8-K

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 8-K

CURRENT REPORT

Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

Date of Report (Date of earliest event reported): May 2, 2024

Palomar Holdings, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Commission File Number: 001-38873

Delaware	83-3972551
(State or other jurisdiction<br><br> <br>of incorporation)	(I.R.S. Employer<br><br> <br>Identification No.)

7979 Ivanhoe Avenue, Suite 500

La Jolla, California 92037

(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)

(619) 567-5290

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

(Former Name or Former Address, if Changed Since Last Report)

Check the appropriate box below if the Form 8-K filing is intended to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the following provisions (see General Instruction A.2. below):

☐ Written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act (17 CFR 230.425)
☐ Soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14a-12)
☐ Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b))
☐ Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c))

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share	PLMR	The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933 (17 CFR 230.405) or Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (17 CFR 240.12b-2).

Emerging Growth Company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Selection 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

---

Item 2.02 Results of Operations and Financial Condition

On May 2, 2024, Palomar Holdings, Inc. (the "Company") issued a press release announcing its financial results for the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2024. A copy of the press release is attached hereto as Exhibit 99.1.

The information contained under this Item 2.02, including Exhibit 99.1 attached hereto, shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or under the Exchange Act, regardless of any general incorporation language in any such filing, unless the Company expressly sets forth in such filing that such information is to be considered “filed” or incorporated by reference therein

Item 9.01. Financial Statements and Exhibits

(d) Exhibits

Exhibit No.	Description
99.1	Press release, dated May 2, 2024
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.

		PALOMAR HOLDINGS, INC.
Date:	May 2, 2024	/s/ T. Christopher Uchida
		T. Christopher Uchida
		Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

ex_633529.htm

Exhibit 99.1

Palomar Holdings, Inc. Reports First Quarter 2024 Results

LA JOLLA, Calif. (May 2, 2024) — Palomar Holdings, Inc. (NASDAQ:PLMR) (“Palomar” or “Company”) reported net income of $26.4 million, or $1.04 per diluted share, for the first quarter of 2024 compared to net income of $17.3 million, or $0.68 per diluted share, for the first quarter of 2023. Adjusted net income^(1)^ was $27.8 million, or $1.09 per diluted share, for the first quarter of 2024 as compared to $20.4 million, or $0.80 per diluted share, for the first quarter of 2023.

First Quarter 2024 Highlights

●	Gross written premiums increased by 47.2% to $368.1 million compared to $250.1 million in the first quarter of 2023
●	Net income of $26.4 million, compared to $17.3 million in the first quarter of 2023
---	---
●	Adjusted net income^(1)^ of $27.8 million, compared to $20.4 million in the first quarter of 2023
---	---
●	Total loss ratio of 24.9% compared to 24.8% in the first quarter of 2023
---	---
●	Combined ratio of 76.9% compared to 77.9% in the first quarter of 2023
---	---
●	Adjusted combined ratio^(1)^ of 73.0%, compared to 73.3%, in the first quarter of 2023
---	---
●	Annualized return on equity of 21.7%, compared to 17.5% in the first quarter of 2023
---	---
●	Annualized adjusted return on equity^(1)^ of 22.9%, compared to 20.7% in the first quarter of 2023
---	---

(1)         See discussion of “Non-GAAP and Key Performance Indicators” below.

Mac Armstrong, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, commented, “The strong results of our first quarter are a testament to Palomar's focus on profitable growth. We further demonstrated our ability to ‘grow where we want to’ and deliver predictable earnings. Our five product categories combined to generate gross written premium growth of 47.2% with especially strong contributions from our Crop and Casualty products. These younger product lines combined with our market leading Earthquake franchise, which grew 18% on a same-store basis, drove adjusted net income growth of 36.0%, and an adjusted return on equity of 22.9%."

Mr. Armstrong continued, “Our portfolio of specialty insurance products is well positioned and provides a strong foundation to our full year outlook which we have raised today. Additionally, our continued investment across the organization will sustain not only our Palomar 2X strategic plan but also deliver industry leading profitability and returns. We are off to a terrific start to the year.”

Underwriting Results

Gross written premiums increased 47.2% to $368.1 million compared to $250.1 million in the first quarter of 2023, while net earned premiums increased 29.6% compared to the prior year’s first quarter.

Losses and loss adjustment expenses for the first quarter were $26.8 million, comprised of $23.5 million of non-catastrophe attritional losses and $3.4 million of catastrophe losses from flood activity. The loss ratio for the quarter was 24.9%, comprised of a catastrophe loss ratio^(1)^ of 3.1% and an attritional loss ratio of 21.8%, compared to a loss ratio of 24.8% during the same period last year comprised of a catastrophe loss ratio^(1)^ of 2.2% and attritional loss ratio of 22.6%.

Underwriting income^(1)^ for the first quarter was $25.0 million resulting in a combined ratio of 76.9% compared to underwriting income of $18.4 million resulting in a combined ratio of 77.9% during the same period last year. The Company’s adjusted underwriting income^(1)^ was $29.2 million resulting in an adjusted combined ratio^(1)^ of 73.0% in the first quarter compared to adjusted underwriting income^(1)^of $22.2 million and an adjusted combined ratio^(1)^ of 73.3% during the same period last year.

Investment Results

Net investment income increased by 39.4% to $7.1 million compared to $5.1 million in the prior year’s first quarter. The increase was primarily due to higher yields on invested assets and a higher average balance of investments held during the three months ended March 31, 2024 due to cash generated from operations. The weighted average duration of the fixed-maturity investment portfolio, including cash equivalents, was 3.62 years at March 31, 2024. Cash and invested assets totaled $766.4 million at March 31, 2024. During the first quarter, the Company recorded net realized and unrealized gains of $3.0 million related to its investment portfolio as compared to net realized and unrealized gains of $0.1 million during the same period last year.

Tax Rate

The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was 23.2% compared to 23.5% for the three months ended March 31, 2023. For the current quarter, the Company’s income tax rate differed from the statutory rate due primarily to the non-deductible executive compensation expense.

1

---

Stockholders’ Equity and Returns

Stockholders' equity was $501.7 million at March 31, 2024, compared to $404.6 million at March 31, 2023. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company’s annualized return on equity was 21.7% compared to 17.5% for the same period in the prior year while adjusted return on equity^(1)^ was 22.9% compared to 20.7% for the same period in the prior year. There were no share repurchases during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Full Year 2024 Outlook

For the full year 2024, the Company is increasing its guidance range and now expects to achieve adjusted net income of $113 million to $118 million. This range includes $3.4 million of catastrophe losses incurred during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Conference Call

As previously announced, Palomar will host a conference call Friday May 3, 2024, to discuss its first quarter 2024 results at 11:00 a.m. (Eastern Time). The conference call can be accessed live by dialing 1-877-423-9813 or for international callers, 1-201-689-8573, and requesting to be joined to the Palomar First Quarter 2024 Earnings Conference Call. A replay will be available starting at 4:00 p.m. (Eastern Time) on May 3, 2024, and can be accessed by dialing 1-844-512-2921, or for international callers, 1-412-317-6671. The passcode for the replay is 13737957. The replay will be available until 11:59 p.m. (Eastern Time) on May 10, 2024.

Interested investors and other parties may also listen to a simultaneous webcast of the conference call by logging onto the investor relations section of the Company’s website at http://ir.palomarspecialty.com/. The online replay will remain available for a limited time beginning immediately following the call.

About Palomar Holdings, Inc.

Palomar Holdings, Inc. is the holding company of subsidiaries Palomar Specialty Insurance Company (“PSIC”), Palomar Specialty Reinsurance Company Bermuda Ltd., Palomar Insurance Agency, Inc.,  Palomar Excess and Surplus Insurance Company (“PESIC”), and Palomar Underwriters Exchange Organization, Inc. Palomar's consolidated results also include Laulima Reciprocal Exchange, a variable interest entity for which the Company is the primary beneficiary. Palomar is an innovative specialty insurer serving residential and commercial clients in five product categories: Earthquake, Inland Marine and Other Property, Casualty, Fronting, and Crop. Palomar’s insurance subsidiaries, Palomar Specialty Insurance Company, Palomar Specialty Reinsurance Company Bermuda Ltd., and Palomar Excess and Surplus Insurance Company, have a financial strength rating of “A-” (Excellent) from A.M. Best.

To learn more, visit PLMR.com.

Non-GAAP and Key Performance Indicators

Palomar discusses certain key performance indicators, described below, which provide useful information about the Company’s business and the operational factors underlying the Company’s financial performance.

Underwriting revenue is a non-GAAP financial measure defined as total revenue, excluding net investment income and net realized and unrealized gains and losses on investments. See “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of total revenue calculated in accordance with GAAP to underwriting revenue.

Underwriting income is a non-GAAP financial measure defined as income before income taxes excluding net investment income, net realized and unrealized gains and losses on investments, and interest expense. See “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of income before income taxes calculated in accordance with GAAP to underwriting income.

Adjusted net income is a non-GAAP financial measure defined as net income excluding the impact of certain items that may not be indicative of underlying business trends, operating results, or future outlook, net of tax impact. Palomar calculates the tax impact only on adjustments which would be included in calculating the Company’s income tax expense using the estimated tax rate at which the company received a deduction for these adjustments. See “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of net income calculated in accordance with GAAP to adjusted net income.

Annualized Return on equity is net income expressed on an annualized basis as a percentage of average beginning and ending stockholders’ equity during the period.

Annualized adjusted return on equity is a non-GAAP financial measure defined as adjusted net income expressed on an annualized basis as a percentage of average beginning and ending stockholders’ equity during the period. See “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of return on equity calculated using unadjusted GAAP numbers to adjusted return on equity.

Loss ratio, expressed as a percentage, is the ratio of losses and loss adjustment expenses, to net earned premiums.

2

---

Expense ratio, expressed as a percentage, is the ratio of acquisition and other underwriting expenses, net of commission and other income to net earned premiums.

Combined ratio is defined as the sum of the loss ratio and the expense ratio. A combined ratio under 100% generally indicates an underwriting profit. A combined ratio over 100% generally indicates an underwriting loss.

Adjusted combined ratio is a non-GAAP financial measure defined as the sum of the loss ratio and the expense ratio calculated excluding the impact of certain items that may not be indicative of underlying business trends, operating results, or future outlook. See “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of combined ratio calculated using unadjusted GAAP numbers to adjusted combined ratio.

Diluted adjusted earnings per share is a non-GAAP financial measure defined as adjusted net income divided by the weighted-average common shares outstanding for the period, reflecting the dilution which could occur if equity-based awards are converted into common share equivalents as calculated using the treasury stock method. See “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of diluted earnings per share calculated in accordance with GAAP to diluted adjusted earnings per share.

Catastrophe loss ratio is a non-GAAP financial measure defined as the ratio of catastrophe losses to net earned premiums. See “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of loss ratio calculated using unadjusted GAAP numbers to catastrophe loss ratio.

Adjusted combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses is a non-GAAP financial measure defined as adjusted combined ratio excluding the impact of catastrophe losses.  See “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of combined ratio calculated using unadjusted GAAP numbers to adjusted combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses.

Adjusted underwriting income is a non-GAAP financial measure defined as underwriting income excluding the impact of certain items that may not be indicative of underlying business trends, operating results, or future outlook. See “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of income before income taxes calculated in accordance with GAAP to adjusted underwriting income.

Tangible stockholders’ equity is a non-GAAP financial measure defined as stockholders’ equity less goodwill and intangible assets. See “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of stockholders’ equity calculated in accordance with GAAP to tangible stockholders’ equity.

Safe Harbor Statement

Palomar cautions you that statements contained in this press release may regard matters that are not historical facts but are forward-looking statements. These statements are based on the company’s current beliefs and expectations. The inclusion of forward-looking statements should not be regarded as a representation by Palomar that any of its plans will be achieved. Actual results may differ from those set forth in this press release due to the risks and uncertainties inherent in the Company’s business. The forward-looking statements are typically, but not always, identified through use of the words "believe," "expect," "enable," "may," "will," "could," "intends," "estimate," "anticipate," "plan," "predict," "probable," "potential," "possible," "should," "continue," and other words of similar meaning. Actual results could differ materially from the expectations contained in forward-looking statements as a result of several factors, including unexpected expenditures and costs, unexpected results or delays in development and regulatory review, regulatory approval requirements, the frequency and severity of adverse events and competitive conditions. These and other factors that may result in differences are discussed in greater detail in the Company's filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date hereof, and the Company undertakes no obligation to update such statements to reflect events that occur or circumstances that exist after the date hereof. All forward-looking statements are qualified in their entirety by this cautionary statement, which is made under the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.

Contact

Media Inquiries

Lindsay Conner

1-551-206-6217

lconner@plmr.com

Investor Relations

Jamie Lillis

1-203-428-3223

investors@plmr.com

Source: Palomar Holdings, Inc.

3

---

Summary of Operating Results:

The following tables summarize the Company’s results for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023:

	Three Months Ended							****			****
	March 31,							****			****
	2024		2023			Change			% Change
	( in thousands, except per share data)
Gross written premiums			$	250,112		$	117,966			47.2	%
Ceded written premiums		)		(170,344	)		(57,827	)		33.9	%
Net written premiums				79,768			60,139			75.4	%
Net earned premiums				83,241			24,625			29.6	%
Commission and other income				695			(167	)		(24.0	)%
Total underwriting revenue^(1)^				83,936			24,458			29.1	%
Losses and loss adjustment expenses				20,652			6,185			29.9	%
Acquisition expenses, net of ceding commissions and fronting fees				25,679			6,119			23.8	%
Other underwriting expenses				19,222			5,582			29.0	%
Underwriting income ^(1)^				18,383			6,572			35.8	%
Interest expense		)		(1,020	)		280			(27.5	)%
Net investment income				5,120			2,019			39.4	%
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments				146			2,856			NM
Income before income taxes				22,629			11,727			51.8	%
Income tax expense				5,316			2,658			50.0	%
Net income			$	17,313		$	9,069			52.4	%
Adjustments:
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments		)		(146	)		(2,856	)		NM
Stock-based compensation expense				3,450			370			10.7	%
Amortization of intangibles				313			77			24.6	%
Expenses associated with catastrophe bond				50			(50	)		(100.0	)%
Tax impact				(540	)		744			(137.8	)%
Adjusted net income ^(1)^			$	20,440		$	7,354			36.0	%
Key Financial and Operating Metrics
Annualized return on equity		%		17.5	%
Annualized adjusted return on equity^(1)^		%		20.7	%
Loss ratio		%		24.8	%
Expense ratio		%		53.1	%
Combined ratio		%		77.9	%
Adjusted combined ratio^(1)^		%		73.3	%
Diluted earnings per share			$	0.68
Diluted adjusted earnings per share^(1)^			$	0.80
Catastrophe losses			$	1,806
Catastrophe loss ratio^(1)^		%		2.2	%
Adjusted combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses^(1)^		%		71.2	%
Adjusted underwriting income^(1)^			$	22,196		$	6,969			31.4	%
NM - not meaningful

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)- Indicates Non-GAAP financial measure- see above for definition of Non-GAAP financial measures and see below for reconciliation of Non-GAAP financial measures to their most directly comparable measures prepared in accordance with GAAP.

4

---

Condensed Consolidated Balance sheets

Palomar Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (unaudited)

(in thousands, except shares and par value data)

			December 31,
			2023
					****
Assets		****			****
Investments:
Fixed maturity securities available for sale, at fair value (amortized cost: 697,505 in 2024; 675,130 in 2023)	662,992		$	643,799
Equity securities, at fair value (cost: 32,785 in 2024; 43,003 in 2023)	37,171			43,160
Equity method investment	2,597			2,617
Other investments	1,871			—
Total investments	704,631			689,576
Cash and cash equivalents	61,387			51,546
Restricted cash	377			306
Accrued investment income	5,192			5,282
Premiums receivable	322,723			261,972
Deferred policy acquisition costs, net of ceding commissions and fronting fees	66,508			60,990
Reinsurance recoverable on paid losses and loss adjustment expenses	28,542			32,172
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	292,024			244,622
Ceded unearned premiums	298,975			265,808
Prepaid expenses and other assets	82,679			72,941
Deferred tax assets, net	9,408			10,119
Property and equipment, net	312			373
Goodwill and intangible assets, net	11,926			12,315
Total assets	1,884,684		$	1,708,022
Liabilities and stockholders' equity		****			****
Liabilities:
Accounts payable and other accrued liabilities	39,637		$	42,376
Reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses	402,187			342,275
Unearned premiums	662,307			597,103
Ceded premium payable	215,329			181,742
Funds held under reinsurance treaty	13,716			13,419
Income taxes payable	6,850			7,255
Borrowings from credit agreements	43,000			52,600
Total liabilities	1,383,026			1,236,770
Stockholders' equity:
Preferred stock, 0.0001 par value, 5,000,000 shares authorized, 0 shares issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023	—			—
Common stock, 0.0001 par value, 500,000,000 shares authorized, 24,921,060 and 24,772,987 shares issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively	3			3
Additional paid-in capital	357,135			350,597
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(26,505	)		(23,991	)
Retained earnings	171,025			144,643
Total stockholders' equity	501,658			471,252
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	1,884,684		$	1,708,022

All values are in US Dollars.

5

---

Condensed Consolidated Income Statement

Palomar Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income (loss) (Unaudited)

(in thousands, except shares and per share data)

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2024			2023
Revenues:			****			****
Gross written premiums	$	368,078		$	250,112
Ceded written premiums		(228,171	)		(170,344	)
Net written premiums		139,907			79,768
Change in unearned premiums		(32,041	)		3,473
Net earned premiums		107,866			83,241
Net investment income		7,139			5,120
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments		3,002			146
Commission and other income		528			695
Total revenues		118,535			89,202
Expenses:			****			****
Losses and loss adjustment expenses		26,837			20,652
Acquisition expenses, net of ceding commissions and fronting fees		31,798			25,679
Other underwriting expenses		24,804			19,222
Interest expense		740			1,020
Total expenses		84,179			66,573
Income before income taxes		34,356			22,629
Income tax expense		7,974			5,316
Net income	$	26,382		$	17,313
Other comprehensive income, net:			****			****
Net unrealized (losses) gains on securities available for sale		(2,514	)		5,474
Net comprehensive income	$	23,868		$	22,787
Per Share Data:			****			****
Basic earnings per share	$	1.06		$	0.69
Diluted earnings per share	$	1.04		$	0.68
Weighted-average common shares outstanding:
Basic		24,862,367			24,969,703
Diluted		25,468,564			25,442,902

6

---

Underwriting Segment Data

The Company has a single reportable segment and offers specialty insurance products. Gross written premiums (GWP) by product, location and company are presented below:

	Three Months Ended March 31,													****
	2024				2023									****
	( in thousands)													****
		% of					% of					%
	Amount	GWP			Amount		GWP			Change		Change
Product ^(1)^				****					****					****
Earthquake			28.7	%	$	93,495		37.4	%	$	12,234		13.1	%
Fronting			25.8	%		91,755		36.7	%		3,076		3.4	%
Inland Marine and Other Property			20.9	%		52,705		21.1	%		24,171		45.9	%
Casualty			14.1	%		12,157		4.9	%		39,778		327.2	%
Crop			10.5	%		—		—	%		38,707		—	%
Total Gross Written Premiums			100.0	%	$	250,112		100.0	%	$	117,966		47.2	%

All values are in US Dollars.

(1) - Beginning in 2024, the Company has updated the categorization of its products to align with management's current strategy and view of the business. Prior year amounts have been reclassified for comparability purposes. The recategorization is for presentation purposes only and does not impact overall gross written premiums.

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024				2023
	( in thousands)
		% of					% of
	Amount	GWP			Amount		GWP
State				****					****
California			42.7	%	$	131,889		52.7	%
Texas			11.1	%		23,210		9.3	%
Florida			3.8	%		12,096		4.8	%
Hawaii			3.4	%		10,105		4.0	%
Washington			3.3	%		11,972		4.8	%
Colorado			2.6	%		1,848		0.7	%
New York			2.2	%		3,871		1.5	%
New Mexico			2.0	%		194		0.1	%
Other			28.9	%		54,927		22.0	%
Total Gross Written Premiums			100.0	%	$	250,112		100.0	%

All values are in US Dollars.

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024				2023
	( in thousands)
		% of					% of
	Amount	GWP			Amount		GWP
Subsidiary				****					****
PSIC			60.5	%	$	150,704		60.3	%
PESIC			37.1	%		99,408		39.7	%
Laulima			2.4	%		—		—	%
Total Gross Written Premiums			100.0	%	$	250,112		100.0	%

All values are in US Dollars.

7

---

Gross and net earned premiums

The table below shows the amount of premiums the Company earned on a gross and net basis and the Company’s net earned premiums as a percentage of gross earned premiums for each period presented:

	Three Months Ended							****			****
	March 31,							****			****
	2024		2023			Change			% Change
	( in thousands)
Gross earned premiums			$	225,243		$	77,629			34.5	%
Ceded earned premiums		)		(142,002	)		(53,004	)		37.3	%
Net earned premiums			$	83,241		$	24,625			29.6	%
Net earned premium ratio		%		37.0	%

All values are in US Dollars.

Loss detail

	Three Months Ended							****
	March 31,							****
	2024	2023		Change		% Change
	( in thousands)
Catastrophe losses		$	1,806	$	1,553		86.0	%
Non-catastrophe losses			18,846		4,632		24.6	%
Total losses and loss adjustment expenses		$	20,652	$	6,185		29.9	%

All values are in US Dollars.

8

---

The following table represents a reconciliation of changes in the ending reserve balances for losses and loss adjustment expenses:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
	(in thousands)
Reserve for losses and LAE net of reinsurance recoverables at beginning of period	$	97,653	$	77,520
Add: Incurred losses and LAE, net of reinsurance, related to:
Current year		26,333		17,300
Prior years		504		3,352
Total incurred		26,837		20,652
Deduct: Loss and LAE payments, net of reinsurance, related to:
Current year		4,895		1,393
Prior years		9,432		15,413
Total payments		14,327		16,806
Reserve for losses and LAE net of reinsurance recoverables at end of period		110,163		81,366
Add: Reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses and LAE at end of period		292,024		183,601
Reserve for losses and LAE gross of reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses and LAE at end of period	$	402,187	$	264,967

Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures

For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Non-GAAP financial measures discussed above reconcile to their most comparable GAAP measures as follows:

Underwriting revenue

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2024			2023
	(in thousands)
Total revenue	$	118,535		$	89,202
Net investment income		(7,139	)		(5,120	)
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments		(3,002	)		(146	)
Underwriting revenue	$	108,394		$	83,936

9

---

Underwriting income and adjusted underwriting income

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2024			2023
	(in thousands)
Income before income taxes	$	34,356		$	22,629
Net investment income		(7,139	)		(5,120	)
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments		(3,002	)		(146	)
Interest expense		740			1,020
Underwriting income	$	24,955		$	18,383
Stock-based compensation expense		3,820			3,450
Amortization of intangibles		390			313
Expenses associated with catastrophe bond		—			50
Adjusted underwriting income	$	29,165		$	22,196

Adjusted net income

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2024			2023
	(in thousands)
Net income	$	26,382		$	17,313
Adjustments:
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments		(3,002	)		(146	)
Stock-based compensation expense		3,820			3,450
Amortization of intangibles		390			313
Expenses associated with catastrophe bond		—			50
Tax impact		204			(540	)
Adjusted net income	$	27,794		$	20,440

Annualized adjusted return on equity

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2024			2023
	(in thousands)
Annualized adjusted net income	$	111,176		$	81,761
Average stockholders' equity	$	486,455		$	394,701
Annualized adjusted return on equity		22.9	%		20.7	%

Adjusted combined ratio

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2024			2023
	(in thousands)
Numerator: Sum of losses and loss adjustment expenses, acquisition expenses, and other underwriting expenses, net of commission and other income	$	82,911		$	64,858
Denominator: Net earned premiums	$	107,866		$	83,241
Combined ratio		76.9	%		77.9	%
Adjustments to numerator:
Stock-based compensation expense		(3,820	)		(3,450	)
Amortization of intangibles		(390	)		(313	)
Expenses associated with catastrophe bond		—			(50	)
Adjusted combined ratio		73.0	%		73.3	%

10

---

Diluted adjusted earnings per share

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2024		2023
	(in thousands, except per share data)
Adjusted net income	$	27,794	$	20,440
Weighted-average common shares outstanding, diluted		25,468,564		25,442,902
Diluted adjusted earnings per share	$	1.09	$	0.80

Catastrophe loss ratio

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2024			2023
	(in thousands)
Numerator: Losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	26,837		$	20,652
Denominator: Net earned premiums	$	107,866		$	83,241
Loss ratio		24.9	%		24.8	%
Numerator: Catastrophe losses	$	3,359		$	1,806
Denominator: Net earned premiums	$	107,866		$	83,241
Catastrophe loss ratio		3.1	%		2.2	%

Adjusted combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2024			2023
	(in thousands)
Numerator: Sum of losses and loss adjustment expenses, acquisition expenses, and other underwriting expenses, net of commission and other income	$	82,911		$	64,858
Denominator: Net earned premiums	$	107,866		$	83,241
Combined ratio		76.9	%		77.9	%
Adjustments to numerator:
Stock-based compensation expense		(3,820	)		(3,450	)
Amortization of intangibles		(390	)		(313	)
Expenses associated with catastrophe bond		—			(50	)
Catastrophe losses		(3,359	)		(1,806	)
Adjusted combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses		69.8	%		71.2	%

Tangible Stockholders’ equity

	March 31,			December 31,
	2024			2023
	(in thousands)
Stockholders' equity	$	501,658		$	471,252
Goodwill and intangible assets		(11,926	)		(12,315	)
Tangible stockholders' equity	$	489,732		$	458,937

11