PHXE-P 10-Q/A
Phoenix Energy One, LLC (PHXE-P)
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |
(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) |
Title of each class |
Trading Symbol(s) |
Name of each exchange on which registered | ||
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
| Large accelerated filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer | ☐ | |||
| ☒ | Smaller reporting company | |||||
| Emerging growth company | ||||||
Table of Contents
| PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION | ||||||
| Item 1. |
Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 5 | ||||
| 5 | ||||||
| 6 | ||||||
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Members’ Equity (Deficit) |
7 | |||||
| 8 | ||||||
| 9 | ||||||
| Item 2. |
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 24 | ||||
| Item 3. |
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 47 | ||||
| Item 4. |
Controls and Procedures | 49 | ||||
| PART II. OTHER INFORMATION | ||||||
| Item 1. |
Legal Proceedings | 50 | ||||
| Item 1A. |
Risk Factors | 50 | ||||
| Item 2. |
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 76 | ||||
| Item 3. |
Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 76 | ||||
| Item 4. |
Mine Safety Disclosures | 76 | ||||
| Item 5. |
Other Information | 77 | ||||
| Item 6. |
Exhibits | 78 | ||||
| Signatures | 82 | |||||
i
Certain Defined Terms
As used in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Quarterly Report”), unless otherwise noted or the context otherwise requires, references to:
| • | “we,” “us,” “our,” the “Company,” the “Issuer,” and “Phoenix Energy,” and similar references refer to Phoenix Energy One, LLC, formerly known as Phoenix Capital Group Holdings, LLC, and, where appropriate, its subsidiaries. |
| • | “Adamantium” means Adamantium Capital LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and a direct, wholly owned subsidiary of the Issuer. |
| • | “Adamantium Bonds” means unsecured bonds offered and sold by Adamantium pursuant to an offering under Rule 506(c) of Regulation D under the Securities Act, the proceeds of which are loaned to the Issuer under the Adamantium Loan Agreement (as defined below). |
| • | “Adamantium Debt” means, collectively, indebtedness outstanding under the Adamantium Bonds, Adamantium Loan Agreement, and Adamantium Secured Note. |
| • | “Adamantium Loan Agreement” means that certain Loan Agreement, dated as of September 14, 2023, by and among the Issuer and PhoenixOp, as borrowers, and Adamantium, as lender, as the same may be amended and supplemented from time to time. |
| • | “Adamantium Secured Note” means that certain Secured Subordinated Promissory Note, dated as of November 1, 2024, by and between Adamantium and the noteholder named therein, as the same may be amended and supplemented from time to time. |
| • | “Adamantium Securities” means, collectively, indebtedness outstanding under the Adamantium Bonds and Adamantium Secured Note. |
| • | “Bbl” means one stock tank barrel, of 42 U.S. gallons liquid volume, used in this Quarterly Report in reference to crude oil or other liquid hydrocarbons. |
| • | “Boe” means barrel of oil equivalent. |
| • | “Btu” means British thermal unit, which is the heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of liquid water by one degree Fahrenheit. |
| • | “E&P” means exploration and production. |
| • | “Exchange Act” means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. |
| • | “Fortress” means Fortress Credit Corp., a Delaware corporation. |
| • | “Fortress Credit Agreement” means that certain Amended and Restated Senior Secured Credit Agreement, dated as of August 12, 2024, by and among the Issuer, PhoenixOp, as borrower, each of the lenders from time to time party thereto, and Fortress, as administrative agent for the lenders, as the same may be amended or supplemented from time to time. |
| • | “Mcf” means one thousand cubic feet. |
| • | “MMBtu” means one million Btus. |
| • | “NGL” means natural gas liquids. |
| • | “NMAs” means net mineral acres. |
| • | “NRAs” means net royalty acres. |
| • | “Phoenix Equity” means Phoenix Equity Holdings, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and the sole member of the Issuer. |
1
| • | “PhoenixOp” means Phoenix Operating LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and a direct, wholly owned subsidiary of the Issuer. |
| • | “Reg A Bonds” means unsecured bonds offered and sold to date by the Issuer pursuant to an offering under Regulation A under the Securities Act. |
| • | “Reg D Bonds” means unsecured bonds offered and sold to date by the Issuer pursuant to offerings under Rule 506(b) or (c), as applicable, of Regulation D under the Securities Act. |
| • | “Reg D/Reg A Bonds” means, collectively, the Reg D Bonds and the Reg A Bonds. |
| • | “Registered Notes” means unsecured notes offered and sold by the Issuer on a continuous basis pursuant to a registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-282862), including the related prospectus. |
| • | “SEC” means the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. |
| • | “Senior Debt” means any indebtedness that the Issuer expressly determines is senior to the Registered Notes, including, as of the date of this Quarterly Report, indebtedness under the Fortress Credit Agreement, the Adamantium Debt, and the Senior Reg D/Reg A Bonds. |
| • | “Senior Reg D Bonds” means, collectively, the July 2022 506(c) Bonds, the 2020 506(b) Bonds, and the 2020 506(c) Bonds. |
| • | “Senior Reg D/Reg A Bonds” means the Reg D/Reg A Bonds that are not Subordinated Reg D Bonds. |
| • | “Subordinated Reg D Bonds” means, collectively, the August 2023 506(c) Bonds and the December 2022 506(c) Bonds. |
For ease of reference, we have repeated definitions for certain of these terms in other portions of the body of this Quarterly Report. All such definitions conform to the definitions set forth above.
Certain monetary amounts, percentages, and other figures included in this Quarterly Report have been subject to rounding adjustments. Percentage amounts included in this Quarterly Report have not in all cases been calculated on the basis of such rounded figures, but on the basis of such amounts prior to rounding. For this reason, percentage amounts in this Quarterly Report may vary from those obtained by performing the same calculations using the figures in our condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report. Certain other amounts that appear in this Quarterly Report may not sum due to rounding.
2
Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This Quarterly Report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, which are statements regarding all matters that are not historical facts. They appear in a number of places throughout this Quarterly Report and include statements regarding our current views, hopes, intentions, beliefs, or expectations concerning, among other things, our results of operations, financial condition, liquidity, prospects, growth, strategies, and position in the markets and the industries in which we operate. These forward-looking statements are generally identifiable by forward-looking terminology such as “guidance,” “expect,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “outlook,” “could,” “target,” “project,” “intend,” “plan,” “seek,” “estimate,” “should,” “will,” “would,” “approximately,” “predict,” “potential,” “may,” “continue,” and “assume,” as well as the negative version of such words, variations of such words, and similar expressions referring to the future.
Forward-looking statements are based on our beliefs, assumptions, and expectations, taking into account currently known market conditions and other factors. Our ability to predict results or the actual effect of future events, actions, plans, or strategies is inherently uncertain and involves certain risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control. Our actual results and performance could differ materially from those set forth or anticipated in our forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from the expectations we describe in our forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the factors listed below and in Part II, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” elsewhere in this Quarterly Report. When considering forward-looking statements, you should keep in mind the risk factors and other cautionary statements in this Quarterly Report. You are cautioned that the forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report are not guarantees of future performance, and we cannot assure you that such statements will be realized or that the forward-looking events and circumstances will occur. All forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report are made only as of the date this Quarterly Report, based on information available to us as of the date of this Quarterly Report, and we caution you not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements in light of the risks and uncertainties associated with them.
The matters summarized below and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report could cause our actual results and performance to differ materially from those set forth or anticipated in forward-looking statements:
| • | changes in the markets in which we compete; |
| • | increasing costs of capital expenditures to acquire and develop properties; |
| • | the continued success of our E&P operators; |
| • | delays in development of and higher capital expenditures in our estimated proved and probable undeveloped reserves; |
| • | developments in governmental regulations; |
| • | deviations between the current market value of estimated proved reserves and the present value of future net revenues from our proved reserves; |
| • | changes in current or future commodity prices; |
| • | the fact that reserve estimates depend on many assumptions that may turn out to be inaccurate and that any material inaccuracies in reserve estimates or underlying assumptions will materially affect the quantities and present value of our reserves; |
| • | our ability to replace reserves; |
| • | cybersecurity attacks; |
| • | the development of our software and its ability to continue identifying productive assets; |
| • | our current or future levels of indebtedness; |
| • | repayment of our current or future indebtedness; |
| • | current and future litigation or other regulatory, administrative, or other legal proceedings; |
| • | the restatement of our financial statements; and |
3
| • | the other factors set forth in Part II, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report. |
Except as required by law, we are under no duty to, and we do not intend to, update or review any of our forward-looking statements after the date of this Quarterly Report, whether as a result of new information, future events or developments, or otherwise.
Investors and others should note that we announce financial and other material information using our website (https://phoenixenergy.com/), SEC filings, press releases, public conference calls, and webcasts. We use these channels of distribution to communicate with our investors and members of the public about our company, our services, and other items of interest. Information contained on our website is not part of this Quarterly Report or our other filings with the SEC.
4
March 31, 2025 |
December 31, 2024 |
|||||||
| (unaudited) | ||||||||
ASSETS |
||||||||
Current assets |
||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents |
$ | $ | ||||||
Accounts receivable |
||||||||
Earnest payments |
||||||||
Other current assets |
||||||||
Total current assets |
||||||||
Oil and gas properties |
||||||||
Accumulated depletion |
( |
) | ( |
) | ||||
Net oil and gas properties |
||||||||
Right-of-use |
||||||||
Other noncurrent assets |
||||||||
Total Assets |
$ | $ | ||||||
LIABILITIES AND MEMBER’S EQUITY (DEFICIT) |
||||||||
Current liabilities |
||||||||
Accounts payable |
$ | $ | ||||||
Current portion of long-term debt |
||||||||
Current portion of deferred closings |
||||||||
Escrow account |
||||||||
Current operating lease liabilities |
||||||||
Accrued and other liabilities |
||||||||
Total current liabilities |
||||||||
Long-term debt, net of current portion |
||||||||
Accrued interest |
||||||||
Deferred closings |
||||||||
Operating lease liabilities |
||||||||
Asset retirement obligations |
||||||||
Other noncurrent liabilities |
||||||||
Total liabilities |
||||||||
Commitments and contingencies (Note 12) |
||||||||
Member’s equity (deficit) |
||||||||
Member’s equity |
||||||||
Accumulated deficit |
( |
) | ( |
) | ||||
Total member’s deficit |
( |
) | ( |
) | ||||
Total Liabilities and Member’s Equity (Deficit) |
$ | $ | ||||||
Three Months Ended March 31, |
||||||||
2025 |
2024 (As Restated) |
|||||||
REVENUES |
||||||||
Mineral and royalty revenues |
$ | $ | ||||||
Product sales |
||||||||
Water services |
— | |||||||
Other revenues |
||||||||
Total revenues |
||||||||
OPERATING EXPENSES |
||||||||
Cost of sales |
||||||||
Depreciation, depletion, amortization, and accretion |
||||||||
Selling, general, and administrative |
||||||||
Payroll and payroll-related |
||||||||
Advertising and marketing |
||||||||
Loss on sale of assets |
— | |||||||
Impairment expense |
— | |||||||
Total operating expenses |
||||||||
Income from operations |
||||||||
OTHER INCOME (EXPENSE) |
||||||||
Interest income |
||||||||
Interest expense, net |
( |
) | ( |
) | ||||
Gain (loss) on derivatives |
( |
) | ||||||
Loss on debt extinguishment |
( |
) | ( |
) | ||||
Total other expenses |
( |
) | ( |
) | ||||
NET INCOME (LOSS) |
$ | $ | ( |
) | ||||
Member’s Equity |
Accumulated Deficit |
Total Member’s Deficit |
||||||||||
Balance, January 1, 2025 |
$ | $ | ( |
) | $ | ( |
) | |||||
Net income |
— | |||||||||||
Balance, March 31, 2025 |
$ | $ | ( |
) | $ | ( |
) | |||||
Balance, January 1, 2024 (As Restated) |
$ | $ | ( |
) | $ | ( |
) | |||||
Contributions |
— | |||||||||||
Net loss (As Restated) |
— | ( |
) | ( |
) | |||||||
Balance, March 31, 2024 |
$ | $ | ( |
) | $ | ( |
) | |||||
Three Months Ended March 31, |
||||||||
2025 |
2024 (As Restated) |
|||||||
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES |
||||||||
Net income (loss) |
$ | $ | ( |
) | ||||
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash pro vide d by operating activities: |
||||||||
Depreciation, depletion, amortization, and accretion |
||||||||
Amortization of right-of-use |
||||||||
Amortization of debt discount and debt issuance costs |
||||||||
Impairment expense |
— | |||||||
Unrealized (gain) loss on derivatives |
( |
) | ||||||
Loss on sale of assets |
— | |||||||
Loss on debt extinguishment |
||||||||
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |
||||||||
Accounts receivable |
( |
) | ( |
) | ||||
Earnest payments |
( |
) | ( |
) | ||||
Accounts payable |
( |
) | ||||||
Accrued and other liabilities |
||||||||
Escrow account |
( |
) | ( |
) | ||||
Accrued interest |
||||||||
Other |
( |
) | ( |
) | ||||
Net cash provided by operating activities |
||||||||
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES |
||||||||
Additions to oil and gas properties and leases |
( |
) | ( |
) | ||||
Proceeds from sale of assets |
— | |||||||
Additions to equipment and other property |
( |
) | ( |
) | ||||
Net cash used in investing activities |
( |
) | ( |
) | ||||
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES |
||||||||
Proceeds from issuances of debt, net of discount |
||||||||
Repayments of debt |
( |
) | ( |
) | ||||
Payments of debt issuance costs |
( |
) | ( |
) | ||||
Members’ contributions |
— | |||||||
Payments of deferred closings |
( |
) | ( |
) | ||||
Net cash provided by financing activities |
||||||||
Net change in cash and cash equivalents |
( |
) | ( |
) | ||||
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year |
||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year |
$ | $ | ||||||
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 |
||||||||||||
(in thousands) |
As Previously Reported |
Debt Issuance, Capitalized Interest and Other Corrections |
As Restated |
|||||||||
Depreciation, depletion, amortization, and accretion |
$ | $ | $ | |||||||||
Advertising and marketing |
( |
) | ||||||||||
Selling, general, and administrative |
( |
) | ||||||||||
Payroll and payroll-related |
( |
) | ||||||||||
Total operating expenses |
( |
) | ||||||||||
Income (loss) from operations |
( |
) | ||||||||||
Interest expense, net |
( |
) | ( |
) | ( |
) | ||||||
Loss on debt extinguishment |
( |
) | ( |
) | ||||||||
Total other expenses |
( |
) | ( |
) | ( |
) | ||||||
Net loss |
( |
) | ( |
) | ||||||||
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 |
||||||||||||
(in thousands) |
As Previously Reported |
Debt Issuance, Capitalized Interest and Other Corrections |
As Restated |
|||||||||
Balance, January 1, 2024 |
$ | ( |
) | $ | $ | ( |
) | |||||
Contributions |
||||||||||||
Net loss |
( |
) | ( |
) | ||||||||
Balance, March 31, 2024 |
$ | ( |
) | $ | $ | ( |
) | |||||
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 |
||||||||||||
(in thousands) |
As Previously Reported |
Debt Issuance, Capitalized Interest and Other Corrections |
As Restated |
|||||||||
Net loss |
$ | ( |
) | $ | $ | ( |
) | |||||
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: |
||||||||||||
Depreciation, depletion, amortization, and accretion |
||||||||||||
Amortization of debt discount and debt issuance costs |
||||||||||||
Loss on sale of assets |
||||||||||||
Loss on debt extinguishment |
||||||||||||
Other |
( |
) | ( |
) | ( |
) | ||||||
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities |
( |
) | ||||||||||
Additions to oil and gas properties and leases |
( |
) | ( |
) | ( |
) | ||||||
Net cash used in investing activities |
( |
) | ( |
) | ( |
) | ||||||
Payments of debt issuance costs |
( |
) | ( |
) | ||||||||
Payments of deferred closings |
( |
) | ( |
) | ( |
) | ||||||
Net cash provided by financing activities |
( |
) | ||||||||||
(in thousands) |
March 31, 2025 |
December 31, 2024 |
||||||
Proved oil and natural gas properties (a) |
$ | $ | ||||||
Unproved oil and natural gas properties |
||||||||
Total oil and gas properties |
||||||||
Less: Accumulated depletion |
( |
) | ( |
) | ||||
Oil and gas properties, net |
$ | $ | ||||||
| (a) | Represents proved and undeveloped (i.e., wells in progress) and proved and producing properties. |
Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 |
||||||||||||||||||||
(in thousands) |
Mineral and Non-Operating |
Operating |
Securities |
Eliminations |
Total |
|||||||||||||||
Revenue from customers |
$ | $ | $ | — | $ | — | $ | |||||||||||||
Other revenue |
— | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
Intersegment revenue |
— | ( |
) | — | ||||||||||||||||
Total |
$ | $ | $ | $ | ( |
) | $ | |||||||||||||
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 |
||||||||||||||||||||
(in thousands) |
Mineral and Non-Operating |
Operating |
Securities |
Eliminations |
Total |
|||||||||||||||
Revenue from customers |
$ | $ | $ | — | $ | — | $ | |||||||||||||
Other revenue |
— | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
Intersegment revenue |
— | ( |
) | — | ||||||||||||||||
Total |
$ | $ | $ | $ | ( |
) | $ | |||||||||||||
Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 |
||||||||||||||||||||
(in thousands) |
Mineral and Non-Operating |
Operating |
Securities |
Eliminations |
Total |
|||||||||||||||
Crude oil |
$ | $ | $ | — | $ | — | $ | |||||||||||||
Natural gas sales |
— | — | ||||||||||||||||||
NGL |
— | — | ||||||||||||||||||
Water services |
— | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
Total revenue |
$ | $ | $ | — | $ | — | $ | |||||||||||||
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 |
||||||||||||||||||||
(in thousands) |
Mineral and Non-Operating |
Operating |
Securities |
Eliminations |
Total |
|||||||||||||||
Crude oil |
$ | $ | $ | — | $ | — | $ | |||||||||||||
Natural gas sales |
— | — | ||||||||||||||||||
NGL |
— | — | ||||||||||||||||||
Total revenue |
$ | $ | $ | — | $ | — | $ | |||||||||||||
Settlement Period |
||||||||||||
(volumes in Bbl and prices in $/Bbl) |
2025 |
2026 |
2027 |
|||||||||
Two-Way Collars |
||||||||||||
Notional Volumes |
||||||||||||
Weighted Average Ceiling Price |
$ | $ | $ | |||||||||
Weighted Average Floor Price |
$ | $ | $ | |||||||||
Swaps |
||||||||||||
Notional Volumes |
||||||||||||
Weighted Average Contract Price |
$ | $ | $ | |||||||||
Three Months Ended March 31, |
||||||||
(in thousands) |
2025 |
2024 |
||||||
Gain (loss) on derivative instruments |
$ | $ | ( |
) | ||||
Net cash payments on derivatives |
( |
) | — | |||||
March 31, 2025 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(in thousands) |
Balance Sheet Location |
Level 1 |
Level 2 |
Level 3 |
Total Gross Fair Value |
Gross Amounts Offset in Balance Sheet |
Net Fair Value Presented in Balance Sheet |
|||||||||||||||||||
Assets |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Commodity derivatives |
Other current assets | $ | — | $ | $ | — | $ | $ | ( |
) | $ | |||||||||||||||
Commodity derivatives |
Other noncurrent assets | — | — | ( |
) | — | ||||||||||||||||||||
Total assets |
$ | — | $ | $ | — | $ | $ | ( |
) | $ | ||||||||||||||||
Liabilities |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Commodity derivatives |
Accrued and other liabilities | $ | — | ( |
) | — | ( |
) | ( |
) | ||||||||||||||||
Commodity derivatives |
Other noncurrent liabilities | — | ( |
) | — | ( |
) | ( |
) | |||||||||||||||||
Total liabilities |
$ | — | $ | ( |
) | $ | — | $ | ( |
) | $ | $ | ( |
) | ||||||||||||
December 31, 2024 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(in thousands) |
Balance Sheet Location |
Level 1 |
Level 2 |
Level 3 |
Total Gross Fair Value |
Gross Amounts Offset in Balance Sheet |
Net Fair Value Presented in Balance Sheet |
|||||||||||||||||||
Assets |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Commodity derivatives |
Other current assets | $ | — | $ | $ | — | $ | $ | ( |
) | $ | |||||||||||||||
Commodity derivatives |
Other noncurrent assets | — | — | ( |
) | — | ||||||||||||||||||||
Total assets |
$ | — | $ | $ | — | $ | $ | ( |
) | $ | ||||||||||||||||
Liabilities |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Commodity derivatives |
Accrued and other liabilities | $ | — | $ | ( |
) | $ | — | $ | ( |
) | $ | $ | ( |
) | |||||||||||
Commodity derivatives |
Other noncurrent liabilities | — | ( |
) | — | ( |
) | ( |
) | |||||||||||||||||
Total liabilities |
$ | — | $ | ( |
) | $ | — | $ | ( |
) | $ | $ | ( |
) | ||||||||||||
Maturity Date |
||||||||||||||||||||
(in thousands) |
Earliest Date |
Latest Date |
Interest Rate (a) |
March 31, 2025 |
December 31, 2024 |
|||||||||||||||
Unsecured debt - Regulation D |
$ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||
Unsecured debt - Regulation A |
||||||||||||||||||||
Adamantium Securities |
||||||||||||||||||||
Fortress Term Loans |
— | Term SOFR + |
||||||||||||||||||
Total outstanding debt |
||||||||||||||||||||
Less: Unamortized debt discount and issuance costs (b) |
( |
) | ( |
) | ||||||||||||||||
Less: Current portion of long-term debt |
( |
) | ( |
) | ||||||||||||||||
Total long-term debt, net of current portion |
$ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||
| (a) | Represents the contractual interest rate as of March 31, 2025. |
| (b) | Amortized into interest expense using the effective interest method. Write-offs of debt issuance costs associated with the redemption of bonds issued under the Company’s unregistered debt offerings are classified as loss on debt extinguishment in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. |
Three Months Ended March 31, |
||||||||
(in thousands) |
2025 |
2024 |
||||||
Stated interest |
$ | $ | ||||||
Amortization of debt discount and debt issuance costs |
||||||||
Total interest cost |
||||||||
Capitalized interest |
( |
) | ( |
) | ||||
Total interest expense, net |
$ | $ | ||||||
(in thousands) |
March 31, 2025 |
December 31, 2024 |
||||||
Accrued capital expenditures and lease operating expenses |
$ | $ | ||||||
Advances from joint interest partners |
||||||||
Revenue payables |
||||||||
Accrued interest |
||||||||
Current derivative liabilities |
||||||||
Unredeemed matured bonds |
||||||||
Accrued personnel costs |
||||||||
Asset retirement obligations |
||||||||
Other |
||||||||
Total |
$ | $ | ||||||
Number of Units |
Weighted Average Per Share Grant Date Fair Value |
|||||||
Nonvested at December 31, 2024 |
$ | |||||||
Granted - Phantom Units |
||||||||
Vested |
— | — | ||||||
Forfeited |
— | — | ||||||
Nonvested at March 31, 2025 |
$ | |||||||
2025 |
||||
Dividend yield (a) |
% | |||
Risk-free interest rate (b) |
% | |||
Expected volatility (c) |
% | |||
Expected term (in years) (d) |
||||
Discount for lack of marketability (e) |
% | |||
| (a) | The Company has no history or expectation of paying cash dividends on its awards. |
| (b) | The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield for a term consistent with the expected life of the awards in effect at the time of grant. |
| (c) | Volatility was estimated based on the different interests being appraised, leveraging historical volatility for comparable publicly traded organizations within its industry. The Company lacks company-specific historical and implied volatility information. Therefore, it estimates its expected stock volatility based on the historical volatility of a publicly traded set of peer companies within the industry with chara ct eristics similar to the Company. |
| (d) | The expected term represents the estimated period, in years, until a liquidity event occurs. |
| (e) | Discount for lack of marketability was determined using the Restricted Stock Studies, Chaffee Put Option, Finnerty’s Put Option, and Qualitative Mandelbaum Factor approaches. |
(in thousands) |
Line item |
March 31, 2025 |
December 31, 2024 |
|||||||||
| Right-of-use |
Right of use assets, net | $ | $ | |||||||||
| |
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Total right-of-use |
$ | $ | ||||||||||
| |
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Current operating lease liabilities |
Current operating lease liabilities | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Noncurrent operating lease liabilities |
Operating lease liabilities | |||||||||||
| |
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Total lease liabilities |
$ | $ | ||||||||||
| |
|
|
|
|||||||||
Three Months Ended March 31, |
||||||||
(in thousands) |
2025 |
2024 |
||||||
| Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: |
||||||||
| Cash interest paid, net of capitalized interest |
$ | $ | ||||||
| Cash paid for operating leases |
||||||||
| Supplemental disclosure of non-cash transactions: |
||||||||
| Capital expenditures in accounts payable and accrued and other liabilities |
$ | $ | ||||||
| Modification of right-of-use |
— | |||||||
| Right-of-use |
— | |||||||
| Unpaid property acquisition costs in deferred closings |
||||||||
Three Months Ended March 31, |
||||||||
(in thousands) |
2025 |
2024 |
||||||
| Segment operating profit |
||||||||
| Mineral and Non-operating |
$ | $ | ||||||
| Operating |
||||||||
| Securities |
||||||||
| Eliminations |
( |
) | ( |
) | ||||
| |
|
|
|
|||||
| Total segment operating profit |
||||||||
| |
|
|
|
|||||
| Interest income |
||||||||
| Interest expense, net |
( |
) | ( |
) | ||||
| Gain (loss) on derivatives |
( |
) | ||||||
| Loss on debt extinguishment |
( |
) | ( |
) | ||||
| |
|
|
|
|||||
| Net income (loss) |
$ | $ | ( |
) | ||||
| |
|
|
|
|||||
Three Months Ended March 31, |
||||||||
(in thousands) |
2025 |
2024 |
||||||
Significant expenses |
||||||||
Mineral and Non-operating |
||||||||
Cost of sales |
$ | $ | ||||||
Depreciation, depletion, amortization, and accretion |
||||||||
Selling, general, and administrative |
||||||||
Payroll and payroll-related |
||||||||
Other segment items (a) |
||||||||
Operating |
||||||||
Cost of sales |
$ | $ | ||||||
Depreciation, depletion, amortization, and accretion |
||||||||
Selling, general, and administrative |
||||||||
Payroll and payroll-related |
||||||||
Other segment item (b) |
||||||||
Securities |
||||||||
Advertising and marketing |
$ | $ | ||||||
Selling, general, and administrative |
||||||||
Payroll and payroll-related |
||||||||
Interest expense |
||||||||
Mineral and Non-operating |
$ | $ | ||||||
Operating |
||||||||
Securities |
( |
) | ( |
) | ||||
Eliminations |
||||||||
Total interest expense, net |
$ | $ | ||||||
Capital expenditures |
||||||||
Mineral and Non-operating |
$ | $ | ||||||
Operating |
||||||||
Eliminations |
( |
) | ( |
) | ||||
Total capital expenditures |
$ | $ | ||||||
| (a) | Other segment items include advertising and marketing exp ense, loss on sale of assets, and impairment expense. |
| (b) | Other segment item includes advertising and marketing expense. |
(in thousands) |
March 31, 2025 |
December 31, 2024 |
||||||
Assets |
||||||||
Mineral and Non-operating |
$ | $ | ||||||
Operating |
||||||||
Securities |
||||||||
Eliminations |
( |
) | ( |
) | ||||
Total assets |
$ | $ | ||||||
March 31, 2025 |
||||||||||||||||||||
(in thousands) |
Mineral and Non-Operating |
Operating |
Securities |
Eliminations |
Consolidated Total |
|||||||||||||||
Oil and natural gas properties, proved |
||||||||||||||||||||
Williston Basin |
$ | $ | $ | — | $ | — | $ | |||||||||||||
Powder River Basin |
— | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
Denver-Julesburg |
— | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
Permian Basin |
— | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
Marcellus |
— | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
Uinta Basin |
— | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
Other |
— | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
Total proved properties |
$ | $ | $ | — | $ | — | $ | |||||||||||||
Oil and natural gas properties, unproved |
||||||||||||||||||||
Williston Basin |
$ | $ | $ | — | $ | — | $ | |||||||||||||
Powder River Basin |
— | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
Denver-Julesburg |
— | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
Permian Basin |
— | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
Uinta Basin |
— | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
Other |
— | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
Total unproved properties |
$ | $ | $ | — | $ | — | $ | |||||||||||||
December 31, 2024 |
||||||||||||||||||||
(in thousands) |
Mineral and Non-Operating |
Operating |
Securities |
Eliminations |
Consolidated Total |
|||||||||||||||
Oil and natural gas properties, proved |
||||||||||||||||||||
Williston Basin |
$ | $ | $ | — | $ | — | $ | |||||||||||||
Powder River Basin |
— | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
Denver-Julesburg |
— | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
Permian Basin |
— | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
Marcellus |
— | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
Uinta Basin |
— | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
Other |
— | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
Total proved properties |
$ | $ | $ | — | $ | — | $ | |||||||||||||
Oil and natural gas properties, unproved |
||||||||||||||||||||
Williston Basin |
$ | $ | $ | — | $ | — | $ | |||||||||||||
Powder River Basin |
— | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
Denver-Julesburg |
— | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
Permian Basin |
— | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
Uinta Basin |
— | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
Other |
— | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
Total unproved properties |
$ | $ | $ | — | $ | — | $ | |||||||||||||
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto presented in this Quarterly Report as well as our audited financial statements and the related notes thereto and related management’s discussion and analysis in each case, included in our prospectus for our offering of Registered Notes (as defined below), dated May 14, 2025 and filed with the SEC pursuant to Rule 424(b)(4) on May 14, 2025. The following discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our future plans, estimates, beliefs, and expected performance. These forward-looking statements are dependent upon events, risks, and uncertainties that may be outside of our control. Our actual results could differ materially from those disclosed in these forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include those described in “Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any period in the future.
Overview
We operate in the oil and gas industry and execute on a three-pronged strategy involving (i) direct drilling operations of operated working interests, (ii) the acquisition of royalty assets, and (iii) the acquisition of non-operated working interest assets. Our direct drilling operations are currently primarily focused on development efforts in the Williston Basin in North Dakota and Montana and the Powder River and Denver-Julesburg Basins in Wyoming. Our royalty and working interest acquisitions center around a variety of assets, including mineral interests, leasehold interests, overriding royalty interests, and perpetual royalty interests. These efforts have historically targeted assets in the Williston, Permian, Powder River, Uinta, and Denver-Julesburg Basins. We are agnostic as to geography and prioritize operational and asset potential when executing on our strategy.
As of March 31, 2025, we have completed 3,687 acquisitions from landowners and other mineral interest owners, representing approximately 539,258 NRAs of royalty assets and 520,922 NMAs of leasehold assets since 2019. Additionally, we commenced direct drilling operations and spudded our first wells in the third quarter of 2023 and, as of March 31, 2025, we had drilled a total of 44 gross and 39.9 net producing development and injection wells. We expect these direct drilling operations to be a core component of our business strategy going forward.
Since our initial mineral interest asset acquisition in 2019, we have leveraged our specialized software system and experienced management team to identify asset opportunities that fit our desired criteria and potential for returns. While we evaluate and acquire a wide variety of assets, we have historically prioritized assets with potential for high monthly recurring cashflows and primarily target assets that have a potential payback within the short to medium term and long-term cashflows.
Following the acquisition of an asset, we typically share in the proceeds of the natural resources extracted and sold by a third-party E&P operator. For certain assets, we operate our own direct drilling operations through PhoenixOp.
For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2025, we had revenue of $40.7 million and $115.7 million, respectively, net income (loss) of $(8.4) million and $5.6 million, respectively, and EBITDA of $21.9 million and $72.0 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2024 and March 31, 2025, we had total assets of $1,029.1 million and $1,134.7 million, respectively, total liabilities of $1,063.1 million and $1,163.1 million, respectively (inclusive of total indebtedness of $987.9 million and $1,084.3 million, respectively), and accumulated deficit of $34.1 million and $28.5 million, respectively. Through 2024, we incurred a significant amount of debt in order to accelerate the growth of our business by acquiring additional assets and establishing our direct drilling operations. As a result, our cash flows from operations alone would not have been sufficient to service required cash interest and principal payment obligations under our then-existing debt 2024. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, we continued to incur a significant amount of debt. Furthermore, as of December 31, 2024, we estimate that we will need to make approximately $749.3 million and $3,224.8 million in capital expenditures to develop all our proved and probable undeveloped reserves, respectively, and that we will need to raise approximately $658.9 million in additional capital through the end of 2028 to fund such development. Although we expect our cash flows from operations to be sufficient to service cash interest and principal payment obligations under our debt for the foreseeable future, there can be no assurance as to the
24
sufficiency of our cash flows for that purpose, and we do not expect such cash flows alone to be adequate to fund both our debt service obligations and the development of our reserves. Therefore, we expect to require additional capital to fund our growth and may require additional liquidity to service our debt. As a result, we may use the proceeds of additional debt, including the Registered Notes, to make interest and principal payments on our existing debt. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Operations—The acquisition and development of our properties, directly or through our third-party E&P operators, will require substantial capital, and we and our third-party E&P operators may be unable to obtain needed capital or financing on satisfactory terms or at all, including as a result of increases in the cost of capital resulting from Federal Reserve policies in the past few years and otherwise,” “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Indebtedness—Despite our current level of indebtedness, we will still be able to incur substantially more debt. This could further exacerbate the risks to our financial condition described above,” and “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Indebtedness—We may not be able to generate sufficient cash to service all of our existing and future indebtedness, including the Registered Notes, and may be forced to take other actions to satisfy our obligations under our indebtedness, which may not be successful.”
Our Segments
We operate under three segments: mineral and non-operating; operating; and securities. Our mineral and non-operating segment comprises our operations for the acquisition of mineral interests and non-operated working interests in oil and gas properties, through which we share in the proceeds of the natural resources extracted and sold by the operator. Our operating segment comprises our operations related to our drilling, extraction, and production activities, which today are conducted through PhoenixOp. Our securities segment comprises our operations related to our capital raising activities associated with our debt securities offerings. Our management evaluates our performance and allocates resources based in part on segment operating profit, which is calculated as total segment revenue less operating expenses attributable to the segment, which includes allocated corporate costs.
Sources of Our Revenue
Our revenues have historically primarily constituted mineral and royalty payments received from our E&P operators based on the sale of crude oil, natural gas, and NGL production from our interests. In 2024, we commenced sales of crude oil, natural gas, and NGL and began generating product sales in our operating segment through our wholly owned subsidiary, PhoenixOp, which was formed for the purposes of drilling, extracting, and operating producing wells. Product sales accounted for over 72% of our total revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2025, and we expect to derive a greater portion of our total revenues from product sales of crude oil, natural gas, and NGL to PhoenixOp’s customers in the future. Our revenues may vary significantly from period to period because of changes in commodity prices, production mix, and volumes of production sold by our E&P operators, including PhoenixOp. We also derive revenues from performing saltwater disposal services on wells operated by PhoenixOp, as well as redemption fees charged to investors, generally in connection with the early redemption of their investments. Other revenue in the securities segment is derived almost exclusively from intersegment interest expense to the mineral and non-operating segment and the operating segment, and is eliminated in consolidation.
Principal Components of Our Cost Structure
As a mineral royalty, and non-operated working interest owner, we may incur lease operating expenses and our proportionate share of production, severance, and ad valorem taxes. In those circumstances, revenues are recognized net of production taxes and post-production expenses. Through PhoenixOp’s operations, we also incur certain production costs, including gathering, processing, and transportation costs, which are presented as a component of cost of sales on our consolidated statements of operations. Shared corporate costs that are overhead in nature and not directly associated with any one of our segments, including certain general and administrative expenses, executive or shared-function payroll costs, and certain limited marketing activities, are allocated to our segments based on usage and headcount, as appropriate. Cost of sales and depreciation, depletion, and amortization are not applicable to the securities segment.
Cost of Sales
Lease Operating Expenses
We incur lease operating expenses through: (i) our ownership of non-operated working interests, paying our pro rata share of cost of labor, equipment, maintenance, saltwater disposal, workover activity, and other miscellaneous costs; and (ii) PhoenixOp, where such costs are directly incurred through our own drilling and extraction activities. We generally expect that these expenses will increase as our number of mineral interest and non-operated working interests in oil and gas properties increase, and as our operating activities on wells operated by PhoenixOp continue to increase.
25
Production and Ad Valorem Taxes
Production taxes are paid at fixed rates on produced crude oil, natural gas, and NGL based on a percentage of revenues from our volume of products sold, established by federal, state, or local taxing authorities. Where we utilize third-party operators, the E&P companies that operate on our interests withhold and pay our pro rata share of production taxes on our behalf. We directly pay ad valorem taxes in the counties where our properties are located. Ad valorem taxes are generally based on the appraised value of our crude oil, natural gas, and NGL properties. We generally expect that these expenses will increase as our number of mineral interest and non-operated working interests in oil and gas properties increase, as we continue oil and gas operating activities on operated properties, and as production from such properties increases.
Production Costs
Production costs include gathering, processing, and transportation costs that we incur to gather and transport our oil and gas production to a point of sale. We generally expect that these costs will increase as our activities in our operating segment increase and as our oil and gas operating activities result in increased production volumes. For example, our production costs increased throughout 2024 and the first quarter of 2025 as our oil and gas operating activities came online and PhoenixOp operated production from our first operated properties.
Depreciation, Depletion, and Amortization
Depreciation, depletion, and amortization is the systematic expensing of the capitalized costs incurred to acquire, explore, and develop crude oil, natural gas, and NGL. We follow the successful efforts method of accounting, pursuant to which we capitalize the costs of our proved crude oil, natural gas, and NGL mineral interest properties, which are then depleted on a unit-of-production basis based on proved crude oil, natural gas, and NGL reserve quantities. Our estimates of crude oil, natural gas, and NGL reserves are, by necessity, projections based on geologic and engineering data, and there are uncertainties inherent in the interpretation of such data, as well as the projection of future rates of production. Any significant variance in these assumptions could materially affect the estimated quantity of the reserves, which could affect the rate of depletion related to our crude oil, natural gas, and NGL properties. Depreciation, depletion, and amortization also includes the expensing of office leasehold costs and equipment. We expect depletion to continue to increase in subsequent periods as our gross production of oil, gas, and other products increases.
Selling, General, and Administrative Expense
Selling, general, and administrative expenses consist of costs incurred related to overhead, office expenses, and fees for professional services such as audit, tax, legal, and other consulting services. In connection with this offering, we expect to incur additional costs related to being a public company. See “—Factors Affecting the Comparability of Our Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”
Selling, general, and administrative expenses are allocated directly to a segment when there is a clear cost-benefit relationship between the expense and the segment that received the benefit. All other costs are aggregated within pools and allocated to each segment using a level-of-effort formula. We expect general and administrative expense to continue to increase period over period as we continue to grow and capitalize on opportunities within each segment; however, we do expect the percentage of growth to begin to decline as our business matures.
Payroll and Payroll-Related Expense
Payroll and payroll-related expenses consist of personnel costs for executive and employee compensation and related benefits. Payroll and payroll-related expenses are allocated directly to the segment associated with a respective employee, with the exception of corporate personnel, whose costs are allocated to the segments based on a reasonable level-of-effort formula. We expect payroll expenses to continue to increase period over period as we continue to grow; however, we do expect the percentage of growth to begin to decline as our business matures.
26
Advertising and Marketing Expense
We incur advertising and marketing costs primarily in our securities segment. Advertising and marketing costs include third-party services related to public relations, market research, and the development of strategic initiatives, brand messaging, and communication materials that are produced for our investors to generate greater awareness and promote investor engagement. We expect advertising and marketing costs to vary from period to period as we undertake targeted campaigns or initiatives. Advertising and marketing costs are expensed as incurred.
Interest Expense, Net
We have financed a significant portion of our working capital requirements and acquisitions with borrowings under credit facilities and the issuance of debt securities. As a result, we incur interest expense that is affected by both fluctuations in interest rates and our financing decisions. We reflect interest paid to the lenders under credit facilities and holders of our debt securities and amortization of debt discount and debt issuance costs in interest expense in our consolidated statements of operations. Interest expense is primarily incurred within the securities segment and allocated to the mineral and non-operating segment and the operating segment based on the carrying value of the oil and gas properties owned by the respective segment at the balance sheet date. Allocated intersegment interest expense is eliminated in consolidation. We expect interest expense to continue to increase period over period as we raise additional capital to meet our objectives.
How We Evaluate Our Operations
We use a variety of operational and financial measures to assess our performance. Among the measures considered by management are the following:
| • | volumes of oil, natural gas, and NGL produced; |
| • | number of producing wells, spud wells, and permitted wells; |
| • | commodity prices; and |
| • | revenue and EBITDA. |
Volumes of Oil, Natural Gas, and NGL Produced
In order to track and assess the performance of our assets, we monitor and analyze our production volumes from our mineral and royalty interests. We also regularly compare projected volumes to actual reported volumes and investigate unexpected variances.
Producing Wells, Spud Wells, and Permitted Wells
In order to track and assess the performance of our assets, we monitor the number of permitted wells, spud wells, completions, and producing wells on our mineral and royalty interests in an effort to evaluate near-term production growth.
Commodity Prices
Historically, oil, natural gas, and NGL prices have been volatile and may continue to be volatile in the future. During the past five years, the posted price for West Texas Intermediate (“WTI”) has ranged from a low of negative $36.98 per barrel in April 2020 to a high of $123.64 per barrel in March 2022. Over the same period, the Henry Hub spot market for natural gas has ranged from a low of $1.21 per MMBtu in November 2024 to a high of $23.86 per MMBtu in February 2021. Recently, oil and natural gas prices dropped significantly, going from $71.20 per barrel and $3.95 per MMBtu as of April 1, 2025 to $63.32 per barrel and $3.19 per MMBtu, respectively, as of May 12, 2025. Lower prices may not only decrease our revenues, but also potentially the amount of oil, natural gas, and NGL that our operators can produce economically. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Operations—Our business is sensitive to the price of oil and gas and sustained declines in prices may adversely affect our financial position, financial results, cash flows, access to capital, and ability to grow.”
Oil. The substantial majority of our oil production is sold at prevailing market prices, which fluctuate in response to many factors that are outside of our control. The majority of our oil production is priced at the prevailing market price with the final realized price affected by both quality and location differentials. The chemical composition of crude oil plays an important role in its refining and subsequent sale as petroleum products. As a result, variations in chemical composition relative to the benchmark crude oil, usually WTI, will result in price adjustments, which are often referred to as quality differentials. The characteristics that most significantly affect quality differentials include the density of the oil, as characterized by its American Petroleum Institute gravity, and the presence and concentration of impurities, such as sulfur. Location differentials generally result from transportation costs based on the produced oil’s proximity to consuming and refining markets and major trading points.
27
Natural Gas. The U.S. New York Mercantile Exchange (“NYMEX”) price quoted at Henry Hub is a widely used benchmark for the pricing of natural gas in the United States. The actual prices realized from the sale of natural gas differ from the quoted NYMEX price as a result of quality and location differentials. Quality differentials result from the heating value of natural gas measured in Btu and the presence of impurities, such as hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen. Natural gas containing ethane and heavier hydrocarbons has a higher Btu value and will realize a higher volumetric price than natural gas that is predominantly methane, which has a lower Btu value. Natural gas with a higher concentration of impurities will realize a lower price due to the presence of the impurities in the natural gas when sold or the cost of treating the natural gas to meet pipeline quality specifications. Natural gas, which currently has limitations on transportation in certain regions, is subject to price variances based on local supply and demand conditions and the cost to transport natural gas to end-user markets.
NGL. NGL pricing is generally tied to the price of oil, but varies based on differences in liquid components and location.
EBITDA
We calculate EBITDA by adding back to net income (loss), interest income and expense and depreciation, depletion, amortization, and accretion expense for the respective periods. EBITDA is a non-GAAP supplemental financial measure used by our management to understand and compare our operating results across accounting periods, for internal budgeting and forecasting purposes, and to evaluate financial performance and liquidity, in each case, without regard to financing methods, capital structure, or historical cost basis. EBITDA is presented as supplemental disclosure as we believe it provides useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our results, prospects, and liquidity period over period, including as compared to results of other companies. EBITDA does not represent and should not be considered an alternative to, or more meaningful than, net income (loss), income from operations, cash flows from operating activities, or any other measure of financial performance presented in accordance with GAAP as measures of financial performance. EBITDA has important limitations as an analytical tool because it excludes some but not all items that affect net income (loss), the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure. Other companies may not publish this or similar metrics, and our computation of EBITDA may differ from computations of similarly titled measures of other companies.
Factors Affecting the Comparability of Our Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Our historical financial condition and results of operations for the periods presented may not be comparable, either from period to period or going forward, primarily for the following reasons:
Acquisitions
There is typically a lag (e.g., six to eighteen months) between when acquisitions are made and when those investments generate meaningful revenue. As a result, many of the investments we made in 2023 began generating revenue in 2024, and we anticipate the same delayed effect will occur from 2024 to 2025 and in the future as we continue to invest in new opportunities. We intend to pursue potential accretive acquisitions of additional mineral and royalty interests by capitalizing on our specialized software, as well as our management team’s expertise and relationships. We believe we will be well-positioned to acquire such assets and, should such opportunities arise, identifying and executing acquisitions will be a key part of our strategy. However, if we are unable to make acquisitions on economically acceptable terms, our future growth may be limited, and any acquisitions we make may reduce, rather than increase, our cash flows and ability to make further investments in our business and satisfy our debt obligations, including with respect to the Registered Notes. Additionally, it is possible that we will effect divestitures of certain of our assets. Any such acquisitions or divestitures affect the comparability of our results of operations from period to period.
Supply, Demand, Market Risk, and Their Impact on Oil Prices
Commodity prices are a significant factor impacting our revenues, profitability, operating cash flows, the amount of capital we invest in our business, and redemption of our debt. During the period from January 1, 2021 through March 31, 2025, prices for crude oil reached a high of $123.70 per Bbl and a low of $47.47 per Bbl. Over the same time period, natural
28
gas prices reached a high of $23.86 per MMBtu and a low of $1.21 per MMBtu. These prices experience large swings, sometimes on a day-to-day or week-to-week basis. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, the average NYMEX crude oil and natural gas prices were $71.79 per Bbl and $4.14 per MMBtu, respectively, representing a decrease of 7.4% and an increase of 93.0%, respectively, from the average NYMEX prices during the three months ended March 31, 2024. Recently, oil and natural gas prices dropped significantly, going from $71.20 per barrel and $3.95 per MMBtu as of April 1, 2025 to $63.32 per barrel and $3.19 per MMBtu, respectively, as of May 12, 2025.
Commodity prices over that time period have been volatile and will likely continue to be volatile in the future. Crude oil prices over that time period were impacted by a variety of factors affecting current and expected supply and demand dynamics, including strong demand for crude oil, domestic supply reductions, OPEC control measures, market disruptions resulting from broader macroeconomic drivers, such as the Russia-Ukraine war, sanctions on Russia, and conflicts and tensions in the Middle East. More recently, we believe that commodity prices, including crude oil prices, have been impacted by uncertainties regarding U.S. trade policies and concerns over slowing economic growth and resulting reductions in estimated oil consumption. Market prices for NGL are influenced by the components extracted, including ethane, propane, and butane and natural gasoline, among others, and the respective market pricing for each component. Other factors impacting supply and demand include weather conditions, pipeline capacity constraints, inventory storage levels, basis differentials, export capacity, and the strength of the U.S. dollar, as well as other factors, the majority of which are outside of our control.
We expect commodity price volatility to continue given the complex global dynamics of supply and demand that exist in the market. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Operations—Our business is sensitive to the price of oil and gas and sustained declines in prices may adversely affect our financial position, financial results, cash flows, access to capital, and ability to grow” for further discussion on how volatility in commodity prices could impact us.
We are currently monitoring our operations and industry developments, including our drilling operations and production plans, in light of recent changes in the commodity price environment and industry volatility. While we believe the company is well-positioned to navigate a lower-price environment, in the event of a prolonged period of lower commodity prices, our cash flows from operations would decrease and we may determine to adjust our business plan by adjusting capital expenditures, decreasing drilling operations, and/or reducing production plans, among other actions. Such actions and circumstances would also impact our revenue, operating expenses, and liquidity. For example, we may also be required to raise additional capital, above our current expectations, in order to fully realize our current or adjusted business plan.
We are also monitoring the impact of the tariffs announced by the United States federal government in 2025. While there is significant uncertainty as to the duration of these and any further tariffs, and the impacts these tariffs and any corresponding retaliatory tariffs will have on the oil and gas industry and on commodity prices, we do not currently expect that the financial impact of the tariffs will be material to capital expenditures or operating expenses in 2025. We expect the primary impact of the tariffs to be on certain drilling input costs, such as steel casing.
Reporting and Compliance Expenses
In connection with this offering, we expect to incur incremental non-recurring costs related to our transition to being a public company, including the costs of this offering and the costs associated with the initial implementation of our improved internal controls and testing. We also expect to incur additional significant and recurring expenses as a public reporting company, such as expenses associated with SEC reporting requirements, including annual and quarterly reports, SOX compliance expenses, costs associated with the employment of additional personnel, increased independent auditor fees, increased legal fees, investor relations expenses, and increased director and officer insurance expenses. Certain of these general and administrative expenses are not included in our historical financial statements.
Derivatives
To reduce the impact of fluctuations in oil, NGL, and natural gas prices on our revenues, we periodically enter into commodity derivative contracts with respect to certain of our oil, NGL, and natural gas production through various transactions that limit the risks of fluctuations of future prices. We plan to continue our practice of entering into such transactions to reduce the impact of commodity price volatility on our cash flows from operations.
29
Impairment
We evaluate our producing properties for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. When assessing proved properties for impairment, we compare the expected undiscounted future cash flows of the proved properties to the carrying amount of the proved properties to determine recoverability. If the carrying amount of proved properties exceeds the expected undiscounted future cash flows, the carrying amount is written down to the properties’ estimated fair value, which is measured as the present value of the expected future cash flows of such properties. The factors used to determine fair value include estimates of proved reserves, future commodity prices, timing of future production, and a risk-adjusted discount rate. The proved property impairment test is primarily impacted by future commodity prices, changes in estimated reserve quantities, estimates of future production, overall proved property balances, and depletion expense. If pricing conditions decline or are depressed, or if there is a negative impact on one or more of the other components of the calculation, we may incur proved property impairments in future periods. For example, commodity prices remain volatile and have generally decreased over the course of 2025. As a result, we may be required to incur such impairments in future periods.
Debt and Interest Expense
We have a significant amount of debt and may incur significantly more in the future to finance, among other things, acquisitions, investments in PhoenixOp, and payments on our debt. As a result, we incur interest expense that is affected by both fluctuations in interest rates and our financing decisions. Increases in interest rates as a result of inflation and a potentially recessionary economic environment in the United States could have a negative effect on the demand for oil and natural gas, as well as our borrowing costs.
PhoenixOp
Our wholly owned subsidiary, PhoenixOp, was formed to manage and conduct drilling, extraction, and related oil and gas operating activities. PhoenixOp commenced the spudding of its first wells in the third quarter of 2023. The first five wells completed by PhoenixOp began production in the first quarter of 2024, and the next five wells began production in the second quarter of 2024. As of March 31, 2025, PhoenixOp placed an additional 27 wells in production, and had an additional 41 wells in various stages of development. Given it was in the process of ramping up operations in 2024, PhoenixOp’s revenue was $125.6 million for that year. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, PhoenixOp’s operations increased and its revenue was $84.3 million. As more wells continue to commence production, and more properties are contributed to PhoenixOp for potential future production, we expect to derive a greater portion of our total revenues from PhoenixOp and our operating segment. We believe these operations represent a significant source of potential revenue growth. In addition, as PhoenixOp is an E&P operator, it incurs greater operating costs related to drilling, extraction, and related oil and gas operating activities than our mineral and non-operating activities. As a result, we expect our operating costs to increase as PhoenixOp’s operations expand and become a greater portion of our overall business. These operations continue to execute well against our business plan and we expect these trends to continue through 2025. We are currently monitoring PhoenixOp operations and industry developments in light of recent changes in the commodity price environment. While we believe these operations are well-positioned to navigate a lower-price environment, we may reduce operations, such as reducing rigs or completion crews, in response to prolonged periods of decreased commodity prices, which would reduce our revenue generated by PhoenixOp and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows from operations.
30
Results of Operations for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 Compared to the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
The following table summarizes our consolidated results of operations for the periods indicated:
| Three Months Ended March 31, | Change | |||||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | 2025 | 2024 (As Restated) |
$ | % | ||||||||||||
| Revenues |
||||||||||||||||
| Mineral and royalty revenues |
$ | 29,886 | $ | 33,984 | $ | (4,098 | ) | (12 | )% | |||||||
| Product sales |
84,269 | 6,678 | 77,591 | 1,162 | % | |||||||||||
| Water services |
1,503 | — | 1,503 | NM | ||||||||||||
| Other revenues |
89 | 18 | 71 | 394 | % | |||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Total revenues |
$ | 115,747 | $ | 40,680 | $ | 75,067 | 185 | % | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Operating expenses |
||||||||||||||||
| Cost of sales |
$ | 27,083 | $ | 7,982 | $ | 19,101 | 239 | % | ||||||||
| Depreciation, depletion, amortization, and accretion |
31,225 | 13,405 | 17,820 | 133 | % | |||||||||||
| Selling, general, and administrative |
9,514 | 5,250 | 4,264 | 81 | % | |||||||||||
| Payroll and payroll-related |
7,929 | 4,825 | 3,104 | 64 | % | |||||||||||
| Advertising and marketing |
320 | 17 | 303 | 1,782 | % | |||||||||||
| Loss on sale of assets |
— | 564 | (564 | ) | (100 | )% | ||||||||||
| Impairment expense |
516 | — | 516 | NM | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Total operating expenses |
$ | 76,587 | $ | 32,043 | $ | 44,544 | 139 | % | ||||||||
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Income from operations |
$ | 39,160 | $ | 8,637 | $ | 30,523 | 353 | % | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Other income (expenses) |
||||||||||||||||
| Interest income |
$ | 689 | $ | 22 | $ | 667 | 3,032 | % | ||||||||
| Interest expense, net |
(35,849 | ) | (16,921 | ) | (18,928 | ) | (112 | )% | ||||||||
| Gain (loss) on derivatives |
1,920 | (67 | ) | 1,987 | (2,966 | )% | ||||||||||
| Loss on debt extinguishment |
(321 | ) | (76 | ) | (245 | ) | 322 | % | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Total other expenses |
$ | (33,561 | ) | $ | (17,042 | ) | $ | (16,519 | ) | (97 | )% | |||||
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Net income (loss) |
$ | 5,599 | $ | (8,405 | ) | $ | 14,004 | 167 | % | |||||||
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
NM – not meaningful.
The following tables summarize our segment operating profit (loss) for the periods indicated:
| Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | Mineral and Non-operating |
Operating | Securities | Eliminations | Total | |||||||||||||||
| Total revenues |
$ | 29,924 | $ | 85,772 | $ | 29,841 | $ | (29,790 | ) | $ | 115,747 | |||||||||
| Total operating expenses |
(22,266 | ) | (49,515 | ) | (4,844 | ) | 38 | (76,587 | ) | |||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
| Segment operating profit (loss) |
$ | 7,658 | $ | 36,257 | $ | 24,997 | $ | (29,752 | ) | $ | 39,160 | |||||||||
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31
| Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | Mineral and Non-operating |
Operating | Securities | Eliminations | Total | |||||||||||||||
| Total revenues |
$ | 33,995 | $ | 6,678 | $ | 15,561 | $ | (15,554 | ) | $ | 40,680 | |||||||||
| Total operating expenses |
(23,504 | ) | (5,776 | ) | (2,774 | ) | 11 | (32,043 | ) | |||||||||||
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|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|||||||||||
| Segment operating profit (loss) |
$ | 10,491 | $ | 902 | $ | 12,787 | $ | (15,543 | ) | $ | 8,637 | |||||||||
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|
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The following table summarizes our production data and average realized prices for the periods indicated:
| Three Months Ended March 31, | Change | |||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | Amount | % | |||||||||||||
| Production Data: |
||||||||||||||||
| Crude oil (Bbls) |
1,552,609 | 578,411 | 974,198 | 168 | % | |||||||||||
| Natural gas (Mcf) |
712,492 | 556,282 | 156,210 | 28 | % | |||||||||||
| NGL (Bbls) |
87,962 | 80,367 | 7,595 | 9 | % | |||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Total (BOE)(6:1) |
1,759,320 | 751,492 | 1,007,828 | 134 | % | |||||||||||
| Average daily production (BOE/d) (6:1) |
19,548 | 8,258 | 11,290 | 137 | % | |||||||||||
| Average Realized Prices(a): |
||||||||||||||||
| Crude oil (Bbl) |
$ | 70.50 | $ | 64.51 | $ | 5.99 | 9 | % | ||||||||
| Natural gas (Mcf) |
$ | 3.13 | $ | 2.48 | $ | 0.65 | 26 | % | ||||||||
| NGL (Bbl) |
$ | 27.95 | $ | 24.48 | $ | 3.47 | 14 | % | ||||||||
| (a) | Average realized prices are net of certain post-production costs that are deducted from our royalties. |
32
Revenues
The following table shows the components of our revenue for the periods presented:
| Three Months Ended March 31, | Change | |||||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | 2025 | 2024 | Amount | % | ||||||||||||
| Mineral and royalty revenues |
||||||||||||||||
| Crude oil |
$ | 26,263 | $ | 30,760 | $ | (4,497 | ) | (15 | )% | |||||||
| Natural gas |
1,803 | 1,366 | 437 | 32 | % | |||||||||||
| NGL |
1,820 | 1,858 | (38 | ) | (2 | )% | ||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Total mineral and royalty revenues |
29,886 | 33,984 | (4,098 | ) | (12 | )% | ||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Product sales |
||||||||||||||||
| Crude oil |
83,202 | 6,554 | 76,648 | 1,169 | % | |||||||||||
| Natural gas |
428 | 15 | 413 | 2,753 | % | |||||||||||
| NGL |
639 | 109 | 530 | 486 | % | |||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Total product sales |
84,269 | 6,678 | 77,591 | 1,162 | % | |||||||||||
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Water services |
1,503 | — | 1,503 | NM | ||||||||||||
| Other revenue |
89 | 18 | 71 | 394 | % | |||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Total revenues |
$ | 115,747 | $ | 40,680 | $ | 75,067 | 185 | % | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
NM – not meaningful.
Revenue was $115.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to $40.7 million for the same period in 2024, an increase of $75.1 million, or 185%. The increase was primarily attributable to a $77.6 million increase in product sales generated from our direct drilling, extraction, and related oil and gas operating activities, partially offset by a $4.1 million decrease in mineral and royalty revenues generated from our mineral and non-operating activities.
Mineral and Non-Operating Segment
Mineral and non-operating segment revenue was $29.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to $34.0 million for the same period in 2024, a decrease of $4.1 million, or 12%. The decrease in segment revenue was primarily driven by decreased revenues from crude oil due to a 21% decrease in production volumes from our acquisitions of mineral and non-operated working interests in 2025 as compared to the same period in 2024, partially offset by a 7.8% increase in the average realized price for crude oil within the mineral and non-operating segment.
Operating Segment
Operating segment revenue was $85.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to $6.7 million for the same period in 2024, an increase of $79.1 million, or 1,184%. The increase in segment revenue was driven by increased wells placed into service, of which there were 37 producing wells placed into service as of March 31, 2025, as compared to 10 producing wells in service as of March 31, 2024.
33
Operating Expenses
Cost of Sales
The following table shows the components of our cost of sales for the periods presented:
| Three Months Ended March 31, | Change | |||||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | 2025 | 2024 | $ | % | ||||||||||||
| Cost of sales |
||||||||||||||||
| Production taxes |
$ | 10,206 | $ | 3,892 | $ | 6,314 | 162 | % | ||||||||
| Lease operating expenses |
7,877 | 3,953 | 3,924 | 99 | % | |||||||||||
| Production costs |
9,000 | 137 | 8,863 | 6,469 | % | |||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Total |
$ | 27,083 | $ | 7,982 | $ | 19,101 | 239 | % | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
Cost of sales was $27.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to $8.0 million for the same period in 2024, an increase of $19.1 million, or 239%. The increase was primarily driven by increased drilling, extraction and related oil and gas operating activities associated with wells operated by PhoenixOp, partially offset by a decrease in cost of sales due to decreased production volumes from our acquisitions of mineral and non-operated working interests during the three months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to the same period in 2024.
Mineral and Non-Operating Segment
Mineral and non-operating segment cost of sales was $4.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to $6.4 million for the same period in 2024, a decrease of $1.8 million, or 28%. The decrease in segment cost of sales was primarily driven by a 21% decrease in crude oil production volumes from our acquisitions of mineral and non-operated working interests during the three months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to the same period in 2024.
Operating Segment
Operating segment cost of sales was $22.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to $1.6 million for the same period in 2024, an increase of $20.9 million, or 1,307%. The increase in segment cost of sales was driven by increased production from PhoenixOp, which commenced operated production in the first quarter of 2024. As of March 31, 2025, PhoenixOp had placed into service an additional 32 producing wells since March 31, 2024, resulting in increased lease operating expenses, production and ad valorem taxes, and production costs during the three months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to the same period in 2024.
Depreciation, Depletion, Amortization, and Accretion Expense
The following table shows the components of our depletion, depreciation, amortization, and accretion expense for the periods presented:
| Three Months Ended March 31, | Change | |||||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | 2025 | 2024 (As Restated) |
$ | % | ||||||||||||
| Depreciation, depletion, amortization, and accretion |
||||||||||||||||
| Depletion |
$ | 31,258 | $ | 13,251 | $ | 18,007 | 136 | % | ||||||||
| Depreciation |
5 | 81 | (76 | ) | (94 | )% | ||||||||||
| Accretion on asset retirement obligations |
(38 | ) | 73 | (111 | ) | (152 | )% | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Total |
$ | 31,225 | $ | 13,405 | $ | 17,820 | 133 | % | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
Depreciation, depletion, amortization, and accretion expense was $31.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to $13.4 million for the same period in 2024, an increase of $17.8 million, or 133%, primarily due to a $21.2 million increase in depletion expense within the operating segment driven by increases in our depletable cost bases and depletion rate, partially offset by a $3.3 million decrease within the mineral and non-operating segment primarily due to decreases in the depletion rate in the first quarter of 2025.
34
Mineral and Non-Operating Segment
Depletion for the mineral and non-operating segment was $8.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to $11.6 million for the same period in 2024, a decrease of $3.3 million, or 29%. The decrease in our segment depletion expense was predominantly driven by decreases in the depletion rate associated with our capitalized property acquisition costs and development capital expenditures during the three months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to the same period in 2024.
Operating Segment
Depletion for the operating segment was $23.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to $1.8 million for the same period in 2024, an increase of $21.2 million, or 1,169%, primarily due to increases in the depletable cost bases and increases in the depletion rate driven by increased production during the three months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to the same period in 2024.
Selling, General, and Administrative Expense
Selling, general, and administrative expense was $9.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to $5.3 million for the same period in 2024, an increase of $4.3 million, or 81%. The increase was primarily due to a $1.7 million increase in fees associated with land acquisition and title work in our mineral and non-operating segment, a $1.5 million increase in allocated corporate overhead, and a $0.7 million increase in legal costs directly associated with our securities offerings, as further discussed below.
Mineral and Non-Operating Segment
Selling, general, and administrative expense for the mineral and non-operating segment was $4.9 million for three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to $2.3 million for the same period in 2024, an increase of $2.6 million, or 112%. The increase was primarily due to increased fees associated with land acquisition and title work of $1.7 million and higher allocated corporate overhead of $0.8 million during the three months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to the same period in 2024. This was primarily associated with our increased activity in acquiring leasehold and mineral assets.
Operating Segment
Selling, general, and administrative expense for the operating segment was $2.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to $1.3 million for the same period in 2024, an increase of $0.7 million, or 53%, primarily due to increased allocated corporate overhead of $0.5 million to the operating segment.
Securities Segment
Selling, general, and administrative expense for the securities segment was $2.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to $1.6 million for the same period in 2024, an increase of $1.0 million, or 59%. The increase was primarily due to increased legal costs directly associated with our securities offerings of $0.7 million and increased allocated corporate overhead of $0.2 million.
Payroll and Payroll-Related Expense
Payroll and payroll-related expense was $7.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to $4.8 million for the same period in 2024, an increase of $3.1 million, or 64%, primarily as a result of increased employee headcount and compensation. Employee headcount increased from 113 employees at March 31, 2024 to 154 employees at March 31, 2025.
35
Mineral and Non-Operating Segment
Payroll and payroll-related expense for the mineral and non-operating segment was $4.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to $2.6 million for the same period in 2024, an increase of $1.3 million, or 52%, due to increased activity in acquiring leasehold and mineral assets.
Operating Segment
Payroll and payroll-related expense for the operating segment was $2.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to $1.1 million for the same period in 2024, an increase of $1.0 million, or 91%, primarily due to the increased number of personnel engaged in our oil and gas operating activities.
Securities Segment
Payroll and payroll-related expense for the securities segment was $2.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to $1.2 million for the same period in 2024, an increase of $0.8 million, or 69%, primarily due to the increased number of personnel engaged in the administration and management of our securities offerings.
Advertising and Marketing Expense
Advertising and marketing expense was $0.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to less than $0.1 million for the same period in 2024, which was not material for any of the periods presented.
Loss on Sale of Assets
Loss on sale of assets was $0.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, as result of the disposition of certain mineral interests in the Williston Basin within the mineral and non-operating segment, with no comparable activity in the current-year period.
Impairment Expense
Impairment expense was $0.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, primarily as a result of lease expirations within the mineral and non-operating segment, with no comparable activity in the prior-year period.
Other Expenses
Interest Expense, Net
Interest expense, net, was $35.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to $16.9 million for the same period in 2024, an increase of $18.9 million, or 112%. The increase was primarily due to a $11.9 million increase in interest costs associated with sales of our unregistered debt securities, which increased from $497.9 million outstanding at March 31, 2024 to $1,084.3 million outstanding at March 31, 2025, with no significant changes in interest rates between the periods, and $8.2 million in interest costs associated with the Fortress Credit Agreement for the three months ended March 31, 2025 that did not occur in the prior-year period. The increase was partially offset by decreased interest costs of $1.3 million associated with merchant cash advances and a line of credit which were previously outstanding as of March 31, 2024, but were repaid in full prior to 2025.
36
Gain (Loss) on Derivatives
Gain on derivatives was $1.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to a loss on derivatives of $0.1 million for the same period in 2024, primarily due to changes in the forward commodity price curves for crude oil.
Loss on Debt Extinguishment
Loss on debt extinguishment was $0.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to $0.1 million for the same period in 2024. The increase was primarily due to increased write-offs of debt issuance costs associated with the redemption of bonds issued pursuant to Regulation A and Regulation D, of which $2.6 million of bonds were redeemed during the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to $1.0 million of bonds redeemed for the same period in 2024.
The following table summarizes the par value of bonds redeemed for the periods indicated:
| Three Months Ended March 31, | Change | |||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | $ | % | |||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||
| August 2023 506(c) Bonds |
$ | 1,593 | $ | 250 | $ | 1,343 | 537 | % | ||||||||
| Reg A Bonds |
319 | 517 | (198 | ) | (38 | )% | ||||||||||
| December 2022 506(c) Bonds |
40 | 240 | (200 | ) | (83 | )% | ||||||||||
| Adamantium Bonds |
500 | — | 500 | NM | ||||||||||||
| July 2022 506(c) Bonds |
100 | — | 100 | NM | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Total |
$ | 2,552 | $ | 1,007 | $ | 1,545 | 153 | % | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
NM – not meaningful.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Our management uses EBITDA to understand and compare our operating results across accounting periods, for internal budgeting and forecasting purposes, and to evaluate financial performance and liquidity, in each case, without regard to financing methods, capital structure, or historical cost basis. EBITDA is presented as supplemental disclosure as we believe it provides useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our results, prospects, and liquidity period over period, including as compared to results of other companies. By providing this non-GAAP financial measure, together with a reconciliation to GAAP results, we believe we are enhancing investors’ understanding of our business and our operating performance, as well as assisting investors in evaluating how well we are executing strategic initiatives.
EBITDA has important limitations as an analytical tool because it excludes some but not all items that affect net income (loss), the most directly comparable GAAP measure. In particular, EBITDA excludes certain material costs, such as interest expense, and certain non-cash charges, such as depreciation, depletion, amortization, and accretion expense, which have been necessary elements of our expenses. Because EBITDA does not account for these expenses, its utility as a measure of our operating performance has material limitations. Other companies may not publish this or similar metrics, and our computation of EBITDA may differ from computations of similarly titled measures of other companies. Therefore, our EBITDA should be considered in addition to, and not as a substitute for, in isolation from, or superior to, our financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP, and should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report.
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The following table shows a reconciliation of EBITDA to net income (loss), the most comparable GAAP measure, as presented in the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the periods presented:
| Three Months Ended March 31, | Change | |||||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | 2025 | 2024 (Restated) |
$ | % | ||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) |
$ | 5,599 | $ | (8,405 | ) | $ | 14,004 | (167 | )% | |||||||
| Interest income |
(689 | ) | (22 | ) | (667 | ) | 3,032 | % | ||||||||
| Interest expense |
35,849 | 16,921 | 18,928 | 112 | % | |||||||||||
| Depreciation, depletion, amortization, and accretion expense |
31,225 | 13,405 | 17,820 | 133 | % | |||||||||||
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| EBITDA |
$ | 71,984 | $ | 21,899 | $ | 50,085 | 229 | % | ||||||||
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EBITDA was $72.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to $21.9 million for the same period in 2024, an increase of $50.1 million, or 229%. The increase in EBITDA was primarily driven by a $75.1 million increase in consolidated revenues and a $2.0 million increase in gain on derivatives due to changes in the forward commodity price curves for crude oil, partially offset by a $26.7 million increase in operating expense (excluding depreciation, depletion, amortization, and accretion expense), primarily driven by increased cost of sales, increased selling, general and administrative expense and increased payroll and payroll-related expenses.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Overview
Our primary sources of liquidity are cash flows from operations, borrowings under credit agreements, and issuances of debt securities pursuant to Regulation D and Regulation A, including the Adamantium Securities and the Reg D/Reg A Bonds. Future sources of liquidity may also include other credit facilities, additional capital contributions, and continued issuances of debt or equity securities, including the Registered Notes. Our primary uses of cash are on the development and operation of PhoenixOp’s properties, the acquisition of mineral and royalty interests, lease operating expenses, and our proportionate share of production, severance, and ad valorem taxes for mineral and royalty interests, production costs, including gathering, processing, and transportation costs, debt service payments, the reduction of outstanding debt balances, general overhead and other corporate expenses, and distributions to our members. As we continue to engage in increased drilling and direct production activities through PhoenixOp, we expect development and operation of PhoenixOp’s properties to become an increasingly significant use of our cash. As of March 31, 2025, we had cash and cash equivalents of $35.4 million and outstanding indebtedness of $1,084.3 million.
As of March 31, 2025, we had $132.9 million of debt coming due and $81.4 million of interest payable within the next 12 months. Over the next 12 months, we expect to drill between 75 to 85 gross and 45.0 to 51.0 net wells across our operated leasehold acreage in the Bakken/Willison Basin in North Dakota and Montana, and expect to participate in the drilling of approximately between 115 to 165 gross and 11.3 to 16.1 net wells across our non-operated leasehold. We estimate that these direct drilling operations and non-operated activity will require between $750.0 million and $850.0 million of capital expenditures over the next 12 months.
Our ability to finance our operations, including funding capital expenditures and acquisitions, to meet our indebtedness obligations, or to refinance our indebtedness, will depend on our ability to generate cash in the future. Although we expect that our cash flows from operations will be sufficient to meet our fixed obligations, to fully realize our business plan we expect that we will need to raise approximately $400 million in capital in 2025 through the incurrence of additional debt. We believe that these sources of liquidity will be sufficient to meet our cash requirements, including normal operating needs, debt service obligations, and capital expenditures, for at least the next 12 months, and will allow us to continue to execute on our strategy of expanding our direct drilling operations through PhoenixOp and acquiring attractive mineral and royalty interests in order to position us to grow our cash flows.
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We periodically assess changes in current and projected cash flows, acquisition and divestiture activities, and other factors to determine the effects on our liquidity. Our ability to generate cash is subject to a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control, including commodity prices, weather, and general economic, financial, competitive, legislative, regulatory, and other factors. We are currently monitoring our operations and industry developments, including our drilling operations and production plans, in light of recent changes in the commodity price environment and industry volatility. Recently, oil and natural gas prices dropped significantly, going from $71.20 per barrel and $3.95 per MMBtu as of April 1, 2025 to $63.32 per barrel and $3.19 per MMBtu, respectively, as of May 12, 2025, which prices are below those assumed for purposes of our business plan. While we believe the company is well-positioned to navigate a lower-price environment, in the event of a prolonged period of commodity prices below those assumed for purposes of our business plan, our cash flows from operations would decrease and we may determine to adjust our business plan by adjusting capital expenditures, decreasing drilling operations, and/or reducing production plans, among other actions. We may also be required to raise additional capital, above our current expectations, in order to fully realize our current or adjusted business plan. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Operations—Our business is sensitive to the price of oil and gas and sustained declines in prices may adversely affect our financial position, financial results, cash flows, access to capital, and ability to grow.” If cash flow from operations does not meet our expectations, we may reduce our expected level of capital expenditures. If we require additional capital for acquisitions or other reasons, we may raise such capital through additional borrowings, asset sales, offerings of equity and debt securities, or other means. We cannot assure you that necessary capital will be available on acceptable terms or at all. Our ability to raise funds through the incurrence of additional indebtedness could be limited by covenants in our debt arrangements. If we are unable to obtain funds when needed or on acceptable terms, we may not be able to complete acquisitions that are favorable to us or finance the capital expenditures necessary to maintain our production or proved reserves. See “Risk Factors.”
We or our affiliates may from time to time seek to repurchase or retire the Registered Notes or our other indebtedness through cash purchases and/or exchanges for equity or debt securities, in open-market purchases, privately negotiated transactions, tender or exchange offers, or otherwise. Such repurchases or exchanges, if any, will depend on prevailing market conditions, our liquidity, contractual restrictions, and other factors. The amounts involved may be material. For more information regarding the material terms of our outstanding indebtedness, see “—Indebtedness” below.
Cash Flows
The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods indicated:
| Three Months Ended March 31, | Change | |||||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | 2025 | 2024 (As Restated) |
$ | % | ||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in): |
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| Operating activities |
$ | 15,865 | $ | 11,248 | $ | 4,617 | 41 | % | ||||||||
| Investing activities |
(182,275 | ) | (88,563 | ) | (93,712 | ) | 106 | % | ||||||||
| Financing activities |
80,962 | 74,351 | 6,611 | 9 | % | |||||||||||
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| Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents |
$ | (85,448 | ) | $ | (2,964 | ) | $ | (82,484 | ) | 2,783 | % | |||||
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Operating Activities
Net cash provided by operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was $15.9 million, as compared to $11.2 million for the same period in 2024, an increase of $4.6 million in net cash provided by operating activities. The increase was primarily due to a $30.5 million increase in net income, adjusted for non-cash charges of $16.5 million, and net unfavorable fluctuations of $25.9 million from changes in operating assets and liabilities. The $25.9 million cash outflow from changes in operating assets and liabilities was primarily due to a net decrease of $27.2 million in accounts receivable, earnest payments, and accounts payable, and a net increase of $4.4 million in accrued and other liabilities, primarily due to the timing of cash receipts and payments during the three months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to the same period in 2024.
Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was $182.3 million, as compared to $88.6 million for the same period in 2024, an increase of $93.7 million in net cash used in investing activities. The increase was primarily driven by an $87.5 million increase in additions to oil and gas properties, primarily due to increased drilling and completion activities in our operating segment during the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to the same period in 2024, and $6.2 million of proceeds received in connection with the disposition of mineral interests during the three months ended March 31, 2024 that did not recur in the current year period.
Financing Activities
Net cash provided by financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was $81.0 million, as compared to $74.4 million for the same period in 2024, an increase of $6.6 million in net cash provided by financing activities. The increase was primarily driven by increased proceeds from issuances of debt, net of debt discount, of $11.2 million and a $0.8 million decrease in payments of deferred closings associated with mineral interest acquisitions, partially offset by a $2.5 million increase in repayments of debt, a $2.5 million increase in payments of debt issuance costs, and a $0.3 million decrease in members’ contributions.
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Indebtedness
Set forth below is a chart of our outstanding third-party indebtedness as of March 31, 2025 (dollars in thousands):
| Indebtedness |
Offering Commencement |
Principal Amount Outstanding |
Term | Earliest Maturity |
Latest Maturity |
Interest Rate | ||||||||||||||||||
| Secured |
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| Fortress Credit Agreement(1) |
N/A | $ | 250,000 | 3 years | — | 12/18/2027 | Term SOFR + 7.10 | % | ||||||||||||||||
| Adamantium Secured Note(2) |
N/A | 7,000 | 7 years | — | 11/1/2031 | 16.5 | % | |||||||||||||||||
| Unsecured |
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| Reg A Bonds(3) |
12/23/2021 | 99,577 | 3 years | 4/10/2025 | 8/10/2027 | 9.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||
| 2020 506(b) Bonds(4) |
7/20/2020 | 940 | 2 years | — | 5/31/2025 | 5.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||
| 2020 506(c) Bonds(4) |
10/22/2020 | 1,448 | 1-4 years | 9/30/2025 | 6/27/2027 | 13.0% - 15.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||
| July 2022 506(c) Bonds(4) |
7/20/2022 | 10,147 | 5 years | 7/31/2027 | 12/31/2027 | 11.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||
| December 2022 506(c) Bonds(5): |
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| Series B |
12/22/2022 | 15,889 | 3 years | 4/10/2025 | 10/10/2026 | 10.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||
| Series C |
12/22/2022 | 9,589 | 5 years | 12/10/2027 | 9/10/2028 | 11.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||
| Series D |
12/22/2022 | 40,410 | 7 years | 12/10/2029 | 10/10/2030 | 12.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||
| August 2023 506(c) Bonds(5): |
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| Series U, AA, and FF |
8/29/2023 | 84,497 | 1 year | 4/10/2025 | 3/10/2026 | 9.0% - 10.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||
| Series V, BB, and GG |
8/29/2023 | 75,278 | 3 years | 8/10/2026 | 3/10/2028 | 10.0% - 11.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||
| Series W, CC, and HH |
8/29/2023 | 45,989 | 5 years | 8/10/2028 | 3/10/2030 | 11.0% - 12.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||
| Series X, DD, and II |
8/29/2023 | 68,471 | 7 years | 9/10/2030 | 3/10/2032 | 12.0% - 13.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||
| Series Y |
8/29/2023 | 3,908 | 9 years | 9/10/2032 | 9/10/2033 | 12.5 | % | |||||||||||||||||
| Series Z, EE, and JJ |
8/29/2023 | 215,147 | 11 years | 8/10/2034 | 3/10/2036 | 13.0% - 14.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||
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| Total Reg D/Reg A Bonds |
671,290 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adamantium Bonds(6) |
9/29/2023 | 156,048 | 5-11 years | 1/10/2029 | 3/10/2036 | 13.0% - 16.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||
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| Total Unsecured Debt |
827,338 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Total Debt |
$ | 1,084,338 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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| (1) | The Fortress Credit Agreement provides for a $100.0 million term loan facility, borrowed in full on August 12, 2024, a $35.0 million delayed draw term loan facility, which was fully drawn in October 2024, and a $115.0 million term loan facility, borrowed in full on December 18, 2024, and a $50.0 million term loan facility, of which $25.0 million was borrowed on April 16, 2025 and $25.0 million was borrowed on May 9, 2025. Amount displayed does not include amounts drawn after March 31, 2025. The Fortress Credit Agreement also provides for an $8.5 million tranche of loans that represents a contingent principal obligation that is only due and payable (together with accrued interest thereon) upon certain conditions occurring, including payment defaults under the Fortress Credit Agreement or a bankruptcy filing by the obligors thereunder. See “—Fortress Credit Agreement.” |
| (2) | The Adamantium Secured Note is contractually subordinated to amounts under the Fortress Credit Agreement, contractually senior to the Adamantium Bonds and the Registered Notes, and structurally senior to the Reg D/Reg A Bonds and the Registered Notes to the extent of the value of Adamantium’s assets, including the collateral securing the Adamantium Loan Agreement. |
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| (3) | The Reg A Bonds are pari passu obligations with the Senior Reg D Bonds, and are contractually senior to obligations under the Subordinated Reg D Bonds and the Registered Notes. |
| (4) | The Senior Reg D Bonds are pari passu obligations with the Reg A Bonds, are contractually subordinated to amounts under the Fortress Credit Agreement, and are contractually senior to obligations under the Subordinated Reg D Bonds and the Registered Notes. |
| (5) | The Subordinated Reg D Bonds are contractually subordinated to obligations under the Fortress Credit Agreement, the Reg A Bonds, the Senior Reg D Bonds and the Registered Notes. Between April 1, 2025 and April 30, 2025, we issued an additional $40.3 million of August 2023 506(c) Bonds, with maturities ranging from March 2026 to April 2036 and interest rates between 9.0% and 14.0% per annum. |
| (6) | The Adamantium Bonds are contractually subordinated to amounts under the Fortress Credit Agreement and the Adamantium Secured Note, structurally senior to the Reg D/Reg A Bonds to the extent of the value of Adamantium’s assets, including the collateral securing the Adamantium Loan Agreement, and are contractually senior to the obligations under the Registered Notes. Between April 1, 2025 and April 30, 2025, we issued an additional $14.3 million of Adamantium Bonds (and borrowed a corresponding amount under the Adamantium Loan Agreement), with maturities ranging from March 2030 to April 2036 and interest rates between 13.0% and 16.0% per annum. |
ANB Credit Agreement
The Issuer and PhoenixOp were borrowers under that certain Commercial Credit Agreement (the “ANB Credit Agreement”), which they entered into with Amarillo National Bank, a national banking association (“ANB”) on July 24, 2023. The ANB Credit Agreement provided for a $30.0 million revolving credit loan by ANB, and, as of June 30, 2024, the outstanding balance was $30.0 million. The proceeds from the borrowing under the ANB Credit Agreement were used in part to repay in full our outstanding facility with Cortland Credit Lending Corporation. ANB’s commitments under the ANB Credit Agreement and the loans thereunder were initially scheduled to terminate and mature, and be due and payable in full, on July 24, 2024. On July 24, 2024, we entered into an agreement that extended ANB’s commitments and the maturity of the loans under the ANB Credit Agreement to September 24, 2024. We fully repaid all amounts owed under the ANB Credit Agreement on August 12, 2024 in connection with entering into the Fortress Credit Agreement.
Fortress Credit Agreement
The Issuer and PhoenixOp, as borrower, entered into the Fortress Credit Agreement with Fortress on August 12, 2024. The Fortress Credit Agreement provides for a $100.0 million term loan facility (the “Fortress Term Loan”), borrowed in full on August 12, 2024, and a $35.0 million delayed draw term loan facility, which was borrowed in full on October 11, 2024 (any loans thereunder, together with the Fortress Term Loan, the “Fortress Tranche A Loans”). On December 18, 2024, the Fortress Credit Agreement was amended to, among other things, provide for a new tranche of term loans (the “Fortress Tranche C Loan”) in an aggregate principal amount of $115.0 million that was borrowed in full on December 18, 2024. On April 16, 2025, the Fortress Credit Agreement was further amended to, among other things, establish a new tranche of term loans (the “Fortress Tranche D Loans”) in an aggregate principal amount of $50.0 million, with $25.0 million aggregate principal amount borrowed on April 16, 2025 and $25.0 million aggregate principal amount borrowed on May 9, 2025. The Fortress Credit Agreement also includes an $8.5 million tranche of loans (the “Fortress Tranche B Loan” and, together with the Fortress Tranche A Loans, the Fortress Tranche C Loan, and the Fortress Tranche D Loans, the “Fortress Loans”), which represents a contingent principal obligation that is only due and payable (together with accrued interest thereon) if subject to
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certain exceptions, either (a) the Company has not paid in full all outstanding principal and accrued interest on the Fortress Loans in cash by March 31, 2027 or (b) an Event of Default (as defined in the Fortress Credit Agreement) has occurred resulting from the failure to pay principal or interest when due under the terms and conditions of the Fortress Credit Agreement.
Obligations under the Fortress Credit Agreement are secured by substantially all of the assets of Phoenix Equity and its subsidiaries that have guaranteed the obligations of the obligors under the Fortress Credit Agreement, subject to certain exceptions (the Issuer, PhoenixOp, and such subsidiaries, collectively, the “Credit Parties”). Furthermore, pursuant to that certain Assignment of Loans and Liens, dated as of August 12, 2024, among the Issuer, Phoenix Operating, ANB, Fortress, as administrative agent and as collateral agent, and the new lenders party thereto, ANB assigned, and Fortress assumed, all security interests granted by the Credit Parties in favor of ANB under the ANB Credit Agreement. The lenders under the Fortress Credit Agreement also purchased and assumed from ANB all of the outstanding extensions of credit made by ANB under the ANB Credit Agreement. As a result of the foregoing, the ANB Credit Agreement and all related documentation ceased to be of any force and effect.
The Fortress Term Loan and the Fortress Tranche B Loan were each subject to OID of 10.59907834%, and each of the Fortress Tranche A Loans made under the delayed draw term loan facility, the Fortress Tranche C Loan, and the Fortress Tranche D Loans were subject to 3.00% OID.
Borrowings under the Fortress Credit Agreement bear interest at a rate per annum equal to Term SOFR (as defined in the Fortress Credit Agreement) plus 0.10% plus 7.00%. Interest on the Fortress Tranche A Loans and Fortress Tranche C Loan is payable quarterly in arrears. The outstanding principal amount of the Fortress Loans (including, if applicable, the Fortress Tranche B Loan) must be repaid as follows: (i) on December 31, 2026, $150.0 million of the outstanding principal amount of the Fortress Loans less the aggregate amount of all voluntary prepayments and mandatory prepayments made as of December 31, 2026; and (ii) the remaining aggregate outstanding principal amount on December 18, 2027. In connection with any payment in full of the Fortress Loans (whether by voluntary prepayment, acceleration, or on the maturity date), PhoenixOp will pay a repayment premium in an amount sufficient to achieve a MOIC (as defined in the Fortress Credit Agreement) of 1.18.
The Fortress Credit Agreement contains various customary affirmative and negative covenants, as well as financial covenants. The Fortress Credit Agreement requires the Issuer to maintain (a) a maximum total secured leverage ratio (i) as of the last day of any fiscal quarter ending on or before December 31, 2025 of less than or equal to 2.00 to 1.00 (commencing with the fiscal quarter ending December 31, 2024), and (ii) as of the last day of any fiscal quarter ending on or after March 31, 2026 of less than or equal to 1.50 to 1.00, (b) a minimum current ratio as of the last day of each calendar month of (i) 0.90 to 1.00 from September 30, 2024 through October 31, 2024, (ii) 0.80 to 1.00 from November 30, 2024 through November 30, 2025, (iii) 0.90 to 1.00 from December 31, 2025 through December 31, 2026, and (iv) 1.00 to 1.00 for each calendar month ending thereafter, and (c) a minimum asset coverage ratio as of the last day of any fiscal quarter (i) ending during the period from June 30, 2024 through December 31, 2024, of at least 2.00 to 1.00, (ii) ending during the period from March 31, 2025 through September 30, 2025, of at least 1.70 to 1.00, and (iii) ending during the period from December 31, 2025 and thereafter, of at least 2.00 to 1.00. The Fortress Credit Agreement also places certain limits on the Issuer’s ability to incur additional indebtedness, including the issuance of unsecured notes or bonds and accounts receivable factoring arrangements. As of March 31, 2025, we believe we were in compliance with all of the financial covenants contained in the Fortress Credit Agreement.
The Fortress Credit Agreement contains customary events of default, including, but not limited to, nonpayment of the Fortress Tranche A Loans or Fortress Tranche C Loan and any other material indebtedness, material inaccuracies of representations and warranties, violations of covenants, certain bankruptcies and liquidations, certain material judgments, and certain events related to the security documents.
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As described above, a portion of the proceeds from the Fortress Term Loan was used to pay all amounts owed under the ANB Credit Agreement. The Issuer and PhoenixOp will use the remaining proceeds of the Fortress Loans to finance the development of oil and gas properties in accordance with the approved plan of development as provided in the Fortress Credit Agreement.
Adamantium Debt
Adamantium was formed on June 21, 2023, as a wholly owned financing subsidiary of the Issuer for the purpose of undertaking financing efforts under Regulation D and subsequently loaning amounts to the Issuer and/or its subsidiaries, as needed. Adamantium offers high net worth individuals Adamantium Bonds pursuant to an offering under Rule 506(c) of Regulation D that commenced in September 2023, and does not expect to undertake financing efforts under Regulation A. Adamantium has in the past, and may in the future, issue debt securities in other offerings exempt from registration under the Securities Act under Section 4(a)(2) thereof or any other available exemption, including, for example, the Adamantium Secured Note.
On September 14, 2023, the Issuer, as borrower, entered into the Adamantium Loan Agreement with Adamantium, as lender. On October 30, 2023, the Issuer, Adamantium, and PhoenixOp entered into an amendment to the Adamantium Loan Agreement to add PhoenixOp as a borrower, and on November 1, 2024 entered into another amendment to increase the loan amount thereunder. The Adamantium Loan Agreement provides for up to $407.0 million in aggregate principal amount of borrowings in one or more advances, comprising $400.0 million from the proceeds of Adamantium Bonds and $7.0 million from the proceeds of the Adamantium Secured Note. Adamantium may, but is not guaranteed to, issue $400.0 million in aggregate principal amount of Adamantium Bonds to fund advances to the Issuer and PhoenixOp pursuant to the Adamantium Loan Agreement. The timing of any advance under the Adamantium Loan Agreement is contingent upon Adamantium’s receipt of proceeds from the sale of Adamantium Securities. Each advance will have a maturity and interest rate that matches the terms of the respective Adamantium Securities sold prior to such advance and to which such advance relates. We expect to use the proceeds of borrowings under the Adamantium Loan Agreement (i) to purchase mineral rights and non-operated working interests, as well as additional asset acquisitions, (ii) to finance potential drilling and exploration operations of one or more subsidiaries (including PhoenixOp), and (iii) for other working capital needs.
As of March 31, 2025, $156.0 million aggregate principal amount of Adamantium Bonds was outstanding, with maturity dates ranging from five to eleven years from the issue date and interest rates ranging from 13.0% to 16.0% per annum, and $7.0 million aggregate principal amount was outstanding under the Adamantium Secured Note, which initially matures in November 2031, has an interest rate of 16.5% per annum, and is secured by Adamantium’s rights under the Adamantium Loan Agreement, and, in each case, the corollary amount of borrowings was outstanding under the Adamantium Loan Agreement. Between April 1, 2025 and April 30, 2025, we issued an additional $14.3 million of Adamantium Bonds (and borrowed a corresponding amount under the Adamantium Loan Agreement), with maturities ranging from March 2030 to April 2036 and interest rates between 13.0% and 16.0% per annum.
The Adamantium Securities contain customary events of default and may be redeemed at the option of Adamantium at any time without premium or penalty. The holders of Adamantium Bonds also have a right to request redemption of their bonds in certain circumstances at a discount to par, subject to a limit of 10% of the then-outstanding principal amount of Adamantium Bonds in any given calendar year. The holder of the Adamantium Secured Note has the right to request redemption of its note at par, subject to a limit of $5.0 million in aggregate principal amount of the Adamantium Secured Note in any 12-month period.
Amounts loaned under the Adamantium Loan Agreement are secured by mortgages on certain of our properties, which mortgages are junior to the security interest under the Fortress Credit Agreement and other existing and future senior secured indebtedness. The aggregate outstanding amount of all advances under the Adamantium Loan Agreement may not exceed 100% of the aggregate total discounted present value of the junior mortgages serving as collateral thereunder, after
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deducting any allocable amount securing any of our outstanding senior indebtedness (the “Adamantium Loan-to-Value Ratio”). The value of such collateral will be determined by one or more reserve studies performed by a third party retained by us on an annual basis. In the event the aggregate amount outstanding under the Adamantium Loan Agreement exceeds the Adamantium Loan-to-Value Ratio, we may cure such deficiency by either pledging additional collateral or repaying a portion of the borrowings under the Adamantium Loan Agreement until the Adamantium Loan-to-Value Ratio is achieved.
At the option of Adamantium, an advance may be made on either (i) a current basis, whereby the Issuer makes interest-only monthly payments in cash to Adamantium on the tenth day of each month or (ii) an accrual basis, whereby interest is compounded monthly and the Issuer will pay all accrued and unpaid interest at maturity of the respective advance. Interest will accrue a full pro rata portion of the annual rate of interest for each calendar month regardless of the number of days an advance is outstanding during such calendar month, on the same terms as the interest payable on the Adamantium Securities sold prior to such advance and to which such advance relates. On each respective maturity date for advances made on both a current and accrual basis, the outstanding principal amount, together with all accrued and unpaid interest thereon, will mature and be due and payable to Adamantium. To the extent the Adamantium Securities are accelerated or prepaid, in whole or in part, the Issuer will be obligated to pay or prepay, in whole or in part, all or any part of any outstanding indebtedness under the Adamantium Loan Agreement so as to satisfy the obligations and terms of the accelerated or prepaid Adamantium Securities. Adamantium will use any amounts repaid under the Adamantium Loan Agreement to repay the corresponding Adamantium Securities. The Adamantium Loan Agreement is not a revolving facility and the Issuer may not reborrow amounts repaid.
The Adamantium Loan Agreement can be amended or waived with the consent of the Issuer and Adamantium, including in order to change the amount, rate, payment terms, collateral package, and borrowers thereunder. The consent of holders of the Adamantium Securities, the Reg D/Reg A Bonds, and/or the Registered Notes is not required for any amendment or waiver of the Adamantium Loan Agreement, and any such amendment or waiver may be adverse to the interests of such holders. Because Adamantium is a wholly owned financing subsidiary of the Issuer with common management, there exists the potential for conflicts of interest with respect to decisions regarding the Adamantium Loan Agreement, including with respect to waivers and amendments thereto. Management is committed to fulfilling its fiduciary duties and operating in good faith.
Reg D/Reg A Bonds
As of March 31, 2025, the Issuer had $671.3 million aggregate principal amount outstanding of unsecured bonds issued pursuant to Regulation D or Regulation A, consisting of:
| (a) | $12.5 million aggregate principal amount outstanding of Senior Reg D Bonds, which rank pari passu with the Reg A Bonds, are contractually subordinated to amounts under the Fortress Credit Agreement, are contractually senior to obligations under the Subordinated Reg D Bonds and the Registered Notes, comprising: |
| (i) | $0.9 million aggregate principal amount outstanding of 2020 506(b) Bonds, which are unsecured bonds offered and sold pursuant to an offering under Rule 506(b) of Regulation D that commenced in July 2020 and terminated in September 2021, with initial maturity dates ranging from one to four years from the issue date and an interest rate of 5.0% per annum; |
| (ii) | $1.4 million aggregate principal amount outstanding of 2020 506(c) Bonds, which are unsecured bonds offered and sold pursuant to an offering under Rule 506(c) of Regulation D that commenced in October 2020 and terminated in July 2022, with maturity dates ranging from one to four years from the issue date and interest rates ranging from 13.0% to 15.0% per annum; and |
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| (iii) | $10.1 million aggregate principal amount outstanding of July 2022 506(c) Bonds, which are unsecured bonds offered and sold pursuant to an offering under Rule 506(c) of Regulation D that commenced in July 2022 and terminated in December 2022, with a maturity date of five years from the issue date and an interest rate of 11.0% per annum; |
| (b) | $559.2 million aggregate principal amount outstanding of Subordinated Reg D Bonds, which are contractually subordinated to obligations under the Fortress Credit Agreement, the Reg A Bonds, the Senior Reg D Bonds, and the Registered Notes, comprising: |
| (i) | $65.9 million aggregate principal amount outstanding of Series AAA through Series D-1 December 2022 506(c) Bonds, which are unsecured bonds offered and sold pursuant to an offering under Rule 506(c) of Regulation D that commenced in December 2022 and terminated in August 2023, with maturity dates ranging from nine months to seven years from the issue date and interest rates ranging from 8.0% to 12.0% per annum; and |
| (ii) | $493.3 million aggregate principal amount outstanding of Series U through Series JJ-1 August 2023 506(c) Bonds, which are unsecured bonds offered and sold to date pursuant to an offering under Rule 506(c) of Regulation D that commenced in August 2023 with maturity dates ranging from one to eleven years from the issue date and interest rates ranging from 9.0% to 14.0% per annum; and |
| (c) | $99.6 million aggregate principal amount outstanding of Reg A Bonds, which are unsecured bonds offered and sold to date pursuant to an offering under Regulation A, which commenced in December 2021 and are being offered on a continuous basis, which Reg A Bonds rank pari passu with the Senior Reg D Bonds, are contractually senior to obligations under the Subordinated Reg D Bonds, and will be contractually senior to obligations under the Registered Notes. |
The Reg D/Reg A Bonds contain customary events of default. The Reg D/Reg A Bonds may be redeemed at the option of the Issuer at any time without premium or penalty. The Issuer will also be obligated to offer to holders of Reg A Bonds the right to have their Reg A Bonds repurchased upon a change of control (as described in the indenture governing the Reg A Bonds). The holders of Reg D/Reg A Bonds (other than the 2020 506(b) Bonds and 2020 506(c) Bonds) also have a right to request redemption of their bonds in certain circumstances at a discount to par, subject to a limit of 10% of the then-outstanding principal amount of the applicable series in any given calendar year.
Between April 1, 2025 and April 30, 2025, the Issuer issued an additional $40.3 million of August 2023 506(c) Bonds with maturities ranging from March 2026 to April 2036 and interest rates between 9.0% and 14.0% per annum.
Registered Notes
In October 2024, the Issuer filed a registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-282862) (the “Registration Statement”) with the SEC with respect to the continuous offering of up to $750.0 million aggregate principal amount of Registered Notes with maturity dates ranging from three to eleven years from the issue date and interest rates ranging from 9.0% to 12.0% per annum. The Registration Statement was declared effective on May 14, 2025, but as of the date of this Quarterly Report we have not issued any Registered Notes. The Registered Notes, when issued, will be contractually senior to the Subordinated Reg D Bonds and contractually subordinated to the Fortress Credit Agreement, the Adamantium Debt, and the Senior Reg D/Reg A Bonds.
The Registered Notes contain customary events of default. The Registered Notes may be redeemed at the option of the Issuer at any time without premium or penalty. The holders of Registered Notes also have a right to request redemption of their notes in certain circumstances at a discount to par, subject to a limit of 10% of the then-outstanding principal amount of the applicable series in any given calendar year.
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Critical Accounting Estimates
Our critical accounting policies are described under the heading “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Policies and Use of Estimates” in the prospectus for our offering of Registered Notes, dated as of May 14, 2025, and filed with the SEC pursuant to Rule 424(b)(4) on May 14, 2025 and the notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report. During the three months ended March 31, 2025 there were no material changes to our critical accounting policies from those discussed in such prospectus.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See “Part I. Item 1. Financial Statements— Note 2 – Significant Accounting Policies” of the notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report, for recent accounting pronouncements not yet adopted, if any.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
We are exposed to market risk, including the effects of adverse changes in commodity prices and interest rates or from counterparty and customer credit risk, each as described below. The primary objective of the following information is to provide quantitative and qualitative information about our potential exposure to market risks. These disclosures are not meant to be precise indicators of expected future losses, but rather indicators of reasonably possible losses. This forward-looking information provides indicators of how we view and manage our ongoing market risk exposures. All of our instruments that are sensitive to market risk were entered into for purposes other than speculative trading. Also, gains and losses on these instruments are generally offset by losses and gains on the offsetting expenses.
Commodity Price Risk
Our major market risk exposure is in the pricing applicable to the oil, NGL, and natural gas production of our E&P operators, including PhoenixOp, which affects our revenue from PhoenixOp and the royalty payments we receive from our other E&P operators. Realized pricing is primarily driven by the prevailing worldwide price for crude oil and spot market prices applicable to our natural gas production. Pricing for oil, NGL, and natural gas has been volatile and unpredictable for several years, and this volatility is expected to continue in the future. The prices that our E&P operators receive for oil, NGL, and natural gas production depend on many factors outside of their and our control, such as the strength of the global economy and global supply and demand for the commodities they produce.
To reduce the impact of fluctuations in oil, NGL, and natural gas prices on our revenues, we periodically enter into commodity derivative contracts with respect to certain of our oil, NGL, and natural gas production through various transactions that limit the risks of fluctuations of future prices. Additionally, we are required to hedge a portion of anticipated oil production pursuant to certain covenants under the Fortress Credit Agreement. As a part of our derivative contracts, as of March 31, 2025, over the next three years, we had nearly 4.6 million Bbl hedged at a weighted average strike price of $63.57 per Bbl, which would generate revenues of approximately $290 million over the same period, assuming a price of $0 per Bbl. We plan to continue our practice of entering into such transactions to reduce the impact of commodity price volatility on our net cash provided by operating activities. Future transactions may include additional price swaps, whereby we will receive a fixed price for our production and pay a variable market price to the contract counterparty, or collars, whereby we would receive the excess, if any, of the fixed floor over the floating rate or pay the excess, if any, of the floating rate over the fixed ceiling. These hedging activities are intended to limit our exposure to product price volatility and to reduce the impact of commodity price volatility on our net cash provided by operating activities.
By using derivative instruments to economically limit exposure to changes in commodity prices, we expose ourselves to credit risk and market risk. Credit risk is the failure of the counterparty to perform under the terms of the derivative contract. When the fair value of a derivative contract is positive, the counterparty owes us, which creates credit risk. See “—Counterparty and Customer Credit Risk” below.
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The fair market value of our commodity derivative contracts was a net liability of $4.5 million as of March 31, 2025. Based upon our open commodity derivative positions at March 31, 2025, a hypothetical 10% increase in the NYMEX WTI price would increase our net derivative liability position by $37.8 million, while a 10% decrease in the NYMEX WTI price would decrease our net liability position by $37.0 million.
A $1.00 per Bbl change in our realized oil price would have resulted in a $0.5 million and a $1.6 million change in our oil revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively. A $0.10 per Mcf change in our realized natural gas price would have resulted in a $0.1 million change and a less than $0.1 million change in our natural gas revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively. A $1.00 per Bbl change in NGL prices would have resulted in a $0.1 million change and a less than $0.1 million change in our NGL revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively. Revenues from oil sales contributed 91.7% and 94.6%, revenues from natural gas sales contributed 3.4% and 1.9%, and revenues from NGL sales contributed 4.8% and 2.1% of our consolidated revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively.
Interest Rate Risk
Our primary exposure to interest rate risk results from outstanding borrowings under our credit facilities, which bear interest at a floating rate. The average interest rate incurred when such facility was outstanding on our borrowings under the Fortress Credit Agreement during the three months ended March 31, 2025 was 11.4%. Assuming no change in the amount of borrowings under the Fortress Credit Agreement outstanding, a hypothetical 100 basis point increase or decrease in the average interest rate under these borrowings would increase or decrease our interest expense on those borrowings on an annual basis by approximately $2.5 million. See “Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Indebtedness—Fortress Credit Agreement.”
Counterparty and Customer Credit Risk
Our cash and cash equivalents are exposed to concentrations of credit risk. We manage and control this risk by investing these funds in major financial institutions. We often have balances in excess of the federally insured limits.
Our derivative contracts expose us to credit risk in the event of nonperformance by counterparties. We evaluate the credit standing of such counterparties as we deem appropriate. We have determined that our counterparties have an acceptable credit risk for the size of derivative position placed; therefore, we do not require collateral or other security from our counterparties. Additionally, we use master netting arrangements to minimize credit risk exposure.
Our principal exposures to credit risk are through receivables generated by the production activities of our operators and product sales from the delivery of commodities that we extract and deliver to purchasers. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, eleven third-party E&P operators made up 23% of our consolidated revenue, and one purchaser of our commodities made up 66% of our consolidated revenue, as compared to eight third-party E&P operators that made up 57% of our consolidated revenue and one purchaser of our commodities that made up 16% of our consolidated revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2024. Similarly, as of March 31, 2025, we had concentrations in accounts receivable of 20%, 15%, and 14% with three third-party E&P operators, as compared to 17%, 15%, and 13% with three third-party E&P operators as of December 31, 2024. Although we are exposed to a concentration of credit risk due to our reliance on our operators, we do not believe the loss of any single purchaser would materially impact our operating results as crude oil and natural gas are fungible products with well-established markets and numerous purchasers. If multiple purchasers were to cease making purchases at or around the same time, we believe there would be challenges initially, but there would be ample markets to handle the disruption. Additionally, recent rulings in bankruptcy cases involving our third-party E&P operators have stipulated that royalty owners must still be paid for oil, gas, and NGL extracted from their mineral acreage during the bankruptcy process. In light of this, we do not expect the entry of one of our operators into bankruptcy proceedings would materially affect our operating results.
Furthermore, as PhoenixOp increases the extent of its operations and generates revenue from the sale of crude oil and natural gas delivered to purchasers, we expect that our concentration of revenue and accounts receivable among a limited number of third-party E&P operators will decrease, and we will achieve greater control over the terms of the sales agreements entered into among PhoenixOp and the purchasers.
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Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls and Procedures
In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, evaluated, as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as that term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act). Based on that evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective at the reasonable assurance level as of March 31, 2025 as a result of the material weaknesses described below.
A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of a company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. In connection with the audits of our consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024, our auditors identified several material weaknesses, including material weaknesses concerning our internal control over financial reporting. These material weaknesses in internal controls were caused by inadequate separation of duties of our management within key financial areas. Other material weaknesses that were identified pertained to our lack of testing over our accounting systems and absence of a board of directors or an audit committee. As a result of these material weaknesses, we have relied, in part, on the assistance of outside advisors with expertise in these matters to assist us in the preparation of our condensed consolidated financial statements and in our compliance with SEC reporting obligations and expect to continue to do so while we remediate these material weaknesses.
Management’s Remediation Efforts
Our management is committed to implementing changes to our internal control over financial reporting to ensure that the deficiencies that contributed to the material weaknesses are remediated. To that end, we are now in the process of enacting measures designed to improve our internal control over financial reporting and remediate the deficiencies that led to the material weaknesses. These measures include hiring additional accounting personnel to ensure the effectiveness of our controls and enforcement of proper segregation of duties, engaging with external consulting firms to assist with technical accounting matters and to improve the design and operating effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, and formalizing and documenting preparation and review procedures within significant accounts and cycles.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We are taking actions to remediate the material weaknesses relating to our internal control over financial reporting, as described above. Except as discussed above, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as that term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended March 31, 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
We have been, are and/or may in the future be involved in various legal proceedings, lawsuits, regulatory investigations, and other claims in the ordinary course of business. In particular, due to the nature of our business, we are, from time to time, involved in routine litigation or subject to disputes or claims related to our business activities, including workers’ compensation claims and employment-related disputes. Such matters are subject to many uncertainties, and outcomes are not predictable with certainty. In the opinion of our management, none of the matters, disputes, or claims we are involved in, if decided adversely, will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations. See “Part I. Item 1. Financial Statements—Note 12 – Commitments and Contingencies” of the notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Risks Related to Our Business and Operations
The businesses of direct drilling and extraction of minerals and acquisition of mineral rights are highly competitive. If we are unable to successfully compete within these businesses through our direct drilling operations conducted by PhoenixOp, we may not be able to identify and purchase attractive assets and successfully operate our properties.
The key areas in which we face competition include:
| • | declines in oil and natural gas prices; |
| • | acquisition of commercially viable mineral deposits offered for sale by other companies; |
| • | access to capital for financing and operational purposes; |
| • | hiring and retention of personnel to successfully operate drilling and extraction activities, and qualified third-party operators to assist in production activities; |
| • | purchasing, leasing, hiring, chartering, or other procuring of equipment by us and our third-party operators; and |
| • | employment of qualified and experienced management and other mineral professionals. |
Competition in our markets is intense and depends, among other things, on the number of competitors in the market, their financial resources, their degree of geological, geophysical, engineering, and management expertise and capabilities, their pricing policies, their ability to develop properties on time and on budget, their ability to select, acquire, and develop reserves, and their ability to foster and maintain relationships with the relevant authorities.
Our competitors include entities with greater technical, physical, and financial resources than we have. Furthermore, companies and certain private equity firms not previously investing in minerals and their extraction may choose to acquire reserves to establish a firm supply or simply as an investment. If we are unable to successfully compete in operating our wells or acquisition of attractive assets, we may not be able to achieve or maintain profitable operations.
The mineral rights investment business involves high-risk activities with many uncertainties.
Our and our operating partners’ activities relating to our mineral rights investment business are subject to many risks, including unanticipated problems relating to finding mineral rights assets and additional costs and expenses that may exceed current estimates. There can be no assurance that the expenditures we make in the exploration phase will result in the discovery of economic deposits of minerals, or that any investment we make in initially profitable assets will continue to be productive enough for associated revenues to be commercially viable. In addition, drilling and producing operations on the assets we invest in may be curtailed, delayed, or canceled by the operators of our properties as a result of various factors, including:
| • | declines in oil and natural gas prices; |
| • | infrastructure limitations, such as gas gathering and processing constraints; |
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| • | the high cost, shortages, or delays in procurement of equipment, materials, and/or services; |
| • | unexpected operational events, adverse weather conditions and natural disasters, facility or equipment malfunctions, and equipment failures or accidents; |
| • | inability to obtain satisfactory title to the assets we acquire and other title-related issues; |
| • | pipe or cement failures and casing collapses; |
| • | lost or damaged oilfield development and service tools; |
| • | compliance with environmental, health, safety, and other governmental requirements; |
| • | increases in severance taxes; |
| • | regulations, restrictions, moratoria, and bans on hydraulic fracturing; |
| • | unusual or unexpected geological formations, and pressure or irregularities in formations; |
| • | loss of drilling fluid circulation; |
| • | environmental hazards, such as oil, natural gas, or well fluids spills or releases, pipeline or tank ruptures, and discharges of toxic gases; |
| • | fires, blowouts, craterings, and explosions; |
| • | uncontrollable flows of oil, natural gas, or well fluids; |
| • | pipeline capacity curtailments; and |
| • | evolving cybersecurity risks, such as those involving unauthorized access, third-party provider defects and service failures, denial of service attacks, malicious software, data privacy breaches by employees, insiders, or others with authorized access, cyber or phishing attacks, ransomware, social engineering, physical breaches, or other actions. |
In addition to causing curtailments, delays, and cancellations of drilling and producing operations, many of these events can cause substantial losses, including personal injury or loss of life, damage to or destruction of property, natural resources, and equipment, pollution, environmental contamination, loss of wells, regulatory penalties, and third-party claims. The insurance we maintain against various losses and liabilities arising from our operations does not cover all operational risks involved in our investments. Additionally, we may elect not to obtain insurance if we believe that the cost of available insurance is excessive relative to the perceived risks. Losses could therefore occur for uninsurable or uninsured risks or in amounts in excess of existing insurance coverage. The occurrence of an event that is not fully covered by insurance could have a material adverse impact on our business activities, financial condition, and results of operations.
We, through our investment in PhoenixOp and future assignment of oil and gas properties to PhoenixOp, conduct direct drilling and extraction activities. Such activities pose additional risks to us.
We, through the operations of PhoenixOp, face numerous risks relating to our drilling activities, including:
| • | failing to place a well bore in the desired target producing zone; |
| • | not staying in the desired drilling zone while drilling horizontally through the formation; |
| • | failing to run casing the entire length of the well bore; and |
| • | not being able to run tools and other equipment consistently through the horizontal well bore. |
Risks we may face while completing our wells include, but are not limited to:
| • | not being able to fracture stimulate the planned number of stages; |
| • | failing to run tools the entire length of the well bore during completion operations; |
| • | not successfully cleaning out the well bore after completion of the final fracture stimulation stage; |
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| • | increased seismicity in areas near our completion activities; |
| • | unintended interference of completion activities performed by us or by third parties with nearby operated or non-operated wells being drilled, completed, or producing; and |
| • | failure of our optimized completion techniques to yield expected levels of production. |
Further, many factors may occur that cause us to curtail, delay, or cancel scheduled drilling and completion projects, including, but not limited to:
| • | abnormal pressure or irregularities in geological formations; |
| • | shortages of or delays in obtaining equipment or qualified personnel; |
| • | shortages of or delays in obtaining components used in fracture stimulation processes, such as water and proppants; |
| • | delays associated with suspending our operations to accommodate nearby drilling or completion operations being conducted by other operators; |
| • | mechanical difficulties, fires, explosions, equipment failures, or accidents, including ruptures of pipelines or storage facilities, or train derailments; |
| • | restrictions on the use of underground injection wells for disposing of wastewater from oil and gas activities; |
| • | political events, public protests, civil disturbances, terrorist acts, or cyber-attacks; |
| • | decreases in, or extended periods of low, crude oil and natural gas prices; |
| • | title problems; |
| • | environmental hazards, such as uncontrollable flows of crude oil, natural gas, brine, well fluids, hydraulic fracturing fluids, toxic gas, or other pollutants into the environment, including groundwater and shoreline contamination; |
| • | adverse climatic conditions and natural disasters; |
| • | spillage or mishandling of crude oil, natural gas, brine, well fluids, hydraulic fracturing fluids, toxic gas, or other pollutants by us or by third-party service providers; |
| • | limitations in infrastructure, including transportation, processing, refining, and exportation capacity, or markets for crude oil and natural gas; and |
| • | delays imposed by or resulting from compliance with regulatory requirements, including permitting. |
As we expand our direct drilling and extraction activities the impact of these risks on our overall business will only grow more significant. See “—The businesses of direct drilling and extraction of minerals and acquisition of mineral rights are highly competitive. If we are unable to successfully compete within these businesses through our direct drilling operations conducted by PhoenixOp, we may not be able to identify and purchase attractive assets and successfully operate our properties,” “—Our business is sensitive to the price of oil and gas and sustained declines in prices may adversely affect our financial position, financial results, cash flows, access to capital, and ability to grow,” “—Properties we acquire for our direct drilling and extraction operations, currently conducted through PhoenixOp, may not produce as projected, and we may be unable to determine reserve potential, identify liabilities associated with such properties, or obtain protection from sellers against such liabilities,” and “—Our development of successful operations relies extensively on our direct operations, through PhoenixOp and various third-party E&P operators, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.”
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We are not insured against all risks associated with our business. We and PhoenixOp may elect to not obtain insurance if we believe the cost of available insurance is excessive relative to the risks presented or for other reasons. In addition, some risks such as those stemming from certain environmental hazards are generally not fully insurable.
Losses and liabilities arising from any of the above events could reduce the value of our capital contributions to PhoenixOp, increase our need to provide additional capital to PhoenixOp, and otherwise harm our financial position, which could adversely affect us and our ability to pay our obligations.
Our business is sensitive to the price of oil and gas and sustained declines in prices may adversely affect our financial position, financial results, cash flows, access to capital, and ability to grow.
We are in the business of both drilling and extracting oil and gas minerals directly through our operations conducted by PhoenixOp, and purchasing mineral rights and non-operated working interests in land in the United States, including the rights to drill for oil and gas. The prices we receive for our oil and natural gas production heavily influence our revenue, operating results, profitability, access to capital, future rate of growth, and carrying value of our properties. Oil and natural gas are commodities and, therefore, their prices are subject to wide fluctuations in response to relatively minor changes in supply and demand, as well as costs and terms of transport to downstream markets.
Historically, the commodities markets have been volatile, and these markets will likely continue to be volatile in the future. For example, recently oil prices dropped significantly, going from $71.20 per barrel as of April 1, 2025 to $63.32 per barrel as of May 12, 2025. A decline in oil and natural gas prices can have an adverse effect on the value of our interests in the land and revenue from our own direct drilling production, which will materially and adversely affect our ability to generate cash flows and, in turn, our ability to make interest and principal payments.
The prices received for oil and natural gas produced on our land, and the levels of the production, depend on numerous factors beyond our control and include the following:
| • | changes in global supply and demand for oil and natural gas; |
| • | the actions of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (“OPEC”); |
| • | political and economic conditions and events in foreign oil, natural gas, and NGL producing countries, including elevated levels of inflation and interest rates, embargoes, and introduction of tariffs on oil and gas products; |
| • | the level of global and domestic oil and natural gas E&P activity and the degree to which consolidation among our customers may affect spending on U.S. drilling and completions in the near-term; |
| • | the level of global and domestic oil and natural gas inventories; |
| • | the level of consumer product demand; |
| • | inclement or hazardous weather conditions and natural disasters; |
| • | the availability of storage for hydrocarbons and technological advances affecting energy consumption and energy supply; |
| • | speculative trading in commodity markets, including expectations about future commodity prices; |
| • | the proximity of our production operations to, and capacity, availability, and cost of, pipelines and other transportation and storage facilities, and other factors that result in differentials to benchmark prices; |
| • | domestic, local, and foreign governmental regulation and taxes; |
| • | fuel and energy conservation measures and technological advances affecting energy consumption; |
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| • | armed conflict, political instability, or civil unrest in oil and gas producing regions, including instability in the Middle East and the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, and the related potential effects on laws and regulations or the imposition of economic or trade sanctions; |
| • | changes in regulatory and trade policy, such as tariffs, as well as the potential for general market volatility and political uncertainty; |
| • | the occurrence or threat of epidemic or pandemic diseases, or any government response to such occurrence or threat; and |
| • | the price and availability of alternative fuels. |
These factors and the volatility of oil and natural gas prices make it extremely difficult to predict future crude oil, natural gas, and NGL price movements or to estimate the value of producing properties for acquisition and often cause disruption in the market for oil and natural gas producing properties, as buyers and sellers have difficulty agreeing on such value. Certain actions by OPEC and other oil producing nations in the first half of 2020, combined with the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and a shortage in available storage for hydrocarbons in the United States, contributed to the historic low price for crude oil in April 2020. While the prices for crude oil have generally increased since then, such prices have historically remained volatile, which has adversely affected the prices at which production from our properties is sold, as well as the production activities of operators on our properties, and may continue to do so in the future. This, in turn, has and will materially affect the amount of royalty payments that we receive from our third-party E&P operators and our income from direct drilling operations. Price volatility also makes it difficult to budget for and project the return on acquisitions and development and exploitation projects. In particular, our five-year development plan is based on assumed average oil and natural gas prices of $64.39 per barrel and $3.85 per MMBtu, respectively, and our outlook for 2025 is based on average benchmark commodity prices of $71.98 per barrel for crude oil and $3.94 per Mcf for natural gas, as compared to recent prices of $63.32 per barrel and $3.19 per MMBtu, respectively, as of May 12, 2025. This plan and outlook may need to be adjusted in the future as a result of any material sustained decrease in oil and natural gas prices as compared to our assumptions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. In addition, in response to a sustained decrease in oil and natural gas prices, we may determine to adjust our overall business plan by adjusting capital expenditures, decreasing drilling operations, and/or reducing production plans, among other actions. Such actions and circumstances would impact our revenue, operating expenses, and liquidity. For example, we may be required to raise additional capital, above our current expectations, in order to fully realize our current or adjusted business plan.
Our revenues, operating results, profitability, and future rate of growth depend primarily on the prices of oil and, to a lesser extent, natural gas that we sell. Any substantial decline in the price of crude oil, natural gas, and NGL or prolonged period of low commodity prices will materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. Further, a slowdown in the timing of oil or natural gas production, especially if in connection with a decline in prices, may reduce our ability to collect lease payments from leaseholders, which could limit our ability to make interest and principal payments. Prices also affect the amount of cash flow available for capital expenditures and our ability to raise additional capital. In addition, we may need to record asset carrying value write-downs if prices fall. A significant decline in the prices of natural gas or oil could adversely affect our financial position, financial results, cash flows, access to capital, and ability to grow.
We have a limited operating history and have experienced periods of significant business growth in a short time, making it difficult for you to evaluate our business and prospects. If we are unable to manage our business and growth effectively, our business could be materially and adversely affected.
Since our formation in 2019, our business has grown considerably. Our limited operating history and the significant growth in operations and revenue we have experienced since then makes evaluation of our business and prospects difficult. Any growth that we experience in the future will require us to further expand our drilling and extraction activities and our acquisitions. There can be no assurance that growth in our revenue and operations will continue at a similar pace, or that we will be able to manage our growth effectively. Furthermore, the growth of our business places significant demands on our management, including managing increased numbers of personnel, properties, and business relations, such as our E&P operators. If we do not effectively manage the increased obligations brought by the growth of our operations, we may not be able to execute on our business plan, respond to competitive pressures, take advantage of market opportunities, or satisfy delivery requirements, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.
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In addition, we may encounter risks and difficulties experienced by companies whose performance is dependent upon newly acquired assets, such as failing to integrate, or realizing the expected benefits of, such assets. As a result of the foregoing, we may be less successful in achieving consistent results and continue the growth of our business, as compared with companies that have longer operating histories and a more stable size of operations. In addition, we may be less equipped to identify and address risks and hazards in the conduct of our business than those companies that have longer operating histories.
The acquisition and development of our properties, directly or through our third-party E&P operators, will require substantial capital, and we and our third-party E&P operators may be unable to obtain needed capital or financing on satisfactory terms or at all, including as a result of increases in the cost of capital resulting from Federal Reserve policies in the past few years and otherwise.
The oil and gas industry is capital-intensive. We make, and will continue to make, substantial capital expenditures in connection with the acquisition of mineral and royalty interests. To date, we have financed capital expenditures primarily with funding from capital contributions, cash generated by operations, borrowings under credit facilities, and issuances of debt securities.
In the future, we may need capital in excess of the amounts we retain in our business, borrow under our existing credit facilities, or through issuances of debt securities. There can be no assurance that we can increase the borrowing amount available under our existing credit facilities or continue to raise sufficient funds through our debt securities issuances.
Furthermore, we cannot assure you that we will be able to access other external capital on terms favorable to us or at all. For example, a significant decline in prices for oil and natural gas, rising interest rates, inflationary pressure, and broader economic turmoil may adversely impact our ability to secure financing in the capital markets on favorable terms. Additionally, our ability to secure financing or access the capital markets could be adversely affected if financial institutions and institutional lenders elect not to provide funding for fossil fuel energy companies in connection with the adoption of sustainable lending initiatives or are required to adopt policies that have the effect of reducing the funding available to the fossil fuel sector. If we are unable to fund our capital requirements, we may be unable to complete acquisitions, take advantage of business opportunities, or respond to competitive pressures, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operation and financial condition.
Most of our third-party E&P operators are also dependent on the availability of external debt, equity financing sources, and operating cash flows to maintain their drilling programs. If those financing sources are not available to such E&P operators on favorable terms or at all, then we expect the development of our properties would be adversely affected. If the development of our properties is adversely affected, then revenues from our mineral and royalty interests may decline.
Properties we acquire for our direct drilling and extraction operations, currently conducted through PhoenixOp, may not produce as projected, and we may be unable to determine reserve potential, identify liabilities associated with such properties, or obtain protection from sellers against such liabilities.
Acquiring oil and natural gas properties requires us to assess reservoir and infrastructure characteristics, including recoverable reserves, development and operating costs, and potential liabilities, including, but not limited to, environmental liabilities. Such assessments are inexact and inherently uncertain. For these reasons, the properties we acquire may not produce as projected. In connection with these assessments we perform a review of the subject properties, but such a review may not reveal all existing or potential problems. While conducting due diligence, we may not review every well, pipeline, or associated facility. We cannot necessarily observe structural and environmental problems, such as pipe corrosion or groundwater contamination, when a review is performed. We may be unable to obtain contractual indemnities from any seller for liabilities arising from or attributable to the period prior to our purchase of the property. As a result, we may be required to assume the risk of the physical condition of the properties in addition to the risk that the properties may not perform in accordance with our expectations.
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We may encounter obstacles to marketing our minerals, which could adversely impact our revenues and profits.
The marketability of our production will depend upon numerous factors beyond our control, including the availability and capacity of natural gas gathering systems, pipelines, and other transportation and processing facilities owned by third parties.
Fuel conservation measures, alternative fuel requirements, increasing consumer demand for alternatives to oil and natural gas, technological advances in fuel economy and energy generation devices, and the increased competitiveness of alternative energy sources could reduce demand for oil and natural gas. Additionally, the increased competitiveness of alternative energy sources (such as electric vehicles, wind, solar, geothermal, tidal, fuel cells, and biofuels) could reduce demand for oil and natural gas and, therefore, our revenues.
The marketing of our production can also be affected by U.S. federal and state regulation of oil and natural gas production and transportation. The availability of markets for our production is beyond our control. If market factors dramatically change, the impact on our revenues could be substantial and could adversely affect our ability to produce and market mineral deposits.
If we have difficulty selling the minerals we discover, our profits may decline, and we may not be able to purchase other assets.
A limited number of purchasers and operators currently generate a significant portion of our revenue and/or accounts receivable, and we may not have contracts or agreements directly with all such operators.
A significant portion of our consolidated revenue is generated from product sales for the delivery of commodities that we extract and deliver to purchasers, and we currently deliver to a limited number of purchasers. For example, for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 and for the year ended December 31, 2024, one purchaser of our commodities made up 66%, 16% and 21% of our consolidated revenue, respectively. While we do not believe that the loss of any one purchaser would have a material impact on our revenue, to the extent there is a delay in transferring our commodity sales or entering into purchase contracts with another, new or replacement purchaser, there could be a delay in product sales or an adverse impact on our revenue during the respective period. A large portion of our current mineral rights and lease holdings are serviced by a limited number of third-party E&P operators and, as a result, we generate a significant portion of our revenue and accounts receivable from a limited number of third-party E&P operators. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, eleven third-party E&P operators made up 23% of our consolidated revenue, as compared to eight third-party E&P operators that made up 57% of our consolidated revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2024. Similarly, as of March 31, 2025, we had concentrations in accounts receivable of 20%, 15%, and 14% with three third-party E&P operators, as compared to 17%, 15%, and 13% with three third-party E&P operators as of December 31, 2024. A significant portion of our revenue and accounts receivable are generally derived from our diverse holdings of mineral rights and lease holdings and are generally not generated pursuant to agreements directly between us and the operators of the properties underlying our mineral rights and lease holdings. These interests generate revenue from the sale of crude oil and natural gas, which is paid monthly to us by various third-party oil and gas operators once any extracted crude oil and natural gas is delivered by such operators to purchasers. Those purchasers remit payment for production to the operators of the wells pursuant to sales agreements entered into among the purchasers and such operators, and the operators, in turn, remit payment to the owners in accordance with their ownership percentage in each well (or unit of wells). As is typical in the oil and gas industry, the third-party oil and gas operators generally remit payment to the interest owners pursuant to statute or orders from the oil and gas commission of the state in which the particular well (or unit of wells) is located. For example, the majority interest holders of a unit would petition to appoint a particular operator from the oil and gas commission of the state in which the unit is located (e.g., the Wyoming Oil and Gas Commission, North Dakota Industrial Commission, Texas Railroad Commission (the “Texas RRC”), Montana Board of Oil and Gas Conservation, and Utah Division of Oil, Gas and Mining, among others). If the request is granted by the commission, the operator would become the designated operator for the unit and would be required to remit payments to the interest holders of the unit pursuant to permits or pooling orders from such commission. While our revenue and accounts receivable relating to our mineral rights and lease holdings are derived from a significant number of different units that are subject to different leases and pooling orders from various state oil and gas commissions, the incapacity or loss of one of the operators that generate a significant portion of our revenue and accounts receivable could negatively impact our revenue and accounts receivable and could result in a reduction or delay in revenue generated from the related mineral rights and lease holdings while a replacement operator is selected and designated. Further, although typical in the oil and gas industry, as we do not always have contracts or agreements directly with these operators, we do not always determine or control the rights, payments, discounts, or other terms related to leases or the extraction and sale of assets from the properties underlying our mineral rights and lease holdings.
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Our development of successful operations relies extensively on our direct operations, through PhoenixOp and various third-party E&P operators, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.
A significant portion of our assets consist of mineral and royalty interests. We utilize and will continue to utilize third-party E&P operators to perform the drilling and extraction operations on our assets to extract the natural resources we rely on to generate revenue. The success of our business operations depends on the timing of drilling activities and success of our direct operations and third-party E&P operators. In the three months ended March 31, 2025, and in each of the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, we received revenue from over 100 third-party E&P operators, with approximately 23 % of our consolidated revenue coming from the top eleven third-party operators in the three months ended March 31, 2025, approximately 35% of our consolidated revenue coming from the top ten third-party E&P operators in 2024, approximately 60% of our consolidated revenue coming from the top nine third-party E&P operators in 2023, and approximately 61% of our consolidated revenue coming from the top four third-party E&P operators in 2022. If we or our third-party E&P operators are not successful in the development, exploitation, production, and exploration activities relating to our ownership interests, or are unable or unwilling to perform, our financial condition and results of operation would be materially adversely affected.
With respect to our investments in which we have a non-operated working interest, third-party E&P operators will make decisions in connection with their operations, which may not be in our best interests. We may have no ability to exercise influence over the operational decisions of our third-party E&P operators, including the setting of capital expenditure budgets and drilling locations and schedules. Dependence on our unaffiliated E&P operators could prevent us from realizing target returns for those locations. The success and timing of development activities by our operators will depend on several factors that are largely outside of our control, including: the capital costs required for drilling activities by our E&P operators, which could be significantly more than anticipated; the ability of our operators to access capital; prevailing mineral prices and other factors generally affecting the industry operating environment; the timing of capital expenditures; their expertise and financial resources; approval of other participants in drilling wells; selection of drilling technology; the availability of storage for hydrocarbons; and the rate of production of reserves, if any.
Furthermore, our E&P operators are dependent on various supplies and equipment, as well as qualified personnel, to carry out our extraction operations. Any shortage, unavailability, or increase in the cost of such supplies, personnel, equipment, and parts could have a material adverse effect on their ability to carry out operations and therefore limit or increase the cost of production and, ultimately, our profitability.
The challenges and risks faced by our third-party E&P operators and contractors may be similar to or greater than our own, including with respect to their ability to service their debt, remain in compliance with their debt instruments, and, if necessary, access additional capital. Commodity prices and/or other conditions have in the past caused, and may in the future cause, mineral operators to file for bankruptcy. The insolvency of third-party E&P operators or contractors of any of our properties, their failure to adequately perform, or their breach of applicable agreements could reduce our production and revenue or result in our liability to governmental authorities for compliance with environmental, safety, and other regulatory requirements or to such operators’ suppliers and vendors. Finally, with regards to any third-party E&P operator, they may have the right, if another non-operator fails to pay its share of costs because of its insolvency or otherwise, to require us to pay its proportionate share of the defaulting party’s share of costs.
We rely on our E&P operators, third parties, and government databases for information regarding our assets and, to the extent that information is incorrect, incomplete, or lost, our financial and operational information and projections may be incorrect.
As an owner of mineral and royalty interests, we rely on the E&P operators of our properties to notify us and state regulators of information regarding production on our properties in a timely and complete manner, as well as the accuracy of information obtained from third parties and government databases. We use this information in conjunction with our specialized software to evaluate operations and cash flows, as well as to predict expected production and possible future locations. To the extent we do not timely receive this information or the information is incomplete or incorrect, our financial and operational information may be incorrect and our ability to project potential growth may be materially adversely affected. Furthermore, to the extent we have to update any publicly disclosed results or projections made in reliance on this incorrect or incomplete information, investors could lose confidence in our reported financial information. If any of such third parties’ databases or systems were to fail for any reason, including as a result of a cyber-attack, possible consequences include loss of communication links and inability to automatically process commercial transactions or engage in similar automated or computerized business activities. Any of the foregoing consequences could materially adversely affect our business.
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Our estimated mineral reserves quantities and future production rates are based on many assumptions that may prove to be inaccurate, and they have not been verified by an independent third-party reserve engineering report. Any material inaccuracies in the reserves estimates or the underlying assumptions will materially affect the quantities and present value of our reserves.
It is not possible to measure underground accumulation of crude oil, natural gas, or NGL in an exact way. Numerous uncertainties are inherent in estimating quantities of mineral reserves. The process of estimating mineral reserves is complex, requiring significant expertise, decisions, and assumptions in the evaluation of available geological, engineering, and economic data for each reservoir, including assumptions regarding future natural gas and oil prices, subsurface characterization, production levels, and operating and development costs. For example, our estimates of our reserves are based on the unweighted first-day-of-the-month arithmetic average commodity prices over the prior 12 months in accordance with SEC guidelines. Future prices received for production and costs may vary, perhaps significantly, from the prices and costs assumed for purposes of those estimates. Sustained lower prices will cause the 12-month unweighted arithmetic average of the first-day-of-the-month price for each of the 12 months preceding to decrease over time as the lower prices are reflected in the average price, which may result in the estimated quantities and present values of our reserves being reduced. To the extent that prices become depressed or decline materially from current levels, such conditions could render uneconomic a portion of our proved and probable reserves, and we may be required to write down our proved and probable reserves.
Additionally, we do not have an independent third-party reserve engineering report that verifies our estimates of mineral reserves quantities. We rely on our own internal team to estimate our mineral reserves, only employing third parties in limited capacities to assess the reasonableness and appropriateness of our approach and methodology to estimate our reserves. Lack of an independent third-party reserve engineering report means there is no independent complete analysis of the accuracy of mineral reserve estimates and their present value.
Furthermore, SEC rules require that, subject to limited exceptions, proved and probable undeveloped reserves may only be recorded if they relate to wells scheduled to be drilled within five years after the date of booking. This rule may limit our potential to record additional proved and probable undeveloped reserves as we pursue our drilling program through PhoenixOp. To the extent that prices become depressed or decline materially from current levels, such condition could render uneconomic a number of our identified drilling locations, and we may be required to write down our proved and probable undeveloped reserves if we do not drill those wells within the required five-year time frame or choose not to develop those wells at all.
As a result, estimated quantities of reserves and projections of future production rates and the timing of development expenditures may prove to be inaccurate. Over time, we may make material changes to our reserves estimates. Any significant variance in our assumptions and actual results could greatly affect our estimates of reserves, the economically recoverable quantities of minerals attributable to any particular group of properties, the classifications of reserves based on risk of non-recovery, and estimates of future net cash flows.
In addition, estimates of probable reserves, and the future cash flows related to such estimates, are inherently imprecise and are more uncertain than estimates of proved reserves, and the future cash flows related to such estimates, but have not been adjusted for risk due to that uncertainty. Because of such uncertainty, estimates of probable reserves, and the future cash flows related to such estimates, may not be comparable to estimates of proved reserves, and the future cash flows related to such estimates, and should not be summed arithmetically with estimates of proved reserves and the future cash flows related to such estimates. When producing an estimate of the amount of minerals that are recoverable from a particular reservoir, an estimated quantity of probable reserves is an estimate of those additional reserves that are less certain to be recovered than proved reserves but which, together with proved reserves, are as likely as not to be recovered. Estimates of probable reserves are also continually subject to revisions based on production history, results of additional exploration, and development, price changes, and other factors. When deterministic methods are used, it is as likely as not that actual remaining quantities recovered will exceed the sum of estimated proved plus probable reserves. Probable reserves may be assigned to areas of a reservoir adjacent to proved reserves where data control or interpretations of available data are less certain, even if the interpreted reservoir continuity of structure or productivity does not meet the reasonable certainty criterion. Probable reserves may be assigned to areas that are structurally higher than the proved area if these areas are in communication with the proved reservoir. Probable reserves estimates also include potential incremental quantities associated with a greater percentage recovery of the hydrocarbons in place than assumed for proved reserves.
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The development of our estimated proved and probable undeveloped reserves may take longer and may require higher levels of capital expenditures than we currently anticipate.
Recovery of proved and probable undeveloped reserves requires significant capital expenditures and successful drilling operations. As of December 31, 2024, approximately 61% of our total estimated proved reserves and 100% of our total estimated probable reserves were undeveloped. Furthermore, as of December 31, 2024, we had 130.1 million Boe in total estimated probable undeveloped reserves, which is approximately 2.0 times our total proved reserves. Our reserves estimates assume that substantial capital expenditures will be made to develop non-producing reserves. As of December 31, 2024, we estimate that we will need to make approximately $749.3 million and $3,224.8 million in capital expenditures to develop all our proved and probable undeveloped reserves, respectively. Estimates of capital expenditures are subject to fluctuations in oil and natural gas prices, equipment availability, labor markets, and other factors that we may not foresee or control. As such, we cannot be sure that the estimated costs attributable to our reserves are accurate.
We anticipate that over the next several years our cash flows from operations alone will not be sufficient to finance the development of our estimated proved and probable undeveloped reserves over that period. As a result, we expect that we will need to raise additional capital to develop our reserves. However, we cannot be certain that additional financing will be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. See “—The acquisition and development of our properties, directly or through our third-party E&P operators, will require substantial capital, and we and our third-party E&P operators may be unable to obtain needed capital or financing on satisfactory terms or at all, including as a result of increases in the cost of capital resulting from Federal Reserve policies in the past few years and otherwise.” Additionally, sustained or further declines in commodity prices may require use to revise the future net revenues of our estimated proved and probable undeveloped reserves and may result in some projects becoming uneconomical. Further, our drilling efforts may be delayed or unsuccessful and actual reserves may prove to be less than current reserves estimates, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, future cash flows, and results of operations.
The ability to develop our reserves is subject to a number of uncertainties, which could defer our drilling more than five years from the date undeveloped reserves were first assigned to a drilling location. Alternatively, our estimated reserves may not be ultimately developed or produced. Recovery of undeveloped reserves requires significant capital expenditures and successful drilling operations. If we choose not to spend the capital to develop these reserves, or if we are not otherwise able to successfully develop these reserves, we will be required to remove the associated volumes from our reported proved reserves. In addition, because undeveloped reserves may be booked only if they relate to wells scheduled to be drilled within five years of the date of booking, we may be required to remove any undeveloped reserves that are not developed within this five-year time frame or to reclassify the category of the applicable reserves. A removal or reclassification of reserves could reduce the quantity and present value of our natural gas and oil reserves, which would adversely affect our business and financial condition.
We may experience delays in the payment of royalties and be unable to replace third-party E&P operators that do not make required royalty payments, and we may not be able to terminate our leases with defaulting lessees if any of such E&P operators on those leases declare bankruptcy.
We may experience delays in receiving royalty payments from our E&P operators, including as a result of delayed division orders received by our E&P operators. A failure on the part of the E&P operators to make royalty payments typically gives us the right to terminate the lease, repossess the property, and enforce payment obligations under the lease. If we repossessed any of our properties, we would seek a replacement E&P operator. However, we might not be able to find a replacement E&P operator and, if we did, we might not be able to enter into a new lease on favorable terms within a reasonable period of time. In addition, the outgoing E&P operator could be subject to a proceeding under Title 11 of the United States Code (the “Bankruptcy Code”), in which case our right to enforce or terminate the lease for any defaults, including non-payment, may be substantially delayed or otherwise impaired. In general, in a proceeding under the Bankruptcy Code, the bankrupt E&P operator would have a substantial period of time to decide whether to ultimately reject or assume the lease, which could prevent the execution of a new lease or the assignment of the existing lease to another E&P operator. For example, certain of our E&P operators historically have undergone restructurings under the Bankruptcy Code and any future restructurings of our E&P operators may impact their future operations and ability to make royalty payments to us. If the E&P operator rejected the lease, our ability to collect amounts owed would be substantially delayed, and our ultimate recovery may be only a fraction of the amount owed or nothing. In addition, if we are able to enter into a new lease with a new E&P operator, the replacement E&P operator may not achieve the same levels of production or sell oil or natural gas at the same price as the E&P operator we replaced.
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Our PV-10 will not necessarily be the same as the current market value of our estimated proved reserves.
You should not assume that our PV-10 is the current market value of our estimated proved reserves. We currently base the estimated discounted future net revenues from our proved reserves on the 12-month unweighted arithmetic average of the first-day-of-the-month price for the preceding 12 months. Actual future net revenues from our reserves will be affected by factors such as:
| • | actual prices we receive for natural gas and oil; |
| • | actual cost of development and production expenditures; |
| • | the amount and timing of actual production; |
| • | transportation and processing; and |
| • | changes in governmental regulations or taxation. |
The timing of both our production and our incurrence of expenses in connection with the development and production of our properties will affect the timing and amount of actual future net revenues from proved reserves and, thus, their actual present value. In addition, the 10% discount factor we use when calculating discounted future net revenues may not be the most appropriate discount factor based on interest rates in effect from time to time and risks associated with our business or the natural gas and oil industry in general. Actual future prices and costs may differ materially from those used in the present value estimate.
Estimated reserves do not represent or measure the fair value of the respective property or asset and we may sell or divest an asset for much less than the amount of estimated reserves.
Estimated proved reserves and estimated probable reserves do not represent or measure the fair value of the respective properties or the fair market value at which a property or properties could be sold. In the event of any such sale, proceeds to us may be significantly less than the value of the estimated reserves. The development of our estimated proved and probable undeveloped reserves may take longer and may require higher levels of capital expenditures than we currently anticipate. Estimates of probable reserves, and the future cash flows related to such estimates, are inherently imprecise and are more uncertain than estimates of proved reserves and the future cash flows related to such estimates but have not been adjusted for risk due to such uncertainty.
Our future success depends on our ability to replace reserves.
Because the rate of production from oil and natural gas properties generally declines as reserves are depleted, our future success depends upon our ability to economically find or acquire and produce additional oil and natural gas reserves. Except to the extent that we acquire additional properties containing proved reserves, conduct successful exploration and development activities, or, through engineering studies, identify additional behind-pipe zones or secondary recovery reserves, our proved reserves will decline as our reserves are produced. Future oil and natural gas production, therefore, is highly dependent upon our level of success in acquiring or finding additional reserves that are economically recoverable. We cannot assure you that we will be able to find or acquire and develop additional reserves at an acceptable cost. We may acquire significant amounts of unproved property to further our development efforts. Development and exploratory drilling and production activities are subject to many risks, including the risk that no commercially productive reservoirs will be discovered. We seek to acquire both proved and producing properties as well as undeveloped acreage that we believe will enhance growth potential and increase our earnings over time. However, we cannot assure you that all of these properties will contain economically viable reserves or that we will not abandon our initial investments. Additionally, we cannot assure you that unproved reserves or undeveloped acreage that we acquire will be profitably developed, that new wells drilled on our properties will be productive, or that we will recover all or any portion of our investments in our properties and reserves.
We rely on our software system to identify attractive assets with oil and gas reserves and there can be no assurance that we will be able to continue to scale this software or that such software will be accurate in identifying assets.
As of the date of this Report, we have built and operated our software system on a relatively limited scale. While we believe that our development and testing to date has proven the concept of our software, there can be no assurance that, as we commence larger-scale operations, we will not incur unexpected costs or hurdles that might restrict the desired scale of our
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intended operations or negatively impact our business prospects, financial condition, and results of operation. In addition, due to the limited and changing scale of use, there can be no assurance that the software will be accurate on an ongoing or continuous basis. If our software is unable to scale or to adopt to the changing nature of our operations, or is inaccurate, our ability to successfully invest in commercially viable mineral deposits and PhoenixOp’s ability to successfully extract minerals from assets transferred to it by us could be significantly impacted and our business and operating results may suffer.
We may be unable to realize all of the anticipated benefits from our acquisitions or successfully integrate future acquisitions of mineral rights into our business.
Our ability to achieve the anticipated benefits of our completed and future acquisitions of mineral rights will depend in part upon whether we can integrate the acquired assets into our existing business in an efficient and effective manner. We may not be able to accomplish this integration process successfully. The successful acquisition of producing properties requires an assessment of several factors, including:
| • | recoverable reserves; |
| • | future oil and natural gas prices and their appropriate differentials; |
| • | availability and cost of transportation of production to markets; |
| • | availability and cost of drilling equipment and of skilled personnel for our third-party operators; |
| • | development and operating costs of PhoenixOp and our third-party E&P operators, including potential environmental and other liabilities; and |
| • | regulatory, permitting, and similar matters. |
The accuracy of these assessments is inherently uncertain, and we may not be able to identify attractive acquisition opportunities. In connection with these assessments, in conjunction with the use of our specialized software, we perform a review of the subject properties that we believe to be generally consistent with industry practices, given the nature of our interests. Our review will not reveal all existing or potential problems, nor will it permit us to become sufficiently familiar with the properties to assess fully their deficiencies and capabilities. Even when problems are identified, the seller may be unwilling or unable to provide effective contractual protection against all or part of such problems. Even if we identify attractive acquisition opportunities, we may not be able to complete the acquisition or do so on commercially acceptable terms. We depend on acquisitions to grow our reserves, production, and cash flows.
There is intense competition for acquisition opportunities in our industry. Competition for acquisitions may increase the cost of, or cause us to refrain from, completing acquisitions. Additionally, acquisition opportunities vary over time. Our ability to complete acquisitions is dependent upon, among other things, our ability to obtain the necessary financing and, in some cases, regulatory approvals. Further, these acquisitions may be in geographic regions in which we do not currently hold assets, which could result in unforeseen difficulties. In addition, if we acquire interests in new geographic regions, we may be subject to additional and unfamiliar legal and regulatory requirements. Moreover, the success of any completed acquisition will depend on our ability to effectively integrate the acquired business into our existing business. The process of integrating acquired businesses may involve unforeseen difficulties, including delays, and may require a disproportionate amount of our managerial and financial resources.
No assurance can be given that we will be able to identify suitable acquisition opportunities, negotiate acceptable terms, obtain financing for acquisitions on acceptable terms, or successfully acquire identified targets. Our failure to successfully integrate the acquired assets into our existing operations, achieve cost savings, or minimize any unforeseen difficulties could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. The inability to effectively manage these acquisitions could reduce our focus on subsequent acquisitions and current operations, which, in turn, could negatively impact our growth, results of operations, and cash flows.
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Our E&P operators’ identified potential drilling locations, which are scheduled out over many years, are susceptible to uncertainties that could materially alter the occurrence or timing of their drilling.
Proved and probable undeveloped drilling locations represent a significant part of our growth strategy. However, we do not fully control the development of these locations that we do not directly operate. The ability of our third-party E&P operators to drill and develop identified potential drilling locations depends on a number of uncertainties, including the availability of capital, construction of and limitations on access to infrastructure, the generation of additional seismic or geological information, seasonal conditions and inclement weather, regulatory changes and approvals, oil and gas prices, costs, negotiation of agreements with third parties, drilling results, lease expirations, and the availability of water. Further, our E&P operators’ identified potential drilling locations are in various stages of evaluation, ranging from locations that are ready to drill to locations that will require substantial additional interpretation. The use of technologies and the study of producing fields in the same area will not enable our E&P operators, or us, to know conclusively prior to drilling whether mineral reserves will be present or, if present, whether such resources will be present in sufficient quantities to be economically viable. Even if sufficient amounts of such resources exist, our E&P operators may damage the potentially productive hydrocarbon-bearing formation or experience mechanical difficulties while drilling or completing the well, possibly resulting in a reduction in production from the well or abandonment of the well. If our E&P operators drill additional wells that they identify as dry holes in current and future drilling locations, their drilling success rate may decline and materially harm their business and ours.
There is no guarantee that the conclusions our E&P operators draw from available data from the wells on our acreage, more fully explored locations, or producing fields will be applicable to their drilling locations. Further, initial production rates reported by our or other E&P operators in the areas in which our reserves are located may not be indicative of future or long-term production rates. Additionally, actual production from wells may be less than expected. For example, several E&P operators have previously announced that newer wells drilled close in proximity to already producing wells have produced less oil and gas than forecast. Because of these uncertainties, we do not know if the potential drilling locations identified will ever be drilled or if our E&P operators will be able to produce oil and/or gas from these or any other potential drilling locations. As such, the actual drilling activities of our E&P operators may materially differ from those presently identified, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and cash flows.
Finally, the potential drilling locations we have identified are based on the geologic and other data available to us and our interpretation of such data through our specialized software. As a result, our E&P operators may have reached different conclusions about the potential drilling locations on our properties, and our E&P operators control the ultimate decision as to where and when a well is drilled.
Acreage must be drilled before lease expiration, generally within three to five years, in order to hold the acreage by production. Our E&P operators’ failure to drill sufficient wells to hold acreage may result in the deferral of prospective drilling opportunities.
Leases on crude oil and natural gas properties typically have a term of three to five years, after which they expire unless, prior to expiration, production is established within the spacing units covering the undeveloped acres. In addition, even if production or drilling is established during such primary term, if production or drilling ceases on the leased property, the lease typically terminates, subject to certain exceptions.
Any reduction in our E&P operators’ drilling programs, either through a reduction in capital expenditures or the unavailability of drilling rigs, could result in the expiration of existing leases. If the lease governing any of our mineral interests expires or terminates, all mineral rights revert back to us, and we will have to seek new lessees to explore and develop such mineral interests.
We have limited control over the activities on properties that we do not operate.
Some of the properties in which we have an interest are operated by other companies and involve third-party working interest owners. As a result, we have limited ability to influence or control the operation or future development of such properties, including compliance with environmental, safety, and other regulations, or the amount of capital expenditures that we will be required to fund with respect to such properties. Moreover, we are dependent on the other working interest owners of such projects to fund their contractual share of the capital expenditures of such projects. In addition, a third- party E&P operator could decide to shut-in or curtail production from wells, or plug and abandon marginal wells, on properties owned by that operator during periods of decreases in oil and gas prices. These limitations and our dependence on the E&P operators and third-party working interest owners for these projects could cause us to incur unexpected future costs, lower production, and materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.
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We have completed numerous acquisitions of mineral and royalty interests for which separate financial information is not required or provided.
We have completed numerous acquisitions of mineral and royalty interests that are not “significant” under Rule 3-05 of Regulation S-X (“Rule 3-05”). Therefore, we are not required to, and have elected not to, provide separate historical financial information in our public filings relating to those acquisitions. While these acquisitions are not individually or collectively significant for purposes of Rule 3-05, they have or will have an impact on our financial results and their aggregated effect on our business and results of operations may be material.
The substantial majority of the wells in which we have a mineral or royalty interest and all the wells we directly operate are located in the Williston Basin, making us vulnerable to risks associated with concentration of our assets in a limited geographic area.
The substantial majority of the wells in which we have a mineral or royalty interest and all the wells we directly operate are geographically concentrated in the Williston Basin. As a result, we may be disproportionately exposed to various factors, including, among others:
| • | the impact of regional supply and demand factors; |
| • | delays or interruptions of production from wells in such areas caused by governmental regulation, including changes to field wide rules; |
| • | processing or transportation capacity constraints; |
| • | market limitations; |
| • | availability of equipment and personnel; |
| • | water shortages or other drought-related conditions; or |
| • | interruption of the processing or transportation of natural gas. |
This concentration in a limited geographic area also increases our exposure to changes in local laws and regulations, certain lease stipulations designed to protect wildlife, and unexpected events that may occur in the region, such as natural disasters, seismic events, industrial accidents, or labor difficulties. Any one of these factors has the potential to cause producing wells to be shut-in, delay operations, decrease cash flows, increase operating and capital costs, and prevent development of lease inventory before expirations. Any of the risks described above could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.
Cybersecurity attacks on our technological systems, or those of our third-party vendors, could significantly disrupt our business operations and subject us to liability.
Our business, like other companies in the oil and gas industry, has become increasingly dependent upon digital technologies. We utilize digital technologies to, among other things, process and record financial and operating data, communicate with our business partners, analyze mineral deposits information, and estimate quantities of mineral reserves. Strategic targets, such as energy-related assets, may be at greater risk of future terrorist or cyber-attacks than other targets in the United States. Deliberate attacks on, or security breaches in, our systems or infrastructure, the systems or infrastructure of third parties, or cloud-based applications could lead to corruption or loss of our proprietary data and potentially sensitive data, delays in production or delivery, difficulty in completing and settling transactions, challenges in maintaining our books and records, environmental damage, communication interruptions, other operational disruptions, and third-party liability.
There is no guarantee that our security measures will provide absolute security. We may not be able to anticipate, detect, or prevent cyberattacks, particularly because the methodologies used by attackers change frequently or may not be recognized until launched, and because attackers are increasingly using techniques designed to circumvent controls and avoid
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detection. We and our third-party service providers may therefore be vulnerable to security events that are beyond our control, and we may be the target of cyber-attacks, as well as physical attacks, which could result in the unauthorized access to our information systems or data, the data of our E&P operators, and our employees, or significant disruption to our business. These attacks could adversely impact our business operations, our revenue and profits, our ability to comply with legal, contractual, and regulatory requirements, our reputation and goodwill, and could result in legal risk, enforcement actions, and litigation. As cyberattacks continue to evolve, we may be required to expend significant additional resources to respond to cyberattacks, to continue to modify or enhance our protective measures, or to investigate and remediate any information systems and related infrastructure security vulnerabilities. Additionally, the continuing and evolving threat of cybersecurity attacks has resulted in evolving legal and compliance matters, including increased regulatory focus on prevention, which could require us to expend significant additional resources to meet such requirements.
Security incidents can also occur as a result of non-technical issues, such as physical theft. More recently, advancements in artificial intelligence (“AI”) may pose serious risks for many of the traditional tools used to identify individuals, including voice recognition (whether by machine or the human ear), facial recognition, or screening questions to confirm identities. In addition, generative AI systems may also be used by malicious actors to create more sophisticated cyberattacks (i.e., more realistic phishing or other attacks). The advancements in AI could lead to an increase in the frequency of identity fraud or cyberattacks (whether successful or unsuccessful), which could cause us or our E&P operators to incur increasing costs, including costs associated with additional personnel, protection technologies and policies and procedures, and third-party experts and consultants. If any of these security breaches were to occur, we could suffer disruptions to our operations and other aspects of our business.
Our inability to retain or obtain key personnel could directly affect our efficiency and profitability.
Our future success depends on retaining the services of our planned management team. Our executive officers possess a unique and comprehensive knowledge of our industry and related matters that are vital to our success within the industry. The knowledge, leadership, and technical expertise of these individuals would be difficult to replace. The loss of one or more of our officers could have a material adverse effect on our operating and financial performance, including our ability to develop and execute our long-term business strategy.
We may incur losses as a result of title defects in the properties that we acquire.
It is our practice in acquiring oil and natural gas leases or interests not to incur the expense of retaining lawyers to examine the title to the mineral interest at the time of acquisition. Rather, we rely upon the judgment of lease brokers or landmen who perform the fieldwork in examining records in the appropriate governmental office before attempting to acquire a lease or other interest in a specific mineral interest. The existence of a material title deficiency can render a lease or other interest worthless and can adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. The failure of title on a lease, in a unit, or in any other mineral interest may not be discovered until after a well is drilled, in which case we may lose the lease and the right to produce all or a portion of the minerals under the property.
If the E&P operators of our properties suspend our right to receive royalty payments due to title or other issues, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows may be adversely affected.
We depend in part on acquisitions to grow our reserves, production, and cash generated from operations. In connection with these acquisitions, record title to mineral and royalty interests are conveyed to us by asset assignment, and we become the record owner of these interests. Upon such a change in ownership of mineral interests, and at regular intervals pursuant to routine audit procedures at each of our third-party E&P operators at its discretion, the E&P operator of the underlying property has the right to investigate and verify the title and ownership of mineral and royalty interests with respect to the properties it operates. If any title or ownership issues are not resolved to its reasonable satisfaction in accordance with customary industry standards, the E&P operator may suspend payment of the related royalty. If an E&P operator of our properties is not satisfied with the documentation we provide to validate our ownership, such E&P operator may suspend our royalty or mineral interest right payment until such issues are resolved, at which time we would receive in full payments that would have been made during the suspension, without interest. Certain of our third-party E&P operators impose significant documentation requirements for title transfer and may suspend royalty payments for significant periods of time. During the time that an E&P operator puts our assets in pay suspense, we would not receive the applicable mineral or royalty payment owed to us from sales of the underlying oil or natural gas related to such mineral or royalty interest. Placement of a significant amount of our royalty interests in suspense may have a material advance effect on our business and results of operations.
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Our decommissioning costs are unknown and may be substantial and may force us to divert resources from our other operations.
We may become responsible for costs associated with abandoning and reclaiming wells, facilities, and pipelines (“decommissioning costs”) we use for production of oil, natural gas, and NGL reserves. We accrue a liability for decommissioning costs associated with our wells but have not established any cash reserve account for these potential costs in respect of any of our properties. If decommissioning is required before economic depletion of our properties or if our estimates of the costs of decommissioning exceed the value of the reserves remaining at any particular time to cover such decommissioning costs, we may have to draw on funds from other sources to satisfy such costs. The use of other funds to satisfy such decommissioning costs could impair our ability to focus capital investment in other areas of our business.
Limitation or restrictions on our ability to obtain water for our direct drilling and hydraulic fracturing processes may have an adverse effect on our operating results.
Water is an essential component of shale oil and natural gas development during both the drilling and hydraulic fracturing processes. Our access to water to be used in these processes may be adversely affected due to reasons such as periods of extended drought, private, third-party competition for water in localized areas, or the implementation of local or state governmental programs to monitor or restrict the beneficial use of water subject to their jurisdiction for hydraulic fracturing to assure adequate local water supplies. In addition, treatment and disposal of water is becoming more highly regulated and restricted. Thus, our costs for obtaining and disposing of water could increase significantly. In addition, the use, treatment, and disposal of water has become a focus of certain investors and other stakeholders who may seek to engage with us on this and other environmental matters, which may result in activism, negative reputational impacts, increased costs, or other adverse effects on our business, results of operations, and financial condition. The inability to locate or contractually acquire and sustain the receipt of sufficient amounts of water could adversely impact our E&P operations and have a corresponding adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
Weather conditions, which could become more frequent or severe due to climate change, could adversely affect our ability to conduct drilling, completion, and production activities in the areas where we operate.
Exploration and development activities and equipment of PhoenixOp and our third-party operators operating on our lands can be adversely affected by severe weather, such as well freeze-offs, which may cause a loss of production from temporary cessation of activity or lost or damaged equipment. Our and our third-party operators’ planning for normal climatic variation, insurance programs, and emergency recovery plans may inadequately mitigate the effects of such weather conditions, and not all such effects can be predicted, eliminated, or insured against. In addition, demand for oil and gas are, to a degree, dependent on weather and climate, which impact the price we receive for the commodities we produce. These constraints could delay or temporarily halt our operations and materially increase our operating and capital costs, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Our hedging activities could result in financial losses and reduce earnings.
To achieve a more predictable cash flow and to reduce our exposure to adverse fluctuations in the prices of oil and natural gas, we currently have entered, and may in the future enter, into derivative contracts for a portion of our future oil and natural gas production, including fixed price swaps, collars, and basis swaps. We have not designated and do not plan to designate any of our derivative contracts as hedges for accounting purposes and, as a result, record all derivative contracts on our balance sheet at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in current period earnings. Accordingly, our earnings may fluctuate significantly as a result of changes in the fair value of our derivative contracts. Derivative contracts also expose us to the risk of financial loss in some circumstances, including when:
| • | production is less than expected; |
| • | the counterparty to the derivative contract defaults on its contract obligation; or |
| • | the actual differential between the underlying price in the derivative contract or actual prices received are materially different from those expected. |
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In addition, these types of derivative contracts can limit the benefit we would receive from increases in the prices for oil and natural gas.
Risks Related to Legal, Regulatory, and Environmental Matters
We are subject to significant governmental regulations, and governmental authorities can delay or deny permits and approvals or change legal requirements governing our operations, which could restrict our operations, increase costs of conducting our business, and delay our implementation of, or cause us to change, our business strategy.
The current and future operations of our business and that of the third-party E&P operators on our land are and will be governed by complex and stringent federal, state, local, and other laws and regulations, including:
| • | laws and regulations governing mineral concession acquisition, prospecting, development, mining, production, transportation, marketing, and sales; |
| • | laws and regulations related to exports, taxes, and fees; |
| • | labor standards and regulations related to occupational health and mine safety; |
| • | environmental standards and regulations related to waste disposal, pollution clean-up, toxic substances, land use, and environmental protection; and |
| • | other matters. |
Federal, state, and local agencies may assert overlapping authority to regulate in these areas. In addition, certain of these laws and regulations may apply retroactively and may impose strict or joint and several liability on us for events or conditions over which we and our predecessors had no control, without regard to fault, legality of the original activities, or ownership or control by third parties.
Companies engaged in exploration activities often experience increased costs and delays in production and other schedules as a result of the need to comply with applicable laws, regulations, and permits. Costs of compliance may increase, and operational delays or restrictions may occur, as existing laws and regulations are revised or reinterpreted, or as new laws and regulations become applicable to our operations. Government authorities and other organizations continue to study health, safety, and environmental aspects of mineral operations, including those related to air, soil, and water quality, ground movement or seismicity, and natural resources. Government authorities have also adopted or proposed new or more stringent requirements for permitting, well construction, and public disclosure or environmental review of, or restrictions on, mineral operations. Such requirements or associated litigation could result in potentially significant added costs to comply, delay, or curtail our exploration, development, disposal, or production activities, and preclude us from carrying out our exploration program, which could have a material adverse effect on our expected production, other operations, and financial condition.
To operate in compliance with these laws and regulations, we and our third-party E&P operators must obtain and maintain permits, approvals, and certificates from federal, state, and local government authorities for a variety of activities. These permits are generally subject to protest, appeal, or litigation, which could in certain cases delay or halt projects, production of wells, and other operations. Failure to comply with laws and regulations, including obtaining and maintaining permits, approvals, and certificates, may result in enforcement actions, including the forfeiture of claims, or orders issued by regulatory or judicial authorities requiring operations to cease or be curtailed, the assessment of administrative, civil, and criminal fines and penalties and liability for noncompliance, costs of corrective action, cleanup or restoration, including capital expenditures, installation of additional equipment, or remedial actions, compensation for personal injury, property damage or other losses, and the imposition of injunctive or declaratory relief restricting or limiting our operations.
Our operations may also be adversely affected by seasonal or permanent restrictions on drilling activities designed to protect various wildlife. Such restrictions may limit our ability to operate in protected areas and can intensify competition for drilling rigs, oilfield equipment, services, supplies, and qualified personnel, which may lead to periodic shortages when drilling is allowed. Permanent restrictions imposed to protect threatened or endangered species or their habitat could prohibit drilling in certain areas or require the implementation of expensive mitigation measures.
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The development and enactment of climate change legislation and regulation regarding emissions of greenhouse gases (“GHGs”) could adversely affect the mineral industry and reduce demand for the oil and natural gas that we produce.
The energy industry is affected from time to time in varying degrees by political developments and a wide range of federal, tribal, state, and local statutes, rules, orders, and regulations that may, in turn, affect the operations and costs of the companies engaged in the energy industry. In response to findings that emissions of GHGs present an endangerment to public health and the environment, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (the “EPA”) has adopted regulations under existing provisions of the Clean Air Act of 1970 (as amended, the “CAA”) that, among other things, require preconstruction and operating permits for GHG emissions from certain large stationary sources that already emit conventional pollutants above a certain threshold. In addition, the EPA has adopted rules requiring the monitoring and reporting of GHG emissions from specified onshore and offshore oil and gas production sources in the United States on an annual basis, which may include operations on our properties. Further, the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act and the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the “IRA 2022”) includes billions of dollars in incentives for the development of renewable energy, clean hydrogen, clean fuels, electric vehicles, investments in advanced biofuels and supporting infrastructure, and carbon capture and sequestration. Additionally, the IRA 2022 includes a charge for methane emissions from specific types of facilities that emit 25,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent or more per year, and although the IRA 2022 generally provides for a conditional exemption under certain circumstances, the change applies to emissions that exceed an established emissions threshold for each type of covered facility. On November 12, 2024, the EPA finalized the methane emissions charge rule, implementing the IRA 2022. To the extent the methane emissions charge rule is implemented as originally promulgated, it could increase the operating costs of our E&P operators and adversely affect our business.
Additional GHG regulation could also result from the agreement crafted during the United Nations climate change conference in Paris, France, in December 2015 (the “Paris Agreement”). Under the Paris Agreement, the United States committed to reducing its GHG emissions by 26-28% by the year 2025 as compared with 2005 levels; however, in January 2025, President Trump issued an executive order directing the United States’ withdrawal from the Paris Agreement. As a result, the effect of the Paris Agreement on our business is uncertain. Moreover, in November 2021, at the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change 26th Conference of the Parties, the United States and the European Union advanced a Global Methane Pledge to reduce global methane emissions at least 30% from 2020 levels by 2030, which over 100 countries have signed. While Congress has from time to time considered legislation to reduce emissions of GHGs, comprehensive legislation aimed at reducing GHG emissions has not yet been adopted at the federal level.
In the absence of comprehensive federal climate legislation, a number of state and regional efforts have emerged that are aimed at tracking or reducing GHG emissions by means of cap-and-trade programs. These programs typically require major sources of GHG emissions to acquire and surrender emission allowances in return for emitting those GHGs.
Although it is not possible at this time to predict how legislation or new regulations that may be adopted to address GHG emissions would impact us, any future laws and regulations imposing reporting obligations on, or limiting emissions of GHGs from, operators’ equipment and operations could require them to incur costs to reduce emissions of GHGs associated with their operations. In addition, substantial limitations on GHG emissions could adversely affect demand for the oil and gas produced from our properties. Restrictions on emissions of methane or carbon dioxide, such as restrictions on venting and flaring of natural gas, that may be imposed in various states, as well as state and local climate change initiatives, such as increased energy efficiency standards or mandates for renewable energy sources, could adversely affect the oil and gas industry, and, at this time, it is not possible to accurately estimate how potential future laws or regulations addressing GHG emissions would impact oil and gas assets. Finally, it should be noted that climate change may have significant physical effects, such as increased frequency and severity of storms, freezes, floods, drought, hurricanes, and other climatic events; if any of these effects were to occur, they could have a material adverse effect on us.
Our and third-party E&P operators’ exploration and development activities are subject to environmental risks, which could expose us and E&P operators we work with to significant liability and delay, suspension, or termination of our or the third-party E&P operators’ operations.
Our operations, through PhoenixOp and our third-party E&P operators, are subject to all of the hazards and operating risks associated with drilling for and production of crude oil, natural gas, and NGL, including the risk of fire, explosions, blowouts, surface cratering, uncontrollable flows of crude oil, natural gas, NGL, and formation water, pipe or pipeline failures, abnormally pressured formations, casing collapses, and environmental hazards, such as crude oil and NGL spills, natural gas leaks and ruptures, or discharges of toxic gases.
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In addition, their operations are subject to risks associated with hydraulic fracturing, These risks include any mishandling, surface spillage, or potential underground migration of fracturing fluids, including chemical additives. The occurrence of any of these events could result in substantial losses to us or our E&P operators due to injury or loss of life, severe damage to or destruction of property, natural resources, and equipment, pollution or other environmental damage, clean-up responsibilities, regulatory investigations and penalties, suspension of operations, and repairs required to resume operations, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.
The exploration and possible future development phases of our business and the business of the E&P operators we work with are and will be subject to federal, state, and local environmental regulation. These regulations mandate, among other things, the maintenance of air and water quality standards and land reclamation. They also set out limitations on the generation, transportation, storage, and disposal of solid and hazardous waste. Future environmental legislation may require stricter standards and enforcement, increased fines and penalties for non-compliance, more stringent environmental assessments, and a heightened degree of responsibility for companies and their officers, directors, and employees. Future changes in environmental regulations, if any, may adversely affect our operations and the operations of the E&P operators on our land. If we fail to comply with any of the applicable environmental laws, regulations, or permit requirements, we could face regulatory or judicial sanctions. Penalties imposed by either the courts or administrative bodies could delay or stop our operations or the operations of the third-party E&P operators on our land or require considerable capital expenditures. Furthermore, certain groups opposed to exploration and mining may attempt to interfere with our operations through the legal or regulatory process or by engaging in disruptive protest activities.
Environmental hazards unknown to us, which have been caused by previous or existing owners or operators of the properties, may exist on the properties in which we hold an interest. Our properties could be located on or near the site of a Federal Superfund cleanup project, and that environmental cleanup or other environmental restoration procedures could remain to be completed or mandated by law, which may result in unexpected liabilities, with total costs that are difficult to predict.
The Comprehensive Environmental, Response, Compensation and Liability Act (“CERCLA”) and comparable state statutes impose strict joint and several liability on current and former owners and operators of sites and on persons who disposed of or arranged for the disposal of hazardous substances found at such sites. It is not uncommon for the government to file claims requiring cleanup actions, demands for reimbursement for government-incurred cleanup costs, or natural resource damages, or for neighboring landowners and other third parties to file claims for personal injury and property damage allegedly caused by hazardous substances released into the environment. The Federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (“RCRA”) and comparable state statutes govern the disposal of solid waste and hazardous waste and authorize the imposition of substantial fines and penalties for noncompliance, as well as requirements for corrective actions. CERCLA, RCRA, and comparable state statutes can impose liability for clean-up of sites and disposal of substances found on exploration, mining, and processing sites long after activities on such sites have been completed.
The CAA restricts the emission of air pollutants from many sources, including mining and processing activities. The mining operations conducted by third parties on our land may produce air emissions, including fugitive dust and other air pollutants from stationary equipment, storage facilities, and the use of mobile sources such as trucks and heavy construction equipment, which are subject to review, monitoring, and/or control requirements under the CAA and state air quality laws. In undeveloped properties, third-party operators may be required to obtain permits before work can begin, and, in properties with existing facilities, our operators may need to incur capital costs in order to remain in compliance. In addition, permitting rules may impose limitations on their production levels or result in additional capital expenditures in order to comply with the rules.
The National Environmental Policy Act requires federal agencies to integrate environmental considerations into their decision-making processes by evaluating the environmental impacts of their proposed actions, including issuance of permits to mining facilities, and assessing alternatives to those actions. If a proposed action could significantly affect the environment, the agency must prepare a detailed statement known as an Environmental Impact Statement (“EIS”). The EPA, other federal agencies, and any interested third parties will review and comment on the scoping of the EIS and the adequacy of and findings set forth in the draft and final EIS. This process can cause delays in issuance of required permits or result in changes to a project to mitigate its potential environmental impacts, which can in turn adversely impact the economic feasibility of a proposed project.
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The Clean Water Act (the “CWA”) and comparable state statutes impose restrictions and controls on the discharge of pollutants into waters of the United States. The discharge of pollutants into regulated waters is prohibited, except in accordance with the terms of a permit issued by the EPA or an analogous state agency. The CWA regulates storm water mining facilities and requires a storm water discharge permit for certain activities. Such a permit requires the regulated facility to monitor and sample storm water run-off from its operations. The CWA and regulations implemented thereunder also prohibit discharges of dredged and fill material in wetlands and other waters of the United States unless authorized by an appropriately issued permit. The CWA and comparable state statutes provide for civil, criminal, and administrative penalties for unauthorized discharges of pollutants and impose liability on parties responsible for those discharges for the costs of cleaning up any environmental damage caused by the release and for natural resource damages resulting from the release.
The Safe Drinking Water Act (the “SDWA”) and the Underground Injection Control (the “UIC”) program promulgated thereunder regulate the drilling and operation of subsurface injection wells. The EPA directly administers the UIC program in some states and in others the responsibility for the program has been delegated to the state. The program requires that a permit be obtained before drilling a disposal or injection well. Violation of these regulations and/or contamination of groundwater by mining-related activities may result in fines, penalties, and remediation costs, among other sanctions and liabilities under the SDWA and state laws. In addition, third-party claims may be filed by neighboring landowners and other parties claiming damages for alternative water supplies, property damages, and bodily injury.
There can be no assurance that our defense of such claims will be successful. A successful claim against us or any of the third parties we contract with could have an adverse effect on our business prospects, financial condition, and results of operation.
We or our third-party E&P operators could be subject to environmental lawsuits.
The oil and natural gas business involves a variety of operating hazards and risks, such as well blowouts, pipe failures, casing collapse, explosions, uncontrollable flows of oil, natural gas, or well fluids, fires, spills, pollution, releases of toxic gas, and other environmental hazards and risks. These hazards and risks could result in substantial losses to us from, among other things, injury or loss of life, severe damage to or destruction of property, natural resources, and equipment, pollution or other environmental damage, cleanup responsibilities, regulatory investigation and penalties, and suspension of operations. In addition, we may be liable for environmental damages caused by previous owners of property purchased by us. Environmental hazards and damages resulting from such incidents may have adverse consequences beyond our land and neighboring landowners and other third parties could file claims based on environmental statutes and common law for personal injury and property damage allegedly caused by the release of hazardous substances or other waste material into the environment on or around our properties. There can be no assurance that our defense of such claims will be successful. A successful claim against us or any of the third parties we contract with to conduct operations on our land could have an adverse effect on our business prospects, financial condition, and results of operation.
We do not currently own any registered intellectual property rights relating to our software system and may be subject to competitors developing the same technology.
As of the date of this report, we do not own any registered intellectual property rights for our software system used in our mineral rights discovery, grading and estimates, and acquisition. We rely on trade secret laws to protect our software. There can be no assurance that these protections will be available in all cases or will be adequate to prevent third parties from copying, reverse engineering, or otherwise obtaining and using our software. We substantially rely on this software to identify profitable assets ahead of our competitors. If an existing competitor or anyone else replicates our software, then we may be unable to successfully compete and may be unable to identify, acquire, and invest in attractive assets, which would have a material adverse effect on our business and our ability to repay any of our debts, including the obligations.
Third parties may initiate legal proceedings alleging that our use of our software system is infringing or otherwise violating their intellectual property rights, which could lead to costly disputes or disruptions.
Our commercial success depends in part on our ability to continue to develop and use our proprietary mineral exploration software system without infringing the intellectual property or proprietary rights of third parties. However, from time to time, we may be subject to legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of business with respect to intellectual property. Intellectual property disputes can be costly to defend and may cause our business, operating results, and financial condition to suffer. As the applied science industry and investments in mineral rights in the United States expand, the risk
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increases that there may be patents issued to third parties that relate to our software of which we are not aware or that we must challenge to continue our operations as currently contemplated. Whether merited or not, we may face allegations that we or parties indemnified by us have infringed or otherwise violated the patents, trademarks, copyrights, or other intellectual property rights of third parties. Such claims may be made by competitors seeking to obtain a competitive advantage or by other parties. We may also face allegations that our employees have misappropriated the intellectual property or proprietary rights of their former employers or other third parties.
It may be necessary for us to initiate litigation to defend ourselves in order to determine the scope, enforceability, and validity of third-party intellectual property or proprietary rights, or to establish our respective rights. Regardless of whether claims that we are infringing patents or other intellectual property rights have merit, such claims can be time-consuming, can divert management’s attention and financial resources, and can be costly to evaluate and defend. Results of any such litigation are difficult to predict and may require us to stop commercializing or using our products or technology, obtain licenses, modify our solutions and technology while we develop non-infringing substitutes, incur substantial damages or settlement costs, or face a temporary or permanent injunction prohibiting us from marketing or providing the affected products and solutions. If we require a third-party license, it may not be available on reasonable terms or at all, and we may have to pay substantial royalties or upfront fees or grant cross-licenses to intellectual property rights for the use of our software. We may also have to redesign our software so it does not infringe third-party intellectual property rights, which may not be possible or may require substantial monetary expenditures and time, during which our technology may not be available for use. Even if we have an agreement to indemnify us against such costs, the indemnifying party may be unable to uphold its contractual obligations. If we cannot or do not obtain a third-party license to the infringed technology, license the technology on reasonable terms, or obtain similar technology from another source, our operations could be adversely impacted.
Further, some third parties may be able to sustain the costs of complex litigation more effectively than we can because they have substantially greater resources. Even if resolved in our favor, litigation or other legal proceedings relating to intellectual property claims may cause us to incur significant expenses and could distract our technical and management personnel from their normal responsibilities. In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions, or other interim proceedings or developments, and if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a material adverse effect on our business. Moreover, any uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of any legal proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise the funds necessary to continue our operations. Assertions by third parties that we violate their intellectual property rights could therefore have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We could be subject to changes in our tax rates, the adoption of new tax legislation, or exposure to additional tax liabilities.
Current economic and political conditions make tax rates in any jurisdiction subject to significant change. Our future effective tax rates could also be affected by changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities, or changes in tax laws or their interpretation, including changes in tax laws affecting our products and solutions and the oil and gas industry more generally. We are also subject to the examination of our tax returns and other documentation by the IRS and state tax authorities. We regularly assess the likelihood of an adverse outcome resulting from these examinations to determine the adequacy of our provision for taxes. There can be no assurance as to the outcome of these examinations or that our assessments of the likelihood of an adverse outcome will be correct. If our effective tax rates were to increase or if the ultimate determination of our taxes owed is for an amount in excess of amounts previously accrued, this could materially and adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations.
Current and future litigation, regulatory, administrative, or other legal proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
Lawsuits and regulatory, administrative, or other legal proceedings that have arisen or may arise, including, but not limited to, in connection with our oil and gas operations and the financing thereof, can involve substantial costs, including the costs associated with investigation, litigation, and possible settlement, judgment, penalty, or fine. In addition, such matters may be time-consuming to defend or prosecute and may require a commitment of management and personnel resources that will be diverted from our normal business operations. There can be no assurance that costs associated with such matters will not exceed the limits of any applicable insurance policies that we may have. Moreover, we may be unable to continue to maintain any insurance at a reasonable cost, if at all, or to secure additional coverage, which may result in costs being uninsured. Our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected if a matter is adversely determined and, irrespective of a final determination, any such matter could significantly impact our reputation and ability to conduct our business.
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Risks Related to Our Indebtedness
Our substantial indebtedness could adversely affect our financial condition and prevent us from fulfilling our obligations under the Registered Notes and our other indebtedness.
We have a significant amount of indebtedness. We may not generate sufficient cash flow from operations, or have future borrowings available under credit facilities or other sources of financing, to enable us to repay our indebtedness, including the Registered Notes, or to fund our other liquidity needs. As of March 31, 2025, after giving effect to the borrowings of additional $50.0 million under the Fortress Credit Agreement in April and May 2025, we had approximately $1,134.4 million of indebtedness outstanding, which comprised $300.0 million outstanding under the Fortress Credit Agreement, $163.0 million outstanding under the Adamantium Loan Agreement (and corresponding amount of Adamantium Securities), $571.7 million of Reg D Bonds outstanding, and $99.6 million of Reg A Bonds outstanding. Furthermore, the Fortress Credit Agreement provides for an $8.5 million tranche of loans that represents a contingent principal obligation that is only due and payable (together with accrued interest thereon) upon certain conditions occurring, including payment defaults under the Fortress Credit Agreement or a bankruptcy filing by the obligors thereunder. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Indebtedness.”
Specifically, our high level of indebtedness could have important consequences to holders of Registered Notes, including:
| • | making it more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations with respect to the Registered Notes and our other indebtedness, and if we fail to comply with these requirements, an event of default could result; |
| • | limiting our ability to obtain additional financing to fund future working capital, capital expenditures, investments, acquisitions, or other general corporate requirements; |
| • | requiring a substantial portion of our cash flows to be dedicated to debt service payments instead of other purposes, thereby reducing the amount of cash flows available for working capital, capital expenditures, investments, acquisitions, and other general corporate purposes; |
| • | increasing our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions; |
| • | exposing us to the risk of increased interest rates, as borrowings under the Fortress Credit Agreement are at variable rates of interest; |
| • | limiting our flexibility in planning for and reacting to changes in the industry in which we compete and to changing business and economic conditions; |
| • | placing us at a disadvantage compared to other, less leveraged competitors or competitors with better access to capital resources, and generally affecting our ability to compete; and |
| • | increasing our cost of borrowing. |
Any such consequences could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
Despite our current level of indebtedness, we will still be able to incur substantially more debt. This could further exacerbate the risks to our financial condition described above.
We may incur significant additional indebtedness in the future. The indenture governing the Registered Notes does not contain any limitations on our ability to incur additional indebtedness, including Senior Debt. Although the Fortress Credit Agreement contains, and the terms of future indebtedness we incur may contain, restrictions on the incurrence of additional indebtedness, these restrictions are subject to a number of qualifications and exceptions, and the additional indebtedness incurred in compliance with these restrictions could be substantial. If we incur any additional Senior Debt, the holders of that indebtedness will be entitled to repayment in full from any proceeds distributed in connection with any insolvency, liquidation, reorganization, dissolution, or other winding up of our company prior to any payment to holders of Notes. If we incur any additional indebtedness that ranks equally with the Registered Notes, subject to collateral arrangements, the holders of that indebtedness will be entitled to share ratably with you in any proceeds distributed in connection with any insolvency,
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liquidation, reorganization, dissolution, or other winding up of our company. In either case, this could reduce the amount of proceeds paid to you. These restrictions also will not prevent us from incurring obligations that do not constitute indebtedness. If new indebtedness or other obligations are added to our current indebtedness levels, the related risks that we now face would increase.
We may not be able to generate sufficient cash to service all of our existing and future indebtedness, including the Registered Notes, and may be forced to take other actions to satisfy our obligations under our indebtedness, which may not be successful.
As a result of our substantial indebtedness, a significant amount of our cash flow will be required to pay interest and principal on our outstanding indebtedness. Our ability to make scheduled payments on or refinance our indebtedness, including the Registered Notes, depends on our financial condition and operating performance, which are subject to prevailing economic and competitive conditions and to certain financial, business, legislative, regulatory, and other factors beyond our control. We may be unable to maintain a level of cash flows from operating activities sufficient to permit us to pay the principal of, premium, if any, and interest on our indebtedness, including the Registered Notes, or to service our other obligations.
We recorded net income (loss) of $(8.4) million and $5.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively. In 2023 and 2024, we incurred a significant amount of debt in order to accelerate the growth of our business by acquiring additional assets and establishing our direct drilling operations. As a result, our cash flows from operations alone would not have been sufficient to service required cash interest and principal payment obligations under our then-existing debt in 2023 and 2024. Furthermore, as of December 31, 2024, we estimate that we will need to make approximately $749.3 million and $3,224.8 million in capital expenditures to develop all our proved and probable undeveloped reserves, respectively, and that we will need to raise approximately $658.9 million in additional capital through the end of 2028 to fund such development. Although we expect our cash flows from operations to be sufficient to service cash interest and principal payment obligations under our debt for the foreseeable future, there can be no assurance as to the sufficiency of our cash flows for that purpose, and we do not expect such cash flows alone to be adequate to fund both our debt service obligations and the development of our reserves. Therefore, we expect to require additional capital to fund our growth and may require additional liquidity to service our debt. As a result, we may use the proceeds of additional debt, including the Registered Notes, to make interest and principal payments on our existing debt. See “—Risks Related to Our Business and Operations—The acquisition and development of our properties, directly or through our third-party E&P operators, will require substantial capital, and we and our third-party E&P operators may be unable to obtain needed capital or financing on satisfactory terms or at all, including as a result of increases in the cost of capital resulting from Federal Reserve policies in the past few years and otherwise,” “—Despite our current level of indebtedness, we will still be able to incur substantially more debt. This could further exacerbate the risks to our financial condition described above,” and “Part I. Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”
If our cash flows from operations and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations, we could face substantial liquidity problems and could be forced to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures or to dispose of material assets or operations, seek additional debt or equity capital, or restructure or refinance our indebtedness, including the Registered Notes. We may not be able to effect any such alternative measures on commercially reasonable terms or at all and, even if successful, those alternative actions may not allow us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations. If we cannot make scheduled payments on our indebtedness, we will be in default and holders of such indebtedness could declare all outstanding principal of, premium on, and interest, if any, on such indebtedness to be due and payable, and the lenders under any revolving or delayed draw credit facilities, including the Fortress Credit Agreement, could terminate their commitments to loan money to us. As a result of a default, any secured lenders could foreclose against the assets securing their borrowings and we could be forced into bankruptcy or liquidation. All of these events could result in your losing all or a part of your investment in the Registered Notes.
Furthermore, the Fortress Credit Agreement restricts, and our future indebtedness may restrict, our ability to dispose of assets and use the proceeds from such dispositions and may also restrict our ability to raise debt or equity capital to be used to repay other indebtedness when it becomes due. We may not be able to consummate those dispositions or to obtain proceeds in an amount sufficient to meet any debt service obligations then due.
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We will need to repay or refinance a substantial amount of our indebtedness prior to maturity of the Registered Notes. Failure to do so could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
Registered Notes have maturities ranging from three to eleven years from the date of initial issuance. As of March 31, 2025, after giving effect to the borrowings of additional $50.0 million under the Fortress Credit Agreement in April and May 2025, we had approximately $590.7 million of indebtedness maturing within three years, including all amounts under the Fortress Credit Agreement, $674.0 million of indebtedness maturing within five years, $811.2 million of indebtedness maturing within seven years, and $1,134.4 million of indebtedness maturing within eleven years. Furthermore, the Fortress Credit Agreement provides for an $8.5 million tranche of loans that represents a contingent principal obligation that is only due and payable (together with accrued interest thereon) upon certain conditions occurring, including payment defaults under the Fortress Credit Agreement or a bankruptcy filing by the obligors thereunder. The terms of the Adamantium Securities, the Reg A Bonds, the Subordinated Reg D Bonds, and the July 2022 506(c) Bonds contain mandatory redemption provisions providing the holders thereof with the ability to request redemption of their bonds at any time prior to maturity at a price equal to 100% (with respect to the Adamantium Secured Note), 90% (with respect to the July 2022 506(c) Bonds), or 95% (with respect to the Adamantium Bonds, the Reg A Bonds, and the Subordinated Reg D Bonds) of the principal amount being redeemed. The amount of such redemption is limited (i) on an annual basis to 10% of the aggregate principal amount of Adamantium Bonds, Reg A Bonds, or Subordinated Reg D Bonds, as applicable, then issued and outstanding and (ii) $5.0 million in aggregate principal amount of the Adamantium Secured Note in any 12-month period. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Indebtedness.” Consequently, prior to the maturity of the Registered Notes, we will need to repay, refinance, replace, or otherwise extend the maturity of a substantial amount of our existing indebtedness. Our ability to repay, refinance, replace, or extend will be dependent on, among other things, business conditions, our financial performance, and the general condition of the financial markets. If a financial disruption were to occur at the time that we are required to repay such indebtedness, we could be forced to undertake alternate financings, negotiate for an extension of the maturity of such indebtedness, or sell assets and delay capital expenditures in order to generate proceeds that could be used to repay such indebtedness. We cannot assure you that we will be able to consummate any such transaction on terms that are commercially reasonable, on terms acceptable to us, or at all. Our failure to repay, refinance, replace, or otherwise extend the maturity of our indebtedness could result in an event of default under the documents governing our indebtedness, which could lead to an acceleration or repayment of substantially all of our outstanding indebtedness.
The terms of our outstanding indebtedness restrict, and the terms of future indebtedness we may incur may restrict, our current and future operations, particularly our ability to respond to changes in the economy or our industry or to take certain actions, which could harm our long-term interests.
The agreements governing certain of our existing indebtedness contain, and the agreements governing future indebtedness we may incur may contain, a number of restrictive covenants that impose significant operating and financial restrictions on us and may limit our ability to engage in acts that may be in our long-term best interest, including restrictions on our ability to:
| • | incur additional indebtedness and guarantee indebtedness; |
| • | pay dividends or make other distributions in respect of, or repurchase or redeem, our capital stock; |
| • | prepay, redeem, or repurchase certain indebtedness; |
| • | make loans and investments; |
| • | sell or otherwise dispose of assets; |
| • | incur liens; |
| • | enter into transactions with affiliates; |
| • | designate any of our subsidiaries as unrestricted subsidiaries; |
| • | enter into agreements restricting our subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends; |
| • | consolidate, merge, sell, or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our assets; and |
| • | prepay subordinated or junior lien indebtedness, including the Registered Notes. |
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In addition, the Fortress Credit Agreement contains financial covenants that require us to maintain (a) a maximum total secured leverage ratio (i) as of the last day of any fiscal quarter ending on or before December 31, 2025 of less than or equal to 2.00 to 1.00 (commencing with the fiscal quarter ending December 31, 2024) and (ii) as of the last day of any fiscal quarter ending on or after March 31, 2026 of less than or equal to 1.50 to 1.00, (b) a minimum current ratio as of the last day of each calendar month of (i) 0.90 to 1.00 from September 30, 2024 through October 31, 2024, (ii) 0.80 to 1.00 from November 30, 2024 through November 30, 2025, (iii) 0.90 to 1.00 from December 31, 2025 through December 31, 2026, and (iv) 1.00 to 1.00 for each calendar month ending thereafter, and (c) a minimum asset coverage ratio as of the last day of any fiscal quarter (i) ending during the period from June 30, 2024 through December 31, 2024, of at least 2.00 to 1.00, (ii) ending during the period from March 31, 2025 through September 30, 2025, of at least 1.70 to 1.00, and (iii) ending during the period from December 31, 2025 and thereafter, of at least 2.00 to 1.00. Our ability to meet the financial covenant could be affected by events beyond our control.
Furthermore, subject to certain conditions, the Reg A Bonds require that we offer to purchase all or any amount of the outstanding Reg A Bonds at a price equal to the then outstanding principal on the Reg A Bonds being repurchased plus any accrued but unpaid interest on such Reg A Bonds, upon a change of control.
These restrictions may affect our ability to service our indebtedness or grow in accordance with our strategy. As a result of all of these restrictions, we may be:
| • | limited in how we conduct our business; |
| • | unable to raise additional indebtedness or equity financing to operate during general economic or business downturns; or |
| • | unable to compete effectively or to take advantage of new business opportunities. |
A breach of the covenants under any such indebtedness could result in a default under the applicable indebtedness. Such a default may allow the creditors to accelerate the related indebtedness and may result in the acceleration of any other indebtedness to which a cross-acceleration or cross-default provision applies. In addition, an event of default under the Fortress Credit Agreement or any other revolving or delayed draw credit facilities would permit the lenders under those facilities to terminate all commitments to extend further credit thereunder.
Furthermore, if we were unable to repay the amounts due and payable under any secured indebtedness, including the Fortress Credit Agreement, those lenders could proceed against the collateral granted to them, including our available cash, to secure that indebtedness, subject to the provisions of any outstanding intercreditor arrangements. In the event our lenders accelerate the repayment of our borrowings, we and our subsidiaries may not have sufficient assets to repay that indebtedness.
Our variable rate indebtedness subjects us to interest rate risk, which could cause our debt service obligations to increase significantly.
Borrowings under the Fortress Credit Agreement are, and borrowings under indebtedness we may incur in the future may be, at variable rates of interest and expose us to interest rate risk. If interest rates were to increase, our debt service obligations on the variable rate indebtedness would increase even though the amount borrowed remained the same, and our net income and cash flows, including cash available for servicing our indebtedness, including the Registered Notes, will correspondingly decrease. In the future, we may enter into interest rate swaps that involve the exchange of floating- for fixed-rate interest payments in order to reduce interest rate volatility or risk. However, we may not maintain interest rate swaps with respect to any of our variable rate indebtedness, and any swaps we enter into may not fully or effectively mitigate our interest rate risk.
General Risks
Our business could be adversely affected by unfavorable economic and political conditions.
Our future business and operations are sensitive to general business and economic conditions in the United States. National and regional economies and financial markets have become increasingly interconnected, which increases the possibilities that conditions in one country, region, or market might adversely impact companies in a different country, region, or market. Major economic or political disruptions, such as trade disputes between the United States and other countries, the slowing economy in China, the conflict between Hamas and Israel in Gaza, the war in Ukraine and sanctions on Russia, and a potential economic slowdown in the United Kingdom and Europe, may have global negative economic and market repercussions. While we do not have or intend to have operations in those countries, such disruptions may
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nevertheless cause fluctuations in oil prices, which could impact our ability to generate cash flows and, in turn, make interest and principal payments to you. Additionally, the resulting political instability and societal disruption from these events and other factors, such as declining business and consumer confidence, may contribute to an economic slowdown and a recession. If the economic climate in the United States or abroad deteriorates, worldwide demand for oil and natural gas products could diminish, which could impact our and our E&P operators’ operations, affect our ability and the ability of our E&P operators to continue operations, and ultimately materially adversely impact our results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.
Other significant factors that are likely to continue to affect commodity prices in future periods include, but are not limited to, the effect of U.S. energy, monetary, and trade policies and the new administration’s energy and environmental policies, all of which are beyond our control. Our business may also be adversely impacted by any future government rule, regulation, or order that may impose production limits, as well as pipeline capacity and storage constraints. We cannot predict the ultimate impact of these factors on our business, financial condition, and cash flows.
The lingering effects of the COVID-19 pandemic or any other future global or domestic health crisis and uncertainty in the financial markets may adversely affect our ability to generate revenues.
The COVID-19 pandemic and other public health emergencies historically have had a material adverse effect on oil and gas businesses, due to governmental restrictions, associated repercussions, and operational challenges to supply and demand for oil and natural gas and the economy generally. The impacts of public health emergencies, including the COVID-19 pandemic, are uncertain and hard to predict. Although there has been economic recovery and higher oil prices since the COVID-19 pandemic, such negative impact may continue well beyond the containment of the COVID-19 pandemic or any other public health emergency. While oilfield activity has improved considerably and global inventories have rapidly normalized with continued demand growth since the low point experienced in 2020, considerable uncertainty remains. An extended period of global supply chain and economic disruption, as well as significantly decreased demand for oil and gas, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, any future public health emergencies, or otherwise, could have a material adverse effect on our business, access to sources of liquidity, and financial condition. Additionally, extended disruptions to the global economy are likely to cause fluctuations in oil prices and the timing of oil production, which could have a material adverse effect on our ability to generate cash flow, which in turn could limit our ability to pay principal and interest.
Inflation could adversely impact our ability to control costs, including the operating expenses and capital costs of our third-party operating partners.
Concerns over global economic conditions, energy costs, supply chain disruptions, increased demand, labor shortages associated with a fully employed U.S. labor force, the imposition of new tariffs, geopolitical issues, high levels of inflation, the availability and cost of credit and the U.S. financial market, and other factors have contributed to increased economic uncertainty and diminished expectations for the global economy. Although inflation in the United States had been relatively low for many years, there was a significant increase in inflation beginning in the second half of 2021, which continued through 2023, and while such inflation moderation moderated in 2024, inflation remains higher than the 2.0% inflation target of the U.S. Federal Reserve as of the first quarter of 2025. We continue to develop plans to address these pressures and protect our access to commodities and services. Nevertheless, we expect for the foreseeable future to experience supply chain constraints and inflationary pressure on operating costs.
High inflation may cause our third-party operators to experience increasing costs for their operations, including oilfield services and equipment and increased personnel costs. Our operating partners may pass on such increased costs to us and have a negative effect on our business and financial condition. Sustained levels of high inflation have likewise caused the U.S. Federal Reserve and other central banks to increase interest rates multiple times in an effort to curb inflationary pressure on the costs of goods and services across the United States, which has had the effects of raising the cost of capital and depressing economic growth, either of which, or the combination thereof, could hurt the financial results of our business. We cannot predict any future trends in the rate of inflation and any continued significant increase in inflation, to the extent we are unable to recover higher costs through higher prices and revenues for our products, would negatively impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
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Increased attention to environmental, social, and governance (“ESG”) matters may impact our business.
Businesses across all industries are facing increasing scrutiny from stakeholders related to their ESG practices. If we do not adapt to or comply with investor or stakeholder expectations and standards, which are evolving, or if we are perceived to have not responded appropriately to the growing concern for ESG issues, regardless of whether there is a legal requirement to do so, we may suffer from reputational damage and our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. Increasing attention to climate change, increasing societal expectations on businesses to address climate change, and potential consumer use of substitutes to energy commodities may result in increased costs, reduced demand for our hydrocarbon products, reduced profits, increased investigations and litigation, and negative impacts on our ability to access capital markets.
In addition, organizations that provided information to investors on corporate governance and related matters have developed rating processes for evaluating business entities on their approach to ESG matters. Currently, there are no universal standards for such scores or ratings, but the importance of sustainability evaluations is becoming more broadly accepted by investors and shareholders. Such ratings are used by some investors to inform their investment and voting decisions.
Additionally, certain investors use these scores to benchmark businesses against their peers. If we are perceived as lagging, our investors may engage with such third-party organizations to require improved ESG disclosure or performance.
Certain other stakeholders have also pressured commercial and investment banks to stop financing oil and gas and related infrastructure projects. Although the impact of future Trump Administration policies is currently unknown, if this negative sentiment continues, it may reduce the availability of capital funding for potential development projects, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.
Investment in new business ventures could prove unsuccessful and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
In the future, we may invest in new business ventures. Such endeavors may involve risks and uncertainties, including greater-than-expected liabilities and expenses, as well as economic and regulatory challenges associated with operating in new businesses, regions, or countries. Investment into new business ventures may expose the company to additional risks that could delay or prevent us from completing an investment or otherwise limit our ability to fully realize the anticipated benefits of an investment. The failure of any significant investment could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
| (a) | Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities: None. |
| (b) | Use of Proceeds: On May 14, 2025, the Registration Statement was declared effective, pursuant to which the Issuer intends to sell up to $750.0 million aggregate principal amount of Registered Notes on a continuous basis. The offering of the Registered Notes is ongoing and, as of the date of this Quarterly Report, the Issuer has not sold any Registered Notes. |
| (c) | Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers: None. |
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
None.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
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| (a) | Disclosures in Lieu of Reporting on a Current Report on Form : On May 14, 2025, the Issuer entered into Indenture pursuant to which it may issue up to $750.0 million aggregate principal amount of Registered Notes pursuant to the Registration Statement. Furthermore, on May 14, 2025, the Issuer effected the previously disclosed increase in the offering amount of its August 2023 506(c) Bonds from $750.0 million to $1,500.0 million and amended the indenture governing such bonds in connection therewith. Lastly, on May 15, 2025, the Issuer entered into an indenture with UMB Bank, N.A., as trustee, pursuant to which it may, from time to time, issue debt securities to holders of the Reg A Bonds in exchange for their Reg A Bonds in offerings exempt from registration under Section 3(a) (9) and/or 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act. 8-K |
| (b) | Material Changes to the Procedures by Which Security Holders May Recommend Nominees to the Board of Directors : None. |
| (c) | Insider Trading Arrangements and Policies : |
Item 6. Exhibits
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| + | Capitalized terms have the meanings assigned to them in the Report contained in this Quarterly Report. |
| ++ | Certain annexes, schedules, and exhibits to this Exhibit have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K. The Company hereby agrees to furnish supplementally a copy of any omitted annex, schedule, or exhibit to the SEC upon request. |
| † | Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement. |
| * | Filed herewith. |
| ** | Furnished herewith. |
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
| PHOENIX ENERGY ONE, LLC | ||||
| June 4, 2025 | /s/ Curtis Allen | |||
| Curtis Allen | ||||
| Chief Financial Officer | ||||
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