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10-Q

Associated Banc-Corp (ASB)

10-Q 2023-04-27 For: 2023-03-31
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Table of Contents

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☑ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended: March 31, 2023

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from             to

Commission file number: 001-31343

Associated Banc-Corp

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Wisconsin 39-1098068
(State or other jurisdiction of<br>incorporation or organization) (I.R.S. Employer<br>Identification No.) 433 Main Street
--- --- ---
Green Bay, Wisconsin 54301
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

(920) 491-7500

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

(not applicable)

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:Title of each classTrading symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registeredCommon stock, par value $0.01 per shareASBNew York Stock ExchangeDepositary Shrs, each representing 1/40th intrst in a shr of 5.875% Non-Cum. Perp Pref Stock, Srs EASB PrENew York Stock ExchangeDepositary Shrs, each representing 1/40th intrst in a shr of 5.625% Non-Cum. Perp Pref Stock, Srs FASB PrFNew York Stock Exchange6.625% Fixed-Rate Reset Subordinated Notes due 2033ASBANew York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes  ☑        No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes  ☑        No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☑ Accelerated filer ☐
Non-accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐
Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes  ☐        No  ☑

APPLICABLE ONLY TO CORPORATE ISSUERS:

The number of shares outstanding of registrant’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share, at April 24, 2023 was 150,890,583.

ASSOCIATED BANC-CORP
Table of Contents Page
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PART I. Financial Information
Item 1. Financial Statements (Unaudited): 5
Consolidated Balance Sheets 5
Consolidated Statements of Income 6
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income 7
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity 8
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows 9
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 11
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 47
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk 70
Item 4. Controls and Procedures 71
PART II. Other Information
Item 1. Legal Proceedings 72
Item 1A. Risk Factors 72
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds 74
Item 6. Exhibits 75
Signatures 76
ASSOCIATED BANC-CORP
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Commonly Used Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Defined Terms
The following listing provides a reference of common acronyms and abbreviations used throughout the document: ABL Asset-Based Lending
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ACLL Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans
AFS Available for Sale
ALCO Asset / Liability Committee
AOCI Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
ARRC Alternative Reference Rate Committee
Associated / the Company / Corporation / our / we Associated Banc-Corp collectively with all of its subsidiaries and affiliates
Associated Bank / the Bank Associated Bank, National Association
ASU Accounting Standards Update
Basel III International framework established by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision for the regulation of capital and liquidity
bp basis point(s)
BTFP Bank Term Funding Program
CARES Act Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act
CDs Certificates of Deposit
CDIs Core Deposit Intangibles
CECL Current Expected Credit Losses
CET1 Common Equity Tier 1
CRA Community Reinvestment Act
CRE Commercial Real Estate
DIF Deposit Insurance Fund
EAR Earnings at Risk
Exchange Act Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
FASB Financial Accounting Standards Board
FDI Act Federal Deposit Insurance Act
FDIC Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
Federal Reserve Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
FFELP Federal Family Education Loan Program
FHLB Federal Home Loan Bank
FHLMC Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation
FICO Fair Isaac Corporation, provider of a broad-based risk score to aid in credit decisions
FNMA Federal National Mortgage Association
FTEs Full-time equivalent employees
FTP Funds Transfer Pricing
GAAP Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
GNMA Government National Mortgage Association
GSEs Government-Sponsored Enterprises
HQLA High-Quality Liquid Assets
HTM Held to Maturity
LIBOR London Interbank Offered Rate
LOCOM Lower of Cost or Market
LTV Loan-to-Value
Moody's Moody’s Investors Service
MSRs Mortgage Servicing Rights
MVE Market Value of Equity
Net Free Funds Noninterest-bearing sources of funds
--- ---
NII Net Interest Income
NPAs Nonperforming Assets
OCI Other Comprehensive Income
OREO Other Real Estate Owned
Parent Company Associated Banc-Corp individually
RAP Retirement Account Plan - the Corporation's noncontributory defined benefit retirement plan
Repurchase Agreements Securities sold under agreements to repurchase
Restricted Stock Awards Restricted common stock and restricted common stock units to certain key employees
Retirement Eligible Colleagues Colleagues whose retirement meets the early retirement or normal retirement definitions under the applicable equity compensation plan
ROCET1 Return on Common Equity Tier 1
S&P Standard & Poor's
SBA Small Business Administration
SBNY Signature Bank
SEC U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
Series E Preferred Stock The Corporation's 5.875% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series E, liquidation preference $1,000 per share
Series F Preferred Stock The Corporation's 5.625% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series F, liquidation preference $1,000 per share
SOFR Secured Overnight Finance Rate
SVB Silicon Valley Bank
TDRs Troubled Debt Restructurings
YTD Year-to-Date

Table of Contents

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1. Financial Statements:

ASSOCIATED BANC-CORP

Consolidated Balance Sheets

Mar 31, 2023 Dec 31, 2022
(In thousands, except share and per share data) (Unaudited) (Audited)
Assets
Cash and due from banks $ 311,269 $ 436,952
Interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions 511,116 156,693
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under agreements to resell 455 27,810
AFS investment securities, at fair value 3,381,607 2,742,025
HTM investment securities, net, at amortized cost 3,967,058 3,960,398
Equity securities 30,514 25,216
Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Bank stocks, at cost 331,420 295,496
Residential loans held for sale 35,742 20,383
Commercial loans held for sale 33,490 —
Loans 29,207,072 28,799,569
Allowance for loan losses (326,432) (312,720)
Loans, net 28,880,640 28,486,849
Tax credit and other investments 269,269 276,773
Premises and equipment, net 375,540 376,906
Bank and corporate owned life insurance 677,328 676,530
Goodwill 1,104,992 1,104,992
Other intangible assets, net 47,079 49,282
Mortgage servicing rights, net 74,479 77,351
Interest receivable 152,404 144,449
Other assets 518,115 547,621
Total assets $ 40,702,519 $ 39,405,727
Liabilities and stockholders' equity
Noninterest-bearing demand deposits $ 7,328,689 $ 7,760,811
Interest-bearing deposits 23,003,134 21,875,343
Total deposits 30,331,824 29,636,154
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase 208,398 585,139
Commercial paper 18,210 20,798
FHLB advances 4,986,138 4,319,861
Other long-term funding 544,103 248,071
Allowance for unfunded commitments 39,776 38,776
Accrued expenses and other liabilities 448,407 541,438
Total liabilities $ 36,576,856 $ 35,390,237
Stockholders’ equity
Preferred equity $ 194,112 $ 194,112
Common equity
Common stock $ 1,752 $ 1,752
Surplus 1,706,206 1,712,733
Retained earnings 2,973,354 2,904,882
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) (233,588) (272,799)
Treasury stock, at cost (516,173) (525,190)
Total common equity 3,931,551 3,821,378
Total stockholders’ equity 4,125,663 4,015,490
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 40,702,519 $ 39,405,727
Preferred shares authorized (par value $1.00 per share) 750,000 750,000
Preferred shares issued and outstanding 200,000 200,000
Common shares authorized (par value $0.01 per share) 250,000,000 250,000,000
Common shares issued 175,216,409 175,216,409
Common shares outstanding 150,885,862 150,444,019

Numbers may not sum due to rounding.

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

Item 1. Financial Statements Continued:

ASSOCIATED BANC-CORP

Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited)

Three Months Ended Mar 31,
(In thousands, except per share data) 2023 2022
Interest income
Interest and fees on loans $ 391,320 $ 167,697
Interest and dividends on investment securities
Taxable 30,142 16,472
Tax-exempt 16,025 16,108
Other interest 5,329 1,993
Total interest income 442,817 202,270
Interest expense
Interest on deposits 109,422 3,571
Interest on federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase 3,143 38
Interest on other short-term funding — 1
Interest on FHLB advances 49,960 8,182
Interest on long-term funding 6,281 2,730
Total interest expense 168,807 14,522
Net interest income 274,010 187,747
Provision for credit losses 17,971 (3,990)
Net interest income after provision for credit losses 256,039 191,737
Noninterest income
Wealth management fees 20,189 22,404
Service charges and deposit account fees 12,994 16,856
Card-based fees 10,586 9,926
Other fee-based revenue 4,276 3,766
Capital markets, net 5,083 8,646
Mortgage banking, net 3,545 8,391
Bank and corporate owned life insurance 2,664 2,071
Asset gains, net 263 188
Investment securities gains (losses), net 51 21
Other 2,422 2,198
Total noninterest income 62,073 74,467
Noninterest expense
Personnel 116,420 104,811
Technology 23,598 21,485
Occupancy 15,063 16,080
Business development and advertising 5,849 4,954
Equipment 4,930 4,960
Legal and professional 3,857 5,087
Loan and foreclosure costs 1,138 2,014
FDIC assessment 6,875 5,100
Other intangible amortization 2,203 2,203
Other 7,479 6,597
Total noninterest expense 187,412 173,292
Income before income taxes 130,700 92,912
Income tax expense 27,340 18,650
Net income 103,360 74,262
Preferred stock dividends 2,875 2,875
Net income available to common equity $ 100,485 $ 71,387
Earnings per common share
Basic $ 0.67 $ 0.48
Diluted $ 0.66 $ 0.47
Average common shares outstanding
Basic 149,763 148,781
Diluted 151,128 150,492

Numbers may not sum due to rounding.

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

Item 1. Financial Statements Continued:

ASSOCIATED BANC-CORP

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited)

Three Months Ended Mar 31,
($ in thousands) 2023 2022
Net income $ 103,360 $ 74,262
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax
AFS investment securities
Net unrealized gains (losses) 36,478 (103,284)
Unrealized (losses) on AFS securities transferred to HTM securities — (67,604)
Amortization of net unrealized losses on AFS securities transferred to HTM securities 2,267 1,108
Reclassification adjustment for net (gains) realized in net income — (21)
Income tax benefit (expense) (9,892) 43,098
Other comprehensive income (loss) on AFS securities 28,853 (126,702)
Cash flow hedge derivatives
Net unrealized gains 13,763 —
Reclassification adjustment for net losses realized in net income 1,262 —
Income tax (expense) (4,694) —
Other comprehensive income on cash flow hedge derivatives 10,331 —
Defined benefit pension and postretirement obligations
Amortization of prior service cost (81) (81)
Amortization of actuarial loss 30 74
Income tax benefit 79 2
Other comprehensive income (loss) on pension and postretirement obligations 27 (6)
Total other comprehensive income (loss) 39,211 (126,708)
Comprehensive income (loss) $ 142,571 $ (52,445)

Numbers may not sum due to rounding.

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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Item 1. Financial Statements Continued:

ASSOCIATED BANC-CORP

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity (Unaudited)

(In thousands, except per share data) Preferred Equity Common Stock Surplus Retained<br>Earnings Accumulated<br>Other<br>Comprehensive<br> (Loss) Treasury Stock Total
Balance, December 31, 2022 $ 194,112 $ 1,752 $ 1,712,733 $ 2,904,882 $ (272,799) $ (525,190) $ 4,015,490
Comprehensive income:
Net income — — — 103,360 — — 103,360
Other comprehensive income — — — — 39,211 — 39,211
Comprehensive income 142,571
Common stock issued:
Stock-based compensation plans, net — — (12,612) — — 14,379 1,766
Purchase of treasury stock, stock-based compensation plans — — — — — (5,362) (5,362)
Cash dividends:
Common stock, $0.21 per share — — — (32,013) — — (32,013)
Preferred stock(a) — — — (2,875) — — (2,875)
Stock-based compensation expense, net — — 6,086 — — — 6,086
Balance, March 31, 2023 $ 194,112 $ 1,752 $ 1,706,206 $ 2,973,354 $ (233,588) $ (516,173) $ 4,125,663

Numbers may not sum due to rounding.

(a) Series E, $0.3671875 per share; and Series F, $0.3515625 per share.

(In thousands, except per share data) Preferred Equity Common Stock Surplus Retained<br>Earnings Accumulated<br>Other<br>Comprehensive<br>Income (Loss) Treasury Stock Total
Balance, December 31, 2021 $ 193,195 $ 1,752 $ 1,713,851 $ 2,672,601 $ (10,317) $ (546,229) $ 4,024,853
Change in accounting principle(a) — — — 1,713 — — 1,713
Total stockholders' equity at beginning of period, as adjusted 193,195 1,752 1,713,851 2,674,314 (10,317) (546,229) 4,026,566
Comprehensive (loss):
Net income — — — 74,262 — — 74,262
Other comprehensive (loss) — — — — (126,708) — (126,708)
Comprehensive (loss) (52,445)
Common stock issued:
Stock-based compensation plans, net — — (11,911) — — 18,565 6,654
Purchase of treasury stock, stock-based compensation plans — — — — — (5,193) (5,193)
Cash dividends:
Common stock, $0.20 per share — — — (30,583) — — (30,583)
Preferred stock(b) — — — (2,875) — — (2,875)
Stock-based compensation expense, net — — 6,164 — — — 6,164
Balance, March 31, 2022 $ 193,195 $ 1,752 $ 1,708,104 $ 2,715,118 $ (137,024) $ (532,858) $ 3,948,287

Numbers may not sum due to rounding.

(a) MSRs at December 31, 2021 were carried at LOCOM. On January 1, 2022, the Corporation made the irrevocable election to account for MSRs at fair value.

(b) Series E, $0.3671875 per share; and Series F, $0.3515625 per share.

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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Item 1. Financial Statements Continued:

ASSOCIATED BANC-CORP

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)

Three Months Ended Mar 31,
($ in thousands) 2023 2022
Cash flows from operating activities
Net income $ 103,360 $ 74,262
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Provision for credit losses 17,971 (3,990)
Depreciation and amortization 11,425 11,680
Change in MSRs valuation 1,857 (9,451)
Amortization of other intangible assets 2,203 2,203
Amortization and accretion on earning assets, funding, and other, net 338 5,338
Net amortization of tax credit investments 8,574 8,535
(Gains) on sales of investment securities, net — (21)
Asset (gains), net (263) (188)
Loss on mortgage banking activities, net 251 4,183
Mortgage loans originated and acquired for sale (69,254) (252,113)
Proceeds from sales of mortgage loans held for sale 54,652 296,089
Changes in certain assets and liabilities:
(Increase) in interest receivable (7,955) (2,592)
(Decrease) increase in interest payable 14,775 (1,917)
(Decrease) in expense payable (52,396) (46,737)
(Decrease) increase in net derivative position (42,403) 152,545
Net change in other assets and other liabilities 4,336 8,292
Net cash provided by operating activities 47,470 246,119
Cash flows from investing activities
Net (increase) in loans (414,268) (305,878)
Purchases of:
AFS securities (681,386) (409,076)
HTM securities (41,524) (135,301)
Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Bank stocks and equity securities (56,892) (301)
Proceeds from:
Sales of AFS securities — 734
Sale of Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Bank stocks and equity securities 15,765 8
Prepayments, calls, and maturities of AFS securities 79,746 167,986
Prepayments, calls, and maturities of HTM securities 33,053 51,206
Sales, prepayments, calls, and maturities of other assets 10,115 18,012
Premises, equipment, and software, net of disposals (13,898) (17,141)
Net change in tax credit and alternative investments (7,033) (10,293)
Net cash (used in) investing activities (1,076,322) (640,045)
Cash flows from financing activities
Net increase (decrease) in deposits 695,723 (60,949)
Net increase (decrease) in short-term funding (379,329) 45,098
Net increase in short-term FHLB advances 660,000 320,000
Repayment of long-term FHLB advances (507) (414,578)
Proceeds from long-term FHLB advances 115 11,506
Proceeds from issuance of long-term funding 292,740 —
(Repayment) proceeds of finance lease principal (21) 399
Proceeds from issuance of common stock for stock-based compensation plans 1,766 6,654
Purchase of treasury stock, stock-based compensation plans (5,362) (5,193)
Cash dividends on common stock (32,013) (30,583)
Cash dividends on preferred stock (2,875) (2,875)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities 1,230,238 (130,521)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 201,385 (524,447)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period 621,455 1,025,515
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period(a) $ 822,840 $ 501,068

Numbers may not sum due to rounding.

(a) No restricted cash due to the Federal Reserve reducing the required reserve ratio to zero.

Table of Contents

ASSOCIATED BANC-CORP

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)

Three Months Ended Mar 31,
($ in thousands) 2023 2022
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information
Cash paid for interest $ 153,760 $ 16,267
Cash paid for (received from) income and franchise taxes 1,086 (1,471)
Loans and bank premises transferred to OREO 3,599 426
Capitalized mortgage servicing rights 474 3,042
Loans transferred into held for sale from portfolio, net 94 2,644
Transfer of AFS securities to HTM securities — 1,621,990
Unsettled trades to purchase securities — 4,246
Fair value adjustments on hedged long-term FHLB advances and subordinated debt (10,724) —
Fair value adjustment on cash flow hedge 10,331 —

Table of Contents

Item 1. Financial Statements Continued:

ASSOCIATED BANC-CORP

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

These interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared according to the rules and regulations of the SEC and, therefore, certain information and footnote disclosures normally presented in accordance with GAAP have been omitted or abbreviated. The information contained on the consolidated financial statements and footnotes in Associated Banc-Corp's 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K should be referred to in connection with the reading of these unaudited interim consolidated financial statements.

Note 1 Basis of Presentation

In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements contain all adjustments necessary to present fairly the financial position, results of operations and comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows of the Corporation and Parent Company for the periods presented, and all such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of all subsidiaries. All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. The results of operations for the interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year.

In preparing the consolidated financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the balance sheet and revenues and expenses for the period. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates. Estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change include the determination of the ACLL. Management has evaluated subsequent events for potential recognition or disclosure.

Within the tables presented, certain columns and rows may not sum due to the use of rounded numbers for disclosure purposes.

Note 2 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

The accounting and reporting policies of the Corporation conform to U.S. GAAP and to general practice within the financial services industry. A discussion of these policies can be found in Note 1 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies included in the Corporation’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

New Accounting Pronouncements Adopted

Standard Description Date of adoption Effect on financial statements
ASU 2022-02 Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures The FASB issued these amendments to eliminate accounting guidance for TDRs by creditors in Subtopic 310-40, Receivables-Troubled Debt Restructurings by Creditors, while enhancing disclosure requirements for certain loan refinancings and restructurings by creditors when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, and to require that an entity disclose current-period gross writeoffs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investments in leases within the scope of Subtopic 326-20, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses-Measured at Amortized Cost. The amendments in this Update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years, and should be applied prospectively, except as provided in the next sentence. For the transition method related to the recognition and measurement of TDRs, an entity has the option to apply a modified retrospective transition method, resulting in a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings in the period of adoption. Early adoption is permitted if an entity has adopted the amendments in Update 2016-03, including adoption in an interim period. 1st Quarter 2023 Adoption of this amendment did not have a material impact on the Corporation's results of operation, financial position or liquidity, but resulted in additional disclosure requirements related to gross charge offs by vintage year and the removal of TDR disclosures, replaced by additional disclosures on the types of modifications of loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulties. The Corporation has adopted this update prospectively.

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Future Accounting Pronouncements

The expected impact of applicable material accounting pronouncements recently issued or proposed but not yet required to be adopted are discussed in the table below. To the extent that the adoption of new accounting standards materially affects the Corporation's financial condition, results of operations, liquidity or disclosures, the impacts are discussed in the applicable sections of this financial review.

Standard Description Date of anticipated adoption Effect on financial statements
ASU 2023-02 Investments-Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method The amendments in this update permit reporting entities to elect to account for their tax equity investments, regardless of the tax credit program from which the income tax credits are received, using the proportional amortization method if certain conditions are met. A reporting entity may make an accounting policy election to apply the proportional amortization method on a tax-credit-program-by-tax-credit-program basis rather than electing to apply the proportional amortization method at the reporting entity level or to individual investments. The amendments in this update also remove certain guidance for Qualified Affordable Housing Project investments and require the application of the delayed equity contribution guidance to all tax equity investments. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and must be applied on either a modified retrospective or a retrospective basis. Early adoption is permitted in any interim period, however if adopted in an interim period the entity shall adopt the amendments in this update as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes the interim period. 1st Quarter 2024 The Corporation is currently evaluating the impact on its results of operation, financial position, liquidity, and disclosures.

Note 3 Earnings Per Common Share

Earnings per common share are calculated utilizing the two-class method. Basic earnings per common share are calculated by dividing the sum of distributed earnings to common shareholders and undistributed earnings allocated to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per common share are calculated by dividing the sum of distributed earnings to common shareholders and undistributed earnings allocated to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding adjusted for the dilutive effect of common stock awards (outstanding stock options and unvested restricted stock awards). Presented below are the calculations for basic and diluted earnings per common share:

Three Months Ended Mar 31,
($ in thousands, except per share data) 2023 2022
Net income $ 103,360 $ 74,262
Preferred stock dividends (2,875) (2,875)
Net income available to common equity $ 100,485 $ 71,387
Common shareholder dividends (31,808) (30,372)
Unvested share-based payment awards (205) (211)
Undistributed earnings $ 68,472 $ 40,804
Undistributed earnings allocated to common shareholders $ 68,086 $ 40,548
Undistributed earnings allocated to unvested share-based payment awards 386 256
Undistributed earnings $ 68,472 $ 40,804
Basic
Distributed earnings to common shareholders $ 31,808 $ 30,372
Undistributed earnings allocated to common shareholders 68,086 40,548
Total common shareholders earnings, basic $ 99,894 $ 70,920
Diluted
Distributed earnings to common shareholders $ 31,808 $ 30,372
Undistributed earnings allocated to common shareholders 68,086 40,548
Total common shareholders earnings, diluted $ 99,894 $ 70,920
Weighted average common shares outstanding 149,763 148,781
Effect of dilutive common stock awards 1,365 1,711
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding 151,128 150,492
Basic earnings per common share $ 0.67 $ 0.48
Diluted earnings per common share $ 0.66 $ 0.47

Approximately 2 million anti-dilutive common stock options were excluded from the earnings per common share calculation for both the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.

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Note 4 Stock-Based Compensation

The fair values of stock options and restricted stock awards are amortized as compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the grants. For colleagues who meet the definition of retirement eligible under the 2017 Incentive Compensation Plan and the 2020 Incentive Compensation Plan, expenses related to stock options and restricted stock awards are fully recognized on the date the colleague meets the definition of normal or early retirement. Compensation expense recognized is included in personnel expense on the consolidated statements of income.

A summary of the Corporation’s stock option activity for the three months ended March 31, 2023 is presented below:

Stock Options Shares(a) Weighted Average<br>Exercise Price Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term Aggregate Intrinsic Value(a)
Outstanding at December 31, 2022 3,994 $ 21.06 5.11 years $ 10,525
Exercised 34 17.07
Forfeited or expired — —
Outstanding at March 31, 2023 3,960 $ 21.10 4.87 years $ 1,039
Options Exercisable at March 31, 2023 3,746 $ 21.27 4.75 years $ 887

(a) In thousands

Intrinsic value represents the amount by which the fair market value of the underlying stock exceeds the exercise price of the stock option. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the intrinsic value of stock options exercised was approximately $219,000, compared to $3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the total fair value of stock options vested was approximately $955,000 compared to $2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022.

The Corporation recognized compensation expense for the vesting of stock options of approximately $108,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to $241,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2022. At March 31, 2023, the Corporation had approximately $270,000 of unrecognized compensation expense related to stock options that is expected to be recognized over the remaining requisite service periods that extend predominately through the first quarter of 2024.

The Corporation also has issued time-based and performance-based restricted stock awards under the 2017 Incentive Compensation Plan and subsequent 2020 Incentive Compensation Plan. Performance awards are based on performance goals determined by the Compensation and Benefits Committee of the Corporation's Board of Directors, with vesting ranging from a minimum of 0% to a maximum of 150% of the target award. Performance awards are valued utilizing a Monte Carlo simulation model to estimate fair value of the awards at the grant date.

The following table summarizes information about the Corporation’s restricted stock awards activity for the three months ended March 31, 2023:

Restricted Stock Shares(a) Weighted Average<br>Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2022 2,303 $ 20.81
Granted 813 22.67
Vested 630 20.99
Forfeited 2 21.92
Outstanding at March 31, 2023 2,484 $ 21.38

(a) In thousands

The Corporation amortizes the expense related to restricted stock awards as compensation expense over the vesting period specified in the grant's award agreement. Performance-based restricted stock awards granted during 2022 and 2023 will cliff-vest after the three year performance period has ended. Service-based restricted stock awards granted during 2022 and 2023 will vest ratably over a period of four years. Expense for restricted stock awards of $6 million was recorded for both the three months ended March 31, 2023 and the three months ended March 31, 2022. Included in compensation expense for the first three months of 2023 was $3 million of expense for the accelerated vesting of restricted stock awards granted to retirement eligible colleagues. The Corporation had $31 million of unrecognized compensation costs related to restricted stock awards at March 31, 2023 that are expected to be recognized over the remaining requisite service periods that extend predominately through the first quarter of 2027.

The Corporation has the ability to issue shares from treasury or new shares upon the exercise of stock options or the granting of restricted stock awards. The Board of Directors has authorized management to repurchase shares of the Corporation’s common stock in the market, to be made available for issuance in connection with the Corporation’s employee incentive plans and for other corporate purposes. The repurchase of shares, if any, will be based on market and investment opportunities, capital levels,

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growth prospects, and regulatory constraints. Such repurchases may occur from time to time in open market purchases, block transactions, private transactions, accelerated share repurchase programs, or similar facilities.

Note 5 Investment Securities

Investment securities are designated as AFS, HTM, or equity on the consolidated balance sheets at the time of purchase. The amortized cost and fair values of AFS and HTM securities at March 31, 2023 were as follows:

($ in thousands) Amortized<br>Cost Gross<br>Unrealized<br>Gains Gross<br>Unrealized<br>(Losses) Fair Value
AFS investment securities
U. S. Treasury securities $ 124,478 $ — $ (12,735) $ 111,743
Agency securities 15,000 — (1,271) 13,730
Obligations of state and political subdivisions (municipal securities) 230,673 291 (2,063) 228,902
Residential mortgage-related securities:
FNMA/FHLMC 1,768,846 260 (194,529) 1,574,578
GNMA 1,092,742 7,273 (4,427) 1,095,588
Commercial mortgage-related securities:
FNMA/FHLMC 18,952 — (1,335) 17,618
GNMA 194,550 17 (5,101) 189,466
Asset backed securities:
FFELP 147,876 — (4,791) 143,084
SBA 4,020 13 (50) 3,983
Other debt securities 3,000 — (82) 2,918
Total AFS investment securities $ 3,600,137 $ 7,854 $ (226,383) $ 3,381,607
HTM investment securities
U. S. Treasury securities $ 999 $ — $ (51) $ 947
Obligations of state and political subdivisions (municipal securities) 1,720,177 4,888 (146,544) 1,578,521
Residential mortgage-related securities:
FNMA/FHLMC 981,065 30,284 (163,514) 847,835
GNMA 53,298 195 (2,897) 50,596
Private-label 361,170 11,242 (71,147) 301,265
Commercial mortgage-related securities:
FNMA/FHLMC 785,516 14,657 (156,369) 643,803
GNMA 64,859 502 (6,826) 58,536
Total HTM investment securities $ 3,967,083 $ 61,768 $ (547,349) $ 3,481,502

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The amortized cost and fair values of AFS and HTM securities at December 31, 2022 were as follows:

($ in thousands) Amortized<br>Cost Gross<br>Unrealized<br>Gains Gross<br>Unrealized<br>(Losses) Fair Value
AFS investment securities
U. S. Treasury securities $ 124,441 $ — $ (15,063) $ 109,378
Agency securities 15,000 — (1,468) 13,532
Obligations of state and political subdivisions (municipal securities) 235,693 96 (5,074) 230,714
Residential mortgage-related securities:
FNMA/FHLMC 1,820,642 404 (216,436) 1,604,610
GNMA 502,537 314 (5,255) 497,596
Commercial mortgage-related securities:
FNMA/FHLMC 19,038 — (1,896) 17,142
GNMA 115,031 — (4,569) 110,462
Asset backed securities:
FFELP 157,138 — (5,947) 151,191
SBA 4,512 15 (51) 4,477
Other debt securities 3,000 — (78) 2,922
Total AFS investment securities $ 2,997,032 $ 830 $ (255,837) $ 2,742,025
HTM investment securities
U. S. Treasury securities $ 999 $ — $ (62) $ 936
Obligations of state and political subdivisions (municipal securities) 1,732,351 1,994 (182,697) 1,551,647
Residential mortgage-related securities:
FNMA/FHLMC 961,231 31,301 (175,760) 816,771
GNMA 52,979 85 (3,436) 49,628
Private-label 364,728 11,697 (72,920) 303,505
Commercial mortgage-related securities:
FNMA/FHLMC 778,796 15,324 (178,281) 615,839
GNMA 69,369 577 (7,254) 62,691
Total HTM investment securities $ 3,960,451 $ 60,978 $ (620,411) $ 3,401,018

Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. The expected maturities of AFS and HTM securities at March 31, 2023, are shown below:

AFS HTM
($ in thousands) Amortized<br>Cost Fair<br>Value Amortized<br>Cost Fair<br>Value
Due in one year or less $ 6,773 $ 6,768 $ 14,358 $ 14,350
Due after one year through five years 179,763 165,292 36,046 35,926
Due after five years through ten years 150,181 149,003 161,217 159,591
Due after ten years 36,434 36,229 1,509,554 1,369,602
Total debt securities 373,151 357,292 1,721,175 1,579,468
Residential mortgage-related securities:
FNMA/FHLMC 1,768,846 1,574,578 981,065 847,835
GNMA 1,092,742 1,095,588 53,298 50,596
Private-label — — 361,170 301,265
Commercial mortgage-related securities:
FNMA/FHLMC 18,952 17,618 785,516 643,803
GNMA 194,550 189,466 64,859 58,536
Asset backed securities:
FFELP 147,876 143,084 — —
SBA 4,020 3,983 — —
Total investment securities $ 3,600,137 $ 3,381,607 $ 3,967,083 $ 3,481,502
Ratio of fair value to amortized cost 93.9 % 87.8 %

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On a quarterly basis, the Corporation refreshes the credit quality of each HTM security. The following table summarizes the credit quality indicators of HTM securities at amortized cost at March 31, 2023:

($ in thousands) AAA AA A Not Rated Total
U. S. Treasury securities $ 999 $ — $ — $ — $ 999
Obligations of state and political subdivisions (municipal securities) 807,729 903,689 7,602 1,157 1,720,177
Residential mortgage-related securities:
FNMA/FHLMC 981,065 — — — 981,065
GNMA 53,298 — — — 53,298
Private-label 361,170 — — — 361,170
Commercial mortgage-related securities:
FNMA/FHLMC 785,516 — — — 785,516
GNMA 64,859 — — — 64,859
Total HTM securities $ 3,054,635 $ 903,689 $ 7,602 $ 1,157 $ 3,967,083

The following table summarizes the credit quality indicators of HTM securities at amortized cost at December 31, 2022:

($ in thousands) AAA AA A Not Rated Total
U. S. Treasury securities $ 999 $ — $ — $ — $ 999
Obligations of state and political subdivisions (municipal securities) 806,529 917,059 7,604 1,158 1,732,351
Residential mortgage-related securities:
FNMA/FHLMC 961,231 — — — 961,231
GNMA 52,979 — — — 52,979
Private-label 364,728 — — — 364,728
Commercial mortgage-related securities:
FNMA/FHLMC 778,796 — — — 778,796
GNMA 69,369 — — — 69,369
Total HTM securities $ 3,034,630 $ 917,059 $ 7,604 $ 1,158 $ 3,960,451

The following table summarizes gross realized gains and losses on AFS securities, net write-up of equity securities, and proceeds from the sale of investment securities for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

Three Months Ended Mar 31,
($ in thousands) 2023 2022
Gross gains on AFS securities $ — $ 21
Net write-up of equity securities 51 —
Investment securities gains (losses), net $ 51 $ 21
Proceeds from sales of AFS investment securities $ — $ 734

Investment securities with a carrying value of $2.2 billion and $2.3 billion at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, were pledged as required to secure certain deposits or for other purposes.

Accrued interest receivable on HTM securities totaled $16 million and $19 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Accrued interest receivable on AFS securities totaled $12 million and $9 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Accrued interest receivable on both HTM and AFS securities is included in interest receivable on the consolidated balance sheets. There was no interest income reversed for investments going into nonaccrual at both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

A security is considered past due once it is 30 days past due under the terms of the agreement. At both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Corporation had no past due HTM securities.

The allowance for credit losses on HTM securities was approximately $25,000 at March 31, 2023 and approximately $54,000 at December 31, 2022, attributable entirely to the Corporation's municipal securities, included in HTM investment securities, net, at amortized cost on the consolidated balance sheets. The Corporation also holds U.S. Treasury, municipal, and mortgage-related securities issued by the U.S. government or a GSE which are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government and private-label residential mortgage-related securities that have credit enhancement which covers the first 15% of losses and, as a result, no allowance for credit losses has been recorded related to these securities.

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The following represents gross unrealized losses and the related fair value of AFS and HTM securities, aggregated by investment category and length of time individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, at March 31, 2023:

Less than 12 months 12 months or more Total
($ in thousands) Number<br>of<br>Securities Unrealized<br>(Losses) Fair<br>Value Number<br>of<br>Securities Unrealized<br>(Losses) Fair<br>Value Unrealized<br>(Losses) Fair<br>Value
AFS investment securities
U.S. Treasury securities — $ — $ — 7 $ (12,735) $ 111,743 $ (12,735) $ 111,743
Agency securities — — — 1 (1,271) 13,730 (1,271) 13,730
Obligations of state and political subdivisions (municipal securities) 189 (1,025) 111,529 72 (1,037) 40,199 (2,063) 151,727
Residential mortgage-related securities:
FNMA/FHLMC 12 (3,619) 51,021 96 (190,909) 1,504,384 (194,529) 1,555,405
GNMA 23 (2,583) 294,212 9 (1,844) 33,128 (4,427) 327,340
Commercial mortgage-related securities:
FNMA/FHLMC — — — 1 (1,335) 17,618 (1,335) 17,618
GNMA 13 (1,039) 100,585 29 (4,062) 74,665 (5,101) 175,250
Asset backed securities:
FFELP — — — 15 (4,791) 143,084 (4,791) 143,084
SBA 2 (1) 331 6 (49) 1,755 (50) 2,087
Other debt securities 1 (31) 969 2 (51) 1,949 (82) 2,918
Total 240 $ (8,299) $ 558,647 238 $ (218,084) $ 1,942,255 $ (226,383) $ 2,500,901
HTM investment securities
U.S. Treasury securities — $ — $ — 1 $ (51) $ 947 $ (51) $ 947
Obligations of state and political subdivisions (municipal securities) 311 (7,598) 454,461 400 (138,946) 614,842 (146,544) 1,069,304
Residential mortgage-related securities:
FNMA/FHLMC 63 (2,881) 75,386 50 (160,633) 762,280 (163,514) 837,666
GNMA 16 (168) 6,511 63 (2,729) 32,771 (2,897) 39,282
Private-label — — — 18 (71,147) 301,265 (71,147) 301,265
Commercial mortgage-related securities:
FNMA/FHLMC 4 (473) 29,658 41 (155,897) 614,153 (156,369) 643,811
GNMA — — — 14 (6,826) 58,536 (6,826) 58,536
Total 394 $ (11,120) $ 566,017 587 $ (536,229) $ 2,384,794 $ (547,349) $ 2,950,811

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For comparative purposes, the following represents gross unrealized losses and the related fair value of AFS and HTM securities, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, at December 31, 2022:

Less than 12 months 12 months or more Total
($ in thousands) Number<br>of<br>Securities Unrealized<br>(Losses) Fair<br>Value Number<br>of<br>Securities Unrealized<br>(Losses) Fair<br>Value Unrealized<br>(Losses) Fair<br>Value
AFS investment securities
U.S. Treasury securities — $ — $ — 7 $ (15,063) $ 109,378 $ (15,063) $ 109,378
Agency securities — — — 1 (1,468) 13,532 (1,468) 13,532
Obligations of state and political subdivisions (municipal securities) 358 (5,066) 201,260 4 (8) 1,916 (5,074) 203,176
Residential mortgage-related securities:
FNMA/FHLMC 24 (31,266) 260,986 84 (185,170) 1,321,420 (216,436) 1,582,406
GNMA 23 (4,415) 220,276 2 (840) 11,096 (5,255) 231,372
Commercial mortgage-related securities:
FNMA/FHLMC 1 (1,896) 17,142 — — — (1,896) 17,142
GNMA 33 (3,920) 101,036 4 (649) 9,426 (4,569) 110,462
Asset backed securities:
FFELP 3 (1,668) 44,304 12 (4,278) 106,887 (5,947) 151,191
SBA 2 (1) 417 6 (50) 2,057 (51) 2,474
Other debt securities 2 (30) 1,970 1 (49) 951 (78) 2,922
Total 446 $ (48,263) $ 847,391 121 $ (207,575) $ 1,576,665 $ (255,837) $ 2,424,055
HTM investment securities
U.S. Treasury securities 1 $ (62) $ 936 — $ — $ — $ (62) $ 936
Obligations of state and political subdivisions (municipal securities) 771 (96,282) 1,079,216 156 (86,415) 231,022 (182,697) 1,310,238
Residential mortgage-related securities:
FNMA/FHLMC 79 (18,925) 143,201 22 (156,836) 671,570 (175,760) 814,770
GNMA 81 (3,436) 44,476 — — — (3,436) 44,476
Private-label 3 (9,509) 58,733 15 (63,411) 244,772 (72,920) 303,505
Commercial mortgage-related securities:
FNMA/FHLMC 4 (3,814) 20,338 39 (174,467) 576,911 (178,281) 597,249
GNMA 8 (2,528) 34,612 6 (4,726) 28,080 (7,254) 62,691
Total 947 $ (134,556) $ 1,381,511 238 $ (485,855) $ 1,752,354 $ (620,411) $ 3,133,865

The Corporation reviews the AFS investment securities portfolio on a quarterly basis to monitor its credit exposure. A determination as to whether a security’s decline in fair value is the result of credit risk takes into consideration numerous factors and the relative significance of any single factor can vary by security. Some factors the Corporation may consider in this impairment analysis include the extent to which the security has been in an unrealized loss position, the change in security rating, financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, as well as the security and industry specific economic conditions.

Based on the Corporation’s evaluation, management does not believe any unrealized losses at March 31, 2023 represent credit deterioration as these unrealized losses are primarily attributable to changes in interest rates and the current market conditions. The Corporation does not intend to sell, nor does it believe that it will be required to sell, the securities in an unrealized loss position before recovery of their amortized cost basis.

FHLB and Federal Reserve Bank stocks: The Corporation is required to maintain Federal Reserve Bank stock and FHLB stock as a member bank of both the Federal Reserve System and the FHLB, and in amounts as required by these institutions. These equity securities are “restricted” in that they can only be sold back to the respective institutions or another member institution at par. Therefore, they are less liquid than other marketable equity securities and their fair value is equal to amortized cost. The Corporation had FHLB stock of $245 million and $209 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The Corporation had Federal Reserve Bank stock of $87 million at both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. Accrued interest receivable on FHLB stock totaled $4 million and $3 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. There was approximately $776,000 of accrued interest receivable on Federal Reserve Bank Stock at March 31, 2023, and none at December 31, 2022. Accrued interest receivable on both FHLB stock and Federal Reserve Bank stock is included in interest receivable on the consolidated balance sheets.

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Equity Securities

Equity securities with readily determinable fair values: The Corporation's portfolio of equity securities with readily determinable fair values is primarily comprised of CRA Qualified Investment mutual funds and other mutual funds. At both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Corporation had equity securities with readily determinable fair values of $6 million.

Equity securities without readily determinable fair values: The Corporation's portfolio of equity securities without readily determinable fair values, which primarily consists of Visa Class B restricted shares and an investment in a private SBA loan fund, was carried at $24 million and $19 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

Note 6 Loans

The period end loan composition was as follows:

($ in thousands) Mar 31, 2023 Dec 31, 2022
Asset-based lending & equipment finance $ 522,834 $ 458,887
Commercial and industrial 9,346,947 9,300,567
Commercial real estate — owner occupied 1,050,236 991,722
Commercial and business lending 10,920,017 10,751,176
Commercial real estate — investor 5,094,249 5,080,344
Real estate construction 2,147,070 2,155,222
Commercial real estate lending 7,241,318 7,235,565
Total commercial 18,161,335 17,986,742
Residential mortgage 8,605,164 8,511,550
Auto finance 1,551,538 1,382,073
Home equity 609,787 624,353
Other consumer 279,248 294,851
Total consumer 11,045,737 10,812,828
Total loans $ 29,207,072 $ 28,799,569

Accrued interest receivable on loans totaled $119 million at March 31, 2023, and $113 million at December 31, 2022, and is included in interest receivable on the consolidated balance sheets. Interest accrued but not received for loans placed on nonaccrual is reversed against interest income. The amount of accrued interest reversed was immaterial at both the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.

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The following table presents loans by credit quality indicator by origination year at March 31, 2023:

Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year(a)
($ in thousands) Rev Loans Converted to Term(a) Rev Loans Amortized Cost Basis YTD 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Total
Asset-based lending & equipment finance:
Risk rating:
Pass $ — $ 60,256 $ 55,535 $ 262,074 $ 125,609 $ 1,420 $ 543 $ — $ 505,437
Potential Problem — — — 1,396 — 16,000 — — 17,396
Asset-based lending & equipment finance $ — $ 60,256 $ 55,535 $ 263,471 $ 125,609 $ 17,420 $ 543 $ — $ 522,834
Commercial and industrial:
Risk rating:
Pass $ 71 $ 2,003,455 $ 332,572 $ 2,872,816 $ 2,101,488 $ 467,455 $ 558,852 $ 685,216 $ 9,021,853
Special Mention — 86,593 — 30,540 31,161 2,913 — 33,501 184,709
Potential Problem 128 39,951 6,145 34,388 27,494 4,675 132 4,865 117,650
Nonaccrual 9,500 — — 4,707 9,500 8,528 — — 22,735
Commercial and industrial $ 9,698 $ 2,130,000 $ 338,716 $ 2,942,451 $ 2,169,643 $ 483,571 $ 558,983 $ 723,583 $ 9,346,947
Commercial real estate - owner occupied:
Risk rating:
Pass $ — $ 22,344 $ 87,095 $ 205,922 $ 234,300 $ 150,009 $ 152,649 $ 151,106 $ 1,003,424
Special Mention — — — — — 3,483 9,500 274 13,257
Potential Problem — — 2,812 877 11,651 4,064 518 12,156 32,077
Nonaccrual 8 — 8 1,470 — — — — 1,478
Commercial real estate - owner occupied $ 8 $ 22,344 $ 89,914 $ 208,269 $ 245,950 $ 157,555 $ 162,667 $ 163,536 $ 1,050,236
Commercial and business lending:
Risk rating:
Pass $ 71 $ 2,086,055 $ 475,201 $ 3,340,812 $ 2,461,397 $ 618,883 $ 712,044 $ 836,323 $ 10,530,715
Special Mention — 86,593 — 30,540 31,161 6,396 9,500 33,775 197,965
Potential Problem 128 39,951 8,956 36,661 39,145 24,739 649 17,021 167,124
Nonaccrual 9,508 — 8 6,177 9,500 8,528 — — 24,213
Commercial and business lending $ 9,707 $ 2,212,600 $ 484,166 $ 3,414,190 $ 2,541,203 $ 658,546 $ 722,194 $ 887,119 $ 10,920,017
Commercial real estate - investor:
Risk rating:
Pass $ — $ 118,873 $ 324,298 $ 1,506,258 $ 1,375,935 $ 612,765 $ 489,024 $ 411,246 $ 4,838,398
Special Mention — — 18,454 92,149 22,247 8,225 — — 141,075
Potential Problem — — 24,803 22,047 22,209 — 1,019 19,575 89,653
Nonaccrual — — — — 24,855 — — 267 25,122
Commercial real estate - investor $ — $ 118,873 $ 367,555 $ 1,620,454 $ 1,445,246 $ 620,991 $ 490,042 $ 431,088 $ 5,094,249
Real estate construction:
Risk rating:
Pass $ — $ 29,616 $ 34,604 $ 1,025,918 $ 812,505 $ 197,722 $ 7,510 $ 11,059 $ 2,118,934
Special Mention — — — — — 12,308 15,651 — 27,958
Nonaccrual — — — — — — — 178 178
Real estate construction $ — $ 29,616 $ 34,604 $ 1,025,918 $ 812,505 $ 210,030 $ 23,160 $ 11,237 $ 2,147,070
Commercial real estate lending:
Risk rating:
Pass $ — $ 148,489 $ 358,901 $ 2,532,176 $ 2,188,440 $ 810,487 $ 496,533 $ 422,305 $ 6,957,332
Special Mention — — 18,454 92,149 22,247 20,533 15,651 — 169,033
Potential Problem — — 24,803 22,047 22,209 — 1,019 19,575 89,653
Nonaccrual — — — — 24,855 — — 445 25,300
Commercial real estate lending $ — $ 148,489 $ 402,159 $ 2,646,372 $ 2,257,752 $ 831,020 $ 513,203 $ 442,325 $ 7,241,318
Total commercial:
Risk rating:
Pass $ 71 $ 2,234,544 $ 834,103 $ 5,872,988 $ 4,649,837 $ 1,429,370 $ 1,208,578 $ 1,258,628 $ 17,488,047
Special Mention — 86,593 18,454 122,689 53,408 26,929 25,151 33,775 366,999
Potential Problem 128 39,951 33,760 58,708 61,354 24,739 1,668 36,596 256,776
Nonaccrual 9,508 — 8 6,177 34,355 8,528 — 445 49,513
Total commercial $ 9,707 $ 2,361,089 $ 886,324 $ 6,060,562 $ 4,798,955 $ 1,489,566 $ 1,235,396 $ 1,329,444 $ 18,161,335

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Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year(a)
($ in thousands) Rev Loans Converted to Term(a) Rev Loans Amortized Cost Basis YTD 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Total
Residential mortgage:
Risk rating:
Pass $ — $ — $ 85,201 $ 1,490,848 $ 2,221,515 $ 1,687,853 $ 798,205 $ 2,261,293 $ 8,544,915
Special Mention — — 91 — — 95 — 105 291
Potential Problem — — 45 216 548 — 551 323 1,684
Nonaccrual — — 279 7,384 4,101 8,394 4,356 33,760 58,274
Residential mortgage $ — $ — $ 85,616 $ 1,498,448 $ 2,226,164 $ 1,696,342 $ 803,113 $ 2,295,481 $ 8,605,164
Auto finance:
Risk rating:
Pass $ — $ — $ 239,138 $ 1,208,658 $ 98,290 $ 299 $ 1,020 $ 388 $ 1,547,793
Special Mention — — — 1,168 141 — — — 1,310
Nonaccrual — — — 1,952 474 — 9 — 2,436
Auto finance $ — $ — $ 239,138 $ 1,211,778 $ 98,906 $ 299 $ 1,029 $ 388 $ 1,551,538
Home equity:
Risk rating:
Pass $ 2,173 $ 495,755 $ 230 $ 31,083 $ 6,835 $ 2,243 $ 5,732 $ 59,670 $ 601,549
Special Mention 18 124 — — — — 29 594 747
Potential Problem 14 — 14 196 — — 34 — 244
Nonaccrual 388 20 — 303 106 131 252 6,434 7,246
Home equity $ 2,592 $ 495,900 $ 244 $ 31,583 $ 6,941 $ 2,374 $ 6,047 $ 66,698 $ 609,787
Other consumer:
Risk rating:
Pass $ 90 $ 190,219 $ 1,860 $ 5,279 $ 4,017 $ 1,922 $ 849 $ 74,324 $ 278,471
Special Mention 1 617 — 13 11 3 10 23 676
Nonaccrual — 44 — — 7 6 6 36 100
Other consumer $ 91 $ 190,881 $ 1,860 $ 5,292 $ 4,035 $ 1,930 $ 866 $ 74,384 $ 279,248
Total consumer:
Risk rating:
Pass $ 2,263 $ 685,974 $ 326,429 $ 2,735,869 $ 2,330,657 $ 1,692,318 $ 805,806 $ 2,395,676 $ 10,972,729
Special Mention 19 742 91 1,181 152 98 39 722 3,024
Potential Problem 14 — 59 413 548 — 585 323 1,928
Nonaccrual 388 65 279 9,639 4,688 8,530 4,624 40,231 68,056
Total consumer $ 2,683 $ 686,781 $ 326,858 $ 2,747,101 $ 2,336,046 $ 1,700,946 $ 811,054 $ 2,436,951 $ 11,045,737
Total loans:
Risk rating:
Pass $ 2,334 $ 2,920,518 $ 1,160,532 $ 8,608,857 $ 6,980,494 $ 3,121,688 $ 2,014,384 $ 3,654,303 $ 28,460,776
Special Mention 19 87,335 18,545 123,869 53,560 27,027 25,189 34,497 370,023
Potential Problem 141 39,951 33,818 59,120 61,903 24,739 2,253 36,919 258,704
Nonaccrual 9,896 65 287 15,816 39,044 17,058 4,624 40,675 117,569
Total loans $ 12,390 $ 3,047,870 $ 1,213,182 $ 8,807,663 $ 7,135,000 $ 3,190,512 $ 2,046,450 $ 3,766,395 $ 29,207,072

(a) Revolving loans converted to term loans are those converted during the reporting period and are also reported in their year of origination.

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The following table presents loans by credit quality indicator by origination year at December 31, 2022:

Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year(a)
($ in thousands) Rev Loans Converted to Term(a) Rev Loans Amortized Cost Basis 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Prior Total
Asset-based lending & equipment finance:
Risk rating:
Pass $ — $ 47,446 $ 269,258 $ 121,914 $ 1,832 $ 653 $ 85 $ — $ 441,189
Potential Problem — — 1,448 — 16,250 — — — 17,698
Asset-based lending & equipment finance: $ — $ 47,446 $ 270,706 $ 121,914 $ 18,082 $ 653 $ 85 $ — $ 458,887
Commercial and industrial:
Risk rating:
Pass $ 1,423 $ 1,891,331 $ 2,976,288 $ 2,245,094 $ 566,001 $ 572,467 $ 330,557 $ 432,906 $ 9,014,644
Special Mention — 93,209 3,411 23,607 — — 19 32,497 152,744
Potential Problem 447 24,549 39,952 4,193 5,637 38,169 218 6,133 118,851
Nonaccrual 3,926 — 5,210 — 9,119 — — — 14,329
Commercial and industrial $ 5,796 $ 2,009,089 $ 3,024,861 $ 2,272,895 $ 580,757 $ 610,636 $ 330,794 $ 471,535 $ 9,300,567
Commercial real estate - owner occupied:
Risk rating:
Pass $ — $ 12,447 $ 211,645 $ 225,627 $ 163,965 $ 160,370 $ 73,487 $ 97,420 $ 944,961
Special Mention — — — — 1,136 1,491 9,713 — 12,339
Potential Problem — 1,325 1,238 11,141 5,523 10,769 370 4,055 34,422
Commercial real estate - owner occupied $ — $ 13,772 $ 212,883 $ 236,769 $ 170,624 $ 172,630 $ 83,570 $ 101,475 $ 991,722
Commercial and business lending:
Risk rating:
Pass $ 1,423 $ 1,951,224 $ 3,457,191 $ 2,592,636 $ 731,798 $ 733,490 $ 404,129 $ 530,326 $ 10,400,794
Special Mention — 93,209 3,411 23,607 1,136 1,491 9,732 32,497 165,083
Potential Problem 447 25,874 42,638 15,335 27,410 48,938 589 10,188 170,971
Nonaccrual 3,926 — 5,210 — 9,119 — — — 14,329
Commercial and business lending $ 5,796 $ 2,070,307 $ 3,508,450 $ 2,631,578 $ 769,463 $ 783,919 $ 414,449 $ 573,010 $ 10,751,176
Commercial real estate - investor:
Risk rating:
Pass $ 38,412 $ 106,280 $ 1,633,094 $ 1,419,000 $ 683,121 $ 530,444 $ 262,858 $ 210,299 $ 4,845,096
Special Mention — — 61,968 24,149 7,361 9,400 — 10,455 113,333
Potential Problem — — 16,147 21,303 27,635 1,333 19,017 7,099 92,535
Nonaccrual — — 2,177 25,668 — — — 1,535 29,380
Commercial real estate - investor $ 38,412 $ 106,280 $ 1,713,387 $ 1,490,120 $ 718,117 $ 541,177 $ 281,875 $ 229,387 $ 5,080,344
Real estate construction:
Risk rating:
Pass $ — $ 29,892 $ 900,593 $ 913,107 $ 241,230 $ 12,062 $ 2,226 $ 9,775 $ 2,108,885
Special Mention — — — — 12,174 33,087 — — 45,261
Potential Problem — — — — 970 — — — 970
Nonaccrual — — — — — — — 105 105
Real estate construction $ — $ 29,892 $ 900,593 $ 913,107 $ 254,374 $ 45,149 $ 2,226 $ 9,880 $ 2,155,222
Commercial real estate lending:
Risk rating:
Pass $ 38,412 $ 136,173 $ 2,533,687 $ 2,332,107 $ 924,351 $ 542,505 $ 265,083 $ 220,073 $ 6,953,981
Special Mention — — 61,968 24,149 19,535 42,487 — 10,455 158,595
Potential Problem — — 16,147 21,303 28,605 1,333 19,017 7,099 93,505
Nonaccrual — — 2,177 25,668 — — — 1,640 29,485
Commercial real estate lending $ 38,412 $ 136,173 $ 2,613,980 $ 2,403,227 $ 972,492 $ 586,326 $ 284,101 $ 239,267 $ 7,235,565

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Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year(a)
($ in thousands) Rev Loans Converted to Term(a) Rev Loans Amortized Cost Basis 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Prior Total
Total commercial:
Risk rating:
Pass $ 39,835 $ 2,087,396 $ 5,990,879 $ 4,924,743 $ 1,656,149 $ 1,275,996 $ 669,213 $ 750,399 $ 17,354,774
Special Mention — 93,209 65,379 47,756 20,671 43,978 9,732 42,952 323,677
Potential Problem 447 25,874 58,785 36,638 56,016 50,271 19,606 17,287 264,476
Nonaccrual 3,926 — 7,387 25,668 9,119 — — 1,640 43,814
Total commercial $ 44,208 $ 2,206,480 $ 6,122,430 $ 5,034,805 $ 1,741,955 $ 1,370,245 $ 698,550 $ 812,278 $ 17,986,742
Residential mortgage:
Risk rating:
Pass $ — $ — $ 1,410,566 $ 2,184,125 $ 1,716,663 $ 817,164 $ 370,724 $ 1,951,406 $ 8,450,648
Special Mention — — — 284 96 — — 63 444
Potential Problem — — 455 71 — 738 29 685 1,978
Nonaccrual — — 8,506 3,851 6,219 3,744 5,014 31,145 58,480
Residential mortgage $ — $ — $ 1,419,527 $ 2,188,332 $ 1,722,979 $ 821,645 $ 375,768 $ 1,983,299 $ 8,511,550
Auto finance:
Risk rating:
Pass $ — $ — $ 1,271,205 $ 106,102 $ 333 $ 1,267 $ 446 $ 61 $ 1,379,414
Special Mention — — 1,052 118 — — — — 1,170
Nonaccrual — — 1,149 331 — 9 — — 1,490
Auto finance $ — $ — $ 1,273,406 $ 106,551 $ 333 $ 1,276 $ 446 $ 61 $ 1,382,073
Home equity:
Risk rating:
Pass $ 7,254 $ 508,212 $ 31,389 $ 6,508 $ 2,112 $ 6,197 $ 6,966 $ 54,827 $ 616,211
Special Mention 47 102 — — — — 47 310 458
Potential Problem — 15 — — — 34 2 146 197
Nonaccrual 1,590 — 306 102 131 307 319 6,322 7,487
Home equity $ 8,891 $ 508,329 $ 31,695 $ 6,610 $ 2,243 $ 6,538 $ 7,333 $ 61,605 $ 624,353
Other consumer:
Risk rating:
Pass $ 64 $ 199,942 $ 7,429 $ 5,256 $ 2,468 $ 1,238 $ 174 $ 77,611 $ 294,117
Special Mention 6 490 11 — 5 5 — 25 537
Nonaccrual 78 56 11 21 10 56 10 34 197
Other consumer $ 147 $ 200,488 $ 7,452 $ 5,276 $ 2,482 $ 1,300 $ 184 $ 77,670 $ 294,851
Total consumer:
Risk rating:
Pass $ 7,318 $ 708,154 $ 2,720,589 $ 2,301,991 $ 1,721,576 $ 825,866 $ 378,310 $ 2,083,904 $ 10,740,390
Special Mention 52 592 1,063 403 101 5 47 398 2,609
Potential Problem — 15 455 71 — 772 31 831 2,175
Nonaccrual 1,668 56 9,973 4,304 6,360 4,116 5,343 37,501 67,654
Total consumer $ 9,038 $ 708,817 $ 2,732,080 $ 2,306,769 $ 1,728,037 $ 830,759 $ 383,731 $ 2,122,635 $ 10,812,828
Total loans:
Risk rating:
Pass $ 47,152 $ 2,795,551 $ 8,711,468 $ 7,226,734 $ 3,377,725 $ 2,101,861 $ 1,047,522 $ 2,834,303 $ 28,095,164
Special Mention 52 93,801 66,443 48,159 20,772 43,983 9,778 43,350 326,286
Potential Problem 447 25,889 59,240 36,709 56,016 51,043 19,637 18,118 266,651
Nonaccrual 5,595 56 17,360 29,972 15,479 4,116 5,343 39,141 111,467
Total loans $ 53,246 $ 2,915,297 $ 8,854,510 $ 7,341,574 $ 3,469,992 $ 2,201,004 $ 1,082,280 $ 2,934,912 $ 28,799,569

(a) Revolving loans converted to term loans are those converted during the reporting period and are also reported in their year of origination.

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The following table presents gross charge offs by origination year at March 31, 2023:

Gross Charge Offs by Origination Year
($ in thousands) Rev Loans Amortized Cost Basis YTD 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Total
Commercial and industrial $ 823 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 2,152 $ 2,975
Commercial and business lending 823 — — — — — 2,152 2,975
Total commercial 823 — — — — — 2,152 2,975
Residential mortgage — — 107 19 8 2 32 168
Auto finance — — 922 181 — — — 1,103
Home equity — — 43 14 — 22 33 111
Other consumer 916 — 117 49 9 5 48 1,144
Total consumer 916 — 1,189 263 17 29 112 2,525
Total gross charge offs $ 1,739 $ — $ 1,189 $ 263 $ 17 $ 29 $ 2,264 $ 5,501

Factors that are important to managing overall credit quality are sound loan underwriting and administration, systematic monitoring of existing loans and commitments, effective loan review on an ongoing basis, early identification of potential problems, and appropriate policies for ACLL, nonaccrual loans, and charge offs.

For commercial loans, management has determined the pass credit quality indicator to include credits exhibiting acceptable financial statements, cash flow, and leverage. If any risk exists, it is mitigated by the loan structure, collateral, monitoring, or control. For consumer loans, performing loans include credits performing in accordance with the original contractual terms.

Loans are considered past due if the required principal and interest payments have not been received as of the date such payments were due. Special mention credits have potential weaknesses that warrant specific attention from management. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the credit. Accruing loan modifications could be pass or special mention, depending on the risk rating on the loan. Potential problem loans are considered inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or the collateral pledged. These loans generally have a well-defined weakness, or weaknesses, which may jeopardize liquidation of the debt, and are characterized by the distinct possibility the Corporation will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Management has determined commercial loan relationships in nonaccrual status, and commercial and consumer loan relationships with their terms restructured in a loan modification, meet the criteria to be individually evaluated. Commercial loans classified as special mention, potential problem, and nonaccrual are reviewed at a minimum on a quarterly basis, while pass credits, which are performing rated credits, are generally reviewed on an annual basis or more frequently if the loan renewal is less than one year or if otherwise warranted.

The following table presents loans by past due status at March 31, 2023:

Accruing
($ in thousands) Current 30-59 Days<br>Past Due 60-89 Days<br>Past Due 90+ Days<br>Past Due Nonaccrual(a)(b) Total
Asset-based lending & equipment finance $ 522,834 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 522,834
Commercial and industrial 9,319,650 4,110 130 323 22,735 9,346,947
Commercial real estate - owner occupied 1,045,803 2,955 — — 1,478 1,050,236
Commercial and business lending 10,888,287 7,065 130 323 24,213 10,920,017
Commercial real estate - investor 5,069,126 — — — 25,122 5,094,249
Real estate construction 2,146,892 — — — 178 2,147,070
Commercial real estate lending 7,216,018 — — — 25,300 7,241,318
Total commercial 18,104,305 7,065 130 323 49,513 18,161,335
Residential mortgage 8,539,264 7,430 196 — 58,274 8,605,164
Auto finance 1,540,463 7,330 1,310 — 2,436 1,551,538
Home equity 598,427 3,366 747 — 7,246 609,787
Other consumer 276,045 976 747 1,380 100 279,248
Total consumer 10,954,199 19,102 3,000 1,380 68,056 11,045,737
Total loans $ 29,058,504 $ 26,167 $ 3,130 $ 1,703 $ 117,569 $ 29,207,072

(a) Of the total nonaccrual loans, $78 million, or 66%, were current with respect to payment at March 31, 2023.

(b) No interest income was recognized on nonaccrual loans for the three months ended March 31, 2023. In addition, there were $15 million of nonaccrual loans for which there was no related ACLL at March 31, 2023.

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The following table presents loans by past due status at December 31, 2022:

Accruing
($ in thousands) Current 30-59 Days<br>Past Due 60-89 Days<br>Past Due 90+ Days <br>Past Due Nonaccrual(a)(b) Total
Asset-based lending & equipment finance $ 458,887 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 458,887
Commercial and industrial 9,279,674 716 5,566 282 14,329 9,300,567
Commercial real estate - owner occupied 991,493 218 12 — — 991,722
Commercial and business lending 10,730,053 934 5,578 282 14,329 10,751,176
Commercial real estate - investor 5,049,897 1,067 — — 29,380 5,080,344
Real estate construction 2,155,077 39 — — 105 2,155,222
Commercial real estate lending 7,204,975 1,105 — — 29,485 7,235,565
Total commercial 17,935,028 2,040 5,578 282 43,814 17,986,742
Residential mortgage 8,443,072 9,811 63 124 58,480 8,511,550
Auto finance 1,371,176 8,238 1,170 — 1,490 1,382,073
Home equity 611,259 5,149 458 — 7,487 624,353
Other consumer 291,722 1,018 592 1,322 197 294,851
Total consumer 10,717,229 24,216 2,283 1,446 67,654 10,812,828
Total loans $ 28,652,257 $ 26,256 $ 7,861 $ 1,728 $ 111,467 $ 28,799,569

(a) Of the total nonaccrual loans, $64 million, or 58%, were current with respect to payment at December 31, 2022.

(b) No interest income was recognized on nonaccrual loans for the year ended December 31, 2022. In addition, there were $11 million of nonaccrual loans for which there was no related ACLL at December 31, 2022.

Loan Modifications and Troubled Debt Restructurings

Under ASU 2022-02, effective January 1, 2023, loan modifications are reported if concessions have been granted to borrowers that are experiencing financial difficulty. Information on these loan modifications originated after the effective date is presented according to the new accounting guidance. Reporting periods prior to the adoption of ASU 2022-02 present information on TDRs under the previous disclosure requirements.

The following tables show the composition of loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty by the loan portfolio and type of concessions granted during the three months ended March 31, 2023. Each of the types of concessions granted comprised less than 1% of their respective classes of loan portfolios at March 31, 2023.

Interest Rate Concession
($ in thousands) Amortized Cost
Commercial and industrial $ 47
Auto 61
Home equity 31
Other consumer 498
Total loans modified $ 637 Term Extension
--- --- ---
($ in thousands) Amortized Cost
Residential mortgage $ 209
Total loans modified $ 209 Combination - Interest Rate Concession and Term Extension
--- --- ---
($ in thousands) Amortized Cost
Residential mortgage $ 165
Home equity 93
Total loans modified $ 258

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The following tables summarize, by loan portfolio, the financial effect of the Corporation's loan modifications on the modified loans as of March 31, 2023:

Interest Rate Concession
Loan Type Financial Effect, Weighted Average Contractual Interest Rate (Decrease) Increase(a)
Commercial and industrial (16) %
Auto (2) %
Home equity 1 %
Other consumer (20) %
Total loans modified(b) (17) %

(a) Due to market conditions, some interest rate concessions on floating rate loans may involve an increase in rate that was lower in comparison to the rate of increase for floating rate loans not modified.

(b) During the three months ended March 31, 2023, interest rate concessions changed the weighted average interest rate on modified loans from 22% to 5%, which primarily consisted of credit cards.

Term Extension
Loan Type Financial Effect, Weighted Average Term Increase(a)
Residential mortgage 26 months
Total loans modified 26 months

(a) During the three months ended March 31, 2023, term extensions changed the weighted average term on modified loans from 334 months to 360 months.

The Corporation closely monitors the performance of loans that are modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to understand the effectiveness of its modification efforts. The following table depicts the performance of loans that have been modified in the last three months at March 31, 2023:

Payment Status (Amortized Cost Basis)
($ in thousands) Current 30-89 Days Past Due 90+ Days Past Due Nonaccrual
Commercial and industrial $ 47 $ — $ — $ —
Residential mortgage 126 — — 248
Auto 61 — — —
Home equity 31 — — 93
Other consumer 498 — — —
Total loans modified $ 763 $ — $ — $ 341

The following table provides the amortized cost of loan modifications by loan portfolio and type of concession that were modified in the previous three months and subsequently had a payment default, as of March 31, 2023:

Amortized Cost of Loan Modifications that Subsequently Defaulted
($ in thousands) Interest Rate Concession Term Extension Combination Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension
Home equity $ — $ — $ 60

The following table presents nonaccrual and performing restructured loans by loan portfolio at December 31, 2022:

($ in thousands) Performing Restructured Loans Nonaccrual Restructured Loans(a)
Commercial and industrial $ 12,453 $ —
Commercial real estate — owner occupied 316 —
Commercial real estate — investor 128 2,074
Real estate construction 195 9
Residential mortgage 16,829 17,117
Home equity 2,148 927
Other consumer 798 —
Total restructured loans $ 32,868 $ 20,127

(a) Nonaccrual restructured loans have been included within nonaccrual loans.

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The following table provides the number of loans modified in a TDR by loan portfolio, the recorded investment, and unpaid principal balance for the three months ended March 31, 2022:

($ in thousands) Number of Loans Recorded Investment(a) Unpaid Principal Balance(b)
Residential mortgage 24 $ 6,421 $ 6,502
Home equity 3 80 101
Total loans modified 27 $ 6,500 $ 6,603

(a) Represents post-modification outstanding recorded investment. (b) Represents pre-modification outstanding recorded investment.

During the three months ended March 31, 2022, restructured loan modifications of commercial loans primarily included maturity date extensions and payment schedule modifications. Restructured loan modifications of consumer loans for the three months ended March 31, 2022 primarily included maturity date extensions, interest rate concessions, non-reaffirmed Chapter 7 bankruptcies, or a combination of these concessions.

The following table provides the number of loans modified during the previous twelve months which subsequently defaulted during the three months ended March 31, 2022, and the recorded investment in these restructured loans at the time of default as of March 31, 2022:
( in thousands) Number of<br>Loans Recorded<br>Investment
Residential mortgage 1 $ 884

All values are in US Dollars.

The nature and extent of the impairment of modified loans, including those which have experienced a subsequent payment default, are considered in the determination of an appropriate level of the ACLL.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans

The ACLL is comprised of the allowance for loan losses and the allowance for unfunded commitments. The level of the ACLL represents management’s estimate of an amount appropriate to provide for expected lifetime credit losses in the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date. The expected lifetime credit losses are the product of multiplying the Corporation's estimates of probability of default, loss given default, and the individual loan level exposure at default on an undiscounted basis. A main factor in the determination of the ACLL is the economic forecast. The forecast the Corporation used for March 31, 2023 was the Moody's baseline scenario from February 2023, which was reviewed against the March 2023 baseline scenario with no material updates made, over a 2 year reasonable and supportable period with straight-line reversion to the historical losses over the second year of the period. The allowance for unfunded commitments is maintained at a level believed by management to be sufficient to absorb expected lifetime losses related to unfunded credit facilities (including unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit). See Note 11 for additional information on the change in the allowance for unfunded commitments.

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The following table presents a summary of the changes in the ACLL by portfolio segment for the three months ended March 31, 2023:

($ in thousands) Dec 31, 2022 Charge offs Recoveries Net Charge offs Provision for credit losses Mar 31, 2023 ACLL / Loans
Allowance for loan losses
Asset-based lending & equipment finance $ 6,564 $ — $ — $ — $ 2 $ 6,566
Commercial and industrial 112,512 (2,975) 1,216 (1,759) 6,930 117,683
Commercial real estate — owner occupied 9,475 — 3 3 785 10,263
Commercial and business lending 128,551 (2,975) 1,219 (1,756) 7,717 134,512
Commercial real estate — investor 54,398 — — — 412 54,809
Real estate construction 45,589 — 18 18 3,946 49,552
Commercial real estate lending 99,986 — 18 18 4,357 104,362
Total commercial 228,538 (2,975) 1,237 (1,738) 12,075 238,874
Residential mortgage 38,298 (168) 114 (53) 851 39,096
Auto finance 19,619 (1,103) 147 (957) 3,531 22,193
Home equity 14,875 (111) 451 340 (442) 14,774
Other consumer 11,390 (1,144) 263 (881) 986 11,495
Total consumer 84,182 (2,525) 975 (1,550) 4,925 87,557
Total loans $ 312,720 $ (5,501) $ 2,212 $ (3,289) $ 17,000 $ 326,432
Allowance for unfunded commitments
Asset-based lending & equipment finance $ 601 $ — $ — $ — $ (103) $ 498
Commercial and industrial 12,396 — — — (123) 12,273
Commercial real estate — owner occupied 103 — — — 146 249
Commercial and business lending 13,101 — — — (80) 13,020
Commercial real estate — investor 710 — — — 159 868
Real estate construction 20,583 — — — 963 21,546
Commercial real estate lending 21,292 — — — 1,122 22,414
Total commercial 34,393 — — — 1,041 35,435
Home equity 2,699 — — — (8) 2,691
Other consumer 1,683 — — — (34) 1,650
Total consumer 4,382 — — — (41) 4,341
Total loans $ 38,776 $ — $ — $ — $ 1,000 $ 39,776
Allowance for credit losses on loans
Asset-based lending & equipment finance $ 7,165 $ — $ — $ — $ (102) $ 7,063 1.35 %
Commercial and industrial 124,908 (2,975) 1,216 (1,759) 6,808 129,957 1.39 %
Commercial real estate — owner occupied 9,579 — 3 3 931 10,513 1.00 %
Commercial and business lending 141,652 (2,975) 1,219 (1,756) 7,637 147,533 1.35 %
Commercial real estate — investor 55,108 — — — 570 55,678 1.09 %
Real estate construction 66,171 — 18 18 4,909 71,098 3.31 %
Commercial real estate lending 121,279 — 18 18 5,479 126,776 1.75 %
Total commercial 262,931 (2,975) 1,237 (1,738) 13,116 274,309 1.51 %
Residential mortgage 38,298 (168) 114 (53) 851 39,096 0.45 %
Auto finance 19,619 (1,103) 147 (957) 3,531 22,193 1.43 %
Home equity 17,574 (111) 451 340 (449) 17,465 2.86 %
Other consumer 13,073 (1,144) 263 (881) 952 13,145 4.71 %
Total consumer 88,565 (2,525) 975 (1,550) 4,884 91,898 0.83 %
Total loans $ 351,496 $ (5,501) $ 2,212 $ (3,289) $ 18,000 $ 366,208 1.25 %

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The following table presents a summary of the changes in the ACLL by portfolio segment for the year ended December 31, 2022:

($ in thousands) Dec 31, 2021 Charge offs Recoveries Net Charge offs Provision for credit losses Dec 31, 2022 ACLL / Loans
Allowance for loan losses
Asset-based lending & equipment finance $ 4,182 $ — $ — $ — $ 2,382 $ 6,564
Commercial and industrial 85,675 (4,491) 5,282 791 26,047 112,512
Commercial real estate — owner occupied 11,473 — 13 13 (2,011) 9,475
Commercial and business lending 101,330 (4,491) 5,295 804 26,418 128,551
Commercial real estate — investor 72,803 (50) 50 — (18,405) 54,398
Real estate construction 37,643 (48) 106 58 7,887 45,589
Commercial real estate lending 110,446 (98) 156 58 (10,518) 99,986
Total commercial 211,776 (4,588) 5,451 862 15,900 228,538
Residential mortgage 40,787 (567) 908 341 (2,830) 38,298
Auto finance 1,999 (1,041) 98 (943) 18,563 19,619
Home equity 14,011 (587) 1,385 798 66 14,875
Other consumer 11,441 (3,363) 1,010 (2,353) 2,301 11,390
Total consumer 68,239 (5,558) 3,401 (2,157) 18,100 84,182
Total loans $ 280,015 $ (10,146) $ 8,852 $ (1,294) $ 34,000 $ 312,720
Allowance for unfunded commitments
Asset-based lending & equipment finance $ 857 $ — $ — $ — $ (256) $ 601
Commercial and industrial 17,601 — — — (5,205) 12,396
Commercial real estate — owner occupied 208 — — — (105) 103
Commercial and business lending 18,667 — — — (5,566) 13,101
Commercial real estate — investor 936 — — — (226) 710
Real estate construction 15,586 — — — 4,997 20,583
Commercial real estate lending 16,522 — — — 4,770 21,292
Total commercial 35,189 — — — (796) 34,393
Home equity 2,592 — — — 107 2,699
Other consumer 1,995 — — — (311) 1,683
Total consumer 4,587 — — — (204) 4,382
Total loans $ 39,776 $ — $ — $ — $ (1,000) $ 38,776
Allowance for credit losses on loans
Asset-based lending & equipment finance $ 5,040 $ — $ — $ — $ 2,125 $ 7,165 1.56 %
Commercial and industrial 103,276 (4,491) 5,282 791 20,842 124,908 1.34 %
Commercial real estate — owner occupied 11,681 — 13 13 (2,115) 9,579 0.97 %
Commercial and business lending 119,997 (4,491) 5,295 804 20,852 141,652 1.32 %
Commercial real estate — investor 73,739 (50) 50 — (18,631) 55,108 1.08 %
Real estate construction 53,229 (48) 106 58 12,884 66,171 3.07 %
Commercial real estate lending 126,968 (98) 156 58 (5,748) 121,279 1.68 %
Total commercial 246,965 (4,588) 5,451 862 15,104 262,931 1.46 %
Residential mortgage 40,787 (567) 908 341 (2,830) 38,298 0.45 %
Auto finance 1,999 (1,041) 98 (943) 18,563 19,619 1.42 %
Home equity 16,603 (587) 1,385 798 173 17,574 2.81 %
Other consumer 13,436 (3,363) 1,010 (2,353) 1,990 13,073 4.43 %
Total consumer 72,825 (5,558) 3,401 (2,157) 17,896 88,565 0.82 %
Total loans $ 319,791 $ (10,146) $ 8,852 $ (1,294) $ 33,000 $ 351,496 1.22 %

Note 7 Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill

Goodwill is not amortized but is instead subject to impairment tests on at least an annual basis, and more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount.

The Corporation conducted its most recent annual impairment testing in May 2022, utilizing a qualitative assessment. Factors that management considered in this assessment included macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, overall financial performance of the Corporation and each reporting unit (both current and projected), changes in management

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strategy, and changes in the composition or carrying amount of net assets. In addition, management considered the changes in both the Corporation's common stock price and in the overall bank common stock index (based on the S&P 400 Regional Bank Sub-Industry Index), as well as the Corporation's earnings per common share trend over the past year. Based on these assessments, management concluded that it is more likely than not that the estimated fair value exceeded the carrying value (including goodwill) for each reporting unit. Therefore, a step one quantitative analysis was not required. There have been no events since the May 2022 impairment test that have changed the Corporation's impairment assessment conclusion. There were no impairment charges recorded in 2022 or the first three months of 2023.

The Corporation had goodwill of $1.1 billion at both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Core Deposit Intangibles

The Corporation has CDIs which are amortized. Changes in the gross carrying amount, accumulated amortization, and net book value for CDIs were as follows:

($ in thousands) Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 Year Ended Dec 31, 2022
Core deposit intangibles
Gross carrying amount at the beginning of period $ 88,109 $ 88,109
Accumulated amortization (41,030) (38,827)
Net book value $ 47,079 $ 49,282
Amortization during the period $ 2,203 $ 8,811

Mortgage Servicing Rights

The Corporation sells residential mortgage loans in the secondary market and typically retains the right to service the loans sold. MSRs are not traded in active markets. As a result, a cash flow model is used to determine fair value. Key assumptions and estimates, projected prepayment speeds, assumed servicing costs, ancillary income, costs to service delinquent loans, costs of foreclosure, and discount rates with option-adjusted spreads, are used in measuring the fair value of the MSRs asset. These assumptions are considered significant unobservable inputs. See Note 11 for a discussion of the recourse provisions on sold residential mortgage loans. See Note 12 which further discusses fair value measurement relative to the MSRs asset.

A summary of changes in the balance of the MSRs asset under the fair value measurement method for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and the year ended December 31, 2022 is as follows:

($ in thousands) Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 Year Ended Dec 31, 2022
Mortgage servicing rights
Mortgage servicing rights at beginning of period $ 77,351 $ 54,862
Cumulative effect of accounting methodology change N/A 2,296
Balance at beginning of period, adjusted $ 77,351 $ 57,158
Additions 474 7,279
Paydowns (1,489) (9,350)
Valuation:
Change in fair value model assumptions — 5,715
Changes in fair value of asset (1,857) 16,549
Mortgage servicing rights at end of period $ 74,479 $ 77,351
Portfolio of residential mortgage loans serviced for others (“servicing portfolio”) $ 6,611,770 $ 6,711,820
Mortgage servicing rights to servicing portfolio 1.13 % 1.15 %

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The projections of amortization expense for CDIs and decay for MSRs are based on existing asset balances, the current interest rate environment, and prepayment speeds as of March 31, 2023. The actual expense the Corporation recognizes in any given period may be significantly different depending upon acquisition or sale activities, changes in interest rates, prepayment speeds, market conditions, regulatory requirements, and events or circumstances that indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. The following table shows the estimated future amortization expense for CDIs and decay for MSRs:

($ in thousands) Core Deposit Intangibles Mortgage Servicing Rights
Nine months ended December 31, 2023 $ 6,608 $ 9,713
2024 8,811 12,079
2025 8,811 10,382
2026 8,811 8,924
2027 8,811 7,518
2028 3,485 6,564
Beyond 2028 1,742 19,299
Total estimated amortization expense and MSRs decay $ 47,079 $ 74,479

Note 8 Short and Long-Term Funding

The following table presents the components of short-term funding (funding with original contractual maturities of one year or less), and long-term funding (funding with original contractual maturities greater than one year):

($ in thousands) Mar 31, 2023 Dec 31, 2022
Short-term funding
Federal funds purchased $ 350 $ 344,170
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase 208,048 240,969
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase 208,398 585,139
Commercial paper 18,210 20,798
Total short-term funding $ 226,608 $ 605,937
Long-term funding
Corporation subordinated notes, at par $ 550,000 $ 250,000
Discount and capitalized costs (8,513) (544)
Subordinated debt fair value hedge(a) 2,168 (1,855)
Finance leases 448 469
Total long-term funding $ 544,103 $ 248,071
Total short and long-term funding, excluding FHLB advances $ 770,711 $ 854,007
FHLB advances
Short-term FHLB advances $ 3,785,000 $ 3,125,000
Long-term FHLB advances 1,208,745 1,209,170
FHLB advances fair value hedge(a) (7,607) (14,308)
Total FHLB advances $ 4,986,138 $ 4,319,861
Total short and long-term funding $ 5,756,849 $ 5,173,869

(a) For additional information on the fair value hedges, see Note 9.

Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase

The Corporation enters into agreements under which it sells securities subject to an obligation to repurchase the same or similar securities. Under these arrangements, the Corporation may transfer legal control over the assets but still retain effective control through an agreement that both entitles and obligates the Corporation to repurchase the assets. The obligation to repurchase the securities is reflected as a liability on the Corporation’s consolidated balance sheets, while the securities underlying the repurchase agreements remain in the respective investment securities asset accounts (i.e., there is no offsetting or netting of the investment securities assets with the repurchase agreement liabilities).

The Corporation utilizes repurchase agreements to facilitate the needs of its customers. The fair value of securities pledged to secure repurchase agreements may decline. At March 31, 2023, the Corporation had pledged securities valued at 157% of the gross outstanding balance of repurchase agreements to manage this risk.

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The remaining contractual maturity of the securities sold under agreements to repurchase on the consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are presented in the following table:

Overnight and Continuous
($ in thousands) Mar 31, 2023 Dec 31, 2022
Repurchase agreements
Agency mortgage-related securities $ 208,048 $ 240,969

Long-Term Funding

Subordinated Notes

In November 2014, the Corporation issued $250 million of 10-year subordinated notes, due January 2025, and callable October 2024. The subordinated notes have a fixed coupon interest rate of 4.25% and were issued at a discount.

In February 2023, the Corporation issued $300 million of 10-year subordinated notes, due March 1, 2033 and redeemable (i) on the reset date of March 1, 2028 and on any interest payment date thereafter, (ii) at any time on or after the three month period prior to the maturity date, and (iii) upon the occurrence of a Regulatory Capital Treatment Event (as defined in the Global Note). The subordinated notes have a fixed coupon interest rate of 6.625% until the reset date, after which the rate will be equal to the Five-Year U.S. Treasury Rate as of the reset date plus 2.812% per annum. The notes were issued at a discount.

Finance Leases

Finance leases are used in conjunction with branch operations. See Note 16 for additional disclosure regarding the Corporation’s leases.

Note 9 Derivative and Hedging Activities

The Corporation is exposed to certain risk arising from both its business operations and economic conditions. The Corporation principally manages its exposures to a wide variety of business and operational risks through management of its core business activities. The Corporation manages economic risks, including interest rate, liquidity, and credit risk, primarily by managing the amount, sources, and duration of its assets and liabilities and the use of derivative financial instruments. Specifically, the Corporation enters into derivative financial instruments to manage exposures that arise from business activities that result in the receipt or payment of future known and uncertain cash amounts, the values of which are determined by interest rates. The Corporation's derivative financial instruments are used to manage differences in the amount, timing, and duration of the Corporation's known or expected cash receipts and its known or expected cash payments principally related to the Corporation's assets.

The contract or notional amount of a derivative is used to determine, along with the other terms of the derivative, the amounts to be exchanged between the counterparties. The Corporation is exposed to credit risk in the event of nonperformance by counterparties to financial instruments. To mitigate the counterparty risk, contracts generally contain language outlining collateral pledging requirements for each counterparty. For non-centrally cleared derivatives, collateral must be posted when the market value exceeds certain mutually agreed upon threshold limits. Securities and cash are often pledged as collateral. The Corporation pledged $106 million and $92 million of investment securities as collateral at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Cash is often pledged as collateral for derivatives that are not centrally cleared. The Corporation's required cash collateral was approximately $610,000 at March 31, 2023, compared to $3 million at December 31, 2022.

Federal regulations require the Corporation to clear all LIBOR and compound SOFR interest rate swaps through a clearing house, if possible. For derivatives cleared through central clearing houses, the variation margin payments are legally characterized as daily settlements of the derivative rather than collateral. The Corporation's clearing agent for interest rate derivative contracts that are centrally cleared through the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and the London Clearing House settles the variation margin daily. As a result, the variation margin payment and the related derivative instruments are considered a single unit of account for accounting and financial reporting purposes. Depending on the net position, the fair value is reported in other assets or accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The daily settlement of the derivative exposure does not change or reset the contractual terms of the instrument.

Fair Value Hedges of Interest Rate Risk

The Corporation is exposed to changes in the fair value of its fixed-rate debt due to changes in benchmark interest rates. The Corporation uses interest rate swaps to manage its exposure to changes in fair value on these instruments attributable to changes in the designated benchmark interest rates. Interest rate swaps designated as fair value hedges involve receiving payment of

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fixed-rate amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Corporation paying variable-rate payments over the life of the agreements without the exchange of the underlying notional amount.

For derivatives designated and that qualify as fair value hedges, as allowed under U.S. GAAP, we applied the "shortcut" method of accounting, which permits the assumption of perfect effectiveness. The gain or loss on the derivative as well as the offsetting loss or gain on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk are recognized in interest expense. These items, along with the net interest from the derivative, are reported in the same income statement line as the fixed-rate debt expense.

Cash Flow Hedges of Interest Rate Risk

The Corporation is exposed to variability in cash flows on its floating rate assets due to changes in benchmark interest rates. The Corporation uses interest rate swaps to hedge certain forecasted transactions for the variability in cash flows attributable to the contractually specified interest rate in order to add stability to net interest income and to manage its exposure to interest rate movements. Interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges involve receiving fixed-rate amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Corporation making variable-rate payments over the life of the agreements without the exchange of the underlying notional amount. These items, along with the net interest from the derivative, are reported in the same income statement line as the interest income from the floating-rate assets.

When the relationship between the hedged item and hedging instrument is highly effective at achieving offsetting changes in cash flows attributable to the hedged risk, changes in the fair value of these cash flow hedges are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and are subsequently reclassified to interest income as interest payments are made on such variable rate loans.

Derivatives to Accommodate Customer Needs

The Corporation facilitates customer borrowing activity by entering into various derivative contracts which are designated as free standing derivative contracts. Free standing derivative products are entered into primarily for the benefit of commercial customers seeking to manage their exposures to interest rate risk and foreign currency. These derivative contracts are not designated against specific assets and liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets or forecasted transactions and, therefore, do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment. Such derivative contracts are carried at fair value in other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets with changes in the fair value recorded as a component of capital markets, net, and typically include interest rate-related instruments (swaps and caps) and foreign currency exchange forwards. See Note 10 for additional information and disclosures on balance sheet offsetting.

Interest rate-related and other instruments: The Corporation provides interest rate risk management services to commercial customers, primarily forward interest rate swaps and caps. The Corporation’s market risk from unfavorable movements in interest rates related to these derivative contracts is generally economically hedged by concurrently entering into offsetting derivative contracts. The offsetting derivative contracts have identical notional values, terms, and indices. The Corporation also enters into credit risk participation agreements with financial institution counterparties for interest rate swaps related to loans in which we are either a participant or a lead bank. The risk participation agreements entered into by the Corporation as a participant bank provide credit protection to the financial institution counterparty should the borrower fail to perform on its interest rate derivative contract with that financial institution.

Foreign currency exchange forwards: The Corporation provides foreign currency exchange services to customers, primarily forward contracts. The Corporation's customers enter into a foreign currency exchange forward with the Corporation as a means for them to mitigate exchange rate risk. The Corporation mitigates its risk by then entering into an offsetting foreign currency exchange derivative contract.

Mortgage Derivatives

Interest rate lock commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale and forward commitments to sell residential mortgage loans are considered derivative instruments, and the fair value of these commitments are recorded in other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets with the changes in fair value recorded as a component of mortgage banking, net on the consolidated statements of income.

Interest rate-related instruments for MSRs hedge: The fair value of the Corporation's MSRs asset changes in response to changes in primary mortgage loan rates and other assumptions. To mitigate the earnings volatility caused by changes in the fair value of MSRs, the Corporation designates certain financial instruments as an economic hedge. Changes in the fair value of these instruments are generally expected to partially offset changes in the fair value of MSRs and are recorded in other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets with the changes in fair value recorded as a component of mortgage banking, net on the consolidated statements of income.

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The following table presents the total notional amounts and gross fair values of the Corporation’s derivatives, as well as the balance sheet netting adjustments as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The derivative assets and liabilities are presented on a gross basis prior to the application of bilateral collateral and master netting agreements, but after the variation margin payments with central clearing organizations have been applied as settlement, as applicable. Total derivative assets and liabilities are adjusted to take into consideration the effects of legally enforceable master netting agreements and cash collateral received or paid as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The resulting net derivative asset and liability fair values are included in other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities, respectively, on the consolidated balance sheets.

Mar 31, 2023 Dec 31, 2022
Asset Liability Asset Liability
($ in thousands) Notional Amount Fair Value Notional Amount Fair Value Notional Amount Fair Value Notional Amount Fair Value
Designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate-related instruments $ 2,000,000 $ 19,416 $ 850,000 $ — $ 900,000 $ 4,349 $ 1,150,000 $ 1,260
Not designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate-related and other instruments 4,412,666 71,619 4,737,474 199,339 4,246,823 62,401 4,599,391 251,398
Foreign currency exchange forwards 468,094 3,313 454,970 3,194 499,078 1,922 461,134 1,801
Mortgage banking(a) 59,184 338 83,500 441 21,265 86 33,000 46
Total not designated as hedging instruments 75,271 202,974 64,410 253,245
Gross derivatives before netting 94,687 202,974 68,759 254,506
Less: Legally enforceable master netting agreements 8,301 8,301 2,788 2,788
Less: Cash collateral pledged/received 36,331 342 26,898 217
Total derivative instruments, after netting $ 50,056 $ 194,331 $ 39,072 $ 251,500

(a) The notional amount of the mortgage derivative asset includes interest rate lock commitments, while the notional amount of the mortgage derivative liability includes forward commitments.

The following table presents amounts that were recorded on the consolidated balance sheets related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges:

Line Item in the Consolidated Balance Sheets in Which the Hedged Item is Included
Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets/(Liabilities) Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Included in the Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets/(Liabilities) Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets/(Liabilities) Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Included in the Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets/(Liabilities)
($ in thousands) March 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Other long-term funding $ (552,168) $ (2,168) $ (248,145) $ 1,855
FHLB Advances (592,393) 7,607 (585,692) 14,308
Total $ (1,144,561) $ 5,439 $ (833,837) $ 16,163

The Corporation terminated its $500 million fair value hedge during the fourth quarter of 2019. At March 31, 2023, the amortized cost basis of the closed portfolios which had previously been used in the terminated hedging relationship was $315 million and is included in loans on the consolidated balance sheets. This amount includes $1 million of hedging adjustments on the discontinued hedging relationships, which are not presented in the table above.

The table below identifies the effect of fair value and cash flow hedge accounting on the Corporation's consolidated statements of income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

Location and Amount Recognized on the Consolidated Statements of Income in <br>Fair Value and Cash Flow Hedging Relationships
Three months ended Mar 31,
2023 2022
($ in thousands) Interest Income Interest Expense Interest Income
Total amounts of income presented on the consolidated statements of income in which the effects of the fair value or cash flow hedges are recorded(a) $ (1,321) $ 2,515 $ (179)
The effects of fair value and cash flow hedging: Impact on fair value hedging relationships in Subtopic 815-20
Interest contracts:
Hedged items (59) 10,724 (179)
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments(a) (1,262) (8,209) —

(a) Includes net settlements on the derivatives.

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The following table presents the effect of cash flow hedge accounting on accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

Three Months Ended Mar 31,
($ in thousands) 2023 2022
Interest rate-related instruments designated as cash flow hedging instruments
Amount of gain recognized in OCI on cash flow hedge derivative(a) $ 13,763 $ —
Amount of loss reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into interest income(a) 1,262 —

(a) The entirety of gains recognized in OCI as well as the losses reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into interest income were included components in the assessment of hedge effectiveness.

Amounts reported in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) related to cash flow hedge derivatives are reclassified to interest income as interest payments are made on the hedged variable interest rate assets. The Corporation estimates that $6 million will be reclassified as a decrease to interest income over the next 12 months. This amount could differ from amounts actually recognized due to changes in interest rates, hedge de-designations, or the addition of other hedges subsequent to March 31, 2023. The maximum length of time over which the Corporation is hedging its exposure to the variability in future cash flows is 44 months as of March 31, 2023.

The table below identifies the effect of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments on the Corporation's consolidated statements of income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

Three Months Ended Mar 31,
( in thousands) 2023 2022
Derivative instruments
Interest rate-related and other instruments — customer and mirror, net $ (70) $ 558
Interest rate-related instruments — MSRs hedge 2,521 (3,666)
Foreign currency exchange forwards (2) 123
Interest rate lock commitments (mortgage) 252 (2,842)
Forward commitments (mortgage) (395) 4,757

All values are in US Dollars.

Note 10 Balance Sheet Offsetting

Interest Rate-Related Instruments and Foreign Exchange Forwards (“Interest and Foreign Exchange Agreements”)

The Corporation enters into interest rate-related instruments to facilitate the interest rate risk management strategies of commercial customers and foreign exchange forwards to manage customers' exposure to fluctuating foreign exchange rates. The Corporation mitigates these risks by entering into equal and offsetting agreements with highly rated third-party financial institutions. The Corporation is party to master netting arrangements with some of its financial institution counterparties that create single net settlements of all legal claims or obligations to pay or receive the net amount of settlement of the individual interest and foreign exchange agreements. Collateral, usually in the form of investment securities and cash, is posted by the counterparty with net liability positions in accordance with contract thresholds. Derivatives subject to a legally enforceable master netting agreement are reported with assets and liabilities offset resulting in a net position which is further offset by any cash collateral, and is reported in other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities on the face of the consolidated balance sheets. For disclosure purposes, the net position on the consolidated balance sheets can be further netted down by investment securities collateral received or pledged. See Note 9 for additional information on the Corporation’s derivative and hedging activities.

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The following table presents the interest rate and foreign exchange assets and liabilities subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The interest and foreign exchange agreements the Corporation has with its commercial customers are not subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement and are therefore excluded from this table:

Gross Amounts Subject to Master Netting Arrangements Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets Net Amounts Presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheets Gross Amounts Not Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets
( in thousands) Derivative <br>Liabilities Offset Cash Collateral Received Security Collateral Received Net<br> Amount
Derivative assets
March 31, 2023 78,018 $ (8,301) $ (36,331) $ 33,387 $ (32,827) $ 560
December 31, 2022 (2,788) (26,898) 33,342 (30,753) 2,589
Gross Amounts Subject to Master Netting Arrangements Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets Net Amounts Presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheets Gross Amounts Not Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets
( in thousands) Derivative <br>Assets Offset Cash Collateral Pledged Security Collateral Pledged Net<br> Amount
Derivative liabilities
March 31, 2023 8,676 $ (8,301) $ (342) $ 34 $ — $ 34
December 31, 2022 (2,788) (217) 91 — 91

All values are in US Dollars.

Note 11 Commitments, Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements, Legal Proceedings, and Regulatory Matters

The Corporation utilizes a variety of financial instruments in the normal course of business to meet the financial needs of its customers and to manage its own exposure to fluctuations in interest rates. These financial instruments include lending-related and other commitments (see below) as well as derivative instruments (see Note 9). The following is a summary of lending-related commitments:

($ in thousands) Mar 31, 2023 Dec 31, 2022
Commitments to extend credit, excluding commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale(a)(b) $ 11,919,626 $ 12,444,275
Commercial letters of credit(a) 5,413 3,188
Standby letters of credit(c) 251,565 270,692

(a) These off-balance sheet financial instruments are exercisable at the market rate prevailing at the date the underlying transaction will be completed and, thus, are deemed to have no current fair value, or the fair value is based on fees currently charged to enter into similar agreements and was not material at March 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022.

(b) Interest rate lock commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale are considered derivative instruments and are disclosed in Note 9.

(c) Standby letters of credit are presented excluding participations. The Corporation has established a liability of $3 million at both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, as an estimate of the fair value of these financial instruments.

Lending-related Commitments

As a financial services provider, the Corporation routinely enters into commitments to extend credit. Such commitments are subject to the same credit policies and approval process accorded to loans made by the Corporation, with each customer’s creditworthiness evaluated on a case-by-case basis. The commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require the payment of a fee. The Corporation’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to these financial instruments is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by the Corporation upon extension of credit, is based on management’s credit evaluation of the customer. Since a significant portion of commitments to extend credit are subject to specific restrictive loan covenants or may expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash flow requirements. An allowance for unfunded commitments is maintained at a level believed by management to be sufficient to absorb expected lifetime losses related to unfunded commitments (including unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit).

The following table presents a summary of the changes in the allowance for unfunded commitments:

($ in thousands) Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 Year Ended December 31, 2022
Allowance for unfunded commitments
Balance at beginning of period $ 38,776 $ 39,776
Provision for unfunded commitments 1,000 (1,000)
Balance at end of period $ 39,776 $ 38,776

Lending-related commitments include commitments to extend credit, commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale, commercial letters of credit, and standby letters of credit. Commitments to extend credit are legally binding agreements

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to lend to customers at predetermined interest rates, as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contracts. Interest rate lock commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale and forward commitments to sell residential mortgage loans are considered derivative instruments, and the fair value of these commitments is recorded in other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The Corporation’s derivative and hedging activity is further described in Note 9. Commercial and standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. Commercial letters of credit are issued specifically to facilitate commerce and typically result in the commitment being drawn on when the underlying transaction is consummated between the customer and the third party, while standby letters of credit generally are contingent upon the failure of the customer to perform according to the terms of the underlying contract with the third party.

Other Commitments

The Corporation invests in qualified affordable housing projects, historic projects, new market projects, and opportunity zone funds for the purpose of community reinvestment and obtaining tax credits and other tax benefits. Return on the Corporation's investment in these projects and funds comes in the form of the tax credits and tax losses that pass through to the Corporation, and deferral or elimination of capital gain recognition for tax purposes. The aggregate carrying value of these investments at March 31, 2023 was $241 million, compared to $250 million at December 31, 2022, included in tax credit and other investments on the consolidated balance sheets. The Corporation utilizes the proportional amortization method to account for investments in qualified affordable housing projects.

Under the proportional amortization method, the Corporation amortizes the initial cost of the investment in proportion to the tax credits and other tax benefits. The Corporation recognized additional income tax expense attributable to the amortization of investments in qualified affordable housing projects of $9 million and $8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022, respectively. The Corporation's remaining investment in qualified affordable housing projects accounted for under the proportional amortization method totaled $237 million at March 31, 2023 and $246 million at December 31, 2022.

The Corporation’s unfunded equity contributions relating to investments in qualified affordable housing and historic projects are recorded in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The Corporation’s remaining unfunded equity contributions totaled $34 million at March 31, 2023 and $40 million at December 31, 2022. Additionally, at March 31, 2023, the Corporation also invests in a private SBA loan fund, recorded in equity securities on the consolidated balance sheets, the purpose of which is to identify CRA qualifying loans within a target region, which has a remaining unfunded equity contribution of $5 million.

For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and the year ended December 31, 2022, the Corporation did not record any impairment related to qualified affordable housing investments.

The Corporation has principal investment commitments to provide capital-based financing to private companies through either direct investment in specific companies or through investment funds and partnerships. The timing of future cash requirements to fund such principal investment commitments is generally dependent on the investment cycle, whereby privately held companies are funded by private equity investors and ultimately sold, merged, or taken public through an initial offering, which can vary based on overall market conditions, as well as the nature and type of industry in which the companies operate. The Corporation also invests in loan pools that support CRA loans. The timing of future cash requirements to fund these pools is dependent upon loan demand, which can vary over time. The aggregate carrying value of these investments was $28 million at March 31, 2023 and $27 million December 31, 2022, included in tax credit and other investments on the consolidated balance sheets.

Legal Proceedings

The Corporation is party to various pending and threatened claims and legal proceedings arising in the normal course of business activities, some of which involve claims for substantial amounts. Although there can be no assurance as to the ultimate outcomes, the Corporation believes it has meritorious defenses to the claims asserted against it in its currently outstanding matters and intends to continue to defend itself vigorously with respect to such legal proceedings. The Corporation will consider settlement of cases when, in management’s judgment, it is in the best interests of the Corporation and its shareholders.

On at least a quarterly basis, the Corporation assesses its liabilities and contingencies in connection with all pending or threatened claims and litigation, utilizing the most recent information available. On a matter by matter basis, an accrual for loss is established for those matters which the Corporation believes it is probable that a loss may be incurred and that the amount of such loss can be reasonably estimated. Once established, each accrual is adjusted as appropriate to reflect any subsequent developments. Accordingly, management’s estimate will change from time to time, and actual losses may be more or less than the current estimate. For matters where a loss is not probable, or the amount of the loss cannot be estimated, no accrual is established.

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Resolution of legal claims is inherently unpredictable, and in many legal proceedings various factors exacerbate this inherent unpredictability, including where the damages sought are unsubstantiated or indeterminate, it is unclear whether a case brought as a class action will be allowed to proceed on that basis, discovery is not complete, the proceeding is not yet in its final stages, the matters present legal uncertainties, there are significant facts in dispute, there are a large number of parties (including where it is uncertain how liability, if any, will be shared among multiple defendants), or there is a wide range of potential results.

The Corporation believes that the legal proceedings currently pending against it should not have a material adverse effect on the Corporation’s consolidated financial condition. The Corporation notes, however, that in light of the uncertainties involved in such proceedings, there is no assurance that the ultimate resolution of these matters will not significantly exceed the reserves it has currently accrued or that a matter will not have material reputational consequences. As a result, the outcome of a particular matter may be material to the Corporation’s operating results for a particular period, depending on, among other factors, the size of the loss or liability imposed and the level of the Corporation’s income for that period.

Regulatory Matters

A variety of consumer products, including mortgage and deposit products, and certain fees and charges related to such products, have come under increased regulatory scrutiny. It is possible that regulatory authorities could bring enforcement actions, including civil money penalties, or take other actions against the Corporation in regard to these consumer products. The Bank could also determine of its own accord, or be required by regulators, to refund or otherwise make remediation payments to customers in connection with these products. It is not possible at this time for management to assess the probability of a material adverse outcome or reasonably estimate the amount of any potential loss related to such matters.

Mortgage Repurchase Reserve

The Corporation sells residential mortgage loans to investors in the normal course of business. Residential mortgage loans sold to others are predominantly conventional residential first lien mortgages originated under the Corporation's usual underwriting procedures, and are most often sold on a nonrecourse basis, primarily to the GSEs. The Corporation’s agreements to sell residential mortgage loans in the normal course of business usually require certain representations and warranties on the underlying loans sold, related to credit information, loan documentation, collateral, and insurability. Subsequent to being sold, if a material underwriting deficiency or documentation defect is discovered, the Corporation may be obligated to repurchase the loan or reimburse the GSEs for losses incurred (collectively, “make whole requests”). The make whole requests and any related risk of loss under the representations and warranties are largely driven by borrower performance. The Corporation also sells qualifying residential mortgage loans guaranteed by U.S. government agencies into GNMA pools.

As a result of make whole requests, the Corporation has repurchased loans with aggregate principal balances of $2 million and $6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and the year ended December 31, 2022, respectively. There were no loss reimbursement and settlement claims paid in the three months ended March 31, 2023, and no such claims were paid for the year ended December 31, 2022. Make whole requests since January 1, 2022 generally arose from loans originated since January 1, 2021 with such balances totaling $2.5 billion at the time of sale, consisting primarily of loans sold to GSEs. As of March 31, 2023, $2.1 billion of those loans originated since January 1, 2021 remain outstanding.

The balance in the mortgage repurchase reserve at the balance sheet date reflects the estimated amount of potential loss the Corporation could incur from repurchasing a loan, as well as loss reimbursements, indemnifications, and other settlement resolutions. The mortgage repurchase reserve, included in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets, was approximately $566,000 at March 31, 2023 and $1 million at December 31, 2022.

The Corporation may also sell residential mortgage loans with limited recourse (limited in that the recourse period ends prior to the loan’s maturity, usually after certain time and/or loan paydown criteria have been met), whereby repurchase could be required if the loan had defined delinquency issues during the limited recourse periods. At both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there were $7 million of residential mortgage loans sold with such recourse risk. There have been limited instances and immaterial historical losses on repurchases for recourse under the limited recourse criteria.

The Corporation has a subordinate position to the FHLB in the credit risk on residential mortgage loans it sold to the FHLB in exchange for a monthly credit enhancement fee. The Corporation has not sold loans to the FHLB with such credit risk retention since February 2005. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there were $18 million and $19 million, respectively, of such residential mortgage loans with credit risk recourse, upon which there have been immaterial historical losses to the Corporation.

Note 12 Fair Value Measurements

Fair value represents the estimated price at which an orderly transaction to sell an asset or to transfer a liability would take place between market participants at the measurement date under current market conditions (i.e., an exit price concept).

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The valuation methodologies for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring and non-recurring basis are described in the Fair Value Measurements note in the Corporation’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The table below presents the Corporation’s financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, aggregated by the level in the fair value hierarchy within which those measurements fall:

($ in thousands) Fair Value Hierarchy Mar 31, 2023 Dec 31, 2022
Assets
AFS investment securities:
U.S. Treasury securities Level 1 $ 111,743 $ 109,378
Agency securities Level 2 13,730 13,532
Obligations of state and political subdivisions (municipal securities) Level 2 228,902 230,714
Residential mortgage-related securities:
FNMA / FHLMC Level 2 1,574,578 1,604,610
GNMA Level 2 1,095,588 497,596
Commercial mortgage-related securities:
FNMA / FHLMC Level 2 17,618 17,142
GNMA Level 2 189,466 110,462
Asset backed securities:
FFELP Level 2 143,084 151,191
SBA Level 2 3,983 4,477
Other debt securities Level 2 2,918 2,922
Total AFS investment securities Level 1 $ 111,743 $ 109,378
Total AFS investment securities Level 2 3,269,864 2,632,647
Equity securities with readily determinable fair values Level 1 6,286 5,991
Residential loans held for sale Level 2 35,742 20,383
Mortgage servicing rights, net Level 3 74,479 77,351
Interest rate-related instruments designated as hedging instruments(a) Level 2 19,416 4,349
Interest rate-related and other instruments not designated as hedging instruments(a) Level 2 71,619 62,401
Foreign currency exchange forwards(a) Level 2 3,313 1,922
Interest rate lock commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale Level 3 338 86
Liabilities
Interest rate-related instruments designated as hedging instruments(a) Level 2 $ — $ 1,260
Interest rate-related and other instruments not designated as hedging instruments(a) Level 2 199,339 251,398
Foreign currency exchange forwards(a) Level 2 3,194 1,801
Forward commitments to sell residential mortgage loans Level 3 441 46

(a) Figures are presented gross before netting. See Note 9 and Note 10 for information relating to the impact of offsetting derivative assets and liabilities and cash collateral with the same counterparty where there is a legally enforceable master netting agreement in place.

The table below presents a rollforward of the consolidated balance sheets amounts for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and the year ended December 31, 2022, for the Corporation's mortgage derivatives measured on a recurring basis and classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy:

($ in thousands) Interest rate lock commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale Forward commitments to sell residential mortgage loans Total
Balance December 31, 2021 $ 2,617 $ (30) $ 2,647
New production 10,442 (2,028) 12,470
Closed loans / settlements (913) 24,766 (25,679)
Other (12,060) (22,662) 10,603
Change in mortgage derivative (2,531) 76 (2,607)
Balance December 31, 2022 $ 86 $ 46 $ 40
New production $ 1,134 $ (294) $ 1,429
Closed loans / settlements (570) 46 (616)
Other (312) 644 (956)
Change in mortgage derivative 252 395 (143)
Balance March 31, 2023 $ 338 $ 441 $ (103)

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The following table presents the carrying value of equity securities without readily determinable fair values still held as of March 31, 2023 that are measured under the measurement alternative and the related adjustments recorded during the periods presented for those securities with observable price changes. These securities are included in the nonrecurring fair value tables when applicable price changes are observable. Also shown are the cumulative upward and downward adjustments for the Corporation's equity securities without readily determinable fair values as of March 31, 2023:

( in thousands)
Equity securities without readily determinable fair values
Carrying value as of December 31, 2022 19,225
Carrying value changes
Purchases
Sales
Carrying value as of March 31, 2023 24,228
Cumulative upward carrying value changes between January 1, 2018 and March 31, 2023 19,134
Cumulative downward carrying value changes/impairment between January 1, 2018 and March 31, 2023 —

All values are in US Dollars.

The table below presents the Corporation’s assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, aggregated by the level in the fair value hierarchy within which those measurements fall:

($ in thousands) Fair Value Hierarchy Fair Value Consolidated Statements of Income Category of Adjustment Recognized in Income Adjustment Recognized on the Consolidated Statements of Income(a)
March 31, 2023
Assets
Individually evaluated loans Level 3 $ 35,499 Provision for credit losses $ 4,608
OREO(b) Level 2 70 Other noninterest expense / provision for credit losses(c) 46
December 31, 2022
Assets
Individually evaluated loans Level 3 $ 23,584 Provision for credit losses $ 4,405
OREO(b) Level 2 2,196 Other noninterest expense / provision for credit losses(c) 971
Equity securities without readily determinable fair values Level 3 19,134 Investment securities gains (losses), net 5,690

(a) Includes the full year impact on the consolidated statements of income. (b) If the fair value of the collateral exceeds the carrying amount of the asset, no charge off or adjustment is necessary, the asset is not considered to be carried at fair value and is therefore not included in the table. (c) When a property's value is written down at the time it is transferred to OREO, the charge off is booked to the provision for credit losses. When a property is already in OREO and subsequently written down, the charge off is booked to other noninterest expense.

Certain nonfinancial assets and nonfinancial liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis include the fair value analysis in the goodwill impairment test as well as intangible assets and other nonfinancial long-lived assets measured at fair value for the purpose of impairment assessment.

The table below presents the unobservable inputs that are readily quantifiable pertaining to Level 3 measurements:

March 31, 2023 Valuation Technique Significant Unobservable Input Range of Inputs Weighted Average Input Applied
Mortgage servicing rights Discounted cash flow Option adjusted spread 6% - 9% 7%
Mortgage servicing rights Discounted cash flow Constant prepayment rate —% - 100% 7%
Individually evaluated loans Appraisals / Discounted cash flow Collateral / Discount factor 25% - 48% 35%
Interest rate lock commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale Discounted cash flow Closing Ratio 5% - 100% 74%

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Corporation is required to disclose estimated fair values for its financial instruments.

Fair value estimates are set forth below for the Corporation’s financial instruments:

Mar 31, 2023 Dec 31, 2022
($ in thousands) Fair Value Hierarchy Level Carrying Amount Fair Value Carrying Amount Fair Value
Financial assets
Cash and due from banks Level 1 $ 311,269 $ 311,269 $ 436,952 $ 436,952
Interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions Level 1 511,116 511,116 156,693 156,693
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under agreements to resell Level 1 455 455 27,810 27,810
AFS investment securities Level 1 111,743 111,743 109,378 109,378
AFS investment securities Level 2 3,269,864 3,269,864 2,632,647 2,632,647
HTM investment securities, net Level 1 999 947 999 936
HTM investment securities, net Level 2 3,966,060 3,480,530 3,959,399 3,400,028
Equity securities with readily determinable fair values Level 1 6,286 6,286 5,991 5,991
Equity securities without readily determinable fair values Level 2 5,000 5,000 — —
Equity securities without readily determinable fair values Level 3 19,228 19,228 19,225 19,225
FHLB and Federal Reserve Bank stocks Level 2 331,420 331,420 295,496 295,496
Residential loans held for sale Level 2 35,742 35,742 20,383 20,383
Commercial loans held for sale Level 2 33,490 33,490 — —
Loans, net Level 3 28,880,640 27,921,022 28,486,849 27,481,426
Bank and corporate owned life insurance Level 2 677,328 677,328 676,530 676,530
Mortgage servicing rights, net Level 3 74,479 74,479 77,351 77,351
Derivatives (other assets)(a) Level 2 94,349 94,349 68,672 68,672
Interest rate lock commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale (other assets) Level 3 338 338 86 86
Financial liabilities
Noninterest-bearing demand, savings, interest-bearing demand, and money market accounts Level 3 $ 27,393,908 $ 27,393,908 $ 27,705,996 $ 27,705,996
Brokered CDs and other time deposits(b) Level 2 2,937,916 2,937,916 1,930,158 1,930,158
Short-term funding Level 2 226,608 226,600 605,937 605,205
FHLB advances Level 2 4,986,138 4,987,658 4,319,861 4,322,264
Other long-term funding Level 2 544,103 535,836 248,071 242,151
Standby letters of credit(c) Level 2 2,717 2,717 2,881 2,881
Derivatives (accrued expenses and other liabilities)(a) Level 2 202,533 202,533 254,459 254,459
Forward commitments to sell residential mortgage loans (accrued expenses and other liabilities) Level 3 441 441 46 46

(a) Figures are presented gross before netting. See Note 9 and Note 10 for information relating to the impact of offsetting derivative assets and liabilities and cash collateral with the same counterparty where there is a legally enforceable master netting agreement in place. (b) When the estimated fair value is less than the carrying value, the carrying value is reported as the fair value. (c) The commitment on standby letters of credit was $252 million at March 31, 2023 and $271 million at December 31, 2022. See Note 11 for additional information on the standby letters of credit and for information on the fair value of lending-related commitments.

Note 13 Retirement Plans

The Corporation has a noncontributory defined benefit RAP, covering substantially all employees who meet participation requirements. The benefits are based primarily on years of service and the employee’s compensation paid. Employees of acquired entities generally participate in the RAP after consummation of the business combinations. Any retirement plans of acquired entities are typically merged into the RAP after completion of the mergers, and credit is usually given to employees for years of service at the acquired institution for vesting and eligibility purposes.

The Corporation also provides legacy healthcare access to a limited group of retired employees from a previous acquisition in the Postretirement Plan. There are no other active retiree healthcare plans.

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The components of net periodic pension cost and net periodic benefit cost for the RAP and Postretirement Plan for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

Three Months Ended Mar 31,
($ in thousands) 2023 2022
RAP
Service cost $ 796 $ 923
Interest cost 2,686 1,772
Expected return on plan assets (8,202) (6,736)
Amortization of prior service cost (63) (63)
Amortization of actuarial loss 37 74
Total net periodic pension cost $ (4,746) $ (4,029)
Postretirement Plan
Interest cost $ 20 $ 13
Amortization of prior service cost (19) (19)
Amortization of actuarial loss (gain) (7) —
Total net periodic benefit cost $ (7) $ (6)

The components of net periodic pension cost and net periodic benefit cost, other than the service cost component, are included in the line item other of noninterest expense on the consolidated statements of income. The service cost components are included in personnel on the consolidated statements of income.

The Corporation’s funding policy is to pay at least the minimum amount required by federal law and regulations, with consideration given to the maximum funding amounts allowed. The Corporation regularly reviews the funding of its RAP. There were no contributions during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.

Note 14 Segment Reporting

The Corporation utilizes a risk-based internal profitability measurement system to provide strategic business unit reporting. The profitability measurement system is based on internal management methodologies designed to produce consistent results and reflect the underlying economics of the units. Certain strategic business units have been combined for segment information reporting purposes where the nature of the products and services, the type of customer, and the distribution of those products and services are similar. The three reportable segments are Corporate and Commercial Specialty; Community, Consumer, and Business; and Risk Management and Shared Services. The financial information of the Corporation’s segments has been compiled utilizing the accounting policies described in the Corporation’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, with certain exceptions. The more significant of these exceptions are described herein.

The reportable segment results are presented based on the Corporation's internal management accounting process. The management accounting policies and processes utilized in compiling segment financial information are highly subjective and, unlike financial accounting, are not based on authoritative guidance similar to U.S. GAAP. As a result, reported segments and the financial information of the reported segments are not necessarily comparable with similar information reported by other financial institutions. Furthermore, changes in management structure or allocation methodologies and procedures may result in changes in previously reported segment financial data. Additionally, the information presented is not indicative of how the segments would perform if they operated as independent entities.

To determine financial performance of each segment, the Corporation allocates FTP assignments, the provision for credit losses, certain noninterest expenses, income taxes, and equity to each segment. Allocation methodologies are subject to periodic adjustment as the internal management accounting system is revised, the interest rate environment evolves, and business or product lines within the segments change. Also, because the development and application of these methodologies is a dynamic process, the financial results presented may be periodically reviewed.

The Corporation allocates net interest income using an internal FTP methodology that charges users of funds (assets, primarily loans) and credits providers of funds (liabilities, primarily deposits) based on the maturity, prepayment and/or re-pricing characteristics of the assets and liabilities. The net effect of this allocation is offset in the Risk Management and Shared Services segment to ensure consolidated totals reflect the Corporation's net interest income. The net FTP allocation is reflected as net intersegment interest income (expense) in the accompanying tables.

The provision for credit losses is allocated to segments based on the expected long-term annual net charge off rates attributable to the credit risk of loans managed by the segment during the period. In contrast, the level of the consolidated provision for credit losses is determined based on an ACLL model using the methodologies described in the Corporation’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The net effect of the credit provision is recorded in Risk Management and Shared Services. Indirect

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expenses incurred by certain centralized support areas are allocated to segments based on actual usage (for example, volume measurements) and other criteria. Certain types of administrative expense and bank-wide expense accruals (including, when applicable, amortization of CDIs and other intangible assets associated with acquisitions, acquisition-related costs, and asset gains on disposed business units) are generally not allocated to segments. Income taxes are allocated to segments based on the Corporation’s estimated effective tax rate, with certain segments adjusted for any tax-exempt income or non-deductible expenses. Equity is allocated to the segments based on regulatory capital requirements and in proportion to an assessment of the inherent risks associated with the business of the segment (including interest, credit and operating risk).

A brief description of each business segment is presented below. A more in-depth discussion of these segments can be found in the Segment Reporting note in the Corporation’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The Corporate and Commercial Specialty segment serves a wide range of customers including larger businesses, developers, not-for-profits, municipalities, and financial institutions by providing lending and deposit solutions as well as the support to deliver, fund, and manage such banking solutions. In addition, this segment provides a variety of investment, fiduciary, and retirement planning products and services to individuals and small to mid-sized businesses. The Community, Consumer, and Business segment serves individuals, as well as small and mid-sized businesses, by providing lending and deposit solutions. The Risk Management and Shared Services segment includes key shared operational functions and also includes residual revenue and expenses, representing the difference between actual amounts incurred and the amounts allocated to operating segments, including interest rate risk residuals (FTP mismatches) and credit risk and provision residuals (long-term credit charge mismatches).

Information about the Corporation’s segments is presented below:

Corporate and Commercial Specialty
Three Months Ended Mar 31,
($ in thousands) 2023 2022
Net interest income $ 219,123 $ 90,633
Net intersegment interest income (expense) (80,980) 8,525
Segment net interest income 138,143 99,158
Noninterest income 32,715 37,728
Total revenue 170,858 136,886
Provision for credit losses 13,782 12,653
Noninterest expense 62,061 56,528
Income before income taxes 95,015 67,705
Income tax expense 17,737 12,307
Net income $ 77,278 $ 55,399
Allocated goodwill $ 525,836 $ 525,836
Community, Consumer, and Business
--- --- --- --- ---
Three Months Ended Mar 31,
($ in thousands) 2023 2022
Net interest income $ 80,284 $ 69,544
Net intersegment interest income 88,079 18,833
Segment net interest income 168,363 88,377
Noninterest income 25,949 33,207
Total revenue 194,312 121,584
Provision for credit losses 6,758 4,656
Noninterest expense 111,694 98,461
Income before income taxes 75,860 18,466
Income tax expense 15,931 3,878
Net income $ 59,930 $ 14,588
Allocated goodwill $ 579,156 $ 579,156

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Risk Management and Shared Services
Three Months Ended Mar 31,
($ in thousands) 2023 2022
Net interest income $ (25,397) $ 27,570
Net intersegment (expense) (7,099) (27,358)
Segment net interest income (loss) (32,496) 212
Noninterest income 3,409 3,532
Total revenue (29,087) 3,744
Provision for credit losses (2,568) (21,300)
Noninterest expense 13,658 18,303
Income (loss) before income taxes (40,176) 6,741
Income tax expense (benefit) (6,328) 2,465
Net income (loss) $ (33,848) $ 4,275
Allocated goodwill $ — $ — Consolidated Total
--- --- --- --- ---
Three Months Ended Mar 31,
($ in thousands) 2023 2022
Net interest income $ 274,010 $ 187,747
Net intersegment interest income — —
Segment net interest income 274,010 187,747
Noninterest income 62,073 74,467
Total revenue 336,083 262,214
Provision for credit losses 17,971 (3,990)
Noninterest expense 187,412 173,292
Income before income taxes 130,700 92,912
Income tax expense 27,340 18,650
Net income $ 103,360 $ 74,262
Allocated goodwill $ 1,104,992 $ 1,104,992

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Note 15 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The following tables summarize the components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) at March 31, 2023 and 2022, including changes during the preceding three month periods as well as any reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):

($ in thousands) AFS Investment<br>Securities Cash Flow Hedge Derivatives Defined Benefit<br>Pension and<br>Postretirement<br>Obligations Accumulated<br>Other<br>Comprehensive<br>Income (Loss)
Balance December 31, 2022 $ (233,192) $ 3,360 $ (42,968) $ (272,799)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications 36,478 — — 36,478
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):
HTM investment securities, net, at amortized cost 2,267 — — 2,267
Other assets / accrued expenses and other liabilities — 13,763 — 13,763
Interest income — 1,262 — 1,262
Personnel expense — — (81) (81)
Other expense — — 30 30
Income tax (expense) benefit (9,892) (4,694) 79 (14,507)
Net other comprehensive income during period 28,853 10,331 27 39,211
Balance March 31, 2023 $ (204,339) $ 13,691 $ (42,940) $ (233,588)
Balance December 31, 2021 $ (5,266) $ — $ (5,051) $ (10,317)
Other comprehensive (loss) before reclassifications (103,284) — — (103,284)
Unrealized (losses) on AFS securities transferred to HTM securities (67,604) — — (67,604)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):
Investment securities (gains), net (21) — — (21)
HTM investment securities, net, at amortized cost 1,108 — — 1,108
Personnel expense — — (81) (81)
Other expense — — 74 74
Income tax benefit 43,098 — 2 43,100
Net other comprehensive (loss) during period (126,702) — (6) (126,708)
Balance March 31, 2022 $ (131,968) $ — $ (5,057) $ (137,024)

Note 16 Leases

The Corporation has operating leases for retail and corporate office, land, and equipment. The Corporation also has a finance lease for retail and corporate offices.

These leases have original terms of 1 year or longer with remaining maturities up to 40 years, some of which include options to extend the lease term. An analysis of the lease options has been completed and any purchase options or optional periods that the Corporation is reasonably likely to extend have been included in the capitalization.

The discount rate used to capitalize the operating leases is the Corporation's FHLB borrowing rate on the date of lease commencement. When determining the rate to discount specific lease obligations, the repayment period and term are considered.

Operating and finance lease costs and cash flows resulting from these leases are presented below:

Three Months Ended Mar 31,
($ in thousands) 2023 2022
Operating lease costs $ 1,464 $ 1,798
Finance lease costs 23 41
Operating lease cash flows 1,828 2,407
Finance lease cash flows 22 44

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The lease classifications on the consolidated balance sheets were as follows:

($ in thousands) Consolidated Balance Sheets Category Mar 31, 2023 Dec 31, 2022
Operating lease right-of-use asset Premises and equipment $ 24,377 $ 25,617
Finance lease right-of-use asset Other assets 433 455
Operating lease liability Accrued expenses and other liabilities 26,938 28,357
Finance lease liability Other long-term funding 448 469

The lease payment obligations, weighted-average remaining lease term, and weighted-average original discount rate were as follows:

Mar 31, 2023 Dec 31, 2022
($ in thousands) Lease payments Weighted-average lease term (in years) Weighted-average discount rate Lease payments Weighted-average lease term (in years) Weighted-average discount rate
Operating leases
Retail and corporate offices $ 24,738 5.76 2.63 % $ 26,140 5.92 2.62 %
Land 4,569 7.44 3.15 % 4,766 7.59 3.14 %
Equipment — 0.00 — % — 0.00 — %
Total operating leases $ 29,307 6.01 2.71 % $ 30,906 6.17 2.70 %
Finance leases
Retail and corporate offices $ 463 5.00 1.32 % $ 485 5.25 1.32 %
Total finance leases $ 463 5.00 1.32 % $ 485 5.25 1.32 %

Contractual lease payment obligations for each of the next five years and thereafter, in addition to a reconciliation to the Corporation’s lease liability, were as follows:

($ in thousands) Operating Leases Finance Leases Total Leases
Nine months ended December 31, 2023 $ 4,540 $ 69 $ 4,609
2024 5,735 93 5,827
2025 4,512 93 4,605
2026 4,246 93 4,339
2027 3,807 93 3,899
Beyond 2027 6,468 23 6,491
Total lease payments $ 29,307 $ 463 $ 29,770
Less: interest 2,369 15 2,384
Present value of lease payments $ 26,938 $ 448 $ 27,386

As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, additional operating leases, primarily retail and corporate offices, that had not yet commenced totaled $12 million and $13 million, respectively. The leases that had not yet commenced as of March 31, 2023 will commence between April 2023 and January 2024 with lease terms of 1 year to 6 years.

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ITEM 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This report contains statements that may constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the safe-harbor provisions for forward-looking statements contained in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, such as statements other than historical facts contained or incorporated by reference into this report. These forward-looking statements include statements with respect to the Corporation’s financial condition, results of operations, plans, objectives, future performance and business, including statements preceded by, followed by or that include the words “believes,” “expects,” or “anticipates,” references to estimates or similar expressions. Future filings by the Corporation with the SEC, and future statements other than historical facts contained in written material, press releases and oral statements issued by, or on behalf of the Corporation may also constitute forward-looking statements.

All forward-looking statements contained in this report or which may be contained in future statements made for or on behalf of the Corporation are based upon information available at the time the statement is made and the Corporation assumes no obligation to update any forward-looking statements, except as required by federal securities law. Forward-looking statements are subject to significant risks and uncertainties, and the Corporation’s actual results may differ materially from the expected results discussed in such forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause actual results to differ from the results discussed in forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the risk factors in Item 1A, Risk Factors, in the Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, in Item 1A of Part II herein, and as may be described from time to time in the Corporation’s subsequent SEC filings.

Overview

The following discussion and analysis is presented to assist in the understanding and evaluation of the Corporation’s financial condition and results of operations. It is intended to complement the unaudited consolidated financial statements, footnotes, and supplemental financial data appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and should be read in conjunction therewith. Management continually evaluates strategic acquisition opportunities and various other strategic alternatives that could involve the sale or acquisition of branches or other assets, or the consolidation or creation of subsidiaries. Within the tables presented, certain columns and rows may not sum due to the use of rounded numbers for disclosure purposes.

Performance Summary

•Average loans of $28.8 billion increased $4.7 billion, or 20%, from the first three months of 2022, with growth across nearly all loan categories. For 2023, the Corporation expects period end loan growth of 6% to 8%.

•Average deposits of $29.9 billion increased $1.2 billion, or 4%, from the first three months of 2022, driven by increases in all interest-bearing deposit categories, offset by decreases in noninterest-bearing demand deposits. For 2023, the Corporation expects average core customer deposit growth of 1% to 3%.

•Net interest income of $274 million increased $86 million, or 46%, from the first three months of 2022, and net interest margin was 3.07% compared to 2.42% for the first three months of 2022. The increase in net interest income was driven by higher interest income as a result of growth in balances across all loan categories, which also benefited from the Federal Reserve increasing the federal funds target interest rate 450 bp since March 31, 2022. For 2023, the Corporation expects net interest income growth of 13% to 15%.

•Provision for credit losses had a provision of $18 million, compared to a release of $4 million for the first three months of 2022, primarily due to loan growth within the portfolio. For 2023, we expect to adjust provision to reflect changes to risk grades, economic conditions, loan volumes, and other indications of credit quality.

•Noninterest income of $62 million decreased $12 million, or 17%, from the first three months of 2022, partially driven by the $5 million, or 58%, decrease in mortgage banking, net, which was primarily the result of increased MSRs expense related to the net valuation adjustments of the MSRs asset. Additionally, both capital markets fees and service charges and deposit account fees decreased by $4 million, or 41% and 23% respectively, due to lower swap and syndication activity, and reduced fees associated with the elimination and reduction of deposit account fees. For 2023, the Corporation expects total noninterest income to compress by 8% to 10%.

•Noninterest expense of $187 million increased $14 million, or 8%, from the first three months of 2022, primarily driven by higher personnel expense due to additional staffing for implementation of recently announced initiatives and continued investment in our employees. For 2023, the Corporation expects total noninterest expense to grow by 4%.

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Table 1 Summary Results of Operations: Trends
( in thousands, except per share data) Mar 31, 2023 Dec 31, 2022 Sep 30, 2022 Jun 30, 2022 Mar 31, 2022
Net income $ 103,360 $ 108,762 $ 96,275 $ 86,824 $ 74,262
Net income available to common equity 100,485 105,887 93,400 83,949 71,387
Earnings per common share - basic 0.67 0.70 0.62 0.56 0.48
Earnings per common share - diluted 0.66 0.70 0.62 0.56 0.47
Effective tax rate 20.92 % 18.89 % 21.37 % 21.20 % 20.07 %

All values are in US Dollars.

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Table 2 Net Interest Income Analysis

Three Months Ended
Mar 31, 2023 Dec 31, 2022 Mar 31, 2022
($ in thousands) Average<br>Balance Interest<br>Income /<br>Expense Average<br>Yield /<br>Rate Average<br>Balance Interest<br>Income /<br>Expense Average<br>Yield /<br>Rate Average<br>Balance Interest<br>Income /<br>Expense Average<br>Yield /<br>Rate
Assets
Earning assets
Loans(a)(b)(c)
Asset-based lending & equipment finance $ 480,472 $ 7,448 6.28 % $ 421,540 $ 5,901 5.56 % $ 202,836 $ 1,449 2.90 %
Commercial and business lending (excl ABL and equipment finance) 10,135,554 159,726 6.39 % 10,108,444 141,283 5.55 % 8,859,450 54,031 2.47 %
Commercial real estate lending 7,251,193 119,087 6.66 % 7,062,405 105,479 5.93 % 6,177,062 43,886 2.88 %
Total commercial 17,867,219 286,262 6.50 % 17,592,389 252,663 5.70 % 15,239,348 99,366 2.64 %
Residential mortgage 8,584,528 70,711 3.30 % 8,443,661 68,069 3.22 % 7,671,329 55,403 2.89 %
Auto finance 1,490,115 16,458 4.48 % 1,244,436 12,911 4.12 % 305,202 2,649 3.52 %
Other retail 903,956 18,494 8.23 % 914,848 16,366 7.13 % 881,859 10,662 4.87 %
Total loans 28,845,818 391,925 5.49 % 28,195,334 350,009 4.93 % 24,097,738 168,081 2.81 %
Investment securities
Taxable 4,912,416 30,142 2.45 % 4,336,132 21,435 1.98 % 4,350,109 16,472 1.52 %
Tax-exempt(a) 2,329,519 20,192 3.47 % 2,428,751 21,000 3.46 % 2,384,601 20,296 3.40 %
Other short-term investments 493,061 5,329 4.37 % 408,091 3,779 3.68 % 1,154,939 1,993 0.70 %
Investments and other 7,734,996 55,664 2.88 % 7,172,975 46,213 2.57 % 7,889,649 38,761 1.96 %
Total earning assets 36,580,814 $ 447,589 4.94 % 35,368,309 $ 396,222 4.46 % 31,987,386 $ 206,842 2.60 %
Other assets, net 3,026,251 3,017,127 3,212,796
Total assets $ 39,607,065 $ 38,385,436 $ 35,200,182
Liabilities and stockholders' equity
Interest-bearing liabilities
Interest-bearing deposits
Savings $ 4,664,624 $ 9,859 0.86 % $ 4,660,696 $ 3,607 0.31 % $ 4,529,991 $ 380 0.03 %
Interest-bearing demand 6,814,487 29,918 1.78 % 6,831,213 20,861 1.21 % 6,722,038 1,025 0.06 %
Money market 7,536,393 41,637 2.24 % 7,382,793 23,728 1.28 % 7,030,945 965 0.06 %
Network transaction deposits 1,147,089 12,825 4.53 % 901,168 8,261 3.64 % 734,895 265 0.15 %
Time deposits 2,362,260 15,182 2.61 % 1,463,204 4,262 1.16 % 1,313,101 937 0.29 %
Total interest-bearing deposits 22,524,853 109,422 1.97 % 21,239,073 60,719 1.13 % 20,330,970 3,571 0.07 %
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase 429,780 3,143 2.97 % 424,352 2,280 2.13 % 293,915 38 0.05 %
Commercial paper 17,339 — 0.01 % 12,927 — 0.01 % 27,963 1 0.01 %
FHLB advances 4,254,532 49,960 4.76 % 3,790,101 36,824 3.85 % 1,610,983 8,182 2.06 %
Long-term funding 408,175 6,281 6.16 % 248,645 2,470 3.97 % 249,632 2,730 4.38 %
Total short and long-term funding 5,109,826 59,384 4.71 % 4,476,025 41,575 3.69 % 2,182,492 10,951 2.03 %
Total interest-bearing liabilities 27,634,679 $ 168,807 2.48 % 25,715,098 $ 102,294 1.58 % 22,513,462 $ 14,522 0.26 %
Noninterest-bearing demand deposits 7,340,219 8,088,435 8,316,399
Other liabilities 570,166 590,223 383,528
Stockholders’ equity 4,062,001 3,991,679 3,986,792
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 39,607,065 $ 38,385,436 $ 35,200,182
Interest rate spread 2.46 % 2.88 % 2.34 %
Net free funds 0.61 % 0.43 % 0.08 %
Fully tax-equivalent net interest income and net interest margin $ 278,782 3.07 % $ 293,929 3.31 % $ 192,320 2.42 %
Fully tax-equivalent adjustment 4,772 4,939 4,573
Net interest income $ 274,010 $ 288,989 $ 187,747

(a) The yield on tax-exempt loans and securities is computed on a fully tax-equivalent basis using a tax rate of 21% and is net of the effects of certain disallowed interest deductions.

(b) Nonaccrual loans and loans held for sale have been included in the average balances. (c) Interest income includes amortization of net deferred loan origination costs and net accreted purchase loan discount.

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Notable Contributions to the Change in Net Interest Income

•Fully tax-equivalent net interest income and net interest income were $86 million, or 45%, and $86 million, or 46%, higher than the first three months of 2022, respectively. Average loans increased $4.7 billion, or 20%, while average investments and other short-term investments decreased $155 million, or 2%, from the first three months of 2022. The increase in net interest income was driven by a higher federal funds target rate combined with growth in all major loan categories. Since March 31, 2022, the Federal Reserve increased the federal funds target interest rate 450 bp, which contributed to the yield on earning assets increasing by 234 bp. See sections Interest Rate Risk and Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk for a discussion of interest rate risk and market risk.

•    Average interest-bearing liabilities increased $5.1 billion, or 23%, compared to the first three months of 2022. Interest-bearing deposits increased $2.2 billion, or 11%, driven primarily by increases in money market accounts, network transaction deposits, and time deposits. Average noninterest-bearing demand deposits decreased $976 million, or 12%, versus the first three months of 2022. FHLB advances increased $2.6 billion, or 164%, to fund loan growth. The cost of interest-bearing liabilities increased 222 bp from the first three months of 2022.

Provision for Credit Losses

The provision for credit losses is predominantly a function of the Corporation’s reserving methodology and judgments as to other qualitative and quantitative factors used to determine the appropriate level of the ACLL, which focuses on changes in the size and character of the loan portfolio, changes in levels of individually evaluated and other nonaccrual loans, historical losses and delinquencies in each portfolio category, the risk inherent in specific loans, concentrations of loans to specific borrowers or industries, existing economic conditions and economic forecasts, the fair value of underlying collateral, and other factors which could affect potential credit losses. The forecast the Corporation used for March 31, 2023 was the Moody's baseline scenario from February 2023, which was reviewed against the March 2023 baseline scenario with no material updates made, over a 2 year reasonable and supportable period with straight-line reversion to historical losses over the second year of the period. See additional discussion under the sections titled Loans, Credit Risk, Nonperforming Assets, and Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans.

Noninterest Income

Table 3 Noninterest Income

Changes vs
( in thousands, except as noted) Mar 31, 2023 Dec 31, 2022 Sep 30, 2022 Jun 30, 2022 Mar 31, 2022 Dec 31, 2022 Mar 31, 2022
Wealth management fees $ 20,189 $ 20,403 $ 19,984 $ 21,332 $ 22,404 (1) % (10) %
Service charges and deposit account fees 12,994 13,918 15,029 16,506 16,856 (7) % (23) %
Card-based fees 10,586 11,167 11,479 11,442 9,926 (5) % 7 %
Other fee-based revenue 4,276 3,290 4,487 4,360 3,766 30 % 14 %
Total fee-based revenue 48,045 48,779 50,979 53,641 52,952 (2) % (9) %
Capital markets, net 5,083 5,586 7,675 8,010 8,646 (9) % (41) %
Mortgage banking, net 3,545 2,238 2,098 6,145 8,391 58 % (58) %
Bank and corporate owned life insurance 2,664 3,427 1,827 4,106 2,071 (22) % 29 %
Other 2,422 4,102 2,527 1,888 2,198 (41) % 10 %
Subtotal 61,758 64,132 65,106 73,790 74,258 (4) % (17) %
Asset gains (losses), net 263 (545) 18 1,677 188 N/M 40 %
Investment securities gains (losses), net 51 (1,930) 5,664 (8) 21 N/M 143 %
Total noninterest income $ 62,073 $ 61,657 $ 70,788 $ 75,458 $ 74,467 1 % (17) %
Mortgage loans originated for sale during period $ 69,254 $ 64,419 $ 131,743 $ 151,838 $ 252,113 8 % (73) %
Mortgage loan settlements during period 54,652 94,682 119,942 204,321 296,089 (42) % (82) %
Assets under management, at market value(a) 12,412 11,843 11,142 11,561 12,937 5 % (4) %

All values are in US Dollars. N/M = Not Meaningful (a) $ in millions. Excludes assets held in brokerage accounts.

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Notable Contributions to the Change in Noninterest Income

•Mortgage banking, net decreased $5 million from the first three months of 2022, which was primarily the result of increased MSRs expense related to the net valuation adjustments of the MSRs asset.

•Service charges and deposit account fees decreased $4 million from the first three months of 2022, due to previously announced initiatives to reduce or eliminate many deposit account fees.

•Capital markets, net decreased $4 million from the first three months of 2022 as a result of lower interest rate swap revenue and syndication fees.

•Wealth management fees decreased $2 million from the first three months of 2022, due to reduced assets under management and lower brokerage related income.

Noninterest Expense

Table 4 Noninterest Expense

Change vs
( in thousands) Mar 31, 2023 Dec 31, 2022 Sep 30, 2022 Jun 30, 2022 Mar 31, 2022 Dec 31, 2022 Mar 31, 2022
Personnel $ 116,420 $ 118,381 $ 118,243 $ 112,666 $ 104,811 (2) % 11 %
Technology 23,598 25,299 22,694 21,223 21,485 (7) % 10 %
Occupancy 15,063 15,846 13,717 14,151 16,080 (5) % (6) %
Business development and advertising 5,849 8,136 6,778 5,655 4,954 (28) % 18 %
Equipment 4,930 4,791 4,921 4,960 4,960 3 % (1) %
Legal and professional 3,857 4,132 4,159 4,873 5,087 (7) % (24) %
Loan and foreclosure costs 1,138 804 1,631 1,476 2,014 42 % (43) %
FDIC assessment 6,875 6,350 5,800 5,400 5,100 8 % 35 %
Other intangible amortization 2,203 2,203 2,203 2,203 2,203 — % — %
Other 7,479 10,618 15,645 8,815 6,597 (30) % 13 %
Total noninterest expense $ 187,412 $ 196,560 $ 195,791 $ 181,420 $ 173,292 (5) % 8 %
Average FTEs(a) 4,219 4,169 4,182 4,101 4,018 1 % 5 %

All values are in US Dollars.

(a) Average FTEs without overtime

Notable Contributions to the Change in Noninterest Expense

•Personnel expense increased $12 million from the first three months of 2022, largely as a result of increased FTEs due to hiring related to previously announced initiatives and continued investment in our employees.

•Technology expense increased $2 million from the first three months of 2022, driven by digital investments tied to our strategic initiatives.

•FDIC expense increased $2 million from the first three months of 2022 due to a decrease in liquidity and the FDIC's assessment rate change on January 1, 2023.

Income Taxes

The Corporation recognized income tax expense of $27 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to income tax expense of $19 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022. The Corporation's effective tax rate was 20.92% for the first three months of 2023, compared to an effective tax rate of 20.07% for the first three months of 2022. The increase in income tax expense during the first three months of 2023 was primarily driven by an increase in income before tax. The increase in the effective tax rate was primarily driven by an increase in state tax expense. The Corporation expects a full year effective tax rate of 20 to 21%, assuming no change in the statutory corporate tax rate.

Income tax expense recorded on the consolidated statements of income involves the interpretation and application of certain accounting pronouncements and federal and state tax laws and regulations. The Corporation is subject to examination by various taxing authorities. Examination by taxing authorities may impact the amount of tax expense and/or the reserve for uncertainty in income taxes if their interpretations differ from those of management, based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examinations.

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Balance Sheet Analysis

•At March 31, 2023, total assets were $40.7 billion, up $1.3 billion, or 3%, from December 31, 2022 and up $5.7 billion, or 16%, from March 31, 2022.

•Interest bearing deposits in other financial institutions were $511 million at March 31, 2023, up $354 million from December 31, 2022 and up $344 million from March 31, 2022.

•AFS investment securities, at fair value were $3.4 billion at March 31, 2023, up $640 million, or 23%, from December 31, 2022, and up $601 million, or 22%, from March 31, 2022. HTM investment securities, net, at amortized cost were $4.0 billion at March 31, 2023, effectively flat from December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2022. See Note 5 Investment Securities of the notes to consolidated financial statements for additional details.

•Loans of $29.2 billion at March 31, 2023 were up $408 million, or 1%, from December 31, 2022 and up $4.7 billion, or 19%, from March 31, 2022. See Note 6 Loans of the notes to consolidated financial statements for additional details.

•At March 31, 2023, total deposits of $30.3 billion were up $696 million, or 2%, from December 31, 2022, and were up $1.9 billion, or 7%, from March 31, 2022. See section Deposits and Customer Funding for additional information on deposits.

•Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase were $208 million at March 31, 2023, down $377 million, or 64%, from December 31, 2022 and down $160 million, or 43%, from March 31, 2022. See Note 8 Short and Long-Term Funding of the notes to consolidated financial statements for additional details.

•FHLB advances were $5.0 billion at March 31, 2023, up $666 million, or 15%, from December 31, 2022, and up $3.4 billion from March 31, 2022, mainly due to loan growth. See Note 8 Short and Long-Term Funding of the notes to consolidated financial statements for additional details.

•Other long-term funding was $544 million at March 31, 2023, up $296 million, or 119%, from December 31, 2022, and up $294 million, or 118%, from March 31, 2022, primarily driven by the Corporation's issuance of subordinated notes in February 2023. See Note 8 Short and Long-Term Funding of the notes to consolidated financial statements for additional details.

Loans

Table 5 Period End Loan Composition

Mar 31, 2023 Dec 31, 2022 Sep 30, 2022 Jun 30, 2022 Mar 31, 2022
($ in thousands) Amount % of<br>Total Amount % of<br>Total Amount % of<br>Total Amount % of<br>Total Amount % of<br>Total
Asset-based lending & equipment finance $ 522,834 2 % $ 458,887 2 % $ 380,830 1 % $ 263,044 1 % $ 231,040 1 %
Commercial and industrial 9,346,947 32 % 9,300,567 32 % 9,191,094 33 % 8,993,640 34 % 8,120,375 33 %
Commercial real estate — owner occupied 1,050,236 4 % 991,722 3 % 999,786 4 % 928,152 4 % 973,572 4 %
Commercial and business lending 10,920,017 37 % 10,751,176 37 % 10,571,711 38 % 10,184,836 38 % 9,324,986 38 %
Commercial real estate — investor 5,094,249 17 % 5,080,344 18 % 5,064,289 18 % 4,790,241 18 % 4,469,241 18 %
Real estate construction 2,147,070 7 % 2,155,222 7 % 1,835,159 7 % 1,775,648 7 % 1,760,076 7 %
Commercial real estate lending 7,241,318 25 % 7,235,565 25 % 6,899,449 25 % 6,565,889 25 % 6,229,317 25 %
Total commercial 18,161,335 62 % 17,986,742 62 % 17,471,159 63 % 16,750,726 63 % 15,554,303 63 %
Residential mortgage 8,605,164 29 % 8,511,550 30 % 8,314,902 30 % 8,002,943 30 % 7,609,343 31 %
Auto finance 1,551,538 5 % 1,382,073 5 % 1,117,136 4 % 847,969 3 % 497,523 2 %
Home equity 609,787 2 % 624,353 2 % 612,608 2 % 592,843 2 % 580,867 2 %
Other consumer 279,248 1 % 294,851 1 % 301,475 1 % 300,217 1 % 289,889 1 %
Total consumer 11,045,737 38 % 10,812,828 38 % 10,346,121 37 % 9,743,972 37 % 8,977,622 37 %
Total loans $ 29,207,072 100 % $ 28,799,569 100 % $ 27,817,280 100 % $ 26,494,698 100 % $ 24,531,926 100 %

The Corporation has long-term guidelines relative to the proportion of Commercial and Business, CRE, and Consumer loan commitments within the overall loan portfolio, with each targeted to represent 30 to 40% of the overall loan portfolio. The targeted long-term guidelines were unchanged during 2022 and the first three months of 2023. Furthermore, certain sub-asset classes within the respective portfolios are further defined and dollar limitations are placed on these sub-portfolios. These guidelines and limits are reviewed quarterly and approved annually by the Enterprise Risk Committee of the Corporation’s Board of Directors. These guidelines and limits are designed to create balance and diversification within the loan portfolios.

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The Corporation’s loan distribution and interest rate sensitivity as of March 31, 2023 are summarized in the following table:

Table 6 Loan Distribution and Interest Rate Sensitivity

($ in thousands) Within 1 Year(a) 1-5 Years 5-15 Years Over 15 Years Total % of Total
Asset-based lending & equipment finance $ 262,848 $ 143,962 $ 116,024 $ — $ 522,834 2 %
Commercial and industrial 8,794,411 407,159 136,038 9,339 9,346,947 32 %
Commercial real estate — owner occupied 645,287 273,288 131,106 555 1,050,236 4 %
Commercial real estate — investor 4,729,408 215,804 149,037 — 5,094,249 17 %
Real estate construction 2,074,862 33,843 29,311 9,053 2,147,070 7 %
Commercial - adjustable 10,551,715 17,924 16,108 — 10,585,747 36 %
Commercial - fixed 5,955,100 1,056,133 545,408 18,947 7,575,588 26 %
Residential mortgage - adjustable 300,787 828,859 1,925,063 397 3,055,107 10 %
Residential mortgage - fixed 5,724 98,004 578,238 4,868,092 5,550,057 19 %
Auto finance 274 393,593 1,157,671 — 1,551,538 5 %
Home equity 540,506 15,976 44,135 9,170 609,787 2 %
Other consumer 198,563 37,065 28,135 15,485 279,248 1 %
Total loans $ 17,552,671 $ 2,447,553 $ 4,294,757 $ 4,912,091 $ 29,207,072 100 %
Fixed-rate $ 5,981,878 $ 1,599,102 $ 2,353,586 $ 4,911,694 $ 14,846,259 51 %
Floating or adjustable rate 11,570,792 848,452 1,941,172 397 14,360,813 49 %
Total $ 17,552,671 $ 2,447,553 $ 4,294,757 $ 4,912,091 $ 29,207,072 100 %

(a) Demand loans, past due loans, overdrafts, and credit cards are reported in the “Within 1 Year” category.

At March 31, 2023, $20.3 billion, or 70%, of the loans outstanding and $16.5 billion, or 91%, of the commercial loans outstanding were floating rate, adjustable rate, re-pricing within one year, or maturing within one year.

Credit Risk

An active credit risk management process is used for commercial loans to ensure that sound and consistent credit decisions are made. Credit risk is controlled by detailed underwriting procedures, comprehensive loan administration, and periodic review of borrowers’ outstanding loans and commitments. Borrower relationships are formally reviewed and graded on an ongoing basis for early identification of potential problems. Further analysis by customer, industry, and geographic location are performed to monitor trends, financial performance, and concentrations. See Note 6 Loans of the notes to consolidated financial statements for additional information on managing overall credit quality.

The loan portfolio is widely diversified by types of borrowers, industry groups, and market areas within the Corporation's branch footprint. Significant loan concentrations are considered to exist when there are amounts loaned to numerous borrowers engaged in similar activities that would cause them to be similarly impacted by economic or other conditions. At March 31, 2023, no significant concentrations existed in the Corporation’s portfolio in excess of 10% of total loan exposure.

Commercial and business lending: The commercial and business lending classification primarily includes commercial loans to large corporations, middle market companies, small businesses, and asset-based and equipment financing.

Table 7 Largest Commercial and Industrial Industry Group Exposures, by NAICS Subsector

March 31, 2023 NAICS Subsector Outstanding Balance Total Exposure % of Total Loan Exposure
Real Estate(a) 531 $ 1,859,450 $ 3,481,409 8 %
Utilities(b) 221 2,200,995 2,586,278 6 %
Credit Intermediation and Related Activities(c) 522 951,490 1,980,531 5 %

(a) Includes REIT lines

(b) 53% of the total exposure comes from renewable energy sources (wind, solar, hydroelectric, and geothermal)

(c) Includes mortgage warehouse lines

The remaining commercial and industrial portfolio is spread over a diverse range of industries, none of which exceed 2% of total loan exposure.

The CRE-owner occupied portfolio is spread over a diverse range of industries, none of which exceed 2% of total loan exposure.

The credit risk related to commercial and business lending is largely influenced by general economic conditions and the resulting impact on a borrower’s operations or on the value of underlying collateral, if any.

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Commercial real estate - investor: CRE-investor is comprised of loans secured by various non-owner occupied or investor income producing property types.

Table 8 Largest Commercial Real Estate Investor Property Type Exposures

March 31, 2023 % of Total Loan Exposure % of Total Commercial Real Estate - Investor Loan Exposure
Multi-Family 4 % 35 %
Industrial 3 % 27 %
Office 3 % 24 %

The remaining CRE-investor portfolio is spread over various other property types, none of which exceed 2% of total loan exposure.

Credit risk is managed in a similar manner to commercial and business lending by employing sound underwriting guidelines, lending primarily to borrowers in local markets and businesses, periodically evaluating the underlying collateral, and formally reviewing the borrower’s financial soundness and relationship on an ongoing basis.

Real estate construction: Real estate construction loans are primarily short-term or interim loans that provide financing for the acquisition or development of commercial income properties, multi-family projects, or residential development, both single family and condominium. Real estate construction loans are made to developers and project managers who are generally well known to the Corporation and have prior successful project experience. The credit risk associated with real estate construction loans is generally confined to specific geographic areas but is also influenced by general economic conditions. The Corporation controls the credit risk on these types of loans by making loans in familiar markets to developers, reviewing the merits of individual projects, controlling loan structure, and monitoring project progress and construction advances.

Table 9 Largest Real Estate Construction Property Type Exposures

March 31, 2023 % of Total Loan Exposure % of Total Real Estate Construction Loan Exposure
Multi-Family 5 % 42 %
Industrial 3 % 23 %

The remaining real estate construction portfolio is spread over various other property types, none of which exceed 2% of total loan exposure.

The Corporation’s current lending standards for CRE and real estate construction lending are determined by property type and specifically address many criteria, including: maximum loan amounts, maximum LTV, requirements for pre-leasing and/or presales, minimum borrower equity, and maximum loan-to-cost. Currently, the maximum standard for LTV is 80%, with lower limits established for certain higher risk types, such as raw land that has a 50% LTV maximum. The Corporation’s LTV guidelines are in compliance with regulatory supervisory limits. In most cases, for real estate construction loans, the loan amounts include interest reserves, which are built into the loans and sized to fund loan payments through construction and lease up and/or sell out.

Residential mortgages: Residential mortgage loans are primarily first lien home mortgages with a maximum loan-to-collateral value without credit enhancement (e.g. private mortgage insurance) of 80%. The residential mortgage portfolio is focused primarily in the Corporation's three-state branch footprint, with approximately 86% of the outstanding loan balances in the Corporation's branch footprint at March 31, 2023. The rates on adjustable rate mortgages adjust based upon the movement in the underlying index which is then added to a margin and rounded to the nearest 0.125%. That result is then subjected to any periodic caps to produce the borrower's interest rate for the coming term. Most of the adjustable rate mortgages have an initial fixed rate term of 3, 5, 7 or 10 years.

The Corporation generally retains certain fixed-rate residential real estate mortgages in its loan portfolio, including retail and private banking jumbo mortgages and CRA-related mortgages. As part of management’s historical practice of originating and servicing residential mortgage loans, generally the Corporation’s 30 year, agency conforming, fixed-rate residential real estate mortgage loans have been sold in the secondary market with servicing rights retained. Subject to management’s analysis of the current interest rate environment, among other market factors, the Corporation may choose to retain mortgage loan production on its balance sheet.

The Corporation’s underwriting and risk-based pricing guidelines for residential mortgage loans include minimum borrower FICO score and maximum LTV of the property securing the loan. Residential mortgage products generally are underwritten using FHLMC and FNMA secondary marketing guidelines.

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Home equity: Home equity consists of both home equity lines of credit and closed-end home equity loans. The Corporation’s credit risk monitoring guidelines for home equity are based on an ongoing review of loan delinquency status, as well as a quarterly review of FICO score deterioration and property devaluation. The Corporation does not routinely obtain appraisals on performing loans to update LTV ratios after origination; however, the Corporation monitors the local housing markets by reviewing the various home price indices and incorporates the impact of the changing market conditions in its ongoing credit monitoring process. For junior lien home equity loans, the Corporation is unable to track the performance of the first lien loan if it does not own or service the first lien loan. However, the Corporation obtains a refreshed FICO score on a quarterly basis and monitors this as part of its assessment of the home equity portfolio.

The Corporation’s underwriting and risk-based pricing guidelines for home equity lines of credit and loans consist of a combination of both borrower FICO score and the original cumulative LTV against the property securing the loan. Currently, the Corporation's policy sets the maximum acceptable LTV at 90%. The Corporation's current home equity line of credit offering is priced based on floating rate indices and generally allows 10 years of interest-only payments followed by a 20-year amortization of the outstanding balance. The loans in the Corporation's portfolio generally have an original term of 20 years with principal and interest payments required.

Indirect Auto: The Corporation currently purchases retail auto sales contracts via a network of approved auto dealerships across 13 states throughout the Northeast, Mid-Atlantic and Midwestern United States. The auto dealerships finance the sale of automobiles as the initial lender and then assign the contracts to the Corporation pursuant to dealer agreements. The Corporation’s underwriting and pricing guidelines are based on a dual risk grade derived from a combination of FICO auto score and proprietary internal custom score. Minimum grade and FICO score standards ensure the credit risk is appropriately managed to the Corporation’s risk appetite. Further, the grade influences loan-specific parameters such as vehicle age, term, LTV, loan amount, mileage, payment and debt service thresholds, and pricing. Maximum loan terms offered are 84 months on select grades with vehicle age, mileage, and other limitations in place to qualify. The program is designed to capture primarily prime and super prime contracts. Over time, the Corporation expects roughly 60% of originations to be secured by used vehicles.

Other consumer: Other consumer consists of student loans, short-term personal installment loans, and credit cards. The Corporation had $73 million and $76 million of student loans at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, the majority of which are government guaranteed. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the passage of the CARES Act, and subsequent executive orders, federal student loan relief was extended to borrowers with relief set to expire 60 days after either the resolution of court challenges to the debt relief program or June 30, 2023 if the litigation is not resolved by that date. The student loan portfolio is in run-off and no new student loans are being originated. Credit risk for non-government guaranteed student loans, short-term personal installment loans, and credit cards is influenced by general economic conditions, the characteristics of individual borrowers, and the nature of the loan collateral. Risks of loss are generally on smaller average balances per loan spread over many borrowers. Once charged off, there is usually less opportunity for recovery of these smaller consumer loans. Credit risk is primarily controlled by reviewing the creditworthiness of the borrowers, monitoring payment histories, and taking appropriate collateral and guarantee positions.

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Nonperforming Assets

Management is committed to a proactive nonaccrual and problem loan identification philosophy. This philosophy is implemented through the ongoing monitoring and review of all pools of risk in the loan portfolio to ensure that problem loans are identified quickly and the risk of loss is minimized. Table 10 provides detailed information regarding NPAs, which include nonaccrual loans, OREO, and repossessed assets:

Table 10 Nonperforming Assets

($ in thousands) Mar 31,<br>2023 Dec 31,<br>2022 Sep 30,<br>2022 Jun 30,<br>2022 Mar 31,<br>2022
Nonperforming assets
Commercial and industrial $ 22,735 $ 14,329 $ 15,576 $ 843 $ 266
Commercial real estate — owner occupied 1,478 — — — —
Commercial and business lending 24,213 14,329 15,576 843 266
Commercial real estate — investor 25,122 29,380 37,479 46,823 80,886
Real estate construction 178 105 141 604 609
Commercial real estate lending 25,300 29,485 37,620 47,427 81,495
Total commercial 49,513 43,814 53,196 48,270 81,761
Residential mortgage 58,274 58,480 55,485 52,840 53,827
Auto finance 2,436 1,490 302 53 49
Home equity 7,246 7,487 7,325 7,100 7,490
Other consumer 100 197 98 83 95
Total consumer 68,056 67,654 63,210 60,075 61,460
Total nonaccrual loans 117,569 111,467 116,406 108,345 143,221
Commercial real estate owned 3,071 325 325 957 861
Residential real estate owned 2,987 2,878 2,560 3,042 2,209
Bank properties real estate owned(a) 9,125 11,580 13,487 13,880 15,123
OREO 15,184 14,784 16,373 17,879 18,194
Repossessed assets 92 215 299 102 —
Total nonperforming assets $ 132,845 $ 126,466 $ 133,078 $ 126,327 $ 161,414
Accruing loans past due 90 days or more
Commercial $ 323 $ 282 $ 121 $ 133 $ 125
Consumer 1,380 1,446 1,297 1,422 1,470
Total accruing loans past due 90 days or more $ 1,703 $ 1,728 $ 1,417 $ 1,555 $ 1,595
Restructured loans (accruing)(b)
Commercial $ 47 $ 13,093 $ 16,097 $ 15,425 $ 10,127
Consumer 716 19,775 19,036 18,828 19,876
Total restructured loans (accruing) $ 763 $ 32,868 $ 35,132 $ 34,253 $ 30,003
Nonaccrual restructured loans (included in nonaccrual loans) $ 341 $ 20,127 $ 21,650 $ 22,172 $ 19,352
Ratios
Nonaccrual loans to total loans 0.40 % 0.39 % 0.42 % 0.41 % 0.58 %
NPAs to total loans plus OREO and repossessed assets 0.45 % 0.44 % 0.48 % 0.48 % 0.66 %
NPAs to total assets 0.33 % 0.32 % 0.35 % 0.34 % 0.46 %
Allowance for credit losses on loans to nonaccrual loans 311.48 % 315.34 % 285.79 % 293.09 % 221.92 %

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Table 10 Nonperforming Assets (continued)

($ in thousands) Mar 31,<br>2023 Dec 31,<br>2022 Sep 30,<br>2022 Jun 30,<br>2022 Mar 31,<br>2022
Accruing loans 30-89 days past due
Commercial and industrial $ 4,239 $ 6,283 $ 1,861 $ 1,642 $ 1,086
Commercial real estate — owner occupied 2,955 230 — — 198
Commercial and business lending 7,195 6,512 1,861 1,642 1,284
Commercial real estate — investor — 1,067 — 5,484 —
Real estate construction — 39 43 — —
Commercial real estate lending — 1,105 43 5,484 —
Total commercial 7,195 7,618 1,904 7,126 1,284
Residential mortgage 7,626 9,874 6,517 5,315 4,957
Auto finance 8,640 9,408 6,206 2,906 949
Home equity 4,113 5,607 4,234 2,961 4,207
Other consumer 1,723 1,610 1,592 1,365 1,232
Total consumer 22,102 26,499 18,549 12,547 11,345
Total accruing loans 30-89 days past due $ 29,297 $ 34,117 $ 20,452 $ 19,673 $ 12,629
Potential problem loans
Asset-based lending & equipment finance $ 17,396 $ 17,698 $ 19,266 $ 19,813 $ 19,057
Commercial and industrial 117,650 118,851 89,290 84,832 93,450
Commercial real estate — owner occupied 32,077 34,422 28,287 38,628 24,005
Commercial and business lending 167,124 170,971 136,843 143,273 136,513
Commercial real estate — investor 89,653 92,535 117,982 132,635 130,792
Real estate construction — 970 — 82 200
Commercial real estate lending 89,653 93,505 117,982 132,717 130,992
Total commercial 256,776 264,476 254,825 275,990 267,505
Residential mortgage 1,684 1,978 2,845 3,297 3,032
Home equity 244 197 185 188 156
Total consumer 1,928 2,175 3,030 3,486 3,188
Total potential problem loans $ 258,704 $ 266,651 $ 257,855 $ 279,475 $ 270,693

(a) Primarily closed branches and other bank operated real estate facilities, pending disposition.

(b) On January 1, 2023, the Corporation adopted ASU 2022-02. Under this update, TDRs were eliminated and replaced with a modified loan classification. As a result, amounts reported for March 31, 2023 will not be comparable to prior period reported amounts.

Nonaccrual loans: Nonaccrual loans are considered to be one indicator of potential future loan losses. See Note 6 Loans of the notes to consolidated financial statements for additional nonaccrual loan disclosures. See also sections Credit Risk and Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans.

Accruing loans past due 90 days or more: Loans past due 90 days or more but still accruing interest are classified as such where the underlying loans are both well secured (the collateral value is sufficient to cover principal and accrued interest) and are in the process of collection.

Restructured loans: Loans are considered restructured loans if concessions have been granted to borrowers that are experiencing financial difficulty. On January 1, 2023, the Corporation adopted ASU 2022-02 prospectively. As a result, loans that were restructured prior to adoption are no longer considered TDRs, and loans restructured since January 1, 2023 are considered restructured. As a result, prior periods are no longer comparable. See also Note 6 Loans of the notes to consolidated financial statements for additional restructured loans disclosures.

Potential problem loans: The level of potential problem loans is another predominant factor in determining the relative level of risk in the loan portfolio and in determining the appropriate level of the ACLL. Potential problem loans are generally defined by management to include loans rated as substandard by management that are collectively evaluated; however, there are circumstances present to create doubt as to the ability of the borrower to comply with present repayment terms. The decision of management to include performing loans in potential problem loans does not necessarily mean that the Corporation expects losses to occur, but that management recognizes a higher degree of risk associated with these loans.

OREO: Management actively seeks to ensure OREO properties held are monitored to minimize the Corporation’s risk of loss.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans

Credit risks within the loan portfolio are inherently different for each loan type. Credit risk is controlled and monitored through the use of lending standards, a thorough review of potential borrowers, and ongoing review of loan payment performance.

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Active asset quality administration, including early problem loan identification and timely resolution of problems, aids in the management of credit risk and the minimization of loan losses. Credit risk management for each loan type is discussed in the section entitled Credit Risk. See Note 6 Loans of the notes to consolidated financial statements for additional disclosures on the ACLL.

To assess the appropriateness of the ACLL, the Corporation focuses on the evaluation of many factors, including but not limited to: evaluation of facts and issues related to specific loans, management’s ongoing review and grading of the loan portfolio, credit report refreshes, consideration of historical loan loss and delinquency experience on each portfolio category, trends in past due and nonaccrual loans, the level of potential problem loans, the risk characteristics of the various classifications of loan segments, changes in the size and character of the loan portfolio, concentrations of loans to specific borrowers or industries, existing economic conditions and economic forecasts, the fair value of underlying collateral, funding assumptions on lines, and other qualitative and quantitative factors which could affect potential credit losses. The forecast the Corporation used for March 31, 2023 was the Moody's baseline scenario from February 2023, which was reviewed against the March 2023 baseline scenario with no material updates made, over a 2 year reasonable and supportable period with straight-line reversion to historical losses over the second year of the period. Assessing these factors involves significant judgment. Because each of the criteria used is subject to change, the ACLL is not necessarily indicative of the trend of future credit losses on loans in any particular segment. Therefore, management considers the ACLL a critical accounting estimate, see section Critical Accounting Estimates for additional information on the ACLL. See section Nonperforming Assets for a detailed discussion on asset quality. See also Note 6 Loans of the notes to consolidated financial statements for additional ACLL disclosures. Table 5 provides information on loan growth and period end loan composition, Table 10 provides additional information regarding NPAs, and Table 11 and Table 12 provide additional information regarding activity in the ACLL.

The loan segmentation used in calculating the ACLL at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was generally comparable. The methodology to calculate the ACLL consists of the following components: a valuation allowance estimate is established for commercial and consumer loans determined by the Corporation to be individually evaluated, using discounted cash flows, estimated fair value of underlying collateral, and/or other data available. Loans are segmented for criticized loan pools by loan type as well as for non-criticized loan pools by loan type, primarily based on risk rating rates after considering loan type, historical loss and delinquency experience, credit quality, and industry classifications. Loans that have been criticized are considered to have a higher risk of default than non-criticized loans, as circumstances were present to support the lower loan grade, warranting higher loss factors. Additionally, management allocates ACLL to absorb losses that may not be provided for by the other components due to qualitative factors evaluated by management, such as limitations within the credit risk grading process, known current economic or business conditions that may not yet show in trends, industry or other concentrations with current issues that impose higher inherent risks than are reflected in the loss factors, and other relevant considerations. The total allowance is available to absorb losses from any segment of the loan portfolio.

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Table 11 Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans
( in thousands) Mar 31,<br>2023 Dec 31,<br>2022 Sep 30,<br>2022 Jun 30,<br>2022 Mar 31,<br>2022
Allowance for Loan Losses
Balance at beginning of period $ 312,720 $ 292,904 $ 280,771 $ 279,058 $ 280,015
Provision for loan losses 17,000 21,000 14,000 2,000 (3,000)
Charge offs (5,501) (2,982) (3,346) (1,791) (2,028)
Recoveries 2,212 1,798 1,478 1,504 4,072
Net (charge offs) recoveries (3,289) (1,183) (1,867) (287) 2,044
Balance at end of period $ 326,432 $ 312,720 $ 292,904 $ 280,771 $ 279,058
Allowance for Unfunded Commitments
Balance at beginning of period $ 38,776 $ 39,776 $ 36,776 $ 38,776 $ 39,776
Provision for unfunded commitments 1,000 (1,000) 3,000 (2,000) (1,000)
Balance at end of period $ 39,776 $ 38,776 $ 39,776 $ 36,776 $ 38,776
Allowance for credit losses on loans $ 366,208 $ 351,496 $ 332,680 $ 317,547 $ 317,835
Provision for credit losses on loans 18,000 20,000 17,000 — (4,000)
Net loan (charge offs) recoveries
Commercial and industrial (1,759) 278 (897) (444) 1,854
Commercial real estate — owner occupied 3 3 3 4 3
Commercial and business lending (1,756) 281 (894) (440) 1,857
Commercial real estate — investor — — — — —
Real estate construction 18 16 9 2 32
Commercial real estate lending 18 16 9 2 32
Total commercial (1,738) 297 (885) (439) 1,889
Residential mortgage (53) (125) (42) 220 288
Auto finance (957) (768) (165) (14) 4
Home equity 340 123 (101) 461 315
Other consumer (881) (711) (675) (516) (451)
Total consumer (1,550) (1,480) (983) 151 155
Total net (charge offs) recoveries $ (3,289) $ (1,183) $ (1,867) $ (287) $ 2,044
Ratios
Allowance for credit losses on loans to total loans 1.25 % 1.22 % 1.20 % 1.20 % 1.30 %
Allowance for credit losses on loans to net charge offs (annualized) 27.5x 74.9x 44.9x N/M N/M
Loan Evaluation Method for ACLL
Individually evaluated for impairment $ 11,585 $ 10,324 $ 15,739 $ 10,068 $ 13,625
Collectively evaluated for impairment 354,623 341,172 316,942 307,480 304,210
Total ACLL $ 366,208 $ 351,496 $ 332,680 $ 317,547 $ 317,835
Loan Balance
Individually evaluated for impairment $ 48,934 $ 76,577 $ 87,712 $ 81,457 $ 110,445
Collectively evaluated for impairment 29,158,138 28,722,992 27,729,568 26,413,241 24,421,481
Total loan balance $ 29,207,072 $ 28,799,569 $ 27,817,280 $ 26,494,698 $ 24,531,926

All values are in US Dollars.

N/M = Not Meaningful

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Table 12 Annualized Net (Charge Offs) Recoveries(a)

Quarter Ended
(In basis points) Mar 31,<br>2023 Dec 31,<br>2022 Sep 30,<br>2022 Jun 30,<br>2022 Mar 31,<br>2022
Net loan (charge offs) recoveries
Commercial and industrial (8) 1 (4) (2) 10
Commercial real estate — owner occupied — — — — —
Commercial and business lending (7) 1 (3) (2) 8
Commercial real estate — investor — — — — —
Real estate construction — — — — 1
Commercial real estate lending — — — — —
Total commercial (4) 1 (2) (1) 5
Residential mortgage — (1) — 1 2
Auto finance (26) (24) (7) (1) 1
Home equity 22 8 (7) 32 22
Other consumer (125) (95) (89) (70) (62)
Total consumer (6) (6) (4) 1 1
Total net (charge offs) recoveries (5) (2) (3) — 3

(a) Annualized ratio of net charge offs to average loans by loan type.

Notable Contributions to the Change in the Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans

•Total loans increased $408 million, or 1%, from December 31, 2022, and increased $4.7 billion, or 19%, from March 31, 2022. The increase from March 31, 2022 was driven by growth across nearly all major loan portfolios resulting from the Corporation's strategic initiatives. See also Note 6 Loans of the notes to consolidated financial statements for additional information on loans.

•Potential problem loans decreased $8 million, or 3%, from December 31, 2022, and decreased $12 million, or 4%, from March 31, 2022. The decrease from December 31, 2022 was primarily driven by decreases in potential problem loans within total commercial lending. The decrease from March 31, 2022 was primarily driven by a decrease within CRE-investor lending, partially offset by an increase within commercial and business lending. See Table 10 for additional information regarding potential problem loans.

•Total nonaccrual loans increased $6 million, or 5%, from December 31, 2022, and decreased $26 million, or 18%, from March 31, 2022. The increase from December 31, 2022 was primarily due to an increase in nonaccrual loans within commercial and business lending, partially offset by a decrease within CRE-investor lending. The decrease from March 31, 2022 was primarily driven by a decrease in CRE-investor lending, partially offset by an increase in commercial and industrial lending. See Note 6 Loans of the notes to consolidated financial statements and Table 10 for additional disclosures on the changes in asset quality.

•YTD net charge offs increased $5 million from March 31, 2022, primarily driven by an increase in net charge offs within commercial and industrial lending. See Table 11 and Table 12 for additional information on the activity in the ACLL.

Management believes the level of ACLL to be appropriate at March 31, 2023.

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Deposits and Customer Funding

The following table summarizes the composition of our deposits and customer funding:

Table 13 Period End Deposit and Customer Funding Composition

Mar 31, 2023 Dec 31, 2022 Sep 30, 2022 Jun 30, 2022 Mar 31, 2022
($ in thousands) Amount % of<br>Total Amount % of<br>Total Amount % of<br>Total Amount % of<br>Total Amount % of<br>Total
Noninterest-bearing demand $ 7,328,689 24 % $ 7,760,811 26 % $ 8,224,579 28 % $ 8,085,702 28 % $ 8,315,699 29 %
Savings 4,730,472 16 % 4,604,848 15 % 4,708,720 16 % 4,708,156 16 % 4,661,232 16 %
Interest-bearing demand 6,977,121 23 % 7,100,727 24 % 7,122,218 24 % 6,789,722 24 % 6,616,767 23 %
Money market 8,357,625 28 % 8,239,610 28 % 7,909,232 27 % 7,769,415 27 % 7,522,797 26 %
Brokered CDs 1,185,565 4 % 541,916 2 % — — % 2,121 — % — — %
Other time deposits 1,752,351 6 % 1,388,242 5 % 1,233,833 4 % 1,221,460 4 % 1,288,913 5 %
Total deposits $ 30,331,824 100 % $ 29,636,154 100 % $ 29,198,581 100 % $ 28,576,577 100 % $ 28,405,409 100 %
Other customer funding(a) 226,258 261,767 283,856 296,440 299,301
Total deposits and other customer funding $ 30,558,081 $ 29,897,921 $ 29,482,437 $ 28,873,017 $ 28,704,710
Network transaction deposits(b) $ 1,273,420 $ 979,003 $ 864,086 $ 891,902 $ 762,680
Net deposits and other customer funding(c) 28,099,096 28,377,001 28,618,351 27,978,993 27,942,029
Time deposits of more than $250,000 345,169 282,206 222,318 180,705 209,208

(a) Includes repurchase agreements and commercial paper. (b) Included above in interest-bearing demand and money market. (c) Total deposits and other customer funding, excluding brokered CDs and network transaction deposits.

•Total deposits, which are the Corporation's largest source of funds, increased $696 million, or 2%, from December 31, 2022, and increased $1.9 billion, or 7%, from March 31, 2022, primarily due to increases in time deposits and network transaction deposits.

•Estimated uninsured and uncollateralized deposits, excluding intercompany deposits, were 24.3% of total deposits at March 31, 2023, compared to 26.4% at December 31, 2022 and 25.1% at March 31, 2022.

•No single NAICS sector represents more than 10% of total deposits, with the largest sector being public administration which are collateralized deposits.

Liquidity

The objective of liquidity risk management is to ensure that the Corporation has the ability to generate sufficient cash or cash equivalents in a timely and cost effective manner to satisfy the cash flow requirements of depositors and borrowers and to meet its other commitments as they become due. The Corporation’s liquidity risk management process is designed to identify, measure, and manage the Corporation’s funding and liquidity risk to meet its daily funding needs in the ordinary course of business, as well as to address expected and unexpected changes in its funding requirements. The Corporation engages in various activities to manage its liquidity risk, including diversifying its funding sources, stress testing, and holding readily-marketable assets which can be used as a source of liquidity, if needed.

The Corporation performs dynamic scenario analysis in accordance with industry best practices. Measures have been established to ensure the Corporation has sufficient high quality short-term liquidity to meet cash flow requirements under stressed scenarios. In addition, the Corporation also reviews static measures such as deposit funding as a percentage of total assets and liquid asset levels. Strong capital ratios, credit quality, and core earnings are also essential to maintaining cost effective access to wholesale funding markets. At March 31, 2023, the Corporation was in compliance with its internal liquidity objectives and had sufficient asset-based liquidity to meet its obligations even under a stressed scenario.

The Corporation maintains diverse and readily available liquidity sources, including:

•Pledgeable loan and investment collateral, which is eligible collateral with both the Federal Reserve Bank and the FHLB under established lines of credit. Based on the amount of collateral pledged, the FHLB established a collateral value from which the Bank may draw advances, and issue letters of credit in favor of public fund depositors, against the collateral. As of March 31, 2023, the Bank had $3.5 billion available for future funding. The Federal Reserve Bank also establishes a collateral value of assets to support borrowings from the discount window. As of March 31, 2023, the Bank had $1.8 billion available for discount window borrowings.

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•As a result of two recent bank failures, the Federal Reserve has made available to banks the BTFP, against which the Corporation can borrow with qualifying collateral, including the bulk of the investment securities portfolio, valued at par as permitted by the terms of the program. As of March 31, 2023, the Bank had up to $645 million available for borrowing under the BTFP.

•A $200 million Parent Company commercial paper program, of which $18 million was outstanding as of March 31, 2023.

•Dividends and service fees from subsidiaries, as well as the proceeds from issuance of capital, which are also funding sources for the Parent Company.

•Acquisition related equity issuances by the Parent Company; the Corporation has filed a shelf registration statement with the SEC under which the Parent Company may, from time to time, offer shares of the Corporation’s common stock in connection with acquisitions of businesses, assets, or securities of other companies.

•Other issuances by the Parent Company; the Corporation maintains on file with the SEC a universal shelf registration statement, under which the Parent Company may offer the following securities, either separately or in units: debt securities, preferred stock, depositary shares, common stock, and warrants.

•Bank issuances; the Bank may also issue institutional CDs, network transaction deposits, and brokered CDs.

•Global Bank Note Program issuances; the Bank has implemented a program pursuant to which it may from time to time offer up to $2.0 billion aggregate principal amount of its unsecured senior and subordinated notes.

Based on contractual obligations and ongoing operations, the Corporation's sources of liquidity are sufficient to meet present and future liquidity needs. See Table 17 for information about the Corporation's contractual obligations and other commitments. See section Deposits and Customer Funding for information about uninsured deposits and concentrations.

Credit ratings impact the Corporation's ability to issue debt securities and the cost to borrow money. Adverse changes in credit ratings impact not only the ability to raise funds in the capital markets but also the cost of these funds. For additional information regarding risks related to adverse changes in our credit ratings, see Part II, Item 1A, Risk Factors.

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, net cash provided by operating and financing activities was $47 million and $1.2 billion, respectively, while net cash used in investing activities was $1.1 billion, for a net increase in cash and cash equivalents of $201 million since year-end 2022. At March 31, 2023, assets of $40.7 billion increased $1.3 billion, or 3%, from year-end 2022, primarily due to increases in AFS securities, loan growth and cash balances. On the funding side, deposits of $30.3 billion increased $696 million, or 2%, from year-end 2022, FHLB advances increased $666 million, or 15%, and other long-term funding increased $296 million, or 119%, the latter due to the issuance of subordinated debt.

For the three months ended March 31, 2022, net cash provided by operating activities was $246 million, while net cash used in investing and financing activities was $640 million and $131 million, respectively, for a net decrease in cash and cash equivalents of $524 million since year-end 2021. At March 31, 2022, assets of $35.0 billion decreased $148 million from year-end 2021. On the funding side, deposits of $28.4 billion decreased $61 million from year-end 2021.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Market risk and interest rate risk are managed centrally. Market risk is the potential for loss arising from adverse changes in the fair value of fixed-income securities, equity securities, other earning assets, and derivative financial instruments as a result of changes in interest rates or other factors. Interest rate risk is the potential for reduced net interest income resulting from adverse changes in the level of interest rates. As a financial institution that engages in transactions involving an array of financial products, the Corporation is exposed to both market risk and interest rate risk. In addition to market risk, interest rate risk is measured and managed through a number of methods. The Corporation uses financial modeling simulation techniques that measure the sensitivity of future earnings due to changing rate environments to measure interest rate risk.

Policies established by the Corporation’s ALCO and approved by the Board of Directors are intended to limit these risks. The Board has delegated day-to-day responsibility for managing market and interest rate risk to ALCO. The primary objectives of market risk management are to minimize any adverse effect that changes in market risk factors may have on net interest income and to offset the risk of price changes for certain assets recorded at fair value.

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Interest Rate Risk

The primary goal of interest rate risk management is to control exposure to interest rate risk within policy limits approved by the Board of Directors. These limits and guidelines reflect the Corporation's risk appetite for interest rate risk over both short-term and long-term horizons. No interest rate limit breaches occurred during the first three months of 2023.

The major sources of the Corporation's non-trading interest rate risk are timing differences in the maturity and re-pricing characteristics of assets and liabilities, changes in the shape of the yield curve, and the potential exercise of explicit or embedded options. We measure these risks and their impact by identifying and quantifying exposures through the use of sophisticated simulation and valuation models which are employed by management to understand NII at risk, interest rate sensitive EAR, and MVE at risk. The Corporation’s interest rate risk profile is such that, generally, a higher yield curve adds to income while a lower yield curve has a negative impact on earnings. The Corporation's EAR profile is asset sensitive at March 31, 2023.

For further discussion of the Corporation's interest rate risk and corresponding key assumptions, see the Interest Rate Risk section of Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in the Corporation’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The sensitivity analysis included below is measured as a percentage change in NII and EAR due to gradual moves in benchmark interest rates from a baseline scenario over 12 months. We evaluate the sensitivity using: 1) a dynamic forecast incorporating expected growth in the balance sheet, and 2) a static forecast where the current balance sheet is held constant.

While a gradual shift in interest rates was used in this analysis to provide an estimate of exposure under a probable scenario, an instantaneous shift in interest rates would have a more significant impact.

Table 14 Estimated % Change in Rate Sensitive Earnings at Risk Over 12 Months

Mar 31, 2023 Dec 31, 2022
Dynamic Forecast Static Forecast Dynamic Forecast Static Forecast
Gradual Rate Change
100 bp increase in interest rates 3.4 % 2.5 % 3.9 % 3.4 %
200 bp increase in interest rates 6.8 % 5.0 % 7.8 % 6.8 %
100 bp decrease in interest rates (2.3) % (1.4) % (3.4) % (2.9) %
200 bp decrease in interest rates (4.4) % (2.6) % (6.7) % (5.7) %

At March 31, 2023, the MVE profile indicates a decrease in net balance sheet value due to instantaneous upward changes in rates and an increase in net balance sheet value due to instantaneous downward changes in rates.

Table 15 Market Value of Equity Sensitivity

Mar 31, 2023 Dec 31, 2022
Instantaneous Rate Change
100 bp increase in interest rates (5.9) % (4.2) %
200 bp increase in interest rates (11.9) % (8.2) %
100 bp decrease in interest rates 5.8 % 4.3 %
200 bp decrease in interest rates 10.5 % 8.0 %

Since MVE measures the discounted present value of cash flows over the estimated lives of instruments, the change in MVE does not directly correlate to the degree that earnings would be impacted over a shorter time horizon (i.e., the current year). Further, MVE does not take into account factors such as future balance sheet growth, changes in product mix, changes in yield curve relationships, and changes in product spreads that could mitigate the adverse impact of changes in interest rates.

The above NII, EAR, and MVE measures do not include all actions that management may undertake to manage this risk in response to anticipated changes in interest rates.

In 2014, the Financial Stability Oversight Council and Financial Stability Board raised concerns about the reliability and robustness of LIBOR and called for the development of alternative interest rate benchmarks. The ARRC, through authority from the Federal Reserve, has selected SOFR as the alternative rate and developed a paced transition plan which addresses the risk that LIBOR may not exist beyond June 2023.

As part of the Corporation's efforts to limit exposure to LIBOR based loans, performing borrowers can modify or refinance their residential mortgage loans to a fixed interest rate or an adjustable rate mortgage tied to the one-year treasury adjusted to a

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constant maturity of one year with an appropriate margin. This provides the Bank and borrower with greater certainty around the loan structure. The Bank has not booked a LIBOR adjustable rate mortgage since the first quarter of 2020.

Additionally, the Corporation has been monitoring its volume of commercial credits and derivatives tied to LIBOR. In 2021, the Corporation began prioritizing SOFR, Prime, and Ameribor as the preferred alternative reference rates and ceased booking LIBOR based commitments after the end of 2021. Loans with a maturity after June 2023 are being reviewed and monitored to ensure there is appropriate fallback language in place when LIBOR is no longer published. Loans with a maturity date before that time should naturally mature and be re-underwritten with an appropriate alternative index rate.

As of March 31, 2023, the notional amount of our LIBOR-referenced interest rate derivative contracts was $4.4 billion, all of which were entered specifically to accommodate customer needs.

The following table summarizes the outstanding LIBOR loan exposures at March 31, 2023 and the exposures based upon loan maturity at June 30, 2023.

Table 16 LIBOR Loan Exposure

March 31, 2023 June 30, 2023
($ in thousands) Balance Commitment Contractual Commitment(a)
Commercial and industrial(b) $ 494,394 $ 912,624 $ 877,121
Commercial real estate - owner occupied 228,463 246,371 238,371
Commercial and business lending 722,857 1,158,995 1,115,492
Commercial real estate - investor 1,811,217 1,918,860 1,789,636
Real estate construction 680,449 954,264 852,903
Commercial real estate lending 2,491,667 2,873,124 2,642,539
Total commercial 3,214,523 4,032,119 3,758,031
Residential mortgage 265,956 265,956 265,956
Other consumer 2,249 5,799 4,549
Total consumer 268,205 271,756 270,506
Total $ 3,482,728 $ 4,303,874 $ 4,028,537

(a) Based on current March 31, 2023 balances not factoring in amortization between March 31, 2023 and June 30, 2023.

(b) Includes asset-based lending.

Contractual Obligations, Commitments, Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements, and Contingent Liabilities

The following table summarizes significant contractual obligations and other commitments at March 31, 2023, at those amounts contractually due to the recipient, including any unamortized premiums or discounts, hedge basis adjustments, or other similar carrying value adjustments.

Table 17 Contractual Obligations and Other Commitments

($ in thousands) Note Reference One Year<br>or Less One to<br>Three Years Three to<br>Five Years Over<br>Five Years Total
Time deposits $ 2,531,249 $ 378,276 $ 28,386 $ 5 $ 2,937,916
Short-term funding 8 226,608 — — — 226,608
FHLB advances 8 3,785,633 395,540 605,417 199,548 4,986,138
Other long-term funding 8 87 248,912 183 294,921 544,103
Operating leases 16 5,458 8,912 7,297 5,271 26,938
Total $ 6,549,035 $ 1,031,640 $ 641,282 $ 499,745 $ 8,721,703

The Corporation also has obligations under its derivatives, lending-related commitments, and retirement plans as described in Note 9 Derivative and Hedging Activities, Note 11 Commitments, Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements, Legal Proceedings, and Regulatory Matters, and Note 13 Retirement Plans of the notes to consolidated financial statements, respectively. Further discussion of the nature of each obligation is included in the referenced note to the consolidated financial statements.

Capital

Management actively reviews capital strategies for the Corporation and each of its subsidiaries in light of perceived business risks, future growth opportunities, industry standards, and compliance with regulatory requirements. The assessment of overall capital adequacy depends on a variety of factors, including asset quality, liquidity, stability of earnings, changing competitive forces, economic condition in markets served, and strength of management. At March 31, 2023, the capital ratios of the

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Corporation and its banking subsidiaries were in excess of regulatory minimum requirements. The Corporation’s capital ratios are summarized in the following table.

As observed in the wake of two recent bank failures, compliance with regulatory minimum capital requirements is a tool used in assessing the Corporation's capital adequacy, but not determinative of how the Corporation would fare under extreme stress. Factors that may affect the adequacy of the Corporation's capital include the inherent limitations of fair value estimates and the assumptions thereof, the inherent limitations of the regulatory risk-weights assigned to various asset types, the inherent limitations of accounting classifications of certain investments and the effect on their measurement, external macroeconomic conditions and their effects on capital and the Corporation's ability to raise capital or refinance capital commitments, and the extent of steps taken by state or federal government authorities in periods of extreme stress.

For additional information regarding the potential for additional regulation and supervision as a result of the recent bank failures, see Part II, Item 1A, Risk Factors.

Table 18 Capital Ratios
( in thousands) Mar 31,<br>2023 Dec 31,<br>2022 Sep 30,<br>2022 Jun 30,<br>2022 Mar 31,<br>2022
Risk-based Capital(a)
CET1 $ 3,085,618 $ 3,035,578 $ 2,955,710 $ 2,896,675 $ 2,837,789
Tier 1 capital 3,279,730 3,229,690 3,149,822 3,089,593 3,030,579
Total capital 3,990,606 3,680,227 3,582,099 3,506,864 3,448,108
Total risk-weighted assets 32,648,115 32,472,008 31,405,843 29,863,512 27,780,642
Modified CECL transitional amount 44,851 67,276 67,276 67,276 67,276
CET1 capital ratio 9.45 % 9.35 % 9.41 % 9.70 % 10.22 %
Tier 1 capital ratio 10.05 % 9.95 % 10.03 % 10.35 % 10.91 %
Total capital ratio 12.22 % 11.33 % 11.41 % 11.74 % 12.41 %
Tier 1 leverage ratio 8.46 % 8.59 % 8.66 % 8.87 % 8.86 %
Selected Equity and Performance Ratios
Total stockholders’ equity / total assets 10.14 % 10.19 % 10.39 % 10.63 % 11.30 %
Dividend payout ratio(b) 31.34 % 30.00 % 32.26 % 35.71 % 41.67 %
Return on average assets 1.06 % 1.12 % 1.02 % 0.97 % 0.86 %
Annualized noninterest expense / average assets 1.92 % 2.03 % 2.08 % 2.04 % 2.00 %

All values are in US Dollars. (a) The Federal Reserve establishes regulatory capital requirements, including well-capitalized standards for the Corporation. The Corporation follows Basel III, subject to certain transition provisions. These regulatory capital measurements are used by management, regulators, investors, and analysts to assess, monitor, and compare the quality and composition of the Corporation's capital with the capital of other financial services companies. (b) Ratio is based upon basic earnings per common share.

See Part II, Item 2, Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds, for information on the shares repurchased during the first quarter of 2023.

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Non-GAAP Measures

Table 19 Non-GAAP Measures
( in thousands) Mar 31,<br>2023 Dec 31,<br>2022 Sep 30,<br>2022 Jun 30,<br>2022 Mar 31,<br>2022
Selected equity and performance ratios(a)(b)(c)
Tangible common equity / tangible assets 7.03 % 6.97 % 7.06 % 7.23 % 7.68 %
Return on average equity 10.32 % 10.81 % 9.59 % 8.85 % 7.55 %
Return on average tangible common equity 15.26 % 16.15 % 14.32 % 13.29 % 11.26 %
Return on average CET1 13.38 % 14.04 % 12.69 % 11.77 % 10.27 %
Return on average tangible assets 1.11 % 1.18 % 1.08 % 1.03 % 0.90 %
Average stockholders' equity / average assets 10.26 % 10.40 % 10.69 % 11.02 % 11.33 %
Tangible common equity reconciliation(a)
Common equity $ 3,931,551 $ 3,821,378 $ 3,759,840 $ 3,766,187 $ 3,755,092
Goodwill and other intangible assets, net (1,152,072) (1,154,274) (1,156,477) (1,158,680) (1,160,883)
Tangible common equity $ 2,779,480 $ 2,667,104 $ 2,603,363 $ 2,607,507 $ 2,594,209
Tangible assets reconciliation(a)
Total assets $ 40,702,519 $ 39,405,727 $ 38,049,607 $ 37,235,990 $ 34,955,900
Goodwill and other intangible assets, net (1,152,072) (1,154,274) (1,156,477) (1,158,680) (1,160,883)
Tangible assets $ 39,550,448 $ 38,251,453 $ 36,893,130 $ 36,077,310 $ 33,795,017
Average tangible common equity and average CET1 reconciliation(a)
Common equity $ 3,867,890 $ 3,797,568 $ 3,791,396 $ 3,743,919 $ 3,793,597
Goodwill and other intangible assets, net (1,153,173) (1,155,408) (1,157,754) (1,160,035) (1,162,204)
Tangible common equity 2,714,716 2,642,160 2,633,642 2,583,884 2,631,393
Modified CECL transitional amount 44,851 67,276 67,276 67,276 67,276
Accumulated other comprehensive loss 258,827 254,178 189,935 170,253 80,383
Deferred tax assets, net 28,157 29,248 29,875 39,072 39,411
Average CET1 $ 3,046,551 $ 2,992,862 $ 2,920,729 $ 2,860,485 $ 2,818,464
Average tangible assets reconciliation(a)
Total assets $ 39,607,065 $ 38,385,436 $ 37,271,779 $ 35,732,583 $ 35,200,182
Goodwill and other intangible assets, net (1,153,173) (1,155,408) (1,157,754) (1,160,035) (1,162,204)
Tangible assets $ 38,453,892 $ 37,230,028 $ 36,114,025 $ 34,572,548 $ 34,037,978
Adjusted net income reconciliation(b)
Net income $ 103,360 $ 108,762 $ 96,275 $ 86,824 $ 74,262
Other intangible amortization, net of tax 1,652 1,652 1,652 1,652 1,652
Adjusted net income $ 105,012 $ 110,414 $ 97,927 $ 88,476 $ 75,914
Adjusted net income available to common equity reconciliation(b)
Net income available to common equity $ 100,485 $ 105,887 $ 93,400 $ 83,949 $ 71,387
Other intangible amortization, net of tax 1,652 1,652 1,652 1,652 1,652
Adjusted net income available to common equity $ 102,137 $ 107,539 $ 95,052 $ 85,601 $ 73,039
Core customer deposit reconciliation
Total deposits $ 30,331,824 $ 29,636,154 $ 29,198,581 $ 28,576,577 $ 28,405,409
Brokered CDs (1,273,420) (979,003) (864,086) (891,902) (762,680)
Network transaction deposits (1,185,565) (541,916) — (2,121) —
Core customer deposits $ 27,872,839 $ 28,115,235 $ 28,334,495 $ 27,682,553 $ 27,642,728
Efficiency ratio reconciliation(d)
Federal Reserve efficiency ratio 56.07 % 55.47 % 60.32 % 61.53 % 65.71 %
Fully tax-equivalent adjustment (0.79) % (0.77) % (0.87) % (0.98) % (1.13) %
Other intangible amortization (0.66) % (0.62) % (0.67) % (0.76) % (0.84) %
Fully tax-equivalent efficiency ratio 54.64 % 54.08 % 58.79 % 59.80 % 63.76 %

All values are in US Dollars.

(a) Tangible common equity and tangible assets exclude goodwill and other intangible assets, net.

(b) Adjusted net income and adjusted net income available to common equity, which are used in the calculation of return on average tangible assets and return on average tangible common equity, respectively, add back other intangible amortization, net of tax.

(c) These capital measurements are used by management, regulators, investors, and analysts to assess, monitor, and compare the quality and composition of our capital with the capital of other financial services companies.

(d) The efficiency ratio as defined by the Federal Reserve guidance is noninterest expense (which includes the provision for unfunded commitments) divided by the sum of net interest income plus noninterest income, excluding investment securities gains (losses), net. The fully tax-equivalent efficiency ratio is noninterest expense (which includes the provision for unfunded commitments), excluding other intangible amortization, divided by the sum of fully tax-equivalent net interest income plus noninterest income, excluding investment securities gains (losses), net.

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Sequential Quarter Results

The Corporation reported net income of $103 million for the first quarter of 2023, compared to net income of $109 million for the fourth quarter of 2022. Net income available to common equity was $100 million for the first quarter of 2023, or $0.67 for basic earnings per common share and $0.66 for diluted earnings per common share. Comparatively, net income available to common equity for the fourth quarter of 2022 was $106 million, or $0.70 for both basic and diluted earnings per common share (see Table 1).

Fully tax-equivalent net interest income for the first quarter of 2023 was $279 million, $15 million, or 5%, lower than the fourth quarter of 2022. The net interest margin in the first quarter of 2023 was down 24 bp to 3.07%. The decreases in net interest income and net interest margin were due to increased interest-bearing liability costs. Average earning assets increased $1.2 billion, or 3%, to $36.6 billion in the first quarter of 2023. Average loans increased $650 million, or 2%, driven by growth across nearly all loan categories. On the funding side, average total interest-bearing deposits increased $1.3 billion, or 6%, primarily due to increases in time deposits and network transaction deposits, average FHLB advances increased $464 million, or 12%, and average long-term funding increased $160 million, or 64% due to the issuance of subordinated debt in February 2023 (see Table 2).

The provision for credit losses was $18 million for the first quarter of 2023, compared to a $20 million provision for the fourth quarter of 2022 (see Table 11). See discussion under sections: Provision for Credit Losses, Nonperforming Assets, and Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans.

Noninterest income for the first quarter of 2023 was $62 million, up approximately $416,000, or 1%, from the fourth quarter of 2022 (see Table 3).

Noninterest expense for the first quarter of 2023 was $187 million, down $9 million, or 5%, from the fourth quarter of 2022, driven primarily by reductions in business development and advertising, personnel, technology and other miscellaneous expenses (see Table 4).

For the first quarter of 2023, the Corporation recognized income tax expense of $27 million, compared to income tax expense of $25 million for the fourth quarter of 2022. See Income Taxes section for a detailed discussion on income taxes.

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Segment Review

As discussed in Note 14 Segment Reporting of the notes to consolidated financial statements, the Corporation’s reportable segments have been determined based upon its internal profitability reporting system, which is organized by strategic business unit. Certain strategic business units have been combined for segment information reporting purposes where the nature of the products and services, the type of customer, and the distribution of those products and services are similar. The reportable segments are Corporate and Commercial Specialty; Community, Consumer and Business; and Risk Management and Shared Services.

Table 20 Selected Segment Financial Data

Three Months Ended Mar 31,
($ in thousands) 2023 2022 % Change
Corporate and Commercial Specialty
Total revenue $ 170,858 $ 136,886 25 %
Provision for credit losses 13,782 12,653 9 %
Noninterest expense 62,061 56,528 10 %
Income tax expense 17,737 12,307 44 %
Net income 77,278 55,399 39 %
Average earning assets 17,106,092 14,416,342 19 %
Average loans 17,090,623 14,414,631 19 %
Average deposits 9,692,711 9,411,118 3 %
Average allocated capital (Average CET1)(a) 1,704,399 1,420,970 20 %
Return on average allocated capital(a) 18.39 % 15.81 % N/M
Community, Consumer, and Business
Total revenue $ 194,312 $ 121,584 60 %
Provision for credit losses 6,758 4,656 45 %
Noninterest expense 111,694 98,461 13 %
Income tax expense 15,931 3,878 N/M
Net income 59,930 14,588 N/M
Average earning assets 11,253,794 9,175,473 23 %
Average loans 11,253,794 9,175,473 23 %
Average deposits 18,121,871 18,414,526 (2) %
Average allocated capital (Average CET1)(a) 711,506 514,543 38 %
Return on average allocated capital(a) 34.16 % 11.50 % N/M
Risk Management and Shared Services
Total revenue $ (29,087) $ 3,744 N/M
Provision for credit losses (2,568) (21,300) (88) %
Noninterest expense 13,658 18,303 (25) %
Income tax expense (benefit) (6,328) 2,465 N/M
Net income (loss) (33,848) 4,275 N/M
Average earning assets 8,220,928 8,395,571 (2) %
Average loans 501,401 507,633 (1) %
Average deposits 2,050,490 821,726 150 %
Average allocated capital (Average CET1)(a) 630,647 882,951 (29) %
Return on average allocated capital(a) (23.62) % 0.64 % N/M
Consolidated Total
Total revenue $ 336,083 $ 262,214 28 %
Return on average allocated capital(a) 13.38 % 10.27 % N/M

N//M = Not meaningful

(a) The Federal Reserve establishes capital adequacy requirements for the Corporation, including CET1. For segment reporting purposes, the ROCET1 reflects return on average allocated CET1. The ROCET1 for the Risk Management and Shared Services segment and the Consolidated Total is inclusive of the annualized effect of the preferred stock dividends.

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Notable Changes in Segment Financial Data

The Corporate and Commercial Specialty segment consists of lending and deposit solutions to larger businesses, developers, not-for-profits, municipalities, and financial institutions, and the support to deliver, fund, and manage such banking solutions. In addition, this segment provides a variety of investment, fiduciary, and retirement planning products and services to individuals and small to mid-sized businesses.

•Total revenue increased $34 million from the three months ended March 31, 2022, primarily attributable to higher loan volumes and interest rates.

•Noninterest expense increased $6 million from the three months ended March 31, 2022, primarily due to higher personnel costs and allocated corporate overhead.

•Average loans increased $2.7 billion from the three months ended March 31, 2022, driven primarily by loan growth in commercial and business lending and CRE lending.

•Average deposits increased $282 million from the three months ended March 31, 2022, primarily driven by increases in money market deposits, partially offset by reductions in demand deposits.

The Community, Consumer, and Business segment consists of lending and deposit solutions to individuals and small to mid-sized businesses.

•Total revenue increased $73 million from the three months ended March 31, 2022, as a result of receiving FTP credit for providing funding for the Corporation's loan growth.

•Noninterest expense increased $13 million from the three months ended March 31, 2022, driven by increased personnel expense largely driven by hiring related to previously announced initiatives and continued investment in our employees, as well as higher allocated corporate overhead.

•Average loans increased $2.1 billion from the three months ended March 31, 2022, primarily driven by growth in auto finance and residential mortgage lending within the consumer portfolio.

•Average deposits decreased $293 million from the three months ended March 31, 2022, driven by reductions in demand deposits and money market accounts, partially offset by growth in time deposits and savings accounts.

The Risk Management and Shared Services segment includes key shared Corporate functions, Parent Company activity, intersegment eliminations, and residual revenues and expenses.

•Total revenue decreased $33 million from the three months ended March 31, 2022, primarily driven by increased interest expense as a result of holding more brokered time deposits and other short term funding.

•Provision for credit losses increased $19 million from the three months ended March 31, 2022, driven by larger provision releases in the first quarter of 2022.

•Average deposits increased $1.2 billion from the three months ended March 31, 2022, primarily driven by increases in brokered time deposits and network deposits.

Critical Accounting Estimates

In preparing the consolidated financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the balance sheet and revenues and expenses for the period. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates. The determination of the ACLL is particularly susceptible to significant change. A discussion of these estimates can be found in the Critical Accounting Estimates section in Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in the Corporation’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K. There have been no changes in the Corporation's application of critical accounting estimates since December 31, 2022.

Recent Developments

On April 25, 2023, the Corporation’s Board of Directors declared a regular quarterly cash dividend of $0.21 per common share, payable on June 15, 2023 to shareholders of record at the close of business on June 1, 2023. The Board of Directors also declared a regular quarterly cash dividend of $0.3671875 per depositary share on Associated's 5.875% Series E Perpetual Preferred Stock, payable on June 15, 2023 to shareholders of record at the close of business on June 1, 2023. The Board of

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Directors also declared a regular quarterly cash dividend of $0.3515625 per depositary share on Associated's 5.625% Series F Perpetual Preferred Stock, payable on June 15, 2023 to shareholders of record at the close of business on June 1, 2023.

On April 21, 2023, Moody's downgraded all long-term ratings and assessments of the Corporation and the Bank one-notch. Short-term ratings were affirmed and the Bank's long-term local currency bank deposits rating outlook was changed to stable.

During the period from April 14, 2023 to April 19, 2023, the Corporation issued $1.8 billion of brokered CDs. These brokered CDs ranged in maturity from 1 month to 15 months and had coupon rates between 4.75% and 4.95%. The proceeds from the issuance of these brokered CDs were used to pay down comparably priced FHLB advances. By paying down FHLB advances, the available lines that are immediately available at the FHLB increased, resulting in more immediate term liquidity, as opposed to other liquidity sources which may take longer to issue.

The following table presents an estimate of uninsured, uncollateralized deposits at March 31, 2023 and April 19, 2023.

Table 21 Deposit Disaggregation by Status

($ in thousands) March 31, 2023 April 19, 2023
Total deposits $ 30,331,824 $ 31,414,831
Insured and intercompany deposits 19,418,657 20,659,250
Collateralized deposits(a) 3,575,881 3,318,830
Uninsured, uncollateralized deposits $ 7,337,286 $ 7,436,751

(a) Investment securities and FHLB letters of credit are pledged to secure collateralized deposits.

The following table presents secured and total available liquidity sources and coverage of estimated uninsured and uncollateralized deposits at March 31, 2023 and April 19, 2023.

Table 22 Liquidity Sources and Uninsured Deposit Coverage Ratio

($ in thousands) March 31, 2023 April 19, 2023
Federal Reserve Bank balance $ 504,169 $ 503,289
Available FHLB Chicago capacity 3,453,813 4,740,639
Available Federal Reserve Bank discount window capacity 1,799,453 1,806,217
Available BTFP capacity 644,915 644,256
Funding available within one business day(a) 6,402,351 7,694,402
Available federal funds lines 2,773,000 2,606,000
Available brokered deposits capacity(b) 3,646,000 1,833,000
Unsecured debt capacity(b) 1,000,000 1,000,000
Total available liquidity $ 13,821,351 $ 13,133,402
Coverage ratio of uninsured and uncollateralized deposits with secured funding 87 % 103 %
Coverage ratio of uninsured and uncollateralized deposits with total funding 188 % 177 %

(a) Estimated based on normal course of operations with indicated institution.

(b) Availability based on internal policy limitations.

ITEM 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Information required by this item is set forth in Item 2 under the captions Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk and Interest Rate Risk.

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ITEM 4. Controls and Procedures

The Corporation maintains disclosure controls and procedures as required under Rule 13a-15 promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the Corporation's Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to the Corporation’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

As of March 31, 2023, the Corporation’s management carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of the Corporation’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of its disclosure controls and procedures. Based on the foregoing, its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Corporation’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of March 31, 2023.

No changes were made to the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act of 1934) during the last fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1. Legal Proceedings
--- ---

The information required by this item is set forth in Part I, Item 1 under Note 11 Commitments, Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements, Legal Proceedings, and Regulatory Matters of the notes to consolidated financial statements.

ITEM 1A. Risk Factors

The following risk factors supplement the Risk Factors described in the Corporation’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K and should be read in conjunction therewith.

Recent volatility in the banking sector, triggered by the failures of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank, may result in legislative initiatives, agency rulemaking activities, or changes in agency policies and priorities that could subject the Corporation and the Bank to enhanced government regulation and supervision.

On March 10, 2023, SVB was closed by the California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation. Two days later, on March 12, 2023, SBNY also failed. In each case, the FDIC was appointed as receiver. The FDIC, together with the Federal Reserve and the U.S. Treasury Secretary, then took action under applicable emergency systemic risk authority to fully protect the depositors of each bank as the institutions were wound down. SVB and SBNY each had substantial business relationships with, and exposure to, entities within the innovation sector, including financial technology and digital asset companies, and had received an influx of deposits over the course of several years which coincided with the rapid growth of that sector. In recent periods, however, SVB and SBNY each began to experience significant deposit losses. These losses increased rapidly in early March, ultimately causing each institution to fail.

Investor and customer confidence in the banking sector, particularly with regard to mid-size and larger regional banking organizations, waned in response to the failures of SVB and SBNY. Notably, the Corporation’s share price decreased by 22% during the month of March, consistent with other regional banking organizations. According to data published by the Federal Reserve, deposits at domestic commercial banks decreased by approximately $280 billion between the end of February 2023 and the week ended March 29, 2023. The Bank’s deposits decreased by $248 million during this period, which was a decrease of less than 1%.

Congress and the federal banking agencies have begun to evaluate the events leading to the failures of SVB and SBNY to ascertain possible explanations for these developments. Preliminarily, legislators and the leadership of the federal banking agencies have posited varying theories, including, for example, inadequate prudential regulation of regional banking organizations (generally, institutions with less than $250 billion in total assets), insufficient supervision of such organizations, and a failure by the institutions themselves to properly manage risks, specifically including interest rate and liquidity risks in consideration of each institution’s business model, exposure to the innovation sector, and substantial uninsured deposit liabilities.

Further evaluation of recent developments in the banking sector may lead to governmental initiatives intended to prevent future bank failures and stem significant deposit outflows from the banking sector, including (i) legislation aimed at preventing similar future bank runs and failures and stabilizing confidence in the banking sector over the long term, (ii) agency rulemaking to modify and enhance relevant regulatory requirements, specifically with respect to liquidity risk management, deposit concentrations, capital adequacy, stress testing and contingency planning, and safe and sound banking practices, and (iii) enhancement of the agencies’ supervision and examination policies and priorities. More specifically, for instance, the federal banking agencies may modify the risk-based capital regulations to eliminate the ability of certain banks to elect to offset portions of their AOCI when calculating regulatory capital requirements. Alternatively, the treatment of AOCI under GAAP also could be modified, the effect of which may carry through to banks’ capital management and regulatory compliance practices. The federal banking agencies may also re-evaluate applicable liquidity risk management standards, such as by reconsidering the mix of assets that are deemed to be “high-quality liquid assets” and/or how HQLA holdings and cash inflows and outflows are tabulated and weighted for liquidity management purposes.

Although we cannot predict with certainty which initiatives may be pursued by lawmakers and agency leadership, nor can we predict the terms and scope of any such initiatives, any of the potential changes referenced above could, among other things, subject us to additional costs, limit the types of financial services and products we may offer, and limit our future growth, any of which could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition.

We may experience increases in FDIC insurance assessments.

The losses incurred by the DIF in connection with the resolution of SVB and SBNY, which are estimated to amount to approximately $22.5 billion in the aggregate, are required by law to be recovered through one or more special assessments on depository institutions and, potentially, their holding companies (if the FDIC determines such action to be appropriate and the Secretary of the Treasury concurs). The FDIC must consider a variety of factors in determining the terms and applicability of any such special assessment, including, among others, the types of entities that benefit from the action taken by the agencies, economic conditions, and anticipated industry impacts. The FDIC has announced that it intends to publish a notice of proposed rulemaking for a special assessment in May 2023. It is also possible that our regular deposit insurance assessment rates will increase should the FDIC alter the assessment rate schedule or calculation methodology for all larger financial institutions (including the Bank) as a result of the recent bank failures. Although we cannot predict the specific timing and terms of any special assessment relating to the resolution of SVB and SBNY, or any other increase in our deposit insurance assessment rates, any increase in our assessment fees could have a materially adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

The proportion of our deposit account balances that exceed FDIC insurance limits may expose the Bank to enhanced liquidity risk in times of financial distress.

A significant factor in the failures of SVB and SBNY appears to have been the proportion of the deposits held by each institution that exceeded FDIC insurance limits. In response to the failures of SVB and SBNY, many large depositors across the industry have withdrawn deposits in excess of applicable deposit insurance limits and deposited these funds in other financial institutions and, in many instances, moved these funds into money market mutual funds or other similar securities accounts in an effort to diversify the risk of further bank failure(s).

Uninsured deposits historically have been viewed by the FDIC as less stable than insured deposits. According to statements made by the FDIC staff and the leadership of the federal banking agencies, customers with larger uninsured deposit account balances often are small- and mid-sized businesses that rely upon deposit funds for payment of operational expenses and, as a result, are more likely to closely monitor the financial condition and performance of their depository institutions. As a result, in the event of financial distress, uninsured depositors historically have been more likely to withdraw their deposits.

If a significant portion of our deposits were to be withdrawn within a short period of time such that additional sources of funding would be required to meet withdrawal demands, the Corporation may be unable to obtain funding at favorable terms, which may have an adverse effect on our net interest margin. Moreover, obtaining adequate funding to meet our deposit obligations may be more challenging during periods of elevated prevailing interest rates, such as the present period. Our ability to attract depositors during a time of actual or perceived distress or instability in the marketplace may be limited. Further, interest rates paid for borrowings generally exceed the interest rates paid on deposits. This spread may be exacerbated by higher prevailing interest rates. In addition, because our AFS investment securities lose value when interest rates rise, after-tax proceeds resulting from the sale of such assets may be diminished during periods when interest rates are elevated. Under such circumstances, we may be required to access funding from sources such as the Federal Reserve’s discount window or its recently established Bank Term Funding Program in order to manage our liquidity risk. See sections Deposits and Customer Funding and Liquidity of Part I, Item 2, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for additional disclosures and discussion pertaining to uninsured deposits and liquidity.

Adverse changes to our credit ratings could limit our access to funding and increase our borrowing costs.

Credit ratings are subject to ongoing review by rating agencies, which consider a number of factors, including our financial strength, performance, prospects and operations as well as factors not under our control. Other factors that influence our credit ratings include changes to the rating agencies’ methodologies for our industry or certain security types; the rating agencies’ assessment of the general operating environment for financial services companies; our relative positions in the markets in which we compete; our various risk exposures and risk management policies and activities; pending litigation and other contingencies; our reputation; our liquidity position, diversity of funding sources and funding costs; the current and expected level and volatility of our earnings; our capital position and capital management practices; our corporate governance; current or future regulatory and legislative initiatives; and the agencies’ views on whether the U.S. government would provide meaningful support to the Corporation or its subsidiaries in a crisis. Rating agencies could make adjustments to our credit ratings at any time, and there can be no assurance that they will maintain our ratings at current levels or that downgrades will not occur.

A downgrade in our credit ratings could potentially adversely affect the cost and other terms upon which we are able to borrow or obtain funding, increase our cost of capital and/or limit our access to capital markets. Credit rating downgrades or negative watch warnings could also negatively impact our reputation and the perception of the Corporation by lenders, investors and other third parties, which could also impair our ability to compete in certain markets or engage in certain transactions. In particular, holders of deposits which exceed FDIC insurance limits may perceive such a downgrade or warning negatively and withdraw all or a portion of such deposits. While certain aspects of a credit rating downgrade are quantifiable, the impact it

would have on our liquidity, business and results of operations in future periods is inherently uncertain and would depend on a number of interrelated factors, including, among other things, the magnitude of the downgrade, the rating relative to peers, the rating assigned by the relevant agency pre-downgrade, individual client behavior and future mitigating actions we might take.

Our acceptance of brokered deposits for liquidity risk management purposes may expose the Bank to regulatory and commercial risks.

Recently, we have increased the use of brokered CDs as an additional source of liquidity. Our acceptance of brokered deposits is subject to compliance with the requirements set forth under the FDI Act and the FDIC’s regulation implemented thereunder. Section 29 of the FDI Act and the FDIC’s brokered deposits regulation restrict the ability of a bank to accept, renew or roll over brokered deposits unless the bank is “well capitalized” under the federal banking agencies’ prompt corrective action framework, or unless the bank is “adequately capitalized” and obtains a waiver from the FDIC. The FDIC and the other federal banking agencies historically have viewed brokered deposits, compared to “core deposits,” as being at a greater risk of being withdrawn and placed on deposit at another institution in order to receive a higher interest rate, or based on other factors, thereby exposing institutions that accept significant volumes of brokered deposits to greater liquidity risk and, to the extent an institution increases its rates to compete for such deposits, risk of decreased interest rate spreads and net interest income. For additional information on the regulatory requirements related to brokered deposits, please refer to the Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, “Part I—Item 1. Business—Supervision and Regulation—Brokered Deposits.” As of March 31, 2023, the Bank satisfied the capital requirements necessary to be deemed “well capitalized.” If the Bank were to fail to be categorized as “well capitalized,” we may be required to obtain a waiver from the FDIC to accept, renew or roll over any brokered deposit, or we may be prohibited from engaging in such activities altogether. Further, under such circumstances, the interest rates that we would be permitted to pay on deposits may be limited by regulation, and our deposit insurance assessment rates may be increased based upon the volume of the Bank’s brokered deposits relative to its total domestic deposits. Moreover, the terms of our agreements with third-party brokerage firms regarding the issuance and sale of brokered CDs could be adversely impacted by our failure to remain “well capitalized” or “adequately capitalized” and to comply with any regulatory requirements relating to those capital categories, and by other negative regulatory or rating agency actions. The occurrence of any of the above events may require us to seek alternative sources of funding to manage our liquidity risk from the expected withdrawals that will occur as issued CDs mature.

The occurrence of any of these events could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition.

ITEM 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

During the first quarter of 2023, the Corporation repurchased $5 million of common stock, all of which were repurchases related to tax withholding on equity compensation with no open market purchases during the quarter. The repurchase details are presented in the table below:

Common Stock Purchases

Total Number  of<br><br>Shares Purchased(a) Average Price<br>Paid per Share Total Number of<br>Shares Purchased as<br>Part of Publicly<br>Announced Plans<br>or Programs Maximum Number of<br><br>Shares that May Yet<br><br>Be Purchased Under<br><br>the Plans<br><br>or Programs(b)
Period
January 1, 2023 - January 31, 2023 47,027 $ 22.54 — —
February 1, 2023 - February 28, 2023 152,799 23.78 — —
March 1, 2023 - March 31, 2023 28,667 23.29 — —
Total 228,493 $ 23.47 — 4,429,695

(a) During the first quarter of 2023, all common shares repurchased were for minimum tax withholding settlements on equity compensation. These purchases do not count against the maximum value of shares remaining available for purchase under the Board of Directors' authorization.

(b) At March 31, 2023, there remained $80 million authorized to be repurchased under the Board of Directors' 2021 authorization. The maximum number of shares that may yet be purchased under this authorization is based on the closing share price on March 31, 2023.

Repurchases under Board authorized repurchase programs are subject to any necessary regulatory approvals and other limitations and may occur from time to time in open market purchases, block transactions, private transactions, accelerated share repurchases, or similar facilities.

ITEM 6. Exhibits

(a)    Exhibits:

Exhibithttps://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/7789/000110465923018300/tm235046d5_ex4-1.htm(4), Form of GlobalNote datedas of February 10, 2023representing $300,000,000 6.625% Fixed-Ratehttps://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/7789/000110465923018300/tm235046d5_ex4-1.htmReset Subordinated NotesDue 2033, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K dated February 6, 2023.
Exhibit (31.1), Certification Under Section 302 of Sarbanes-Oxley by Andrew J. Harmening, Chief Executive Officer.
Exhibit (31.2), Certification Under Section 302 of Sarbanes-Oxley by Derek S. Meyer, Chief Financial Officer.
Exhibit (32), Certification by the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of Sarbanes-Oxley.
Exhibit (101), Interactive data files pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T: (i) Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Income, (iii) Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity, (v) Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
Exhibit (104), The cover page from the Corporation's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2023 has been formatted in Inline XBRL (Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language) and contained in Exhibits in 101.
Signatures
---

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.

ASSOCIATED BANC-CORP
(Registrant)
Date: April 27, 2023 /s/ Andrew J. Harmening
Andrew J. Harmening
President and Chief Executive Officer
Date: April 27, 2023 /s/ Derek S. Meyer
Derek S. Meyer
Chief Financial Officer
Date: April 27, 2023 /s/ Tammy C. Stadler
Tammy C. Stadler
Chief Accounting Officer

76

Document

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION UNDER SECTION 302 OF THE

SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

CERTIFICATIONS

I, Andrew J. Harmening, certify that:

  1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Associated Banc-Corp;

  2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

  3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

  4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

  1. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: April 27, 2023 /s/ Andrew J. Harmening
Andrew J. Harmening
President and Chief Executive Officer

Document

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION UNDER SECTION 302 OF THE

SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

CERTIFICATIONS

I, Derek S. Meyer, certify that:

  1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Associated Banc-Corp;

  2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

  3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

  4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

  1. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: April 27, 2023 /s/ Derek S. Meyer
Derek S. Meyer
Chief Financial Officer

Document

Exhibit 32

Certification by the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial

Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant

to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, each of the undersigned officers of Associated Banc-Corp, a Wisconsin corporation (the “Company”), does hereby certify that:

  1. The accompanying Quarterly Report of the Company on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2023 (the “Report”), fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

  2. Information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

/s/ Andrew J. Harmening
Andrew J. Harmening
Chief Executive Officer
April 27, 2023
/s/ Derek S. Meyer
---
Derek S. Meyer
Chief Financial Officer
April 27, 2023

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