GSG 10-K
iShares S&P GSCI Commodity-Indexed Trust (GSG)
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM
| ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 | |
| For the fiscal year ended | |
| or | |
| TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 | |
| For the transition period from to | |
Commission File Number:
iShares® S&P GSCI™ Commodity-Indexed Trust
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
| (State or other jurisdiction of | (I.R.S. Employer |
| incorporation or organization) | Identification No.) |
c/o iShares Delaware Trust Sponsor LLC
Attn: Product Management Team
iShares Product Research & Development
(Address of principal executive offices)
(
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
| Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of exchange on which registered |
| | | |
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
| Accelerated filer ☐ | ||
| Non-accelerated filer ☐ | Smaller reporting company | Emerging growth company |
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to § 240.10D-1(b). ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes
As of June 30, 2022, the aggregate market value of the shares held by non-affiliates was approximately $
As of January 31, 2023, the Registrant had
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE: None.
THE FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES CONTAINED IN PART IV OF THIS FORM 10-K CONSTITUTE THE ANNUAL REPORT WITH RESPECT TO THE TRUST FOR PURPOSES OF CFTC RULE 4.22(C) (THE “CFTC ANNUAL REPORT”).
Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This Annual Report on Form 10-K includes statements which relate to future events or future performance. In some cases, you can identify such forward‑looking statements by terminology such as “may,” “should,” “could,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. All statements (other than statements of historical fact) included in this report that address activities, events or developments that may occur in the future, including such matters as changes in commodity prices and market conditions (for the assets and the Shares), the operations of iShares S&P GSCI Commodity-Indexed Trust (the “Trust”), the plans of iShares Delaware Trust Sponsor LLC (the “Sponsor”), the sponsor of the Trust, and references to the Trust’s future success and other similar matters are forward-looking statements. These statements are only predictions. Actual events or results may differ materially. These statements are based upon assumptions and analyses made by the Sponsor on the basis of its perception of historical trends, current conditions and expected future developments, as well as other factors it believes are appropriate in the circumstances. Whether or not actual results and developments will conform to the Sponsor’s expectations and predictions, however, is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including the special considerations referenced in this report, general economic, market and business conditions, changes in laws or regulations, including those concerning taxes, made by governmental authorities or regulatory bodies and other world economic and political developments. Consequently, the forward-looking statements made in this report are qualified by these cautionary statements, and there can be no assurance that the actual results or developments the Sponsor anticipates will be realized or, even if substantially realized, will result in the expected consequences to, or have the expected effects on, the Trust’s operations or the value of the shares issued by the Trust. Moreover, none of the Sponsor, the Trustee, the Delaware Trustee, the Advisor or their respective affiliates assumes responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of any forward-looking statements. Except as required under Item 512 of Regulation S-K or other applicable disclosure laws, none of the Trust, the Sponsor, the Trustee, the Delaware Trustee, the Advisor or their respective affiliates is under any duty to update any forward-looking statements to conform the statements to actual results or to a change in the expectations or predictions of these persons.
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Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations |
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Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure |
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Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections |
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| Item 12. |
Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters |
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Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence |
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Summary
The iShares S&P GSCI™ Commodity-Indexed Trust (the “Trust”) is a Delaware statutory trust that issues units of beneficial interest, called “Shares,” representing fractional undivided beneficial interests in its net assets. The Trust’s assets consist of long positions in exchange-traded index futures contracts of various expirations (the “Index Futures”) on the S&P GSCI™ Excess Return Index, (the “S&P GSCI-ER”) together with cash, U.S. Treasury securities or other short-term securities and similar securities that are eligible as margin deposits for those Index Futures positions (the “Collateral Assets”). The Trust seeks to track the results, before expenses and liabilities, of the S&P GSCI Total Return Index (the “Index”), which represents a diversified, fully collateralized investment in futures contracts.
iShares Delaware Trust Sponsor LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, is the sponsor of the Trust (the “Sponsor”). BlackRock Institutional Trust Company, N.A., an affiliate of the Sponsor, is the trustee of the Trust (the “Trustee”). The Trust is a commodity pool, as defined in the Commodity Exchange Act (the “CEA”) and the applicable regulations of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (the “CFTC”), and is operated by the Sponsor, a commodity pool operator registered with the CFTC. BlackRock Fund Advisors (the “Advisor”), an indirect subsidiary of BlackRock, Inc. (“BlackRock”), serves as the commodity trading advisor of the Trust and is registered with the CFTC. The Trust is not an investment company registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Investment Company Act”). The Trust has delegated day-to-day administration of the Trust to the Trustee. The Trustee has delegated certain day-to-day administrative functions of the Trustee to State Street Bank and Trust Company (the “Trust Administrator”). Wilmington Trust Company, a Delaware trust company, serves as the Delaware trustee of the Trust (the “Delaware Trustee”).
The Trust intends to offer Shares on a continuous basis. The Trust issues and redeems Shares only in one or more blocks of 50,000 Shares (“Baskets”). Only registered brokers-dealers who have entered into an authorized participant agreement with the Trust (each, an “Authorized Participant” and each such agreement, an “Authorized Participant Agreement”) may purchase or redeem Baskets, in exchange for Index Futures and Collateral Assets with an aggregate value equal to the net asset value per Share (“NAV”) of the Shares being purchased or redeemed. Owners of beneficial interest in Shares (“Shareholders”) who are not Authorized Participants have no right to redeem their Shares. In order to liquidate their investment in the Shares, Shareholders who are not Authorized Participants must generally sell their Shares in the secondary market, assuming that demand for their Shares exists. The price obtained by the Shareholders for the Shares may be less than the NAV of those Shares.
The activities of the Trust are generally limited to:
| ● |
issuing Baskets in exchange for Index Futures and cash (or, in the discretion of the Sponsor, other Collateral Assets); |
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consistent with its investment objective, establishing, maintaining and closing out positions in Index Futures and acquiring, holding and disposing of corresponding Collateral Assets; |
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paying out of its assets any expenses and liabilities of the Trust not assumed by the Sponsor; and |
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delivering proceeds consisting of Index Futures, cash and other Collateral Assets in exchange for Baskets surrendered for redemption. |
The Trust is a passive investor in Index Futures and the Collateral Assets held to satisfy applicable margin requirements on those Index Futures positions. The Advisor acts as the commodity trading advisor for the Trust and is authorized to transact in Index Futures and acquire and dispose of the related Collateral Assets on the Trust’s behalf. The Trust does not engage in any activities designed to obtain a profit from, or to ameliorate losses caused by, changes in the level of the Index or the S&P GSCI-ER or the value of the Collateral Assets. To the extent that the Trust accepts cash proceeds in connection with the creation of Shares, the Trust will use that cash to purchase additional Index Futures and Collateral Assets, in an amount that the Advisor determines will enable the Trust to achieve investment results that correspond with the Index. As of the date of this report, the Index Futures held by the Trust are listed for trading by the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, Inc. (the “CME”), which is owned and operated by the CME Group, Inc. Subsequent Index Futures held by the Trust may be listed on other futures exchanges (the CME or any such other futures exchange listing Index Futures, the “Exchange”). At any time when Index Futures of more than one expiration are listed on the Exchange, the Sponsor will determine, pursuant to the terms of the trust agreement of the Trust (the “Trust Agreement”), which Index Futures will be transferred in connection with either the creation or redemption of Baskets.
The Sponsor maintains a website at www.ishares.com, through which the Trust’s monthly account statements, annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10‑Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”), can be accessed free of charge, as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Additional information regarding the Trust may also be found on the SEC website at www.sec.gov.
Investment Objective of the Trust
The Trust seeks to track the results of a fully collateralized investment in futures contracts on an index composed of a diversified group of commodity futures. The Trust seeks to track the investment returns of the Index before fees and expenses of the Trust. The Trust seeks to achieve its investment objective by holding long positions in Index Futures that have settlement values at expiration based on the level of the S&P GSCI-ER at that time, and earning interest on its non-cash Collateral Assets used to satisfy applicable margin requirements on those Index Futures positions.
The S&P GSCI-ER is calculated based on the same commodities that are included in the S&P GSCI™ Commodity Index (the “S&P GSCI™”), which is a production‑weighted index of the prices of a diversified group of futures contracts on physical commodities. The S&P GSCI-ER reflects the return of an uncollateralized investment in the contracts comprising the S&P GSCI™, and in addition incorporates the economic effect of rolling the contracts included in the S&P GSCI™ as they near expiration. Rolling a futures contract means closing out a position in an expiring futures contract and establishing an equivalent position in a replacement futures contract on the same commodity.
The Index, in turn, reflects the return of the S&P GSCI-ER, together with the return on specified U.S. Treasury securities that are deemed to have been held to collateralize a hypothetical long position in the futures contracts comprising the S&P GSCI™. If the index sponsor, which is S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC (the “Index Sponsor”), ceases to maintain the Index, the Trust may seek investment results that correspond generally, but are not necessarily identical, to the performance of a fully collateralized investment in a successor index or any other index that, in the opinion of the Sponsor, is reasonably similar to the Index.
When establishing positions in Index Futures, the Advisor estimates as of the date of this report that the Trust will be required to deposit initial margin with a value of approximately 3% to 10% of the value of each Index Futures position at the time it is established. These margin requirements are subject to change from time to time by the Exchange or Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC (“Goldman Sachs”), the clearing futures commission merchant (the “Clearing FCM”). Margin requirements established by the Clearing FCM may exceed minimum levels established by the Exchange. On a daily basis, the Trust is obligated to pay, or entitled to receive, variation margin in an amount equal to the change in the daily settlement level of its Index Futures positions. If the daily settlement level causes the value of the Trust’s Index Futures positions to decrease, the Trust is required to post variation margin with the Clearing FCM. Conversely, if the daily settlement level causes the value of the Trust’s Index Futures positions to increase, the Trust’s account with the Clearing FCM receives variation margin in an amount equal to the increase.
Whenever Index Futures of different types or expirations are available for investment, the Sponsor determines, pursuant to the terms of the Trust Agreement, which Index Futures are to be transferred in connection with either the creation or redemption of Baskets. The Trust does not engage in any activities designed to obtain a profit from, or to ameliorate losses caused by, changes in the level of the Index or the S&P GSCI-ER or the value of the Collateral Assets.
The profit or loss on the Trust’s Index Futures positions should correlate with increases and decreases in the value of the S&P GSCI-ER, although this correlation is not expected to be exact. The return on the Index Futures, together with interest on the non-cash Collateral Assets, is expected to result in a total return that corresponds generally, but is not identical, to the Index. Differences between the returns on the Shares and the performance of the Index may be based on, among other factors, differences between the return on the Collateral Assets and the U.S. Treasury rate used to calculate the U.S. Treasury return component of the Index, timing differences, differences between the portion of the Trust’s assets invested in Index Futures versus the portion of the return of the Index contributed by the S&P GSCI-ER, differences between the settlement price of Index Futures and the closing level of the S&P GSCI-ER and the payment of expenses and liabilities by the Trust.
The Advisor acts as the commodity trading advisor for the Trust. The Advisor, on behalf of the Trust, is authorized to invest all of the Trust’s assets in long positions in Index Futures and in Collateral Assets in order to satisfy applicable margin requirements on those Index Futures positions. Any cash that the Trust accepts in connection with the creation of Shares is used to purchase additional Index Futures or Collateral Assets in an amount that the Advisor determines will enable the Trust to achieve investment results that correspond with the Index, before the payment of the Trust’s expenses and liabilities. The Advisor does not engage in any activities designed to obtain a profit from, or to ameliorate losses caused by, changes in the level of the Index or the S&P GSCI-ER or the value of the Collateral Assets.
Due to creation or redemption activity or expenses incurred in the Trust, the notional value of Index Futures held may, at times, exceed the aggregate value of the Trust’s assets. In such instances the Advisor may elect, in such a manner as the Advisor determines will enable the Trust to achieve investment results that correspond to the Index before the payment of the Trust’s expenses and liabilities, to dispose of Index Futures to reduce the Trust’s notional exposure to Index Futures or continue to hold Index Futures in a notional amount that exceeds the aggregate value of the Trust’s assets until additional creation or redemption activity or trading aligns the notional value of the Index Futures with the corresponding collateral holdings.
The Shares are intended to constitute an alternative means for investors to achieve investment exposure to the performance of the Index. Although the Shares are not the exact equivalent of an investment in the underlying futures contracts and U.S. Treasury securities represented by the Index, the Shares are intended to provide investors with an alternative method of participating in the commodities market. In addition, retail investors can gain exposure to the commodities underlying the S&P GSCI-ER by purchasing individual or small lots of Shares through traditional brokerage accounts, without being subject to the significantly higher minimum contract sizes required for directly establishing a position in the underlying commodities or futures contracts. The Shares are eligible for margin accounts.
Secondary Market Trading
While the Trust anticipates that the price of the Shares will fluctuate in a manner that reflects changes in the Trust’s net asset value over time, at any given time the Shares may trade at, above or below the NAV. The NAV fluctuates primarily with changes in the market value of Index Futures. The NAV may also be affected as a result of fluctuations in the value of Collateral Assets, but this fluctuation is not expected to be significant because the Collateral Assets are expected to consist of cash and U.S. Treasury securities. The trading price of the Shares fluctuates in accordance with changes in the NAV, intraday changes in the value of the Index Futures and market supply and demand. The amount of the discount or premium in the trading price relative to the NAV may be influenced by non-concurrent trading hours between NYSE Arca, Inc. (“NYSE Arca”), the exchange on which the Shares trade, the Exchanges on which Index Futures trade and the principal commodities markets on which the futures contracts in the S&P GSCI-ER trade. While the Shares are expected to trade on NYSE Arca until 4:00 p.m. (New York time), liquidity in the markets for the Index Futures and the futures contracts underlying the S&P GSCI-ER is expected to be reduced whenever the principal markets for these contracts are closed. As a result, trading spreads, and the resulting premium or discount on the Shares, may widen during these gaps in market trading hours.
Valuation of Index Futures; Computation of the Trust’s Net Asset Value
The Sponsor has the exclusive authority to determine the net asset value of the Trust and the NAV, which it has delegated to the Trustee under the Trust Agreement. The Trustee determines the net asset value of the Trust and the NAV as of 4:00 p.m. (New York time), on each Business Day on which NYSE Arca is open for regular trading, as soon as practicable after that time. A Business Day is a day (1) on which none of the following occurs: (a) NYSE Arca is closed for regular trading, (b) the Exchange is closed for regular trading or (c) the Federal Reserve wire transfer system is closed for cash wire transfers, or (2) that the Trustee determines that it is able to conduct business.
The Trustee values the Trust’s long positions in Index Futures on the basis of that day’s settlement prices for the Index Futures held by the Trust as announced by the applicable Exchange. The value of the Trust’s positions in any particular Index Futures contract equals the product of (1) the number of such Index Futures contracts owned by the Trust, (2) the settlement price of such Index Futures contract on the date of calculation and (3) the multiplier of such Index Futures contract. If there is no announced settlement price for a particular Index Futures contract on a Business Day, the Trustee uses the most recently announced settlement price unless the Trustee, in consultation with the Sponsor, determines that such price is inappropriate as a basis for valuation. The daily settlement price for each Index Futures contract currently held by the Trust is established on each trading day, generally at 2:40 p.m. (New York time), by the CME Group Inc., and its designed contract markets, including the CME, CBOT (Board of Trade of the City of Chicago, Inc.), NYMEX (New York Mercantile Exchange), COMEX and KCBT (the “CME Group”) staff.
The Trustee values all other holdings of the Trust at (1) its current market value, if quotations for such property are readily available or (2) its fair value, as reasonably determined by the Trustee, if the current market value cannot be determined.
Once the value of the Index Futures, Collateral Assets of the Trust and interest earned on the Trust’s Collateral Assets has been determined, the Trustee subtracts all accrued expenses and liabilities of the Trust as of the time of calculation in order to calculate the net asset value of the Trust.
Once the net asset value of the Trust has been calculated, the Trustee determines the NAV by dividing the net asset value of the Trust by the number of Shares outstanding at the time the calculation is made. Any changes to the NAV that may result from creation and redemption activity occurring on any Business Day are not reflected in the NAV until the following Business Day.
The NAV for each Business Day on which NYSE Arca is open for regular trading is expected to be distributed through major market data vendors and published online at www.ishares.com or any successor thereto. The Trust updates the NAV as soon as practicable after each subsequent NAV is calculated.
Trust Expenses
The Sponsor has agreed under the Trust Agreement to pay the following administrative, operational and marketing expenses:
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the fees of the Trustee, the Delaware Trustee, the Advisor, the Trust Administrator, the processing agent and their respective agents; |
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NYSE Arca listing fees; |
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printing and mailing costs; |
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audit fees; |
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fees for registration of the Shares with the SEC; |
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tax reporting costs; |
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license fees; and |
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legal expenses relating to the Trust of up to $500,000 annually. |
The Trust is not expected to have other ordinary recurring administrative, operational or marketing expenses other than brokerage commissions and similar transaction fees, as described below.
In return for paying the expenses described above, the Sponsor receives a fee which accrues daily at an annualized rate of up to 0.75% of the net asset value of the Trust, as calculated before deducting fees and expenses based on the value of the Trust’s assets (the “Adjusted Net Asset Value”), is payable by the Trust monthly in arrears, and is subject to adjustment from time to time (the “Sponsor’s Fee”), except that the Sponsor’s Fee may not be adjusted to above 0.75% of the Adjusted Net Asset Value absent an amendment of the Trust Agreement with thirty day’s prior notice to registered holders of the Shares.
The Sponsor and the Trustee may amend or terminate the Sponsor’s obligation to pay certain expenses of the Trust pursuant to the Trust Agreement. The Trust is responsible for paying any applicable brokerage commissions and similar transaction fees out of its assets.
The following expenses are paid out of the assets of the Trust:
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any expenses of the Trust (including the Sponsor’s Fee) that are not assumed by the Sponsor; |
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any taxes and other governmental charges that may fall on the Trust or its property; |
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any expenses of any extraordinary services performed by the Trustee or the Sponsor on behalf of the Trust or expense of any action taken by the Trustee or the Sponsor to protect the Trust and the rights and interests of holders of the Shares; and |
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any indemnification of the Sponsor, the Advisor or other agents, service providers or counterparties of the Trust. |
The Trustee is also entitled to charge the Trust for all expenses and disbursements incurred by the Trustee in connection with the actions described in the second and third bullet points above, including fees and disbursements of its legal counsel; provided that the Trustee is not entitled to charge the Trust for
(1) expenses and disbursements that were incurred by it before the Shares were publicly traded and (2) fees of agents for performing services that the Trustee is required under the Trust Agreement to perform.
The Trustee, at the direction of the Sponsor, may liquidate the Trust’s property from time to time as necessary to permit payment of the fees and expenses that the Trust is required to pay. The Trustee is not responsible for any depreciation or loss incurred by reason of the liquidation of Trust property made in compliance with the Trust Agreement.
Creations of Baskets
The Trust intends to offer Shares on a continuous basis on each Business Day, but issuances of new Shares may be suspended at any time. Shares may be offered only in Baskets of 50,000 Shares. Baskets are typically issued only in exchange for an amount of Index Futures and cash (or, in the discretion of the Sponsor, other Collateral Assets) (the “Basket Amount”) for the Business Day on which the creation order was received by the Trustee. The Basket Amount for a Business Day has a per Share value equal to the NAV as of such day, and the assets included in the Basket Amount are valued in the same manner and on the same basis as the NAV calculations for the Trust’s assets. Creation orders received after 2:40 p.m. (New York time) are not deemed to be received until the following Business Day. In limited circumstances and subject to the approval of the Trustee, Baskets may be created for cash equal to the NAV of the Shares constituting a Basket as determined on the date the related creation order was received, plus the costs incurred by the Trust in establishing the corresponding Index Futures positions and acquiring the related Collateral Assets. Creation orders for Baskets paid for solely in cash that are received after 10:00 a.m. (New York time) will be deemed received as of the following Business Day. The Trustee notifies the Authorized Participants of the Basket Amount on each Business Day.
Before the Trust issues any Baskets to an Authorized Participant, that Authorized Participant must deliver to the Trustee a creation order indicating the number of Baskets it intends to purchase and providing other details with respect to the procedures by which the Baskets are to be transferred. The Trustee expects to acknowledge the creation order unless it or the Sponsor decides to refuse the order.
Upon the transfer of (1) the required consideration of Index Futures in the amounts and of the type specified by the Trustee and cash (or, in the discretion of the Sponsor, other Collateral Assets) in the amounts specified by the Trustee, in each case to the accounts specified by the Trustee, and (2) all transaction fees associated with creations (including but not limited to fees charged by the Exchange and the Clearing FCM) per Basket, the Trustee will deliver the appropriate number of Baskets to the Depository Trust Company (“DTC”) account of the Authorized Participant. The total transaction fees charged per Basket created may change from time to time.
Only Authorized Participants can transfer the required consideration and receive Baskets in exchange. Authorized Participants may act for their own accounts or as agents for broker-dealers, custodians and other securities market participants that wish to create or redeem Baskets. An Authorized Participant is under no obligation to the Trust to create or redeem Baskets for itself or on behalf of other persons. An order for one or more Baskets may be placed by an Authorized Participant on behalf of multiple clients. As of the date of this report, Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC, J.P. Morgan Securities Inc., Merrill Lynch Professional Clearing Corp., Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC, SG Americas Securities, LLC, UBS Securities LLC and Virtu Americas LLC are the only Authorized Participants. The Sponsor and the Trustee maintain a current list of Authorized Participants.
No Shares are issued unless and until the Trustee receives confirmation that the required consideration has been received in the account or accounts specified by the Trustee. It is expected that delivery of the Shares will be made against transfer of consideration on the next Business Day following the Business Day on which the creation order is received by the Trustee, which is referred to as a T+1 settlement cycle. If the Trustee has not received the required consideration for the Shares to be delivered on the delivery date, by 11:00 a.m. (New York time), the Trustee may cancel the creation order.
The Trustee has the right to reject any creation order for any reason. The reasons for the rejection may include, among others, (1) the related order not being in proper form as described in the Authorized Participant Agreement, (2) market conditions or other circumstances that make transactions in or delivery of the Shares or the Index Futures impossible or impractical, (3) a determination by the Trustee that the acceptance of the related order would have adverse tax or other consequences to the Trust or the Shareholders, or (4) circumstances that would cause the acceptance of the related order to result in a violation of law in the opinion of counsel to the Trustee, the Sponsor or the Trust Administrator. Each Authorized Participant Agreement provides that neither the Trustee nor any agents acting on its behalf will be liable to any person for rejecting a creation order.
Redemptions of Baskets
Authorized Participants may typically surrender Baskets in exchange only for an amount of Index Futures and cash (or, in the discretion of the Sponsor, other Collateral Assets) equal to the value of the Basket Amount on the Business Day the redemption request is received by the Trustee. Redemption orders received after 2:40 p.m. (New York time) are not deemed to be received until the following Business Day. Holders of Baskets who are not Authorized Participants are not able to redeem their Baskets except through an Authorized Participant. It is expected that Authorized Participants may redeem Baskets for their own accounts or on behalf of Shareholders who are not Authorized Participants, but no Authorized Participant is under any obligation to the Trust to do so.
Before surrendering Baskets for redemption, an Authorized Participant must deliver to the Trustee a request indicating the number of Baskets it intends to redeem and providing other details with respect to the procedures by which the assets representing the required Basket Amount are to be transferred. The Trustee expects to acknowledge the redemption order unless it or the Sponsor decides to refuse the redemption order.
After the delivery by the Authorized Participant to the Trust’s DTC account of the total number of Shares to be redeemed by an Authorized Participant, the Trustee delivers to the order of the redeeming Authorized Participant redemption proceeds consisting of Index Futures and cash (or, in the discretion of the Sponsor, other Collateral Assets). The assets included in the redemption proceeds are valued in the same manner and on the same basis as the NAV calculations for the Trust’s assets. In connection with a redemption order, the redeeming Authorized Participant authorizes the Trustee to deduct from the proceeds of redemption any and all transaction fees associated with redemptions.
It is expected that delivery of the Index Futures and cash or other Collateral Assets to the redeeming Shareholder will be made against transfer of the Baskets on the next Business Day following the Business Day on which the redemption request is received by the Trustee, which is referred to as a T+1 settlement cycle. If the Trustee’s DTC account has not been credited with the total number of Shares to be redeemed pursuant to the redemption order by 11:00 a.m. (New York time), on the delivery date, the Trustee may cancel the redemption order.
The Trustee has the right to reject any redemption order for any reason. The reasons for the rejection may include, among others, (1) the related order not being in proper form as described in the Authorized Participant Agreement, (2) market conditions or other circumstances that make transactions in or delivery of the Shares or the Index Futures impossible or impractical, (3) a determination by the Trustee that the acceptance of the related order would have adverse tax or other consequences to the Trust or the Shareholders, or (4) circumstances that would cause the acceptance of the related order to result in a violation of law in the opinion of counsel to the Trustee, the Sponsor or the Trust Administrator. Each Authorized Participant Agreement provides that neither the Trustee nor any agents acting on its behalf will be liable to any person for rejecting a redemption order.
Custody of the Trust Assets
The Trust’s Index Futures and the Collateral Assets posted as margin for these Index Futures positions are held in the Trust’s account, established at its Clearing FCM. The Clearing FCM further transfers some or all of the Collateral Assets posted as margin for the Trust’s Index Futures positions to the clearing house of the Exchange.
Substantially all of the Trust’s remaining assets are held in the Trust’s accounts at the Trust Administrator.
Futures Contracts on the S&P GSCI-ER
The assets of the Trust consist of Index Futures and cash or other Collateral Assets used to satisfy applicable margin requirements for those Index Futures positions. Index Futures are exchange-traded index futures contracts on the S&P GSCI-ER, and may include contracts of different terms and expirations. The Trust is expected to roll out of existing positions in Index Futures and establish new positions in Index Futures on an ongoing basis. Index Futures subsequently acquired by the Trust may have terms that differ from those of the Index Futures it currently holds, including transaction fees associated with the purchase and sale of these Index Futures.
Creation and redemption of interests in the Trust are generally effected through exchanges for related positions (“EFRPs”). EFRPs involve contemporaneous transactions in futures contracts and the underlying cash commodity or a closely related commodity. In a typical EFRP, the participant taking the long position on the futures contract transfers the underlying commodity or other related position to the participant taking the short position on the futures contract. The CME, the Exchange on which Index Futures trade, permits the execution of EFRPs consisting of simultaneous transfers of Index Futures and Shares. This mechanism generally is expected to be used by the Trust in connection with the creation and redemption of Baskets. Specifically, it is anticipated that an Authorized Participant requesting the creation of additional Baskets typically will transfer Index Futures and cash (or, in the discretion of the Sponsor, other Collateral Assets) to the Trust in return for Shares.
If an EFRP is executed in connection with the redemption of one or more Baskets, an Authorized Participant transfers to the Trust the Shares being redeemed and the Trust transfers to the Authorized Participant Index Futures and cash or other Collateral Assets. The Trust may include Index Futures with different terms and expirations in the creation and redemption of Baskets, and the Index Futures included in creation Baskets may differ from those included in redemption Baskets.
With the approval of the Sponsor, Baskets may also be created or redeemed for cash, in which case the Authorized Participant will be responsible for the costs incurred by the Trust in establishing or liquidating the corresponding Index Futures position and acquiring or disposing of the related Collateral Assets.
Index Futures are traded on the CME. Futures contracts and options on futures contracts on the S&P GSCI™, a benchmark index which does not reflect the rolling methodology embedded in the S&P GSCI-ER, have been traded on the CME since 1992. Index Futures are listed and traded separately from the S&P GSCI™ futures contracts and options on futures contracts.
The first Index Futures were commodity excess return futures contracts on the S&P GSCI-ER, or “CERFs,” that were first listed and made available for trading on March 13, 2006. Until October 2010, these CERFs, which expired in March 2011, were the only Index Futures listed. In October 2010, the CME listed a second CERF, scheduled to expire in March 2014. In January 2014, the CME changed the listing cycle of Index Futures to include the nearest four months as contract months at any given point in time. The CME may at any time expand the listing cycle of Index Futures to include additional expiration dates, and may from time to time amend the rules applicable to the Index Futures. On April 8, 2013, the CME amended the rules applicable to the Index Futures then held by the Trust (through the iShares S&P GSCI™ Commodity-Indexed Investing Pool LLC (the “Investing Pool”), its now-dissolved subsidiary). In connection with these amendments, the Investing Pool recognized gain or loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes on each of its Index Futures positions, depending on the price at which each such position was established.
Index Futures are subject to the rules of the CME. Index Futures trade on GLOBEX, the CME’s electronic trading system, and do not trade through open outcry on the floor of the CME. Transactions in Index Futures are cleared through the CME’s clearing house by the trader’s futures commission merchant (“FCM”) acting as its agent. Under these clearing arrangements, the CME’s clearing house becomes the buyer to each member FCM representing a seller of the contract and the seller to each member FCM representing a buyer of the contract. As a result of these clearing arrangements, each trader holding a position in Index Futures is subject to the credit risk of the CME’s clearing house and the FCM carrying its position in Index Futures.
Each Index Futures contract provides for cash settlement, at expiration, based upon the final settlement value of the S&P GSCI-ER at the expiration of the contract, multiplied by a fixed dollar multiplier. The final settlement value of an Index Futures contract is determined on the eleventh business day of the month in which it is scheduled to expire or, if the S&P GSCI-ER is not scheduled to be published for that day, on the first preceding day for which the futures price index is scheduled to be published. On a daily basis, market participants with positions in Index Futures, including the Trust, are obligated to pay, or entitled to receive, cash (known as “variation margin”) in an amount equal to the change in the daily settlement level of the Index Futures from the preceding trading day’s settlement level (or, initially, the contract price at which the position was entered into). Specifically, if the daily settlement price of the contract increases over the previous day’s price, the seller of the contract must pay the difference to the buyer, and if the daily settlement price is less than the previous day’s price, the buyer of the contract must pay the difference to the seller.
Index Futures are expected to require deposits of initial margin as well as payments of daily variation margin as the value of the contracts fluctuate. When establishing positions in Index Futures, the Advisor estimates as of the date of this report that the Trust will be required to deposit initial margin with a value of approximately 3% to 10% of the value of each Index Futures position. These margin requirements are subject to change from time to time by the Exchange or the Clearing FCM. Upon liquidation or settlement of Index Futures, a market participant is expected to receive from its FCM its initial margin deposit, adjusted for variation margin paid or received by such participant with respect to the contract during the time it was held by the participant (or the proceeds from liquidation of any investments made with such funds for the benefit of the participant under the terms of its custody arrangement with the carrying FCM).
The Index and the S&P GSCI-ER
All information regarding the Index and the S&P GSCI-ER contained in this report, including its composition, method of calculation, changes in their constituent components and historical performance, has been derived from publicly available information, including information published by the Index Sponsor, but has not been independently verified. Investors in the Shares should conduct their own investigation into the Index, the S&P GSCI-ER and the Index Sponsor.
Goldman Sachs sold its GSCI family of indices, including the S&P GSCI™, the S&P GSCI-ER and the Index, to S&P effective May 2007. Prior to their acquisition by S&P, the S&P GSCI™ was known as the Goldman Sachs Commodity Index, the S&P GSCI-ER was known as the GSCI®Excess Return Index and the Index was known as the GSCI®Total Return Index.
The Trust and the Shares are not sponsored, endorsed, sold or promoted by the Index Sponsor. The Index Sponsor makes no representation or warranty, express or implied, to the owners of the Shares or any member of the public regarding the advisability of investing in securities generally or in the Shares particularly or the ability of the S&P GSCI™, the S&P GSCI-ER or the Index or any related indices or sub-indices to track the appropriate market performance. The Index Sponsor’s only relationship to iShares Delaware Trust Sponsor LLC, BlackRock Institutional Trust Company, N.A., or the Trust is the licensing of certain trademarks, trade names of the Index Sponsor and the S&P GSCI™ and other intellectual property. The S&P GSCI™, the S&P GSCI‑ER and the Index are determined and composed by the Index Sponsor and calculated by the Index Sponsor or its agents without regard to iShares Delaware Trust Sponsor LLC, BlackRock Institutional Trust Company, N.A. or the Trust. The Index Sponsor has no obligation to take the needs of iShares Delaware Trust Sponsor LLC, BlackRock Institutional Trust Company, N.A., the Trust or the Shareholders into consideration in determining, composing or calculating the S&P GSCI™, the S&P GSCI-ER or the Index. The Index Sponsor is not responsible for and has not participated in the determination of the prices and the amount of the Shares or the timing of the issuance or sale of Shares or in the determination or calculation of the Basket Amount. The Index Sponsor has no obligation or liability in connection with the administration, marketing or trading of the Shares.
The Index Sponsor does not guarantee the accuracy or the completeness of the S&P GSCI™, the S&P GSCI-ER or the Index or any data included therein, and the Index Sponsor disclaims any and all liability for any errors, omissions, or interruptions therein. The Index Sponsor makes no warranty, express or implied, as to the results to be obtained by the Trust, the Shareholders or any other person or entity from use of the S&P GSCI™, the S&P GSCI-ER or the Index or any data included therein. The Index Sponsor makes no express or implied warranties, and expressly disclaims all warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose or use, with respect to the S&P GSCI™, the S&P GSCI-ER or the Index or any data included therein. Without limiting any of the foregoing, the Index Sponsor expressly disclaims any and all liability for any special, punitive, indirect, or consequential damages (including lost profits), even if notified of the possibility of such damages.
The following information with respect to the Index and the S&P GSCI-ER reflects the policies of and is subject to change by the Index Sponsor. The Index Sponsor owns the copyright and other rights to the Index and the S&P GSCI-ER. The Index Sponsor has no obligation to consider your interests as a Shareholder and has no obligation to continue to publish, and may discontinue the publication of, the Index or the S&P GSCI-ER.
Current information regarding the market values of the Index and the S&P GSCI-ER is available from the Index Sponsor and numerous public sources. None of the Sponsor, the Trustee, the Delaware Trustee, the Advisor or the Trust makes any representation that publicly available information about the Index and the S&P GSCI-ER is accurate or complete. In addition, none of the Sponsor, the Trustee, the Delaware Trustee, the Advisor or the Trust accepts any responsibility for the calculation, maintenance or publication of, or for any error, omission or disruption in, the Index or the S&P GSCI-ER. The consequences of the Index Sponsor’s discontinuing the S&P GSCI-ER are described under “Risk Factors - Risk Factors Relating to Index Futures and the S&P GSCI-ER.”
The Index and the S&P GSCI-ER were established in May 1991. The Index reflects the value of an investment in the S&P GSCI-ER together with a Treasury bill return. The S&P GSCI-ER reflects the returns that are potentially available through a rolling uncollateralized investment in the contracts comprising the S&P GSCI™.
Futures contracts have scheduled expirations, or delivery months, and as one contract nears expiration it becomes necessary to close out the position in that delivery month and establish a position in the next available delivery month. This process is referred to as “rolling” the position forward. The S&P GSCI‑ER is designed to reflect the return from rolling each contract included in the S&P GSCI™ as it nears expiration into the next available delivery month. This is accomplished by selling the position in the first delivery month and purchasing a position of equivalent value in the second delivery month. If the price of the second contract is lower than the price of the first contract, the rolling process results in a greater quantity of the second contract being acquired for the same value. Conversely, if the price of the second contract is higher than the price of the first contract, the rolling process results in a smaller quantity of the second contract being acquired for the same value.
More specifically, the rolling of the contracts included in the S&P GSCI™ occurs on the fifth through the ninth business days of each month. During this roll period, each contract is shifted from the contract with the nearest expiration to the contract with the next nearest expiration at a rate of 20% per day for each of the five days of the roll period. Therefore, during the first four business days of a month, and just before the end of the fifth business day, the S&P GSCI™ consists of futures contracts with the nearest expirations. The S&P GSCI™ is calculated as though each contract roll occurs at the end of each day during the roll period, at the daily settlement prices. At the end of the fifth business day, the S&P GSCI™ is adjusted so that 20% of the contracts underlying the S&P GSCI™ held are in the next nearest expiring contracts, with 80% remaining in the nearest expiring contracts. The roll process continues on the sixth, seventh and eighth business days, with the relative weights of the nearest to the next nearest expirations gradually shifting from a 60%/40% weighting, to a 40%/60% weighting, to a 20%/80% weighting. At the end of the ninth business day, the last of the contracts with the nearest expirations are exchanged, completing the roll and leaving the S&P GSCI™ composed entirely of contracts with the next nearest expirations.
The Index Sponsor may from time to time determine that market conditions warrant adjustment of the normal parameters of the roll, including without limitation when the roll occurs, the length of the roll, the proportions of the roll, or the roll-in contract. If there are no viable designated contracts to roll into, the Index Sponsor will determine the appropriate course of action, which may include, but not be limited to, the removal of the commodity from any impacted index.
The S&P GSCI™ itself is an index on a production-weighted basket of principal physical commodities that satisfy specified criteria. The S&P GSCI™ reflects the level of commodity prices at a given time and is designed to be a measure of the performance over time of the markets for these commodities. The commodities represented in the S&P GSCI™ are those physical commodities on which active and liquid contracts are traded on trading facilities in major industrialized countries. The commodities included in the S&P GSCI™ are weighted, on a production basis, to reflect the relative significance (in the view of the Index Sponsor) of those commodities to the world economy. The fluctuations in the level of the S&P GSCI™ are intended generally to correlate with changes in the prices of those physical commodities in global markets. The value of the S&P GSCI™ has been normalized such that its hypothetical level on January 2, 1970 was 100.
The following is a summary of the composition of and the methodology used to calculate the S&P GSCI™ as of the date of this report. The methodology for determining the composition and weighting of the S&P GSCI™ and for calculating its value is subject to modification in a manner consistent with the purposes of the S&P GSCI™, as described below. The Index Sponsor makes the official calculations of the value of the S&P GSCI™. At present, this calculation is performed continuously and is reported on Reuters Page .SPGSCI and on Bloomberg page SPGSCI <index> and is updated at least once every three minutes during business hours on each day on which the S&P GSCI™ is calculated, referred to as an “S&P GSCI™ Business Day.” The settlement price for the S&P GSCI-ER is reported on Reuters Page .SPGSCIP and on Bloomberg page SPGSCIP <index> at the end of each S&P GSCI™ Business Day. If Reuters ceases to publish the value of the S&P GSCI™ or the settlement price of the S&P GSCI-ER, the Index Sponsor has undertaken to use commercially reasonable efforts to ensure that a comparable reporting service publishes the value of the S&P GSCI™ and the settlement price of the S&P GSCI-ER so long as any Shares are outstanding.
In light of the rapid development of electronic trading platforms and the potential for significant shifts in liquidity between traditional exchanges and those platforms, the Index Sponsor may review both the procedures and criteria for determining the contracts to be included in the S&P GSCI™, as well as the procedures and criteria for evaluating available liquidity on an intra-year basis in order to provide S&P GSCI™ market participants with efficient access to new sources of liquidity and the potential for more efficient trading. In particular, the Index Sponsor may examine the conditions under which an instrument traded on an electronic platform, rather than a traditional futures contract traded on a traditional futures exchange, should be permitted to be included in the S&P GSCI™ and how the composition of the S&P GSCI™ should respond to rapid shifts in liquidity between those instruments and contracts currently included in the S&P GSCI™.
The Index Committee and Commodity Index Advisory Panel
The Index Sponsor has established an index committee to oversee the daily management and operations of the S&P GSCI™ (the “Index Committee”), and is responsible for all analytical methods and calculation in the indices. The Index Committee is composed of full-time professional members of the Index Sponsor’s staff. At each meeting, the Index Committee reviews any issues that may affect index constituents, statistics comparing the composition of the indices to the market, commodities that are being considered as candidates for addition to an index, and any significant market events. In addition, the Index Committee may revise index policy covering rules for selecting commodities or other matters.
The Index Sponsor considers information about changes to its indices and related matters to be potentially market moving and material. Therefore, all Index Committee discussions are confidential.
Generally, all references in this report to any methodology-related decisions made by the Index Sponsor represent decisions made by the Index Committee. The Index Committee has indicated that it may also make exceptions when applying the index methodology and rules described in its published materials, as summarized in this report.
In addition to the daily governance of indices and maintenance of index methodologies, at least once within any 12-month period, the Index Committee reviews the methodology to ensure the indices continue to achieve the stated objectives, and that the data and methodology remain effective. In certain instances, the Index Sponsor may publish a consultation inviting comments from external parties.
In addition to the Index Committee, the Index Sponsor has established a commodity indexed advisory panel to assist it with the operation of the S&P GSCI™ (the “Commodity Index Advisory Panel”). The Commodity Index Advisory Panel meets on an annual basis and at other times at the request of the Index Committee. The principal purpose of the Commodity Index Advisory Panel is to advise the Index Committee with respect to, among other things, the calculation of the S&P GSCI™, the effectiveness of the S&P GSCI™ as a measure of commodity futures market performance and the need for changes in the composition or the methodology of the S&P GSCI™. The Commodity Index Advisory Panel acts solely in an advisory and consultative capacity. The Index Committee makes all decisions with respect to the composition, calculation and operation of the S&P GSCI™. Certain of the members of the Commodity Index Advisory Panel may be affiliated with clients of S&P. Also, certain of the members of the Commodity Index Advisory Panel may be affiliated with entities which, from time to time, may have investments linked to the S&P GSCI™, either through transactions in the contracts included in the S&P GSCI™, futures contracts on the S&P GSCI™ or derivative products linked to the S&P GSCI™.
Composition of the S&P GSCI™
Currently, in order to be included in the S&P GSCI™, a contract must be on a physical commodity and may not be on a financial commodity (e.g., securities, currencies, interest rates, etc.). The contracts on a particular commodity need not require physical delivery by their terms in order for the commodity to be considered a physical commodity. In addition, the contract must satisfy the following eligibility criteria:
| (1) |
The contract must have a specified expiration or term or provide in some other manner for delivery or settlement at a specified time, or within a specified time period, in the future. |
| (2) |
The contract must, at any given point in time, be available for trading at least five months prior to its expiration or such other date or time period specified for delivery or settlement. |
| (3) |
The trading facility on which the contract is traded must allow market participants to execute spread transactions, through a single order entry, between the pairs of contract expirations included in the S&P GSCI™ that, at any given point in time, will be involved in the rolls to be affected in the next three roll periods. |
| (4) |
The contract must be denominated in U.S. dollars and traded on or through an exchange, facility or other platform, referred to as a “trading facility,” that has its principal place of business or operations in a country that is a member of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development during the relevant calculation period for the S&P GSCI™. |
| (5) |
The price of the relevant contract that is used as a reference or benchmark by market participants, referred to as the “daily contract reference price,” generally must have been available on a continuous basis for at least two years prior to the proposed date of inclusion in the S&P GSCI™. In appropriate circumstances, the Index Sponsor may determine that a shorter time period is sufficient or that historical daily contract reference prices for that contract may be derived from daily contract reference prices for a similar or related contract. |
| (6) |
Volume data with respect to the contract must be available, from sources that the Index Sponsor believes to be reasonably reliable, for at least the three months immediately preceding the date on which the determination is made. |
| (7) |
A contract that is not included in the S&P GSCI™ at the time of determination and that is based on a commodity that is not represented in the S&P GSCI™ at that time must, in order to be added to the S&P GSCI™ at that time, have an annualized total dollar value traded over the relevant period of at least $15 billion. The “total dollar value traded” is the dollar value of the total quantity of the commodity underlying transactions in the relevant contract and any related contract over the period for which the calculation is made, based on the average of the daily contract reference prices on the last day of each month during the period. |
| (8) |
A contract that is already included in the S&P GSCI™ at the time of determination and that is the only contract on the relevant commodity included in the S&P GSCI™ must, in order to continue to be included in the S&P GSCI™ after that time, have an annualized total dollar value traded over the relevant period of at least $5 billion and at least $10 billion during at least one of the three most recent annual periods used in making the determination. |
| (9) |
A contract that is not included in the S&P GSCI™ at the time of determination and that is based on a commodity on which there are one or more contracts already included in the S&P GSCI™ at that time must, in order to be added to the S&P GSCI™ at that time, have an annualized total dollar value traded over the relevant period of at least $30 billion. |
| (10) |
A contract that is already included in the S&P GSCI™ at the time of determination and that is based on a commodity on which there are one or more contracts already included in the S&P GSCI™ at that time must, in order to continue to be included in the S&P GSCI™ after that time, have an annualized total dollar value traded over the relevant period of at least $10 billion and at least $20 billion during at least one of the three most recent annual periods used in making the determination. |
| (11) |
A contract that is already included in the S&P GSCI™ at the time of determination must, in order to continue to be included after that time, have a reference percentage dollar weight of at least 0.10%. The “reference percentage dollar weight” of a contract represents the current value of the quantity of the underlying commodity that is included in the S&P GSCI™ at a given time. This figure is determined by dividing (A) the product of the contract production weight of each contract, or “CPW,” and the average of its daily contract reference prices on the last day of each month during the relevant period, by (B) the sum of the products in (A) for all contracts included in the S&P GSCI™. The contract production weight of a contract is calculated by the Index Sponsor based on world production and trading volume. |
| (12) |
A contract that is not included in the S&P GSCI™ at the time of determination must, in order to be added to the S&P GSCI™ at that time, have a reference percentage dollar weight of at least 1.00%. |
| (13) |
In the event that two or more contracts on the same commodity satisfy the eligibility criteria: |
| (a) |
Such contracts will be included in the S&P GSCI™ in the order of their respective total quantity traded during the relevant period (determined as the total quantity of the commodity underlying transactions in the relevant contract), with the contract having the highest total quantity traded being included first, provided that no further contracts will be included if such inclusion would result in the portion of the S&P GSCI™ attributable to that commodity exceeding a particular level; and |
| (b) |
If additional contracts could be included with respect to several commodities at the same time, that procedure is first applied with respect to the commodity that has the smallest portion of the S&P GSCI™ attributable to it at the time of determination. Subject to the other eligibility criteria described above, the contract with the highest total quantity traded on that commodity will be included. Before any additional contracts on the same commodity or on any other commodity are included, the portions of the S&P GSCI™ attributable to all commodities are recalculated. The selection procedure described above is then repeated with respect to the contracts on the commodity that then has the smallest portion of the S&P GSCI™ attributable to it. |
In applying volume data for purposes of calculating the S&P GSCI, the Index Sponsor may make any such adjustments as it believes to be reasonably necessary in order to take into account any unique or unusual factors with respect to the relevant commodity.
The contracts currently included in the S&P GSCI™ are futures contracts traded on the Chicago Board of Trade (“CBT”), the CME, the COMEX Division of the New York Mercantile Exchange, Inc. (“CMX”), ICE Futures Europe (“ICE-UK”), ICE Futures U.S. (“ICE-US”), the Kansas City Board of Trade (“KBT”), the London Metal Exchange (“LME”), and the New York Mercantile Exchange, Inc. (“NYM”).
The futures contracts included in the S&P GSCI™, their percentage dollar weights, their market symbols and the exchanges on which they are traded, in each case as of January 31, 2023, are as follows:
| Dollar Weights |
|||
| Commodity |
January 31, 2023(a) |
Ticker(b) |
Trading Facility |
| Crude Oil |
20.31% |
CL |
NYM / ICE |
| Brent Crude Oil |
19.50% |
LCO |
ICE - UK |
| Corn |
6.49% |
C |
CBT |
| Gas Oil |
6.16% |
LGO |
ICE - UK |
| Heating Oil |
4.98% |
HO |
NYM |
| Copper |
4.74% |
MCU |
LME |
| Unleaded Gas |
4.46% |
RB |
NYM |
| Gold |
4.34% |
GC |
CMX |
| Soybeans |
4.14% |
S |
CBT |
| Live Cattle |
3.90% |
LC |
CME |
| Aluminum |
3.77% |
MAL |
LME |
| Chicago Wheat |
3.13% |
W |
CBT |
| Natural Gas |
2.28% |
NG |
NYM / ICE |
| Lean Hogs |
1.80% |
LH |
CME |
| Sugar |
1.79% |
SB |
ICE - US |
| Kansas Wheat |
1.58% |
KW |
KBT |
| Nickel |
1.32% |
MNI |
LME |
| Feeder Cattle |
1.26% |
FC |
CME |
| Zinc |
1.01% |
MZN |
LME |
| Cotton |
1.00% |
CT |
ICE - US |
| Coffee |
0.78% |
KC |
ICE - US |
| Lead |
0.52% |
MPB |
LME |
| Silver |
0.45% |
SI |
CMX |
| Cocoa |
0.29% |
CC |
ICE - US |
| (a) |
The futures contracts included in the S&P GSCI™ and their percentage dollar weights, among other matters, may change. Source: S&P. Used with permission. |
| (b) |
Tickers are Reuters RIC Codes. |
The quantity of each of the contracts included in the S&P GSCI™ is determined on the basis of a five-year average, referred to as the “world production average,” of the production quantity of the underlying commodity as published by sources determined by the Index Sponsor to be reasonably accurate and reliable. However, if a commodity is primarily a regional commodity, based on its production, use, pricing, transportation or other factors, the Index Sponsor may calculate the weight of that commodity based on regional, rather than world, production data. At present, natural gas is the only commodity the weights of which are calculated on the basis of regional production data, with the relevant region defined as North America.
The five-year moving average is updated annually for each commodity included in the S&P GSCI™, based on the most recent five-year period for which complete data for all commodities is available. The data is generally reported on a two-year lag. The CPWs used in calculating the S&P GSCI™ are derived from world or regional production averages, as applicable, of the relevant commodities, and are calculated based on the total quantity traded for the relevant contract and the world or regional production average, as applicable, of the underlying commodity. However, if the volume of trading in the relevant contract, as a multiple of the production levels of the commodity, is below specified thresholds, the CPW of the contract is reduced until the threshold is satisfied.
This is designed to ensure that trading in each contract is sufficiently liquid relative to the production of the commodity.
In addition, the Index Sponsor performs this calculation on a monthly basis and, if the multiple of any contract is below the prescribed threshold, the composition of the S&P GSCI™ is reevaluated, based on the criteria and weighting procedure described above. This procedure is undertaken to allow the S&P GSCI™ to shift from contracts that have lost substantial liquidity into more liquid contracts during the course of a given year. As a result, it is possible that the composition or weighting of the S&P GSCI™ will change on one or more of these monthly evaluation dates. The likely circumstances under which the Index Sponsor would be expected to change the composition of the Index during a given year, however, are (1) a substantial shift of liquidity away from a contract included in the Index as described above, or (2) an emergency, such as a natural disaster or act of war or terrorism, that causes trading in a particular contract to cease permanently or for an extended period of time. In either event, the Index Sponsor is expected to publish the nature of the changes, through websites, news media or other outlets, with as much prior notice to market participants as is reasonably practicable. Moreover, regardless of whether any changes have occurred during the year, the Index Sponsor reevaluates the composition of the S&P GSCI™ at the conclusion of each year, based on the above criteria. Other commodities that satisfy that criteria, if any, are expected to be added to the S&P GSCI™. Commodities included in the S&P GSCI™ that no longer satisfy that criteria, if any, are expected to be deleted.
Contract Expirations
The S&P GSCI™ is composed of actively traded contracts with scheduled expirations and it can be calculated only by reference to the prices of contracts for specified expiration, delivery or settlement periods (the “Contract Expirations”). The Contract Expirations included in the S&P GSCI™ for each commodity during a given year are designated by the Index Sponsor, in consultation with the Index Committee, provided that each contract must be an “Active Contract.” An “Active Contract” for this purpose is a liquid, actively-traded contract with respect to a particular contract included in the S&P GSCI™ and contract expiration, as defined or identified by the relevant trading facility or, if no such definition or identification is provided by the relevant trading facility, as defined by standard custom and practice in the industry.
If a trading facility deletes one or more Contract Expirations, the S&P GSCI™ is calculated during the remainder of the year in which that deletion occurs on the basis of the remaining Contract Expirations designated by the Index Sponsor. If a trading facility ceases trading in all Contract Expirations relating to a particular contract, the Index Sponsor may designate a replacement contract on the commodity. The replacement contract must satisfy the eligibility criteria for inclusion in the S&P GSCI™. To the extent practicable, the replacement is expected to be effected during the next monthly review of the composition of the S&P GSCI™. If that timing is not practicable, the Index Sponsor is expected to determine the date of the replacement based on a number of factors, including the differences between the existing contract and the replacement contract with respect to contractual specifications and Contract Expirations. In addition, in certain circumstances where two consecutive Contract Expirations for a commodity have not been made available for trading on or through the relevant trading facility, the Index Sponsor may determine to take action in response, including deleting the related Contract Expiration or such commodity from the S&P GSCI.
The deletion of a Contract Expiration, designation of a replacement contract, or the elimination of a commodity from the Index because of the absence of a replacement contract could affect the value of the Index and the S&P GSCI-ER, and the effect of any such changes is uncertain.
Total Dollar Weight of the S&P GSCI™
The total dollar weight of the S&P GSCI™ is the sum of the dollar weights of each of the underlying commodities. The dollar weight of each such commodity on any given day is equal to:
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the daily contract reference price; |
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multiplied by the appropriate CPW; and |
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during a roll period, the appropriate “roll weights” (discussed below). |
The daily contract reference price used in calculating the dollar weight of each commodity on any given day is the most recent daily contract reference price made available by the relevant trading facility, except that the daily contract reference price for the most recent prior day is used if the exchange is closed or otherwise fails to publish a daily contract reference price on that day. In addition, if the trading facility fails to make a daily contract reference price available or publishes a daily contract reference price that, in the reasonable judgment of the Index Sponsor, reflects manifest error, the relevant calculation is delayed until the price is made available or corrected; provided, that, if the price is not made available or corrected by 4:00 p.m. (New York time), the Index Sponsor may determine the appropriate daily contract reference price for the applicable futures contract in its reasonable judgment for purposes of the relevant S&P GSCI™ calculation.
It is generally considered unlikely that a trading facility will fail to publish a daily contract reference price in the regular course of business, because the price is required to margin open positions in the relevant contracts. It is possible, however, that a trading facility will fail to publish a daily contract reference price under emergency or extraordinary conditions, such as in the event of a natural disaster, act of war or terrorist attack, that prevent trading or cause a termination of trading on a given day. A manifest error in a daily contract reference price is also unlikely to occur, but is nevertheless possible. This could arise, for example, in the event of a system malfunction that results in the published daily contract reference price being outside the range of trading for the relevant day. In that instance, it would be clear that the published price could not be correct and the Index Sponsor would likely disregard that price.
Contract Daily Return
The contract daily return on any given day is equal to (1) (A) the sum, for each of the commodities included in the S&P GSCI™, of the applicable daily contract reference price on the relevant contract multiplied by the appropriate CPW and the appropriate “roll weight,” divided by (B) the total dollar weight of the S&P GSCI™ on the preceding day, minus (2) one.
The “roll weight” of each commodity reflects the fact that the positions in contracts must be liquidated or rolled forward into more distant Contract Expirations as they near expiration. If actual positions in the relevant markets were rolled forward, the roll would likely need to take place over a period of days. Since the S&P GSCI™ is designed to replicate the performance of actual investments in the underlying contracts, the rolling process incorporated in the S&P GSCI™ also takes place over a period of days at the beginning of each month, referred to as the “roll period.” On each day of the roll period, the “roll weights” of the first nearby Contract Expirations on a particular commodity and the more distant Contract Expiration into which it is rolled are adjusted, so that the hypothetical position in the contract on the commodity that is included in the S&P GSCI™ is gradually shifted from the first nearby Contract Expiration to the more distant Contract Expiration.
If on any day during a roll period any of the following conditions exists, the portion of the roll that would have taken place on that day is deferred until the next day on which these conditions do not exist:
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the contract is not available for trading on that day, the related trading facility is not scheduled to be open for trading for at least three hours, or no daily contract reference price is available for a given Contract Expiration; |
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any such price represents the maximum or minimum price for that contract month, based on exchange price limits, referred to as a “Limit Price”; |
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the daily contract reference price published by the relevant trading facility reflects manifest error, or that price is not published by 4:00 p.m. (New York time). In that event, the Index Sponsor may, but is not required to, determine a daily contract reference price and complete the relevant portion of the roll based on that price; provided, that, if the trading facility publishes a price before the opening of trading on the next day, the Index Sponsor will revise the portion of the roll accordingly; or |
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trading in the relevant contract terminates prior to its scheduled closing time. |
If any of these conditions exist throughout the roll period, the roll with respect to the affected contract will be effected in its entirety on the next day on which these conditions no longer exist.
Calculation of the S&P GSCI-ER
The value of the S&P GSCI-ER on any S&P GSCI™ Business Day is equal to the product of (1) the value of the S&P GSCI-ER on the immediately preceding S&P GSCI™ Business Day multiplied by (2) one plus the contract daily return on the S&P GSCI™ Business Day on which the calculation is made.
Calculation of the Index
The value of the Index on any S&P GSCI™ Business Day is equal to the product of (1) the value of the Index on the immediately preceding S&P GSCI™ Business Day multiplied by (2) one plus the sum of the contract daily return and the Treasury bill return on the S&P GSCI™ Business Day on which the calculation is made, multiplied by (3) one plus the Treasury bill return for each non-S&P GSCI™ Business Day since the immediately preceding S&P GSCI™ Business Day. The Treasury bill return is the return on a hypothetical investment at a rate equal to the interest rate on a specified U.S. Treasury bill.
Risk Factors Relating to Commodities Markets
The value of the Shares depends on the value of Index Futures, which fluctuates based on the prices of commodity futures contracts reflected in the S&P GSCI-ER. These prices may be volatile, thereby creating the potential for losses regardless of the length of time you intend to hold your Shares.
Because the price of the Shares depends on the value of the Index Futures held by the Trust, the value of the Shares fluctuates based on the prices of commodity futures contracts reflected in the S&P GSCI-ER. Commodity prices may be volatile. Commodity prices are generally affected by, among other factors, the cost of producing, transporting and storing commodities, changes in consumer or commercial demand for commodities, the hedging and trading strategies of producers and consumers of commodities, speculative trading in commodities by commodity pools and other market participants, disruptions in commodity supply, weather, political and other global events, global economic factors and government intervention in or regulation of the commodity or commodity futures markets. These factors cannot be controlled by the Trust. Accordingly, the price of the Shares could change substantially and in a rapid and unpredictable manner. This exposes you to a potential loss on your investment in the Shares, regardless of the length of time you intend to hold your Shares. Such risks may be exacerbated as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and other factors.
With regard to oil and other commodities, a variety of factors can affect the price of commodities and in turn the related Index Futures, including significant increases or decreases in production, available supply or demand due to natural factors, epidemics, technological factors, cooperation with respect to price and production levels or competition and tension among exporting nations, the enactment or cessation of trade sanctions, war or other geopolitical conflicts, civil unrest and sabotage, fluctuations in the reserve capacity, large purchases by governmental entities and competition from other sectors. Such risks historically and recently have led, and in the future could lead, to significant market volatility, which could impact the Index Futures held by the Trust and negatively impact the price of the Shares.
In April 2020, the collapse of demand for fuel as a result of economic conditions relating to COVID-19 and other factors created an oversupply of crude oil that rapidly filled most available oil storage facilities. This caused the May 2020 WTI crude oil futures contract to trade at a negative price. If all or a significant portion of the futures contracts reflected in the S&P GSCI-ER were to reach a negative price, you could lose your entire investment.
The following events, among others, would generally result in a decline in the price of the Shares:
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A significant increase in hedging activity by producers of the underlying commodities. Should producers of the commodities underlying the S&P GSCI-ER increase their hedging of their future production through forward sales or other short positions, this increased selling pressure could depress the price of one or more of the underlying commodities, which could adversely affect the price of the Shares. |
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A significant change in the attitude of speculators and investors toward the futures contracts or commodities underlying the S&P GSCI-ER. Should the speculative community take a negative view towards one or more of the underlying futures contracts or commodities, it could cause a decline in the price of the Index Futures, which may reduce the price of the Shares. |
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Based on market conditions, futures contracts underlying the S&P GSCI-ER may trade or settle at or below zero, and the zero or negative value will be used in the calculation of impacted indices, including the S&P GSCI-ER. A zero or negative value in respect of one or more underlying futures contracts may result in a zero or negative value in respect of the S&P GSCI-ER and, consequently, the Index Futures, adversely affecting the value of the Shares. |
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Significant reductions in the size of positions permitted to be owned by the Trust or others in Index Futures or in the futures contracts and/or commodities composing the S&P GSCI-ER, for example, as a result of more restrictive position limits or position limit exemptions or more expansive position aggregation requirements, could reduce liquidity and depress the price of the S&P GSCI-ER and/or the underlying futures contracts or commodities, adversely affecting the value of your Shares. |
Conversely, several factors could trigger a temporary increase in the price of the futures contracts or commodities underlying the S&P GSCI-ER and, consequently, the Index Futures. In that case, you could buy Shares at prices affected by the temporarily high commodity prices, and you could subsequently incur losses when the causes for the temporary increase disappear.
Historical performance of the Index and the S&P GSCI-ER is no guide to their future performance or to the performance of the Shares.
Past performance of the Index and the S&P GSCI-ER is not necessarily indicative of their future performance or of the performance of the Shares. There can be no guarantee that the level of the Index or the S&P GSCI-ER will increase. You may lose some or all of your investment in the Shares.
Commodity futures trading may be illiquid. In addition, suspensions or disruptions of market trading in the commodities markets and related futures markets may adversely affect the value of your Shares.
The commodity futures markets are subject to temporary distortions or other disruptions due to various factors, including the lack of liquidity, congestion, disorderly markets, manipulation, limitations on deliverable supplies, the participation of speculators, government regulation and intervention, technical and operational or system failures, nuclear accidents, terrorism, riots and acts of God. In connection with such events, a futures exchange may determine to halt trading, to cancel trades executed during a specified period, and to take other actions it deems appropriate. In addition, U.S. futures exchanges and some foreign exchanges have regulations that limit the amount of fluctuation in futures contract prices that may occur during a single business day. These limits are generally referred to as “daily price fluctuation limits,” and the maximum or minimum price of a contract on any given day as a result of these limits is referred to as a “limit price.” Once the limit price has been reached in a particular contract, it is possible that no trades may be made at a different price. It is not certain how long any such price limits would remain in effect. Limit prices may have the effect of precluding trading in a particular contract or forcing the liquidation of contracts at disadvantageous times or prices, consequently affecting the value of the S&P GSCI-ER. Further, the Clearing FCM or its account holders may represent, directly or indirectly, a substantial portion of the short-side interest in the Index Futures market. The existence of such a limited number of market participants could cause or exacerbate temporary distortions, especially those distortions resulting from illiquidity.
Any of these circumstances could adversely affect the value of the Index Futures held by the Trust and therefore, the value of your Shares. In addition, these circumstances could also limit trading in the Index Futures, which could affect the calculation of the NAV and the trading price of the Shares.
Accordingly, these limits may result in a NAV that differs, and may differ significantly, from the NAV that would prevail in the absence of such limits. If Baskets are created or redeemed at a time when these price limits are in effect, the creation or redemption price will reflect the price limits as well.
In calculating the S&P GSCI-ER, if the relevant trading facility does not publish a settlement price as scheduled, or publishes a settlement price that, in the reasonable judgment of the Index Sponsor, is manifestly incorrect, the Index Sponsor may determine the settlement price in its reasonable judgment. In addition, if any day on which the Index Sponsor calculates the S&P GSCI-ER is a day on which a relevant trading facility for a contract on a commodity that underlies the S&P GSCI-ER is not open, then the Index Sponsor uses the settlement price for that contract as of the last day on which that trading facility was open. In these circumstances, the value of the Index Futures and the value of your Shares may be adversely affected.
The absence of “backwardation” or the existence of “contango” in the prices of the commodities included in the S&P GSCI-ER may adversely affect the value of your Shares.
As the futures contracts that underlie the S&P GSCI-ER near expiration, they are replaced by contracts that have a later expiration. Thus, for example, a contract purchased in March may specify a June expiration. As that contract nears expiration, it may be replaced by selling the June contract and purchasing the contract expiring in September. This process is referred to as “rolling.” Historically, the prices of some futures contracts (generally those relating to commodities that are typically consumed immediately rather than stored) have frequently been higher for contracts with shorter-term expirations than for contracts with longer-term expirations, which is referred to as “backwardation.” In these circumstances, absent other factors, the sale of the earlier contract would take place at a price that is higher than the price at which the later contract is purchased, thereby allowing the contract holder to purchase a greater quantity of the later contract. While some of the contracts included in the S&P GSCI-ER have historically exhibited periods of backwardation, backwardation will likely not exist at all times. Moreover, some of the commodities reflected in the S&P GSCI-ER have historically exhibited characteristics typical of “contango” markets rather than backwardation. Contango markets are those in which the prices of contracts are higher in the distant delivery months than in the nearer delivery months due to the costs of long-term storage of a physical commodity prior to delivery or other factors. The forward price of a commodity futures contract may also fluctuate between backwardation and contango.
The absence of backwardation or the existence of contango in the commodity markets could result in losses, which could adversely affect the value of the S&P GSCI-ER and accordingly, decrease the value of your Shares. Moreover, because the Trust must pay certain ongoing fees and expenses, the value of the Shares may decrease even in periods where commodity prices are otherwise stationary.
While contango and backwardation are consistently present in trading in the commodity markets, such conditions can be exacerbated by market forces. For example, following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, as a result of an excess supply of crude oil and weak demand as well as disputes among oil‑producing countries regarding limitations on oil production, the crude oil futures markets experienced extraordinarily high levels of contango in the first half of 2020, resulting in a negative price in the May 2020 WTI crude oil futures contract on April 20, 2020.
The effects of rolling futures contracts under such conditions generally are more severe than rolling futures contracts in the absence of such conditions. Such conditions may continue to exist, which could adversely affect the value of the S&P GSCI-ER and the Index Futures and, accordingly, adversely affect the value of your Shares.
Regulatory developments with respect to the futures and over-the-counter derivatives markets, and in particular, with respect to speculative trading in futures contracts and over-the-counter derivatives involving commodities and commodity indices, could adversely affect the value of your Shares.
Many bills have been introduced in the U.S. Congress targeting excessive speculation in commodities and commodity indices, including by institutional index funds, on regulated futures markets and in the over-the-counter (“OTC”) derivatives markets. Many of these legislative proposals have not been enacted but could be in the future.
The CFTC has adopted federal position limits for commodity derivatives (the “Final Position Limits Rules”), which include as referenced contracts, a number of the futures contracts included in the S&P GSCI-ER, and as of the date of this report such contracts represent a substantial portion of the weight of the S&P GSCI-ER. Consequently, under the Final Position Limits Rules, the maximum positions that market participants can hold for the spot month in the referenced contracts that underlie the S&P GSCI-ER are limited, which could reduce the liquidity of such referenced contracts and adversely affect the performance of the S&P GSCI-ER and the value of your Shares. Moreover, because the relative weights of the commodities in the S&P GSCI-ER are largely determined based on the trading volume of the futures contracts designated for such commodities, a reduction in the trading volume of such futures contracts could significantly alter the weights of the futures contracts underlying the S&P GSCI-ER, which could have further adverse effects on the level of the S&P GSCI-ER and the value of your Shares.
The Final Position Limits Rules also revise the definition of “bona fide hedging transaction or position,” including revisions to expand the current list of enumerated bona fide hedging activities that are exempt from position limits rules and to provide more flexibility for market participants to qualify for bona fide hedge exemptions. Such revisions may affect the hedging and investing activities of participants in the markets for the Index Futures and the futures contracts and commodities underlying the S&P GSCI-ER, which in turn could reduce the liquidity and adversely affect the pricing of the Index Futures and such futures contracts and commodities. Any of these effects could increase volatility in and otherwise adversely affect the price of the Shares.
With respect to the position aggregation rules adopted by the CFTC in December 2016, those final rules, which became effective on February 14, 2017, expand the circumstances requiring persons to aggregate referenced contracts that are owned or controlled by such persons. Specifically, the final aggregation rules require a person holding positions in multiple commodity pools with substantially identical trading strategies to aggregate the pools’ positions in referenced contracts, on a pro‑rata basis, with other positions in referenced contracts held or controlled by such person. These aggregation rules will apply to all commodity derivative contracts that are subject to position limits under the Final Position Limits Rules. CFTC staff has granted relief, until the earlier of August 12, 2025 or the effective date of a rulemaking codifying such relief, from various conditions and requirements in the final aggregation rules, including the “substantially identical trading strategies” aggregation requirement. Under this relief, a person would not be required to aggregate positions on the basis of the “substantially identical trading strategies” aggregation requirement unless the person is holding or controlling the trading of positions in multiple accounts or commodity pools with substantially identical trading strategies in order to willfully circumvent applicable position limits. Although Index Futures are not among the referenced contracts identified in the Final Position Limits Rules, if federal position limits are extended to Index Futures or if the Exchange adopts similar aggregation rules, some participants in the market for Index Futures may be encumbered in trying to hedge their exposure, which could reduce liquidity in such Index Futures and the futures contracts and commodities underlying the S&P GSCI-ER and adversely affect the value of the Shares.
In addition to the Final Position Limits Rules, the CFTC could propose other rules that may lower the applicable position limits, apply position limits to a broader range of contracts (including commodity index contracts such as the Index Futures) or further restrict position limit exemptions. If any of these actions is taken, such measures could further reduce the size of positions that the Trust and other investors could hold directly in Index Futures and the underlying futures contracts and commodities, with potential reductions in liquidity and adverse effects on the pricing of Index Futures. See also “The value of the Shares depends on the value of Index Futures, which fluctuates based on the prices of commodity futures contracts reflected in the S&P GSCI-ER. These prices may be volatile, thereby creating the potential for losses regardless of the length of time you intend to hold your Shares.”
In addition to federal position limits adopted by the CFTC, the CME has established position limits applicable to the Index Futures held by the Trust. In addition, the Trust’s Clearing FCM may reduce its internal risk limits on the size of positions in Index Futures that the Clearing FCM trades or clears for the Trust. As of the date of this report, internal risk limits implemented by the Clearing FCM do not constrain the size of positions in Index Futures that it will trade or clear for the Trust. If the Trust were to reach a position limit established by the CME or if the Trust’s Clearing FCM were to reduce its internal risk limits on the size of positions in Index Futures that it trades or clears for the Trust, this could adversely impact the Trust’s ability to transact in Index Futures, issue new Shares or reinvest income in additional Index Futures positions. From August 24, 2009 to April 26, 2010, the Trust suspended the issuance of new Shares because the Trust could not invest the proceeds of new issuances in additional Index Futures positions due to restrictions on speculative position limits imposed by the CME. The liquidity of the Shares and the correlation between the value of the Shares and the level of the S&P GSCI-ER may be adversely affected in the event of any such suspension of issuance.
The Trust may be negatively impacted by the effects of the spread of illnesses or other public health emergencies on the global economy and the markets and service providers relevant to the performance of the Trust.
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected the economies of many nations and the entire global economy as well as individual issuers, assets and capital markets and could continue to, and other future public health emergencies could, have serious negative effects on social, economic and financial systems, including significant uncertainty and volatility in the financial markets. For instance, the COVID-19 pandemic caused increased volatility in the market for the Index Futures and the underlying futures contracts, which led to increased trading spreads in the Index Futures and the underlying futures contracts, a higher than usual number of trading or price limits for certain underlying futures, reduced liquidity in the markets for the underlying futures contracts, and increased premium or discount in the Shares. Future infectious illness outbreaks or other public health emergencies could have similar or other unforeseen impacts and may exacerbate pre-existing political, social and economic risks in certain countries or globally, which could adversely affect the value of the Shares.
A prolonged COVID-19 pandemic or other future public health emergencies could result in an increase of the costs of the Trust and affect liquidity in the market for the Index Futures or the underlying futures contracts, as well as the correlation between the price of the Shares and the net asset value of the Trust, any of which could adversely affect the value of your Shares. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic or other future public health emergencies could impair the information technology and other operational systems upon which the Trust's service providers, including the Sponsor, the Trustee and the Advisor, rely, and could otherwise disrupt the ability of employees of the Trust's service providers to perform essential tasks on behalf of the Trust.
Governmental and quasi-governmental authorities and regulators throughout the world have at times responded to major economic disruptions with a variety of fiscal and monetary policy changes, including, but not limited to, direct capital infusions into companies and other issuers, new monetary tools and lower interest rates. An unexpected or sudden reversal of these policies, or the ineffectiveness of these policies, is likely to increase volatility in the market for the Index Futures or the underlying futures contracts, which could adversely affect the price of the Shares.
Russia's invasion of Ukraine, and sanctions brought by the United States and other countries against Russia, have resulted in significant disruptions and increased volatility in the markets for certain commodities, including energy, precious metals, agriculture and other sectors.
Russia launched a large-scale invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022. Among other things, the conflict has led to disruptions and increased volatility in the markets for certain commodities, including energy, precious metals, agriculture and other sectors, as well as for certain commodity futures contracts that make up the S&P GSCI-ER due to actual and potential disruptions in the supply of commodities underlying such contracts. The United States, other countries and certain international organizations have imposed broad ranging economic sanctions on Russia and certain Russian corporations and individuals. In March 2022, the United States announced that it would ban imports of oil, natural gas and coal from Russia. As a result, the invasion of
Ukraine and related events have contributed to backwardation (i.e., when current prices are higher than future prices) in the market for energy futures contracts such as crude oil, heating oil and natural gas. The impact on commodities and futures prices of the U.S. ban, as well as the extent and duration of the military action, resulting sanctions and associated market disruptions, are impossible to predict and depend on a number of factors. The impact of these events or any related developments could be significant and may have a severe adverse effect on the performance of the Index and the value of the Shares.
Risk Factors Relating to Index Futures and the S&P GSCI-ER
The trading of various Index Futures presents risks unrelated to the S&P GSCI-ER that could adversely affect the value of your Shares.
Although Index Futures are based on the S&P GSCI-ER, the value of the Index Futures could be affected by factors that do not directly affect the S&P GSCI-ER and, accordingly, the value of the Index Futures and the level of the S&P GSCI-ER may vary from each other. The activities of market participants in trading Index Futures, or in trading other instruments related to the S&P GSCI-ER, could affect the value of the Index Futures independent of any change in the S&P GSCI-ER and adversely affect the correlation between the value of the Index Futures and the level of the S&P GSCI-ER.
The prices of the various Index Futures are expected to reflect supply and demand in the market for such Index Futures, which in turn may reflect market expectations at any given time about prospective changes in the level of the S&P GSCI-ER and other market conditions. In this way, trading in the market for an Index Futures contract might cause a divergence between the price of such Index Futures contract and the level of the S&P GSCI-ER. Similarly, actions by the applicable Exchange with respect to Index Futures, such as the imposition of trading or price limits, could adversely affect this correlation. In these circumstances, it is possible that changes in the NAV, which is calculated based on the value of the Index Futures, will not adequately reflect changes in the level of the S&P GSCI-ER. In the event of market disruptions with respect to the Index Futures, such as a suspension of trading by the related Exchange as a result of market activity, systems or communications failures or other causes, the value of the Index Futures and the level of the S&P GSCI-ER could diverge, which could adversely affect the value of the Shares.
Although arbitrage activity by market participants is expected to have the effect of reducing or mitigating divergence between the value of the Index Futures and the level of the S&P GSCI-ER, such arbitrage activity may not fully offset any divergence at all times during which the Shares are outstanding. During any period the Trust is trading Index Futures of more than one type, differences in the settlement values of such Index Futures, to the extent not offset by arbitrage activity between such Index Futures, may limit the expected benefits of, or otherwise adversely affect, arbitrage activity between the Shares and the Index Futures. In the event that any such divergence between the value of the Index Futures and the level of the S&P GSCI-ER exists from time to time, changes in the NAV, which is calculated based on the value of the Index Futures, may not adequately reflect changes in the level of the S&P GSCI-ER, which could adversely affect the value of the Shares. The impact of certain of these considerations may be heightened in cases where the Trust’s positions are concentrated in a particular Index Futures contract or in cases where the Trust represents a substantial portion of the open interest in a particular Index Futures contract.
In addition, other actions taken by an Exchange, including rule changes relating to clearing fees, margin requirements, or the minimum price fluctuations applicable to an Index Futures contract, may result in economic, tax or other consequences to market participants that trade or hold Index Futures. Such actions may result in consequences that adversely affect Shareholders without necessarily affecting the correlation between the settlement price of the Index Futures and the level of the S&P GSCI-ER.
The S&P GSCI-ER may in the future include contracts that are not traded on regulated futures exchanges and that offer different or diminished protections to investors.
Currently, the S&P GSCI-ER is composed exclusively of futures contracts traded on designated contract markets (“DCMs”), or regulated futures exchanges. The S&P GSCI-ER may in the future include contracts (such as swaps and forward contracts) traded in the over-the-counter market or on trading facilities that are subject to lesser degrees of regulation or, in some cases, no substantive regulation. As a result, trading in such contracts, and the manner in which prices and volumes are reported by the relevant trading facilities, may not be subject to the same provisions of, and the protections afforded by, the CEA or other applicable statutes and related regulations that govern trading on regulated futures exchanges. In addition, many electronic trading facilities do not have significant trading histories. As a result, the trading of contracts on such facilities and the inclusion of such contracts in the S&P GSCI-ER may be subject to risks not presented by most exchange-traded futures contracts, including risks related to the liquidity and price histories of the relevant contracts.
Changes in the composition and valuation of the S&P GSCI-ER may adversely affect your Shares.
The composition of the S&P GSCI-ER may change over time as additional commodities satisfy the eligibility criteria or commodities currently included in the S&P GSCI‑ER fail to satisfy those criteria. The weighting factors applied to each commodity included in the S&P GSCI-ER change annually, based on changes in commodity production statistics and changes in the trading volume of the related futures contracts. In addition, the Index Sponsor may modify the method for determining the composition and weighting of the S&P GSCI-ER and for calculating its value. The methodology for determining the contracts to be included in the S&P GSCI-ER may be modified from time to time. Such changes could adversely affect the value of your Shares or otherwise affect the risks associated with owning the Shares, such as by increasing relative concentrations in particular commodities and causing the value of the Shares to become more sensitive to fluctuations in the prices of those commodities. For more information about the methodology for determining the composition and weighting of the S&P GSCI-ER, see “Business — The Index and the S&P GSCI-ER.”
Based on market conditions, futures contracts included in the S&P GSCI-ER may trade or settle at or below zero, and the zero or negative value will be used in the calculation of impacted indices, including the S&P GSCI-ER. Zero or negative values of futures contracts included in the S&P GSCI-ER occurring during a roll period may impact the composition of the S&P GSCI-ER.
For example, based on market conditions, the Index Committee may elect to implement an unscheduled designated contract roll in relation to the normal parameters of the roll of one or more futures contracts included in the S&P GSCI-ER. Among other things, this may entail adjustments to when the roll occurs, the length of the roll, the proportions of the roll, or the roll-in contract.
In the event of the foregoing circumstances, the Index Committee has indicated it will aim to conform to the index’s objective to the greatest extent possible, and will typically roll into the next most viable contract as published in the methodology. However, the Index Committee retains the right to roll into a further dated contract based on market conditions at the time of its decision.
In the case of an unscheduled roll event, if there are no viable designated contracts to roll into, the Index Committee will convene and determine the appropriate course of action, which may include, but not be limited to, the removal of the contract from the S&P GSCI-ER. The Index Committee may review the contract roll schedule at any time and as market conditions warrant. Such changes could adversely affect the value of your Shares or otherwise affect the risks associated with owning the Shares, such as by increasing relative concentrations in particular commodities and causing the value of the Shares to become more sensitive to fluctuations in the prices of those commodities.
A cessation of publication of the S&P GSCI-ER could materially and adversely affect the activities of the Trust.
The S&P GSCI-ER is administered, calculated and published by the Index Sponsor, which has the right to cease publication of the S&P GSCI-ER at its discretion at any time. Under the terms of its agreement with the CME, the Index Sponsor is required, if it ceases publication of the S&P GSCI-ER, to negotiate in good faith with the CME to permit the CME to continue to calculate the S&P GSCI-ER in order to permit Index Futures on the S&P GSCI-ER to continue to trade. However, even if the Index Sponsor satisfies its obligations under its agreement with the CME, the Sponsor may determine that, upon a cessation of publication of the S&P GSCI-ER, it is no longer advisable to invest in Index Futures and no other futures contract that reflects the performance of a successor or reasonably similar index presents an acceptable alternative investment, in which event the Trust may be liquidated.
Futures contracts (including the Index Futures) are not assets with intrinsic value.
Trading in futures transfers the risk of future price movements from one market participant to another. This means that for every gain, there is an equal and offsetting loss. Futures contracts themselves (including Index Futures) are not assets with intrinsic value and simply reflect, in the case of cash-settled contracts, certain rights to payment or obligations to make payments to the other party to the contract, and in the case of physically-settled contracts, such as the futures contracts underlying the Index, an agreement to make or take delivery of a particular asset at a specified price. Accordingly, market participants taking the opposite side of the Trust’s Index Futures trades may believe that the price of such Index Futures will move against the Trust, and the Trust may be at an informational or other disadvantage relative to such market participants.
The Trust’s trading activity in Index Futures could expose it to additional risks.
In order for the Trust to achieve its investment objective on an ongoing basis, it is anticipated that existing positions in Index Futures will need to be closed out and new positions in Index Futures will need to be established from time to time. The Trust may further close out of existing positions and establish new positions in Index Futures from time to time, including new positions in earlier expiring Index Futures, which may allow it to reduce its concentration in any particular Index Futures contract or to benefit from more liquid markets or otherwise beneficial market activity in Index Futures listed with different expirations or on different Exchanges. This activity is expected to cause the Trust to incur transaction costs, such as brokerage fees and commissions, and may cause the Shares to under-perform the Index. In particular, the prices obtained in connection with rolling Index Futures positions may be adversely affected by market conditions (including the possibility of market disruptions) and by the trading activities of other market participants, which may reflect market awareness of the Trust’s position in its Index Futures. For example, if other market participants are able to anticipate the timing of the Trust’s transactions, they may be able to execute transactions in advance of the Trust, which would allow these market participants to benefit from the transactions executed by the Trust but adversely affect the prices obtained by the Trust. In addition, if the Trust’s Index Futures positions represent a significant part of the open long interest in such Index Futures, as historically has been the case from time to time, other market participants may take this into account, with a potential adverse impact on the prices at which the Trust is able to execute such transactions. There can be no assurance that the Trust will be able to effect its transactions in a manner that will allow it to avoid these risks. The Exchange may cease to list other Index Futures that the Trust will be able to roll its positions into, and any Index Futures listed by an Exchange in the future may have terms that differ from those currently held by the Trust.
The liquidation of Index Futures could expose the Trust to the effects of temporary aberrations or distortions in the market, which could adversely affect the prices at which the Trust’s Index Futures positions are liquidated.
If the Trust liquidates positions in Index Futures in order to satisfy redemption requests or to pay expenses and liabilities, it does so by entering sell orders with its Clearing FCM for execution on the Exchange. The resulting sales serve to offset a portion of the Trust’s long positions in Index Futures. However, in entering sell orders, the Trust is subject to the risk that temporary aberrations or distortions will occur in the market at the time these sales are effected and that the prices received by the Trust on its sales could be adversely affected, thereby adversely affecting the value of the Shares. Such aberrations or distortions could occur as a result of trading activities by other market participants or actions taken by the Clearing FCM, an Exchange, other self‑regulatory organizations or regulatory authorities, including the liquidation of the Trust’s Index Futures to satisfy applicable margin requirements. If the Trust’s Index Futures are liquidated at inopportune times or in a manner that causes a temporary market distortion, this may adversely affect the NAV and the value of your Shares.
The Clearing FCM or an Exchange’s clearing house could fail.
In the event of the bankruptcy of the Clearing FCM or an Exchange’s clearing house, the Trust could be exposed to a risk of loss with respect to its assets that are posted as margin. If such a bankruptcy were to occur, the Trust would be afforded the protections granted to customers of a FCM and participants to transactions cleared through a clearing house, under the United States Bankruptcy Code and applicable CFTC regulations. Such provisions generally provide for a pro rata distribution to customers of customer property held by the bankrupt FCM or an Exchange’s clearing house if the customer property held by the FCM or the Exchange’s clearing house is insufficient to satisfy all customer claims. In any case, there can be no assurance that these protections will be effective in allowing the Trust to recover all, or even any, of the amounts it has deposited as margin.
Bankruptcy of the Clearing FCM can be caused by, among other things, the default of one of the Clearing FCM’s customers. In this event, the Exchange’s clearing house is permitted to use the entire amount of margin posted by the Trust (as well as margin posted by other customers of the Clearing FCM) to cover the amounts owed by the bankrupt Clearing FCM. Consequently, the Trust could be unable to recover amounts due to it on its Index Futures positions, including assets posted as margin, and could sustain substantial losses, even if the level of the S&P GSCI-ER increases.
The Clearing FCM is subject to regulations relating to enhanced customer protections, risk management programs, internal monitoring and controls, capital and liquidity standards, customer disclosures and auditing and examination programs for FCMs. There can be no assurance that the implementation of these regulations will prevent losses to, or not materially adversely affect, the Trust or the Shareholders.
The Trust’s performance could be adversely affected if the Clearing FCM reduces its internal risk limits for the Trust.
The CFTC requires FCMs, such as the Clearing FCM, to implement and periodically evaluate risk-based limits on futures positions and order sizes. Under this regime, the Clearing FCM could determine to reduce its internal risk limits on the size of futures positions it will trade or clear for the Trust. Such a development would reduce the Trust’s capacity to transact in Index Futures. In this scenario, the Trust could seek to enter into clearing relationships with one or more other clearing FCMs with the goal of increasing its overall capacity to trade and clear Index Futures. The introduction of one or more additional clearing broker relationships would be likely to increase the Trust’s trading costs and could make its overall trading less efficient and more prone to error. These consequences could have an adverse impact on the Trust’s performance.
Recourse to the Index Sponsor may be limited.
The Shares are not sponsored, endorsed, sold or promoted by the Index Sponsor. The Index Sponsor makes no representation or warranty, express or implied, to the owners of the Shares or any member of the public regarding the advisability of investing in securities generally or in the Shares particularly or the ability of the S&P GSCI™, the S&P GSCI-ER or the Index, including, without limitation, all sub-indices, to track the appropriate market performance.
The Index Sponsor’s only relationship to the Sponsor, the Trustee, or the Trust is the licensing of certain trademarks, trade names of the Index Sponsor and the S&P GSCI™ and other intellectual property. The S&P GSCI™, the S&P GSCI-ER and the Index are determined and composed by the Index Sponsor and calculated by the Index Sponsor or its agents without regard to the Sponsor, the Trustee or the Trust. The Index Sponsor has no obligation to take the needs of the Sponsor, the Trustee, the Trust or the Shareholders into consideration in determining, composing or calculating the S&P GSCI™, the S&P GSCI-ER or the Index. The Index Sponsor is not responsible for and has not participated in the determination of the prices and the number of Shares or the timing of the issuance or sale of Shares or in the determination or calculation of the Basket Amount. The Index Sponsor has no obligation or liability in connection with the administration, marketing or trading of the Shares.
The Index Sponsor does not guarantee the accuracy or the completeness of the S&P GSCI™, the S&P GSCI-ER or the Index or any data included therein, and the Index Sponsor disclaims any and all liability for any errors, omissions, or interruptions therein. The Index Sponsor makes no warranty, express or implied, as to the results to be obtained by the Trust, the Shareholders or any other person or entity from use of the S&P GSCI™, the S&P GSCI-ER or the Index or any data included therein. The Index Sponsor makes no express or implied warranties, and expressly disclaims all warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose or use, with respect to the S&P GSCI™, the S&P GSCI-ER or the Index or any data included therein. Without limiting any of the foregoing, the Index Sponsor expressly disclaims any and all liability for any special, punitive, indirect, or consequential damages (including lost profits), even if notified of the possibility of such damages.
Risk Factors Relating to the Trust
The returns on the Shares will not precisely correlate with the performance of the Index.
The value of and returns on the Shares are expected to reflect the value of and returns on the Trust’s underlying investments in Index Futures and the cash or other Collateral Assets used to collateralize the Index Futures positions. The returns on the Shares will not precisely correlate with the performance of the Index due to, among other factors, differences between the return on the Collateral Assets and the U.S. Treasury rate used to calculate the U.S. Treasury return component of the Index, timing differences, differences between the portion of the Trust’s assets invested in Index Futures versus the portion of the return of the Index contributed by the S&P GSCI-ER, differences between the settlement price of Index Futures and the closing level of the S&P GSCI-ER and the payment of expenses and liabilities by the Trust.
The Trust is a passive investment vehicle. The Trust is not actively managed and will be affected by a general decline in the price of commodities.
The Advisor manages the Trust’s assets in a manner that seeks to obtain returns that correspond generally, but are not necessarily identical, to the performance of the Index, before the payment of expenses and liabilities of the Trust. This means that the net asset value of the Trust and, consequently, the NAV are intended to generally track the Index when it is flat or declining, as well as when it is rising, and therefore, it is highly likely that the value of the Shares will be adversely affected by a decline in commodity futures prices reflected in the Index. The Advisor does not engage in any activities designed to obtain a profit from, or to ameliorate losses caused by, changes in the level of the Index or the S&P GSCI-ER or the value of the Collateral Assets, including making use of any of the hedging techniques available to professional commodity futures traders to attempt to reduce the risks of losses resulting from commodity price decreases.
Fees and expenses payable by the Trust are charged regardless of profitability and may result in a depletion of its assets.
The Trust is subject to the fees and expenses described in this report, which are payable irrespective of profitability. These fees and expenses include an allocation to the Sponsor that accrues daily at an annualized rate of up to 0.75% of the Adjusted Net Asset Value of the Trust and is payable by the Trust monthly in arrears. The Sponsor’s Fee may be adjusted by the Sponsor in its discretion from time to time to any amount up to 0.75% of the Adjusted Net Asset Value of the Trust. The Sponsor’s Fee may not be adjusted to above 0.75% of the Adjusted Net Asset Value of the Trust absent an amendment to the Trust Agreement in accordance with its terms, and such an adjustment may only become effective thirty days after the Trustee has notified the registered holders of the amendment.
Interest earned on the assets posted as collateral is paid to the Trust and is used to pay the fixed fee to the Sponsor. A prolonged decline in interest rates could materially affect the amount of interest paid to the Trust. In the case of either an extraordinary expense and/or insufficient interest income to cover ordinary expenses, the Trust could be forced to liquidate its Index Futures positions to pay such expenses.
The Trust’s ability to operate is dependent on the Sponsor, the Trustee, the Advisor and certain other key service providers and other parties.
The Trust’s ability to operate and to achieve its investment objective is dependent on a number of parties, including:
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the Sponsor, who exercises general oversight and authority over the Trust; |
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the Trustee, who is responsible for the day-to-day administration of the Trust; |
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the Trust Administrator, who provides certain administrative and custodial services to the Trust; |
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the Advisor, who exercises general oversight over the Trust’s investment activities; |
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the Clearing FCM, through which the Trust transacts in Index Futures and maintains its Index Futures positions; |
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the Exchange, through which the Trust’s Index Futures transactions clear and settle; |
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the Index Sponsor, who maintains the Index, and whose affiliates own the rights to the Index on which the Trust’s investment objective is based; |
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the Authorized Participants, whose creation and redemption activities allow Index Futures and Collateral Assets to be converted to Shares and vice versa, to help maintain the relationship between the Index and the Shares; and |
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the tax administrator, who provides tax reporting and tax administrative services. |
Disruptions in the business of any of the foregoing parties or the termination of the Trust’s relationship with any of the foregoing parties could adversely affect the Trust’s operations. Shared ownership of a number of the foregoing parties may heighten this risk. The Sponsor, the Trustee and the Advisor are commonly controlled subsidiaries of BlackRock. The Clearing FCM and one of its affiliates are Authorized Participants. A number of the foregoing parties are publicly traded companies or subsidiaries of publicly traded companies, and a portion of their shares may be owned by one or more of the other foregoing parties.
The Trust is exposed to various operational risks.
The Trust is exposed to various operational risks, including human error, information technology failures and failure to comply with formal procedures intended to mitigate these risks, and is particularly dependent on electronic means of communicating, record-keeping and otherwise conducting business. In addition, the Trust generally exculpates, and in some cases indemnifies, its service providers and agents with respect to losses arising from unforeseen circumstances and events, which may include the interruption, suspension or restriction of trading on or the closure of NYSE Arca, an Exchange, or an exchange on which the futures contracts underlying the Index trade, power or other mechanical or technological failures or interruptions, computer viruses, communications disruptions, work stoppages, natural disasters, fire, war, terrorism, riots, rebellions or other circumstances beyond the control of the Trust or its service providers and agents. Accordingly, the Trust generally bears the risk of loss with respect to these unforeseen circumstances and events to the extent relating to the Trust or the Shares, which may limit or prevent the Trust from generating returns corresponding to those of the Index or otherwise expose it to loss.
Although it is generally expected that the Trust’s direct service providers and agents will have disaster recovery or similar programs or safeguards in place to mitigate the effect of such unforeseen circumstances and events, there can be no assurance that these safeguards are in place for all parties whose activities may affect the performance of the Trust, or that these safeguards, even if implemented, will be successful in preventing losses associated with such unforeseen circumstances and events. Nor can there be any assurance that the systems and applications on which the Trust relies will continue to operate as intended. In addition to potentially causing performance failures at, or direct losses to, the Trust, any such unforeseen circumstances and events or operational failures may further distract the service providers, agents or personnel on which the Trust relies, reducing their ability to conduct the activities on which the Trust is dependent. These risks cannot be fully mitigated or prevented, and further efforts or expenditures to do so may not be cost‑effective, whether due to reduced benefits from implementing additional or redundant safeguards or due to increases in associated maintenance requirements and other expenses that may make it more costly for the Trust to operate in more typical circumstances.
The Trust relies on the information and technology systems of the Custodian, the Trustee and, to a lesser degree, the Sponsor, which could be adversely affected by information systems interruptions, cybersecurity attacks or other disruptions which could have a material adverse effect on our record keeping and operations.
The Trustee, the Trust Administrator, the Advisor, the Clearing FCM and, to a lesser degree, the Sponsor, depend upon information technology infrastructure, including network, hardware and software systems to conduct their business as it relates to the Trust. A cybersecurity incident, or a failure to protect their computer systems, networks and information against cybersecurity threats, could result in loss or unintended disclosure of information or loss or theft of the Trust assets, and could adversely impact the ability of the Trust’s service providers to conduct their business, including their business on behalf of the Trust. Despite implementation of network and other cybersecurity measures, these security measures may not be adequate to protect against all cybersecurity threats.
The price you receive upon the sale of your Shares may be less than their NAV.
Shares may trade at, above or below their NAV. The NAV fluctuates with changes in the market value of the Trust’s assets. The trading price of Shares fluctuates in accordance with changes in the NAV, intraday changes in the value of the Index Futures and market supply and demand. The amount of the discount or premium in the trading price of the Shares relative to their NAV may be influenced by non-concurrent trading hours between NYSE Arca, the exchange on which the Shares trade, the Exchanges on which Index Futures trade, and the principal commodities markets on which the futures contracts in the S&P GSCI-ER trade. While the Shares are expected to trade on NYSE Arca until 4:00 p.m. (New York time), liquidity in the markets for the Index Futures and the futures contracts underlying the S&P GSCI-ER is expected to be reduced whenever the principal markets for those contracts are closed. As a result, trading spreads, and the resulting premium or discount on Shares, may widen during these gaps in market trading hours.
The Trust is not obligated to pay periodic distributions or dividends to Shareholders.
Interest or other income received with respect to the Trust’s assets may be used to acquire additional Index Futures or Collateral Assets or, in the discretion of the Sponsor, distributed to the Shareholders. The Trust is not obligated, however, to make any distributions to Shareholders at any time prior to the dissolution of the Trust and will not make any distributions to Shareholders upon dissolution of the Trust unless there are assets remaining following dissolution.
The Trust could be liquidated at a time when the disposition of its interests will result in losses to investors in Shares.
Certain events, such as the delisting of the Shares, the election by 75% of the Shareholders to dissolve the Trust, the resignation of the Trustee without a successor, the Trust becoming subject to regulation as an investment company, the determination by the Sponsor that the dissolution of the Trust is advisable, the Trust becoming subject to taxation as an association taxable as a corporation, or the DTC becoming unable or unwilling to perform its functions, may prompt the Trust’s dissolution. Upon dissolution of the Trust, the Trust will in most circumstances sell the Index Futures and securities held by it in the amount necessary to cover all expenses of liquidation and to pay any outstanding liabilities of the Trust. The remaining assets will be distributed among investors surrendering Shares. In the event the Trustee cannot distribute such assets proportionately among the Shareholders entitled thereto or if the Trustee determines that such distribution is not lawful or feasible, the Trustee may use any other method of distribution that it deems to be lawful, equitable and feasible, including the public or private sale of Trust assets and the distribution of the proceeds thereof. Any property remaining in the possession of the Trustee after ninety days may be sold by the Trustee, and the proceeds of the sale will be held by the Trustee until claimed by any remaining Shareholders.
In connection with any such liquidation, Trust property may be sold for prices that are less than the portion of the NAV attributable to such Trust property. Accordingly, the liquidation of Trust property may result in losses, or adversely affect your gains, on your investment in Shares.
The Sponsor has broad discretion to liquidate the Trust at any time.
The Trust Agreement provides the Sponsor with broad discretion to liquidate the Trust at any time the Sponsor determines that liquidation of the Trust is advisable. It cannot be predicted when or under what circumstances, if any, the Sponsor would use this discretion to liquidate the Trust. Any such liquidation may occur at a time when you are suffering a loss on your investment in the Shares and may upset the overall maturity and timing of your investment portfolio.
Shareholders with large holdings may choose to dissolve the Trust and thereby adversely affect your investment in the Shares.
Owners of 75% or more of the Shares have the power to dissolve the Trust. This power may be exercised by a relatively small number of holders. If it is so exercised, investors who wished to continue to invest in the performance of the Index through the vehicle of the Trust will have to find another vehicle, and may not be able to find another vehicle that offers the same features as the Trust. Moreover, such a dissolution may occur at a time when you are suffering a loss on your investment in the Shares and may upset the overall maturity and timing of your investment portfolio.
Affiliate shareholders with large holdings may choose to conduct a large sale of their Shares, which may have an adverse effect on the Shares.
BlackRock or other accounts managed by the Trustee or an affiliate may purchase and hold Shares of the Trust. These entities reserve the right, subject to compliance with applicable law, to sell Shares into the market or redeem in Baskets some or all of their Shares. A large-scale disposition of Shares could significantly reduce the asset size of the Trust, which would have an adverse effect on your Shares. Historically, such affiliated entities and accounts have owned a substantial portion of the Trust’s total Shares outstanding from time to time, and may own a substantial portion of the Trust’s total Shares outstanding from time to time in the future.
The Shares may not provide anticipated benefits of diversification from other asset classes.
Historically, the performance of physical commodity futures prices generally has not been correlated to the performance of financial asset classes, such as stocks and bonds. Non-correlation means that there is no statistically significant relationship, positive or negative, between the past performance of futures contracts on physical commodities, on the one hand, and stocks or bonds, on the other hand. Despite this lack of correlation, Shares cannot be expected to be automatically profitable during unfavorable periods for the stock or bond markets, or automatically unprofitable during favorable periods for the stock or bond markets. The commodity futures markets are fundamentally different from the securities markets in that for every gain in commodity futures trading, there is an equal and offsetting loss. The performance of the Shares may reflect positive or negative correlation to one or more financial asset classes, in which case any investment strategy relying on the absence of any such correlation may not be successful.
The liquidity of the Shares may be affected by the withdrawal from participation of Authorized Participants or by the suspension of issuance, transfers or redemptions of Shares by the Trustee.
If one or more Authorized Participants withdraw from participation, it may become more difficult to create or redeem Baskets, which may reduce the liquidity of the Shares. If it becomes more difficult to create or redeem Baskets, the correlation between the price of the Shares and the NAV may be affected, which may affect the trading market for the Shares. Having fewer participants in the market for the Shares could also adversely affect the ability to arbitrage any price difference between the Index Futures and the Shares, which may affect the trading market and liquidity of the Shares.
In addition, the Trustee has the power to suspend the delivery of Shares, registration of transfers of Shares and surrenders of Shares for the purpose of withdrawing Trust property generally, or to refuse a particular deposit, transfer or withdrawal at any time, if the Trustee or the Sponsor determines that it is advisable to do so for any reason. From August 24, 2009 to April 26, 2010, the Trust suspended the issuance of new Shares because the Trust could not invest the proceeds of new issuances in additional Index Futures positions due to restrictions on speculative position limits imposed by the CME. The liquidity of the Shares and the correlation between the value of the Shares and the level of the Index may be adversely affected in the event of any such suspension of issuance, transfer or redemption.
The lack of an active trading market for the Shares may result in losses on your investment at the time of disposition of your Shares.
Although the Shares are listed on NYSE Arca, there can be no guarantee that an active trading market for the Shares will develop or be maintained. If you need to sell your Shares at a time when no active market for them exists, the price you receive for your Shares, assuming that you are able to sell them, will likely be lower than that you would receive if an active market did exist.
You may be adversely affected by redemption orders that are subject to postponement, suspension or rejection under certain circumstances.
The Trustee may suspend the right of redemption or postpone the redemption settlement date for such periods as it or the Sponsor deems to be necessary for any reason. In addition, the Trustee has the right to reject any redemption order for any reason, including, among others, (1) the related order not being in proper form as described in the Authorized Participant Agreement, (2) market conditions or other circumstances that make transactions in or delivery of the Shares or the Index Futures impossible or impractical, (3) a determination by the Trustee that the acceptance of the related order would have adverse tax or other consequences to the Trust or the Shareholders, or (4) circumstances that would cause the acceptance of the related order to result in a violation of law in the opinion of counsel to the Trustee, the Sponsor or the Trust Administrator. Any such postponement, suspension or rejection could adversely affect a redeeming Authorized Participant. For example, the resulting delay may adversely affect the value of the redemption proceeds if the NAV declines during the period of the delay. Under the Authorized Participant Agreement, the Trustee disclaims any liability that may result from any such suspension, postponement or rejection.
Competition from other commodities-related investments could limit the market for, and reduce the liquidity of, the Shares.
Demand for the Shares is expected to be affected by the attractiveness of an investment in the Shares relative to other investment vehicles, including other commodity pools, hedge funds, traditional debt and equity securities issued by companies in the commodities industry, other securities backed by or linked to commodities, and direct investments in commodities or commodity futures contracts. Market, financial and other conditions or factors may make it more attractive to invest in other investment vehicles or to invest in such commodities directly, which could limit the market for, and reduce the liquidity of, the Shares.
The price of the Shares could decrease if unanticipated operational or trading problems arise.
If the processes of creation and redemption of Shares encounter any unanticipated difficulties, potential market participants who would otherwise be willing to purchase or redeem Baskets to take advantage of any arbitrage opportunity arising from discrepancies between the price of the Shares and the price of the underlying Index Futures may choose not to do so. If this is the case, the price of the Shares may vary from the price of an equivalent position in Index Futures and may trade at a discount to their NAV. In addition, in some circumstances, such as the failure of the registration statement covering the Shares to be effective, the Trust may be unable to create or redeem Shares, which may have similar consequences.
Exchange position limits and other rules may restrict the creation of Baskets and the operation of the Trust.
The CME imposes speculative position limits on market participants trading in Index Futures, including the Trust, that typically prohibit any person from holding a position in excess of a specified number of contracts. The Trust may from time to time seek to obtain exemptions from those position limits from the CME, but these exemptions may be limited, including with respect to the additional number of contracts permitted to be held under such exemption and the time period for which the exemption applies. Position limits may also apply to other Index Futures traded by the Trust. The availability of obtaining any exemption from any such position limits is expected to be subject to the ability or willingness of the applicable Exchange to grant such exemption, as well as applicable law.
The Trust’s ability to issue new Baskets or reinvest income in additional Index Futures may be limited to the extent these activities would cause the Trust to exceed the position limits then applicable to those Index Futures. The Trust may also be required to liquidate any existing contracts in excess of the then-applicable position limits, including as a result of changes to applicable position limits or as a result of the loss of an exemption, or be required to take other actions with potentially adverse effects on the liquidity or value of the Shares.
Additionally, legislative or regulatory action, actions by a DCM or actions by the Clearing FCM may impose limitations on the size of positions that the Trust may take in Index Futures and/or impose limitations on the size of positions that may be carried by other market participants, adversely affecting the liquidity and price of Index Futures and the underlying futures. Such events could force the Trust or other market participants to sell Index Futures, or encourage market participants to sell or redeem their Shares. In addition, the current maximum position in Index Futures permitted to be held by the Trust could be reduced relative to the maximum position otherwise permitted, which could in turn require the Trust to liquidate some or all of its positions in Index Futures. Any such reduction could affect the liquidity of Index Futures and adversely impact the price of the Shares as well as the correlation between the price of the Shares and the net asset value of the Trust.
DCMs may also take steps, such as requiring liquidation of open positions, in the case of disorderly markets, market congestion and other market disruptions. These actions could require the Trust to liquidate all or part of its Index Futures positions or require holders of positions in the futures contracts underlying the S&P GSCI-ER to liquidate their positions. This could affect the level of the Index and the NAV. See also “Risk Factors Relating to Commodities Markets—Regulatory developments with respect to the futures and over-the-counter derivatives markets, and in particular, with respect to speculative trading in futures contracts and over-the-counter derivatives involving commodities and commodity indices, could adversely affect the value of your Shares.”
Shareholders do not have the rights normally associated with ownership of common shares; the Sponsor and the Trustee exercise substantial control over the Trust.
Shareholders are not entitled to the same rights as owners of shares issued by a corporation. By acquiring Shares, you are not acquiring the right to elect directors, to receive dividends, to vote on certain matters regarding the Trust or to take other actions normally associated with the ownership of common shares.
Additionally, the Sponsor and the Trustee exercise substantial control over the Trust’s activities. Among other things, the Trust Agreement authorizes the Sponsor to determine whether to make distributions to Shareholders, gives the Sponsor oversight over NAV calculations and the creation and redemption process and permits the Sponsor to dissolve the Trust if it deems such dissolution advisable. The Trustee also retains the right to reject any order for the creation or redemption of Baskets. The Sponsor and the Trustee may amend the provisions of the Trust Agreement, including in a manner adverse to Shareholders, without Shareholder consent, including to change the assets through which the Trust seeks to achieve its investment objective, which may alter the nature of an investment in, and the performance of, the Shares.
The Trust Agreement provides that in the case of a conflict of interest between the Trustee, the Sponsor and their affiliates, on the one hand, and the holders of Shares, on the other, the Trustee and the Sponsor will resolve such conflict considering the relevant interests of each party (including their own interests) and related benefits and burdens, any customary or accepted industry practices, and any applicable generally accepted accounting practices or principles. The Trust Agreement further provides that in the absence of bad faith by the Trustee or the Sponsor, such a resolution will not constitute a breach of the Trust Agreement or any duty or obligation of the Trustee or the Sponsor.
Shareholders do not have the protections normally associated with the ownership of shares in an investment company registered under the Investment Company Act.
The Trust is not registered as an investment company for purposes of United States federal securities laws, and is not subject to regulation by the SEC as an investment company. Consequently, Shareholders do not have the regulatory protections provided to investors in investment companies registered under the Investment Company Act. For example, the provisions of the Investment Company Act that limit transactions with affiliates, prohibit the suspension of redemptions (except under limited circumstances) and limit sales loads do not apply to the Trust. The Sponsor is registered with the CFTC as a commodity pool operator and the Advisor is registered with the CFTC as a commodity trading advisor. The CFTC therefore has jurisdiction over these entities and regulatory authority over certain activities of the Trust. The nature and degree of this regulation differs from the regulatory scheme imposed under the Investment Company Act.
Competing claims over ownership of relevant intellectual property rights could adversely affect the Trust or an investment in the Shares.
While the Sponsor believes that it has all of the intellectual property rights needed to operate the Trust in the manner described in the Trust’s prospectus, third parties may allege or assert ownership of intellectual property rights that may be related to the design, structure and operation of the Trust or the Index. To the extent any claims of such ownership are brought or any proceedings are instituted to assert such claims, the negotiation, litigation or settlement of such claims, the issuance of any restraining orders or injunctions, or the ultimate disposition of such claims in a court of law, may adversely affect the Trust and the value of the Shares. For example, such actions could result in expenses or damages payable by the Trust or the suspension of activities or dissolution of the Trust.
The value of the Shares will be adversely affected if the Trust is required to indemnify the Sponsor, the Advisor or the Trustee or their respective agents.
Under the Trust Agreement, the Sponsor, the Trustee and their respective agents have the right to be indemnified by the Trust for any liability or expense they incur without negligence, bad faith, willful misconduct or reckless disregard of their duties on their part. That means the Sponsor and the Trustee may require the assets of the Trust to be sold in order to cover losses or liabilities suffered by it, which would reduce the net asset value of the Trust and the value of the Shares. Likewise, under the Trust’s advisory agreement, the Advisor and its agents have the right to be indemnified by the Trust for any liability or expense they incur without negligence, bad faith, willful misconduct or reckless disregard of their duties on their part. That means the Advisor may require the assets of the Trust to be sold in order to cover losses or liabilities suffered by it, which would reduce the net asset value of the Trust and the value of the Shares.
Regulatory changes or actions may affect the Shares.
The futures markets are subject to comprehensive regulation. In addition, the CFTC and the exchanges are authorized to take extraordinary actions in the event of a market emergency, including, for example, implementing speculative position limits (including retroactively) or higher margin requirements, establishing daily price limits and suspending trading. The regulation of futures transactions in the United States is subject to modification by government, exchange and judicial action. The effect of any future regulatory change on the Trust could be substantial and adverse. See also “—Exchange position limits and other rules may restrict the creation of Baskets and the operation of the Trust” above and “Risk Factors Relating to Commodities Markets — Regulatory developments with respect to the futures and over-the-counter derivatives markets, and in particular, with respect to speculative trading in futures contracts and over-the-counter derivatives involving commodities and commodity indices, could adversely affect the value of your Shares.”
NYSE Arca may halt trading in the Shares, which would adversely impact your ability to sell your Shares.
The Shares are listed for trading on NYSE Arca under the ticker symbol GSG. Trading in the Shares may be halted due to market conditions or, in light of NYSE Arca rules and procedures, for reasons that, in the view of NYSE Arca, make trading in the Shares inadvisable, or in the event certain information about the Index, the value of the Shares and the NAV is not made available as required by such rules and procedures. In addition, trading generally on NYSE Arca is subject to trading halts caused by extraordinary market volatility pursuant to “circuit breaker” rules that require trading to be halted for a specified period based on a specified market decline. There can be no assurance that the requirements necessary to maintain the listing of the Shares will continue to be met or will remain unchanged. The Trust will be dissolved if the Shares are delisted from NYSE Arca and are not approved for listing on another national securities exchange within five business days of their delisting.
Risk Factors Relating to Conflicts of Interest
The Sponsor’s relationship with the Trustee and the Advisor and the proprietary and managed trading activities of the Sponsor and its affiliates could conflict with your interests as a Shareholder.
The Sponsor is an affiliate of the Trustee and therefore may have a conflict of interest with respect to its oversight of the Trustee. In particular, the Sponsor, which has authority to remove the Trustee in its discretion, has an incentive not to exercise this authority, even when it is in the best interests of the Shareholders to do so, because of the affiliation between the entities. The Trustee is authorized to appoint an unaffiliated Trust Administrator or other agent to carry out all or some of its duties under the Trust Agreement, but is not required to delegate any of its duties to an unaffiliated third party.
The Sponsor is an affiliate of the Advisor and therefore may have a similar conflict of interest with respect to its oversight of the Advisor. For example, although the Sponsor has the authority to terminate the Trust’s advisory agreement with the Advisor, it has an incentive not to exercise this authority, even when it is in the best interests of the Shareholders to do so, because of the affiliation between the entities.
As described elsewhere in this report, in return for paying certain amounts that would otherwise be considered ordinary operating expenses of the Trust, the Sponsor receives an allocation from the Trust that accrues daily at an annualized rate of up to 0.75% of the Adjusted Net Asset Value of the Trust, is payable monthly in arrears, and is subject to adjustment from time to time, except that the Sponsor’s Fee may not be adjusted to above 0.75% of the Adjusted Net Asset Value absent an amendment to the Trust Agreement and thirty days’ prior notice to registered holders of the Shares. The allocation received by the Sponsor from the Trust may be higher than the amount the Trust would negotiate with an unaffiliated third party manager on an arms-length basis.
In addition, the Sponsor and its affiliates (including the Trustee and the Advisor) collectively exercise substantial control over the Trust. To the extent the interests of the Sponsor and its affiliates conflict with those of the Trust and the Shareholders, the risks associated with such conflicts may be greater than they would otherwise be for a party that cannot exercise such control over the Trust. The Trust Agreement provides that in the case of a conflict of interest between the Trustee, the Sponsor and their affiliates, on the one hand, and the holders of Shares, on the other, the Trustee and the Sponsor will resolve such conflict considering the relevant interests of each party (including their own interests) and related benefits and burdens, any customary or accepted industry practices, and any applicable generally accepted accounting practices or principles. The Trust Agreement further provides that in the absence of bad faith by the Trustee or the Sponsor, such a resolution will not constitute a breach of the Trust Agreement or any duty or obligation of the Trustee or the Sponsor.
The Sponsor and its affiliates may also engage in trading activities relating to the Index Futures, the components of the Index or the S&P GSCI-ER or other derivative instruments related to those indices that are not for the account of, or on behalf of, the Trust or the Shareholders and that may compete with trading activity in the Shares. These activities may present a conflict between the Shareholders’ interest in the Shares and the interest of the Sponsor and its affiliates in their proprietary accounts, in facilitating transactions, including derivatives transactions, for their customers’ accounts and in accounts under their management. These trading activities could be adverse to the interests of the Shareholders. Moreover, the Sponsor and its affiliates have published and in the future expect to publish research reports with respect to commodities markets. This research may express opinions or provide recommendations that are inconsistent with purchasing or holding Shares. The research should not be viewed as a recommendation or endorsement of the Shares in any way, and investors must make their own independent investigation of the merits of this investment. Any of these activities by the Sponsor and its affiliates may affect the level of the S&P GSCI-ER or its components and, therefore, the value of the Index Futures and the price of the Shares.
Proprietary trading and other activities by Goldman Sachs and its affiliates could conflict with your interests as a Shareholder.
Activities conducted by Goldman Sachs and its affiliates may conflict with your interests as a Shareholder. For example, the Advisor may execute a substantial amount, and potentially all, of the purchases and sales of Index Futures through Goldman Sachs, as the Trust’s Clearing FCM. In addition, it is expected that Goldman Sachs or its accountholders will represent, directly or indirectly, a substantial portion of the short-side market for the Index Futures. Further, Goldman Sachs and its affiliates actively trade futures contracts and options on futures contracts on the commodities that underlie the S&P GSCI™, over-the-counter contracts on these commodities, the underlying commodities included in the S&P GSCI™ and other instruments and derivative products based on the S&P GSCI™ and the S&P GSCI-ER. Any of these activities of Goldman Sachs or its affiliates could adversely affect the level of the S&P GSCI-ER or the Index Futures, directly or indirectly, by affecting the price of the underlying commodities and, therefore, the value of the S&P GSCI‑ER, the Index Futures and the price of the Shares.
Goldman Sachs and its affiliates may also issue or underwrite other securities or financial or derivative instruments with returns indexed to the S&P GSCI™, the S&P GSCI-ER or the Index, which would compete with the Shares. By introducing competing products into the marketplace, Goldman Sachs and its affiliates could adversely affect the price of the Shares. To the extent that Goldman Sachs or any of its affiliates serve as issuer, agent or underwriter of those securities or other similar instruments, their interests with respect to those products may be adverse to your interests as a Shareholder.
Risk Factors Relating to Taxes
Your tax liability could exceed cash distributions on your Shares.
You will be required to pay U.S. federal income taxes on your allocable share of the Trust’s income, without regard to the receipt of cash distributions on the Shares. There is no obligation to make distributions on the Shares. Accordingly, it is anticipated that you will not receive cash distributions sufficient to cover your allocable share of such taxable income or even the tax liability resulting from that income.
The Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) could adjust or reallocate items of income, gain, deduction, loss and credit with respect to the Shares if the IRS does not accept the assumptions or conventions utilized by the Trust.
The U.S. federal income tax rules that apply to partnerships are complex and their application is not always clear. Moreover, the rules generally were not written for, and in some respects are difficult to apply to, publicly traded interests in partnerships. In addition, the Trust will report tax information to you on IRS Schedule K-1 with respect to the Shares. The Trustee shall deliver or cause to be delivered to each Shareholder an IRS Schedule K-1 as soon as practicable following each fiscal year but generally not later than March 15. Reporting on IRS Schedule K-1 may be somewhat more complex than comparable reporting on IRS Form 1099. Each Shareholder, by its acquisition of Shares, will be deemed to agree to allow brokers and nominees to provide to the Trust its name and address and the other information and forms as may be reasonably requested by the Trust for purposes of complying with their tax reporting and withholding obligations (and to waive any confidentiality rights with respect to the information and forms for this purpose) and to provide information or forms upon request.
Investors in the Shares should consult their tax advisors in determining how to use the information reported on IRS Schedule K-1 to complete their income tax returns. The Trust will apply certain assumptions and conventions intended to comply with the intent of the rules and to report income, gain, deduction, loss and credit to investors in a manner that reflects the investors’ economic gains and losses, but these assumptions and conventions may not comply with all aspects of the applicable Treasury regulations. It is possible therefore that the IRS will successfully assert that these assumptions or conventions do not satisfy the technical requirements of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, (the “Code”) or the Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder and will require that items of income, gain, deduction, loss and credit be adjusted or reallocated in a manner that could be adverse to you.
If the Trust were to fail to qualify as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the Trust’s income and items of deduction would not pass through to the Shareholders, the Trust would be required to pay tax at corporate rates on any portion of the Trust’s net income that does not constitute tax-exempt income and distributions by the Trust to the Trust’s Shareholders would be taxable dividends to the extent of the Trust’s earnings and profits.
It is expected that the Trust will operate and be classified as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. So long as the Trust qualifies as a partnership, it will be able to pass through its income, including the Trust’s federally tax-exempt income, if any, and deductions to the Shareholders. The Trust’s qualification as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes involves the application of numerous technical provisions under which there is a lack of direct authority. In general, if a partnership is “publicly traded”, as defined in the Code, it will be treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. It is expected that the Trust will be treated as a publicly traded partnership. A publicly traded partnership will, however, be taxed as a partnership, and not as a corporation, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, so long as 90% or more of its gross income for each taxable year constitutes “qualifying income” within the meaning of Section 7704(d) of the Code and the partnership is not required to register under the Investment Company Act. This exception is referred to as the “qualifying income exception.” Qualifying income generally includes interest (other than certain contingent interest and interest derived in the conduct of a financial or insurance business), dividends, real property rents and income from certain commodities transactions.
If less than 90% of the Trust’s gross income for any tax year constitutes qualifying income, for any reason, other than a failure that is determined to be inadvertent and that is cured within a reasonable time after discovery, or if the Trust is required to register under the Investment Company Act, the Trust’s items of income and deduction would not pass through to the Trust’s Shareholders and the Trust’s Shareholders would be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes as stockholders in a corporation. The Trust would be required to pay income tax at corporate rates on its net taxable income. Distributions by the Trust to its Shareholders would constitute dividend income taxable to such holders to the extent of the Trust’s earnings and profits and the payment of these distributions would not be deductible by the Trust. These consequences could have a material adverse effect on the Trust, its Shareholders and the value of the Shares.
If the IRS makes audit adjustments to the Trust’s income tax returns for tax years beginning after 2017, it may collect any resulting taxes (including any applicable penalties and interest) directly from the Trust, in which case the cash available for the distribution to the Trust’s Shareholders might be substantially reduced.
If the IRS makes audit adjustments to the Trust’s U.S. federal income tax returns for the Trust’s taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017, it may collect any resulting taxes (including any applicable penalties and interest) directly from the Trust. The Trust may have the ability to shift any such tax liability to the Sponsor and the Trust’s Shareholders in accordance with their interests in the Trust during the year under audit, but there can be no assurance that it will be able to do so, in which case the current Shareholders would economically bear the burden of the tax even if they were not Shareholders during the year under audit (or if they had a different percentage interest in the Trust in that year). If the Trust is required to make payments of taxes, penalties and interest resulting from audit adjustments, the cash available for distribution to the Trust’s Shareholders might be substantially reduced. Investors in the Shares are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding these rules and their potential impact.
Shareholders that are not U.S. persons could be subject to U.S. federal income tax, including a 10% withholding tax, on the disposition of their Shares.
It is expected that the Trust will be treated as a publicly traded partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and investors are expected to be taxed as partners in a partnership. Although the Trust intends to conduct its activities in a manner that avoids the conduct of a U.S. trade or business, if the IRS were to determine that the Trust is engaged in a U.S. trade or business for U.S. federal income tax purposes, any gain recognized by a foreign transferor on the sale, exchange or other disposition of Shares would generally be treated as “effectively connected” with such trade or business to the extent it does not exceed the effectively connected gain that would be allocable to the transferor if the Trust sold all of its assets at their fair market value as of the date of the transferor’s disposition. Any such gain that is treated as effectively connected will generally be subject to U.S. federal income tax.
In addition, the transferee of the Shares or the applicable withholding agent generally would be required to deduct and withhold a tax equal to 10% of the amount realized by the transferor on the disposition, which would include an allocable portion of the Trust’s liabilities and would therefore generally exceed the amount of cash received by the transferor in the disposition, unless an exception to withholding applies, including if the transferor provides an affidavit stating the transferor’s taxpayer identification number and that the transferor is not a foreign person. Another exception to this withholding requirement applies if the Trust properly certifies via public notice that it was not engaged in a trade or business within the United States at any time during the Trust's taxable year through the date designated on the public notice. The Trust intends to post a quarterly notice to the Fund's website confirming that it has not engaged in a U.S. trade or business. This notice is intended to allow non-U.S. Shareholders to indicate that the amount realized on the transfer of their Shares should not be subject to this withholding tax. If the transferee fails to properly withhold such tax when required to do so, the Trust would be required to deduct and withhold from distributions to the transferee a tax in an amount equal to the amount the transferee failed to withhold, plus interest.
The withholding requirements with respect to the disposition of an interest in a publicly traded partnership apply to dispositions made on or after January 1, 2023. Investors in the Shares are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding these rules and their potential impact.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.
None.
Not applicable.
None.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
Not applicable.
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.
Market Information
On December 27, 2007, the Shares commenced trading on NYSE Arca under the ticker symbol GSG. Prior to that, the Shares were traded on the NYSE, also under the symbol GSG, since their initial public offering on July 19, 2006.
Holders
As of December 31, 2022, there were approximately 114 DTC participating shareholders of record of the Trust. Because most of the Trust’s Shares are held by brokers and other institutions on behalf of shareholders, we are unable to estimate the total number of shareholders represented by these record holders.
Dividends
The Trust did not declare any cash distributions to Shareholders during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. The Trust has no obligation to make periodic distributions to Shareholders.
Use of Proceeds from Registered Securities
Not applicable.
Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuers and Affiliated Purchasers
12,900,000 Shares (258 Baskets) were redeemed during the fourth quarter of the year ended December 31, 2022.
| Period | Total Number of Shares Redeemed |
Average Price Per Share |
||||||
| 10/01/22 to 10/31/22 |
650,000 | $ | 22.05 | |||||
| 11/01/22 to 11/30/22 |
800,000 | 21.44 | ||||||
| 12/01/22 to 12/31/22 |
11,450,000 | 20.59 | ||||||
| Total |
12,900,000 | $ | 20.74 | |||||
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
This information should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes to financial statements included with this report. The discussion and analysis that follows may contain statements that relate to future events or future performance. In some cases, such forward-looking statements can be identified by terminology such as “may,” “should,” “could,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. None of the Trust, the Sponsor, the Advisor, the Trustee or the Delaware Trustee assumes responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of any forward-looking statements. Except as required by applicable disclosure laws, none of the Trust, the Sponsor, the Advisor, the Trustee or the Delaware Trustee is under a duty to update any of the forward-looking statements to conform such statements to actual results or to a change in expectations or predictions.
Introduction
The Trust was originally part of a two-tiered structure that transacted in Index Futures through its subsidiary, the Investing Pool. Following the close of business on December 31, 2013, the Investing Pool was liquidated and the interests in the Investing Pool held by the Trust and the Investing Pool’s manager were redeemed for all assets and liabilities held by the Investing Pool. As a result of the liquidation of the Investing Pool, the Trust now holds and transacts in Index Futures directly. Historical results reflect the Trust’s activities, had it conducted its activities directly rather than through the Investing Pool.
During the period beginning July 10, 2006 (commencement of operations) and ending on December 31, 2022 (the Trust’s most recent fiscal year-end), the Trust’s net asset value grew from $7,358,911 at July 10, 2006 to $1,221,109,857 at December 31, 2022. Outstanding Shares in the Trust grew from 150,000 Shares at July 10, 2006 to 57,550,000 Shares at December 31, 2022.
As described in Part I above, the Trust seeks to track the results of a fully collateralized investment in futures contracts on an index composed of a diversified group of commodity futures. The Trust seeks to track the investment returns of the Index before payment of the Trust’s expenses and liabilities. The Index is a statistical composite that tracks a diversified group of commodity futures. The Index does not actually hold a portfolio of futures contracts and does not incur the fees and expenses incurred by the Trust. These fees and expenses negatively impact the Trust’s performance relative to that of the Index.
The following graph presents the change in NAV of the Trust and the closing level of the Index for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020:
Results of Operations
The Year Ended December 31, 2022
The Trust’s net asset value decreased from $1,431,810,115 at December 31, 2021 to $1,221,109,857 at December 31, 2022. The decrease in the Trust’s net asset value resulted primarily from a net decrease in the number of outstanding Shares, which fell from 83,750,000 Shares at December 31, 2021 to 57,550,000 Shares at December 31, 2022, a consequence of 22,900,000 Shares (458 Baskets) being created and 49,100,000 Shares (982 Baskets) being redeemed during the year. The decrease in the Trust’s net asset value was partially offset by a net increase in net assets resulting from operations.
The 24.09% increase in the NAV from $17.10 at December 31, 2021 to $21.22 at December 31, 2022 is directly related to the 23.44% increase in the settlement price for the Index Futures. The NAV increased slightly more than the settlement price for the Index Futures on a percentage basis due to the interest income from U.S. Treasury bills.
The net increase in net assets resulting from operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $390,808,622, resulting from a net investment income of $7,523,923 and a net realized and unrealized gain of $383,284,699. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Trust had a net realized and unrealized gain of $315,841 on short-term investments and a net realized and unrealized gain of $382,968,858 on futures contracts. Other than the Sponsor’s fees of $13,482,545 and brokerage commissions and fees of $1,299,610, the Trust had no expenses during the year.
The Year Ended December 31, 2021
The Trust’s net asset value increased from $827,346,620 at December 31, 2020 to $1,431,810,115 at December 31, 2021. The increase in the Trust’s net asset value resulted primarily from a net increase in net assets resulting from operations. The Trust’s net asset value also benefitted from an increase in the number of outstanding Shares, which rose from 67,250,000 Shares at December 31, 2020 to 83,750,000 Shares at December 31, 2021, a consequence of 34,750,000 Shares (695 Baskets) being created and 18,250,000 Shares (365 Baskets) being redeemed during the year.
The 39.02% increase in the NAV from $12.30 at December 31, 2020 to $17.10 at December 31, 2021 is directly related to the 40.29% increase in the settlement price for the Index Futures. The NAV increased slightly less than the settlement price for the Index Futures on a percentage basis due to the Sponsor’s fees and brokerage commissions.
The net increase in net assets resulting from operations for the year ended December 31, 2021 was $366,008,957, resulting from a net investment loss of $10,385,215 and a net investment gain of $376,394,172. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Trust had a net realized and unrealized gain of $4,847 on short-term investments and a net realized and unrealized gain of $376,389,325 on futures contracts. Other than the Sponsor’s fees of $9,465,137 and brokerage commissions and fees of $1,346,112, the Trust had no expenses during the year.
The Year Ended December 31, 2020
The Trust’s net asset value increased from $775,343,105 at December 31, 2019 to $827,346,620 at December 31, 2020. The increase in the Trust’s net asset value resulted primarily from a net increase in the number of outstanding Shares, which rose from 47,750,000 Shares at December 31, 2019 to 67,250,000 Shares at December 31, 2020, a consequence of 31,850,000 Shares (637 Baskets) being created and 12,350,000 Shares (247 Baskets) being redeemed during the year. The increase in the Trust’s net asset value was partially offset by a net decrease in net assets resulting from operations.
The 24.26% decrease in the NAV from $16.24 at December 31, 2019 to $12.30 at December 31, 2020 is directly related to the 24.02% decrease in the settlement price for the Index Futures. The NAV decreased slightly more than the settlement price for the Index Futures on a percentage basis due to the Sponsor’s fees and brokerage commissions.
The net decrease in net assets resulting from operations for the year ended December 31, 2020 was $183,615,251, resulting from a net realized and unrealized loss of $181,338,900 and by a net investment loss of $2,276,351. For the year ended December 31, 2020, the Trust had a net realized and unrealized loss of $19,454 on short-term investments and a net realized and unrealized loss of $181,319,446 on futures contracts. Other than the Sponsor’s Fees of $5,005,767 and brokerage commissions and fees of $1,013,439, the Trust had no expenses during the year.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
The Trust’s assets as of December 31, 2022 consist of Index Futures and Collateral Assets used to satisfy applicable margin requirements for those Index Futures positions. The Trust does not anticipate any further need for liquidity, because creations and redemptions of Shares generally occur in kind and ordinary expenses are met by cash on hand. Interest earned on the assets posted as collateral is paid to the Trust and is used to pay the Sponsor’s Fees and purchase additional Index Futures and Collateral Assets, or, in the discretion of the Sponsor, distributed to Shareholders. For the year ended December 31, 2022, interest income was $22,306,078, while the Sponsor’s Fees totaled $13,482,545. For the year ended December 31, 2021, interest income was $426,034, while the Sponsor’s Fees totaled $9,465,137. For the year ended December 31, 2020, interest income was $3,742,855, while the Sponsor’s Fees totaled $5,005,767. In exchange for a fee based on the net asset value of the Trust, the Sponsor has assumed most of the ordinary expenses incurred by the Trust. In the case of an extraordinary expense and/or insufficient interest income to cover ordinary expenses, however, the Trust could be forced to liquidate its positions in Index Futures and Collateral Assets to pay such expenses. As of December 31, 2022, the market for Index Futures had not developed significant liquidity and the Trust represented substantially all of the long-side open interest in Index Futures. In addition, it is expected that Goldman Sachs or its accountholders may represent, directly or indirectly, a substantial portion of the short-side interest in such market.
The existence of such a limited number of market participants could cause or exacerbate losses to the Trust if the Trust were required to liquidate its Index Futures positions.
The Sponsor is unaware of any other trends, demands, conditions or events that are reasonably likely to result in material changes to the Trust’s liquidity needs.
Because the Trust trades Index Futures, its capital is at risk due to changes in the value of the Index Futures or other assets (market risk) or the inability of counterparties to perform (credit risk).
Market Risk
The Trust holds Index Futures positions and Collateral Assets to satisfy applicable margin requirements on those Index Futures positions. Because of this limited diversification of the Trust’s assets, fluctuations in the value of the Index Futures are expected to directly affect the value of the Shares. The value of the Index Futures is expected to track generally the S&P GSCI-ER, although this correlation may not be exact. The S&P GSCI-ER, in turn, reflects the value of a diversified group of commodities. The Trust’s exposure to market risk will be influenced by a number of factors, including the lack of liquidity of the Index Futures market and activities of other market participants.
Credit Risk
When the Trust purchases or holds Index Futures, it is exposed to the credit risk of a default by the CME’s clearing house, which serves as the counterparty to each Index Futures position, and of a default by its FCM or Clearing FCM. In the case of such a default, the Trust may be unable to recover amounts due to it on its Index Futures positions and Collateral Assets posted as margin. The Trust is also exposed to credit risk as a result of its ownership of U.S. Treasury bills.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements and Contractual Obligations
The Trust does not use and is not expected to use special purpose entities to facilitate off-balance sheet financing arrangements. The Trust does not have and is not expected to have loan guarantee arrangements or other off-balance sheet arrangements of any kind other than agreements entered into in the normal course of business, which may include indemnification provisions related to certain risks service providers undertake in performing services that are in the interest of the Trust. While the Trust’s exposure under such indemnification provisions cannot be estimated, these general business indemnifications are not expected to have a material impact on the Trust’s financial position.
Critical Accounting Policies
The financial statements and accompanying notes are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The preparation of these financial statements relies on estimates and assumptions that impact the Trust’s financial position and results of operations. These estimates and assumptions affect the Trust’s application of accounting policies. In addition, please refer to Note 2 to the financial statements of the Trust for further discussion of the Trust’s accounting policies.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
Quantitative Disclosure
The Trust is exposed to commodity price risk through the Trust’s holdings of Index Futures. The following table provides information about the Trust’s futures contract positions, which are sensitive to changes in commodity prices. As of December 31, 2022, the Trust’s open Index Futures long positions were as follows:
| Number of contracts |
38,848 | |||
| Expiration date |
March 2023 |
|||
| Weighted-average price per contract |
$ | 297.42 | ||
| Notional amount (fair value) |
$ | 1,215,724,851 | ||
The notional amount is calculated using the settlement price for the Index Futures on the CME on December 31, 2022, which was $312.94 per contract, and the $100 multiplier applicable under the contract terms.
The Trust has non-trading market risk as a result of investing in short-term United States Treasury bills and such market risk is expected to be immaterial.
Qualitative Disclosure
As described herein, the Trust seeks to track the results of a fully collateralized investment in futures contracts on an index composed of a diversified group of commodity futures. The Trust seeks to track the investment returns of the Index before payment of the Trust’s expenses and liabilities. The Index itself is intended to reflect the performance of a diversified group of physical commodities, including energy commodities, precious and industrial metal commodities, agricultural commodities and livestock commodities. The Trust obtains this exposure to commodity prices through the Trust’s Index Futures positions. As a result, fluctuations in the value of the Trust’s Index Futures are expected to directly affect the value of the Shares.
The Trust will not engage in any activities designed to obtain a profit from, or ameliorate losses caused by, changes in the level of the Index or the S&P GSCI-ER, or the value of any Collateral Assets. The Trust’s exposure to market risk may be influenced by a number of factors, including the lack of liquidity of the Index Futures market and activities of other market participants.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
The following tables show the Trust’s quarterly financial information for each of the four quarters of 2022 and 2021.
| Three Months Ended (Unaudited) | ||||||||||||||||
| March 31, 2022 |
June 30, 2022 |
September 30, 2022 |
December 31, 2022 |
|||||||||||||
| Investment Income | ||||||||||||||||
| Interest |
$ | 447,870 | $ | 2,968,486 | $ | 7,031,116 | $ | 11,858,606 | ||||||||
| Total investment income |
447,870 | 2,968,486 | 7,031,116 | 11,858,606 | ||||||||||||
| Expenses |
||||||||||||||||
| Sponsor’s fees |
3,459,826 | 4,090,111 | 3,199,124 | 2,733,484 | ||||||||||||
| Brokerage commissions and fees |
409,606 | 387,291 | 215,717 | 286,996 | ||||||||||||
| Total expenses |
3,869,432 | 4,477,402 | 3,414,841 | 3,020,480 | ||||||||||||
| Net investment income (loss) |
(3,421,562 | ) | (1,508,916 | ) | 3,616,275 | 8,838,126 | ||||||||||
| Net Realized and Unrealized Gain (Loss) | ||||||||||||||||
| Net realized gain (loss) from: |
||||||||||||||||
| Short-term investments |
1,339 | (4,298 | ) | (34,323 | ) | (22,199 | ) | |||||||||
| Futures contracts |
736,763,238 | 104,723,600 | (394,948,409 | ) | (86,887,348 | ) | ||||||||||
| Net realized gain (loss) |
736,764,577 | 104,719,302 | (394,982,732 | ) | (86,909,547 | ) | ||||||||||
| Net change in unrealized appreciation/depreciation on: |
||||||||||||||||
| Short-term investments |
31,515 | (722,311 | ) | 717,056 | 349,062 | |||||||||||
| Futures contracts |
(224,589,428 | ) | (67,121,004 | ) | 200,395,693 | 114,632,516 | ||||||||||
| Net change in unrealized appreciation/depreciation |
(224,557,913 | ) | (67,843,315 | ) | 201,112,749 | 114,981,578 | ||||||||||
| Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) |
512,206,664 | 36,875,987 | (193,869,983 | ) | 28,072,031 | |||||||||||
| Net increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from operations |
$ | 508,785,102 | $ | 35,367,071 | $ | (190,253,708 | ) | $ | 36,910,157 | |||||||
| Net increase (decrease) in net assets per Share |
$ | 5.58 | $ | 0.39 | $ | (2.51 | ) | $ | 0.55 | |||||||
| Three Months Ended (Unaudited) | ||||||||||||||||
| March 31, 2021 |
June 30, 2021 |
September 30, 2021 |
December 31, 2021 |
|||||||||||||
| Investment Income | ||||||||||||||||
| Interest |
$ | 143,437 | $ | 52,562 | $ | 94,407 | $ | 135,628 | ||||||||
| Total investment income |
143,437 | 52,562 | 94,407 | 135,628 | ||||||||||||
| Expenses |
||||||||||||||||
| Sponsor’s fees |
1,893,497 | 2,407,468 | 2,482,274 | 2,681,898 | ||||||||||||
| Brokerage commissions and fees |
330,285 | 347,506 | 322,517 | 345,804 | ||||||||||||
| Total expenses |
2,223,782 | 2,754,974 | 2,804,791 | 3,027,702 | ||||||||||||
| Net investment loss |
(2,080,345 | ) | (2,702,412 | ) | (2,710,384 | ) | (2,892,074 | ) | ||||||||
| Net Realized and Unrealized Gain (Loss) | ||||||||||||||||
| Net realized gain (loss) from: |
||||||||||||||||
| Short-term investments |
267 | 359 | (1,506 | ) | 1,952 | |||||||||||
| Futures contracts |
202,940,665 | 119,959,860 | 10,796,107 | 48,138,344 | ||||||||||||
| Net realized gain |
202,940,932 | 119,960,219 | 10,794,601 | 48,140,296 | ||||||||||||
| Net change in unrealized appreciation/depreciation on: |
||||||||||||||||
| Short-term investments |
(2,227 | ) | (69,406 | ) | 51,000 | 24,408 | ||||||||||
| Futures contracts |
(87,559,310 | ) | 62,102,165 | 51,987,409 | (31,975,915 | ) | ||||||||||
| Net change in unrealized appreciation/depreciation |
(87,561,537 | ) | 62,032,759 | 52,038,409 | (31,951,507 | ) | ||||||||||
| Net realized and unrealized gain |
115,379,395 | 181,992,978 | 62,833,010 | 16,188,789 | ||||||||||||
| Net increase in net assets resulting from operations |
$ | 113,299,050 | $ | 179,290,566 | $ | 60,122,626 | $ | 13,296,715 | ||||||||
| Net increase in net assets per Share |
$ | 1.51 | $ | 2.11 | $ | 0.73 | $ | 0.16 | ||||||||
See Index to Financial Statements on page F-1 for a list of the financial statements being filed herein.
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.
There have been no changes in accountants and no disagreements with accountants during the year ended December 31, 2022.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
The duly authorized officers of the Sponsor performing functions equivalent to those a principal executive officer and principal financial officer of the Trust would perform if the Trust had any officers, with the participation of the Trustee, have evaluated the effectiveness of the Trust’s disclosure controls and procedures, and have concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures of the Trust were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in the reports that the Trust files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the applicable rules and forms, and that it is accumulated and communicated to the duly authorized officers of the Sponsor performing functions equivalent to those a principal executive officer and principal financial officer of the Trust would perform if the Trust had any officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
There are inherent limitations to the effectiveness of any system of disclosure controls and procedures, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention or overriding of the controls and procedures.
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
The Sponsor’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a‑15(f) and 15d-15(f). The Trust’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America. Internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that: (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the Trust’s assets; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that the Trust’s receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with appropriate authorizations; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the Trust’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become ineffective because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
The Sponsor’s management, including the principal executive officer and principal financial officer of the Sponsor, assessed the effectiveness of the Trust’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. In making its assessment, the Sponsor’s management has utilized the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in its report entitled Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013). Based on their assessment and those criteria, the Sponsor’s management concluded that the Trust maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022.
The effectiveness of the Trust’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited and reported on the financial statements included in this Form 10-K, as stated in their report which is included herein.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in the Trust’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the Trust’s fourth fiscal quarter of the period covered by this report that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Trust’s internal control over financial reporting.
Not applicable.
Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.
Not applicable.
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.
The Trust does not have any directors, officers or employees. The following persons, in their respective capacities as directors or executive officers of the Sponsor, perform certain functions with respect to the Trust that, if the Trust had directors or executive officers, would typically be performed by them.
Shannon Ghia is the President and Chief Executive Officer of the Sponsor and Bryan Bowers is the Chief Financial Officer of the Sponsor.
The Sponsor is managed by a Board of Directors composed of Shannon Ghia, Bryan Bowers, Philip Jensen, Peter Landini and Kimun Lee.
Shannon Ghia, 46, has served as a Director of the Sponsor since March 2022 and became a principal of the Sponsor on April 18, 2022. Ms. Ghia is a Managing Director of BlackRock and has served as Global Co-Head of ETF Markets since January 1, 2022. ETF Markets encompasses the Global Markets and Product Engineering teams within EII Markets and Investments (“the Engine”) of BlackRock's ETF and Index Investing organization. The Engine teams drive investment integrity and market quality in BlackRock's ETF and index portfolios. Global Markets and Product Engineering together strive to safeguard ETF trading, evolve the ETF ecosystem and develop best-in-class products with enduring integrity that promote clients' financial wellbeing. From January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2021, Ms. Ghia served as the U.S. Head of iShares Global Markets and was responsible for overseeing primary and secondary trading of the iShares ETF suite and developing the ETF ecosystem. In this capacity, Ms. Ghia built out the ETF trading platform and operational best practices to support a greater complexity of products and an acceleration in trading volumes. She also worked closely with exchanges, ETF service providers and liquidity providers to promote ETF market quality. Ms. Ghia's service with BlackRock or its affiliates dates to 2002, including her years with Barclays Global Investors. Ms. Ghia earned a BA degree in Business / Economics with an emphasis in Accounting from the University of California, Santa Barbara.
Bryan Bowers, 47, has been employed by BlackRock or its affiliates since September 6, 2011, performing supervisory and managerial functions. From September 1, 2014 to the present, Mr. Bowers has served as a Director of BlackRock. Since October 4, 2021, Mr. Bowers has managed the Product Oversight and Governance team within BlackRock’s Global Accounting and Product Services (“GAAPS”) function. In that capacity, Mr. Bowers oversees fund accounting operations, strategic product initiatives, fund certifications, accounting policies and provides support to the Audit Committee of the Board for iShares Trust, iShares, Inc. and iShares U.S. ETF Trust. From September 1, 2014 to October 3, 2021, Mr. Bowers worked in Global Financial Reporting on the Business Operations & Technology team within BlackRock’s GAAPS function. From September 6, 2011 to August 31, 2014, Mr. Bowers served as a Vice President on BlackRock’s Fund Administration team. Prior to joining BlackRock, Mr. Bowers served as an Assistant Vice President of State Street Corporation or its affiliates, where he served as a Unit Manager within the Global and Corporate Bond Accounting Units from September 1, 2007 to September 4, 2011. Mr. Bowers earned his B.S. degree in accounting from Stockton University.
Belinda Ng Castaneda, 40, became a principal of the Sponsor on June 20, 2019. Mrs. Castaneda became a principal of BlackRock Institutional Trust Company, N.A. on June 19, 2019 and of BFA on June 20, 2019. Mrs. Castaneda serves as a listed principal for each of the foregoing entities, performing supervisory and managerial functions on such entities’ Business Continuity Management Program Operations Team. In that role, Mrs. Castaneda is responsible for running global program level tasks including metrics, reporting and data analysis along with development and administration of their business continuity planning system. From February 2016 to the present, Mrs. Castaneda has served as a Vice President of BlackRock, Inc. and each of the foregoing entities, all of which are affiliates of BlackRock, Inc., performing supervisory and managerial functions on the firm’s Business Continuity Management Program Operations Team. In that role, Mrs. Castaneda is responsible for running global program level tasks including metrics, reporting and data analysis along with development and administration of the firm’s business continuity planning system. From January 2012 to February 2016, Mrs. Castaneda served as an Associate of BlackRock Inc. as a Business Continuity Program Manager. From February 2009 to January 2012, Mrs. Castaneda served as an Analyst of BlackRock, Inc. performing operational support to the firm’s Business Continuity Management team. Prior to joining BlackRock, Inc., Mrs. Castaneda served in a data analyst function at H5, Inc. a data analytics technology firm, from July 2006 to February 2009. Prior to that, Mrs. Castaneda was an office automation assistant at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, where she focused on the Employee Human Resource and Payroll System (i.e., PeopleSoft software) from July 2002 to July 2006. Mrs. Castaneda earned a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration from San Jose State University, in 2005.
Ann Frechette, CPA, 54, became a principal of the Sponsor on April 13, 2020. Ms. Frechette became a principal of BlackRock Advisors, LLC on April 9, 2020 and of BFA, BlackRock Institutional Trust Company, N.A., BlackRock International Limited, BlackRock Investment Management, LLC, and BlackRock Financial Management, Inc. on April 13, 2020. Ms. Frechette serves as a listed principal for each of the foregoing entities, performing supervisory and managerial functions as head of a Global Financial Reporting team that prepares financial statements for various pooled investment vehicles managed by such entities. From May 2016 to the present, Ms. Frechette has served as a Managing Director of BlackRock, Inc. and each of the foregoing entities, all of which are affiliates of BlackRock, Inc., performing supervisory and managerial functions as head of the Global Financial Reporting team that prepares financial statements for various pooled investment vehicles managed by affiliates of BlackRock, Inc. From April 2013 to May 2016 Ms. Frechette served as the Managing Director of BlackRock, Inc. responsible for performing supervisory and managerial functions for the U.S. Registered Active Funds Financial Reporting team that prepares financial statements. From April 2006 to April 2012, Ms. Frechette served as the Global Director of Internal Audit at Citco Fund Services, a provider of banking, cash management, fund administration, and trust services, where her responsibilities included managing that firm’s audit team’s risk-based audits and SOC 1 project. From October 2002 to April 2006, Ms. Frechette served as a Senior Vice President at PNC Global Investment Servicing, a provider of processing, technology and business intelligence services to asset managers, broker/dealers and financial advisors, where she worked both in internal audit and the finance area within the transfer agency. From September 1991 to October 2002, Ms. Frechette served as a Senior Manager in the audit division of Ernst & Young’s financial services industry practice. Ms. Frechette graduated with honors from Drexel University with a Bachelor of Science in accounting in 1991 and was initially licensed as a certified public accountant in 1993.
Philip Jensen, 64, became a principal of the Sponsor in September 2009 and is Chairman of the Sponsor’s audit committee. In June 2001, Mr. Jensen joined Paul Capital Partners, an investment firm focusing on the secondary private equity and healthcare markets, for which he presently serves as Partner and Chief Operating Officer. Mr. Jensen received his Bachelor of Science from San Francisco State University and is a certified public accountant (inactive).
Timothy Kane, 42, became a principal of the Sponsor on June 28, 2019. Mr. Kane became a principal of BlackRock Financial Management, Inc. on June 27, 2019 and of BlackRock Advisors, LLC, BFA and BlackRock Institutional Trust Company, N.A. on June 28, 2019. Mr. Kane serves as a listed principal for each of the foregoing entities, performing supervisory and managerial functions in his capacity as Global Head of Enterprise Resilience, including Business Continuity, Crisis Management and Disaster Recovery in Technology and Enterprise Services on a team that team is responsible for ensuring recoverability and resiliency when faced with crisis situations. From February 2014 to the present, Mr. Kane has served as a Director of BlackRock, Inc. and each of the foregoing entities, all of which are affiliates of BlackRock, Inc., performing supervisory and managerial functions in his capacity as the Global Head of Enterprise Resilience, including Business Continuity, Crisis Management and Disaster Recovery in Technology and Enterprise Services on a team that team is responsible for ensuring recoverability and resiliency when faced with crisis situations. Prior to joining BlackRock, Inc., Mr. Kane served as the Deputy Global Head of Crisis Management supporting the Business Continuity function at Deutsche Bank, multinational investment bank and financial services firm, from January 2009 to January 2014. Prior to that, Mr. Kane was the Director of Information Technology at the New York City Office of Emergency Management where he focused on the agency’s technology needs from December 2006 to December 2008. Mr. Kane earned a Bachelor of Science in Geographic Information Science from Salisbury University in 2002.
Peter Landini, 71, became a principal of the Sponsor in September 2009 and is a member of the Sponsor’s audit committee. In January 2003, Mr. Landini joined RBP Investment Advisors, Inc., a financial planning consultancy firm, for which he presently serves as Partner and Wealth Manager. Mr. Landini received his Bachelor of Science in accounting from Santa Clara University and an MBA in finance from Golden Gate University. Mr. Landini is a certified financial planner and is a member of the Financial Planning Association.
Kimun Lee, 76, became a principal of the Sponsor in September 2009 and is a member of the Sponsor’s audit committee. Mr. Lee is a California-registered investment adviser and has conducted his consulting business under the name Resources Consolidated since January 1980. Since September 2010, Mr. Lee has served as a member of the board of directors of Firsthand Technology Value Fund, Inc., a mutual fund company. Since April 2013, Mr. Lee has served as a member of the board of trustees of Firsthand Funds, a mutual fund company. Since April 2014, Mr. Lee has served as a member of the board of trustees of FundX Investment Trust, a mutual fund company. Until January 2005, Mr. Lee also served as a member of the board of directors of Fremont Mutual Funds, Inc., a mutual fund company. Mr. Lee received his Bachelor of Arts from the University of the Pacific and an MBA from University of Nevada, Reno. He also completed the executive education program on corporate governance at Stanford Graduate School of Business.
Charles Park, 55, became a principal of the Advisor in December 2012 and has served as Chief Compliance Officer for the Advisor since August 2006. Mr. Park became a principal of BlackRock Advisors, LLC, a commodity pool operator and commodity trading advisor registered with the CFTC, in June 2014 and has served as its Chief Compliance Officer since June 2014. Mr. Park became a principal of BlackRock Financial Management, Inc., an investment management company, in September 2016 and has served as Chief Compliance Officer of BlackRock Financial Management, Inc. since September 2016 and performs supervisory and managerial functions. He became a principal of BlackRock Investment Management, LLC, an investment management company, in September 2016 and has served as Chief Compliance Officer of BlackRock Investment Management, LLC since September 2016 and performs supervisory and managerial functions. Mr. Park was a principal of BlackRock Asset Management International Inc., a former commodity pool operator that withdrew its commodity pool operator registration in February 2014, from December 2012 to February 2014, performing supervisory and managerial functions. Mr. Park joined BlackRock Institutional Trust Company, N.A., a commodity pool operator and commodity trading advisor registered with the CFTC, in August 2006, and performs supervisory and managerial functions. Mr. Park has also served as the Chief Compliance Officer of the iShares business since August 2006 and of BlackRock SEC-registered funds since June 2014. Mr. Park was a principal of the Sponsor from December 2012 to April 2015 and since August 4, 2016, performing supervisory and managerial functions. Prior to joining BlackRock Institutional Trust Company, N.A., in August 2006, Mr. Park served as Chief Compliance Officer of American Century Investment Management, Inc., an exempt commodity pool operator and an exempt commodity trading advisor, from October 1995 to July 2006. Mr. Park earned a Bachelor of Arts in economics from the University of Michigan in 1989 and a Juris Doctor from the University of Michigan in 1992.
Greg Savage, 51, became a principal and associated person of the Sponsor in July 2012 and performs supervisory and managerial functions. Since March 2009, Mr. Savage was a principal and associated person, performing supervisory and managerial functions, of BlackRock Asset Management International Inc., a former commodity pool operator that withdrew its commodity pool operator registration in February 2014. Mr. Savage has served as a Senior Portfolio Manager and Team Leader for BlackRock Fund Advisors, an investment advisor registered with the SEC and a commodity trading advisor registered with the CFTC, since September 2007 and became a principal and associated person of that entity in March 2009. Mr. Savage also served as a Portfolio Manager for BFA from March 2001 to September 2007. Mr. Savage served as a Transition Services Manager for BlackRock Institutional Trust Company, N.A., a national banking association and commodity trading advisor registered with the CFTC, from June 1999 to March 2001 and became an associated person of that entity in June 2007. Mr. Savage received his Bachelor of Science in accounting from the University of Colorado at Boulder and is a CFA charterholder. He has the FINRA Series 7, 63 and 3 licenses.
The Sponsor has a code of ethics (the “Code of Ethics”) that applies to its executive officers, including its Chief Executive Officer, President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer, who perform certain functions with respect to the Trust that, if the Trust had executive officers would typically be performed by them. The Code of Ethics is available by writing the Sponsor at 400 Howard Street, San Francisco, CA 94105 or calling the Sponsor at (415) 670-2000. The Sponsor’s Code of Ethics is intended to be a codification of the business and ethical principles that guide the Sponsor, deter wrongdoing, and promote (1) honest and ethical conduct (including the ethical handling of actual or apparent conflicts of interest), (2) full, fair, accurate, timely and understandable disclosure in public reports, documents and communications, (3) compliance with applicable laws and governmental rules and regulations, (4) the prompt internal reporting of violations of the Code of Ethics and (5) accountability for adherence to the Code of Ethics.
Item 11. Executive Compensation.
The Trust has no employees, officers or directors. The Trust is managed by the Sponsor and pays the Sponsor the Sponsor’s Fee. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Trust incurred a Sponsor’s Fee of $13,482,545.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.
Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans
Not applicable.
Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management
Not applicable.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.
See Item 11 above.
Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services.
Audit and Non-Audit Fees
The table below summarizes the fees for services performed by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.
| 2022 |
2021 |
|||||||
| Audit fees |
$ | 61,800 | $ | 61,800 | ||||
| Audit-related fees(a) |
250 | 2,000 | ||||||
| Tax fees(b) |
364,050 | 268,250 | ||||||
| All other fees |
— | — | ||||||
| Total | $ | 426,100 | $ | 332,050 | ||||
| (a) |
Amount represents fees billed for review of the regulatory filings. |
| (b) |
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP provides certain tax compliance and reporting services to the Trust, including processing beneficial ownership information as it relates to the preparation of tax reporting packages and the subsequent delivery of related information to the IRS. Services also include assistance with tax reporting and related information using a web-based tax package product developed by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP and a toll-free tax package support help line. |
Approval of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Services and Fees
The audit committee of the Board of Directors of the Sponsor approved, prior to the commencement of the engagement, the engagement of and compensation to be paid to PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP as auditors of the Trust.
Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.
Financial Statements
See Index to Financial Statements on Page F-1 for a list of the financial statements being filed as part of this report.
Financial Statement Schedules
Schedules have been omitted since they are either not required, not applicable or the information has otherwise been included.
Exhibits
The following documents are filed herewith or incorporated herein and made a part of this Annual Report:
None.
iShares S&P GSCI™ Commodity-Indexed Trust
Financial Statements
Index
Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Sponsor and Shareholders of
iShares S&P GSCI™ Commodity-Indexed Trust
Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying statements of assets and liabilities, including the schedules of investments, of iShares S&P GSCI™ Commodity‑Indexed Trust (the “Trust”) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the related statements of operations, changes in net assets, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). We also have audited the Trust’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Trust as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations, changes in its net assets, and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Trust maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.
Basis for Opinions
The Sponsor’s management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Trust’s financial statements and on the Trust’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Trust in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A trust’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A trust’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Trust; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Trust are being made only in accordance with authorizations of the Sponsor’s management and the Sponsor of the Trust; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the Trust’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Critical Audit Matters
Critical audit matters are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. We determined there are no critical audit matters.
/s/
February 23, 2023
We have served as the Trust’s auditor since 2006.
iShares S&P GSCI™ Commodity-Indexed Trust
Statements of Assets and Liabilities
At December 31, 2022 and 2021
| December 31, | ||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | |||||||
| Assets | ||||||||
| Cash | $ | $ | ||||||
| Short-term investments(a) | ||||||||
| Short-term investments held at broker (restricted)(b) | ||||||||
| Receivable for variation margin on open futures contracts (Note 9) | ||||||||
| Total Assets | ||||||||
| Liabilities | ||||||||
| Sponsor’s fees payable | ||||||||
| Payable for investment securities purchased | ||||||||
| Payable for variation margin on open futures contracts (Note 9) | ||||||||
| Total Liabilities | ||||||||
| Commitments and contingent liabilities (Note 7) | — | — | ||||||
| Net Assets | $ | $ | ||||||
| Shares issued and outstanding(c) | ||||||||
| Net asset value per Share (Note 2G) | $ | $ | ||||||
| (a) |
Cost of short-term investments: $1,099,953,044 and $1,412,781,989, respectively. |
| (b) |
Cost of short-term investments held at broker (restricted): $101,996,781 and $85,580,222, respectively. |
| (c) |
No par value, unlimited amount authorized. |
See notes to financial statements.
iShares S&P GSCI™ Commodity-Indexed Trust
Statements of Operations
For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
| Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 |
2020 |
||||||||||
| Investment Income |
||||||||||||
| Interest |
$ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Total investment income |
||||||||||||
| Expenses |
||||||||||||
| Sponsor’s fees |
||||||||||||
| Brokerage commissions and fees |
||||||||||||
| Total expenses |
||||||||||||
| Net investment income (loss) |
( |
) | ( |
) | ||||||||
| Net Realized and Unrealized Gain (Loss) |
||||||||||||
| Net realized gain (loss) from: |
||||||||||||
| Short-term investments |
( |
) | ||||||||||
| Futures contracts |
( |
) | ||||||||||
| Net realized gain (loss) |
( |
) | ||||||||||
| Net change in unrealized appreciation/depreciation on: |
||||||||||||
| Short-term investments |
( |
) | ||||||||||
| Futures contracts |
( |
) | ||||||||||
| Net change in unrealized appreciation/depreciation |
( |
) | ||||||||||
| Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) |
( |
) | ||||||||||
| Net increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from operations |
$ | $ | $ | ( |
) | |||||||
| Net increase (decrease) in net assets per Share(a) |
$ | $ | $ | ( |
) | |||||||
| (a) |
Net increase (decrease) in net assets per Share based on average shares outstanding during the year. |
See notes to financial statements.
| iShares S&P GSCI™ Commodity-Indexed Trust Statements of Changes in Net Assets For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 |
| Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2022 |
2021 |
2020 |
||||||||||
| Net Assets, Beginning of Year |
$ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Operations: |
||||||||||||
| Net investment income (loss) |
( |
) | ( |
) | ||||||||
| Net realized gain (loss) |
( |
) | ||||||||||
| Net change in unrealized appreciation/depreciation |
( |
) | ||||||||||
| Net increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from operations |
( |
) | ||||||||||
| Capital Share Transactions: |
||||||||||||
| Contributions for Shares issued |
||||||||||||
| Distributions for Shares redeemed |
( |
) | ( |
) | ( |
) | ||||||
| Net increase (decrease) in net assets from capital share transactions |
( |
) | ||||||||||
| Increase (decrease) in net assets |
( |
) | ||||||||||
| Net Assets, End of Year |
$ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Shares issued and redeemed |
||||||||||||
| Shares issued |
||||||||||||
| Shares redeemed |
( |
) | ( |
) | ( |
) | ||||||
| Net increase (decrease) in Shares issued and outstanding |
( |
) | ||||||||||
| See notes to financial statements. |
iShares S&P GSCI™ Commodity-Indexed Trust
Statements of Cash Flows
For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
| Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2022 |
2021 |
2020 |
||||||||||
| Cash Flows from Operating Activities |
||||||||||||
| Net increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from operations |
$ | $ | $ | ( |
) | |||||||
| Adjustments to reconcile net increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from operations to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: |
||||||||||||
| Purchases of short-term investments |
( |
) | ( |
) | ( |
) | ||||||
| Sales/maturities of short-term investments |
||||||||||||
| Accretion of discount |
( |
) | ( |
) | ( |
) | ||||||
| Net realized (gain) loss on short-term investments |
( |
) | ( |
) | ||||||||
| Net change in unrealized appreciation/depreciation on short-term investments |
( |
) | ( |
) | ||||||||
| Change in operating assets and liabilities: |
||||||||||||
| Receivable for variation margin on open futures contracts |
( |
) | ( |
) | ||||||||
| Payable for variation margin on open futures contracts |
( |
) | ( |
) | ||||||||
| Payable for investment securities purchased |
( |
) | ||||||||||
| Sponsor’s fees payable |
( |
) | ||||||||||
| Brokerage commissions and fees payable |
||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities |
( |
) | ( |
) | ||||||||
| Cash Flows from Financing Activities |
||||||||||||
| Contributions for Shares issued |
||||||||||||
| Distributions for Shares redeemed |
( |
) | ( |
) | ( |
) | ||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities |
( |
) | ||||||||||
| Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |
( |
) | ( |
) | ||||||||
| Cash | ||||||||||||
| Beginning of year | ||||||||||||
| Unrestricted – cash | ||||||||||||
| End of year | ||||||||||||
| Unrestricted – cash | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
See notes to financial statements.
| iShares S&P GSCI™ Commodity-Indexed Trust Schedules of Investments At December 31, 2022 and 2021 |
December 31, 2022
| Security Description | Face Amount | Fair Value | ||||||
| U.S. Treasury bills(a)(b): | ||||||||
| – due | $ | $ | ||||||
| – due | ||||||||
| – due | ||||||||
| due | ||||||||
| – due | ||||||||
| – due | ||||||||
| – due | ||||||||
| – due | ||||||||
| due | ||||||||
| – due | ||||||||
| due | ||||||||
| due | ||||||||
| due | ||||||||
| due | ||||||||
| Total U.S. Treasury bills (Cost: $) | ||||||||
| Total Investments – | ||||||||
| Other Assets, Less Liabilities – | ||||||||
| Net Assets – | $ | |||||||
| (a) | A portion of the above U.S. Treasury bills are posted as margin for the Trust’s Index Futures positions as described in Note 2D. |
| (b) | Rates shown are discount rates paid at the time of purchase. |
As of December 31, 2022, the open S&P GSCI-ER futures contracts were as follows:
| Number of Contracts | Expiration Date | Current Notional Amount | Net Unrealized Appreciation (Depreciation) | |||||||
| $ | ||||||||||
December 31, 2021
| Security Description | Face Amount | Fair Value | ||||||
| U.S. Treasury bills(a)(b): | ||||||||
| – due | $ | $ | ||||||
| – due | ||||||||
| due | ||||||||
| – due | ||||||||
| – due | ||||||||
| due | ||||||||
| – due | ||||||||
| due | ||||||||
| – due | ||||||||
| – due | ||||||||
| – due | ||||||||
| – due | ||||||||
| – due | ||||||||
| – due | ||||||||
| due | ||||||||
| due | ||||||||
| due | ||||||||
| due | ||||||||
| due | ||||||||
| Total U.S. Treasury bills (Cost: $) | ||||||||
| Total Investments – | ||||||||
| Other Assets, Less Liabilities – | ( | ) | ||||||
| Net Assets – | $ | |||||||
| (a) | A portion of the above U.S. Treasury bills are posted as margin for the Trust’s Index Futures positions as described in Note 2D. |
| (b) | Rates shown are discount rates paid at the time of purchase. |
As of December 31, 2021, the open S&P GSCI-ER futures contracts were as follows:
| Number of Contracts | Expiration Date | Current Notional Amount | Net Unrealized Appreciation (Depreciation) | |||||||
| $ | ||||||||||
See notes to financial statements.
iShares S&P GSCI™ Commodity-Indexed Trust
Notes to Financial Statements
December 31, 2022
1 - Organization
The iShares S&P GSCI™ Commodity-Indexed Trust (the “Trust”) is a Delaware statutory trust that was organized under the laws of the State of Delaware on July 7, 2006 and commenced operations on July 10, 2006. iShares Delaware Trust Sponsor LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, is the sponsor of the Trust (the “Sponsor”). The sole member and manager of the Sponsor is BlackRock Asset Management International Inc., a Delaware corporation.
BlackRock Institutional Trust Company, N.A. is the trustee of the Trust (the “Trustee”). The Trust is governed by the Third Amended and Restated Trust Agreement, dated as of December 31, 2013 (the “Trust Agreement”), among the Sponsor, the Trustee and Wilmington Trust Company (the “Delaware Trustee”). The Trust issues units of beneficial interest (“Shares”) representing fractional undivided beneficial interests in its net assets.
The Trust holds long positions in exchange-traded index futures contracts of various expirations (“Index Futures”) on the S&P GSCI™ Excess Return Index (“S&P GSCI‑ER”). In order to collateralize its Index Futures positions and to reflect the U.S. Treasury component of the S&P GSCI™ Total Return Index (the “Index”), the Trust also holds “Collateral Assets,” which consist of cash, U.S. Treasury securities or other short-term securities and similar securities that are eligible as margin deposits for those Index Futures positions. The Index Futures held by the Trust are listed on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (the “CME”).
The Trust seeks to track the results of a fully collateralized investment in futures contracts on an index composed of a diversified group of commodity futures. The Trust seeks to track the investment returns of the Index before payment of the Trust’s expenses and liabilities.
The Trust is a commodity pool, as defined in the Commodity Exchange Act (the “CEA”) and the applicable regulations of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (the “CFTC”), and is operated by the Sponsor, a commodity pool operator registered with the CFTC. The Sponsor is an indirect subsidiary of BlackRock, Inc. (“BlackRock”). BlackRock Fund Advisors (the “Advisor”), an indirect subsidiary of BlackRock, serves as the commodity trading advisor of the Trust and is registered with the CFTC.
The Trust qualifies as an investment company solely for accounting purposes and follows the accounting and reporting guidance under the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification Topic 946, Financial Services – Investment Companies, but is not registered, and is not required to be registered, as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended.
2 - Significant Accounting Policies
| A. | Basis of Accounting |
The following significant accounting policies are consistently followed by the Trust in the preparation of its financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Certain statements and captions in the financial statements for the prior year have been changed to conform to the current financial statement presentation.
| B. | Investment in Index Futures |
The Trust seeks to track the results of a fully collateralized investment in futures contracts on an index composed of a diversified group of commodity futures, including energy commodities, precious and industrial metal commodities, agricultural commodities and livestock commodities. The Trust seeks to track the investment returns of the Index before payment of the Trust’s expenses and liabilities.
The assets of the Trust consist of Index Futures and cash or other Collateral Assets used to satisfy applicable margin requirements for those Index Futures positions. Index Futures are exchange-traded index futures contracts on the S&P GSCI-ER, and are expected to include contracts of different terms and expirations. The Trust is expected to roll out of existing positions in Index Futures and establish new positions in Index Futures on an ongoing basis. When establishing positions in Index Futures, the Trust is required to deposit cash or other Collateral Assets with the broker as “initial margin.” On a daily basis, the Trust is obligated to pay, or entitled to receive, cash in an amount equal to the change in the daily settlement level of its Index Futures positions. Such payments or receipts are known as variation margin. Variation margin is recorded as unrealized appreciation (depreciation) and, if any, shown as variation margin receivable (or payable) on futures contracts in the Statements of Assets and Liabilities. When an Index Futures contract is closed, the Trust records a realized gain or loss based on the difference between the value of the Index Futures contract at the time it was opened and the value at the time it was closed.
Index Futures are derivative instruments valued at fair value, which the Trustee has determined to be that day’s announced settlement price on the CME or any such other futures exchange listing Index Futures (the “Exchange”). If there is no announced settlement price for a particular Index Futures contract on that day, the Trustee will use the most recently announced settlement price unless the Trustee, in consultation with the Sponsor, determines that such price is inappropriate as a basis for valuation. The Trust’s derivatives are not designated as hedges, and all changes in the fair value are reflected in the Statements of Operations.
For futures contracts, counterparty credit risk is mitigated because futures contracts are exchange-traded and the exchange’s clearing house acts as central counterparty to all exchange-traded futures contracts (although customers continue to have credit exposure to the clearing member who holds their account).
Please refer to Note 9 for additional disclosures regarding the Trust’s investments in futures contracts.
| C. | Cash |
The Trust considers cash as currencies deposited in one or more bank account. Cash is presented on the Statements of Cash Flows as unrestricted cash.
| D. | Short-Term Investments |
Short-term investments on the Statements of Assets and Liabilities consist principally of short-term fixed income securities with original maturities of one year or less. These investments are valued at fair value.
As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Trust had restricted short-term investments held at the broker of $
| E. | Securities Transactions and Income Recognition |
Securities transactions are accounted for on the trade date. Realized gains and losses on investment transactions are determined using the specific identification method. Interest income, including amortization and accretion of premiums and discounts on debt securities, is recognized daily on an accrual basis.
| F. | Income Taxes |
The Trust is treated as a partnership for federal, state and local income tax purposes.
No provision for federal, state, and local income taxes has been made in the accompanying financial statements because the Trust is not subject to income taxes. Shareholders are individually responsible for their own tax payments on their proportionate share of income, gain, loss, deduction, expense and credit.
The Sponsor has analyzed the tax positions as of December 31, 2022, inclusive of the open tax return years, and does not believe that there are any uncertain tax positions that require recognition of a tax liability.
| G. | Calculation of Net Asset Value |
The net asset value of the Trust on any given day is obtained by subtracting the Trust’s accrued expenses and other liabilities on that day from the value of (1) the Trust’s Index Futures positions and Collateral Assets on that day, (2) the interest earned on those assets by the Trust and (3) any other assets of the Trust, as of 4:00 p.m. (New York time) that day. The Trustee determines the net asset value per Share (the “NAV”) by dividing the net asset value of the Trust on a given day by the number of Shares outstanding at the time the calculation is made. The NAV is calculated each business day on which NYSE Arca, Inc. (“NYSE Arca”) is open for regular trading, as soon as practicable after 4:00 p.m. (New York time).
| H. | Distributions |
Interest and distributions received by the Trust on its assets may be used to acquire additional Index Futures and Collateral Assets or, in the discretion of the Sponsor, distributed to shareholders. The Trust is under no obligation to make periodic distributions to shareholders.
3 - Offering of the Shares
Shares are issued and redeemed continuously in one or more blocks of
It is possible that, from time to time, BlackRock and/or funds or other accounts managed by the Trustee or an affiliate (collectively, “Affiliates”) may purchase and hold Shares of the Trust. Affiliates reserve the right, subject to compliance with applicable law, to sell into the market or redeem in Baskets through an Authorized Participant at any time some or all of the Shares of the Trust acquired for their own accounts. A large sale or redemption of Shares of the Trust by Affiliates could significantly reduce the asset size of the Trust, which might have an adverse effect on the Trust and the Shares that remain outstanding.
4 - Trust Expenses
The Trust is responsible for paying any applicable brokerage commissions and similar transaction fees out of its assets in connection with the roll of Index Futures held by the Trust. These expenses are recorded as brokerage commissions and fees in the Statements of Operations as incurred.
The Sponsor pays the amounts that would otherwise be considered the ordinary operating expenses, if any, of the Trust. In return, the Sponsor receives a fee from the Trust that accrues daily and is payable monthly in arrears at an annualized rate equal to
The Sponsor has agreed under the Trust Agreement to pay the following administrative, operational and marketing expenses: (1) the fees of the Trustee, the Delaware Trustee, the Advisor, the Trust Administrator, the processing agent and their respective agents, (2) NYSE Arca listing fees, (3) printing and mailing costs, (4) audit fees, (5) fees for registration of the Shares with the SEC, (6) tax reporting costs, (7) license fees and (8) legal expenses relating to the Trust of up to $
5 - Related Parties
The Sponsor, the Trustee and the Advisor are considered to be related parties to the Trust. The Trustee’s and Advisor’s fees are paid by the Sponsor and are not a separate expense of the Trust.
6 - Indemnification
The Trust Agreement provides that the Trustee shall indemnify the Sponsor, its directors, employees, delegees and agents against, and hold each of them harmless from, any loss, liability, claim, cost, expense or judgment of any kind whatsoever (including reasonable fees and expenses of counsel) (i) caused by the negligence or bad faith of the Trustee or (ii) arising out of any information furnished in writing to the Sponsor by the Trustee expressly for use in the registration statement, or any amendment thereto or periodic report, filed with the SEC relating to the Shares that is not materially altered by the Sponsor.
The Trust Agreement provides that the Sponsor and its shareholders, directors, officers, employees, affiliates (as such term is defined under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended) and subsidiaries and agents shall be indemnified from the Trust and held harmless against any loss, liability, claim, cost, expense or judgment of any kind whatsoever (including the reasonable fees and expenses of counsel) arising out of or in connection with the performance of their obligations under the Trust Agreement or any actions taken in accordance with the provisions of the Trust Agreement and incurred without their (1) negligence, bad faith or willful misconduct or (2) reckless disregard of their obligations and duties under the Trust Agreement.
The investment advisory agreement (the “Advisory Agreement”) between the Trust and the Advisor provides that the Advisor and its shareholders, directors, officers, employees, affiliates (as such term is defined under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended) and subsidiaries shall be indemnified from the Trust and held harmless against any loss, liability, cost, expense or judgment (including the reasonable fees and expenses of counsel) arising out of or in connection with the performance of their obligations under the Advisory Agreement or any actions taken in accordance with the provisions of the Advisory Agreement and incurred without their (1) negligence, bad faith or willful misconduct or (2) reckless disregard of their obligations and duties under the Advisory Agreement.
7 - Commitments and Contingent Liabilities
In the normal course of business, the Trust may enter into contracts with service providers that contain general indemnification clauses. The Trust’s maximum exposure under these arrangements is unknown as this would involve future claims that may be made against the Trust that have not yet occurred.
8 - Financial Highlights
The following financial highlights relate to investment performance and operations for a Share outstanding for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.
| December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||
| Net asset value per Share, beginning of year | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Net investment income (loss)(a) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Net realized and unrealized gain (loss)(b) | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Net increase (decrease) in net assets from operations | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Net asset value per Share, end of year | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Total return, at net asset value(c) | % | % | ( | )% | ||||||||
| Ratio to average net assets: | ||||||||||||
| Net investment income (loss) | % | ( | )% | ( | )% | |||||||
| Expenses | % | % | % | |||||||||
| (a) | Based on average Shares outstanding during the year. |
| (b) | The amounts reported for a Share outstanding may not accord with the change in aggregate gains and losses on investments for the period due to the timing of Trust Share transactions in relation to the fluctuating fair values of the Trust’s underlying investments. |
| (c) | Based on the change in net asset value of a Share during the year. |
9 - Investing in Index Futures
Substantially all of the Trust’s assets are invested in Index Futures. The Index Futures’ settlement value at expiration is based on the value of the S&P GSCI-ER at that time. Therefore, the value of the Trust will fluctuate based upon the value of the S&P GSCI-ER and the prices of futures contracts and commodities underlying the S&P GSCI-ER. The commodities markets have historically been extremely volatile. For the year ended December 31, 2022 and the year ended December 31, 2021, the average month-end notional amounts of open Index Futures were $
The following table shows the variation margin on open futures contracts, by risk exposure category, on the Statements of Assets and Liabilities as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
| Asset Derivatives | Fair Value | Liability Derivatives | Fair Value | |||||||
| December 31, 2022 | ||||||||||
| Commodity contracts | Receivable for variation margin on open futures contracts | $ | Payable for variation margin on open futures contracts | $ | ||||||
| December 31, 2021 | ||||||||||
| Commodity contracts | Receivable for variation margin on open futures contracts | $ | Payable for variation margin on open futures contracts | $ | ||||||
The following table shows the effect of the open futures contracts, by risk exposure category, on the Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020:
| Statements of Operations Location | Net Realized Gain (Loss) | Net Change in Unrealized Appreciation/Depreciation | |||||||
| December 31, 2022 | |||||||||
| Commodity contracts | Net realized gain (loss) from futures contracts | $ | $ | — | |||||
| Net change in unrealized appreciation/depreciation on futures contracts | — | ||||||||
| December 31, 2021 | |||||||||
| Commodity contracts | Net realized gain (loss) from futures contracts | $ | $ | — | |||||
| Net change in unrealized appreciation/depreciation on futures contracts | — | ( | ) | ||||||
| December 31, 2020 | |||||||||
| Commodity contracts | Net realized gain (loss) from futures contracts | $ | ( | ) | $ | — | |||
| Net change in unrealized appreciation/depreciation on futures contracts | — | ||||||||
10 - Investment Valuation
FASB Accounting Standards Codification Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, defines fair value as the price the Trust would receive to sell an asset or pay to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The Trust’s policy is to value its investments at fair value.
Investments in Index Futures are measured at fair value on the basis of that day’s settlement price for Index Futures as announced by the applicable Exchange. If there is no announced settlement price for a particular Index Futures contract on a Business Day, the Trustee uses the most recently announced settlement price unless the Trustee, in consultation with the Sponsor, determines that such price is inappropriate as a basis for valuation.
U.S. Treasury bills are valued at the last available bid price received from independent pricing services. In determining the value of a fixed income investment, pricing services may use certain information with respect to transactions in such investments, quotations from dealers, pricing matrixes, market transactions in comparable investments, various relationships observed in the market between investments and calculated yield measures.
Various inputs are used in determining the fair value of financial instruments. Inputs may be based on independent market data (“observable inputs”) or they may be internally developed (“unobservable inputs”). These inputs are categorized into a disclosure hierarchy consisting of three broad levels for financial reporting purposes. The level of a value determined for a financial instrument within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:
| Level 1 – | Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities; |
| Level 2 – | Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability either directly or indirectly, including quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not considered to be active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means; and |
| Level 3 – | Unobservable inputs that are unobservable for the asset or liability, including the Trust’s assumptions used in determining the fair value of investments. |
Fair value pricing could result in a difference between the prices used to calculate the Trust’s net asset value and the prices used by the Trust’s underlying index, which in turn could result in a difference between the Trust’s performance and the performance of the Trust’s underlying index.
The following table summarizes the value of each of the Trust’s investments by the fair value hierarchy levels as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
| Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | |||||||||||||
| December 31, 2022 | ||||||||||||||||
| Futures contracts(a) | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||
| U.S. Treasury bills | ||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2021 | ||||||||||||||||
| Futures contracts(a) | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||
| U.S. Treasury bills | ||||||||||||||||
| (a) | Shown at the unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on the contracts. |
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned in the capacities* indicated, thereunto duly authorized.
For purposes of CFTC Rule 4.22(h), to the best of the knowledge and belief of the undersigned, the information contained in the CFTC Annual Report set forth herein is accurate and complete.
iShares Delaware Trust Sponsor LLC,
Sponsor of the iShares S&P GSCI™ Commodity-Indexed Trust (registrant)
| /s/ Shannon Ghia |
Shannon Ghia
Director, President and Chief Executive Officer
(Principal executive officer)
| Date: | February 23, 2023 |
| /s/ Bryan Bowers |
Bryan Bowers
Director and Chief Financial Officer
(Principal financial and accounting officer)
| Date: | February 23, 2023 |
| /s/ Philip Jensen |
Philip Jensen
Director
| Date: | February 23, 2023 |
| /s/ Peter Landini |
Peter Landini
Director
| Date: | February 23, 2023 |
| /s/ Kimun Lee |
Kimun Lee
Director
| Date: | February 23, 2023 |
* The registrant is a trust and the persons are signing in their respective capacities as officers or directors of iShares Delaware Trust Sponsor LLC, the Sponsor of the registrant.
37