Equibles

10-Q

UNITED BANKSHARES INC/WV (UBSI)

10-Q 2023-05-10 For: 2023-03-31
View Original
Added on April 04, 2026
Table of Contents

FORM 10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2023

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from

to

Commission File Number:    002-86947

United Bankshares, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

West Virginia 55-0641179
(State or other jurisdiction of (I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization) Identification No.)
300 United Center
500 Virginia Street, East
Charleston, West Virginia 25301
(Address of principal executive offices) Zip Code

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (304) 424-8716

Not Applicable

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class Trading Symbol(s) Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $2.50 per share UBSI NASDAQ Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.     Yes

☒

No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).     Yes

☒

No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☒ Accelerated filer ☐
Non-accelerated<br> filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐
Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).    Yes  ☐     No

☒

As of April

30 , 2023 , the registrant had 134,933,767 shares of common stock, $2.50 par value per share, outstanding.

Table of Contents

UNITED BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

FORM 10-Q

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements
Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 4
Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited) for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 5
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited) for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 7
Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity (Unaudited) for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 8
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 9
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 10
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 56
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk 75
Item 4. Controls and Procedures 78
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings 79
Item 1A. Risk Factors 79
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds 79
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities 80
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures 80
Item 5. Other Information 80
Item 6. Exhibits 80
Signatures 82

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PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

The March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, consolidated balance sheets of United Bankshares, Inc. and Subsidiaries (“United” or the “Company”), consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statement of changes in shareholders’ equity for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the related condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, and the notes to consolidated financial statements appear on the following pages.

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CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Unaudited)

UNITED BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

(Dollars in thousands, except par value) December 31
2022
Assets
Cash and due from banks 310,013 $ 294,155
Interest-bearing deposits with other banks 1,607,567 881,418
Federal funds sold 1,113 1,079
Total cash and cash equivalents 1,918,693 1,176,652
Securities available for sale at estimated fair value (amortized cost-4,830,343 at March 31, 2023 and 5,011,729 at December 31, 2022, allowance for credit losses of 0 at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022) 4,419,413 4,541,925
Securities held to maturity, net of allowance for credit losses of 18 at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (estimated fair value-1,020 at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022) 1,002 1,002
Equity securities at estimated fair value 7,792 7,629
Other investment securities 349,380 322,048
Loans held for sale measured using fair value option 68,176 56,879
Loans and leases 20,630,898 20,580,163
Less: Unearned income (18,739 ) (21,997 )
Loans and leases, net of unearned income 20,612,159 20,558,166
Less: Allowance for loan and lease losses (240,491 ) (234,746 )
Net loans and leases 20,371,668 20,323,420
Bank premises and equipment 195,571 199,161
Operating lease right-of-use assets 76,884 71,144
Goodwill 1,888,889 1,888,889
Mortgage servicing rights 19,987 21,022
Bank-owned life insurance (“BOLI”) 482,098 480,184
Accrued interest receivable 98,727 94,890
Other assets 283,961 304,535
TOTAL ASSETS 30,182,241 $ 29,489,380
Liabilities
Deposits:
Noninterest-bearing 6,707,660 $ 7,199,678
Interest-bearing 15,576,926 15,103,488
Total deposits 22,284,586 22,303,166
Borrowings:
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase 170,094 160,698
Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) borrowings 2,510,703 1,910,775
Other long-term borrowings 277,400 286,881
Reserve for lending-related commitments 48,789 46,189
Operating lease liabilities 81,394 75,749
Accrued expenses and other liabilities 202,738 189,729
TOTAL LIABILITIES 25,575,704 24,973,187
Shareholders’ Equity
Preferred stock, 1.00 par value; Authorized-50,000,000 shares, none issued 0 0
Common stock, 2.50 par value; Authorized-200,000,000 shares; issued-142,238,046 and 142,011,560 at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, including 7,301,495 and 7,266,438 shares in treasury at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively 355,595 355,029
Surplus 3,171,895 3,168,874
Retained earnings 1,625,013 1,575,426
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (294,130 ) (332,732 )
Treasury stock, at cost (251,836 ) (250,404 )
TOTAL SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY 4,606,537 4,516,193
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY 30,182,241 $ 29,489,380

All values are in US Dollars.

See notes to consolidated unaudited financial statements

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (Unaudited)

UNITED BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

(Dollars in thousands, except per share data) Three Months Ended
March 31
2023 2022
Interest income
Interest and fees on loans $ 279,896 $ 180,837
Interest on federal funds sold and other short-term investments 10,983 2,329
Interest and dividends on securities:
Taxable 36,259 17,505
Tax-exempt 2,165 2,124
Total interest income 329,303 202,795
Interest expense
Interest on deposits 68,592 8,561
Interest on short-term borrowings 1,157 181
Interest on long-term borrowings 25,234 2,551
Total interest expense 94,983 11,293
Net interest income 234,320 191,502
Provision for credit losses 6,890 (3,410 )
Net interest income after provision for credit losses 227,430 194,912
Other income
Fees from trust services 4,780 4,127
Fees from brokerage services 4,200 4,552
Fees from deposit services 9,362 10,148
Bankcard fees and merchant discounts 1,707 1,379
Other service charges, commissions, and fees 1,138 759
Income from bank-owned life insurance 1,891 2,194
Income from mortgage banking activities 6,384 19,203
Mortgage loan servicing income 2,276 2,387
Net investment securities losses (405 ) (251 )
Other income 1,411 1,527
Total other income 32,744 46,025
Other expense
Employee compensation 55,414 62,621
Employee benefits 13,435 12,851
Net occupancy expense 11,833 11,187
Other real estate owned (“OREO”) expense 667 182
Net gains on the sales of OREO properties (43 ) (33 )
Equipment expense 6,996 7,335
Data processing expense 7,473 7,371
Mortgage loan servicing expense and impairment 1,884 1,643
Bankcard processing expense 522 424
FDIC insurance expense 4,587 2,673
Other expense 34,651 32,921
Total other expense 137,419 139,175
Income before income taxes 122,755 101,762
Income taxes 24,448 20,098
Net income $ 98,307 $ 81,664

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (Unaudited) - continued

UNITED BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

(Dollars in thousands, except per share data) Three Months Ended
March 31
2023 2022
Earnings per common share:
Basic $ 0.73 $ 0.60
Diluted $ 0.73 $ 0.60
Average outstanding shares:
Basic 134,411,166 136,058,328
Diluted 134,840,328 136,435,229

See notes to consolidated unaudited financial statements

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (Unaudited)

UNITED BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

(Dollars in thousands) Three Months Ended
March 31
2023 2022
Net income $ 98,307 $ 81,664
Change in net unrealized gain (loss) on available for sale (“AFS”) securities, net of tax 45,157 (155,113 )
Change in net unrealized (loss) gain on cash flow hedge, net of tax (7,157 ) 17,668
Change in defined benefit pension plan, net of tax 602 641
Comprehensive income (loss), net of tax $ 136,909 $ (55,140 )

See notes to consolidated unaudited financial statements

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Unaudited)

UNITED BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)
Accumulated<br><br>Other<br><br>Comprehensive
Total<br><br>Shareholders’
Par Retained Treasury
Value Surplus Earnings (Loss) Income Stock Equity
Balance at January 1, 2023 142,011,560 $ 355,029 $ 3,168,874 $ 1,575,426 $ (332,732 ) $ (250,404 ) $ 4,516,193
Comprehensive income:
Net income 0 0 0 98,307 0 0 98,307
Other comprehensive income, net of tax 0 0 0 0 38,602 0 38,602
Total comprehensive income, net of tax 136,909
Stock based compensation expense 0 0 2,713 0 0 0 2,713
Stock grant forfeiture (1,506 shares) 0 0 58 0 0 (58 ) 0
Purchase of treasury stock (33,551 shares) 0 0 0 0 0 (1,374 ) (1,374 )
Cash dividends (0.36 per share) 0 0 0 (48,720 ) 0 0 (48,720 )
Net issuance of common stock under stock-based compensation plans (226,486 shares) 226,486 566 250 0 0 0 816
Balance at March 31, 2023 142,238,046 $ 355,595 $ 3,171,895 $ 1,625,013 $ (294,130 ) $ (251,836 ) $ 4,606,537

All values are in US Dollars.
Accumulated
Other Total
Par Retained Comprehensive Treasury Shareholders’
Value Surplus Earnings Loss Stock Equity
Balance at January 1, 2022 141,360,266 $ 353,402 $ 3,149,955 $ 1,390,777 $ (4,888 ) $ (170,618 ) $ 4,718,628
Comprehensive income:
Net income 0 0 0 81,664 0 0 81,664
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax 0 0 0 0 (136,804 ) 0 (136,804 )
Total comprehensive loss, net of tax (55,140 )
Stock based compensation expense 0 0 2,061 0 0 0 2,061
Stock grant forfeiture (6,212 shares) 0 0 223 0 0 (223 ) 0
Purchase of treasury stock (740,873 shares) 0 0 0 0 0 (26,061 ) (26,061 )
Cash dividends (0.36 per share) 0 0 0 (49,266 ) 0 0 (49,266 )
Net issuance of common stock under stock-based compensation plans (422,766 shares) 422,766 1,056 3,862 0 0 0 4,918
Balance at March 31, 2022 141,783,032 $ 354,458 $ 3,156,101 $ 1,423,175 $ (141,692 ) $ (196,902 ) $ 4,595,140

All values are in US Dollars.

See notes to consolidated unaudited financial statements

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Unaudited)

UNITED BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

(Dollars in thousands )

Three Months Ended
March 31
2023 2022
NET CASH PROVIDED BY OPERATING ACTIVITIES $ 118,154 $ 283,607
INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Proceeds from sales of securities available for sale 1,689 150
Proceeds from maturities and calls of securities available for sale 184,059 151,477
Purchases of securities available for sale (7,855 ) (1,077,461 )
Proceeds from sales of equity securities 98 149
Purchases of equity securities (246 ) (353 )
Proceeds from sales and redemptions of other investment securities 21,547 1,295
Purchases of other investment securities (52,217 ) (11,591 )
Redemption of bank-owned life insurance policies 0 778
Purchases of bank premises and equipment (3,447 ) (3,509 )
Proceeds from sales of bank premises and equipment 2,465 557
Proceeds from the sales of OREO properties 279 1,325
Net change in loans and leases (54,938 ) (366,414 )
NET CASH PROVIDED BY (USED IN) INVESTING ACTIVITIES 91,434 (1,303,597 )
FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Cash dividends paid (48,651 ) (46,655 )
Acquisition of treasury stock (1,374 ) (26,061 )
Proceeds from exercise of stock options 1,559 5,027
Redemption of subordinated debt (10,250 ) 0
Repayment of long-term Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings (1,900,000 ) 0
Proceeds from issuance of long-term Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings 2,500,000 0
Changes in:
Deposits (18,227 ) 125,076
Federal funds purchased, securities sold under agreements to repurchase and other short-term borrowings 9,396 7,526
NET CASH PROVIDED BY FINANCING ACTIVITIES 532,453 64,913
Increase (Decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 742,041 (955,077 )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year 1,176,652 3,758,170
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period $ 1,918,693 $ 2,803,093
Supplemental information
Noncash investing activities:
Transfers of loans to OREO $ 2,919 $ 186
Transfers of loans to bank premises and equipment 0 4,541
Acquisition of subsidiaries and purchase price adjustments:
Assets acquired, net of cash 0 (128 )
Liabilities assumed 0 2,622
Goodwill 0 2,750

See notes to consolidated unaudited financial statements

.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)

UNITED BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

  1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated interim financial statements of United Bankshares , Inc. and Subsidiaries (“United” or “the Company”) have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles for interim financial information generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) and with the instructions for Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, the financial statements do not contain all of the information and footnotes required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. In preparing the consolidated financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The financial statements presented as of March 31, 2023 and 2022 and for the three-month periods then ended have not been audited. The Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements appearing in United’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, which includes descriptions of significant accounting policies, should be read in conjunction with these interim financial statements. In the opinion of management, any adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of financial position and results of operations for the interim periods have been made. Such adjustments are of a normal and recurring nature.

The accompanying consolidated interim financial statements include the accounts of United and its wholly owned subsidiaries. United operates in two business segments: community banking and mortgage banking. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in the consolidated financial statements. Information is presented in these notes to the unaudited consolidated interim financial statements with dollars expressed in thousands, except per share or unless otherwise noted.

New Accounting Standards

In March 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-02, “Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method.” ASU 2023-02 permits reporting entities to elect to account for their tax equity investments, regardless of the tax credit program from which the income tax credits are received, using the proportional amortization method if certain conditions are met. The amendments in this ASU apply to all reporting entities that hold tax equity investments that meet the conditions for and elect to account for them using the proportional amortization method or an investment in a low income housing tax credit (“LIHTC”) structure through a limited liability entity that is not accounted for using the proportional amortization method and to which certain LIHTC-specific guidance removed from Subtopic 323-740 has been applied. Additionally, the disclosure requirements apply to investments that generate income tax credits and other income tax benefits from a tax credit program for which the entity has elected to apply the proportional amortization method (including investments within that elected program that do not meet the conditions to apply the proportional amortization method). ASU 2023-02 will be effective for United on January 1, 2024 though early adoption is permitted. The amendments in this update must be applied on either a modified retrospective or a retrospective basis except for LIHTC investments not accounted for using the proportional amortization method. The adoption of ASU 2023-02 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848.” ASU 2022-06 extends the period of time financial statement preparers can utilize the reference rate reform relief guidance. In 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04 to provide temporary, optional expedients related to the accounting for contract modifications and hedging transactions as a result of the global markets’ anticipated transition away from the use of LIBOR and other interbank offered rates to alternative reference rates. At the time ASU 2020-04 was issued, the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”) had established the intent that it would no longer be necessary to

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persuade, or compel, banks to submit to LIBOR after December 31, 2021. As a result, the sunset provision was set for December 31, 2022; 12 months after the expected cessation date of all currencies and tenors of LIBOR. In March 2021, the FCA announced that the intended cessation date of LIBOR in the United States would be June 30, 2023. Accordingly, ASU 2022-06 defers the expiration date of ASU 848 to December 31, 2024. United has implemented a transition plan to identify and modify its loans and other financial instruments with attributes that are either directly or indirectly influenced by LIBOR. In addition, United took steps to ensure that no new contracts using LIBOR were originated after December 31, 2021. At this time, United is prioritizing the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) and Prime as the preferred alternatives to LIBOR; however, these preferred alternatives could change over time based on market developments.

In June 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022

03, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions.” ASU 2022-03 clarifies that a contractual restriction on the sale of an equity security is not considered part of the unit of account of the equity security and, therefore, is not considered in measuring fair value. ASU 2022-03 also clarifies that an entity cannot, as a separate unit of account, recognize and measure a contractual sale restriction and requires certain new disclosures for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions. ASU 2022-03 will be effective for United on January 1, 2024 though early adoption is permitted. The adoption of ASU 2022-03 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-02, “Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures”. ASU 2022-02 updates the requirements for accounting for credit losses under ASC 326, eliminates the accounting guidance on troubled debt restructurings for creditors in ASC 310-40, and enhances creditors’ disclosure requirements related to loan refinancings and restructurings for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. ASU 2022-02 also amends the guidance on “vintage disclosures” to require disclosure of gross write-offs by year of origination. ASU No. 2022-02 was effective for public business entities that have adopted Topic 326 for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption of the amendment was permitted. ASU No. 2022-02 was adopted by United prospectively for the period beginning January 1, 2023. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations. However, ASU No. 2022-02 did affect the Company’s disclosures. For additional information, see Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 4, “Credit Quality,” in this Form 10-Q.

In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-01, “Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Fair Value Hedging – Portfolio Layer Method”. ASU 2022-01 further aligns risk management objectives with hedge accounting results on the application of the last-of-layer method, which was first introduced in ASU No. 2017-12. The enhanced guidance further improves the last-of-layer concepts to expand to nonprepayable financial assets and allows more flexibility in the derivative structures used to hedge the interest rate risk. ASU 2022-01 also provides guidance on the relationship between the portfolio layer method requirements and other areas of GAAP. ASU No. 2022-01 is effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption of the amendment is permitted if an entity has adopted ASU 2017-12 for the corresponding period. ASU No. 2022-01 was adopted by United on January 1, 2023. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU No. 2021-08, “Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for contract assets and contract liabilities from contracts with customers”. ASU 2021-08 amends ASC 805 to add contract assets and contract liabilities to the list of exceptions to the recognition and measurement principles that apply to business combinations and to require that an entity acquirer recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination in accordance with Topic 606. As a result of these amendments, it is expected that an acquirer will generally recognize and measure acquired contract assets and contract liabilities in a manner consistent with how the acquiree recognized and measured them in its preacquisition financial statements. ASU No. 2021-08 is effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The amendments should be applied prospectively to business combinations occurring on or after the effective date of the amendments. Early adoption of the amendments is permitted. ASU No. 2020-08 was adopted by United on January 1, 2023. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

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In January 2021, the FASB issued ASU No. 2021-01, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848).” This update to ASU No. 2020-04, “Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting,” refines the scope of ASC Topic 848 and permits entities to elect certain optional expedients and exceptions when accounting for derivative contracts and certain hedging relationships affected by change in the interest rates used for discounting cash flows, for computing variation margin settlements, and for calculating price alignment interest in connection with reference rate reform activities under way in global financial markets. ASU No. 2021-01 is effective for public business entities upon issuance through December 31, 2022. The Company has implemented a transition plan to identify and modify its loans and other financial instruments with attributes that are either directly or indirectly influenced by LIBOR. In addition, the Company took steps to ensure that no new contracts using LIBOR were originated after December 31, 2021. At this time, United is prioritizing the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) and Prime as the preferred alternatives to LIBOR; however, these preferred alternatives could change over time based on market developments.

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-04, “Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting.” The ASU provides “optional expedients and exceptions for applying generally accepted accounting principles to contract modifications and hedging relationships, subject to meeting certain criteria, that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued.” ASU No. 2020-04 was effective for public business entities on March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. United is implementing a transition plan to identify and modify its loans and other financial instruments with attributes that are either directly or indirectly influenced by LIBOR. The Company is assessing ASU No. 2020-04 and its impact on the Company’s transition away from LIBOR for its loan and other financial instruments.

  1. INVESTMENT SECURITIES

Securities Available for Sale

Securities held for indefinite periods of time are classified as available for sale and carried at estimated fair value. The amortized cost, estimated fair values, and allowance for credit losses of securities available for sale are summarized as follows.

March 31, 2023
Amortized<br>Cost Gross<br>Unrealized<br>Gains Gross<br>Unrealized<br>Losses Allowance<br>For Credit<br>Losses Estimated<br><br><br>Fair<br><br><br>Value
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government corporations and agencies $ 546,302 $ 7 $ 15,139 $ 0 $ 531,170
State and political subdivisions 812,022 84 90,132 0 721,974
Residential mortgage-backed securities
Agency 1,339,271 48 173,664 0 1,165,655
Non-agency 121,001 114 10,364 0 110,751
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
Agency 594,150 9 57,149 0 537,010
Asset-backed securities 922,890 0 25,763 0 897,127
Single issue trust preferred securities 17,352 0 1,514 0 15,838
Other corporate securities 477,355 0 37,467 0 439,888
Total $ 4,830,343 $ 262 $ 411,192 $ 0 $ 4,419,413

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December 31, 2022
Amortized<br>Cost Gross<br>Unrealized<br>Gains Gross<br>Unrealized<br>Losses Allowance<br>For Credit<br>Losses Estimated<br><br><br>Fair<br><br><br>Value
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government corporations and agencies $ 548,407 $ 12 $ 18,927 $ 0 $ 529,492
State and political subdivisions 820,167 36 110,673 0 709,530
Residential mortgage-backed securities
Agency 1,369,471 4 194,531 0 1,174,944
Non-agency 121,336 66 9,429 0 111,973
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
Agency 627,768 8 65,223 0 562,553
Asset-backed securities 943,813 0 32,202 0 911,611
Single issue trust preferred securities 17,342 88 1,146 0 16,284
Other corporate securities 563,425 44 37,931 0 525,538
Total $ 5,011,729 $ 258 $ 470,062 $ 0 $ 4,541,925

United excludes accrued interest from the amortized cost basis of available-for-sale debt securities and report accrued interest separately in “Accrued interest receivable” in the consolidated balance sheets. Available-for-sale debt securities are placed on non-accrual status when we no longer expect to receive all contractual amounts due, which is generally at 90 days past due. Accrued interest receivable is reversed against interest income when a security is placed on non-accrual status. Accordingly, United does not currently recognize an allowance for credit loss against accrued interest receivable on available-for-sale debt securities. The table above excludes accrued interest receivable of $23,579 and $23,955 at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, that is recorded in “Accrued interest receivable.”

The following is a summary of securities available for sale which were in an unrealized loss position at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Less than 12 months 12 months or longer Total
Fair<br><br><br>Value Unrealized<br>Losses Fair<br><br><br>Value Unrealized<br>Losses Fair<br><br><br>Value Unrealized<br>Losses
March 31, 2023
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government corporations and agencies $ 180,725 $ 2,531 $ 343,241 $ 12,608 $ 523,966 $ 15,139
State and political subdivisions 69,465 1,481 623,467 88,651 692,932 90,132
Residential mortgage-backed securities
Agency 122,666 4,408 1,033,590 169,256 1,156,256 173,664
Non-agency 35,839 1,434 64,619 8,930 100,458 10,364
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
Agency 160,615 3,359 373,494 53,790 534,109 57,149
Asset-backed securities 145,986 2,368 751,141 23,395 897,127 25,763
Single issue trust preferred securities 3,054 36 12,784 1,478 15,838 1,514
Other corporate securities 92,339 5,552 334,813 31,915 427,152 37,467
Total $ 810,689 $ 21,169 $ 3,537,149 $ 390,023 $ 4,347,838 $ 411,192

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Less than 12 months 12 months or longer Total
Fair<br><br><br>Value Unrealized<br>Losses Fair<br><br><br>Value Unrealized<br>Losses Fair<br><br><br>Value Unrealized<br>Losses
December 31, 2022
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government corporations and agencies $ 473,025 $ 13,628 $ 48,793 $ 5,299 $ 521,818 $ 18,927
State and political subdivisions 496,328 63,019 192,234 47,654 688,562 110,673
Residential mortgage-backed securities
Agency 623,587 70,744 550,135 123,787 1,173,722 194,531
Non-agency 58,839 2,083 42,901 7,346 101,740 9,429
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
Agency 396,380 27,469 163,226 37,754 559,606 65,223
Asset-backed securities 425,482 14,134 486,129 18,068 911,611 32,202
Single issue trust preferred securities 0 0 13,109 1,146 13,109 1,146
Other corporate securities 195,425 18,064 261,170 19,867 456,595 37,931
Total $ 2,669,066 $ 209,141 $ 1,757,697 $ 260,921 $ 4,426,763 $ 470,062

The following table shows the proceeds from maturities, sales and calls of available for sale securities and the gross realized gains and losses on sales and calls of those securities that have been included in earnings as a result of any sales and calls. Gains or losses on sales and calls of available for sale securities were recognized by the specific identification method.

Three Months Ended<br><br> <br>March 31
2023 2022
Proceeds from maturities, sales and calls $ 185,748 $ 151,627
Gross realized gains 0 0
Gross realized losses 420 0

At March 31, 2023, gross unrealized losses on available for sale securities were $411,192 on 1,382 securities of a total portfolio of 1,462 available for sale securities. Securities with the most significant gross unrealized losses at March 31, 2023 consisted primarily of agency residential mortgage-backed securities, state and political subdivision securities, agency commercial mortgage-backed securities, asset-backed securities and other corporate securities.

In determining whether or not a security is impaired, management considered the severity of the loss in conjunction with United’s positive intent and the more likely than not ability to hold these securities to recovery of their cost basis or maturity. Generally, the significant amount of gross unrealized losses on available for sale securities at March 31, 2023 was the result of rising interest rates.

State and political subdivisions

United’s state and political subdivisions portfolio relates to securities issued by various municipalities located throughout the United States. The total amortized cost of available for sale state and political subdivision securities was $812,022 at March 31, 2023. As of March 31, 2023, approximately 53% of the portfolio was supported by the general obligation of the issuing municipality, which allows for the securities to be repaid by any means available to the municipality. The majority of the portfolio was rated AA or higher, and no securities within the portfolio were rated below investment grade as of March 31, 2023. In addition to monitoring the credit ratings of these securities, management also evaluates the financial performance of the underlying issuers on an ongoing basis. Based upon management’s analysis and judgment, it was determined that none of the state and political subdivision securities had credit losses at March 31, 2023.

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Mortgage-backed securities

The fair value of mortgage-backed securities is affected by changes in interest rates and prepayment speeds. When interest rates decline, prepayment speeds generally accelerate due to homeowners refinancing their mortgages at lower interest rates. This may result in the proceeds being reinvested at lower interest rates. Rising interest rates may decrease the assumed prepayment speed. Slower prepayment speeds may extend the maturity of the security beyond its estimated maturity. Therefore, investors may not be able to invest at current higher market rates due to the extended expected maturity of the security. United had a net unrealized loss of $241,006 on mortgage-backed securities at March 31, 2023. Below is a detailed discussion of mortgage-backed securities by type.

United’s agency mortgage-backed securities portfolio relates to securities issued by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and Ginnie Mae. The total amortized cost of available for sale agency mortgage-backed securities was $1,933,421 at March 31, 2023. Of the $1,933,421 amount, $594,150 was related to agency commercial mortgage-backed securities and $1,339,271 was related to agency residential mortgage-backed securities. Each of the agency mortgage-backed securities provides a guarantee of full and timely payments of principal and interest by the issuing agency. Based upon management’s analysis and judgment, it was determined that none of the agency mortgage-backed securities had credit losses at March 31, 2023.

United’s non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities portfolio relates to securities of various private label issuers. The total amortized cost of available for sale non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities was $121,001 at March 31, 2023. Of the $121,001, 100% was rated AAA. Based upon management’s analysis and judgment, it was determined that none of the non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities had credit losses at March 31, 2023.

Asset-backed securities

As of March 31, 2023, United’s asset-backed securities portfolio had a total amortized cost balance of $922,890. 100% of the portfolio was investment grade rated as of March 31, 2023. Approximately 25% of the portfolio relates to securities that are backed by Federal Family Education Loan Program (“FFELP”) student loan collateral which includes a minimum of a 97% government repayment guaranty, as well as additional credit support and subordination in excess of the government guaranteed portion. Approximately 75% of the portfolio relates to collateralized loan obligation securities that are all AAA rated. Upon reviewing this portfolio as of March 31, 2023, it was determined that none of the asset-backed securities had credit losses.

Single issue trust preferred securities

The majority of United’s single issue trust preferred portfolio consists of obligations from large cap banks (i.e. banks with market capitalization in excess of $10 billion). All single issue trust preferred securities are currently receiving interest payments. The amortized cost of available for sale single issue trust preferred securities as of March 31, 2023 consisted of $8,470 in investment grade bonds, $3,091 in split rated bonds, and $5,791 in unrated bonds. Management reviews each issuer’s current and projected earnings trends, asset quality, capitalization levels, and other key factors. Upon completing the review for the first quarter of 2023, it was determined that none of the single issue trust preferred securities had credit losses.

Other corporate securities

As of March 31, 2023, United’s other corporate securities portfolio had a total amortized cost balance of $477,355. The majority of the portfolio consisted of debt issuances of corporations representing a variety of industries, including financial institutions. Of the $477,355, 98% had at least one rating above investment grade, none were below investment grade rated, and 2% were unrated. For other corporate securities, management has evaluated the near-term prospects of the investment in relation to the severity of any unrealized loss. Based upon management’s analysis and judgment, it was determined that none of the other corporate securities had credit losses at March 31, 2023.

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The amortized cost and estimated fair value of securities available for sale at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 by contractual maturity are shown as follows. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because the issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations without penalties.

March 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Amortized<br>Cost Estimated<br>Fair<br><br><br>Value Amortized<br>Cost Estimated<br>Fair<br><br><br>Value
Due in one year or less $ 593,961 $ 583,284 $ 384,921 $ 380,575
Due after one year through five years 556,379 528,037 856,743 817,881
Due after five years through ten years 960,695 852,251 981,983 858,819
Due after ten years 2,719,308 2,455,841 2,788,082 2,484,650
Total $ 4,830,343 $ 4,419,413 $ 5,011,729 $ 4,541,925

Equity securities at fair value

Equity securities consist mainly of mutual funds of equity securities within a rabbi trust for the payment of benefits under a deferred compensation plan for certain key officers of United and its subsidiaries. The fair value of United’s equity securities was $7,792 at March 31, 2023 and $7,629 at December 31, 2022.

Three Months Ended<br>March 31
2023 2022
Net gains recognized during the period on equity securities sold $ 0 $ 0
Unrealized gains recognized during the period on equity securities still held at period end 82 19
Unrealized losses recognized during the period on equity securities still held at period end (67 ) (270 )
Net gains (losses) recognized during the period $ 15 $ (251 )

Other investment securities

During the first quarter of 2023, United evaluated all of its cost method investments to determine if certain events or changes in circumstances during the first quarter of 2023 had a significant adverse effect on the recorded value of any of its cost method securities. United determined that there was no individual security that experienced an adverse event during the first quarter. There were no other events or changes in circumstances during the first quarter which would have an adverse effect on the recorded fair value of its cost method securities.

The carrying value of securities pledged to secure public deposits, securities sold under agreements to repurchase, and for other purposes as required or permitted by law, approximated $3,116,743 and $2,412,820 at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

  1. LOANS AND LEASES

Major classes of loans and leases are as follows:

March 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Commercial, financial and agricultural:
Owner-occupied commercial real estate $ 1,708,200 $ 1,724,927
Nonowner-occupied commercial real estate 6,535,589 6,286,974
Other commercial 3,510,937 3,612,568
Total commercial, financial & agricultural 11,754,726 11,624,469
Residential real estate 4,759,488 4,662,911
Construction & land development 2,808,253 2,926,971
Consumer:
Bankcard 8,731 9,273
Other consumer 1,299,700 1,356,539
Less: Unearned income (18,739 ) (21,997 )
Total gross loans $ 20,612,159 $ 20,558,166

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The table above does not include loans held for sale of $68,176 and $56,879 at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Loans held for sale consist of single-family residential real estate loans originated for sale in the secondary market.

United’s subsidiary bank has made loans to the directors and officers of United and its subsidiaries, and to their affiliates. The aggregate dollar amount of these loans was $24,409 and $24,901 at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

  1. CREDIT QUALITY

Management monitors the credit quality of its loans and leases on an ongoing basis. Measurement of delinquency and past due status are based on the contractual terms of each loan. United considers a loan to be past due when it is 30 days or more past its contractual payment due date.

For all loan classes, past due loans and leases are reviewed on a monthly basis to identify loans and leases for nonaccrual status. Generally, when collection in full of the principal and interest is jeopardized, the loan is placed on nonaccrual status. The accrual of interest income on commercial and most consumer loans generally is discontinued when a loan becomes 90 to 120 days past due as to principal or interest. However, regardless of delinquency status, if a loan is fully secured and in the process of collection and resolution of collection is expected in the near term (generally less than 90 days), then the loan will not be placed on nonaccrual status. When interest accruals are discontinued, unpaid interest recognized in income in the current year is reversed, and unpaid interest accrued in prior years is charged to the allowance for credit losses. United’s method of income recognition for loans and leases that are classified as nonaccrual is to recognize interest income on a cash basis or apply the cash receipt to principal when the ultimate collectibility of principal is in doubt. Nonaccrual loans and leases will not normally be returned to accrual status unless all past due principal and interest has been paid and the borrower has evidenced their ability to meet the contractual provisions of the note.

The following table sets forth United’s age analysis of its past due loans and leases, segregated by class of loans and leases:

Age Analysis of Past Due Loans and Leases<br> <br>As of March 31, 2023
30-89 Days<br><br> Past Due 90 Days or<br> more Past<br> Due Total Past<br> Due Current &<br> Other Total<br><br> <br>Financing<br> Receivables 90 Days or<br> More Past<br> Due &<br> Accruing
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied $ 2,169 $ 8,444 $ 10,613 $ 1,697,587 $ 1,708,200 $ 511
Nonowner-occupied 2,004 11,274 13,278 6,522,311 6,535,589 0
Other commercial 8,808 2,587 11,395 3,499,542 3,510,937 580
Residential real estate 29,509 14,250 43,759 4,715,729 4,759,488 6,991
Construction & land development 3,951 648 4,599 2,803,654 2,808,253 0
Consumer:
Bankcard 159 101 260 8,471 8,731 101
Other consumer 25,355 5,097 30,452 1,269,248 1,299,700 4,922
Total $ 71,955 $ 42,401 $ 114,356 $ 20,516,542 $ 20,630,898 $ 13,105

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Age Analysis of Past Due Loans and Leases<br><br>As of December 31, 2022
30-89 Days<br><br>Past Due 90 Days or<br>more Past<br>Due Total Past<br>Due Current &<br>Other Total<br><br><br>Financing<br>Receivables 90 Days or<br>More Past<br>Due &<br>Accruing
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied $ 5,643 $ 12,368 $ 18,011 $ 1,706,916 $ 1,724,927 $ 4,023
Nonowner-occupied 9,996 8,916 18,912 6,268,062 6,286,974 0
Other commercial 13,466 5,338 18,804 3,593,764 3,612,568 2,946
Residential real estate 25,315 17,735 43,050 4,619,861 4,662,911 7,342
Construction & land development 3,060 475 3,535 2,923,436 2,926,971 0
Consumer:
Bankcard 63 109 172 9,101 9,273 109
Other consumer 33,993 4,570 38,563 1,317,976 1,356,539 4,220
Total $ 91,536 $ 49,511 $ 141,047 $ 20,439,116 $ 20,580,163 $ 18,640

The following table sets forth United’s nonaccrual loans and leases, segregated by class of loans and leases:

At March 31, 2023 At December 31, 2022
Nonaccruals With No Related<br>Allowance for<br>Credit Losses Nonaccruals With No Related<br>Allowance for<br>Credit Losses
Commercial Real Estate:
Owner-occupied $ 7,933 $ 7,417 $ 8,345 $ 8,345
Nonowner-occupied 11,274 8,457 8,916 8,916
Other Commercial 2,007 2,007 2,392 2,392
Residential Real Estate 7,259 6,484 10,393 8,564
Construction 648 648 475 475
Consumer:
Bankcard 0 0 0 0
Other consumer 175 175 350 350
Total $ 29,296 $ 25,188 $ 30,871 $ 29,042

Interest income recognized on nonaccrual loans was insignificant during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.

In some cases, United will modify a loan to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty by providing multiple types of concessions such as a term extension, principal forgiveness, an interest rate reduction or a combination thereof. The following table presents the amortized cost of loans and leases to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty modified on or after January 1, 2023, the date United adopted ASU 2022-02, through March 31, 2023, by class of financing receivable and by type of modification. The percentage of the amortized cost basis of loans and leases that were modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty as compared to the amortized cost basis of each class of financing receivable is also represented below.

Amortized Cost Basis of Loan Modifications Made to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty<br><br>For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
Term<br>Extension Interest Rate<br>Reduction % of Total Class of<br>Financing Receivable
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied $ 0 $ 0 0.00 %
Nonowner-occupied 0 1,771 0.03 %
Other commercial 0 0 0.00 %
Residential real estate 95 0 0.00 %
Construction & land development 0 0 0.00 %
Consumer:
Bankcard 0 0 0.00 %
Other consumer 0 0 0.00 %
Total $ 95 $ 1,771 0.01 %

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As of March 31, 2023, United did not have any commitments to lend additional funds on the loans above modified due to the debtors experiencing financial difficulty.

United’s estimate of future credit losses uses a lifetime methodology, derived from modeled loan performance based on the extensive historical experience of loans with similar risk characteristics, adjusted to reflect current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The historical loss experience used in United’s credit loss models includes the impact of loan modifications provided to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, and also includes the impact of projected loss severities as a result of loan defaults.

United closely monitors the performance of the loans that are modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to understand the effectiveness of its modification efforts. The following table presents an aging analysis of loans and leases to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty modified on or after January 1, 2023 through March 31, 2023, presented by class of financing receivable:

Payment Status (Amortized Cost Basis)<br><br>As of March 31, 2023
Current 30-89 Days<br><br>Past Due 90+ Days<br>Past Due
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied $ 0 $ 0 $ 0
Nonowner-occupied 1,771 0 0
Other commercial 0 0 0
Residential real estate 0 95 0
Construction & land development 0 0 0
Consumer:
Bankcard 0 0 0
Other consumer 0 0 0
Total $ 1,771 $ 95 $ 0

The following table presents the financial effect of loan and lease modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
Weighted-<br>Average<br>Interest<br>Rate<br>Reduction Weighted<br>Average Term<br>Extension<br><br><br>(in years)
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied 0.00 % 0
Nonowner-occupied 1.50 % 0
Other commercial 0.00 % 0
Residential real estate 0.00 % 2.5
Construction & land development 0.00 % 0
Consumer:
Bankcard 0.00 % 0
Other consumer 0.00 % 0
Total 1.50 % 2.5

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No loan or lease modifications completed on or after January 1, 2023 through March 31, 2023 to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty had a payment default during the first three months ended March 31, 2023.

United elects the practical expedient to measure expected credit losses on collateral dependent loans and leases based on the difference between the loan’s amortized cost and the collateral’s fair value, adjusted for selling costs. The following table presents the amortized cost basis of collateral-dependent loans and leases in which repayment is expected to be derived substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral and where the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, by class of loans and leases as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

Collateral Dependent Loans and Leases
At March 31, 2023
Residential<br> Property Business<br> Assets Land Commercial<br> Property Other Total
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied $ 41 $ 20 $ 0 $ 11,650 $ 9,299 $ 21,010
Nonowner-occupied 3,189 0 0 5,575 7,187 15,951
Other commercial 0 1,622 0 0 0 1,622
Residential real estate 8,508 0 0 0 112 8,620
Construction & land development 0 0 1,329 0 871 2,200
Consumer:
Bankcard 0 0 0 0 0 0
Other consumer 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total $ 11,738 $ 1,642 $ 1,329 $ 17,225 $ 17,469 $ 49,403
Collateral Dependent Loans and Leases
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
At December 31, 2022
Residential<br> Property Business<br> Assets Land Commercial<br> Property Other Total
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied $ 46 $ 22 $ 0 $ 15,718 $ 9,635 $ 25,421
Nonowner-occupied 3,245 0 0 2,784 7,619 13,649
Other commercial 0 5,444 0 0 140 5,584
Residential real estate 11,858 0 0 0 0 11,858
Construction & land development 14 0 1,312 0 738 2,063
Consumer:
Bankcard 0 0 0 0 0 0
Other consumer 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total $ 15,163 $ 5,466 $ 1,312 $ 18,502 $ 18,132 $ 58,575

United categorizes loans and leases into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, underlying collateral (if any), public information and current economic trends, among other factors.

United uses the following definitions for risk ratings:

• Pass
• Special Mention
--- ---
• Substandard
--- ---
• Doubtful
--- ---

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For United’s loans with a corporate credit exposure, United analyzes loans individually to classify the loans as to credit risk. Review and analysis of criticized (special mention-rated loans in the amount of $1,000 or greater) and classified (substandard-rated and worse in the amount of $500 and greater) loans is completed once per quarter. Review of notes with committed exposure of $2,000 or greater is completed at least annually. For loans with a consumer credit exposure, United internally assigns a grade based upon an individual loan’s delinquency status. United reviews and updates, as necessary, these grades on a quarterly basis.

Special mention loans, with a corporate credit exposure, have potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loans or in the Company’s credit position at some future date. Borrowers may be experiencing adverse operating trends (declining revenues or margins) or an ill proportioned balance sheet (e.g., increasing inventory without an increase in sales, high leverage, tight liquidity). Adverse economic or market conditions, such as interest rate increases or the entry of a new competitor, may also support a special mention rating. Nonfinancial reasons for rating a credit exposure special mention include management problems, pending litigation, an ineffective loan agreement or other material structural weakness, and any other significant deviation from prudent lending practices. For loans with a consumer credit exposure, loans that are past due 30-89 days are generally considered special mention.

A substandard loan with a corporate credit exposure is inadequately protected by the current sound worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans so classified have a well-defined weakness, or weaknesses, that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt by the borrower. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Company will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. They require more intensive supervision by management. Substandard loans are generally characterized by current or expected unprofitable operations, inadequate debt service coverage, inadequate liquidity, or marginal capitalization. Repayment may depend on collateral or other credit risk mitigants. For some substandard loans, the likelihood of full collection of interest and principal may be in doubt and thus, placed on nonaccrual. For loans with a consumer credit exposure, loans that are 90 days or more past due or that have been placed on nonaccrual are considered substandard.

A loan with corporate credit exposure is classified as doubtful if it has all the weaknesses inherent in one classified as substandard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable. A doubtful loan has a high probability of total or substantial loss, but because of specific pending events that may strengthen the loan, its classification as loss is deferred. Doubtful borrowers are usually in default, lack adequate liquidity or capital, and lack the resources necessary to remain an operating entity. Pending events can include mergers, acquisitions, liquidations, capital injections, the perfection of liens on additional collateral, the valuation of collateral, and refinancing. Generally, there are not any loans with a consumer credit exposure that are classified as doubtful. Usually, they are charged-off prior to such a classification.

Based on the most recent analysis performed, the risk category of loans and leases as well as charge-offs and recoveries by class of loans is as follows:

Commercial Real Estate – Owner-occupied

Term Loans Revolving loans<br>amortized cost<br>basis Revolving<br><br><br>loans<br><br><br>converted to<br>term loan Total
Origination Year
As of March 31, 2023 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior
Internal Risk Grade:
Pass $ 27,955 $ 345,281 $ 266,482 $ 287,830 $ 121,986 $ 569,009 $ 29,766 $ 340 $ 1,648,649
Special Mention 0 0 0 0 2,532 16,535 0 0 19,067
Substandard 0 143 297 512 482 38,653 0 134 40,221
Doubtful 0 0 0 0 0 263 0 0 263
Total $ 27,955 $ 345,424 $ 266,779 $ 288,342 $ 125,000 $ 624,460 $ 29,766 $ 474 $ 1,708,200
Current-period<br> <br>charge-offs 0 0 0 0 0 (470 ) 0 0 (470 )
Current-period recoveries 0 4 0 0 0 43 0 0 47
Current-period net recoveries $ 0 $ 4 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ (427 ) $ 0 $ 0 $ (423 )

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Term Loans Revolving loans<br>amortized cost<br>basis Revolving<br><br><br>loans and leases<br><br><br>converted to<br>term loans Total
Origination Year
As of December 31, 2022 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Prior
Internal Risk Grade:
Pass $ 339,765 $ 276,667 $ 284,091 $ 122,582 $ 112,126 $ 504,485 $ 32,465 $ 350 $ 1,672,531
Special Mention 0 0 0 496 1,158 5,358 920 0 7,932
Substandard 143 936 522 417 642 41,301 0 233 44,194
Doubtful 0 0 0 0 0 270 0 0 270
Total $ 339,908 $ 277,603 $ 284,613 $ 123,495 $ 113,926 $ 551,414 $ 33,385 $ 583 $ 1,724,927
Current-period charge-offs 0 0 0 0 0 (68 ) 0 0 (68 )
Current-period recoveries 0 0 0 0 0 489 0 0 489
Current-period net recoveries $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 421 $ 0 $ 0 $ 421

Commercial Real Estate – Nonowner-occupied

Term Loans Revolving loans<br>amortized cost<br>basis Revolving<br>loans<br><br><br>converted to<br>term loans Total
Origination Year
As of March 31, 2023 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior
Internal Risk Grade:
Pass $ 93,376 $ 1,424,623 1,477,098 $ 742,621 $ 767,473 $ 1,610,898 $ 174,115 $ 128 $ 6,290,332
Special Mention 0 528 2,401 21,815 94,669 78,956 0 0 198,369
Substandard 0 0 0 662 1,047 45,179 0 0 46,888
Doubtful 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total $ 93,376 $ 1,425,151 1,479,499 $ 765,098 $ 863,189 $ 1,735,033 $ 174,115 $ 128 $ 6,535,589
Current-period<br><br>charge-offs 0 0 0 0 0 (24 ) 0 0 (24 )
Current-period<br>recoveries 0 0 0 0 0 741 0 0 741
Current-period net<br><br>recoveries $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 717 $ 0 $ 0 $ 717
Term Loans Revolving loans<br>amortized cost<br>basis Revolving<br><br><br>loans and leases<br><br><br>converted to<br>term loans Total
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Origination Year
As of December 31, 2022 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Prior
Internal Risk Grade:
Pass $ 1,415,465 $ 1,399,023 $ 739,474 $ 687,755 $ 341,367 $ 1,297,076 $ 183,779 $ 135 $ 6,064,074
Special Mention 557 2,401 6,852 84,781 980 23,137 0 0 118,708
Substandard 0 0 673 34,079 17,180 51,897 363 0 104,192
Doubtful 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total $ 1,416,022 $ 1,401,424 $ 746,999 $ 806,615 $ 359,527 $ 1,372,110 $ 184,142 $ 135 $ 6,286,974
Current-period<br><br>charge-offs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Current-period<br>recoveries 0 0 0 0 0 234 0 0 234
Current-period<br>net recoveries $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 234 $ 0 $ 0 $ 234

Other commercial

Term Loans and leases Revolving loans<br>and leases<br>amortized cost<br>basis Revolving<br><br><br>loans and leases<br><br><br>converted to<br>term loans Total
Origination Year
As of March 31, 2023 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior
Internal Risk Grade:
Pass $ 28,893 $ 741,025 $ 561,145 $ 378,245 $ 220,033 $ 431,242 $ 1,056,743 $ 40 $ 3,417,366
Special Mention 0 1,450 2,072 294 1,978 6,377 10,587 32 22,790
Substandard 0 14,083 61 28 940 12,013 43,578 78 70,781
Doubtful 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total $ 28,893 $ 756,558 $ 563,278 $ 378,567 $ 222,951 $ 449,632 $ 1,110,908 $ 150 $ 3,510,937
Current-period charge-offs 0 0 (96 ) 0 (13 ) (478 ) (40 ) 0 (627 )
Current-period recoveries 0 0 0 0 7 565 0 0 572
Current-period net <br>(charge-offs)<br> <br>recoveries $ 0 $ 0 $ (96 ) $ 0 $ (6 ) $ 87 $ (40 ) $ 0 $ (55 )

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Term Loans and leases Revolving loans<br>and leases<br>amortized cost<br>basis Revolving<br><br><br>loans and leases<br><br><br>converted to<br>term loans Total
Origination Year
As of December 31, 2022 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Prior
Internal Risk Grade:
Pass $ 749,919 $ 581,588 $ 398,682 $ 230,209 $ 75,577 $ 426,406 $ 1,033,459 $ 1,596 $ 3,497,436
Special Mention 14,244 3,652 331 2,115 936 2,799 35,997 38 60,112
Substandard 4,023 432 29 871 5,603 6,182 37,778 42 54,960
Doubtful 0 0 0 0 0 60 0 0 60
Total $ 768,186 $ 585,672 $ 399,042 $ 233,195 $ 82,116 $ 435,447 $ 1,107,234 $ 1,676 $ 3,612,568
Current-period charge-offs 0 (364 ) (202 ) (211 ) (2,490 ) (1,041 ) 0 0 (4,308 )
Current-period recoveries 0 0 84 17 705 4,561 0 0 5,367
Current-period<br> net (charge-offs) <br>recoveries $ 0 $ (364 ) $ (118 ) $ (194 ) $ (1,785 ) $ 3,520 $ 0 $ 0 $ 1,059

Residential Real Estate

Term Loans Revolving loans<br>amortized cost<br>basis Revolving<br><br><br>loans<br><br><br>converted to<br>term loans Total
Origination Year
As of March 31, 2023 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior
Internal Risk Grade:
Pass $ 197,071 $ 1,509,324 $ 853,956 $ 472,403 $ 283,822 $ 994,077 $ 422,662 $ 2,659 $ 4,735,974
Special Mention 0 0 0 0 0 4,221 1,813 0 6,034
Substandard 0 0 416 453 321 14,993 1,202 95 17,480
Doubtful 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total $ 197,071 $ 1,509,324 $ 854,372 $ 472,856 $ 284,143 $ 1,013,291 $ 425,677 $ 2,754 $ 4,759,488
Current-period charge-offs 0 0 0 0 (40 ) 0 0 0 (40 )
Current-period recoveries 0 0 0 0 181 0 0 0 181
Current-period net <br>(charge-offs)<br> <br>recoveries $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 141 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 141
Term Loans Revolving loans<br>amortized cost<br>basis Revolving<br><br><br>loans<br><br><br>converted to<br>term loans Total
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Origination Year
As of December 31, 2022 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Prior
Internal Risk Grade:
Pass $ 1,525,762 $ 847,177 $ 492,628 $ 291,334 $ 245,158 $ 791,366 $ 439,800 $ 2,683 $ 4,635,908
Special Mention 0 0 0 0 11 4,418 1,888 0 6,317
Substandard 0 1,448 68 445 866 17,001 858 0 20,686
Doubtful 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total $ 1,525,762 $ 848,625 $ 492,696 $ 291,779 $ 246,035 $ 812,785 $ 442,546 $ 2,683 $ 4,662,911
Current-period charge-offs 0 (809 ) 0 0 (284 ) (453 ) 0 0 (1,546 )
Current-period recoveries 0 1 0 0 16 1,483 7 0 1,507
Current-period net (charge-offs) <br>recoveries $ 0 $ (808 ) $ 0 $ 0 $ (268 ) $ 1,030 $ 7 $ 0 $ (39 )

Construction and Land Development

Term Loans Revolving loans<br>amortized cost<br>basis Revolving<br><br><br>loans<br><br><br>converted to<br>term loans Total
Origination Year
As of March 31, 2023 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior
Internal Risk Grade:
Pass $ 89,281 $ 936,572 $ 1,027,995 $ 284,306 $ 25,531 $ 131,391 $ 291,285 $ 0 $ 2,786,361
Special Mention 0 1,754 0 64 3,419 13,879 0 0 19,116
Substandard 0 143 190 0 54 2,389 0 0 2,776
Doubtful 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total $ 89,281 $ 938,469 $ 1,028,185 $ 284,370 $ 29,004 $ 147,659 $ 291,285 $ 0 $ 2,808,253
Current-period charge-offs 0 0 0 0 0 (14 ) 0 0 (14 )
Current-period recoveries 0 0 0 0 0 32 0 0 32
Current-period net recoveries $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 18 $ 0 $ 0 $ 18

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Term Loans Revolving loans<br>amortized cost<br>basis Revolving<br><br><br>loans<br><br><br>converted to<br>term loans Total
Origination Year
As of December 31, 2022 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Prior
Internal Risk Grade:
Pass $ 806,442 $ 1,109,601 $ 389,751 $ 133,711 $ 117,934 $ 109,320 $ 252,604 $ 0 $ 2,919,363
Special Mention 0 0 65 3,421 0 1,447 0 0 4,933
Substandard 0 219 0 13 0 2,443 0 0 2,675
Doubtful 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total $ 806,442 $ 1,109,820 $ 389,816 $ 137,145 $ 117,934 $ 113,210 $ 252,604 $ 0 $ 2,926,971
Current-period charge-offs 0 0 0 0 0 (2 ) 0 0 (2 )
Current-period recoveries 0 0 0 0 0 1,414 0 0 1,414
Current-period net recoveries $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 1,412 $ 0 $ 0 $ 1,412

Bankcard

Term Loans Revolving loans<br>amortized cost<br>basis Revolving<br><br><br>loans<br><br><br>converted to<br>term loans Total
Origination Year
As of March 31, 2023 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior
Internal Risk Grade:
Pass
Special Mention $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 8,471 $ 0 $ 8,471
Substandard 0 0 0 0 0 0 159 0 159
Doubtful 0 0 0 0 0 0 101 0 101
Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
$ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 8,731 $ 0 $ 8,731
Current-period charge-offs 0 0 0 0 0 0 (92 ) 0 (92 )
Current-period recoveries 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3
Current-period net charge-offs $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ (89 ) $ 0 $ (89 )
Term Loans Revolving loans<br>amortized cost<br>basis Revolving<br><br><br>loans<br><br><br>converted to<br>term loans Total
Origination Year
As of December 31, 2022 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Prior
Internal Risk Grade:
Pass $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 9,101 $ 0 $ 9,101
Special Mention 0 0 0 0 0 0 63 0 63
Substandard 0 0 0 0 0 0 109 0 109
Doubtful 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 9,273 $ 0 $ 9,273
Current-period charge-offs 0 0 0 0 0 0 (355 ) 0 (355 )
Current-period recoveries 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 9
Current-period net charge-offs $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ (346 ) $ 0 $ (346 )

Other Consumer

Term Loans Revolving loans<br>amortized cost<br>basis Revolving<br><br><br>loans<br><br><br>converted to<br>term loans Total
Origination Year
As of March 31, 2023 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior
Internal Risk Grade:
Pass $ 79,760 $ 577,952 $ 291,713 $ 157,259 $ 109,857 $ 49,964 $ 2,743 $ 0 $ 1,269,248
Special Mention 0 9,494 8,913 3,944 1,869 1,112 22 0 25,354
Substandard 0 1,840 2,248 703 222 75 10 0 5,098
Doubtful 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total $ 79,760 $ 589,286 $ 302,874 $ 161,906 $ 111,948 $ 51,151 $ 2,775 $ 0 $ 1,299,700
Current-period charge-offs 0 (480 ) (684 ) (342 ) (117 ) (46 ) 0 0 (1,669 )
Current-period recoveries 0 62 43 9 26 75 0 0 215
Current-period net (charge-offs) recoveries $ 0 $ (418 ) $ (641 ) $ (333 ) $ (91 ) $ 29 $ 0 $ 0 $ (1,454 )

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Term Loans Revolving loans<br>amortized cost<br>basis Revolving<br><br><br>loans<br><br><br>converted to<br>term loans Total
Origination Year
As of December 31, 2022 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Prior
Internal Risk Grade:
Pass $ 626,666 $ 319,719 $ 176,423 $ 128,176 $ 55,147 $ 9,202 $ 2,644 $ 0 $ 1,317,977
Special Mention 9,891 13,449 5,769 3,075 1,295 464 50 0 33,993
Substandard 1,144 2,214 927 167 89 28 0 0 4,569
Doubtful 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total $ 637,701 $ 335,382 $ 183,119 $ 131,418 $ 56,531 $ 9,694 $ 2,694 $ 0 $ 1,356,539
Current-period charge-offs (394 ) (1,435 ) (851 ) (331 ) (162 ) (198 ) 0 0 (3,371 )
Current-period recoveries 12 102 61 87 60 207 0 0 529
Current-period net (charge-offs) <br>recoveries $ (382 ) $ (1,333 ) $ (790 ) $ (244 ) $ (102 ) $ 9 $ 0 $ 0 $ (2,842 )

At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, other real estate owned (“OREO”) included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets was $4,086 and $2,052, respectively. OREO consists of real estate acquired in foreclosure or other settlement of loans. Such assets are carried at the lower of the investment in the assets or the fair value of the assets less estimated selling costs. Any adjustment to the fair value at the date of transfer is charged against the allowance for loan losses. Any subsequent valuation adjustments as well as any costs relating to operating, holding or disposing of the property are recorded in other expense in the period incurred. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the recorded investment of consumer mortgage loans secured by residential real estate properties for which formal foreclosure proceedings are in process was $1,090 and $1,309, respectively.

  1. ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES

The allowance for loan losses is an estimate of the expected credit losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost to present the net amount expected to be collected as of the balance sheet date. Such allowance is based on the credit losses expected to arise over the life of the asset (contractual term). Assets are charged off when United determines that such financial assets are deemed uncollectible or based on regulatory requirements, whichever is earlier. Charge-offs are recognized as a deduction from the allowance for credit losses. Expected recoveries of amounts previously charged-off, not to exceed the aggregate of the amount previously charged-off, are included in determining the necessary reserve at the balance sheet date.

United made a policy election to present the accrued interest receivable balance separately in its consolidated balance sheets from the amortized cost of a loan. Accrued interest receivable was $72,922 and $70,332 at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, related to loans and leases are included separately in “Accrued interest receivable” in the consolidated balance sheets. For all classes of loans and leases receivable, the accrual of interest is discontinued when the contractual payment of principal or interest has become 90 days past due, unless the loan is well secured and in the process of collection. Interest received on nonaccrual loans and leases, generally is either applied against principal or reported as interest income, according to management’s judgment as to the collectability of principal.

The following table represents the accrued interest receivable as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

Accrued Interest Receivable
At March 31, 2023 At December 31, 2022
Commercial Real Estate:
Owner-occupied $ 4,584 $ 4,855
Nonowner-occupied 20,562 19,801
Other Commercial 12,994 10,904
Residential Real Estate 16,773 16,117
Construction 14,834 15,195
Consumer:
Bankcard 0 0
Other consumer 3,175 3,460
Total $ 72,922 $ 70,332

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The following table represents the accrued interest receivables written off by reversing interest income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

Accrued Interest Receivables Written Off<br>by Reversing Interest Income
Three Months Ended
March 31
2023 2022
Commercial Real Estate:
Owner-occupied $ 0 $ 0
Nonowner-occupied 0 0
Other Commercial 13 1
Residential Real Estate 50 20
Construction 2 0
Consumer:
Bankcard 0 0
Other consumer 94 67
Total $ 159 $ 88

United estimates the allowance balance using relevant available information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Adjustments to historical loss information are made for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics such as differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix, delinquency level or term as well as reasonable and supportable forecast adjustments for changes in environmental conditions, such as changes in unemployment rates, property values or other relevant factors. A reversion to historical loss data occurs via a straight-line method during the year following the one-year reasonable and supportable forecast period.

United pools its loans and leases based on similar risk characteristics in estimating expected credit losses. United has identified the following portfolio segments and measures the allowance for credit losses using the following methods:

• Method: Probability of Default/Loss Given Default (PD/LGD)
• Commercial Real Estate Owner-Occupied
--- ---
• Commercial Real Estate Nonowner-Occupied
--- ---
• Commercial Other
--- ---
• Method: Cohort
--- ---
• Residential Real Estate
--- ---
• Construction & Land Development
--- ---
• Consumer
--- ---
• Bankcard
--- ---

Risk characteristics of commercial real estate owner-occupied loans and commercial other loans and leases are similar in that they are normally dependent upon the borrower’s internal cash flow from operations to service debt. Commercial real estate nonowner-occupied loans differ in that cash flow to service debt is normally dependent on external income from third parties for use of the real estate such as rents, leases and room rates. Residential real estate loans are dependent upon

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individual borrowers who are affected by changes in general economic conditions, demand for housing and resulting residential real estate valuation. Construction and land development loans are impacted mainly by demand whether for new residential housing or for retail, industrial, office and other types of commercial construction within a given area. Consumer loan pool risk characteristics are influenced by general, regional and local economic conditions.

Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. Loans evaluated individually are not also included in the collective evaluation. When management determines that foreclosure is probable or when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty at the reporting date and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral but may also include other non-performing loans, expected credit losses are based on the fair value of the collateral at the reporting date, adjusted for selling costs as appropriate. These individually evaluated loans are removed from their respective pools and typically represent collateral dependent loans.

Expected credit losses are estimated over the contractual term of the loans and leases, adjusted for expected prepayments when appropriate. The contractual term excludes expected extensions, renewals and modifications unless management has a reasonable expectation at the reporting date that the extension or renewal options are included in the original or modified contract at the reporting date and are not unconditionally cancelable by United.

At the acquisition date, an initial allowance for expected credit losses for non-PCD loans is estimated and recorded as credit loss expense. The subsequent measurement of expected credit losses for all acquired loans is the same as the subsequent measurement of expected credit losses for originated loans. For allowance for credit losses under ASC Topic 326 calculation purposes, United includes its acquired loans and leases in their relevant pool unless they meet the criteria for specific review.

United maintains an allowance for loan losses and a reserve for lending-related commitments such as unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit. The reserve for lending-related commitments of $48,789 and $46,189 at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, is separately classified on the balance sheet and is included in other liabilities. The combined allowance for loan losses and reserve for lending-related commitments is considered the allowance for credit losses.

United’s allowance for credit losses at March 31, 2023 increased $8,345 or 2.97% from December 31, 2022. The overall increase in the allowance was driven primarily by a change in qualitative factors and as well as an expected worsening of future economic performance within the reasonable and supportable forecast. This increase was offset slightly due to improvement in historical loss rates and a decrease in allocations established for individually assessed loans.

The first quarter of 2023 qualitative adjustments include analyses of the following:

• Current conditions<br> – United considered the impact of inflation, interest rates, the regulatory environment due to recent bank failures and geopolitical conflict when making determinations related to factor adjustments for the external environment. United also considered portfolio trends related to economic and business conditions, collateral values for dependent loans; past due, nonaccrual and graded loans and leases; and concentrations of credit.
• Reasonable and supportable forecasts<br> – <br>The forecast is determined on a portfolio-by-portfolio basis by relating the correlation of real GDP and the unemployment rate to loss rates to forecasts of those variables. The reasonable and supportable forecast selection is subjective in nature and requires more judgment compared to the other components of the allowance. Assumptions for the economic variables were the following:
--- ---
• The forecast for real GDP in 2023 shifted slightly downward in the first quarter, from a projection of 0.50% for 2023 at the end of 2022 to 0.40% for 2023 with a larger downward shift for 2024, from a projection of 1.60% for 2024 at the end of 2022 to 1.20% for 2023. The unemployment rate remained fairly consistent to the end of 2022 with a steady trend expected throughout 2023 and 2024.

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• Greater risk of loss is probable in the office portfolio due to continued hybrid and remote work that may be exacerbated by future economic conditions and in the construction portfolio due to weakened economic conditions.
• Reversion to historical loss data occurs via a straight-line method during the year following the <br>one-year<br> reasonable and supportable forecast period.
--- ---

A progression of the allowance for loan and lease losses, by portfolio segment, for the periods indicated is summarized as follows:

Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses and Carrying Amount of Loans and Leases
For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
Commercial Real Estate Other<br>Commercial Residential<br>Real<br>Estate Construction &<br>Land<br>Development Bankcard Total
Owner-<br>occupied Nonowner-<br>occupied Other<br>Consumer
Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses:
Beginning balance $ 13,945 $ 38,543 $ 79,706 $ 36,227 $ 48,390 $ 561 $ 17,374 $ 234,746
Charge-offs (470 ) (24 ) (627 ) (40 ) (14 ) (92 ) (1,669 ) (2,936 )
Recoveries 47 741 572 181 32 3 215 1,791
Provision 25 3,412 (640 ) 2,108 1,628 65 292 6,890
Ending balance $ 13,547 $ 42,672 $ 79,011 $ 38,476 $ 50,036 $ 537 $ 16,212 $ 240,491
Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses and Carrying Amount of Loans and Leases
For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
Commercial Real Estate Other<br>Commercial Residential<br>Real<br>Estate Construction &<br>Land<br>Development Bankcard Total
Owner-<br>occupied Nonowner-<br>occupied Other<br>Consumer
Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses:
Beginning balance $ 14,443 $ 42,156 $ 78,432 $ 26,404 $ 39,395 $ 317 $ 14,869 $ 216,016
Charge-offs (68 ) (0 ) (4,308 ) (1,546 ) (2 ) (355 ) (3,371 ) (9,650 )
Recoveries 489 234 5,367 1,507 1,414 9 529 9,549
Provision (919 ) (3,847 ) 215 9,862 7,583 590 5,347 18,831
Ending balance $ 13,945 $ 38,543 $ 79,706 $ 36,227 $ 48,390 $ 561 $ 17,374 $ 234,746

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  1. INTANGIBLE ASSETS

The following is a summary of intangible assets subject to amortization and those not subject to amortization:

March 31, 2023
Community Banking Mortgage Banking Total
Gross<br>Carrying<br>Amount Accumulated<br>Amortization Gross<br>Carrying<br>Amount Accumulated<br>Amortization Gross<br>Carrying<br>Amount Accumulated<br>Amortization
Amortized intangible assets:
Core deposit intangible assets $ 105,165 ($ 88,823 ) $ 0 $ 0 $ 105,165 ($ 88,823 )
Non-amortized<br> intangible assets:
George Mason trade name $ 0 $ 1,080 $ 1,080
Crescent trade name 0 196 196
Total $ 0 $ 1,276 $ 1,276
Goodwill not subject to amortization $ 1,883,574 $ 5,315 $ 1,888,889
December 31, 2022
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Community Banking Mortgage Banking Total
Gross<br>Carrying<br>Amount Accumulated<br>Amortization Gross<br>Carrying<br>Amount Accumulated<br>Amortization Gross<br>Carrying<br>Amount Accumulated<br>Amortization
Amortized intangible assets:
Core deposit intangible assets $ 105,165 ($ 87,544 ) $ 0 $ 0 $ 105,165 ($ 87,544 )
Non-amortized<br> intangible assets:
George Mason trade name $ 0 $ 1,080 $ 1,080
Crescent trade name 0 196 196
Total $ 0 $ 1,276 $ 1,276
Goodwill not subject to amortization $ 1,883,574 $ 5,315 $ 1,888,889

United incurred amortization expense of $1,279 and $1,379 for the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

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The following table sets forth the anticipated amortization expense for intangible assets for the years subsequent to 2022:

Year Amount
2023 $ 5,116
2024 3,639
2025 3,282
2026 2,758
2027 1,152
2028 and thereafter 1,674
  1. MORTGAGE SERVICING RIGHTS

Mortgage loans serviced for others are not included in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. The value of mortgage servicing rights (“MSRs”) is included on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The Company initially measures servicing assets and liabilities retained related to the sale of residential loans held for sale (“MSRs”) at fair value, if practicable. For subsequent measurement purposes, the Company measures servicing assets and liabilities based on the lower of cost or market using the amortization method. MSRs are amortized in proportion to, and over the period of, estimated net servicing income. The amortization of the MSRs is analyzed periodically and is adjusted to reflect changes in prepayment rates and other estimates.

The Company evaluates potential impairment of MSRs based on the difference between the carrying amount and current estimated fair value of the servicing rights. In determining impairment, the Company aggregates all servicing rights and stratifies them into tranches based on predominant risk characteristics. If impairment exists, a valuation allowance is established for any excess of amortized cost over the current estimated fair value by a charge to income. If the Company later determines that all or a portion of the impairment no longer exists for a particular tranche, a reduction of the allowance may be recorded as an increase to income.

Service fee income is recorded for fees earned for servicing mortgage loans under servicing agreements with the Federal National Mortgage Association (“FNMA”), the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“FHLMC”) and certain private investors. The fees are based on a contractual percentage of the outstanding principal balance of the loans serviced and are recorded in noninterest income. Amortization of MSRs and mortgage servicing costs are charged to expense when incurred.

The unpaid principal balances of loans serviced for others were approximately $3,280,741 at March 31, 2023 and $3,381,485 at December 31, 2022.

The estimated fair value of the mortgage servicing rights was $39,699 and $41,880 at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The estimated fair value of servicing rights at March 31, 2023 was determined using a net servicing fee of 0.25%, average discount rates ranging from 9.54% to 11.63% with a weighted average discount rate of 10.60%, average constant prepayment rates (“CPR”) ranging from 5.32% to 6.25% with a weighted average prepayment rate of 5.79%, depending upon the stratification of the specific servicing right, and a delinquency rate, including loans on forbearance of 1.83%. The estimated fair value of servicing rights at December 31, 2022 was determined using a net servicing fee of 0.25%, average discount rates ranging from 10.50% to 10.74% with a weighted average discount rate of 10.62%, average CPR ranging from 5.66% to 7.62% with a weighted average prepayment rate of 6.30%, depending upon the stratification of the specific servicing right, and a delinquency rate, including loans on forbearance of 2.19%. Please refer to Note 13 in these Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information concerning the fair value of MSRs.

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The following presents the activity in mortgage servicing rights, including their valuation allowance for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

Three Months Ended<br><br> <br>March 31, 2023 Three Months Ended<br><br> <br>March 31, 2022
MSRs beginning balance $ 21,022 $ 24,027
Amount sold (235 ) 0
Amount capitalized 145 687
Amount amortized (945 ) (1,625 )
MSRs ending balance $ 19,987 $ 23,089
MSRs valuation allowance beginning balance $ 0 $ (883 )
Aggregate additions charged and recoveries credited to operations 0 883
MSRs impairment 0 0
MSRs valuation allowance ending balance $ 0 $ 0
MSRs, net of valuation allowance $ 19,987 $ 23,089

The Company did not record any temporary impairments on mortgage servicing rights for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.

The estimated amortization expense is based on current information regarding future loan payments and prepayments. Amortization expense could change in future periods based on changes in the volume of prepayments and economic factors.

  1. LEASES

United determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. United and certain subsidiaries have entered into various noncancelable-operating leases for branch and loan production offices as well as operating facilities. Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and operating lease liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Operating leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Presently, United does not have any finance leases.

United’s operating leases are subject to renewal options under various terms. United’s operating leases have remaining terms of 1 to 15 years, some of which include options to extend leases generally for periods of 5 years. United rents or subleases certain real estate to third parties. Our sublease portfolio generally consists of operating leases to other organizations for former branch offices.

ROU assets represent United’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent United’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As most of United’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The operating lease ROU asset also includes any lease payments made and excludes lease incentives. Lease terms may include options to extend the lease when it is reasonably certain that United will exercise that option. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

The components of lease expense were as follows:

Three Months Ended
Classification March 31, 2023 March 31, 2022
Operating lease cost Net occupancy expense $ 5,392 $ 5,129
Sublease income Net occupancy expense (60 ) (168 )
Net lease cost $ 5,332 $ 4,961

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Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows:

Classification March 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Operating lease <br>right-of-use<br> assets Operating lease right-of-use assets $ 76,884 $ 71,144
Operating lease liabilities Operating lease liabilities $ 81,394 $ 75,749

Other information related to leases was as follows:

March 31, 2023
Weighted-average remaining lease term:
Operating leases 6.82 years
Weighted-average discount rate:
Operating leases 2.48 %

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:

Three Months Ended
March 31, 2023 March 31, 2022
Cash paid for amounts in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases $ 5,487 $ 5,310
ROU assets obtained in the exchange for lease liabilities 10,192 1,601

Maturities of lease liabilities by year and in the aggregate, under operating leases with initial or remaining terms of one year or more, for years subsequent to December 31, 2022, consists of the following as of March 31, 2023:

Year Amount
2023 $ 14,876
2024 15,594
2025 11,973
2026 10,690
2027 8,865
Thereafter 26,472
Total lease payments 88,470
Less: imputed interest (7,076 )
Total $ 81,394
  1. SHORT-TERM BORROWINGS

At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, short-term borrowings were as follows:

As of<br><br> <br>March 31, 2023 As of<br><br> <br>December 31, 2022
Federal funds purchased $ 0 $ 0
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase 170,094 160,698
Total short-term borrowings $ 170,094 $ 160,698

Securities sold under agreements to repurchase have not been a significant source of funds for the company. The securities sold under agreements to repurchase were accounted for as collateralized financial transactions. They were recorded at the amounts at which the securities were acquired or sold plus accrued interest.

United has various unused lines of credit available from certain of its correspondent banks in the aggregate amount of $230,000 . These lines of credit, which bear interest at prevailing market rates, permit United to borrow funds in the overnight market, and are renewable annually subject to certain conditions.

United has a $20,000 line of credit with an unrelated financial institution to provide for general liquidity needs. The line is an unsecured, revolving line of credit. The line is renewable on a 360 day basis and carries an indexed, floating-rate of interest. The line requires compliance with various financial and nonfinancial covenants. At March 31, 2023, United had no outstanding balance under this credit.

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  1. LONG-TERM BORROWINGS

United’s subsidiary bank is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”). Membership in the FHLB makes available short-term and long-term borrowings from collateralized advances. All FHLB borrowings are collateralized by a mix of single-family residential mortgage loans, commercial loans and investment securities. At March 31, 2023, United had an unused borrowing amount of approximately $5,818,883 available subject to delivery of collateral after certain trigger points. Advances may be called by the FHLB or redeemed by United based on predefined factors and penalties.

At March 31, 2023, $2,510,703 of FHLB advances with a weighted-average contractual interest rate of 4.84% and a weighted-average effective interest rate of 3.97% are scheduled to mature within the next two years. The weighted-average effective rate considers the effect of any interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges outstanding at March 31, 2023 to manage interest rate risk on its long-term debt.

The scheduled maturities of these FHLB borrowings are as follows:

Year Amount
2023 $ 2,500,000
2024 0
2025 10,703
2026 0
2027 and thereafter 0
Total $ 2,510,703

At March 31, 2023, United had a total of twenty statutory business trusts that were formed for the purpose of issuing or participating in pools of trust preferred capital securities (“Capital Securities”) with the proceeds invested in junior subordinated debt securities (“Debentures”) of United. The Debentures, which are subordinate and junior in right of payment to all present and future senior indebtedness and certain other financial obligations of United, are the sole assets of the trusts and United’s payment under the Debentures is the sole source of revenue for the trusts. United assumed $ 10,000 in aggregate principal amount of fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes in the Carolina Financial Corporation acquisition. During the first quarter of 2023, United redeemed these fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes. At December 31, 2022, the outstanding balance of the subordinated notes was $ 9,892. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the outstanding balance of the Debentures was $ 277,400 and $276,989, respectively, and was included in the category of long-term debt on the Consolidated Balance Sheets entitled “Other long-term borrowings.” The Capital Securities are not included as a component of shareholders’ equity in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. United fully and unconditionally guarantees each individual trust’s obligations under the Capital Securities.

Under the provisions of the subordinated debt, United has the right to defer payment of interest on the subordinated debt at any time, or from time to time, for periods not exceeding five years. If interest payments on the subordinated debt are deferred, the dividends on the Capital Securities are also deferred. Interest on the subordinated debt is cumulative.

In accordance with the fully-phased in “Basel III Capital Rules” as published by United’s primary federal regulator, the Federal Reserve, United is unable to consider the Capital Securities as Tier 1 capital, but rather the Capital Securities are included as a component of United’s Tier 2 capital. United can include the Capital Securities in its Tier 2 capital on a permanent basis.

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  1. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES

Lending-related Commitments

United is a party to financial instruments with off-balance-sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers and to alter its own exposure to fluctuations in interest rates. These financial instruments include loan commitments, standby letters of credit, and interest rate swap agreements. The instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the financial statements.

United’s maximum exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the counterparty to the financial instrument for the loan commitments and standby letters of credit is the contractual or notional amount of those instruments. United uses the same policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for on-balance sheet instruments. Collateral may be obtained, if deemed necessary, based on management’s credit evaluation of the counterparty.

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the commitment contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require the payment of a fee. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily, and historically do not, represent future cash requirements. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary upon the extension of credit, is based on management’s credit evaluation of the counterparty. United had approximately $7,370,125 and $7,250,155 of loan commitments outstanding as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, approximately 37% of which contractually expire within one year. Excluded in the March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 amounts above are commitments to extend credit of $696,412 and $719,841 respectively, related to mortgage loan funding commitments of United’s mortgage banking segment which are of a short-term nature.

Commercial and standby letters of credit are agreements used by United’s customers as a means of improving their credit standing in their dealings with others. Under these agreements, United guarantees certain financial commitments of its customers. A commercial letter of credit is issued specifically to facilitate trade or commerce. Typically, under the terms of a commercial letter of credit, a commitment is drawn upon when the underlying transaction is consummated as intended between the customer and a third party. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, United had $16,389 of commercial letters of credit outstanding. A standby letter of credit is generally contingent upon the failure of a customer to perform according to the terms of an underlying contract with a third party. United has issued standby letters of credit of $151,778 and $147,511 as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. In accordance with the Contingencies Topic of the FASB Accounting Standards Codification, United has determined that substantially all of its letters of credit are renewed on an annual basis and the fees associated with these letters of credit are immaterial.

Mortgage Banking

United’s mortgage banking segment provides for its estimated exposure to repurchase loans previously sold to investors for which borrowers failed to provide full and accurate information on their loan application or for which appraisals have not been acceptable or where the loan was not underwritten in accordance with the loan program specified by the loan investor, and for other exposure to its investors related to loan sales activities. United evaluates the merits of each claim and estimates its reserve based on actual and expected claims received and considers the historical amounts paid to settle such claims. United’s mortgage banking segment had a reserve of $1,081 as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

United has derivative counter-party risk that may arise from the possible inability of United’s mortgage banking segment’s third party investors to meet the terms of their forward sales contracts. United’s mortgage banking segment works with third-party investors that are generally well-capitalized, are investment grade and exhibit strong financial performance to mitigate this risk. United does not expect any third-party investor to fail to meet its obligation.

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Legal Proceedings

United and its subsidiaries are currently involved in various legal proceedings in the normal course of business. On at least a quarterly basis, United assesses its liabilities and contingencies in connection with all pending or threatened claims and litigation, utilizing the most recent information available. On a matter-by-matter basis, an accrual for loss is established for those matters which United believes it is probable that a loss may be incurred and that the amount of such loss can be reasonably estimated. Once established, each accrual is adjusted as appropriate to reflect any subsequent developments. Accordingly, management’s estimate will change from time to time, and actual losses may be more or less than the current estimate. For matters where a loss is not probable, or the amount of the loss cannot be estimated, no accrual is established.

Management is vigorously pursuing all its legal and factual defenses and, after consultation with legal counsel, believes that all such litigation will be resolved with no material effect on United’s financial statements.

Regulatory Matters

A variety of consumer products, including mortgage and deposit products, and certain fees and charges related to such products, have come under increased regulatory scrutiny. It is possible that regulatory authorities could bring enforcement actions, including civil money penalties, or take other actions against United in regard to these consumer products. United could also determine of its own accord, or be required by regulators, to refund or otherwise make remediation payments to customers in connection with these products. It is not possible at this time for management to assess the probability of a material adverse outcome or reasonably estimate the amount of any potential loss related to such matters.

  1. DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

United uses derivative instruments to help aid against adverse price changes or interest rate movements on the value of certain assets or liabilities and on future cash flows. These derivatives may consist of interest rate swaps, caps, floors, collars, futures, forward contracts, written and purchased options. United also executes derivative instruments with its commercial banking customers to facilitate its risk management strategies.

Derivative instruments designated in a hedge relationship to mitigate exposure to changes in the fair value of an asset, liability, or firm commitment attributable to a particular risk, such as interest rate risk, are considered fair value hedges. Derivative instruments designated in a hedge relationship to mitigate exposure to variability in expected future cash flows, or other types of forecasted transactions, are considered cash flow hedges.

Fair value hedges may be eligible for offset on the consolidated balance sheets because they are subject to master netting arrangements or similar agreements. United has elected not to offset the assets and liabilities subject to such arrangements on the consolidated financial statements.

During 2020, United entered into two interest rate swap derivatives designated as cash flow hedges. The notional amount of these cash flow hedge derivatives totaled $500,000. The derivatives are intended to hedge the changes in cash flows associated with floating rate FHLB borrowings. As of March 31, 2023, United has determined that no forecasted transactions related to its cash flow hedges resulted in gains or losses pertaining to cash flow hedge reclassification from AOCI to income because the forecasted transactions became probable of not occurring. United estimates that $21,776 will be reclassified from AOCI as a decrease to interest expense over the next 12-months following March 31, 2023 related to the cash flow hedges. As of March 31, 2023, the maximum length of time over which forecasted transactions are hedged is seven years.

At inception of a hedge relationship, United formally documents the hedged item, the particular risk management objective, the nature of the risk being hedged, the derivative being used, how effectiveness of the hedge will be assessed and how the ineffectiveness of the hedge will be measured. United also assesses hedge effectiveness at inception and on an ongoing basis using regression analysis. Hedge ineffectiveness is measured by using the change in fair value method. The change in fair value method compares the change in the fair value of the hedging derivative to the change in the fair value of the hedged exposure, attributable to changes in the benchmark rate.

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United is subject to the Dodd-Frank Act clearing requirement for eligible derivatives. United has executed and cleared eligible derivatives through the London Clearing House (“LCH”). Variation margin at the LCH is distinguished as settled-to-market and settled daily based on the prior day value, rather than collateralized-to-market. The daily settlement of the derivative exposure does not change or reset the contractual terms of the instrument. The total notional amount of interest rate swap derivatives designated as cash flow hedges cleared through the LCH include $ 500,000 for asset derivatives as of March 31, 2023. Balances related to LCH are presented as a single unit of account with the fair value of the designated cash flow interest rate swap asset being reduced by variation margin posted by (with) the applicable counterparty and reported in the following table on a net basis. The related fair value on a net basis approximates zero.

United through its mortgage banking subsidiaries enters into interest rate lock commitments to finance residential mortgage loans with its customers. These commitments, which contain fixed expiration dates, offer the borrower an interest rate guarantee provided the loan meets underwriting guidelines and closes within the timeframe established by United. Interest rate risk arises on these commitments and subsequently closed loans if interest rates change between the time of the interest rate lock and the delivery of the loan to the investor. Market risk on interest rate lock commitments and mortgage loans held for sale is managed using corresponding forward mortgage loan sales contracts. United is a party to these forward mortgage loan sales contracts to sell loans with servicing either released or retained and short sales of mortgage-backed securities. When the interest rate is locked with the borrower, the rate lock commitment, forward sale agreement, and mortgage-backed security position are undesignated derivatives and marked to fair value through earnings. The fair value of the rate lock derivative is measured using valuations from investors for loans with similar characteristics as well as considering the probability of the loan closing (i.e. the “pull-through” rate) with some adjusted for the Company’s actual sales experience versus the investor’s indicated pricing. Fair values of TBA mortgage-backed securities are measured using valuations from investors for mortgage-backed securities with similar characteristics. Income from mortgage banking activities includes the gain recognized for the period presented and associated elements of fair value.

The following tables disclose the derivative instruments’ location on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets and the notional amount and fair value of those instruments at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Asset Derivatives
March 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Balance<br><br> <br>Sheet<br><br> <br>Location Notional<br><br> <br>Amount Fair<br><br> <br>Value Balance<br><br> <br>Sheet<br><br> <br>Location Notional<br><br> <br>Amount Fair<br><br> <br>Value
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments
Fair Value Hedges:
Interest rate swap contracts<br>(hedging commercial loans) Other assets $ 53,964 $ 3,057 Other assets $ 55,073 $ 4,038
Total Fair Value Hedges $ 53,964 $ 3,057 $ 55,073 $ 4,038
Cash Flow Hedges:
Interest rate swap contracts<br>(hedging FHLB borrowings) Other assets $ 500,000 $ 0 Other assets $ 500,000 $ 0
Total Cash Flow Hedges $ 500,000 $ 0 $ 500,000 $ 0
Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments $ 553,964 $ 3,057 $ 555,073 $ 4,038
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
Forward loan sales commitments Other assets $ 10,041 $ 127 Other assets $ 15,475 $ 220
TBA mortgage-backed securities Other assets 0 0 Other assets 22,649 146
Interest rate lock commitments Other assets 102,390 2,099 Other assets 73,412 1,146
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments $ 112,431 $ 2,226 $ 111,536 $ 1,512
Total asset derivatives $ 666,395 $ 5,283 $ 666,609 $ 5,550

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Liability Derivatives
March 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Balance<br><br> <br>Sheet<br><br> <br>Location Notional<br><br> <br>Amount Fair<br><br> <br>Value Balance<br><br> <br>Sheet<br><br> <br>Location Notional<br><br> <br>Amount Fair<br><br> <br>Value
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
Forward loan sales commitments Other liabilities $ 0 $ 0 Other liabilities $ 0 $ 0
TBA mortgage-backed securities Other liabilities 107,014 567 Other liabilities 63,000 213
Interest rate lock commitments Other liabilities 0 0 Other liabilities 48,949 348
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments $ 107,014 $ 567 $ 111,949 $ 561
Total liability derivatives $ 107,014 $ 567 $ 111,949 $ 561

The following table represents the carrying amount of the hedged assets/(liabilities) and the cumulative amount of fair value hedging adjustment included in the carrying amount of the hedged assets/(liabilities) that are designated as a fair value accounting relationship as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

March 31, 2023
Derivatives in Fair Value<br> <br>Hedging Relationships Location in the Statement of<br>Condition Carrying Amount of<br>the Hedged<br><br><br>Assets/(Liabilities) Cumulative Amount<br>of Fair Value Hedging<br>Adjustment Included<br>in the Carrying<br><br><br>Amount of the Hedged<br>Assets/(Liabilities) Cumulative Amount of<br>Fair Value Hedging<br>Adjustment Remaining for<br>any Hedged Assets/<br>(Liabilities) for which<br>Hedge Accounting has<br>been Discontinued
Interest rate swaps Loans, net of unearned income $ 54,648 $ (2,177 ) $ 0
December 31, 2022
Derivatives in Fair Value<br> <br>Hedging Relationships Location in the Statement of<br>Condition Carrying Amount of<br>the Hedged Assets/<br>(Liabilities) Cumulative Amount<br>of Fair Value Hedging<br>Adjustment Included<br>in the Carrying<br>Amount of the Hedged<br>Assets/(Liabilities) Cumulative Amount of<br>Fair Value Hedging<br>Adjustment Remaining for<br>any Hedged Assets/<br>(Liabilities) for which<br>Hedge Accounting has<br>been Discontinued
Interest rate swaps Loans, net of unearned income $ 55,770 $ (3,069 ) $ 0

Derivative contracts involve the risk of dealing with both bank customers and institutional derivative counterparties and their ability to meet contractual terms. Credit risk arises from the possible inability of counterparties to meet the terms of their contracts. United’s exposure is limited to the replacement value of the contracts rather than the notional amount of the contract. The Company’s agreements generally contain provisions that limit the unsecured exposure up to an agreed upon threshold. Additionally, the Company attempts to minimize credit risk through certain approval processes established by management.

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The effect of United’s derivative financial instruments on its unaudited Consolidated Statements of Income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 are presented as follows:

Three Months Ended
Income Statement<br><br>Location March 31,<br><br><br>2023 March 31,<br>2022
Derivatives in hedging relationships
Fair Value Hedges:
Interest rate swap contracts Interest and fees on loans $ 89 $ (601 )
Cash flow Hedges:
Interest rate swap contracts Interest on long-term borrowings $ 4,915 $ (342 )
Total derivatives in hedging relationships $ 5,004 $ (943 )
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
Forward loan sales commitments Income from Mortgage Banking Activities $ (93 ) $ (1,049 )
TBA mortgage-backed securities Income from Mortgage Banking Activities (499 ) 11,410
Interest rate lock commitments Income from Mortgage Banking Activities 607 (3,704 )
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments $ 15 $ 6,657
Total derivatives $ 5,019 $ 5,714

For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, changes in the fair value of any interest rate swaps attributed to hedge ineffectiveness were recorded, but not significant to United’s Consolidated Statements of Income.

  1. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

United determines the fair values of its financial instruments based on the fair value hierarchy established in ASC Topic 820, which also clarifies that fair value of certain assets and liabilities is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants.

ASC Topic 820 specifies a hierarchy of valuation techniques based on whether the inputs to those valuation techniques are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect United’s market assumptions.

The three levels of the fair value hierarchy based on these two types of inputs are as follows:

Level 1 - Valuation is based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities.
Level 2 - Valuation is based on observable inputs including quoted prices in active markets for similar assets and liabilities, quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in less active markets, and model-based valuation techniques for which significant assumptions can be derived primarily from or corroborated by observable data in the market.
Level 3 - Valuation is based on model-based techniques that use one or more significant inputs or assumptions that are unobservable in the market.

When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities, United looks to active and observable markets to price identical assets or liabilities whenever possible and classifies such items in Level 1. When identical assets and liabilities are not traded in active markets, United looks to market observable data for similar assets and liabilities and classifies such items as Level 2. Nevertheless, certain assets and liabilities are not actively traded in observable markets and United must use alternative valuation techniques using unobservable inputs to determine a fair value and classifies such items as Level 3. For assets and liabilities that are not actively traded, the fair value measurement is based primarily upon estimates that require significant judgment. Therefore, the results may not be realized in an actual sale or immediate settlement of the asset or liability. Additionally, there are inherent weaknesses in any calculation technique, and changes in

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the underlying assumptions used, including discount rates and estimates of future cash flows, could significantly affect the results of current or future values. The level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant in the fair value measurement.

In accordance with ASC Topic 820, the following describes the valuation techniques used by United to measure certain financial assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis in the financial statements.

Securities available for sale and equity securities : Securities available for sale and equity securities are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Fair value measurement is based upon quoted market prices, when available (“Level 1”). If quoted market prices are not available, fair values are measured utilizing independent valuation techniques of identical or similar securities for which significant assumptions are derived primarily from or corroborated by observable market data. Using a market approach valuation methodology, third party vendors compile prices based on observable market inputs, which include benchmark yields, reported trades, issuer spreads, benchmark securities, and “To Be Announced” prices (“Level 2”). Management internally reviews the fair values provided by third party vendors on a monthly basis. Management also performs a quarterly price testing analysis at the individual security level which compares the pricing provided by the third party vendors to an independent pricing source’s valuation of the same securities. Variances that are deemed to be material are reviewed by management. Additionally, to further assess the reliability of the information received from third party vendors, management obtains documentation from third party vendors related to the sources, methodologies, and inputs utilized in valuing securities classified as Level 2. Management analyzes this information to ensure the underlying assumptions appear reasonable. Management also obtains an independent service auditor’s report from third party vendors to provide reasonable assurance that appropriate controls are in place over the valuation process. Upon completing its review of the pricing from third party vendors at March 31, 2023, management determined that the prices provided by its third party pricing sources were reasonable and in line with management’s expectations for the market values of these securities. Therefore, prices obtained from third party vendors that did not reflect forced liquidation or distressed sales were not adjusted materially by management at March 31, 2023. Management utilizes a number of factors to determine if a market is inactive, all of which may require a significant level of judgment. Factors that management considers include: a significant widening of the bid-ask spread, a considerable decline in the volume and level of trading activity in the instrument, a significant variance in prices among market participants, and a significant reduction in the level of observable inputs. Any securities available for sale not valued based upon quoted market prices or third party pricing models that consider observable market data are considered Level 3. Currently, United does not have any available-for-sale securities considered as Level 3.

Loans held for sale : For residential mortgage loans sold in the mortgage banking segment, the loans closed are recorded at fair value using the fair value option which is measured using valuations from investors for loans with similar characteristics (“Level 2”) with some adjusted for the Company’s actual sales experience versus the investor’s indicated pricing (“Level 3”). The unobservable input for Level 3 valuations is the Company’s historical sales prices. For March 31, 2023, the range of historical sales prices increased the investor’s indicated pricing by a range of 0.03% to 0.96% with a weighted average increase of 0.13%.

Derivatives : United utilizes interest rate swaps to hedge exposure to interest rate risk and variability of cash flows associated to changes in the underlying interest rate of the hedged item. These hedging interest rate swaps are classified as either a fair value hedge or a cash flow hedge. United utilizes third-party vendors for derivative valuation purposes. These vendors determine the appropriate fair value based on a net present value calculation of the cash flows related to the interest rate swaps using primarily observable market inputs such as interest rate yield curves (“Level 2”). Valuation adjustments to derivative fair values for liquidity and credit risk are also taken into consideration, as well as the likelihood of default by United and derivative counterparties, the net counterparty exposure and the remaining maturities of the positions. Values obtained from third party vendors are typically not adjusted by management. Management internally reviews the derivative values provided by third party vendors on a quarterly basis. All derivative values are tested for reasonableness by management utilizing a net present value calculation.

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For a fair value hedge, the fair value of the interest rate swap is recognized on the balance sheet as either a freestanding asset or liability with a corresponding adjustment to the hedged financial instrument. Subsequent adjustments due to changes in the fair value of a derivative that qualifies as a fair value hedge are offset in current period earnings either in interest income or interest expense depending on the nature of the hedged financial instrument. For a cash flow hedge, the fair value of the interest rate swap is recognized on the balance sheet as either a freestanding asset or liability with a corresponding adjustment to accumulated other comprehensive income within shareholders’ equity, net of tax. Subsequent adjustments due to changes in the fair value of a derivative that qualifies as a cash flow hedge are offset to accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax and reclassified into earnings in the same line associated with the forecasted transaction when the forecasted transaction affects earnings.

The Company records its interest rate lock commitments and forward loan sales commitments at fair value determined as the amount that would be required to settle each of these derivative financial instruments at the balance sheet date. In the normal course of business, United’s mortgage banking subsidiaries enter into contractual interest rate lock commitments to extend credit to borrowers with fixed expiration dates. The commitments become effective when the borrowers “lock-in” a specified interest rate within the timeframes established by the mortgage companies. All borrowers are evaluated for credit worthiness prior to the extension of the commitment. Interest rate risk arises if interest rates move adversely between the time of the interest rate lock by the borrower and the sale date of the loan to the investor. To mitigate the effect of the interest rate risk inherent in providing rate lock commitments to borrowers, United’s mortgage banking subsidiaries enter into either a forward sales contract to sell loans to investors or a TBA mortgage-backed security. Fair values of TBA mortgage-backed securities are measured using valuations from investors for mortgage-backed securities with similar characteristics (“Level 2”). The forward sales contracts lock in an interest rate and price for the sale of loans similar to the specific rate lock commitments. These valuations fall into a Level 2 category. The interest rate lock commitments are recorded at fair value which is measured using valuations from investors for loans with similar characteristics (“Level 2”) with some adjusted for the Company’s actual sales experience versus the investor’s indicated pricing (“Level 3”). The unobservable input for Level 3 valuations is the Company’s historical sales prices. For March 31, 2023, the range of historical sales prices increased the investor’s indicated pricing by a range of 0.03% to 0.96% with a weighted average increase of 0.13%.

For interest rate swap derivatives that are not designated in a hedge relationship within the mortgage banking segment, changes in the fair value of the derivatives are recognized in income from mortgage banking activities in the same period as the change in the fair value. Unrealized gains and losses due to changes in the fair value of other derivative financial instruments not in hedge relationships are included in noninterest income and noninterest expense, respectively.

The following tables present the balances of financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, segregated by the level of the valuation inputs within the fair value hierarchy.

Fair Value at March 31, 2023 Using
Description Balance as of<br><br><br>March 31,<br><br><br>2023 Quoted Prices<br><br><br>in Active<br><br><br>Markets for<br><br><br>Identical<br><br><br>Assets<br><br><br>(Level 1) Significant<br><br><br>Other<br><br><br>Observable<br><br><br>Inputs<br><br><br>(Level 2) Significant<br><br><br>Unobservable<br><br><br>Inputs<br><br><br>(Level 3)
Assets
Available for sale debt securities:
U.S. Treasury securities and<br>obligations of U.S. Government<br>corporations and agencies $ 531,170 $ 0 $ 531,170 $ 0
State and political subdivisions 721,974 0 721,974 0
Residential mortgage-backed securities
Agency 1,165,655 0 1,165,655 0
Non-agency 110,751 0 110,751 0
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
Agency 537,010 0 537,010 0
Asset-backed securities 897,127 0 897,127 0

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Fair Value at March 31, 2023 Using
Description Balance as of<br><br><br>March 31,<br><br><br>2023 Quoted Prices<br><br><br>in Active<br><br><br>Markets for<br><br><br>Identical<br><br><br>Assets<br><br><br>(Level 1) Significant<br><br><br>Other<br><br><br>Observable<br><br><br>Inputs<br><br><br>(Level 2) Significant<br><br><br>Unobservable<br><br><br>Inputs<br><br><br>(Level 3)
Single issue trust preferred securities 15,838 0 15,838 0
Other corporate securities 439,888 5,326 434,562 0
Total available for sale securities 4,419,413 5,326 4,414,087 0
Equity securities:
Financial services industry 202 202 0 0
Equity mutual funds (1) 2,369 2,369 0 0
Other equity securities 5,221 5,221 0 0
Total equity securities 7,792 7,792 0 0
Loans held for sale 68,176 0 7,912 60,264
Derivative financial assets:
Interest rate swap contracts 3,057 0 3,057 0
Forward sales commitments 127 0 96 31
Interest rate lock commitments 2,099 0 589 1,510
Total derivative financial assets 5,283 0 3,742 1,541
Liabilities
Derivative financial liabilities:
TBA mortgage-backed securities 567 0 84 483
Total derivative financial liabilities 567 0 84 483
Fair Value at December 31, 2022 Using
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Description Balance as of<br><br><br>December 31,<br><br><br>2022 Quoted Prices<br><br><br>in Active<br><br><br>Markets for<br><br><br>Identical<br><br><br>Assets<br><br><br>(Level 1) Significant<br><br><br>Other<br><br><br>Observable<br><br><br>Inputs<br><br><br>(Level 2) Significant<br><br><br>Unobservable<br><br><br>Inputs<br><br><br>(Level 3)
Assets
Available for sale debt securities:
U.S. Treasury securities and<br><br>obligations of U.S. Government<br><br>corporations and agencies $ 529,492 $ 0 $ 529,492 $ 0
State and political subdivisions 709,530 0 709,530 0
Residential mortgage-backed securities
Agency 1,174,944 0 1,174,944 0
Non-agency 111,973 0 111,973 0
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
Agency 562,553 0 562,553 0
Asset-backed securities 911,611 0 911,611 0
Single issue trust preferred securities 16,284 0 16,284 0
Other corporate securities 525,538 5,367 520,171 0
Total available for sale securities 4,541,925 5,367 4,536,558 0
Equity securities:
Financial services industry 270 270 0 0
Equity mutual funds (1) 2,221 2,221 0 0
Other equity securities 5,138 5,138 0 0
Total equity securities 7,629 7,629 0 0
Loans held for sale 56,879 0 12,008 44,871
Derivative financial assets:
Interest rate swap contracts 4,038 0 4,038 0
Forward sales commitments 220 0 214 6
TBA mortgage-backed securities 146 0 120 26
Interest rate lock commitments 1,146 0 302 844

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Fair Value at December 31, 2022 Using
Description Balance as of<br><br><br>December 31,<br><br><br>2022 Quoted Prices<br><br><br>in Active<br><br><br>Markets for<br><br><br>Identical<br><br><br>Assets<br><br><br>(Level 1) Significant<br><br><br>Other<br><br><br>Observable<br><br><br>Inputs<br><br><br>(Level 2) Significant<br><br><br>Unobservable<br><br><br>Inputs<br><br><br>(Level 3)
Total derivative financial assets 5,550 0 4,674 876
Liabilities
Derivative financial liabilities:
TBA mortgage-backed securities 213 0 0 213
Interest rate lock commitments 348 0 0 348
Total derivative financial liabilities 561 0 0 561

There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 for financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and the year ended December 31, 2022.

The following tables present additional information about financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 on a recurring basis and for which United has utilized Level 3 inputs to determine fair value. The amount of total gains or losses for the period included in earnings (or changes in net assets) attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses related to assets still held at the reporting date are recorded in Income from mortgage banking activities in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Loans held for sale
March 31,<br><br> <br>2023 December 31,<br> 2022
Balance, beginning of period $ 44,871 $ 464,109
Originations 256,593 2,360,908
Sales (248,517 ) (2,673,795 )
Transfers to portfolio loans 0 (154,699 )
Total gains during the period recognized in earnings 7,317 48,348
Balance, end of period $ 60,264 $ 44,871
The amount of total (losses) gains for the period included in earnings (or changes in net assets) attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to assets still held at reporting date $ 785 $ (9,852 )
Derivative Financial Assets<br><br><br>TBA Securities
--- --- --- --- --- --- ---
March 31,<br><br><br>2023 December 31,<br>2022
Balance, beginning of period $ 26 $ 61
Transfers other (26 ) (35 )
Balance, end of period $ 0 $ 26
The amount of total gains for the period included in earnings (or changes in net assets) attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to assets still held at reporting date $ 0 $ 26
Derivative Financial Assets<br><br><br>Forward Sales Commitments
March 31,<br><br><br>2023 December 31,<br>2022
Balance, beginning of period $ 6 $ 0
Transfers other 25 6
Balance, end of period $ 31 $ 6
The amount of total gains for the period included in earnings (or changes in net assets) attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to assets still held at reporting date $ 31 $ 6

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Derivative Financial Assets<br><br><br>Interest Rate Lock<br>Commitments
March 31,<br><br><br>2023 December 31,<br>2022
Balance, beginning of period $ 844 $ 9,444
Transfers other 666 (8,600 )
Balance, end of period $ 1,510 $ 844
The amount of total gains for the period included in earnings (or changes in net assets) attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to assets still held at reporting date $ 1,510 $ 844
Derivative Financial Liabilities<br><br><br>Forward Sales Commitments
March 31,<br><br><br>2023 December 31,<br>2022
Balance, beginning of period $ 0 $ 36
Transfers other 0 (36 )
Balance, end of period $ 0 $ 0
The amount of total gains for the period included in earnings (or changes in net assets) attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to assets still held at reporting date $ 0 $ 0
Derivative Financial Liabilities<br><br><br>TBA Securities
--- --- --- --- --- ---
March 31,<br><br><br>2023 December 31,<br>2022
Balance, beginning of period $ 213 $ 470
Transfers other 270 (257 )
Balance, end of period $ 483 $ 213
The amount of total gains for the period included in earnings (or changes in net assets) attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to assets still held at reporting date $ 483 $ 213
Derivative Financial Liabilities<br><br><br>Interest Rate Lock<br>Commitments
--- --- --- --- --- ---
March 31,<br><br><br>2023 December 31,<br>2022
Balance, beginning of period $ 348 $ 25
Transfers other (348 ) 323
Balance, end of period $ 0 $ 348
The amount of total gains for the period included in earnings (or changes in net assets) attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to assets still held at reporting date $ 0 $ 348

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Fair Value Option

The following table reflects the change in fair value included in earnings of financial instruments for which the fair value option has been elected:

Description Three Months Ended<br><br><br>March 31, 2023 Three Months Ended<br><br><br>March 31, 2022
Income from mortgage banking <br>activities $ 788 $ (11,882 )

The following table reflects the difference between the aggregate fair value and the remaining contractual principal outstanding for financial instruments for which the fair value option has been elected:

March 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Description Unpaid<br>Principal<br>Balance Fair<br>Value Fair Value<br>Over/(Under)<br>Unpaid<br>Principal<br>Balance Unpaid<br>Principal<br>Balance Fair<br>Value Fair Value<br>Over/(Under)<br>Unpaid<br>Principal<br>Balance
Loans held for sale $ 66,679 $ 68,176 $ 1,497 $ 56,170 $ 56,879 $ 709

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

Certain financial assets are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis in accordance with GAAP. Adjustments to the fair value of these assets usually result from the application of lower-of-cost-or-market accounting or write-downs of individual assets.

The following describes the valuation techniques used by United to measure certain financial assets recorded at fair value on a nonrecurring basis in the financial statements.

Individually assessed loans : In the determination of the allowance for loan losses, loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. Loans evaluated individually are not also included in the collective evaluation. When management determines that foreclosure is probable or when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty at the reporting date and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral, expected credit losses are based on the fair value of the collateral at the reporting date, adjusted for selling costs as appropriate. Fair value is measured using a market approach based on the value of the collateral securing the loans. Collateral may be in the form of real estate or business assets including equipment, inventory, and accounts receivable. The vast majority of the collateral is real estate. The value of real estate collateral is determined utilizing an appraisal conducted by an independent, licensed appraiser outside of the Company using comparable property sales (“Level 2”). However, if the collateral is a house or building in the process of construction or if an appraisal of the real estate property is over two years old, then the fair value is considered Level 3. The value of business equipment is based upon an outside appraisal if deemed significant, or the net book value on the applicable business’ financial statements if not considered significant using observable market data. Likewise, values for inventory and accounts receivables collateral are based on financial statement balances or aging reports (“Level 3”). For individually assessed loans, a specific reserve is established through the allowance for loan losses, if necessary, by estimating the fair value of the underlying collateral on a nonrecurring basis. Any fair value adjustments are recorded in the period incurred as provision for credit losses expense on the Consolidated Statements of Income.

OREO : OREO consists of real estate acquired in foreclosure or other settlement of loans. Such assets are carried on the balance sheet at the lower of the investment in the assets or the fair value of the assets less estimated selling costs. Fair value is determined by one of two market approach methods depending on whether the property has been vacated and an appraisal can be conducted. If the property has yet to be vacated and thus an appraisal cannot be performed, a Brokers Price Opinion (i.e. BPO), is obtained. A BPO represents a best estimate valuation performed by a realtor based on knowledge of current property values and a visual examination of the exterior condition of the property. Once the property is subsequently vacated, a formal appraisal is obtained and the recorded asset value appropriately adjusted. On the other

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hand, if the OREO property has been vacated and an appraisal can be conducted, the fair value of the property is determined based upon the appraisal using a market approach. An authorized independent appraiser conducts appraisals for United. Appraisals for property other than ongoing construction are based on consideration of comparable property sales (“Level 2”). In contrast, valuation of ongoing construction assets requires some degree of professional judgment. In conducting an appraisal for ongoing construction property, the appraiser develops two appraised amounts: an “as is” appraised value and a “completed” value. Based on professional judgment and their knowledge of the particular situation, management determines the appropriate fair value to be utilized for such property (“Level 3”). As a matter of policy, valuations are reviewed at least annually and appraisals are generally updated on a bi-annual basis with values lowered as necessary.

Intangible Assets : For United, intangible assets consist of goodwill and core deposit intangibles. Goodwill is tested for impairment at least annually or sooner if indicators of impairment exist. United may elect to perform a qualitative analysis to determine whether or not it is more-likely-than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If United elects to bypass this qualitative analysis, or concludes via qualitative analysis that it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, United may use either a market or income quantitative approach to determine the fair value of the reporting unit. If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, an impairment charge would be recorded for the difference, not to exceed the amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. At each reporting date, the Company considers potential indicators of impairment. United performed its annual goodwill impairment test on the Company’s reporting units as of September 30, 2022. The goodwill impairment test did not identify any goodwill impairment. In subsequent periods, economic uncertainty and volatility and the performance of the Company’s stock as well as possible other impairment indicators could cause us to perform a goodwill impairment test which could result in an impairment charge being recorded for that period if the carrying value of goodwill was found to exceed fair value. Core deposit intangibles relate to the estimated value of the deposit base of acquired institutions. Management reviews core deposit intangible assets on an annual basis, or sooner if indicators of impairment exist, and evaluates changes in facts and circumstances that may indicate impairment in the carrying value. No fair value measurement of intangible assets was made during the first three months of 2023 and 2022.

Mortgage Servicing Rights (“MSRs”): A mortgage servicing right asset represents the amount by which the present value of the estimated future net cash flows to be received from servicing loans are expected to more than adequately compensate the Company for performing the servicing. The Company initially measures servicing assets and liabilities retained related to the sale of residential loans held for sale (“mortgage servicing rights”) at fair value. For subsequent measurement purposes, the Company measures servicing assets and liabilities using the amortization method on a quarterly basis. The quarterly determination of fair value of servicing rights is provided by a third party and is estimated using a present value cash flow model. The most important assumptions used in the valuation model are the anticipated rate of the loan prepayments and discount rates. Although some assumptions in determining fair value are based on standards used by market participants, some are based on unobservable inputs and therefore are classified in Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. The unobservable inputs for Level 3 valuations are market discount rates, anticipated prepayment speeds, projected delinquency rates, and ancillary fee income net of servicing costs. For the unobservable inputs used in the valuation of mortgage servicing rights at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, refer to Note 7 of these Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. The Company did not record any temporary impairment of mortgage servicing rights in the quarter ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.

The following table summarizes United’s financial assets that were measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis during the period:

Description Balance as of<br><br><br>March 31, 2023 Fair Value at March 31, 2023 YTD<br>Losses
Quoted Prices<br><br><br>in Active<br><br><br>Markets for<br><br><br>Identical<br><br><br>Assets<br><br><br>(Level 1) Significant<br><br><br>Other<br><br><br>Observable<br><br><br>Inputs<br><br><br>(Level 2) Significant<br><br><br>Unobservable<br><br><br>Inputs<br><br><br>(Level 3)
Assets
Individually assessed loans $ 6,530 $ 0 $ 650 $ 5,880 $ (59 )
OREO 4,086 0 3,588 498 (580 )

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Description Balance as of<br><br><br>December 31, 2022 Fair Value at December 31, 2022 YTD<br>Gains<br><br><br>(Losses)
Quoted Prices<br><br><br>in Active<br><br><br>Markets for<br><br><br>Identical<br><br><br>Assets<br><br><br>(Level 1) Significant<br><br><br>Other<br><br><br>Observable<br><br><br>Inputs<br><br><br>(Level 2) Significant<br><br><br>Unobservable<br><br><br>Inputs<br><br><br>(Level 3)
Assets
Individually assessed loans $ 6,125 $ 0 $ 1,801 $ 4,324 $ 327
OREO 2,052 0 2,013 39 (96 )

Fair Value of Other Financial Instruments

The following methods and assumptions were used by United in estimating its fair value disclosures for other financial instruments:

Cash and Cash Equivalents: The carrying amounts reported in the balance sheet for cash and cash equivalents approximate those assets’ fair values.

Securities held to maturity and other securities : The estimated fair values of securities held to maturity are based on quoted market prices, where available. If quoted market prices are not available, fair values are measured utilizing independent valuation techniques of identical or similar securities for which significant assumptions are derived primarily from or corroborated by observable market data. Third party vendors compile prices from various sources and may determine the fair value of identical or similar securities by using pricing models that consider observable market data. Any securities held to maturity, not valued based upon the methods above, are valued based on a discounted cash flow methodology using appropriately adjusted discount rates reflecting nonperformance and liquidity risks. Other securities consist mainly of shares of Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Bank stock that do not have readily determinable fair values and are carried at cost.

Loans and leases : The fair values of certain mortgage loans (e.g., one-to-four family residential), credit card loans, and other consumer loans are based on quoted market prices of similar loans sold in conjunction with securitization transactions, adjusted for differences in loan characteristics. The fair values of other loans and leases (e.g., commercial real estate and rental property mortgage loans, commercial and industrial loans, financial institution loans and agricultural loans) are estimated using discounted cash flow analyses, using market interest rates currently being offered for loans and leases with similar terms to borrowers of similar creditworthiness, which include adjustments for liquidity concerns. For acquired PCD loans, fair value is assumed to equal United’s carrying value, which represents the present value of expected future principal and interest cash flows, as adjusted for any Allowance for Credit Losses recorded for these loans.

Deposits : The fair values of demand deposits (e.g., interest and noninterest checking, regular savings and certain types of money market accounts) are, by definition, equal to the amount payable on demand at the reporting date (i.e., their carrying amounts). The carrying amounts of variable-rate, fixed-term money market accounts and certificates of deposit approximate their fair values at the reporting date. Fair values of fixed-rate certificates of deposit are estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation that applies interest rates currently being offered on certificates to a schedule of aggregated expected monthly maturities on time deposits.

Short-term Borrowings: The carrying amounts of federal funds purchased, borrowings under repurchase agreements and any other short-term borrowings approximate their fair values.

Long-term Borrowings: The fair values of United’s Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings and trust preferred securities are estimated using discounted cash flow analyses, based on United’s current incremental borrowing rates for similar types of borrowing arrangements.

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Summary of Fair Values for All Financial Instruments

The estimated fair values of United’s financial instruments are summarized below:

Fair Value Measurements
Carrying<br>Amount Fair Value Quoted Prices<br><br><br>in Active<br><br><br>Markets for<br><br><br>Identical<br><br><br>Assets<br><br><br>(Level 1) Significant<br><br><br>Other<br><br><br>Observable<br><br><br>Inputs<br><br><br>(Level 2) Significant<br><br><br>Unobservable<br><br><br>Inputs<br><br><br>(Level 3)
March 31, 2023
Cash and cash equivalents $ 1,918,693 $ 1,918,693 $ 0 $ 1,918,693 $ 0
Securities available for sale 4,419,413 4,419,413 5,326 4,414,087 0
Securities held to maturity 1,002 1,020 0 0 1,020
Equity securities 7,792 7,792 7,792 0 0
Other securities 349,380 331,911 0 0 331,911
Loans held for sale 68,176 68,176 0 7,912 60,264
Net loans 20,371,668 19,348,610 0 0 19,348,610
Derivative financial assets 5,283 5,283 0 3,742 1,541
Mortgage servicing rights 19,987 39,699 0 0 39,699
Deposits 22,284,586 22,229,264 0 22,229,264 0
Short-term borrowings 170,094 170,094 0 170,094 0
Long-term borrowings 2,788,103 2,750,992 0 2,750,992 0
Derivative financial liabilities 567 567 0 84 483
December 31, 2022
Cash and cash equivalents $ 1,176,652 $ 1,176,652 $ 0 $ 1,176,652 $ 0
Securities available for sale 4,541,925 4,541,925 5,367 4,536,558 0
Securities held to maturity 1,002 1,020 0 0 1,020
Equity securities 7,629 7,629 7,629 0 0
Other securities 322,048 305,946 0 0 305,946
Loans held for sale 56,879 56,879 0 12,008 44,871
Net loans 20,323,420 19,030,221 0 0 19,030,221
Derivative financial assets 5,550 5,550 0 4,674 876
Mortgage servicing rights 21,022 41,880 0 0 41,880
Deposits 22,303,186 22,249,061 0 22,249,061 0
Short-term borrowings 160,698 160,698 0 160,698 0
Long-term borrowings 2,197,656 2,161,108 0 2,161,108 0
Derivative financial liabilities 561 561 0 0 561
  1. STOCK BASED COMPENSATION

On May 12, 2020, United’s shareholders approved the 2020 Long-Term Incentive Plan (“2020 LTI Plan”). The 2020 LTI Plan became effective May 13, 2020. An award granted under the 2020 LTI Plan may consist of any non-qualified stock options or incentive stock options, stock appreciation rights (“SARs”), restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance units or other-stock-based award. These awards all relate to the common stock of United. The maximum number of shares of United common stock which may be issued under the 2020 LTI Plan is 2,300,000. The 2020 LTI Plan will be administered by a board committee appointed by United’s Board of Directors (the “Board”). Unless otherwise determined by the Board, the Compensation Committee of the Board (the “Committee”) shall administer the 2020 LTI Plan. The maximum number of options and stock appreciation rights, in the aggregate, which may be awarded to any individual key employee during any calendar year is 100,000. The maximum number of options and stock appreciation rights, in the aggregate, which may be awarded to any non-employee director during any calendar year is 10,000 or, if such Award is payable in cash, the Fair Market Value equivalent thereof. The maximum number of shares of restricted stock or shares subject to a restricted stock units award that may be granted during any calendar year is 225,000 shares to any individual key employee and 10,000 shares to any individual non-employee director. Subject to certain change in control provisions,

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the 2020 LTI Plan provides that all awards of will vest as the Committee determines in the award agreement, provided that no awards will vest sooner than 1/3 per year over the first three anniversaries of the award. United adopted a clawback policy that applies to named executive officers and other executive officers and permits the Committee to cancel certain awards and to recoup gains realized from previous awards should United be required to prepare an accounting restatement due to materially inaccurate performance metrics. A Form S-8 was filed on May 29, 2020 with the Securities and Exchange Commission to register all the shares which were available for the 2020 LTI Plan. The 2020 LTI Plan replaces the 2016 LTI Plan.

Compensation expense of $2,713 and $2,061 related to the nonvested awards under United’s Long-Term Incentive Plans was incurred for the first quarter of 2023 and 2022, respectively. Compensation expense was included in employee compensation in the unaudited Consolidated Statements of Income.

Stock Options

United currently has options outstanding from various option plans other than the 2020 LTI Plan (the “Prior Plans”); however, no common shares of United stock are available for grants under the Prior Plans as these plans have expired. Awards outstanding under the Prior Plans will remain in effect in accordance with their respective terms. The maximum term for options granted under the plans is ten (10) years.

A summary of activity under United’s stock option plans as of March 31, 2023, and the changes during the first three months of 2023 are presented below:

Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
Weighted Average
Shares Aggregate<br>Intrinsic<br>Value Remaining<br>Contractual<br>Term (Yrs.) Exercise<br>Price
Outstanding at January 1, 2023 1,501,212 $ 34.64
Exercised (55,796 ) 28.19
Forfeited or expired (2,443 ) 26.87
Outstanding at March 31, 2023 1,442,973 $ 4,169 4.3 $ 34.90
Exercisable at March 31, 2023 1,386,134 $ 4,016 4.2 $ 35.00

The following table summarizes the status of United’s nonvested stock option awards during the first three months of 2023:

Shares Weighted-Average<br><br>Grant Date Fair Value<br>Per Share
Nonvested at January 1, 2023 170,892 $ 6.16
Vested (114,053 ) 6.41
Forfeited or expired 0 0.00
Nonvested at March 31, 2023 56,839 $ 5.65

During the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, 55,796 and 258,574 shares, respectively, were issued in connection with stock option exercises. All shares issued in connection with stock option exercises for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 were issued from authorized and unissued stock. The total intrinsic value of options exercised under the Plans during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 was $722 and $3,856 respectively.

As of March 31, 2023, the total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested stock option awards was $270 with a weighted-average expense recognition period of 0.9 years.

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Restricted Stock

Under the 2020 LTI Plan, United may award restricted common shares to key employees and non-employee directors. Restricted shares granted to participants will vest no sooner than 1/3 per year over the first three anniversaries of the award. Unless determined by the Committee or the Board and provided in the award agreement, recipients of restricted shares do not pay any consideration to United for the shares, have the right to vote all shares subject to such grant and receive all dividends with respect to such shares, whether or not the shares have vested. Presently, these nonvested participating securities have an immaterial impact on diluted earnings per share. As of March 31, 2023, the total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested restricted stock awards was $ 11,838 with a weighted-average expense recognition period of 1.5 years.

The following summarizes the changes to United’s nonvested restricted common shares for the period ended March 31, 2023:

Shares Weighted-Average<br><br>Grant Date Fair<br>Value Per Share
Nonvested at January 1, 2023 373,220 $ 35.43
Granted 150,697 40.98
Vested (174,529 ) 35.68
Forfeited (1,506 ) 38.80
Nonvested at March 31, 2023 347,882 $ 37.69

Restricted Stock Units

Under the 2020 LTI Plan, United may grant restricted stock units (“RSUs”) to key employees. These awards help align the interests of these employees with the interests of the shareholders of United by providing economic value directly related to the performance of the Company. These RSU grants could be time-vested RSUs, performance-vested RSUs, or a combination of both. Currently, time-vested RSUs vest ratably over three years from the date of grant. Performance-vested RSUs cliff-vest after assessment of the Company’s performance over a period of three years. The number of performance-vested RSUs that vest is determined by two metrics measured relative to peers: Return on Average Tangible Common Equity (“ROATCE”) and Total Shareholder Return (“TSR”). Based on ASC Topic 718, the ROATCE comparison is considered a performance condition while the TSR comparison is considered a market condition. There will be no payout of the performance-vested awards if the threshold performance is not achieved. United communicates the specific threshold, target, and maximum performance-vested RSU awards and performance targets to the applicable key employees at the beginning of a performance period. Dividends are accrued but not paid in respect to the awards until the RSUs vest. The holder does not have the right to vote the shares during the time and performance periods. The value of the time-vested RSUs and the performance-vested, based on the performance condition, RSUs awarded is established as the fair market value of the stock at the time of the grant. The value of the performance-vested, based on the market condition, RSUs awarded is estimated through the use of a Monte Carlo valuation model as of the grant date. The Company recognizes expense on the RSUs in accordance with ASC Topic 718.

The following table summarizes the status of United’s nonvested RSUs during the first three months of 2023:

Shares Weighted-Average<br><br>Grant Date Fair<br>Value Per Share
Nonvested at January 1, 2023 266,159 $ 35.45
Granted 177,368 40.40
Vested (37,912 ) 36.64
Nonvested at March 31, 2023 405,615 $ 37.50

As of March 31, 2023, the total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested restricted stock units was $11,126 with a weighted-average expense recognition period of 1.5 years.

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  1. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS

United has a defined benefit retirement plan covering qualified employees hired prior to October 1, 2007. Pension benefits are based on years of service and the average of the employee’s highest five consecutive plan years of basic compensation paid during the ten plan years preceding the date of determination. Contributions are intended to provide not only for benefits attributed to service to date, but also for those expected to be earned in the future. No discretionary contributions were made during the first quarter of 2023 and 2022.

Included in accumulated other comprehensive income at December 31, 2022 are unrecognized actuarial losses of $38,530 ($29,553 net of tax) that have not yet been recognized in net periodic pension cost.

Net periodic pension cost for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 included the following components:

Three Months Ended March 31
2023 2022
Service cost $ 461 $ 703
Interest cost 1,736 1,208
Expected return on plan assets (2,897 ) (3,193 )
Recognized net actuarial loss 775 824
Net periodic pension cost (benefit) $ 75 $ (458 )
Weighted-Average Assumptions:
Discount Rate 5.25 % 3.08 %
Expected return on assets 7.25 % 6.25 %
Rate of Compensation Increase (prior to age 40) 5.00 % 5.00 %
Rate of Compensation Increase (ages <br>40-54) 4.00 % 4.00 %
Rate of Compensation Increase (otherwise) 3.50 % 3.50 %
  1. INCOME TAXES

United records a liability for uncertain income tax positions based on a recognition threshold of more-likely-than-not, and a measurement attribute for all tax positions taken on a tax return, in order for those tax positions to be recognized in the financial statements.

As of March 31, 2023 and 2022, the total amount of accrued interest related to uncertain tax positions was $525 and $753, respectively. United accounts for interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as part of its provision for federal and state income taxes.

United is currently open to audit under the statute of limitations by the Internal Revenue Service for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 and certain State Taxing authorities for the years ended December 31, 2019 through 2021.

United’s effective tax rate was 19.92% for the first quarter of 2023 and 19.75% for the first quarter of 2022.

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  1. COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

The components of total comprehensive income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:

Three Months Ended
March 31
2023 2022
Net Income $ 98,307 $ 81,664
Available for sale (“AFS”) securities:
Change in net unrealized loss on AFS securities arising during the period 58,455 (202,234 )
Related income tax effect (13,620 ) 47,121
Net reclassification adjustment for gains included in net income 420 0
Related income tax effect (98 ) 0
45,157 (155,113 )
Net effect of AFS securities on other comprehensive income 45,157 (155,113 )
Cash flow hedge derivatives:
Unrealized (loss) gain on cash flow hedge before reclassification to interest expense (4,416 ) 22,694
Related income tax effect 1,029 (5,288 )
Net reclassification adjustment for (gains) losses included in net income (4,915 ) 342
Related income tax effect 1,145 (80 )
Net effect of cash flow hedge derivatives on other comprehensive income (7,157 ) 17,668
Pension plan:
Recognized net actuarial loss 775 824
Related income tax benefit (173 ) (183 )
Net effect of change in pension plan asset on other comprehensive income 602 641
Total change in other comprehensive income 38,602 (136,804 )
Total Comprehensive Income (Loss) $ 136,909 $ (55,140 )

The components of accumulated other comprehensive income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 are as follows:

Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (AOCI) by Component <br>(a)<br> <br>For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
Unrealized<br>Gains/Losses<br>on AFS<br>Securities Unrealized<br>Gains/Losses<br>on Cash Flow<br>Hedges Defined<br>Benefit<br>Pension<br><br><br>Items Total
Balance at January 1, 2023 $ (360,340 ) $ 53,014 $ (25,406 ) $ (332,732 )
Other comprehensive income before reclassification 44,835 (3,387 ) 0 41,448
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income 322 (3,770 ) 602 (2,846 )
Net current-period other comprehensive income, net of tax 45,157 (7,157 ) 602 38,602
Balance at March 31, 2023 $ (315,183 ) $ 45,857 $ (24,804 ) $ (294,130 )
(a) All amounts are <br>net-of-tax.
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Reclassifications out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (AOCI)<br><br>For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
Details about AOCI Components Amount<br>Reclassified<br>from AOCI Affected Line Item in the Statement Where<br><br>Net Income is Presented
Available for sale (“AFS”) securities:
Net reclassification adjustment for gains included in net income $ 420 Net investment securities gains
420 Total before tax
Related income tax effect (98 ) Income taxes
322 Net of tax
Cash flow hedge:
Net reclassification adjustment for losses included in net income $ (4,915 ) Interest expense
(4,915 ) Total before tax
Related income tax effect 1,145 Income taxes
(3,770 ) Net of tax
Pension plan:
Recognized net actuarial loss 775 (a)
775 Total before tax
Related income tax effect (173 ) Income taxes
602 Net of tax
Total reclassifications for the period $ (2,846 )
(a) This AOCI component is included in the computation of changes in plan assets (see Note 15, Employee Benefit Plans)
--- ---
  1. EARNINGS PER SHARE

The reconciliation of the numerator and denominator of basic earnings per share with that of diluted earnings per share is presented as follows:

Three Months Ended
March 31
2023 2022
Distributed earnings allocated to common stock $ 48,450 $ 49,056
Undistributed earnings allocated to common stock 49,611 32,392
Net earnings allocated to common shareholders $ 98,061 $ 81,448
Average common shares outstanding 134,411,166 136,058,328
Common stock equivalents 429,162 376,901
Average diluted shares outstanding 134,840,328 136,435,229
Earnings per basic common share $ 0.73 $ 0.60
Earnings per diluted common share $ 0.73 $ 0.60

Antidilutive stock options and restricted stock outstanding of 563,127 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 were excluded from the earnings per diluted common share calculation as compared to 1,143,182 for the three months ended March 31, 2022.

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  1. VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES

Variable interest entities (“VIEs”) are entities that either have a total equity investment that is insufficient to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support or whose equity investors lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest (i.e., ability to make significant decisions, through voting rights, right to receive the expected residual returns of the entity, and obligation to absorb the expected losses of the entity). VIEs can be structured as corporations, trusts, partnerships, or other legal entities. United’s business practices include relationships with certain VIEs. For United, the business purpose of these relationships primarily consists of funding activities in the form of issuing trust preferred securities.

United currently sponsors twenty statutory business trusts that were created for the purpose of raising funds that originally qualified for Tier I regulatory capital. As previously discussed, these trusts now are considered Tier II regulatory capital. These trusts, of which several were acquired through bank acquisitions, issued or participated in pools of trust preferred capital securities to third-party investors with the proceeds invested in junior subordinated debt securities of United. The Company, through a small capital contribution, owns 100% of the voting equity shares of each trust. The assets, liabilities, operations, and cash flows of each trust are solely related to the issuance, administration, and repayment of the preferred equity securities held by third-party investors. United fully and unconditionally guarantees the obligations of each trust and is obligated to redeem the junior subordinated debentures upon maturity.

United does not consolidate these trusts as it is not the primary beneficiary of these entities because United’s wholly owned and indirect wholly owned statutory trust subsidiaries do not have a controlling financial interest in the VIEs. A controlling financial interest is present when an enterprise has both the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and an obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The enterprise with a controlling financial interest, known as the primary beneficiary, consolidates the VIE. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, United’s investment (maximum exposure to loss) in these trusts were $11,388 and $11,277, respectively.

Information related to United’s statutory trusts is presented in the table below:

Description Issuance Date Amount of<br>Capital<br>Securities Issued Stated Interest Rate Maturity Date
United Statutory Trust III December 17, 2003 $ 20,000 3-month LIBOR + 2.85% December 17, 2033
United Statutory Trust IV December 19, 2003 $ 25,000 3-month LIBOR + 2.85% January 23, 2034
United Statutory Trust V July 12, 2007 $ 50,000 3-month LIBOR + 1.55% October 1, 2037
United Statutory Trust VI September 20, 2007 $ 30,000 3-month LIBOR + 1.30% December 15, 2037
Premier Statutory Trust II September 25, 2003 $ 6,000 3-month LIBOR + 3.10% October 8, 2033
Premier Statutory Trust III May 16, 2005 $ 8,000 3-month LIBOR + 1.74% June 15, 2035
Premier Statutory Trust IV June 20, 2006 $ 14,000 3-month LIBOR + 1.55% September 23, 2036
Premier Statutory Trust V December 14, 2006 $ 10,000 3-month LIBOR + 1.61% March 1, 2037
Centra Statutory Trust I September 20, 2004 $ 10,000 3-month LIBOR + 2.29% September 20, 2034
Centra Statutory Trust II June 15, 2006 $ 10,000 3-month LIBOR + 1.65% July 7, 2036
VCBI <br>Capital<br>Trust II December 19, 2002 $ 15,000 6-month LIBOR + 3.30% December 19, 2032
VCBI Capital Trust III December 20, 2005 $ 25,000 3-month LIBOR + 1.42% February 23, 2036
Cardinal Statutory Trust I July 27, 2004 $ 20,000 3-month LIBOR + 2.40% September 15, 2034
UFBC Capital Trust I December 30, 2004 $ 5,000 3-month<br> LIBOR + 2.10% March 15, 2035
Carolina Financial Capital Trust I December 19, 2002 $ 5,000 Prime + 0.50% December 31, 2032
Carolina Financial Capital Trust II November 5, 2003 $ 10,000 3-month LIBOR + 3.05% January 7, 2034
Greer Capital Trust I October 12, 2004 $ 6,000 3-month LIBOR + 2.20% October 18, 2034
Greer Capital Trust II December 28, 2006 $ 5,000 3-month LIBOR + 1.73% January 30, 2037
First South Preferred Trust I September 26, 2003 $ 10,000 3-month LIBOR + 2.95% September 30, 2033
BOE Statutory Trust I December 12, 2003 $ 4,000 3-month LIBOR + 3.00% December 12, 2033

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United, through its banking subsidiary, also makes limited partner equity investments in various low income housing and community development partnerships sponsored by independent third-parties. United invests in these partnerships to either realize tax credits on its consolidated federal income tax return or for purposes of earning a return on its investment. These partnerships are considered VIEs as the limited partners lack a controlling financial interest in the entities through their inability to make decisions that have a significant effect on the operations and success of the partnerships. United’s limited partner interests in these entities is immaterial; however, these partnerships are not consolidated as United is not deemed to be the primary beneficiary. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, United’s investment (maximum exposure to loss) in these low income housing and community development partnerships were $76,870 and $75,021, respectively, while related unfunded commitments were $ 75,956 and $77,143, respectively. As of March 31, 2023, United expects to recover its remaining investments through the use of the tax credits that are generated by the investments.

  1. SEGMENT INFORMATION

United operates in two business segments: community banking and mortgage banking. Through its community banking segment, United offers a full range of products and services through various delivery channels. In particular, the community banking segment includes both commercial and consumer lending and provides customers with such products as commercial loans, real estate loans, business financing and consumer loans. In addition, this segment provides customers with several choices of deposit products including demand deposit accounts, savings accounts and certificates of deposit as well as investment and financial advisory services to businesses and individuals, including financial planning, retirement/estate planning, and investment management. The mortgage banking segment engages primarily in the origination and acquisition of residential mortgages for sale into the secondary market though United’s mortgage banking subsidiaries, George Mason and Crescent. Crescent may retain servicing rights on their mortgage loans sold. At certain times, Crescent may purchase or sell rights to service loans from third parties. These rights, which are known as mortgage servicing rights, provide the owner with the contractual right to receive a stream of cash flows in exchange for performing specified mortgage servicing functions.

The community banking segment provides the mortgage banking segment (George Mason and Crescent) with short-term funds to originate mortgage loans through a warehouse line of credit and charges the mortgage banking segment interest based on a Fed Funds target rate. These transactions are eliminated in the consolidation process.

The Company does not have any operating segments other than those reported. The “Other” category consists of financial information not directly attributable to a specific segment, including interest income from investments and net securities gains or losses of parent companies and their non-banking subsidiaries, interest expense related to subordinated notes of unconsolidated subsidiaries as well as the elimination of non-segment related intercompany transactions such as management fees. The “Other” represents an overhead function rather than an operating segment.

Information about the reportable segments and reconciliation of this information to the consolidated financial statements at and for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 is as follows:

At and For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
Community<br> Banking Mortgage<br> Banking Other Intersegment<br><br> <br>Eliminations Consolidated
Net interest income $ 236,263 $ 2,122 $ (5,310 ) $ 1,245 $ 234,320
Provision for credit losses 6,890 0 0 0 6,890
Other income 24,170 10,861 243 (2,530 ) 32,744
Other expense 122,787 15,085 832 (1,285 ) 137,419
Income taxes 26,064 (424 ) (1,192 ) 0 24,448
Net income (loss) $ 104,692 $ (1,678 ) $ (4,707 ) $ 0 $ 98,307
Total assets (liabilities) $ 29,815,781 $ 458,632 $ 74,283 $ (166,455 ) $ 30,182,241
Average assets (liabilities) 29,177,990 391,707 51,224 (108,632 ) 29,512,289

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At and For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
Community<br> Banking Mortgage<br> Banking Other Intersegment<br><br> <br>Eliminations Consolidated
Net interest income $ 189,682 $ 2,317 $ (2,125 ) $ 1,628 $ 191,502
Provision for credit losses (3,410 ) 0 0 0 (3,410 )
Other income 24,901 23,397 (60 ) (2,213 ) 46,025
Other expense 114,539 25,448 (227 ) (585 ) 139,175
Income taxes 20,429 57 (388 ) 0 20,098
Net income (loss) $ 83,025 $ 209 $ (1,570 ) $ 0 $ 81,664
Total assets (liabilities) $ 29,030,100 $ 589,503 $ 39,940 $ (294,032 ) $ 29,365,511
Average assets (liabilities) 29,023,901 475,243 33,357 (187,979 ) 29,344,522

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Item 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Congress passed the Private Securities Litigation Act of 1995 to encourage corporations to provide investors with information about the company’s anticipated future financial performance, goals, and strategies. The act provides a safe haven for such disclosure; in other words, protection from unwarranted litigation if actual results are not the same as management expectations.

United desires to provide its shareholders with sound information about past performance and future trends. Consequently, any forward-looking statements contained in this report, in a report incorporated by reference to this report, or made by management of United in this report, in any other reports and filings, in press releases and in oral statements, involve numerous assumptions, risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of the words “expect,” “may,” “could,” “intend,” “project,” “estimate,” “believe,” “anticipate,” and other words of similar meaning. Such forward-looking statements are based on assumptions and estimates, which although believed to be reasonable, may turn out to be incorrect, such as statements about the potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, undue reliance should not be placed upon these estimates and statements. United cannot assure that any of these statements, estimates, or beliefs will be realized and actual results may differ from those contemplated in these “forward-looking statements.” United undertakes no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise.

TRANSITION FROM THE LONDON INTERBANK OFFERED RATE (LIBOR)

In 2017, the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority, which regulates LIBOR, publicly announced its intention to stop persuading or compelling banks to submit the rates used to calculate LIBOR after 2021. ICE Benchmark Administration (the publisher of LIBOR) discontinued publication of the one-week and two-month U.S. Dollar LIBOR settings on December 31, 2021, and will cease the publication of overnight, one-month, three-month, six-month, and twelve-month U.S. Dollar LIBOR settings on June 30, 2023. It is assumed that LIBOR will either cease to be provided by any administrator or will no longer be representative of an acceptable market benchmark after these respective dates. Additionally, the Federal Reserve Board, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation have issued joint supervisory guidance encouraging banks to cease entering into any new contracts using LIBOR by December 31, 2021. Accordingly, United took steps to ensure compliance with the joint supervisory guidance, and no new contracts using LIBOR have been originated after December 31, 2021.

Working groups comprised of various regulators and other industry groups have been formed in the United States and other countries in order to provide guidance on this topic. In particular, the Alternative Reference Rates Committee (“ARRC”) has been formed in the United States by the Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. The ARRC

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has identified the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) as its preferred alternative reference rate for U.S. Dollar LIBOR. The ARRC has also published recommended fall-back language for LIBOR-linked financial instruments, among numerous other areas of guidance. In addition, the Adjustable Interest Rate (LIBOR) Act, enacted in March 2022, provides a statutory framework to replace U.S. dollar LIBOR with a benchmark rate based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) for contracts governed by U.S. law that have no or ineffective fallback, and in December 2022, the Federal Reserve Board adopted related implementing rules. At this time, however, it is unclear to what extent these recommendations will be broadly accepted by industry participants, whether they will continue to evolve, and what other alternatives may be adopted by the broader markets that utilize LIBOR as a reference rate. United has formed a project team comprised of individuals across various lines of business throughout the company to identify risks, monitor market developments, evaluate replacement benchmark alternatives, and manage the company’s transition away from LIBOR. At this time, United is prioritizing SOFR and Prime as the preferred alternatives to LIBOR; however, these preferred alternatives could change over time based on market developments.

United has loans, derivative contracts, borrowings, and other financial instruments that are directly or indirectly dependent on LIBOR. The transition from LIBOR will cause changes to payment calculations for existing contracts that use LIBOR as the reference rate. These changes will create various risks surrounding the financial, operational, compliance and legal aspects associated with changing certain elements of existing contracts. United will also be subject to risks surrounding changes to models and systems that currently use LIBOR reference rates, as well as market and strategic risks that could arise from the use of alternative reference rates. Additionally, United could face reputational risks if this transition is not managed appropriately with its customers. While the full impact of the transition is not yet known, failure to adequately manage the transition could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

INTRODUCTION

The following discussion and analysis presents the significant changes in financial condition and the results of operations of United and its subsidiaries for the periods indicated below. This discussion and the unaudited consolidated financial statements and the notes to unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of United Bankshares, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, unless otherwise indicated. Management has evaluated all significant events and transactions that occurred after March 31, 2023, but prior to the date these financial statements were issued, for potential recognition or disclosure required in these financial statements.

This discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes thereto, which are included elsewhere in this document.

USE OF NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES

This discussion and analysis contains certain financial measures that are not recognized under GAAP. Under SEC Regulation G, public companies making disclosures containing financial measures that are not in accordance with GAAP must also disclose, along with each “non-GAAP” financial measure, certain additional information, including a reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measure to the closest comparable GAAP financial measure, as well as a statement of the company’s reasons for utilizing the non-GAAP financial measure.

Generally, United has presented a non-GAAP financial measure because it believes that this measure provides meaningful additional information to assist in the evaluation of United’s results of operations or financial position. Presentation of a non-GAAP financial measure is consistent with how United’s management evaluates its performance internally and this non-GAAP financial measure is frequently used by securities analysts, investors and other interested parties in the evaluation of companies in the banking industry. Specifically, this discussion contains certain references to financial measures identified as tax-equivalent (“FTE”) net interest income and return on average tangible equity. Management believes these non-GAAP financial measures to be helpful in understanding United’s results of operations or financial position.

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Net interest income is presented in this discussion on a tax-equivalent basis. The tax-equivalent basis adjusts for the tax-favored status of income from certain loans and investments. Although this is a non-GAAP measure, United’s management believes this measure is more widely used within the financial services industry and provides better comparability of net interest income arising from taxable and tax-exempt sources. United uses this measure to monitor net interest income performance and to manage its balance sheet composition.

Average tangible equity is calculated as GAAP total shareholders’ equity minus total intangible assets. Tangible equity can thus be considered a more conservative valuation of the company. When considering net income, a return on average tangible equity can be calculated. Management provides a return on average equity to facilitate the understanding of as well as to assess the quality and composition of United’s capital structure. This measure, along with others, is used by management to analyze capital adequacy and performance.

However, this non-GAAP information should be considered supplemental in nature and not as a substitute for related financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP. Where the non-GAAP financial measure is used, the comparable GAAP financial measure, as well as reconciliation to that comparable GAAP financial measure, as well as a statement of the company’s reasons for utilizing the non-GAAP financial measure, can be found within this discussion and analysis. Investors should recognize that United’s presentation of this non-GAAP financial measure might not be comparable to a similarly titled measure at other companies.

APPLICATION OF CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The accounting and reporting policies of United conform with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. In preparing the consolidated financial statements, management is required to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates, assumptions and judgments, which are reviewed with the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors, are based on information available as of the date of the financial statements. Actual results could differ from these estimates. These policies, along with the disclosures presented in the financial statement notes and in this financial review, provide information on how significant assets and liabilities are valued in the financial statements and how those values are determined. Based on the valuation techniques used and the sensitivity of financial statement amounts to the methods, assumptions, and estimates underlying those amounts, management has identified the determination of the allowance for loan and lease losses, the calculation of the income tax provision, and the use of fair value measurements to account for certain financial instruments to be the accounting areas that require the most subjective or complex judgments, and as such could be most subject to revision as new information becomes available.

United’s critical accounting policies involving the significant judgments and assumptions used in the preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements as of March 31, 2023 were unchanged from the policies disclosed in United’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 within the section “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

FINANCIAL CONDITION

United’s total assets as of March 31, 2023 were $30.18 billion, which was an increase of $692.86 million or 2.35% from December 31, 2022. This increase was mainly due to an increase of $742.04 million or 63.06% in cash and cash equivalents, an increase of $53.99 million or less than 1% in portfolio loans, and a $11.30 million or 19.86% increase in loans held for sale. These increases in assets were partly offset by a $95.02 million or 1.95% decrease in investment securities and a $20.57 million or 6.76% decrease in other assets. Total liabilities increased $602.52 million or 2.41% from year-end 2022. Deposits decreased $18.58 million or less than 1%, borrowings increased $599.84 million or 25.43%, and accrued expenses and other liabilities increased $13.01 million or 6.86%. Shareholders’ equity increased $90.34 million or 2.00%.

The following discussion explains in more detail the changes in financial condition by major category.

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Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents at March 31, 2023 increased $742.04 million or 63.06% from year-end 2022. In particular, interest-bearing deposits with other banks increased $726.15 million or 82.38% as United placed more cash in an interest-bearing account with the Federal Reserve while cash and due from banks increased $15.86 million or 5.39%. Federal funds sold increased $34 thousand or 3.15%. During the first three months of 2023, net cash of $118.15 million and $91.43 million were provided by operating and investing activities, respectively, while net cash of $532.45 million was provided by financing activities. See the unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for data on cash and cash equivalents provided and used in operating, investing and financing activities for the first three months of 2023 and 2022.

Securities

Total investment securities at March 31, 2023 decreased $95.02 million or 1.95%. Securities available for sale decreased $122.51 million or 2.70%. This change in securities available for sale reflects $7.86 million in purchases, $186.17 million in sales, maturities and calls of securities and an increase of $58.88 million in market value. The majority of the purchase activity was related to obligations of U.S. Government corporations and agencies. Equity securities were $7.79 million at March 31, 2023, an increase of $163 thousand or 2.14% due mainly to a net increase in fair value. Other investment securities increased $27.33 million or 8.49% from year-end 2022 due to purchases of Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) stock.

The following table summarizes the changes in the available for sale securities since year-end 2022:

(Dollars in thousands) March 31<br>2023 December 31<br>2022 Change % Change
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government corporations and agencies $ 531,170 $ 529,492 0.32 %
State and political subdivisions 721,974 709,530 1.75 %
Mortgage-backed securities 1,813,416 1,849,470 ) (1.95 %)
Asset-backed securities 897,127 911,611 ) (1.59 %)
Single issue trust preferred securities 15,838 16,284 ) (2.74 %)
Other corporate securities 439,888 525,538 ) (16.30 %)
Total available for sale securities, at fair value $ 4,419,413 $ 4,541,925 ) (2.70 %)

All values are in US Dollars.

The following table summarizes the changes in the held to maturity securities since year-end 2022:

(Dollars in thousands) March 31<br>2023 December 31<br>2022 Change % Change
State and political subdivisions $ 982 (1) $ 982 (1) 0.00 %
Other corporate securities 20 20 0.00 %
Total held to maturity securities, at amortized cost $ 1,002 $ 1,002 0.00 %

All values are in US Dollars.

(1) net of allowance for credit losses of $18 thousand.

At March 31, 2023, gross unrealized losses on available for sale securities were $411.19 million. Securities with the most significant gross unrealized losses at March 31, 2023 consisted primarily of agency residential mortgage-backed securities, state and political subdivision securities, agency commercial mortgage-backed securities, asset-backed securities and corporate securities.

As of March 31, 2023, United’s available for sale mortgage-backed securities had an amortized cost of $2.05 billion, with an estimated fair value of $1.81 billion. The portfolio consisted primarily of $1.34 billion in agency residential mortgage-backed securities with a fair value of $1.17 billion, $121.00 million in non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities with an estimated fair value of $110.75 million, and $594.15 million in commercial agency mortgage-backed securities with an estimated fair value of $537.01 million.

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As of March 31, 2023, United’s available for sale state and political subdivisions securities had an amortized cost of $812.02 million, with an estimated fair value of $721.97 million. The portfolio relates to securities issued by various municipalities located throughout the United States, and no securities within the portfolio were rated below investment grade as of March 31, 2023.

As of March 31, 2023, United’s available for sale corporate securities had an amortized cost of $1.42 billion, with an estimated fair value of $1.35 billion. The portfolio consisted of $17.35 million in single issue trust preferred securities with an estimated fair value of $15.84 million. In addition to the single issue trust preferred securities, the Company held positions in various other corporate securities, including asset-backed securities with an amortized cost of $922.89 million and a fair value of $897.13 million and other corporate securities, with an amortized cost of $477.36 million and a fair value of $439.89 million.

United’s available for sale single issue trust preferred securities had a fair value of $15.84 million as of March 31, 2023. Of the $15.84 million, $7.69 million or 48.58% were investment grade; $3.06 million or 19.29% were split rated; and $5.09 million or 32.14% were unrated. The two largest exposures accounted for 76.10% of the $15.84 million. These included Truist Bank at $6.96 million and Emigrant Bank at $5.09 million. All single issue trust preferred securities are currently receiving full scheduled principal and interest payments.

During the first quarter of 2023, United did not recognize any credit losses on its available for sale investment securities. Management does not believe that any individual security with an unrealized loss as of March 31, 2023 is impaired. United believes the decline in value resulted from changes in market interest rates, credit spreads and liquidity, not a deterioration of credit. Based on a review of each of the securities in the available for sale investment portfolio, management concluded that it was more-likely-than-not that it would be able to realize the cost basis investment and appropriate interest payments on such securities. United has the intent and the ability to hold these securities until such time as the value recovers or the securities mature. As of March 31, 2023, there was no allowance for credit losses related to the Company’s available for sale securities. However, United acknowledges that any securities in an unrealized loss position may be sold in future periods in response to significant, unanticipated changes in asset/liability management decisions, unanticipated future market movements or business plan changes.

Further information regarding the amortized cost and estimated fair value of investment securities, including remaining maturities as well as a more detailed discussion of management’s impairment analysis, is presented in Note 2 to the unaudited Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Loans Held for Sale

Loans held for sale were $68.18 million at March 31, 2023, an increase of $11.30 million or 19.86% from year-end 2022. Loan originations in the secondary market exceeded sales during the first three months of 2023. Loan originations for the first three months of 2023 were $177.81 million while loans sales were $166.51 million.

Portfolio Loans

Loans, net of unearned income, increased $53.99 million or less than 1%. Since year-end 2022, commercial, financial and agricultural loans increased $130.26 million or 1.12% as a result of a $231.89 million or 2.89% increase in commercial real estate loans which was partially offset by a $101.63 million or 2.81% decrease in commercial loans (not secured by real estate). Construction and land development loans decreased $118.72 million or 4.06%, residential real estate loans increased $96.58 million or 2.07%, and consumer loans decreased $57.38 million or 4.20% due to a decrease in indirect automobile financing.

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The following table summarizes the changes in the major loan classes since year-end 2022:

(Dollars in thousands) March 31<br>2023 December 31<br>2022 Change % Change
Loans held for sale $ 68,176 $ 56,879 19.86 %
Commercial, financial, and agricultural:
Owner-occupied commercial real estate $ 1,708,200 $ 1,724,927 ) (0.97 %)
Nonowner-occupied commercial real estate 6,535,589 6,286,974 3.95 %
Other commercial loans 3,510,937 3,612,568 ) (2.81 %)
Total commercial, financial, and agricultural $ 11,754,726 $ 11,624,469 1.12 %
Residential real estate 4,759,488 4,662,911 2.07 %
Construction & land development 2,808,253 2,926,971 ) (4.06 %)
Consumer:
Bankcard 8,731 9,273 ) (5.84 %)
Other consumer 1,299,700 1,356,539 ) (4.19 %)
Total gross loans $ 20,630,898 $ 20,580,163 0.25 %
Less: Unearned income (18,739 ) (21,997 ) (14.81 %)
Total Loans, net of unearned income $ 20,612,159 $ 20,558,166 0.26 %

All values are in US Dollars.

For a further discussion of loans see Note 4 to the unaudited Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Other Assets

Other assets decreased $20.57 million or 6.76% from year-end 2022. Deferred tax assets decreased $16.60 million due to an increase in the fair value of available-for-sale securities, income tax receivable decreased $5.54 million due to timing differences, and core deposit intangibles decreased $1.28 million due to amortization. In addition, derivative assets decreased $316 thousand due to a decrease in fair value. Partially offsetting these decreases was an increase $2.03 million in other real estate owned properties (“OREO”).

Deposits

Deposits represent United’s primary source of funding. Total deposits at March 31, 2023 decreased $18.58 million or less than 1%. In terms of composition, noninterest-bearing deposits decreased $492.02 million or 6.83% while interest-bearing deposits increased $473.44 million or 3.13% from December 31, 2022.

Noninterest-bearing deposits consist of demand deposit and noninterest bearing money market (“MMDA”) account balances. The $492.02 million decrease in noninterest-bearing deposits was due mainly to a $400.93 million or 7.41% decrease in commercial noninterest-bearing deposits and a $33.74 million or 2.26% decrease in personal noninterest-bearing deposits. In addition, items in-process decreased $114.65 million. Partially offsetting these decreases in noninterest-bearing deposits was an increase in public noninterest-bearing deposits of $13.64 million or 7.18%.

Interest-bearing deposits consist of interest-bearing checking (“NOW”), regular savings, interest-bearing MMDA, and time deposit account balances. NOW accounts decreased $273.97 million or 5.35% since year-end 2022 as the result of decreases of $263.59 million in personal NOW accounts and $58.35 million in public funds NOW accounts, partially offset by a $42.81 million increase in commercial NOW accounts. Regular savings accounts decreased $99.48 million or 5.81% mainly as a result of a $88.78 million decrease in personal savings accounts and a $10.20 million decrease in commercial savings accounts. Interest-bearing MMDAs decreased $119.10 million or 1.89%. In particular, personal MMDAs decreased $250.78 million while commercial MMDAs increased $126.91 million. Public funds MMDAs increased $4.77 million.

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Time deposits under $100,000 increased $77.27 million or 9.16% from year-end 2022. This increase in time deposits under $100,000 was the result of a $78.24 million increase in fixed rate Certificates of Deposits (“CDs”) under $100,000, and a $2.96 million increase in Certificate of Deposit Account Registry Service (“CDARS”) under $100,000. CDs under $100,000 obtained through the use of deposit listing services decreased $1.87 million.

Since year-end 2022, time deposits over $100,000 increased $887.84 million or 76.22% as brokered certificates of deposits increased $482.60 million, fixed rate CDs increased $365.39 million, and CDARS over $100,000 increased $41.69 million.

The table below summarizes the changes by deposit category since year-end 2022:

(Dollars in thousands) December 31<br>2022 Change % Change
Demand deposits 6,707,660 $ 7,199,678 ) (6.83 %)
Interest-bearing checking 4,842,996 5,116,966 ) (5.35 %)
Regular savings 1,579,695 1,678,302 ) (5.88 %)
Money market accounts 6,180,307 6,299,404 ) (1.89 %)
Time deposits under 100,000 921,224 843,950 9.16 %
Time deposits over 100,000 (1) 2,052,704 1,164,866 76.22 %
Total deposits 22,284,586 $ 22,303,166 ) (0.08 %)

All values are in US Dollars.

(1) Includes time deposits of $250,000 or more of $651,807 and $454,477 at March 31, 2023 and December 31,

2022, respectively.

Borrowings

Total borrowings at March 31, 2023 increased $599.84 million or 25.43% since year-end 2022. During the first three months of 2023, short-term borrowings increased $9.40 million or 5.85% due to an increase in securities sold under agreements to repurchase. Long-term borrowings increased $590.45 million or 26.87% from year-end 2022 due to additional advances obtained from the FHLB during the first quarter of 2023.

The table below summarizes the change in the borrowing categories since year-end 2022:

(Dollars in thousands) March 31<br>2023 December 31<br>2022 Change % Change
Short-term securities sold under agreements to repurchase $ 170,094 $ 160,698 5.85 %
Long-term FHLB advances 2,510,703 1,910,775 31.40 %
Subordinated debt 0 9,892 ) (100.00 %)
Issuances of trust preferred capital securities 277,400 276,989 0.15 %
Total borrowings $ 2,958,197 $ 2,358,354 25.43 %

All values are in US Dollars.

For a further discussion of borrowings see Notes 9 and 10 to the unaudited Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities

Accrued expenses and other liabilities at March 31, 2023 increased $13.01 million or 6.86% from year-end 2022. In particular, interest payable increased $7.32 million due to an increase in CDs and FHLB advances and rising interest rates. In addition, business franchise taxes increased $3.20 million and accrued mortgage escrow liabilities increased $7.37 million. Partially offsetting these increases was a decrease of $12.15 million in incentives payables due to payments.

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Shareholders’ Equity

Shareholders’ equity at March 31, 2023 was $4.61 billion, which was an increase of $90.34 million or 2.00% from year-end 2022.

Retained earnings increased $49.59 million or 3.15% from year-end 2022. Earnings net of dividends for the first three months of 2023 were $49.59 million.

Accumulated other comprehensive income increased $38.60 million or 11.60% from year-end 2022 due to an increase of $45.16 million in the fair value of United’s available for sale investment portfolio, net of deferred income taxes. Partially offsetting this increase was a $7.16 million decrease in the fair value of cash flow hedges, net of deferred income taxes. The after-tax accretion of pension costs was $602 thousand for the first quarter of 2023.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Overview

The following table sets forth certain consolidated income statement information of United:

Three Months Ended
(Dollars in thousands) March<br>2023 March<br>2022 December<br>2022
Income Statement Summary:
Interest income $ 329,303 $ 202,795 $ 307,741
Interest expense 94,983 11,293 58,337
Net interest income 234,320 191,502 249,404
Provision for credit losses 6,890 (3,410 ) 16,368
Other income 32,744 46,025 30,879
Other expense 137,419 139,175 137,542
Income before income taxes 122,755 101,762 126,373
Income taxes 24,448 20,098 26,808
Net income $ 98,307 $ 81,664 $ 99,765

Net income for the first quarter of 2023 was $98.31 million as compared to earnings of $81.66 million for the first quarter of 2022. Earnings for the first quarter of 2023, as compared to the first quarter of 2022, increased primarily due to higher net interest income as a result of the impact of rising market interest rates on earning assets, organic loan growth and a change in the asset mix to higher earning assets.. Diluted earnings per share were $0.73 for the first quarter of 2023 and $0.60 for the first quarter of 2022. On a linked-quarter basis, net income for the fourth quarter of 2022 was $99.77 million or $0.74 per diluted share.

United’s annualized return on average assets for the first three months of 2023 was 1.35% and return on average shareholders’ equity was 8.72% as compared to 1.13% and 6.96%, respectively, for the first three months of 2022. On a linked-quarter basis, United’s annualized return on average assets for the fourth quarter of 2022 was 1.36% and return on average shareholders’ equity was 8.80%. For the first three months of 2023, United’s annualized return on average tangible equity, a non-GAAP measure, was 14.97%, as compared to 11.63% for the first three months of 2022. On a linked-quarter basis, United’s annualized return on average tangible equity was 15.28% for the fourth quarter of 2022.

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Three Months Ended
March 31,<br>2023 March 31,<br>2022 December 31,<br>2022
Return on Average Tangible Equity:
(a) Net Income (GAAP) $ 98,307 $ 81,664 $ 99,765
(b) Number of Days 90 90 92
Average Total Shareholders’ Equity (GAAP) $ 4,570,288 $ 4,759,780 $ 4,498,378
Less: Average Total Intangibles (1,907,331 ) (1,911,125 ) (1,908,656 )
(c) Average Tangible Equity (non-GAAP) $ 2,662,957 $ 2,848,655 $ 2,589,722
Return on Average Tangible Equity (non-GAAP)\ [(a) / (b)] x 365 / (c)] 14.97 % 11.63 % 15.28 %

Net interest income for the first quarter of 2023 increased $42.82 million, or 22.36%, to $234.32 million from net interest income of $191.50 million for the first three months of 2022. The increase of $42.82 million in net interest income occurred because total interest income increased $126.51 million while total interest expense increased $83.69 million from the first quarter of 2022. Net interest income for the first quarter of 2023 decreased $15.08 million, or 6.05%, from the fourth quarter of 2022. The decrease of $15.08 million in net interest income occurred because total interest income increased $21.56 million while total interest expense increased $36.65 million from the fourth quarter of 2022.

The provision for credit losses was $6.89 million for the first quarter of 2023 as compared to a net benefit of $3.41 million for the first quarter of 2022. The increase in the provision for credit losses was mainly due to a change in qualitative factors and the impact of reasonable and supportable forecasts of future macroeconomic conditions. On a linked-quarter basis, the provision for credit losses for the first quarter of 2023 declined $9.48 million from $16.37 million for the fourth quarter of 2022 due mainly to less portfolio loan growth is the first quarter of 2023 as compared to the fourth quarter of 2022.

Noninterest income was $32.74 million for the first three months of 2023, a decrease of $13.28 million or 28.86% from the first three months of 2022 due mainly to decreased income from mortgage banking activities mainly due to lower mortgage loan origination and sale volume and a lower margin on loans sold in the secondary market. On a linked-quarter basis, noninterest income for the first quarter of 2023 increased $1.87 million, or 6.04%, from the fourth quarter of 2022. The increase in noninterest income was primarily due to an increase in income from mortgage banking activities mainly due to a higher quarter end loan pipeline valuation.

Noninterest expense for the first three months of 2023 decreased $1.76 million or 1.26% from the first three months of 2022 due mainly to lower employee compensation expense as a result of lower employee commissions and incentives related to mortgage banking production and a lower employee headcount. On a linked-quarter basis, noninterest expense for the first quarter of 2023 was flat from the fourth quarter of 2022, decreasing $123 thousand, or less than 1%.

Income taxes increased $4.35 million or 21.64% for the first three months of 2023 as compared to the first three months of 2022 primarily due to increased earnings and a higher effective tax rate. On a linked-quarter basis, income taxes decreased $2.16 million or 8.12% for the first quarter of 2023 as compared to the fourth quarter of 2022 due mainly to lower earnings and effective tax rate. The effective tax rate was 19.92% and 19.75% and for the first quarter of 2023 and 2022, respectively. The effective tax rate was 21.06% for the fourth quarter of 2022.

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Business Segments

United operates in two business segments: community banking and mortgage banking.

Community Banking

Net income attributable to the community banking segment for the first quarter of 2023 was $104.69 million compared to net income of $83.03 million for the first quarter of 2022. The higher net income within the community banking segment was due primarily to increased net interest income. On a linked quarter basis, net income attributable to the community banking segment for the first quarter of 2023 decreased $3.80 million from the fourth quarter of 2022 primarily due to a decrease in net interest income.

Net interest income of $236.26 million for the first quarter of 2023 was an increase of $46.58 million or 24.56% from $189.68 million for the first quarter of 2022. Generally, net interest income for the first quarter of 2023 increased from the first quarter of 2022 due mainly the impact of rising market interest rates on earning assets, organic loan growth and a change in the asset mix to higher earning assets. On a linked quarter basis, net interest income for the first quarter of 2023 decreased $13.50 million from the fourth quarter of 2022 primarily due to higher interest expense driven by deposit rate repricing and higher average balances of long-term borrowings.

The provision for credit losses was $6.89 million for the first quarter of 2023 as compared to a net benefit of $3.41 million for the first quarter of 2022, an increase of $10.30 million. As previously mentioned, the increase in the provision for credit losses was mainly due to a change in qualitative factors and the impact of reasonable and supportable forecasts of future macroeconomic conditions. On a linked-quarter basis, the provision for credit losses for the first quarter of 2023 declined $9.48 million from $16.37 million for the fourth quarter of 2022 due mainly to less portfolio loan growth in the first quarter of 2023 as compared to the fourth quarter of 2022.

Noninterest income decreased $731 thousand or 2.94% for the first quarter of 2023 to $24.17 million as compared to $24.90 million for the first quarter of 2022. The decrease was due mainly to declines in fees from deposit services and fees from brokerage services. On a linked quarter basis, noninterest income for the first quarter of 2023 increased $614 thousand from the fourth quarter of 2022 due mainly to a higher amount of income from bank-owned life insurance (“BOLI”) policies.

Noninterest expense was $122.79 million for the first quarter of 2023, compared to $114.54 million for the same period of 2022. The increase of $8.25 million in noninterest expense was primarily attributable to an increase in Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) expense due to a higher assessment rate. On a linked quarter basis, noninterest expense for the first quarter of 2023 increased $3.33 million from the fourth quarter of 2022 due mainly to higher employee benefits costs and FDIC insurance expense.

Mortgage Banking

The mortgage banking segment reported a net loss of $1.68 million for the first quarter of 2023, compared to net income of $209 thousand for the first quarter of 2022 and a net loss of $2.94 million for the fourth quarter of 2022.

Noninterest income, which consists mainly of realized and unrealized gains associated with the fair value of commitments and loans held for sale, was $10.86 million for the first quarter of 2023, compared to $23.40 million for the first quarter of 2022. The decrease of $12.54 million in the first quarter of 2023 was due mainly to decreased sales of mortgage loans in the secondary market primarily as a result of a rising interest rate environment. On a linked quarter basis, noninterest income for the first quarter of 2023 increased $168 thousand from the fourth quarter mainly due to a higher quarter end loan pipeline valuation.

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Noninterest expense was $15.09 million for the first three months of 2023, a decrease of $10.36 million from $25.45 million for the first three months of 2022. Noninterest expense for the fourth quarter of 2022 was $17.10 million, a decrease of $2.01 million from the first quarter of 2023. Noninterest expense consists mainly of salaries, commissions and benefits of mortgage segment employees. The decreases mentioned above were due mainly to lower employee commissions and incentives related to the decreased mortgage banking production.

The following discussion explains in more detail the consolidated results of operations by major category.

Net Interest Income

Net interest income represents the primary component of United’s earnings. It is the difference between interest income from earning assets and interest expense incurred to fund these assets. Net interest income is impacted by changes in the volume and mix of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, as well as changes in market interest rates. Such changes, and their impact on net interest income in 2023 and 2022, are presented below.

Net interest income for the first quarter of 2023 was $234.32 million, which was an increase of $42.82 million or 22.36% from the first quarter of 2022. The $42.82 million increase in net interest income occurred because total interest income increased $126.51 million while total interest expense increased $83.69 million from the first quarter of 2022. On a linked-quarter basis, net interest income for the first quarter of 2023 decreased $15.08 million, or 6.05%, from the fourth quarter of 2022. The $15.08 million decrease in net interest income occurred because total interest income increased $21.56 million while total interest expense increased $36.65 million from the fourth quarter of 2022.

For the purpose of this remaining discussion, net interest income is presented on a tax-equivalent basis to provide a comparison among all types of interest earning assets. The tax-equivalent basis adjusts for the tax-favored status of income from certain loans and investments. Although this is a non-GAAP measure, United’s management believes this measure is more widely used within the financial services industry and provides better comparability of net interest income arising from taxable and tax-exempt sources. United uses this measure to monitor net interest income performance and to manage its balance sheet composition.

Tax-equivalent net interest income for the first quarter of 2023 was $235.46 million, which was an increase of $42.84 million or 22.24% from the first quarter of 2022. The increase in net interest income and tax-equivalent net interest income was primarily due to the impact of rising market interest rates on earning assets, organic loan growth and a change in the asset mix to higher earning assets. These increases were partially offset by higher interest expense primarily driven by deposit rate repricing and higher average balances of long-term borrowings as well as lower income from Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) loan fees and acquired loan accretion. The interest rate spread for the first quarter of 2023 increased 4 basis points from the first quarter of 2022 to 2.93% due to a 194 basis point increase in the average yield on earning assets partially offset by a 190 basis point increase in the average cost of funds. Average earning assets for the first quarter of 2023 increased $125.32 million, or less than 1%, from the first quarter of 2022 due to a $2.13 billion increase in average net loans mostly offset by a $2.09 billion decrease in average short-term investments. The average yield on interest-bearing deposits increased 161 basis points to 1.83% from the first quarter of 2022. Average long-term borrowings increased $1.60 billion, or 195.83%, from the first quarter of 2022. Net PPP loan fee income was $210 thousand and $4.10 million for the first quarter of 2023 and 2022, respectively, a decrease of $3.89 million. Acquired loan accretion income was $3.12 million and $4.14 million for the first quarter of 2023 and 2022, respectively, a decrease of $1.02 million. The net interest margin of 3.63% for the first quarter of 2023 was an increase of 64 basis points from the net interest margin of 2.99% for the first quarter of 2022.

On a linked-quarter basis, tax-equivalent net interest income for the first quarter of 2023 decreased $15.10 million, or 6.03%, from the fourth quarter of 2022. The decrease in net interest income and tax-equivalent net interest income was primarily due to higher interest expense driven by deposit rate repricing and higher average balances of long-term borrowings as well as lower acquired loan accretion income. This decrease in net interest income and tax-equivalent net interest income was partially offset by higher interest income on earning assets driven by rising market interest rates and a change in the asset mix to higher earning assets. The interest rate spread for the first quarter of 2023 decreased 47 basis points from the fourth quarter of 2022 to 2.93% due to an 80 basis point increase in the average cost of funds partially offset

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by a 33 basis point increase in the yield on earning assets. The average yield on interest-bearing deposits increased 67 basis points to 1.83% from the fourth quarter of 2022. Average long-term borrowings increased $890.10 million, or 58.26%, from the fourth quarter of 2022. Acquired loan accretion income decreased $1.59 million to $3.12 million for the first quarter of 2023. The average yield on net loans and loans held for sale increased 37 basis points to 5.55% from the fourth quarter of 2022. An increase in average earning assets of $435.44 million, or 1.69%, from the fourth quarter of 2022 was driven by an increase in average net loans of $327.94 million and an increase of $199.98 million in average short-term investments partially offset by a decrease of $92.48 million in average investment securities. The net interest margin of 3.63% for the first quarter of 2023 was a decrease of 24 basis points from the net interest margin of 3.87% for the fourth quarter of 2022.

United’s tax-equivalent net interest income also includes the impact of acquisition accounting fair value adjustments. The following table provides the discount/premium and net accretion impact to tax-equivalent net interest income for the three months ended March 31, 2023, March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2022:

Three Months Ended
(Dollars in thousands) March 31<br>2023 March 31<br>2022 December 31<br>2022
Loan accretion $ 3,119 $ 4,139 $ 4,713
Certificates of deposit 356 1,038 437
Long-term borrowings (353 ) 159 (347 )
Total $ 3,122 $ 5,336 $ 4,803

The following tables reconcile the difference between net interest income and tax-equivalent net interest income for the three months ended March 31, 2023, March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2022.

Three Months Ended
(Dollars in thousands) March 31<br>2023 March 31<br>2022 December 31<br>2022
Net interest income, GAAP basis $ 234,320 $ 191,502 $ 249,404
Tax-equivalent adjustment (1) 1,135 1,109 1,149
Tax-equivalent net interest income $ 235,455 $ 192,611 $ 250,553
(1) The tax-equivalent adjustment combines amounts of interest income on federally nontaxable loans and investment securities using the statutory federal income tax rate of 21% for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 and December 31, 2022. All interest income on loans and investment securities was subject to state income taxes.
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The following table shows the unaudited consolidated daily average balance of major categories of assets and liabilities for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, with the interest and rate earned or paid on such amount. The interest income and yields on federally nontaxable loans and investment securities are presented on a tax-equivalent basis using the statutory federal income tax rate of 21% for the three-month period ended March 31, 2023 and 2022. Interest income on all loans and investment securities was subject to state income taxes.

Three Months Ended<br>March 31, 2023 Three Months Ended<br>March 31, 2022
(Dollars in thousands) Average<br>Balance Interest<br>(1) Avg. Rate<br>(1) Average<br>Balance Interest<br>(1) Avg. Rate<br>(1)
ASSETS
Earning Assets:
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under agreements to resell and other short-term investments $ 936,394 $ 10,983 4.76 % $ 3,028,826 $ 2,329 0.31 %
Investment Securities:
Taxable 4,404,864 36,259 3.29 % 4,264,820 17,505 1.64 %
Tax-exempt 387,671 2,740 2.83 % 444,542 2,688 2.42 %
Total Securities 4,792,535 38,999 3.26 % 4,709,362 20,193 1.72 %
Loans, net of unearned income (2)(3) 20,683,610 280,456 5.49 % 18,530,232 181,382 3.96 %
Allowance for loan losses (234,809 ) (216,016 )
Net loans (2)(3) 20,448,801 5.55 % 18,314,216 4.01 %
Total earning assets 26,177,730 $ 330,438 5.10 % 26,052,404 $ 203,904 3.16 %
Other assets 3,334,559 3,292,118
TOTAL ASSETS $ 29,512,289 $ 29,344,522
LIABILITIES
Interest-Bearing Funds:
Interest-bearing deposits $ 15,186,632 $ 68,592 1.83 % $ 15,908,260 $ 8,561 0.22 %
Short-term borrowings 166,614 1,157 2.82 % 133,987 181 0.55 %
Long-term borrowings 2,417,999 25,234 4.23 % 817,363 2,551 1.27 %
Total Interest-Bearing Funds 17,771,245 94,983 2.17 % 16,859,610 11,293 0.27 %
Noninterest-bearing deposits 6,897,030 7,466,710
Accrued expenses and other liabilities 273,726 258,422
TOTAL LIABILITIES 24,942,001 24,584,742
SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY 4,570,288 4,759,780
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY $ 29,512,289 $ 29,344,522
NET INTEREST INCOME $ 235,455 $ 192,611
INTEREST SPREAD 2.93 % 2.89 %
NET INTEREST MARGIN 3.63 % 2.99 %
(1) The interest income and the yields on federally nontaxable loans and investment securities are presented on a tax-equivalent basis using the statutory federal income tax rate of 21%.
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(2) Nonaccruing loans are included in the daily average loan amounts outstanding.
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(3) Loans held for sale and leases are included in the daily average loan amounts outstanding.
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The following table shows the unaudited consolidated daily average balance of major categories of assets and liabilities for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, with the interest and rate earned or paid on such amount. The interest income and yields on federally nontaxable loans and investment securities are presented on a tax-equivalent basis using the statutory federal income tax rate of 21% for the three-month period ended March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. Interest income on all loans and investment securities was subject to state income taxes.

Three Months Ended<br>March 31, 2023 Three Months Ended<br>December 31, 2022
(Dollars in thousands) Average<br>Balance Interest<br>(1) Avg. Rate<br>(1) Average<br>Balance Interest<br>(1) Avg. Rate<br>(1)
ASSETS
Earning Assets:
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under agreements to resell and other short-term investments $ 936,394 $ 10,983 4.76 % $ 736,412 $ 8,946 4.82 %
Investment Securities:
Taxable 4,404,864 36,259 3.29 % 4,508,813 34,568 3.07 %
Tax-exempt 387,671 2,740 2.83 % 376,198 2,717 2.89 %
Total Securities 4,792,535 38,999 3.26 % 4,885,011 37,285 3.05 %
Loans, net of unearned income (2)(3) 20,683,610 280,456 5.49 % 20,340,792 262,659 5.13 %
Allowance for loan losses (234,809 ) (219,933 )
Net loans (2)(3) 20,448,801 5.55 % 20,120,859 5.18 %
Total earning assets 26,177,730 $ 330,438 5.10 % 25,742,282 $ 308,890 4.77 %
Other assets 3,334,559 3,367,082
TOTAL ASSETS $ 29,512,289 $ 29,109,364
LIABILITIES
Interest-Bearing Funds:
Interest-bearing deposits $ 15,186,632 $ 68,592 1.83 % $ 15,166,408 $ 44,265 1.16 %
Short-term borrowings 166,614 1,157 2.82 % 154,894 874 2.24 %
Long-term borrowings 2,417,999 25,234 4.23 % 1,527,904 13,198 3.43 %
Total Interest-Bearing Funds 17,771,245 94,983 2.17 % 16,849,206 58,337 1.37 %
Noninterest-bearing deposits 6,897,030 7,507,329
Accrued expenses and other liabilities 273,726 254,451
TOTAL LIABILITIES 24,942,001 24,610,986
SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY 4,570,288 4,498,378
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY $ 29,512,289 $ 29,109,364
NET INTEREST INCOME $ 235,455 $ 250,553
INTEREST SPREAD 2.93 % 3.40 %
NET INTEREST MARGIN 3.63 % 3.87 %
(1) The interest income and the yields on federally nontaxable loans and investment securities are presented on a tax-equivalent basis using the statutory federal income tax rate of 21%.
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(2) Nonaccruing loans are included in the daily average loan amounts outstanding.
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(3) Loans held for sale and leases are included in the daily average loan amounts outstanding.
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Provision for Credit Losses

The provision for credit losses was $6.89 million for the first quarter of 2023 as compared to a net benefit of $3.41 million for the first quarter of 2022. On a linked-quarter basis, the provision for credit losses for the fourth quarter of 2022 was $16.37 million. United’s provision for credit losses relates to its portfolio of loans and leases, held-to-maturity securities and interest receivable on loans which are discussed in more detail in the following paragraphs.

For the quarter ended March 31, 2023, the provision for loan and lease losses was a $6.89 million as compared to a net benefit of $3.40 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2022. The higher amount of provision expense for the first quarter of 2023 compared to the first quarter of 2022 was mainly due to an increase in qualitative adjustments pertaining to collateral values for dependent loans and the reasonable and supportable forecasts of future macroeconomic conditions. Net charge-offs were $1.15 million for the first quarter of 2023 compared to net recoveries of $1.98 million for the first quarter of 2022. The higher amount of net charge-offs for 2023 as compared to 2022 was primarily due to an increase in charge-offs in 2023 for the consumer loan segment as well as a lower amount of recoveries in 2023 of previously charged-off amounts for the other commercial loan segment. On a linked-quarter basis, the provision for loan and lease losses for the fourth quarter of 2022 was $16.37 million. As previously mentioned, the decline of $9.48 million for the first quarter of 2023 from the fourth quarter of 2022 was due mainly to less portfolio loan growth in the first quarter of 2023 as compared to the fourth quarter of 2022. Net charge-offs were $1.23 million for the fourth quarter of 2022. Annualized net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans and leases, net of unearned income for the first quarter of 2023 were 0.02% as compared to annualized net recoveries of (0.04)% for the first quarter of 2022 and annualized net charge-offs of 0.02% for the fourth quarter of 2022.

The following table shows a summary of United’s nonperforming assets including nonperforming loans and other real estate owned (“OREO”) at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

(In thousands) March 31<br>2023 December 31<br>2022
Nonaccrual loans $ 29,296 $ 23,685
Loans past due 90 days of more 13,105 15,565
Restructured loans ^(1)^ n/a 19,388
Total nonperforming loans $ 42,401 $ 58,638
Other real estate owned 4,086 2,052
Total nonperforming assets $ 46,487 $ 60,690

Note:

(1) On January 1, 2023, United adopted ASU 2022-02, “Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures” prospectively which eliminated the accounting guidance on troubled debt restructurings and enhanced creditors’ disclosure requirements related to loan refinancings and restructurings for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. After the adoption of ASU 2022-02, United no longer considers accruing restructured loans that are fewer than 90 days past due as nonperforming loans or nonperforming assets. Nonperforming loans and nonperforming assets at December 31, 2022 included $9,127 of restructured loans that were on accruing status and fewer than 90 days past due but classified as nonperforming loans and nonperforming assets. Restructured loans that are on nonaccrual or 90-day past due are included in the above nonperforming loan and nonperforming asset categories at March 31, 2023.

Restructured loans with an aggregate balance of $7,186 at December 31, 2022 were on nonaccrual status, but are not included in “Nonaccrual loans” above. Restructured loans with an aggregate balance of $3,075 at December 31, 2022 were 90 days past due, but not included in “Loans past due 90 days or more” above.

United maintains an allowance for loan and lease losses and a reserve for lending-related commitments. The combined allowance for loan losses and reserve for lending-related commitments is considered the allowance for credit losses. At March 31, 2023, the allowance for credit losses was $289.28 million as compared to $280.94 million at December 31, 2022.

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At March 31, 2023, the allowance for loan and lease losses was $240.49 million as compared to $234.75 million at December 31, 2022. The increase in the allowance for loan and lease losses was due mainly to increased reserves for several loan segments including nonowner-occupied commercial real estate, residential real estate, and construction and loan development. As a percentage of loans and leases, net of unearned income, the allowance for loan losses was 1.17% at March 31, 2023 and 1.14% at December 31, 2022. The ratio of the allowance for loan and lease losses to nonperforming loans and leases or coverage ratio was 567.18% and 400.33% at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The increase in this ratio was due mainly to a decline in nonperforming loans.

United continues to evaluate risks which may impact its loan and lease portfolios. Reserves are initially determined based on losses identified from the PD/LGD and Cohort models which utilize the Company’s historical information. Then, any qualitative adjustments are applied to account for the Company’s view of current conditions, the future and other factors.

The first quarter of 2023 qualitative adjustments include analyses of the following:

• Current conditions – United considered the impact of inflation, interest rates, the regulatory environment due to recent bank failures and geopolitical conflict when making determinations related to factor adjustments for the external environment. United also considered portfolio trends related to economic and business conditions, collateral values for dependent loans; past due, nonaccrual and graded loans and leases; and concentrations of credit.
• Reasonable and supportable forecasts – The forecast is determined on a portfolio-by-portfolio basis by relating the correlation of real GDP and the unemployment rate to loss rates to forecasts of those variables. The reasonable and supportable forecast selection is subjective in nature and requires more judgment compared to the other components of the allowance. Assumptions for the economic variables were the following:
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• The forecast for real GDP in 2023 shifted slightly downward in the first quarter, from a projection of 0.50% for 2023 at the end of 2022 to 0.40% for 2023 with a larger downward shift for 2024, from a projection of 1.60% for 2024 at the end of 2022 to 1.20% for 2024. The unemployment rate remained fairly consistent to the end of 2022 with a steady trend expected throughout 2023 and 2024.
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• Greater risk of loss is probable in the office portfolio due to continued hybrid and remote work that may be exacerbated by future economic conditions and in the construction portfolio due to weakened economic conditions.
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• Reversion to historical loss data occurs via a straight-line method during the year following the one-year reasonable and supportable forecast period.
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United’s review of the allowance for loan and lease losses at March 31, 2023 produced increased reserves in three of the four loan categories as compared to December 31, 2022. The allowance related to the commercial, financial & agricultural loan pool increased $3.04 million due to increased outstanding balances and increased reasonable and supportable forecast adjustment particularly as it pertains to office loans. The residential real estate reserve increased $2.25 million due to increased outstanding balances and increased risk of loss for past due, nonaccrual and graded loans. The real estate construction and development loan pool reserve increased $1.65 million due to increased risk of loss for collateral value for dependent loans and increased reasonable and supportable forecast adjustment. The consumer loan pool reserve decreased $1.19 million primarily due to a decrease in outstanding balances.

An allowance is established for estimated lifetime losses for loans that are individually assessed. Nonperforming commercial loans and leases are regularly reviewed to identify expected credit losses. A loan is individually assessed for expected credit losses when the loan does not share similar characteristics with other loans in the portfolio. Measuring expected credit losses of a loan requires judgment and estimates, and the eventual outcomes may differ from those estimates. Expected credit losses are measured based upon the present value of expected future cash flows from the loan discounted at the loan’s effective rate or the fair value of collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. When the selected measure is less than the recorded investment in the loan, an expected credit loss has occurred. The allowance for loans and

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leases that were individually assessed was $977 thousand at March 31, 2023 and $1.27 million at December 31, 2022. In comparison to the prior year-end, this element of the allowance decreased $293 thousand due to repayment of individually assessed loans and improved borrowers’ financial conditions such that individual assessments were no longer necessary.

Management believes that the allowance for credit losses of $289.28 million at March 31, 2023 is adequate to provide for expected losses on existing loans and lending-related commitments based on information currently available. United’s loan administration policies are focused on the risk characteristics of the loan portfolio in terms of loan approval and credit quality. The commercial loan portfolio is monitored for possible concentrations of credit in one or more industries. Management has lending limits as a percentage of capital per type of credit concentration in an effort to ensure adequate diversification within the portfolio. Most of United’s commercial loans are secured by real estate located in West Virginia, southeastern Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and the District of Columbia. It is the opinion of management that these commercial loans do not pose any unusual risks and that adequate consideration has been given to these loans in establishing the allowance for credit losses.

The provision for credit losses related to held to maturity securities for the first quarter of 2023 and 2022 was immaterial. The allowance for credit losses related to held to maturity securities was $18 thousand as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. There was no provision for credit losses recorded on available for sale investment securities for the first quarter of 2023 and 2022 and no allowance for credit losses on available for sale investment securities as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Management is not aware of any potential problem loans or leases, trends or uncertainties, which it reasonably expects, will materially impact future operating results, liquidity, or capital resources which have not been disclosed. Additionally, management has disclosed all known material credits, which cause management to have serious doubts as to the ability of such borrowers to comply with the loan repayment schedules.

Other Income

Other income consists of all revenues, which are not included in interest and fee income related to earning assets. Noninterest income has been and will continue to be an important factor for improving United’s profitability. Recognizing the importance, management continues to evaluate areas where noninterest income can be enhanced.

Noninterest income for the first quarter of 2023 was $32.74 million, a decrease of $13.28 million or 28.86% from the first quarter of 2022. The decrease was due mainly to a decrease in income from mortgage banking activities primarily as a result of a rising interest rate environment and a lower margin on loans sold in the secondary market. Income from mortgage banking activities totaled $6.38 million for the first quarter of 2023 compared to $19.20 million for the first quarter of 2022. The decrease of $12.82 million or 66.76% for the first quarter of 2023 was mainly due to decreased loan sales. Mortgage loan sales were $166.51 million in the first quarter of 2023 as compared to $1.07 billion in the first quarter of 2022. Mortgage loans originated for sale were $177.81 million for the first quarter of 2023 as compared to $903.61 million for the first quarter of 2022.

Fees from deposit services for the first quarter of 2023 decreased $786 thousand or 7.75% from the first quarter of 2022. The decrease was due mainly to lower income from overdraft fees primarily as a result of implemented changes to United’s overdraft policy during the third quarter of 2022.

Fees from trust services for the first quarter of 2023 increased $653 thousand or 15.82% from the first quarter of 2022 due to an increase in managed assets.

On a linked-quarter basis, noninterest income for the first quarter of 2023 increased $1.87 million or 6.04% from the fourth quarter of 2022. This increase was primarily due to an increase of $1.76 million or 38.18% in income from mortgage banking activities mainly due to a higher quarter end loan pipeline valuation. In addition, income from bank-owned life insurance (“BOLI”) increased $489 thousand or 34.88% due to an increase in cash surrender value and fees from brokerage services increased $471 thousand or 12.63% as a result of increased volume.

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Other Expenses

Just as management continues to evaluate areas where noninterest income can be enhanced, it strives to improve the efficiency of its operations to reduce costs. Other expenses include all items of expense other than interest expense, the provision for credit losses, and income taxes. Noninterest expense for the first quarter of 2023 was $137.42 million, which was a decrease of $1.76 million or 1.26% from the first quarter of 2022.

Employee compensation for the first quarter of 2023 decreased $7.21 million or 11.51% when compared to the first quarter of 2022. This decrease was due mainly to lower employee commissions and incentives related to a decline in mortgage banking production and a decline in employee headcount.

Employee benefits expense for the first quarter of 2023 increased $584 thousand or 4.54% from the first quarter of 2022. This increase was primarily due to higher amounts of expense for postretirement benefits.

Net occupancy expense for the first quarter of 2023 increased $646 thousand or 5.77% from the first quarter of 2022. This increase was primarily due to higher amounts of building rental, depreciation and utilities expense partially offset by a decrease in maintenance expense.

FDIC expense increased $1.91 million or 71.60% from the first quarter of 2022 due a higher assessment rate.

Other expense for the first quarter of 2023 increased $1.73 million or 5.26% from the first quarter of 2022. Within other expenses, the most significant increases were consulting and legal expenses, business franchise taxes and advertising expense. Partially offsetting these increases were decreases in the expense for the reserve for unfunded commitments and merger expenses.

On a linked-quarter basis, noninterest expense for the first quarter of 2023 was flat from the fourth quarter of 2022, decreasing $123 thousand, or less than 1%. The decrease in noninterest expense was primarily driven by a decrease in employee compensation of $2.12 million, net losses on the sale of OREO properties of $1.11 million and other expense of $2.42 million. The decrease in employee compensation was primarily driven by lower employee commissions related to mortgage banking production and lower employee incentives. The decrease in the other expense was primarily due to a lower reserve for unfunded loan commitments. These decreases were partially offset by increases in employee benefits of $3.14 million and FDIC insurance expense of $1.34 million. The increase in employee benefits was due to a combination of higher Federal Insurance Contributions Act (“FICA”) and postretirement plans’ expense. The increase in FDIC insurance expense was primarily due to a higher assessment rate.

Income Taxes

For the first quarter of 2023, income tax expense was $24.45 million as compared to $20.10 million for the first quarter of 2022. The increase of $4.35 million was primarily due to higher earnings and higher effective tax rate. On a linked-quarter basis, income tax expense decreased $2.16 million primarily due to lower earnings and lower effective tax rate. United’s effective tax rate was 19.92% for the first quarter of 2023, 19.75% for the first quarter of 2022 and 21.06% for the fourth quarter of 2022.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

In the opinion of management, United maintains liquidity that is sufficient to satisfy its depositors’ requirements and the credit needs of its customers. Like all banks, United depends upon its ability to renew maturing deposits and other liabilities on a daily basis and to acquire new funds in a variety of markets. A significant source of funds available to United is “core deposits”. Core deposits include certain demand deposits, statement and special savings and NOW accounts. These deposits

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are relatively stable, and they are the lowest cost source of funds available to United. Short-term borrowings have also been a significant source of funds. These include federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase as well as advances from the FHLB. Repurchase agreements represent funds which are obtained as the result of a competitive bidding process.

Liquid assets are cash and those items readily convertible to cash. All banks must maintain sufficient balances of cash and near-cash items to meet the day-to-day demands of customers and United’s cash needs. Other than cash and due from banks, the available for sale securities portfolio and maturing loans are the primary sources of liquidity.

The goal of liquidity management is to ensure the ability to access funding which enables United to efficiently satisfy the cash flow requirements of depositors and borrowers and meet United’s cash needs. Liquidity is managed by monitoring funds’ availability from a number of primary sources. Substantial funding is available from cash and cash equivalents, unused short-term borrowing and a geographically dispersed network of branches providing access to a diversified and substantial retail deposit market.

Short-term needs can be met through a wide array of outside sources such as correspondent and downstream correspondent federal funds and utilization of Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) advances and the Federal Reserve Bank’s (“FRB”) Discount Window or its newly established Bank Term Funding program during the first quarter of 2023.

Other sources of liquidity available to United to provide long-term as well as short-term funding alternatives, in addition to FHLB advances and FRB programs, are long-term certificates of deposit, lines of credit, borrowings that are secured by bank premises or stock of United’s subsidiaries and issuances of trust preferred securities. In the normal course of business, United through its Asset Liability Committee evaluates these as well as other alternative funding strategies that may be utilized to meet short-term and long-term funding needs.

During the first quarter of 2023, United increased its interest-bearing deposit balance at the FRB by $725.06 million to $1.53 billion. The change in the balance at the FRB was mostly the result of a $599.93 million increase in FHLB advances and $178.31 million of net sales, maturities, and paydowns in the available for sale debt securities portfolio, partly offset by a $18.58 million decrease in total deposits.

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, cash of $118.15 million was provided by operating activities due mainly to net income of $98.31 million. In addition, accrued expenses and other liabilities increased $14.85 million. Net cash of $91.43 million was provided by investing activities which was primarily due to $147.08 million of net proceeds from the sales of investment securities over purchases partially offset by portfolio loan growth of $54.94 million. During the first three months of 2023, net cash of $532.45 million was provided by financing activities due primarily to net advances of $600.00 million in FHLB borrowings partially offset by cash dividends paid of $48.65 million, a decline in deposits of $18.23 million and cash paid of $10.25 million to redeem subordinated debt during the quarter. The net effect of the cash flow activities was an increase in cash and cash equivalents of $742.04 million for the first three months of 2023.

At March 31, 2023, United had an unused borrowing amount at the FHLB of approximately $5.82 billion subject to delivery of collateral after certain trigger points, $2.20 billion without the delivery of additional collateral. United has various unused lines of credit available from certain of its correspondent banks in the aggregate amount of $230 million, all of which was available at March 31, 2023. United also has a $20 million unsecured, revolving line of credit with an unrelated financial institution to provide for general liquidity needs, all of which was available at March 31, 2023. At March 31, 2023, United’s borrowing capacity for the FRB Discount Window was $2.84 billion. United did not have any borrowings from the FRB’s Discount Window, or its new Bank Term Funding Program, during the first quarter of 2023.

United anticipates it can meet its obligations over the next 12 months and has no material commitments for capital expenditures. United also has lines of credit available. See Notes 9 and 10 to the accompanying unaudited Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for more details regarding the amounts available to United under lines of credit.

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The Asset Liability Committee monitors liquidity to ascertain that a liquidity position within certain prescribed parameters is maintained. No changes are anticipated in the policies of United’s Asset Liability Committee.

United’s capital position is financially sound. United seeks to maintain a proper relationship between capital and total assets to support growth and sustain earnings. United has historically generated attractive returns on shareholders’ equity. United is well-capitalized based upon regulatory guidelines. United’s risk-based capital ratio is 14.70% at March 31, 2023 while its Common Equity Tier 1 capital, Tier 1 capital and leverage ratios are 12.53%, 12.53% and 10.78%, respectively. The March 31, 2023 ratios reflects United’s election of a five-year transition provision, allowed by the Federal Reserve Board and other federal banking agencies in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, to delay for two years the full impact of CECL on regulatory capital, followed by a three-year transition period. The regulatory requirements for a well-capitalized financial institution are a risk-based capital ratio of 10.0%, a Common Equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 6.5%, a Tier 1 capital ratio of 8.0% and a leverage ratio of 5.0%.

Total shareholders’ equity was $4.61 billion at March 31, 2023, which was an increase of $90.34 million or 2.00% from December 31, 2022. This increase is primarily due to increases of $49.59 million in retained earnings (net income less dividends declared) and $38.60 million in accumulated other comprehensive income due mainly to an after-tax increase in the fair value of available for sale securities.

United’s equity to assets ratio was 15.26% at March 31, 2023 as compared to 15.31% at December 31, 2022. The primary capital ratio, capital and reserves to total assets and reserves, was 16.07% at March 31, 2023 as compared to 16.11% at December 31, 2022. United’s average equity to average asset ratio was 15.49% for the first quarter of 2023 as compared to 16.22% the first quarter of 2022. All of these financial measurements reflect a financially sound position.

During the first quarter of 2023, United’s Board of Directors declared a cash dividend of $0.36 per share. Total cash dividends declared were $48.72 million for the first quarter of 2023 which was a decrease of $546 thousand or 1.11% from dividends declared of $49.27 million for the first quarter of 2022.

Item 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

The objective of United’s Asset Liability Management function is to maintain consistent growth in net interest income within United’s policy guidelines. This objective is accomplished through the management of balance sheet liquidity and interest rate risk exposures due to changes in economic conditions, interest rate levels and customer preferences.

Interest Rate Risk

Management considers interest rate risk to be United’s most significant market risk. Interest rate risk is the exposure to adverse changes in United’s net interest income as a result of changes in interest rates. United’s earnings are largely dependent on the effective management of interest rate risk.

Management of interest rate risk focuses on maintaining consistent growth in net interest income within Board-approved policy limits. United’s Asset/Liability Management Committee (“ALCO”), which includes senior management representatives and reports to the Board of Directors, monitors and manages interest rate risk to maintain an acceptable level of change to net interest income as a result of changes in interest rates. Policy established for interest rate risk is stated in terms of the change in net interest income over a one-year and two-year horizon given an immediate and sustained increase or decrease in interest rates. The current limits approved by the Board of Directors are structured on a staged basis with each stage requiring specific actions.

United employs a variety of measurement techniques to identify and manage its exposure to changing interest rates. One such technique utilizes an earnings simulation model to analyze the sensitivity of net interest income to movements in interest rates. The model is based on actual cash flows and repricing characteristics for on and off-balance sheet instruments and incorporates market-based assumptions regarding the impact of changing interest rates on the prepayment rate of certain

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assets and liabilities. The model also includes executive management projections for activity levels in product lines offered by United. Assumptions based on the historical behavior of deposit rates and balances in relation to changes in interest rates are also incorporated into the model. Rate scenarios could involve parallel or nonparallel shifts in the yield curve, depending on historical, current, and expected conditions, as well as the need to capture any material effects of explicit or embedded options. These assumptions are inherently uncertain and, as a result, the model cannot precisely measure net interest income or precisely predict the impact of fluctuations in interest rates on net interest income. Actual results will differ from simulated results due to timing, magnitude and frequency of interest rate changes as well as changes in market conditions and management’s strategies.

Interest sensitive assets and liabilities are defined as those assets or liabilities that mature or are repriced within a designated time frame. The principal function of managing interest rate risk is to maintain an appropriate relationship between those assets and liabilities that are sensitive to changing market interest rates. The difference between rate sensitive assets and rate sensitive liabilities for specified periods of time is known as the “GAP.” Earnings-simulation analysis captures not only the potential of these interest sensitive assets and liabilities to mature or reprice, but also the probability that they will do so. Moreover, earnings-simulation analysis considers the relative sensitivities of these balance sheet items and projects their behavior over an extended period of time. United closely monitors the sensitivity of its assets and liabilities on an on-going basis and projects the effect of various interest rate changes on its net interest margin.

The following table shows United’s estimated earnings sensitivity profile as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

Change in Interest Rates<br> <br>(basis points) Percentage Change in Net Interest Income
March 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
+200 (6.71 %) (6.83 %)
+100 (2.84 %) (3.00 %)
-100 1.52 % 2.12 %
-200 1.45 % 2.16 %

At March 31, 2023, given an immediate, sustained 100 basis point upward shock to the yield curve used in the simulation model, net interest income for United is estimated to decrease by 2.84% over one year as compared to a decrease by 3.00% at December 31, 2022. A 200 basis point immediate, sustained upward shock in the yield curve would decrease net interest income by an estimated 6.71% over one year as of March 31, 2023, as compared to a decrease of 6.83% as of December 31, 2022. A 100 basis point immediate, sustained downward shock in the yield curve would increase net interest income by an estimated 1.52% over one year as of March 31, 2023 as compared to an increase of 2.12%, over one year as of December 31, 2022. A 200 basis point immediate, sustained downward shock in the yield curve would decrease net interest income by an estimated 1.45% over one year as of March 31, 2023 as compared to an increase of 2.16% over one year as of December 31, 2022.

In addition to the one year earnings sensitivity analysis, a two-year analysis is also performed. Compared to the one year analysis, United is projected to show improved performance in year two within the upward rate shock scenarios. Given an immediate, sustained 100 basis point upward shock to the yield curve used in the simulation model, net interest income for United is estimated to increase by 0.55% in year two as of March 31, 2023. A 200 basis point immediate, sustained upward shock in the yield curve would decrease net interest income by an estimated 0.19% in year two as of March 31, 2023. A 100 basis point immediate, sustained downward shock in the yield curve would decrease net interest income by an estimated 2.34% in year two as of March 31, 2023. A 200 basis point immediate, sustained downward shock in the yield curve would decrease net interest income by an estimated 8.65% in year two as of March 31, 2023.

This analysis does not include the potential increased refinancing activities, which should lessen the negative impact on net income from falling rates. While it is unlikely market rates would immediately move 100 or 200 basis points upward or downward on a sustained basis, this is another tool used by management and the Board of Directors to gauge interest rate risk. All of these estimated changes in net interest income are and were within the policy guidelines established by the Board of Directors.

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To further aid in interest rate management, United’s subsidiary bank is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”). The use of FHLB advances provides United with a low risk means of matching maturities of earning assets and interest-bearing funds to achieve a desired interest rate spread over the life of the earning assets. In addition, United uses credit with large regional banks and trust preferred securities to provide funding.

As part of its interest rate risk management strategy, United may use derivative instruments to protect against adverse price or interest rate movements on the value of certain assets or liabilities and on future cash flows. These derivatives commonly consist of interest rate swaps, caps, floors, collars, futures, forward contracts, written and purchased options. Interest rate swaps obligate two parties to exchange one or more payments generally calculated with reference to a fixed or variable rate of interest applied to the notional amount. United accounts for its derivative activities in accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 815, “Derivatives and Hedging.”

Extension Risk

A key feature of most mortgage loans is the ability of the borrower to repay principal earlier than scheduled. This is called a prepayment. Prepayments arise primarily due to sale of the underlying property, refinancing, or foreclosure. In general, declining interest rates tend to increase prepayments, and rising interest rates tend to slow prepayments. Like other fixed-income securities, when interest rates rise, the value of mortgage- related securities generally declines. The rate of prepayments on underlying mortgages will affect the price and volatility of mortgage-related securities and may shorten or extend the effective maturity of the security beyond what was anticipated at the time of purchase. If interest rates rise, United’s holdings of mortgage-related securities may experience reduced returns if the borrowers of the underlying mortgages pay off their mortgages later than anticipated. This is generally referred to as extension risk.

At March 31, 2023, United’s mortgage related securities portfolio had an amortized cost of $2.1 billion, of which approximately $907.1 million or 44% were fixed rate collateralized mortgage obligations (“CMOs”). These fixed rate CMOs consisted primarily of planned amortization class (PACs), sequential-pay and accretion directed (“VADMs”) bonds having an average life of approximately 5.6 years and a weighted average yield of 2.13%, under current projected prepayment assumptions. These securities are expected to have moderate extension risk in a rising rate environment. Current models show that an immediate, sustained upward shock of 300 basis points, the average life of these securities would only extend to 6.6 years. The projected price decline of the fixed rate CMO portfolio in rates up 300 basis points would be 15.5%, or less than the price decline of a 7-year treasury note. By comparison, the price decline of a 30-year 5% current coupon mortgage backed security (“MBS”) in rates higher by 300 basis points would be approximately 14.2%.

United had approximately $571.2 million in fixed rate commercial mortgage backed Securities (“CMBS”) with a projected yield of 2.00% and a projected average life of 4.8 years on March 31, 2023. This portfolio consisted primarily of Freddie Mac Multifamily K securities and Fannie Mae Delegated Underwriting and Servicing (“DUS”) securities with a weighted average maturity (“WAM”) of 8.1 years.

United had approximately $26.8 million in 15-year mortgage backed securities with a projected yield of 2.01% and a projected average life of 4.7 years as of March 31, 2023. This portfolio consisted of seasoned 15-year mortgage paper with a weighted average loan age (“WALA”) of 3.5 years and a WAM of 11.8 years.

United had approximately $347.2 million in 20-year mortgage backed securities with a projected yield of 1.82% and a projected average life of 7.1 years on March 31, 2023. This portfolio consisted of seasoned 20-year mortgage paper with a WALA of 2.1 years and a WAM of 17.8 years.

United had approximately $167 million in 30-year mortgage backed securities with a projected yield of 2.59% and a projected average life of 7.9 years on March 31, 2023. This portfolio consisted of seasoned 30-year mortgage paper with a WALA of 3.8 years and a WAM of 24.6 years.

The remaining 2% of the mortgage related securities portfolio on March 31, 2023, included floating rate CMO, CMBS and mortgage backed securities.

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Item 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As of March 31, 2023, an evaluation was performed under the supervision of and with the participation of United’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), of the effectiveness of the design and operation of United’s disclosure controls and procedures. Based on that evaluation, United’s management, including the CEO and CFO, concluded that United’s disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2023 were effective in ensuring that information required to be disclosed in the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q was recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time period required by the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms.

Limitations on the Effectiveness of Controls

United’s management, including the CEO and CFO, does not expect that United’s disclosure controls and internal controls will prevent all errors and fraud. While United’s disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their objective, a control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the controls.

Changes in Internal Controls

There have been no changes in United’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the quarter ended March 31, 2023, or in other factors that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect United’s internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

United and its subsidiaries are currently involved in various legal proceedings in the normal course of business. Management is vigorously pursuing all its legal and factual defenses and, after consultation with legal counsel, believes that all such litigation will be resolved with no material effect on United’s financial position.

Item 1A. RISK FACTORS

In addition to the other information set forth in this report, please refer to United’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 for disclosures with respect to United’s risk factors which could materially affect United’s business, financial condition or future results. The risks described in the Annual Report on Form 10-K are not the only risks facing United. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to United or that United currently deems to be immaterial also may materially adversely affect United’s business, financial condition and/or operating results.

Item 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

There have been no United equity securities sales during the quarter ended March 31, 2023 that were not registered. The table below includes certain information regarding United’s purchase of its common shares during the quarter ended March 31, 2023:

Period Total Number<br>of Shares<br>Purchased<br>(1) (2) Average<br>Price Paid<br>per Share Total Number of<br>Shares<br>Purchased as<br>Part of Publicly<br>Announced<br>Plans (3) Maximum Number<br>of Shares that May<br>Yet be Purchased<br>Under the Plans (3)
1/01 – 1/31/2023 0 $ 0.00 0 4,371,239
2/01 – 2/28/2023 33,551 $ 40.94 0 4,371,239
3/01 – 3/31/2023 0 $ 0.00 0 4,371,239
Total 33,551 $ 40.94 0
(1) Includes shares exchanged in connection with the exercise of stock options or the vesting of restricted stock under United’s long-term incentive plans. Shares are purchased pursuant to the terms of the applicable plan and not pursuant to a publicly announced stock repurchase plan. For the quarter ended March 31, 2023 – 33,546 shares at an average price of $40.94 were exchanged by participants in United’s long-term incentive plans.
--- ---
(2) Includes shares purchased in open market transactions by United for a rabbi trust to provide payment of benefits under a deferred compensation plan for certain key officers of United and its subsidiaries. For the quarter ended March 31, 2023, the following shares were purchased for the deferred compensation plan: February 2023 – 5 shares at an average price of $40.18.
--- ---
(3) In May of 2022, United’s Board of Directors approved a new repurchase plan to repurchase up to 4,750,000 shares of United’s common stock on the open market (the “2022 Plan”). The timing, price and quantity of purchases under the plans are at the discretion of management and the plan may be discontinued, suspended or restarted at any time depending on the facts and circumstances. The 2022 Plan replaces a repurchase plan approved by United’s Board of Directors in October of 2019.
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Item 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None.

Item 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

None.

Item 5. OTHER INFORMATION
(a) None.
--- ---
(b) No changes were made to the procedures by which security holders may recommend nominees to United’s Board of Directors.
--- ---
Item 6. EXHIBITS
--- ---

Index to exhibits required by Item 601 of Regulation S-K

Exhibit<br>No. Description
2.1 Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated November 17, 2019, by and between United Bankshares, Inc. and Carolina Financial Corporation (incorporated into this filing by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Form 8-K dated November 17, 2019 and filed November 18, 2019 for United Bankshares, Inc., File No. 002-86947)
2.2 Agreement and Plan of Reorganization, dated June 2, 2021, by and between United Bankshares, Inc. and Community Bankers Trust Corporation (incorporated into this filing by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Form 8-K dated December 3, 2021 and filed December 3, 2021 for United Bankshares, Inc., File No. 002-86947)
3.1 Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation (incorporated into this filing by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q dated March 31, 2017 and filed May 9, 2017 for United Bankshares, Inc., File No.002-86947)
3.2 Restated Bylaws (incorporated into this filing by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed on March 20, 2020 for United Bankshares, Inc., File No.002-86947)
4.1 Description of Registrant’s Securities (incorporated into this filing by reference to the Annual Report on Form 10-K dated December 31, 2019 and filed March 2, 2020 for United Bankshares, Inc., File No.002-86947)
31.1 Certification as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 by Chief Executive Officer (filed herewith)
31.2 Certification as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 by Chief Financial Officer (filed herewith)
32.1 Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 by Chief Executive Officer (furnished herewith)

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Exhibit<br>No. Description
32.2 Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 by Chief Financial Officer (furnished herewith)
101 Interactive data file (inline XBRL) (filed herewith)
104 Cover Page (embedded in inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

UNITED BANKSHARES, INC.
(Registrant)
Date: May 10, 2023 /s/ Richard M. Adams, Jr.
Richard M. Adams, Jr.
Chief Executive Officer
Date: May 10, 2023 /s/ W. Mark Tatterson
W. Mark Tatterson, Executive
Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

82

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION

I, Richard M. Adams, Jr. certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of United<br>Bankshares, Inc.;
2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a<br>material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
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3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report,<br>fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
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4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining<br>disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act<br>Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
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(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be<br>designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is<br>being prepared;
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(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial<br>reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting<br>principles;
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(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this<br>report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
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(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that<br>occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal<br>control over financial reporting; and
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5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of<br>internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
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(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over<br>financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
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(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in<br>the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
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Date: May 10, 2023 /s/ Richard M. Adams, Jr.
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Richard M. Adams, Jr.
Chief Executive Officer

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION

I, W. Mark Tatterson, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of United<br>Bankshares, Inc.;
2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a<br>material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
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3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report,<br>fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
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4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining<br>disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act<br>Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
--- ---
(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be<br>designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is<br>being prepared;
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(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial<br>reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting<br>principles;
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(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this<br>report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
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(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that<br>occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal<br>control over financial reporting; and
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5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of<br>internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
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(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over<br>financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
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(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in<br>the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
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Date: May 10, 2023 /s/ W. Mark Tatterson
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W. Mark Tatterson, Executive
Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION

Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, the undersigned officer of United Bankshares, Inc. (the “Company”), hereby certifies, to such officer’s knowledge, that the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2023 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and that the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: May 10, 2023 /s/ Richard M. Adams, Jr.
Name: Richard M. Adams, Jr.
Title: Chief Executive Officer

EX-32.2

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION

Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, the undersigned officer of United Bankshares, Inc. (the “Company”), hereby certifies, to such officer’s knowledge, that the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2023 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and that the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: May 10, 2023 /s/ W. Mark Tatterson
Name: W. Mark Tatterson
Title: Chief Financial Officer

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