results of operations or financial position.

61

Table of Contents

Net interest income is presented in this discussion on a tax-equivalent basis. The tax-equivalent basis adjusts for the tax-favored status of income from certain loans and investments. Although this is a non-GAAP measure, United’s management believes this measure is more widely used within the financial services industry and provides better comparability of net interest income arising from taxable and tax-exempt sources. United uses this measure to monitor net interest income performance and to manage its balance sheet composition.

Average tangible equity is calculated as GAAP total shareholders’ equity minus total intangible assets. Tangible equity can thus be considered a more conservative valuation of the company. When considering net income, a return on average tangible equity can be calculated. Management provides a return on average equity to facilitate the understanding of as well as to assess the quality and composition of United’s capital structure. This measure, along with others, is used by management to analyze capital adequacy and performance.

However, this non-GAAP information should be considered supplemental in nature and not as a substitute for related financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP. Where the non-GAAP financial measure is used, the comparable GAAP financial measure, as well as reconciliation to that comparable GAAP financial measure, as well as a statement of the company’s reasons for utilizing the non-GAAP financial measure, can be found within this discussion and analysis. Investors should recognize that United’s presentation of this non-GAAP financial measure might not be comparable to a similarly titled measure at other companies.

APPLICATION OF CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The accounting and reporting policies of United conform with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. In preparing the consolidated financial statements, management is required to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates, assumptions and judgments, which are reviewed with the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors, are based on information available as of the date of the financial statements. Actual results could differ from these estimates. These policies, along with the disclosures presented in the financial statement notes and in this financial review, provide information on how significant assets and liabilities are valued in the financial statements and how those values are determined. Based on the valuation techniques used and the sensitivity of financial statement amounts to the methods, assumptions, and estimates underlying those amounts, management has identified the determination of the allowance for loan and lease losses, the calculation of the income tax provision, and the use of fair value measurements to account for certain financial instruments to be the accounting areas that require the most subjective or complex judgments, and as such could be most subject to revision as new information becomes available.

United’s critical accounting policies involving the significant judgments and assumptions used in the preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements as of September 30, 2025 were unchanged from the policies disclosed in United’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 within the section “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

FINANCIAL CONDITION

United’s total assets as of September 30, 2025 were $33.41 billion, which was an increase of $3.38 billion or 11.27% from December 31, 2024. The acquisition of Piedmont on January 10, 2025 added $2.30 billion in total assets, including purchase accounting amounts. Portfolio loans increased $2.85 billion or 13.13%, investment securities increased $100.23 million or 3.08%, goodwill increased $129.98 million or 6.88%, other assets increased $41.86 million or 15.52%, bank-owned life insurance policies increased $47.80 million or 9.61%, bank premises and equipment increased $21.54 million or 11.57%, operating lease right-of-use assets increased $8.23 million or 10.06%, interest receivable increased $9.67 million or 9.44%, and cash and cash equivalents increased $226.48 million or 9.88%. Loans held for sale decreased $20.13 million or 45.39%. Total liabilities increased $2.93 billion or 11.71% from year-end 2024. This increase in total liabilities was due mainly to an increase of $2.92 billion or 12.19% in deposits, an increase of $18.70 million or 8.12% in accrued and other liabilities, and an increase of $9.13 million or 10.52% in operating lease right-of-use liabilities, all mainly due to the Piedmont acquisition. Borrowings decreased $16.08 million or 2.24% from year-end 2024. Shareholders’ equity increased $452.49 million or 9.06% from year-end 2024 due primarily to the acquisition of Piedmont.

62

Table of Contents

The following discussion explains in more detail the changes in financial condition by major category.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents at September 30, 2025 increased $226.48 million or 9.88% from year-end 2024. Net cash acquired in the Piedmont merger was $77.47 million. In particular, cash and due from banks increased $26.85 million or 11.16%, while interest-bearing deposits with other banks increased $199.55 million or 9.73% as United placed more cash in an interest-bearing account with the Federal Reserve. Federal funds sold increased $77 thousand or 6.07%. During the first nine months of 2025, net cash of $359.99 million and $543.08 million were provided by operating and financing activities, respectively, while net cash of $676.59 million was used in investing activities. See the unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for data on cash and cash equivalents provided and used in operating, investing and financing activities for the first nine months of 2025 and 2024.

Securities

Total investment securities at September 30, 2025 increased $100.23 million or 3.08%. Piedmont added $94.43 million in investment securities, including purchase accounting amounts, upon consummation of the acquisition. Securities available for sale increased $64.26 million or 2.17%. This change in securities available for sale reflects $92.99 million related to the acquisition of Piedmont, $1.58 billion in sales, maturities and calls of securities, $1.45 billion in purchases, and an increase of $98.77 million in market value. Equity securities were $34.69 million at September 30, 2025, an increase of $13.64 million or 64.75% due mainly to a net increase in fair value. Other investment securities increased $22.33 million or 8.05% from year-end 2024 due to an increase in Federal Reserve Bank stock as a result of the Piedmont acquisition and net purchases of investment tax credits.

The following table summarizes the changes in the available for sale securities since year-end 2024:

September 30 December 31
(Dollars in thousands) 2025 2024 Change % Change
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government corporations and agencies $ 292,708 $ 245,842 19.06 %
State and political subdivisions 516,771 495,073 4.38 %
Mortgage-backed securities 1,687,821 1,471,828 14.68 %
Asset-backed securities 277,228 474,982 ) (41.63 %)
Single issue trust preferred securities 12,623 11,919 5.91 %
Other corporate securities 236,825 260,075 ) (8.94 %)
Total available for sale securities, at fair value $ 3,023,976 $ 2,959,719 2.17 %

All values are in US Dollars.

The following table summarizes the changes in the held to maturity securities since year-end 2024:

September 30 December 31
(Dollars in thousands) 2025 2024 Change % Change
State and political subdivisions $ 983 (1) $ 982 (2) 0.10 %
Other corporate securities 20 20 0.00 %
Total held to maturity securities, at amortized cost $ 1,003 $ 1,002 0.10 %

All values are in US Dollars.

(1) net of allowance for credit losses of $17 thousand.
(2) net of allowance for credit losses of $18 thousand.
--- ---

At September 30, 2025, gross unrealized losses on available for sale securities were $234.51 million. Securities with the most significant gross unrealized losses at September 30, 2025 consisted primarily of agency residential mortgage-backed securities, state and political subdivision securities, agency commercial mortgage-backed securities and corporate securities.

63

Table of Contents

As of September 30, 2025, United’s available for sale mortgage-backed securities had an amortized cost of $1.83 billion, with an estimated fair value of $1.69 billion. The portfolio consisted primarily of $1.34 billion in agency residential mortgage-backed securities with a fair value of $1.22 billion, $73.26 million in non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities with an estimated fair value of $69.13 million, and $422.04 million in commercial agency mortgage-backed securities with an estimated fair value of $398.47 million.

As of September 30, 2025, United’s available for sale state and political subdivisions securities had an amortized cost of $577.71 million, with an estimated fair value of $516.77 million. The portfolio relates to securities issued by various municipalities located throughout the United States, and no securities within the portfolio were rated below investment grade as of September 30, 2025.

As of September 30, 2025, United’s available for sale corporate securities had an amortized cost of $543.01 million, with an estimated fair value of $526.68 million. The portfolio consisted of $13.31 million in single issue trust preferred securities with an estimated fair value of $12.62 million. In addition to the single issue trust preferred securities, the Company held positions in various other corporate securities, including asset-backed securities with an amortized cost of $279.70 million and a fair value of $277.23 million and other corporate securities, with an amortized cost of $249.99 million and a fair value of $236.83 million.

United’s available for sale single issue trust preferred securities had a fair value of $12.62 million as of September 30, 2025. Of the $12.62 million, $7.40 million or 58.63% were investment grade rated and $5.22 million or 41.37% were unrated. The two largest exposures accounted for 100% of the $12.62 million. These included Truist Bank at $7.40 million and Emigrant Bank at $5.22 million. All single issue trust preferred securities are currently receiving full scheduled principal and interest payments.

During the third quarter of 2025, United did not recognize any credit losses on its available for sale investment securities. Management does not believe that any individual security with an unrealized loss as of September 30, 2025 is impaired. United believes the decline in value resulted from changes in market interest rates, credit spreads and liquidity, not a deterioration of credit. Based on a review of each of the securities in the available for sale investment portfolio, management concluded that it was more-likely-than-not that it would be able to realize the cost basis investment and appropriate interest payments on such securities. United has the intent and the ability to hold these securities until such time as the value recovers or the securities mature. As of September 30, 2025, there was no allowance for credit losses related to the Company’s available for sale securities. However, United acknowledges that any securities in an unrealized loss position may be sold in future periods in response to significant, unanticipated changes in asset/liability management decisions, unanticipated future market movements or business plan changes.

Further information regarding the amortized cost and estimated fair value of investment securities, including remaining maturities as well as a more detailed discussion of management’s impairment analysis, is presented in Note 3 to the unaudited Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Loans Held for Sale

Loans held for sale were $24.23 million at September 30, 2025, a decrease of $20.13 million or 45.39% from year-end 2024. Loan sales in the secondary market exceeded originations during the first nine months of 2025. Loan originations for the first nine months of 2025 were $283.72 million while loans sales were $303.86 million.

Portfolio Loans

Loans, net of unearned income, increased $2.85 billion or 13.13% from year-end 2024 mainly as a result of the Piedmont acquisition which added $2.02 billion, including purchase accounting amounts, in portfolio loans. Otherwise, portfolio loans and leases, net of unearned income, grew $848.33 million from year-end 2024. Since year-end 2024, commercial, financial and agricultural loans increased $2.21 billion or 18.57% as a result of a $1.98 billion or 23.18% increase in commercial real estate loans and a $228.10 million or 6.81% increase in commercial loans (not secured by real estate). Residential real estate loans increased $502.89 million or 9.13% and construction and land development loans increased $142.17 million or 4.05%, while consumer loans remained flat, decreasing $135 thousand or less than 1%.

64

Table of Contents

The following table summarizes the changes in the major loan classes since year-end 2024:

September 30 December 31
(Dollars in thousands) 2025 2024 Change % Change
Loans held for sale $ 24,226 $ 44,360 ) (45.39 %)
Commercial, financial, and agricultural:
Owner-occupied commercial real estate $ 2,115,386 $ 1,590,002 33.04 %
Nonowner-occupied commercial real estate 8,391,901 6,939,641 20.93 %
Other commercial loans 3,579,455 3,351,362 6.81 %
Total commercial, financial, and agricultural $ 14,086,742 $ 11,881,005 18.57 %
Residential real estate 6,010,274 5,507,384 9.13 %
Construction & land development 3,651,199 3,509,034 4.05 %
Consumer:
Bankcard 9,298 9,998 ) (7.00 %)
Other consumer 773,642 773,077 0.07 %
Total gross loans $ 24,531,155 $ 21,680,498 13.15 %
Less: Unearned income (11,449 ) (7,005 ) ) 63.44 %
Total Loans, net of unearned income $ 24,519,706 $ 21,673,493 13.13 %

All values are in US Dollars.

For a further discussion of loans see Note 4 to the unaudited Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Bank-Owned Life Insurance

The cash surrender value of bank-owned life insurance policies increased $47.80 million, of which $40.80 million was acquired from Piedmont while the remaining increase was due to an increase in the cash surrender value as a result of higher market values of underlying investments.

Other Assets

Other assets increased $41.86 million or 15.52% from year-end 2024. In particular, core deposit intangibles increased $25.74 million as the Piedmont acquisition added $32.76 million. Income tax receivable increased $11.32 million, prepaid assets increased $4.09 million, OREO increased $6.56 million and accounts receivable increased $3.36 million. Partially offsetting these increases in other assets was a $8.12 million decrease in deferred tax assets due an increase in fair value of securities.

Deposits

Deposits represent United’s primary source of funding. Total deposits at September 30, 2025 increased $2.92 billion or 12.19% due mainly to the Piedmont acquisition. Piedmont added $2.11 billion in deposits, including purchase accounting amounts. In terms of composition, noninterest-bearing deposits increased $452.50 million or 7.38% ($378.24 million added from Piedmont acquisition) while interest-bearing deposits increased $2.47 billion or 13.85% ($1.73 billion added from Piedmont acquisition) from December 31, 2024. Organically, deposits grew $816.29 million from year-end 2024.

Noninterest-bearing deposits consist of demand deposit and noninterest bearing money market (“MMDA”) account balances. The $452.50 million increase in noninterest-bearing deposits was due to a $419.11 million or 9.41% increase in commercial noninterest-bearing deposits, a $68.06 million or 4.80% increase in personal noninterest-bearing deposits, and a $50.66 million or 28.55% increase in public funds noninterest-bearing deposits. Partially offsetting these increases in noninterest-bearing deposits was a $107.16 million decrease in official checks.

65

Table of Contents

Interest-bearing deposits consist of interest-bearing transactions, regular savings, interest-bearing MMDA, and time deposit account balances. Interest-bearing transaction accounts increased $484.66 million or 8.16% since year-end 2024 as the result of increases of $363.42 million in commercial interest-bearing transaction accounts and $115.80 million in public funds interest-bearing transaction accounts. Regular savings accounts increased $16.72 million or 1.34% mainly as a result of a $13.36 million increase in personal savings accounts. Interest-bearing MMDAs increased $830.19 million or 11.76%. In particular, personal MMDAs increased $64.79 million while commercial MMDAs and public funds MMDAs increased $725.83 million and $39.58 million, respectively.

Time deposits under $100,000 increased $202.92 million or 17.31% from year-end 2024. This increase in time deposits under $100,000 was the result of a $152.81 million increase in fixed rate Certificates of Deposits (“CDs”) under $100,000 and a $45.11 million increase in variable rate CDs.

Since year-end 2024, time deposits over $100,000 increased $934.68 million or 38.79% as fixed rate CDs increased $857.66 million, brokered CDs increased $30.02 million, variable rate CDs increased $28.58 million, and public funds CDs over $100,000 increased $27.20 million.

The table below summarizes the changes by deposit category since year-end 2024:

December 31
(Dollars in thousands) 2024 Change % Change
Demand deposits 6,587,911 $ 6,135,413 7.38 %
Interest-bearing checking 6,421,580 5,936,925 8.16 %
Regular savings 1,267,014 1,250,295 1.34 %
Money market accounts 7,887,083 7,056,897 11.76 %
Time deposits under 100,000 1,375,383 1,172,462 17.31 %
Time deposits over 100,000 (1) 3,344,549 2,409,867 38.79 %
Total deposits 26,883,520 $ 23,961,859 12.19 %

All values are in US Dollars.

(1) Includes time deposits of $250,000 or more of $1,695,144 and $1,115,748 at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Borrowings

Total borrowings at September 30, 2025 decreased $16.08 million or 2.24% since year-end 2024. Piedmont added $20.00 million of subordinated debt upon consummation of the acquisition which was redeemed during the third quarter of 2025. During the first nine months of 2025, short-term borrowings decreased $7.08 million or 4.02% due to a decrease in securities sold under agreements to repurchase. Long-term borrowings decreased $9.00 million or 1.67% from year-end 2024 as a result of a $10.20 million reduction in long-term FHLB advances.

The table below summarizes the change in the borrowing categories since year-end 2024:

September 30 December 31
(Dollars in thousands) 2025 2024 Change % Change
Short-term securities sold under agreements to repurchase $ 169,013 $ 176,090 ) (4.02 %)
Long-term FHLB advances 250,000 260,199 ) (3.92 %)
Issuances of trust preferred capital securities 281,418 280,221 0.43 %
Total borrowings $ 700,431 $ 716,510 ) (2.24 %)

All values are in US Dollars.

For a further discussion of borrowings see Notes 9 and 10 to the unaudited Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

66

Table of Contents

Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities

Accrued expenses and other liabilities at September 30, 2025 increased $18.70 million or 8.12% from year-end 2024. Piedmont added $20.80 million. In particular, interest payable increased $2.51 million due to an increase in CDs, accrued loan expenses increased $13.36 million due to an increase in the loan portfolio, deferred compensation increased $3.78 million and dividends payable increased $2.02 million. Partially offsetting these increases were decreases of $2.51 million in business franchise taxes and $1.59 million in income tax payable, both due to timing differences, and $1.45 million in incentives payable due to payments.

Shareholders’ Equity

Shareholders’ equity at September 30, 2025 was $5.45 billion, which was an increase of $452.49 million or 9.06% from year-end 2024, mainly as the result of the Piedmont acquisition. The Piedmont transaction added approximately $280.95 million in shareholders’ equity as 7,860,831 shares were issued from United’s authorized but unissued shares for the merger at a cost of $280.95 million.

Retained earnings increased $177.23 million or 9.24% from year-end 2024. Earnings net of dividends for the first nine months of 2025 were $177.23 million.

Accumulated other comprehensive income increased $66.09 million or 29.52% from year-end 2024 due mainly to an increase of $75.17 million in the fair value of United’s available for sale investment portfolio, net of deferred income taxes. The fair value of cash flow hedges, net of deferred income taxes, decreased $9.12 million.

During the first quarter of 2025, United restarted repurchasing its common stock on the open market under a repurchase plan approved by United’s Board of Directors. United repurchased 2,284,282 shares during the first nine months at a cost of $78.88 million or an average share price of $34.53.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Overview

The following table sets forth certain consolidated income statement information of United:

Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended
(Dollars in thousands) September<br>2025 September<br>2024 June<br>2025 September<br>2025 September<br>2024
Interest income $ 430,957 $ 382,723 $ 421,196 $ 1,255,800 $ 1,126,087
Interest expense 150,842 152,467 146,659 441,093 447,627
Net interest income 280,115 230,256 274,537 814,707 678,460
Provision for credit losses 12,095 6,943 5,889 47,087 18,462
Noninterest income 43,204 31,942 31,460 104,218 94,377
Noninterest expense 146,741 135,339 148,020 448,334 410,855
Income before income taxes 164,483 119,916 152,088 423,504 343,520
Income taxes 33,735 24,649 31,367 87,729 64,932
Net income $ 130,748 $ 95,267 $ 120,721 $ 335,775 $ 278,588

Net income for the third quarter and first nine months of 2025 was $130.75 million and $335.78 million, respectively, as compared to earnings of $95.27 million and $278.59 million for the third quarter and first nine months of 2024. Diluted earnings per share were $0.92 for the third quarter of 2025 and $0.70 for the third quarter of 2024. Diluted earnings per share were $2.36 for the first nine months of 2025 as compared to $2.06 for the first nine months of 2024. On a linked-quarter basis, net income for the second quarter of 2025 was $120.72 million or $0.85 per diluted share.

67

Table of Contents

As previously mentioned, United completed its acquisition of Piedmont on January 10, 2025. The financial results of Piedmont are included in United’s results from the acquisition date. As a result of the acquisition, the third quarter and first nine months of 2025 were impacted for three and nearly nine months of increased levels of average balances, income, and expense as compared to the third quarter and first nine months of 2024. In addition, United recorded acquisition-related costs for the Piedmont merger of $31.41 million for the first nine months of 2025, including a provision for credit losses of $18.73 million for purchased non-PCD loans recorded in the first quarter of 2025, as compared to $1.61 million for the first nine months of 2024.

For the third quarter of 2025, United’s annualized return on average assets was 1.57% and return on average shareholders’ equity was 9.58% as compared to 1.28% and 7.72% for the third quarter of 2024. United’s annualized return on average assets was 1.49% and return on average shareholders’ equity was 9.05% for the second quarter of 2025. United’s annualized return on average assets for the first nine months of 2025 was 1.38% and return on average shareholders’ equity was 8.39% as compared to 1.26% and 7.65% for the first nine months of 2024. For the third quarter and first nine months of 2025, United’s annualized return on average tangible equity, a non-GAAP measure, was 15.45% and 13.63%, respectively, as compared to 12.59% and 12.57% for the third quarter and first nine months of 2024, respectively. United’s annualized return on average tangible equity was 14.67% for the second quarter of 2025.

Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended
(Dollars in thousands) September 30,<br>2025 September 30,<br>2024 June 30,<br>2025 September 30,<br>2025 September 30,<br>2024
Return on Average Tangible Equity:
(a) Net Income (GAAP) $ 130,748 $ 95,267 $ 120,721 $ 335,775 $ 278,588
(b) Number of Days 92 92 91 273 274
Average Total Shareholders’ Equity (GAAP) $ 5,413,460 $ 4,908,866 $ 5,351,140 $ 5,349,703 $ 4,861,422
Less: Average Total Intangibles (2,055,082 ) (1,899,261 ) (2,049,504 ) (2,055,165 ) (1,900,163 )
(c) Average Tangible Equity (non-GAAP) $ 3,358,378 $ 3,009,605 $ 3,301,636 $ 3,294,538 $ 2,961,259
Return on Average Tangible Equity (non-GAAP) [(a) / (b)] x 365 or 366/ (c) 15.45 % 12.59 % 14.67 % 13.63 % 12.57 %

Net interest income for the third quarter of 2025 increased $49.86 million, or 21.65% from the third quarter of 2024. The increase of $49.86 million in net interest income occurred because total interest income increased $48.23 million while total interest expense decreased $1.63 million from the third quarter of 2024. Net interest income for the first nine months of 2025 increased $136.25 million or 20.08% from the first nine months of 2024. The increase of $136.25 million in net interest income occurred because total interest income increased $129.71 million while total interest expense decreased $6.53 million from the first nine months of 2024. Net interest income for the third quarter of 2025 increased $5.58 million, or 2.03%, from the second quarter of 2025. The increase of $5.58 million in net interest income occurred because total interest income increased $9.76 million while total interest expense increased $4.18 million from the second quarter of 2025.

The provision for credit losses was $12.10 million and $47.09 million for the third quarter and first nine months of 2025, respectively, while the provision for credit losses was $6.94 million and $18.46 million for the third quarter and first nine months of 2024. The provision for credit losses was $5.89 million for the second quarter of 2025. The increase in the provision for credit losses for the first nine months of 2025 was mainly due to the previously mentioned $18.73 million of provision recorded on purchased non-PCD loans from Piedmont.

For the third quarter of 2025, noninterest income increased $11.26 million or 35.26% from the third quarter of 2024. The increase in noninterest income was driven by net gains on investment securities for the third quarter of 2025 as compared to net losses on investment securities for the third quarter of 2024, an increase in fees from brokerage services, and smaller increases in several other categories of noninterest income. Noninterest income for the first nine months of 2025 increased $9.84 million or 10.43% from the first nine months of 2024. The increase in noninterest income was driven by net gains on investment securities for the first nine months of 2025 as compared to net losses on investment securities for the first nine months of 2024 and increases in income from bank-owned life insurance (“BOLI”), fees from brokerage services, and fees from deposit services. Noninterest income for the third quarter of 2025 increased $11.74 million, or 37.33%, from the second quarter of 2025.

68

Table of Contents

Noninterest expense for the third quarter of 2025 increased $11.40 million or 8.42% from the third quarter of 2024 due mainly to the additional employees and branches from the Piedmont acquisition. For the first nine months of 2025, noninterest expense increased $37.48 million or 9.12% from the first nine months of 2024 due mainly to the additional employees and branches from the Piedmont acquisition as well as $11.07 million of specific merger-related expenses from the acquisition in the first nine months of 2025. Noninterest expense for the third quarter of 2025 was flat, decreasing $1.28 million, or less than 1% from the second quarter of 2025.

Income taxes for the third quarter of 2025 were $33.74 million as compared to $24.65 million for the third quarter of 2024. The increase of $9.09 million in income tax expense for the third quarter of 2025 compared to the third quarter of 2024 was primarily due to higher earnings partially offset by a slightly lower effective tax rate. For the first nine months of 2025 and 2024 income tax expense was $87.73 million and $64.93 million, respectively. The increase of $22.80 million in income tax expense for the first nine months of 2025 was due mainly to an increase in earnings and a higher effective tax rate. Income tax expense increased $2.37 million from the second quarter of 2025 due mainly to increased earnings partially offset by a slightly lower effective tax rate. For the quarters ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, United’s effective tax rate was 20.51% and 20.56%, respectively. The effective tax rate for the first nine months of 2025 and 2024 was 20.72% and 18.90%, respectively. For the quarter ended June 30, 2025, United’s effective tax rate was 20.62%.

The following discussion explains in more detail the consolidated results of operations by major category.

Net Interest Income

Net interest income represents the primary component of United’s earnings. It is the difference between interest income from earning assets and interest expense incurred to fund these assets. Net interest income is impacted by changes in the volume and mix of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, as well as changes in market interest rates. Such changes, and their impact on net interest income in 2025 and 2024, are presented below.

Net interest income for the third quarter of 2025 was $280.12 million, which was an increase of $49.86 million or 21.65% from the third quarter of 2024. The $49.86 million increase in net interest income occurred because total interest income increased $48.23 million while total interest expense decreased $1.63 million from the third quarter of 2024. Net interest income for the first nine months of 2025 was $814.71 million, which was an increase of $136.25 million or 20.08% from the first nine months of 2024. The $136.25 million increase in net interest income occurred because total interest income increased $129.71 million while total interest expense decreased $6.53 million from the first nine months of 2024. On a linked-quarter basis, net interest income for the third quarter of 2025 increased $5.58 million or 2.03% from the second quarter of 2025. The $5.58 million increase in net interest income occurred because total interest income increased $9.76 million while total interest expense increased $4.18 million from the second quarter of 2025.

For the purpose of this remaining discussion, net interest income is presented on a tax-equivalent basis to provide a comparison among all types of interest earning assets. The tax-equivalent basis adjusts for the tax-favored status of income from certain loans and investments. Although this is a non-GAAP measure, United’s management believes this measure is more widely used within the financial services industry and provides better comparability of net interest income arising from taxable and tax-exempt sources. United uses this measure to monitor net interest income performance and to manage its balance sheet composition.

Tax-equivalent net interest income increased $49.81 million, or 21.56%, from the third quarter of 2024. The increase in tax-equivalent net interest income was primarily due to an increase in average earning assets, a lower average rate paid on deposits, and an increase in acquired loan accretion income. These increases to tax-equivalent net interest income were partially offset by an increase in average interest-bearing deposits. Average earning assets increased $3.29 billion, or 12.58%, from the third quarter of 2024, driven by increases in average net loans of $2.69 billion and average short-term investments of $750.23 million, partially offset by a decrease in average investment securities of $154.76 million. The increase in average net loans from the third quarter of 2024 was driven by the Piedmont acquisition and organic loan growth. The cost of average interest-bearing deposits decreased 44 basis points from the third quarter of 2024. Acquired loan accretion income was $7.49 million for the third quarter of 2025 as compared to $2.37 million for the third quarter of 2024. Average interest-bearing deposits increased $2.62 billion, or 15.06%, from the third quarter of 2024. The net interest margin of 3.80% for the third quarter of 2025 was an increase of 28 basis points from the net interest margin of 3.52% for the third quarter of 2024.

Tax-equivalent net interest income for the first nine months of 2025 increased $136.03 million, or 19.97%, from the first nine months of 2024. The increase in tax-equivalent net interest income was primarily due to an increase in average earning assets, a lower average rate paid on deposits, an increase in acquired loan accretion income, and a decrease in average long-term borrowings. These increases to tax-equivalent net interest income were partially offset by an increase in average interest-bearing deposits. Average earning assets increased $2.90 billion, or 11.14%, from the first nine months of 2024, driven by increases in average net loans of $2.32 billion and average short-term investments of $1.03 billion, partially offset by a decrease in average investment securities of $448.80 million. The cost of average interest-bearing deposits decreased 34 basis points from the first nine months of 2024. Acquired loan accretion income was $25.24 million for the first nine months of 2025 as compared to $7.29 million for the first nine months of 2024. Average long-term borrowings decreased $628.41 million, or 53.34%, from the first nine months of 2024. Average interest-bearing deposits increased $2.73 billion, or 16.12%, from the first nine months of 2024. The net interest margin of 3.77% for the first nine months of 2025 was an increase of 28 basis points from the net interest margin of 3.49% for the first nine months of 2024.

69

Table of Contents

On a linked-quarter basis, tax-equivalent net interest income for the third quarter of 2025 also increased $5.57 million, or 2.02%, from the second quarter of 2025. The increase in net interest income and tax-equivalent net interest income was driven by an increase in average earning assets partially offset by an increase in average interest-bearing deposits and a decrease in acquired loan accretion income. Average earning assets increased $470.28 million, or 1.62%, from the second quarter of 2025 driven by increases in average net loans of $310.77 million and average short-term investments of $111.08 million. Average interest-bearing deposits increased $415.45 million, or 2.12%, from the second quarter of 2025. Acquired loan accretion income for the third quarter of 2025 decreased $4.27 million from the second quarter of 2025. The net interest margin was 3.80% and 3.81% for the third quarter of 2025 and the second quarter of 2025, respectively.

United’s tax-equivalent net interest income also includes the impact of acquisition accounting fair value adjustments. The following table provides the discount/premium and net accretion impact to tax-equivalent net interest income for the three months ended September 30, 2025, September 30, 2024 and June 30, 2025 and the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024:

Three Months Ended
September 30 September 30 June 30
(Dollars in thousands) 2025 2024 2025
Loan accretion $ 7,489 $ 2,374 $ 11,760
Certificates of deposit 55 49 141
Long-term borrowings (398 ) (328 ) (398 )
Total $ 7,146 $ 2,095 $ 11,503
Nine Months Ended
--- --- --- --- --- --- ---
September 30 September 30
(Dollars in thousands) 2025 2024
Loan accretion $ 25,238 $ 7,286
Certificates of deposit 443 287
Long-term borrowings (998 ) (989 )
Tax-equivalent net interest income $ 24,683 $ 6,584

70

Table of Contents

The following tables reconcile the difference between net interest income and tax-equivalent net interest income for the three months ended September 30, 2025, September 30, 2024 and June 30, 2025 and the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024.

Three Months Ended
(Dollars in thousands) September 30<br>2025 September 30<br>2024 June 30<br>2025
Net interest income, GAAP basis $ 280,115 $ 230,256 $ 274,537
Tax-equivalent adjustment (1) 781 828 791
Tax-equivalent net interest income $ 280,896 $ 231,084 $ 275,328
Nine Months Ended
--- --- --- --- ---
(Dollars in thousands) September 30<br>2025 September 30<br>2024
Net interest income, GAAP basis $ 814,707 $ 678,460
Tax-equivalent adjustment (1) 2,354 2,567
Tax-equivalent net interest income $ 817,061 $ 681,027
(1) The tax-equivalent adjustment combines amounts of interest income on federally nontaxable loans and investment securities using the statutory federal income tax rate of 21% for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 and the three months ended June 30, 2025. All interest income on loans and investment securities was subject to state income taxes.
--- ---

71

Table of Contents

The following table shows the unaudited consolidated daily average balance of major categories of assets and liabilities for the three-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, with the interest and rate earned or paid on such amount. The interest income and yields on federally nontaxable loans and investment securities are presented on a tax-equivalent basis using the statutory federal income tax rate of 21% for the three-month period ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. Interest income on all loans and investment securities was subject to state income taxes.

Three Months Ended<br>September 30, 2025 Three Months Ended<br>September 30, 2024
(Dollars in thousands) Average<br>Balance Interest<br>(1) Avg. Rate<br>(1) Average<br>Balance Interest<br>(1) Avg. Rate<br>(1)
ASSETS
Earning Assets:
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under agreements to resell and other short-term investments $ 2,137,694 $ 24,053 4.46 % $ 1,387,462 $ 19,241 5.52 %
Investment Securities:
Taxable 3,073,283 27,509 3.58 % 3,218,258 30,797 3.83 %
Tax-exempt 195,293 1,522 3.12 % 205,080 1,461 2.85 %
Total Securities 3,268,576 29,031 3.55 % 3,423,338 32,258 3.77 %
Loans, net of unearned income (2)(3) 24,321,283 378,654 6.18 % 21,588,333 332,052 6.12 %
Allowance for loan losses (307,983 ) (267,457 )
Net loans 24,013,300 6.26 % 21,320,876 6.20 %
Total earning assets 29,419,570 $ 431,738 5.83 % 26,131,676 $ 383,551 5.85 %
Other assets 3,650,200 3,371,648
TOTAL ASSETS $ 33,069,770 $ 29,503,324
LIABILITIES
Interest-Bearing Liabilities:
Interest-bearing deposits $ 20,020,573 $ 143,445 2.84 % $ 17,399,368 $ 143,313 3.28 %
Short-term borrowings 155,966 1,420 3.61 % 191,954 2,048 4.24 %
Long-term borrowings 544,020 5,977 4.36 % 748,608 7,106 3.78 %
Total Interest-Bearing Liabilities 20,720,559 150,842 2.89 % 18,339,930 152,467 3.31 %
Noninterest-bearing deposits 6,614,586 5,957,184
Accrued expenses and other liabilities 321,165 297,344
TOTAL LIABILITIES 27,656,310 24,594,458
SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY 5,413,460 4,908,866
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND
SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY $ 33,069,770 $ 29,503,324
NET INTEREST INCOME $ 280,896 $ 231,084
INTEREST RATE SPREAD 2.94 % 2.54 %
NET INTEREST MARGIN 3.80 % 3.52 %
(1) The interest income and the yields on federally nontaxable loans and investment securities are presented on a tax-equivalent basis using the statutory federal income tax rate of 21%.
--- ---
(2) Nonaccruing loans are included in the daily average loan amounts outstanding.
--- ---
(3) Loans held for sale and leases are included in the daily average loan amounts outstanding.
--- ---

72

Table of Contents

The following table shows the unaudited consolidated daily average balance of major categories of assets and liabilities for the three-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025, respectively, with the interest and rate earned or paid on such amount. The interest income and yields on federally nontaxable loans and investment securities are presented on a tax-equivalent basis using the statutory federal income tax rate of 21% for the three-month period ended September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025. Interest income on all loans and investment securities was subject to state income taxes.

Three Months Ended<br>September 30, 2025 Three Months Ended<br>June 30, 2025
(Dollars in thousands) Average<br>Balance Interest<br>(1) Avg. Rate<br>(1) Average<br>Balance Interest<br>(1) Avg. Rate<br>(1)
ASSETS
Earning Assets:
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under agreements to resell and other short-term investments $ 2,137,694 $ 24,053 4.46 % $ 2,026,613 $ 22,633 4.48 %
Investment Securities:
Taxable 3,073,283 27,509 3.58 % 3,022,963 26,706 3.53 %
Tax-exempt 195,293 1,522 3.12 % 197,180 1,536 3.12 %
Total Securities 3,268,576 29,031 3.55 % 3,220,143 28,242 3.51 %
Loans, net of unearned income (2)(3) 24,321,283 378,654 6.18 % 24,012,929 371,112 6.20 %
Allowance for loan losses (307,983 ) (310,398 )
Net loans 24,013,300 6.26 % 23,702,531 6.28 %
Total earning assets 29,419,570 $ 431,738 5.83 % 28,949,287 $ 421,987 5.84 %
Other assets 3,650,200 3,635,081
TOTAL ASSETS $ 33,069,770 $ 32,584,368
LIABILITIES
Interest-Bearing Liabilities:
Interest-bearing deposits $ 20,020,573 $ 143,445 2.84 % $ 19,605,123 $ 139,156 2.85 %
Short-term borrowings 155,966 1,420 3.61 % 165,405 1,488 3.61 %
Long-term borrowings 544,020 5,977 4.36 % 550,795 6,015 4.38 %
Total Interest-Bearing Liabilities 20,720,559 150,842 2.89 % 20,321,323 146,659 2.89 %
Noninterest-bearing deposits 6,614,586 6,597,595
Accrued expenses and other liabilities 321,165 314,310
TOTAL LIABILITIES 27,656,310 27,233,228
SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY 5,413,460 5,351,140
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND
SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY $ 33,069,770 $ 32,584,368
NET INTEREST INCOME $ 280,896 $ 275,328
INTEREST RATE SPREAD 2.94 % 2.95 %
NET INTEREST MARGIN 3.80 % 3.81 %
(1) The interest income and the yields on federally nontaxable loans and investment securities are presented on a tax-equivalent basis using the statutory federal income tax rate of 21%.
--- ---
(2) Nonaccruing loans are included in the daily average loan amounts outstanding.
--- ---
(3) Loans held for sale and leases are included in the daily average loan amounts outstanding.
--- ---

73

Table of Contents

The following table shows the unaudited consolidated daily average balance of major categories of assets and liabilities for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, with the interest and rate earned or paid on such amount. The interest income and yields on federally nontaxable loans and investment securities are presented on a tax-equivalent basis using the statutory federal income tax rate of 21% for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. Interest income on all loans and investment securities was subject to state income taxes.

Nine Months Ended<br>September 30, 2025 Nine Months Ended<br>September 30, 2024
(Dollars in thousands) Average<br>Balance Interest<br>(1) Avg. Rate<br>(1) Average<br>Balance Interest<br>(1) Avg. Rate<br>(1)
ASSETS
Earning Assets:
Federal funds sold and securities repurchased under agreements to resell and other short-term investments $ 2,098,511 $ 70,412 4.49 % $ 1,068,028 $ 44,331 5.54 %
Investment Securities:
Taxable 3,048,195 81,126 3.55 % 3,484,931 99,487 3.81 %
Tax-exempt 196,778 4,543 3.08 % 208,843 4,423 2.82 %
Total Securities 3,244,973 85,669 3.52 % 3,693,774 103,910 3.75 %
Loans, net of unearned income (2)(3) 23,947,635 1,102,073 6.15 % 21,578,981 980,413 6.07 %
Allowance for loan losses (308,868 ) (263,298 )
Net loans 23,638,767 6.23 % 21,315,683 6.14 %
Total earning assets 28,982,251 $ 1,258,154 5.80 % 26,077,485 $ 1,128,654 5.78 %
Other assets 3,630,874 3,357,672
TOTAL ASSETS $ 32,613,125 $ 29,435,157
LIABILITIES
Interest-Bearing Liabilities:
Interest-bearing deposits $ 19,666,836 $ 418,889 2.85 % $ 16,936,116 $ 404,115 3.19 %
Short-term borrowings 162,776 4,358 3.58 % 200,555 6,336 4.22 %
Long-term borrowings 549,771 17,846 4.34 % 1,178,176 37,176 4.21 %
Total Interest-Bearing Liabilities 20,379,383 441,093 2.89 % 18,314,847 447,627 3.26 %
Non-interest bearing deposits 6,561,681 5,958,668
Accrued expenses and other liabilities 322,358 300,220
TOTAL LIABILITIES 27,263,422 24,573,735
SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY 5,349,703 4,861,422
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND
SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY $ 32,613,125 $ 29,435,157
NET INTEREST INCOME $ 817,061 $ 681,027
INTEREST RATE SPREAD 2.91 % 2.52 %
NET INTEREST MARGIN 3.77 % 3.49 %
(1) The interest income and the yields on federally nontaxable loans and investment securities are presented on a tax-equivalent basis using the statutory federal income tax rate of 21%.
--- ---
(2) Nonaccruing loans are included in the daily average loan amounts outstanding.
--- ---
(3) Loans held for sale and leases are included in the daily average loan amounts outstanding.
--- ---

74

Table of Contents

Provision for Credit Losses

The provision for credit losses was $12.10 million and $47.09 million for the third quarter and first nine months of 2025, respectively, as compared to a provision for credit losses of $6.94 million and $18.46 million for the third quarter and first nine months of 2024, respectively. The provision for credit losses for the first nine months of 2025 included provision expense of $18.73 million recorded for purchased non-PCD loans from Piedmont. On a linked-quarter basis, the provision for credit losses for the second quarter of 2025 was $5.89 million. United’s provision for credit losses relates to its portfolio of loans and leases, available-for-sale securities and held-to-maturity securities are discussed in more detail in the following paragraphs.

For the quarter ended September 30, 2025, the provision for loan and lease losses was $12.10 million as compared to a provision for loan and lease losses of $6.94 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2024. The higher amount of provision expense for the third quarter of 2025 compared to the third quarter of 2024 was mainly due to increased provision for the commercial real estate nonowner-occupied (“CRE NOO”) loan segment. The provision for loan and lease losses for the first nine months of 2025 was $47.09 million as compared to a provision for loan and lease losses of $18.46 million for the first nine months of 2024. The higher amount of provision expense for the first nine months of 2025 compared to the first nine months of 2024 was mainly due to the previously mentioned provision expense of $18.73 million recorded for purchased non-PCD loans from Piedmont as well as increased provision for the CRE NOO loan segment. Net charge-offs for the third quarter of 2025 were $20.01 million as compared to net charge-offs of $3.60 million for the third quarter of 2024. During the third quarter of 2025, United recorded $16.50 million of charge-offs reflecting updated collateral valuations on two CRE NOO loans associated with the same sponsor downgraded to nonaccrual status. The loans, originated in 2018 and 2019, are collateralized by office buildings in Northern Virginia and include a full guarantee from the sponsor. During the third quarter of 2025, the sponsor experienced a significant deterioration in financial condition and concerns arose regarding the sponsor’s ability to support the credits on a long-term basis. Net charge-offs for the first nine months of 2025 were $36.40 million as compared to net charge-offs of $6.93 million for the first nine months of 2024. In addition to the two aforementioned CRE NOO loans, the higher amount of net charge-offs for the first nine months of 2025 as compared to the same time period in 2024 was primarily due to additional charge-offs within the CRE NOO, other commercial, and consumer loan segments. On a linked-quarter basis, the provision for loan and lease losses of $12.10 million for the third quarter of 2025 was an increase of $6.21 million from the provision for loan and lease losses of $5.89 million for the second quarter of 2025. The higher amount of provision expense for the third quarter of 2025 compared to the second quarter of 2025 was mainly due to increased provision for the CRE NOO loan segment and decreased provision requirements for the construction and land development loan segment. Net charge-offs were $8.35 million for the second quarter of 2025.

Annualized net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans and leases, net of unearned income for the third quarter and first nine months of 2025 were 0.33% and 0.20%, respectively, as compared to annualized net charge-offs of 0.07% and 0.04% for the third quarter and first nine months of 2024, respectively. Annualized net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans and leases, net of unearned income for the second quarter of 2025 were 0.14%.

The following table shows a summary of United’s nonperforming assets including nonperforming loans and other real estate owned (“OREO”) at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

(In thousands) September 30<br>2025 December 31<br>2024
Nonaccrual loans $ 110,236 $ 56,460
Loans past due 90 days or more 6,631 16,940
Total nonperforming loans $ 116,867 $ 73,400
Other real estate owned 6,891 327
Total nonperforming assets $ 123,758 $ 73,727

At September 30, 2025, the nonaccrual balance on the two CRE NOO loans discussed above was $60.46 million.

75

Table of Contents

United maintains an allowance for loan and lease losses and a reserve for lending-related commitments. The combined allowance for loan losses and reserve for lending-related commitments is considered the allowance for credit losses. At September 30, 2025, the allowance for credit losses was $332.69 million as compared to $306.76 million at December 31, 2024.

At September 30, 2025, the allowance for loan and lease losses was $300.05 million as compared to $271.84 million at December 31, 2024. The increase in the allowance for loan and lease losses was primarily driven by the allowance for loan and lease losses recorded as a result of the Piedmont acquisition. The allowance for loan and lease losses at September 30, 2025 saw the largest increases in the reserves for the CRE NOO and residential real estate segments from year-end 2024 due to increased outstanding loan balances from the Piedmont acquisition and increased adjustments resulting from the reasonable and supportable forecast. As a percentage of loans and leases, net of unearned income, the allowance for loan losses was 1.22% at September 30, 2025 and 1.25% at December 31, 2024. The ratio of the allowance for loan and lease losses to nonperforming loans and leases or coverage ratio was 256.75% and 370.36% at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The decrease in this ratio was due mainly to a larger increase in nonperforming loans as compared to the allowance for loan losses.

United continues to evaluate risks which may impact its loan and lease portfolios. Reserves are initially determined based on losses identified from the PD/LGD and Cohort models which utilize the Company’s historical information. Then, any qualitative adjustments are applied to account for the Company’s view of the future and other factors. If current conditions underlying any qualitative adjustment factor were deemed to be materially different than historical conditions, an adjustment was made for that factor.

The third quarter of 2025 qualitative adjustments include analyses of the following:

• Current conditions – United considered the impact of government efficiency efforts, potential tariffs and geopolitical events when making determinations related to factor adjustments for the external environment. United also considered the impact of changes in economic and business conditions; collateral values for dependent loans; past due, nonaccrual and adversely classified loans and leases; and concentrations of credit.
• Reasonable and supportable forecasts – The forecast is determined on a portfolio-by-portfolio basis by relating the correlation of real GDP and the unemployment rate to loss rates to forecasts of those variables. The reasonable and supportable forecast selection is subjective in nature and requires more judgment compared to the other components of the allowance. Assumptions for the economic variables were the following:
--- ---
• The forecast for real GDP increased slightly in the third quarter, from a projection of 1.40% for 2025 as of mid-June 2025 to 1.60% for 2025 as of mid-September with a projection of 1.80% for 2026. The unemployment rate forecast remained the same in the third quarter with a projection of 4.50% for 2025 as of mid-June 2025 and 4.50% for 2025 as of mid-September with a projection of 4.40% for 2026.
--- ---
• Greater risk of loss in the office portfolio within the CRE NOO loan segment due to challenging office market dynamics and stress in certain markets.
--- ---
• Reversion to historical loss data occurs via a straight-line method during the year following the one-year reasonable and supportable forecast period.
--- ---

United’s review of the allowance for loan and lease losses at September 30, 2025 produced increased reserves in three of the four loan categories as compared to December 31, 2024. The allowance related to the commercial, financial & agricultural loan pool, consisting of the owner and non-owner occupied commercial real estate and other commercial loan segments, increased $22.28 million due to the first quarter acquisition of Piedmont and increased outstanding balances as well as increased allocations for the reasonable and supportable forecast adjustment. The residential real estate loan segment reserve increased $6.93 million due to increased outstanding balances with the acquisition of Piedmont and the annual evaluation of delay periods utilized in the historical loss rate calculation. The consumer loan segment reserve increased $2.43 million primarily due to an increase in the quarterly maximum loss experience utilized within the reasonable and supportable forecast adjustment. The real estate construction and development loan segment reserve decreased $3.44 million due to reduced concern over collateral values and improved strength of the portfolio.

76

Table of Contents

An allowance is established for estimated lifetime losses for loans that are individually assessed. Nonperforming commercial loans and leases are regularly reviewed to identify expected credit losses. A loan is individually assessed for expected credit losses when the loan does not share similar characteristics with other loans in the portfolio. Measuring expected credit losses of a loan requires judgment and estimates, and the eventual outcomes may differ from those estimates. Expected credit losses are measured based upon the present value of expected future cash flows from the loan discounted at the loan’s effective rate or the fair value of collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. When the selected measure is less than the recorded investment in the loan, an expected credit loss has occurred. The allowance for loans and leases that were individually assessed was $11.04 million at September 30, 2025 and $11.21 million at December 31, 2024. In comparison to year-end, this element of the allowance decreased $168 thousand due to loans individually evaluated from the acquisition of Piedmont requiring allocations as well as a large United-originated office relationship with elevated collection concerns due to the impact of government efficiency efforts which resulted in the termination of leases. These increases were offset by the resolution of an office relationship that necessitated a charge-off as well as collateral liquidation on a relationship and improved collateral position on another that negated the need for continued additional reserves.

Management believes that the allowance for credit losses of $332.69 million at September 30, 2025 is adequate to provide for expected losses on existing loans and lending-related commitments based on information currently available. United’s loan administration policies are focused on the risk characteristics of the loan portfolio in terms of loan approval and credit quality. The commercial loan portfolio is monitored for possible concentrations of credit in one or more industries. Management has lending limits as a percentage of capital per type of credit concentration in an effort to ensure adequate diversification within the portfolio. Most of United’s commercial loans are secured by real estate located in United’s footprint. It is the opinion of management that these commercial loans do not pose any unusual risks and that adequate consideration has been given to these loans in establishing the allowance for credit losses.

The provision for credit losses related to held to maturity securities for the third quarter of 2025 and 2024 was immaterial. The allowance for credit losses related to held to maturity securities was $17 thousand and $18 thousand, respectively, as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. There was no provision for credit losses recorded on available for sale investment securities for the first nine months of 2025 and 2024 and no allowance for credit losses on available for sale investment securities as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Management is not aware of any potential problem loans or leases, trends or uncertainties, which it reasonably expects, will materially impact future operating results, liquidity, or capital resources which have not been disclosed. Additionally, management has disclosed all known material credits, which cause management to have serious doubts as to the ability of such borrowers to comply with the loan repayment schedules.

Other Income

Other income consists of all revenues, which are not included in interest and fee income related to earning assets. Noninterest income has been and will continue to be an important factor for improving United’s profitability. Recognizing the importance, management continues to evaluate areas where noninterest income can be enhanced.

Noninterest income for the third quarter of 2025 was $43.20 million, an increase of $11.26 million or 35.26% from the third quarter of 2024. Noninterest income for the first nine months of 2025 was $104.22 million, an increase of $9.84 million or 10.43% from the first nine months of 2024.

Net gains on investment securities were $10.44 million for the third quarter of 2025 as compared to net losses on investment securities of $6.72 million for the third quarter of 2024. For the first nine months of 2025, net gains on investment securities were $11.39 million as compared to net losses on investment securities of $7.03 million for the first nine months of 2024. The net gains in the third quarter and first nine months of 2025 were primarily due to a net increase in the fair value of equity securities reflecting common stock net appreciation at September 30, 2025, from the prior quarter-end. The net losses in the third quarter and first nine months of 2024 were due to sales of AFS investment securities and a decline in the fair value of equity securities partially offset by the exchange of VISA shares.

77

Table of Contents

Fees from brokerage services for the third quarter and first nine months of 2025 increased $1.19 million or 23.48% and $1.47 million or 9.62%, respectively, from the third quarter and first nine months of 2024. The increases in fees from brokerage services for 2025 were primarily due to higher volume.

Fees from deposit services for the first nine months of 2025 increased $1.41 million or 5.07% from the first nine months of 2024. In particular, debit card, overdraft, and account analysis fees increased for the first nine months of 2025 as compared to the first nine months of 2024.

Income from mortgage banking activities totaled $2.50 million and $7.58 million for the third quarter and first nine months of 2025, respectively, compared to $4.54 million and $13.74 million for the third quarter and first nine months of 2024, respectively. The decreases for 2025 as compared to 2024 were mainly due to lower mortgage loan origination and sale volume. For the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, mortgage loan sales were $104.06 million and $171.32 million, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, mortgage loan sales were $303.86 million and $523.33 million, respectively. Mortgage loans originated for sale were $91.23 million and $283.72 million for the third quarter and first nine months of 2025, respectively, as compared to $151.33 million and $513.56 million for the third quarter and first nine of 2024, respectively.

Mortgage loan servicing income for the first nine months of 2025 decreased $8.96 million from the first nine months of 2024. This 100% decrease in 2025 from the same time period in 2024 was due to the sale of United’s remaining mortgage servicing portfolio in the second half of 2024.

Income from bank-owned life insurance for the first nine months of 2025 increased $2.45 million or 30.62% from the first nine months of 2024. These increases were primarily due to death proceeds of $1.28 million in the first nine months of 2025 as well as income from the bank-owned life insurance policies added from the Piedmont acquisition and an increase in the cash surrender values primarily due to the impact of higher market values of underlying investments.

On a linked-quarter basis, noninterest income for the third quarter of 2025 was $43.20 million, an increase of $11.74 million, or 37.33%, from the second quarter of 2025, driven by increases in net gains on investment securities of $10.02 million and fees from brokerage services of $1.40 million. As previously mentioned, net gains on investment securities of $10.44 million for the third quarter of 2025 were primarily due to unrealized fair value gains on equity securities reflecting common stock appreciation at September 30, 2025, from the prior quarter-end. The increase in fees from brokerage services was primarily due to higher volume.

Other Expenses

Just as management continues to evaluate areas where noninterest income can be enhanced, it strives to improve the efficiency of its operations to reduce costs. Other expenses include all items of expense other than interest expense, the provision for credit losses, and income taxes. Noninterest expense for the third quarter of 2025 was $146.74 million, which was an increase of $11.40 million or 8.42% from the third quarter of 2024. For the first nine months of 2025, noninterest expense was $448.33 million, which was an increase of $37.48 million or 9.12% from the first nine months of 2024. Generally, these increases in the 2025 time periods related primarily to the expenses associated with the additional employees and branch offices from the Piedmont acquisition. In addition, merger-related expenses within the non-interest expense category from the Piedmont acquisition increased $11.07 million for the first nine months of 2025 from the first nine months of 2024.

Employee compensation for the third quarter and first nine months of 2025 increased $5.61 million or 9.59% and $11.61 million or 6.59%, respectively, from the third quarter and first nine months of 2024. The increases in employee compensation were due primarily to the additional employees from the Piedmont acquisition as well as higher employee incentives. In addition, $1.46 million in merger-related expenses were recognized in the first nine months of 2025.

78

Table of Contents

Employee benefits expense for the third quarter and first nine months of 2025 increased $1.56 million or 11.90% and $1.46 million or 3.67%, respectively, from the third quarter and first nine months of 2024. This increase was primarily due to increased health insurance costs due to a higher amount of claims and the additional employees from the Piedmont acquisition partially offset by a decline in expenses for postretirement benefits.

Net occupancy for the third quarter and first nine months of 2025 increased $1.22 million or 10.80% and $2.60 million or 7.43%, respectively, from the third quarter and first nine months of 2024. These increases were due mainly to increased building rental, maintenance, and depreciation costs primarily as a result of the Piedmont acquisition.

Equipment expense for the first nine months of 2025 increased $3.46 million or 15.58% from the first nine months of 2024. This increase was due to higher equipment maintenance expense.

Data processing expense for the first nine months of 2025 increased $2.33 million or 10.50% from the first nine months of 2024 due to increased processing from the Piedmont acquisition.

Mortgage servicing and impairment expense for first nine months of 2025 decreased $2.43 million from the first nine months of 2024 due to the sale of the remaining loans serviced by United in 2024.

FDIC expense for the first nine months of 2025 decreased $2.25 million or 14.17% from the first nine months of 2024. FDIC insurance expense for the first nine months of 2024 included $2.1 million in expense for the FDIC’s special assessment resulting from the FDIC’s revised loss estimates to the Deposit Insurance Fund.

Other expense for the third quarter of 2025 increased $1.96 million or 6.17% from the third quarter of 2024 due primarily to increases of $1.43 million for the amortization of core deposit intangibles due mainly to the Piedmont acquisition, $1.42 million for the amortization of investment tax credits and $930 thousand for consulting and legal fees partially offset by a decline of $2.62 million in operational losses due primarily due to fewer fraud losses. Other expense for the first nine months of 2025 increased $20.78 million or 21.96% from the first nine months of 2024. Within other expense, merger-related expenses increased $5.41 million and the expense for the reserve for unfunded commitments increased $4.46 million, which includes $4.06 million for the expense related to the reserve for the acquired unfunded loan commitments from Piedmont. In addition, consulting and legal fees increased $5.67 million, advertising expense increased $1.31 million, business franchise taxes increased $1.31 million and automated teller machine (“ATM”) fees increased $1.23 million. The amortization of core deposit intangibles increased $4.29 million due mainly to the Piedmont acquisition.

On a linked-quarter basis, noninterest expense for the third quarter of 2025 of $146.74 million was flat from the second quarter of 2025, slightly decreasing $1.28 million, or less than 1%. The decrease in noninterest expense was driven by a $3.53 million decrease in other noninterest expense. Within other noninterest expense, the expense on the reserve for unfunded commitments declined $2.43 million primarily due to a decrease in the modeled loss rate within certain loan portfolios partially offset by an increase in the outstanding balance of loan commitments from the prior quarter-end. In addition, consulting and legal fees declined $1.31 million and merger expenses decreased $910 thousand. Partially offsetting these decreases in noninterest expense were a $1.16 million increase in employee compensation and a $1.21 million increase in employee benefits. Additionally, within other noninterest expense, investment tax credit amortization increased $1.36 million for the third quarter of 2025 as compared to the second quarter of 2025. The increase in employee compensation was primarily due to higher employee headcount and brokerage commissions. The increase in employee benefits was primarily due to higher postretirement benefit costs.

79

Table of Contents

Income Taxes

For the third quarter of 2025, income tax expense was $33.74 million as compared to $24.65 million in the third quarter of 2024. The increase of $9.09 million in income tax expense for the third quarter of 2025 as compared to the third quarter of 2024 was primarily due to higher earnings partially offset by a slightly lower effective tax rate. For the first nine months of 2025, income tax expense was $87.73 million as compared to $64.93 million in the first nine months of 2024. The increase of $22.80 million in income tax expense for the first nine months of 2025 was due mainly to an increase in earnings and a higher effective tax rate. On a linked-quarter basis, income tax expense increased $2.37 million from the second quarter of 2025 due mainly to increased earnings partially offset by a slightly lower effective tax rate. For the quarters ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, United’s effective tax rate was 20.51% and 20.56%, respectively. The effective tax rate for the first nine months of 2025 and 2024 was 20.72% and 18.90%, respectively. For the quarter ended June 30, 2025, United’s effective tax rate was 20.62%.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

In the opinion of management, United maintains liquidity that is sufficient to satisfy its depositors’ requirements and the credit needs of its customers. Like all banks, United depends upon its ability to renew maturing deposits and other liabilities on a daily basis and to acquire new funds in a variety of markets. A significant source of funds available to United is “core deposits”. Core deposits include certain demand deposits, statement and special savings and NOW accounts. These deposits are relatively stable, and they are the lowest cost source of funds available to United. Short-term borrowings have also been a significant source of funds. These include federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase as well as advances from the FHLB. Repurchase agreements represent funds which are obtained as the result of a competitive bidding process.

Liquid assets are cash and those items readily convertible to cash. All banks must maintain sufficient balances of cash and near-cash items to meet the day-to-day demands of customers and United’s cash needs. Other than cash and due from banks, the available for sale securities portfolio and maturing loans are the primary sources of liquidity.

The goal of liquidity management is to ensure the ability to access funding which enables United to efficiently satisfy the cash flow requirements of depositors and borrowers and meet United’s cash needs. Liquidity is managed by monitoring funds’ availability from a number of primary sources. Substantial funding is available from cash and cash equivalents, unused short-term borrowing and a geographically dispersed network of branches providing access to a diversified and substantial retail deposit market.

Short-term needs can be met through a wide array of outside sources such as correspondent and downstream correspondent federal funds and utilization of Federal Home Loan Bank advances.

Other sources of liquidity available to United to provide long-term as well as short-term funding alternatives, in addition to FHLB advances, are long-term certificates of deposit, lines of credit, borrowings that are secured by bank premises or stock of United’s subsidiaries and issuances of trust preferred securities. In the normal course of business, United through its Asset Liability Committee evaluates these as well as other alternative funding strategies that may be utilized to meet short-term and long-term funding needs.

During the first nine months of 2025, United increased its interest-bearing deposit balance at the FRB by $178.69 million to $2.15 billion. The change in the balance at the FRB was mostly the result of a $2.92 billion increase in total deposits and $132.96 million of net sales, maturities, and paydowns in the available for sale debt securities portfolio partially offset by loan growth of $848.33 million and declines of $7.08 million and $10.20 million, respectively, in securities sold under agreements to repurchase and FHLB advances.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, cash of $359.99 million was provided by operating activities due mainly to net income of $335.78 million. Net cash of $676.59 million was used in investing activities which was primarily due to $848.33 million of portfolio loan growth and net proceeds of $100.68 million from the sales, maturities, redemptions and calls of investment securities over purchases partially offset by net cash received of $77.47 million in the Piedmont acquisition. During the first nine months of 2025, net cash of $543.08 million was provided by financing activities due primarily to growth in deposits of $816.29 million partially offset by cash dividends paid of $156.52 million and cash used of $79.41 million to repurchase shares of United common stock and $20.58 million to redeem subordinated notes assumed in the Piedmont acquisition. The net effect of the cash flow activities was an increase in cash and cash equivalents of $226.48 million for the first nine months of 2025.

80

Table of Contents

At September 30, 2025, United had an unused borrowing amount at the FHLB of approximately $8.97 billion subject to delivery of collateral after certain trigger points and $4.77 billion without the delivery of additional collateral. United has various unused lines of credit available from certain of its correspondent banks in the aggregate amount of $280 million, all of which was available at September 30, 2025. At September 30, 2025, United’s borrowing capacity for the FRB Discount Window was $4.64 billion. United did not have any borrowings from the FRB’s Discount Window during the first nine months of 2025.

United anticipates it can meet its obligations over the next 12 months and has no material commitments for capital expenditures. United also has lines of credit available. See Notes 9 and 10 to the accompanying unaudited Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for more details regarding the amounts available to United under lines of credit.

The Asset Liability Committee monitors liquidity to ascertain that a liquidity position within certain prescribed parameters is maintained. No changes are anticipated in the policies of United’s Asset Liability Committee.

United’s capital position is financially sound. United seeks to maintain a proper relationship between capital and total assets to support growth and sustain earnings. United has historically generated attractive returns on shareholders’ equity. United is well-capitalized based upon regulatory guidelines. United’s risk-based capital ratio is 15.67% at September 30, 2025 while its Common Equity Tier 1 capital, Tier 1 capital and leverage ratios are 13.40%, 13.40% and 11.34%, respectively. The regulatory requirements for a well-capitalized financial institution are a risk-based capital ratio of 10.0%, a Common Equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 6.5%, a Tier 1 capital ratio of 8.0% and a leverage ratio of 5.0%.

Total shareholders’ equity was $5.45 billion at September 30, 2025, which was an increase of $452.49 million or 9.06% from December 31, 2024. This increase is primarily due to increases of $20.34 million and $268.77 million to common stock and surplus, respectively, related to the Piedmont acquisition and $177.23 million in retained earnings (net income less dividends declared). During the first nine months of 2025, United repurchased 2,284,282 shares of its common stock at an average price of $34.53 per share.

United’s equity to assets ratio was 16.30% at September 30, 2025 as compared to 16.63% at December 31, 2024. The primary capital ratio, capital and reserves to total assets and reserves, was 17.13% at September 30, 2025 as compared to 17.47% at December 31, 2024. United’s average equity to average asset ratio was 16.37% for the third quarter of 2025 as compared to 16.64% the third quarter of 2024. United’s average equity to average asset ratio was 16.40% for the first nine months of 2025 as compared to 16.52% for the first nine months of 2024. All of these financial measurements reflect a financially sound position.

During the third quarter of 2025, United’s Board of Directors declared a cash dividend of $0.37 per share. Cash dividends were $1.11 per common share for the first nine months of 2025. Total cash dividends declared were $52.46 million for the third quarter of 2025 and $158.54 million for the first nine months of 2025 as compared to $50.21 million for the third quarter of 2024 and $150.63 million for the first nine months of 2024, respectively.

Item 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

The objective of United’s Asset Liability Management function is to maintain consistent growth in net interest income within United’s policy guidelines. This objective is accomplished through the management of balance sheet liquidity and interest rate risk exposures due to changes in economic conditions, interest rate levels and customer preferences.

Interest Rate Risk

Management considers interest rate risk to be United’s most significant market risk. Interest rate risk is the exposure to adverse changes in United’s net interest income as a result of changes in interest rates. United’s earnings are largely dependent on the effective management of interest rate risk.

81

Table of Contents

Management of interest rate risk focuses on maintaining consistent growth in net interest income within Board-approved policy limits. United’s Asset/Liability Management Committee (“ALCO”), which includes senior management representatives and reports to the Board of Directors, monitors and manages interest rate risk to maintain an acceptable level of change to net interest income as a result of changes in interest rates. Policy established for interest rate risk is stated in terms of the change in net interest income over a one-year and two-year horizon given an immediate and sustained increase or decrease in interest rates. The current limits approved by the Board of Directors are structured on a staged basis with each stage requiring specific actions.

United employs a variety of measurement techniques to identify and manage its exposure to changing interest rates. One such technique utilizes an earnings simulation model to analyze the sensitivity of net interest income to movements in interest rates. The model is based on actual cash flows and repricing characteristics for on and off-balance sheet instruments and incorporates market-based assumptions regarding the impact of changing interest rates on the prepayment rate of certain assets and liabilities. The model also includes executive management projections for activity levels in product lines offered by United. Assumptions based on the historical behavior of deposit rates and balances in relation to changes in interest rates are also incorporated into the model. Rate scenarios could involve parallel or nonparallel shifts in the yield curve, depending on historical, current, and expected conditions, as well as the need to capture any material effects of explicit or embedded options. These assumptions are inherently uncertain and, as a result, the model cannot precisely measure net interest income or precisely predict the impact of fluctuations in interest rates on net interest income. Actual results will differ from simulated results due to timing, magnitude and frequency of interest rate changes as well as changes in market conditions and management’s strategies.

Interest sensitive assets and liabilities are defined as those assets or liabilities that mature or are repriced within a designated time frame. The principal function of managing interest rate risk is to maintain an appropriate relationship between those assets and liabilities that are sensitive to changing market interest rates. The difference between rate sensitive assets and rate sensitive liabilities for specified periods of time is known as the “GAP.” Earnings-simulation analysis captures not only the potential of these interest sensitive assets and liabilities to mature or reprice, but also the probability that they will do so. Moreover, earnings-simulation analysis considers the relative sensitivities of these balance sheet items and projects their behavior over an extended period of time. United closely monitors the sensitivity of its assets and liabilities on an on-going basis and projects the effect of various interest rate changes on its net interest margin.

The following table shows United’s estimated earnings sensitivity profile as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

Change in Interest Rates<br> <br>(basis points) Percentage Change in Net Interest Income
September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024
+200 3.96 % 2.82 %
+100 2.39 % 1.75 %
-100 (0.50 %) 0.26 %
-200 (0.34 %) 0.40 %

At September 30, 2025, given an immediate, sustained 100 basis point upward shock to the yield curve used in the simulation model, net interest income for United is estimated to increase by 2.39% over one year as compared to an increase by 1.75% at December 31, 2024. A 200 basis point immediate, sustained upward shock in the yield curve would increase net interest income by an estimated 3.96% over one year as of September 30, 2025, as compared to an increase of 2.82% as of December 31, 2024. A 100 basis point immediate, sustained downward shock in the yield curve would decrease net interest income by an estimated 0.50% over one year as of September 30, 2025 as compared to an increase of 0.26% over one year as of December 31, 2024. A 200 basis point immediate, sustained downward shock in the yield curve would decrease net interest income by an estimated 0.34% over one year as of September 30, 2025 as compared to an increase of 0.40% over one year as of December 31, 2024.

82

Table of Contents

In addition to the one year earnings sensitivity analysis, a two-year analysis is also performed. Compared to the one year analysis, United is projected to show improved performance in year two within the upward rate shock scenarios. Given an immediate, sustained 100 basis point upward shock to the yield curve used in the simulation model, net interest income for United is estimated to increase by 4.56% in year two as of September 30, 2025. A 200 basis point immediate, sustained upward shock in the yield curve would increase net interest income by an estimated 8.01% in year two as of September 30, 2025. A 100 basis point immediate, sustained downward shock in the yield curve would decrease net interest income by an estimated 3.09% in year two as of September 30, 2025. A 200 basis point immediate, sustained downward shock in the yield curve would decrease net interest income by an estimated 6.37% in year two as of September 30, 2025.

While it is unlikely market rates would immediately move 100 or 200 basis points upward or downward on a sustained basis, this is another tool used by management and the Board to gauge interest rate risk. All of these estimated changes in net interest income are and were within the policy guidelines established by the Board.

To further aid in interest rate management, United’s subsidiary bank is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”). The use of FHLB advances provides United with a low risk means of matching maturities of earning assets and interest-bearing funds to achieve a desired interest rate spread over the life of the earning assets. In addition, United uses credit with large regional banks and trust preferred securities to provide funding.

As part of its interest rate risk management strategy, United may use derivative instruments to protect against adverse price or interest rate movements on the value of certain assets or liabilities and on future cash flows. These derivatives commonly consist of interest rate swaps, caps, floors, collars, futures, forward contracts, written and purchased options. Interest rate swaps obligate two parties to exchange one or more payments generally calculated with reference to a fixed or variable rate of interest applied to the notional amount. United accounts for its derivative activities in accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 815, “Derivatives and Hedging.”

Extension Risk

A key feature of most mortgage loans is the ability of the borrower to repay principal earlier than scheduled. This is called a prepayment. Prepayments arise primarily due to sale of the underlying property, refinancing, or foreclosure. In general, declining interest rates tend to increase prepayments, and rising interest rates tend to slow prepayments. Like other fixed-income securities, when interest rates rise, the value of mortgage- related securities generally declines. The rate of prepayments on underlying mortgages will affect the price and volatility of mortgage-related securities and may shorten or extend the effective maturity of the security beyond what was anticipated at the time of purchase. If interest rates rise, United’s holdings of mortgage-related securities may experience reduced returns if the borrowers of the underlying mortgages pay off their mortgages later than anticipated. This is generally referred to as extension risk.

At September 30, 2025, United’s mortgage related securities portfolio had an amortized cost of $1.8 billion, of which approximately $905.8 million or 49% were fixed rate collateralized mortgage obligations (“CMOs”). These fixed rate CMOs consisted primarily of planned amortization class (“PACs”), sequential-pay and accretion directed (“VADMs”) bonds having an average life of approximately 4.5 years and a weighted average yield of 3.10%, under current projected prepayment assumptions. These securities are expected to have moderate extension risk in a rising rate environment. Current models show that that given an immediate, sustained upward shock of 300 basis points, the average life of these securities would only extend to 6.2 years. The projected price decline of the fixed rate CMO portfolio in rates up 300 basis points would be 14.7%, or less than the price decline of a 7-year treasury note. By comparison, the price decline of a 30-year 5% current coupon mortgage-backed security (“MBS”) in rates higher by 300 basis points would be approximately 20.8%.

United had approximately $338.2 million in fixed rate Commercial mortgage-backed Securities (“CMBS”) with a projected yield of 1.94% and a projected average life of 4.4 years on September 30, 2025. This portfolio consisted primarily of Freddie Mac Multifamily K securities and Fannie Mae Delegated Underwriting and Servicing (“DUS”) securities with a weighted average maturity (“WAM”) of 8.6 years.

United had approximately $20.5 million in 15-year mortgage-backed securities with a projected yield of 3.99% and a projected average life of 3.9 years as of September 30, 2025. This portfolio consisted of seasoned 15-year mortgage paper with a weighted average loan age (“WALA”) of 5.7 years and a WAM of 9.5 years.

83

Table of Contents

United had approximately $302.6 million in 20-year mortgage-backed securities with a projected yield of 2.14% and a projected average life of 5.8 years on September 30, 2025. This portfolio consisted of seasoned 20-year mortgage paper with a WALA of 4.5 years and a WAM of 15.2 years.

United had approximately $218.3 million in 30-year mortgage-backed securities with a projected yield of 3.93% and a projected average life of 7.4 years on September 30, 2025. This portfolio consisted of seasoned 30-year mortgage paper with a WALA of 5.8 years and a WAM of 22.5 years.

The remaining 3% of the mortgage related securities portfolio on September 30, 2025, included floating rate CMO, CMBS and mortgage-backed securities.

Item 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As of September 30, 2025, an evaluation was performed under the supervision of and with the participation of United’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), of the effectiveness of the design and operation of United’s disclosure controls and procedures. Based on that evaluation, United’s management, including the CEO and CFO, concluded that United’s disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2025 were effective in ensuring that information required to be disclosed in the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q was recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time period required by the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms.

Limitations on the Effectiveness of Controls

United’s management, including the CEO and CFO, does not expect that United’s disclosure controls and internal controls will prevent all errors and fraud. While United’s disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their objective, a control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the controls.

Changes in Internal Controls

There have been no changes in United’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 2025, or in other factors that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect United’s internal control over financial reporting.

84

Table of Contents

PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

United and its subsidiaries are currently involved in various legal proceedings in the normal course of business. Management is vigorously pursuing all its legal and factual defenses and, after consultation with legal counsel, believes that all such litigation will be resolved with no material effect on United’s financial position.

Item 1A. RISK FACTORS

In addition to the other information set forth in this report, please refer to United’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 for disclosures with respect to United’s risk factors which could materially affect United’s business, financial condition or future results. The risks described in the Annual Report on Form 10-K are not the only risks facing United. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to United or that United currently deems to be immaterial also may materially adversely affect United’s business, financial condition and/or operating results.

Item 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

There have been no United equity securities sales during the quarter ended September 30, 2025 that were not registered. The table below includes certain information regarding United’s purchase of its common shares during the quarter ended September 30, 2025:

Period Total Number<br><br><br>of Shares<br><br><br>Purchased<br><br><br>(1) (2) Average<br><br><br>Price Paid<br><br><br>per Share Total Number of<br><br><br>Shares Purchased as<br><br><br>Part of Publicly<br><br><br>Announced Plans (3) Maximum Number<br><br><br>of Shares that May<br><br><br>Yet be Purchased<br><br><br>Under the Plans (3)
7/01 – 7/31/2025 260,348 $ 36.55 260,348 2,562,064
8/01 – 8/31/2025 454,505 $ 35.70 454,500 2,107,564
9/01 – 9/30/2025 20,607 $ 36.98 20,607 2,086,957
Total 735,460 $ 36.04 735,455
(1) Includes shares exchanged in connection with the exercise of stock options or the vesting of restricted stock under United’s long-term incentive plans. Shares are purchased pursuant to the terms of the applicable plan and not pursuant to a publicly announced stock repurchase plan. For the quarter ended September 30, 2025, no shares were exchanged by participants in United’s long-term incentive plans.
--- ---
(2) Includes shares purchased in open market transactions by United for a rabbi trust to provide payment of benefits under a deferred compensation plan for certain key officers of United and its subsidiaries. For the quarter ended September 30, 2025, the following shares were purchased for the deferred compensation plan: August 2025 – 5 shares at an average price of $37.78.
--- ---
(3) In May of 2022, United’s Board of Directors approved a repurchase plan to repurchase up to 4,750,000 shares of United’s common stock on the open market (the “2022 Plan”). The timing, price and quantity of purchases under the plan is at the discretion of management and the plan may be discontinued, suspended or restarted at any time depending on the facts and circumstances. For the quarter ended September 30, 2025, United repurchased 260,348 shares in July, 2025, 454,500 shares in August, 2025 and 20,607 shares in September, 2025 under the 2022 Plan.
--- ---

85

Table of Contents

Item 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None.

Item 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

None.

Item 5. OTHER INFORMATION

(a) None.
(b) No changes were made to the procedures by which security holders may recommend nominees to United’s Board of Directors.
--- ---
(c) United’s directors and executive officers may from time to time enter into plans or other arrangements for the purchase or sale of United’s shares that are intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule <br>10b5-1(c)<br> or may represent a <br>non-Rule<br> <br>10b5-1<br> trading arrangement under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. During the quarter ended September 30, 2025, none of our directors or executive officers adopted, modified or terminated any “Rule <br>10b5-1<br> trading arrangement” or any <br>“non-Rule<br> <br>10b5-1<br> trading arrangement”, as each term is defined in Rule 408(e) of Regulation <br>S-K.
--- ---

86

Table of Contents

Item 6. EXHIBITS

Index to exhibits required by Item 601 of Regulation S-K

Exhibit<br>No. Description
2.1 Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated May 9, 2024, by and between United Bankshares, Inc. and Piedmont Bancorp, Inc. (incorporated into this filing by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Form 8-K dated May 9, 2024 and filed May 10, 2024 for United Bankshares, Inc., File No. 002-86947)
3.1 Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation (incorporated into this filing by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q dated March 31, 2017 and filed May 9, 2017 for United Bankshares, Inc., File No.002-86947)
3.2 Restated Bylaws (incorporated into this filing by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed on March 20, 2020 for United Bankshares, Inc., File No.002-86947)
4.1 Description of Registrant’s Securities (incorporated into this filing by reference to the Annual Report on Form 10-K dated December 31, 2019 and filed March 2, 2020 for United Bankshares, Inc., File No.002-86947)
31.1 Certification as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 by Chief Executive Officer (filed herewith)
31.2 Certification as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 by Chief Financial Officer (filed herewith)
32.1 Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 by Chief Executive Officer (furnished herewith)
32.2 Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 by Chief Financial Officer (furnished herewith)
101 Interactive data file (inline XBRL) (filed herewith)
104 Cover Page (embedded in inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

87

Table of Contents

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

UNITED BANKSHARES, INC.
(Registrant)
Date: November 7, 2025 /s/ Richard M. Adams, Jr.
Name: Richard M. Adams, Jr.
Title: Chief Executive Officer
Date: November 7, 2025 /s/ W. Mark Tatterson
Name: W. Mark Tatterson
Title: Chief Financial Officer

88

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION

I, Richard M. Adams, Jr. certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of United<br>Bankshares, Inc.;
2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a<br>material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
--- ---
3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report,<br>fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
--- ---
4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining<br>disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act<br>Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
--- ---
(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be<br>designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is<br>being prepared;
--- ---
(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial<br>reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting<br>principles;
--- ---
(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this<br>report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
--- ---
(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that<br>occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s<br>internal control over financial reporting; and
--- ---
5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of<br>internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
--- ---
(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over<br>financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
--- ---
(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in<br>the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
--- ---
Date: November 7, 2025 /s/ Richard M. Adams, Jr.
--- --- ---
Name: Richard M. Adams, Jr.
Title: Chief Executive Officer

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION

I, W. Mark Tatterson, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of United<br>Bankshares, Inc.;
2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a<br>material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
--- ---
3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report,<br>fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
--- ---
4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining<br>disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act<br>Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
--- ---
(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be<br>designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is<br>being prepared;
--- ---
(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial<br>reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting<br>principles;
--- ---
(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this<br>report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
--- ---
(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that<br>occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s<br>internal control over financial reporting; and
--- ---
5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of<br>internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
--- ---
(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over<br>financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
--- ---
(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in<br>the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
--- ---
Date: November 7, 2025 /s/ W. Mark Tatterson
--- --- ---
Name: W. Mark Tatterson
Title: Chief Financial Officer

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION

Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, the undersigned officer of United Bankshares, Inc. (the “Company”), hereby certifies, to such officer’s knowledge, that the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2025 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and that the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: November 7, 2025 /s/ Richard M. Adams, Jr.
Name: Richard M. Adams, Jr.
Title: Chief Executive Officer

EX-32.2

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION

Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, the undersigned officer of United Bankshares, Inc. (the “Company”), hereby certifies, to such officer’s knowledge, that the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2025 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and that the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: November 7, 2025 /s/ W. Mark Tatterson
Name: W. Mark Tatterson
Title: Chief Financial Officer

Report a Problem

Category
Description
Email (optional, for follow-up)