8-K
SILICON LABORATORIES INC. (SLAB)
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, DC 20549
FORM 8-K
CURRENT REPORT
PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
Date of report (Date of earliest event reported): April 24, 2024
SILICON LABORATORIES INC.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Charter)
| Delaware | 000-29823 | 74-2793174 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (State or Other Jurisdiction<br>of Incorporation) | (Commission File Number) | (IRS Employer<br>Identification No.) | 400 West Cesar Chavez, Austin, TX | 78701 | |
| --- | --- | ||||
| (Address of Principal Executive Offices) | (Zip Code) |
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (512) 416-8500
Check the appropriate box below if the Form 8-K filing is intended to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the following provisions (see General Instruction A.2. below):
o Written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act (17 CFR 230.425)
o Soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14a-12)
o Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b))
o Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c))
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
| Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange<br><br>on which registered |
|---|---|---|
| Common Stock, $0.0001 par value | SLAB | The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC |
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933 or Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
Emerging growth company o
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. o
Item 2.02. Results of Operations and Financial Condition
On April 24, 2024, Silicon Laboratories Inc. (“Silicon Laboratories”) issued a press release announcing its results of operations for its fiscal quarter ended March 30, 2024. A copy of the press release is attached as Exhibit 99 to this report.
Item 9.01. Financial Statements and Exhibits
(d)Exhibits.
| 99 | Press Release of Silicon Laboratories Inc. dated April 24, 2024 |
|---|---|
| 104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) |
Use of Non-GAAP Financial Information
From time to time, Silicon Laboratories provides certain non-GAAP financial measures as additional information relating to its operating results. The non-GAAP financial measurements provided in the press release furnished herewith do not replace the presentation of Silicon Laboratories’ GAAP financial results. These additional measurements merely provide supplemental information to assist investors in analyzing Silicon Laboratories’ financial position and results of operations; however, these measures are not in accordance with, or an alternative to, GAAP and may be different from non-GAAP measures used by other companies.
Non-GAAP financial measures used by Silicon Laboratories include non-GAAP gross profit, non-GAAP gross margin, non-GAAP research and development expense and non-GAAP research and development expense as a percentage of revenue, non-GAAP selling, general and administrative expense and non-GAAP selling, general and administrative as a percentage of revenue, non-GAAP operating expenses and non-GAAP operating expenses as a percentage of revenue, non-GAAP operating income and non-GAAP operating income as a percentage of revenue, non-GAAP income before income taxes and equity-method earnings (loss), non-GAAP tax expense, non-GAAP tax rate, non-GAAP net income, and non-GAAP diluted earnings per share. Silicon Laboratories has chosen to provide this information to investors because it believes that such supplemental information enables them to perform meaningful comparisons of past, present and future operating results, and as a means to highlight the results of core ongoing operations.
Non-GAAP financial measures are adjusted by the following items:
•Stock compensation expense – represents charges for employee stock awards issued under Silicon Laboratories’ stock-based compensation plans. Stock compensation expense is excluded from non-GAAP financial measures because it is a non-cash expense, and excluding such expense provides meaningful supplemental information regarding core ongoing operations.
•Intangible asset amortization – primarily represents charges for the amortization of intangibles assets, such as core and developed technology, customer relationships and trademarks acquired in connection with business combinations. Intangible asset amortization is excluded from non-GAAP financial measures because it is a non-cash expense, and excluding such expense provides meaningful supplemental information regarding core ongoing operations.
•Acquisition and disposition related items – primarily including the following: charges for the fair value write-up associated with inventory acquired; adjustments to the fair value of acquisition-related contingent consideration; and acquisition-related costs of a business combination or disposition-related costs of a business divestiture, such as costs for attorneys, investment bankers, accountants and other third party service providers. Acquisition and disposition related items are excluded from non-GAAP financial measures because excluding such amounts provides meaningful supplemental information regarding core ongoing operations.
•Termination costs, impairments, and fair value and other adjustments – primarily include costs associated with certain employee terminations, asset impairments, fair value adjustments resulting from observable price changes and other non-cash adjustments. Termination costs, impairments, and fair value and other adjustments are excluded from non-GAAP financial measures because excluding such amounts provides meaningful supplemental information regarding core ongoing operations.
•Equity-method investment adjustments – primarily include the proportionate share of gains and/or losses from investments accounted for by the equity method of accounting. Equity-method investment adjustments are excluded from non-GAAP financial measures because these generally are non-cash, represent non-operating activity during the period of adjustment, relate to activity in entities outside of the operational control of Silicon Laboratories, and excluding such expense/gain provides meaningful supplemental information regarding core operations.
•Interest expense adjustments – represents losses or gains on the extinguishment of convertible debt and losses or gains on the termination of interest rate swap agreements. Such amounts are excluded from non-GAAP financial measures because they are non-cash expenses and/or excluding such amounts provides meaningful supplemental information regarding core ongoing operations.
•Income tax adjustments – effective from the first quarter of 2024, represents the application of a long-term non-GAAP tax rate of 20% to non-GAAP income before income taxes. The non-GAAP tax rate is determined based on a multi-year forecast that takes into consideration the following: the current and deferred income tax effects of the above non-GAAP adjustments; other indirect impacts of excluding stock-based compensation; and the income tax impact of certain intercompany license arrangements for technology acquired in business combinations. This non-GAAP tax rate also considers factors such as tax structure, tax positions in various jurisdictions, and key legislation in significant jurisdictions where Silicon Laboratories operates. This non-GAAP tax rate may be subject to change for a variety of reasons, including the rapidly evolving global tax environment, significant changes in geographic earnings mix, changes to strategy or business operations, or corporate organizational changes related to acquisitions or tax planning opportunities.
Pursuant to the requirements of Regulation G, Silicon Laboratories has provided in the press release furnished with this report a reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures.
The information in this report, including the exhibit hereto, shall not be deemed to be “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section. The information contained therein and in the accompanying exhibit shall not be incorporated by reference into any filing with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission made by Silicon Laboratories, whether made before or after the date hereof, regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing.
SIGNATURE
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.
| SILICON LABORATORIES INC. | |
|---|---|
| April 24, 2024 | /s/ Mark D. Mauldin |
| Date | Mark D. Mauldin |
| Interim Chief Financial Officer | |
| (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer) |
Document
Exhibit 99
Silicon Labs Reports First Quarter 2024 Results
Wireless IoT leader sees sequential revenue growth accelerating into the second quarter
AUSTIN, Texas – April 24, 2024 – Silicon Labs (NASDAQ: SLAB), a leader in secure, intelligent wireless technology for a more connected world, reported financial results for the first quarter, which ended March 30, 2024.
“Silicon Labs delivered strong sequential growth in the first quarter, driven by progress in end-customer inventory destocking in both the Home & Life and Industrial & Customer business units,” said Matt Johnson, President and Chief Executive Officer at Silicon Labs. “While we are still in the early stages of the recovery, we expect revenue growth to accelerate in the second quarter as excess inventory is further reduced, bookings improve, and design wins continue to ramp.”
First Quarter Financial Highlights
•Revenue was $106 million
•Industrial & Commercial revenue for the quarter was $65 million
•Home & Life revenue for the quarter was $41 million
Results on a GAAP basis:
•GAAP gross margin was 52%
•GAAP R&D expenses were $81 million
•GAAP SG&A expenses were $34 million
•GAAP operating loss was $59 million
•GAAP diluted loss per share was $(1.77)
Results on a non-GAAP basis, excluding the impact of stock compensation, amortization of acquired intangible assets, and certain other items as set forth in the below GAAP to Non-GAAP reconciliation tables were as follows:
•Non-GAAP gross margin was 52%
•Non-GAAP R&D expenses were $64 million
•Non-GAAP SG&A expenses were $30 million
•Non-GAAP operating loss was $39 million
•Non-GAAP diluted loss per share was $(0.92)
Business Highlights
•Silicon Labs is advancing its strategic growth plan and has announced several key leadership appointments. These changes underscore the company's commitment to aggressively scaling and leveraging the expertise of executives seasoned in leading high-growth transformations.
◦Dean Butler will join the company as Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (CFO) on May 15, 2024. Butler will be responsible for Silicon Labs' financial strategy and will lead the global finance organization. Butler will succeed Mark Mauldin, who is currently serving as interim CFO. Butler joins Silicon Labs from Synaptics Incorporated, where he has served as Senior Vice President and CFO since October 2019. He previously held financial leadership positions at Marvell Technology, Inc. and Broadcom, Inc.
◦Bob Conrad will join the company as its Senior Vice President of Worldwide Operations on April 29, 2024. Conrad transitions from his current role serving on Silicon Labs' Board of Directors and brings over 40 years of experience in the semiconductor industry to his new position. With a distinguished career that includes leadership roles at NXP Semiconductors, Freescale, Fairchild Semiconductor, Analog Devices, and Texas Instruments, Conrad's extensive background will bolster Silicon Labs' strategic operations as the company advances its global manufacturing and supply chain capabilities.
◦Radhika Chennakeshavula joins Silicon Labs as Chief Information Officer (CIO) on April 24, 2024. Chennakeshavula now oversees IT operations, enterprise applications, data analytics, and digital transformation initiatives. Chennakeshavula previously served as the VP of Infrastructure Operations and Engineering Services at Western Digital, where she successfully led the infrastructure team in providing high-quality IT services for mission-critical functions, including manufacturing and R&D.
•Announced Silicon Labs' highest-performance device family to date, the xG26 family of wireless SoC's and MCU's. The xG26 family is designed to future-proof the IoT against some of the most demanding emerging applications, including Matter, with double the flash, RAM, and general-purpose input/output capacity as the xG24 family, as well as higher performance compute, embedded AI/ML acceleration, industry-leading power efficiency and security, and 2.4 GHz wireless connectivity that supports Matter, Zigbee, OpenThread, Bluetooth Low Energy, Bluetooth Mesh, Proprietary, and multiprotocol.
Business Outlook
The company expects second-quarter revenue to be between $135 to $145 million. The company also estimates the following results:
On a GAAP basis:
•GAAP gross margin to be 53%
•GAAP operating expenses of approximately $125 million
•GAAP diluted loss per share per share between $(1.45) to $(1.61)
On a non-GAAP basis, excluding the impact of stock compensation, amortization of acquired intangible assets, and certain other items as set forth in the reconciliation tables:
•Non-GAAP gross margin to be 53%
•Non-GAAP operating expenses of approximately $102 million
•Non-GAAP diluted loss per share between $(0.58) to $(0.70)
Earnings Webcast and Conference Call
Silicon Labs will host an earnings conference call to discuss the quarterly results and answer questions at 7:30 am CDT today. An audio webcast will be available on Silicon Labs' website (www.silabs.com) under Investor Relations. In addition, the company will post an audio recording of the event at investor.silabs.com and make a replay available through May 24, 2024.
About Silicon Labs
Silicon Labs (NASDAQ: SLAB) is a leader in secure, intelligent wireless technology for a more connected world. Our integrated hardware and software platform, intuitive development tools, thriving ecosystem, and robust support make us an ideal long-term partner in building advanced industrial, commercial, home and life applications. We make it easy for developers to solve complex wireless challenges throughout the product lifecycle and get to market quickly with innovative solutions that transform industries, grow economies, and improve lives. silabs.com
Forward-Looking Statements
This press release contains forward-looking statements based on Silicon Labs’ current expectations. The words “believe”, “estimate”, “expect”, “intend”, “anticipate”, “plan”, “project”, “will”, and similar phrases as they relate to Silicon Labs are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements reflect the current views and
assumptions of Silicon Labs and are subject to various risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from expectations. Among the factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements are the following: the competitive and cyclical nature of the semiconductor industry; the challenging macroeconomic environment, including disruptions in the financial services industry; geographic concentration of manufacturers, assemblers, test service providers and customers in Asia that subjects Silicon Labs’ business and results of operations to risks of natural disasters, epidemics or pandemics, war and political unrest; risks that demand and the supply chain may be adversely affected by military conflict (including in the Middle East, and between Russia and Ukraine), terrorism, sanctions or other geopolitical events globally (including in the Middle East, and conflict between Taiwan and China); risks that Silicon Labs may not be able to maintain its historical growth; quarterly fluctuations in revenues and operating results; difficulties developing new products that achieve market acceptance; risks associated with international activities (including trade barriers, particularly with respect to China); intellectual property litigation risks; risks associated with acquisitions and divestitures; product liability risks; difficulties managing and/or obtaining sufficient supply from Silicon Labs’ distributors, manufacturers and subcontractors; dependence on a limited number of products; absence of long-term commitments from customers; inventory-related risks; difficulties managing international activities; risks that Silicon Labs may not be able to manage strains associated with its growth; credit risks associated with its accounts receivable; dependence on key personnel; stock price volatility; the impact of COVID-19 on the U.S. and global economy; debt-related risks; capital-raising risks; the timing and scope of share repurchases and/or dividends; average selling prices of products may decrease significantly and rapidly; information technology risks; cyber-attacks against Silicon Labs’ products and its networks; risks associated with any material weakness in our internal controls over financial reporting; and other factors that are detailed in the SEC filings of Silicon Laboratories Inc. Silicon Labs disclaims any intention or obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise. References in this press release to Silicon Labs shall mean Silicon Laboratories Inc.
Note to editors: Silicon Laboratories, Silicon Labs, the “S” symbol, and the Silicon Labs logo are trademarks of Silicon Laboratories Inc. All other product names noted herein may be trademarks of their respective holders.
CONTACT: Thomas Haws, Investor Relations Manager, (512) 416-8500, investor.relations@silabs.com
Silicon Laboratories Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations
(In thousands, except per share data)
(Unaudited)
| Three Months Ended | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| March 30,<br>2024 | April 1,<br>2023 | |||
| Revenues | $ | 106,375 | $ | 246,787 |
| Cost of revenues | 51,306 | 92,927 | ||
| Gross profit | 55,069 | 153,860 | ||
| Operating expenses: | ||||
| Research and development | 80,650 | 89,396 | ||
| Selling, general and administrative | 33,553 | 44,891 | ||
| Operating expenses | 114,203 | 134,287 | ||
| Operating income (loss) | (59,134) | 19,573 | ||
| Other income (expense): | ||||
| Interest income and other, net | 2,732 | 4,836 | ||
| Interest expense | (509) | (1,656) | ||
| Income (loss) before income taxes | (56,911) | 22,753 | ||
| Provision (benefit) for income taxes | (385) | 7,753 | ||
| Equity-method loss | — | (1,033) | ||
| Net income (loss) | $ | (56,526) | $ | 13,967 |
| Earnings (loss) per share: | ||||
| Basic | $ | (1.77) | $ | 0.44 |
| Diluted | $ | (1.77) | $ | 0.41 |
| Weighted-average common shares outstanding: | ||||
| Basic | 31,910 | 31,959 | ||
| Diluted | 31,910 | 33,753 |
Non-GAAP Financial Measurements
In addition to the GAAP results provided throughout this document, Silicon Labs has provided non-GAAP financial measurements on a basis excluding non-cash and other charges and benefits. Details of these excluded items are presented in the tables below, which reconcile the GAAP results to non-GAAP financial measurements.
The non-GAAP financial measurements do not replace the presentation of Silicon Labs’ GAAP financial results. These measurements provide supplemental information to assist management and investors in analyzing Silicon Labs’ financial position and results of operations. Silicon Labs has chosen to provide this information to investors to enable them to perform meaningful comparisons of past, present and future operating results and as a means to emphasize the results of core on-going operations.
Unaudited Reconciliation of GAAP to Non-GAAP Financial Measures
(In thousands, except per share data)
| Three Months Ended<br>March 30, 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-GAAP Income Statement Items | GAAP<br>Measure | GAAP<br>Percent of<br>Revenue | Stock<br>Compensation<br>Expense | Intangible Asset<br>Amortization | Termination Costs | Non-GAAP<br>Measure | Non-GAAP<br>Percent of<br>Revenue | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenues | $ | 106,375 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross profit | 55,069 | 51.8 | % | $ | 412 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 55,481 | 52.2 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Research and development | 80,650 | 75.8 | % | 9,722 | 6,061 | 407 | 64,460 | 60.6 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | 33,553 | 31.5 | % | 3,477 | 19 | 156 | 29,901 | 28.1 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| Operating income (loss) | (59,134) | (55.6 | %) | 13,611 | 6,080 | 563 | (38,880) | (36.5 | %) | Three Months Ended<br>March 30, 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ||||||||||||||||
| Non-GAAP Loss Per Share | GAAP<br>Measure | Stock<br>Compensation<br>Expense* | Intangible<br>Asset<br>Amortization* | Termination<br>Costs* | Income<br>Tax<br>Adjustments | Non-<br>GAAP<br>Measure | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | $ | (56,526) | $ | 13,611 | $ | 6,080 | $ | 563 | $ | 6,946 | $ | (29,326) | ||||||||||||||||
| Diluted shares outstanding | 31,910 | 31,910 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Diluted loss per share | $ | (1.77) | $ | (0.92) |
*Represents pre-tax amounts
Unaudited Forward-Looking Statements Regarding Business Outlook
(In millions, except per share data)
| Three Months Ended<br>June 29, 2024 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Business Outlook | GAAP<br><br>Measure | Non-GAAP<br><br>Adjustments** | Non-GAAP<br><br>Measure | ||||||
| Gross margin | 53 | % | — | % | 53 | % | |||
| Operating expenses | $ | 125 | $ | (23) | $ | 102 | |||
| Diluted loss per share - low | $ | (1.61) | $ | 0.91 | $ | (0.70) | |||
| Diluted loss per share - high | $ | (1.45) | $ | 0.87 | $ | (0.58) |
**Non-GAAP adjustments include the following estimates: stock compensation expense of $16.0 million, intangible asset amortization of $6.1 million, termination costs of $1.3 million, and the application of a long-term non-GAAP tax rate of 20%.
Silicon Laboratories Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
(In thousands, except per share data)
(Unaudited)
| March 30,<br>2024 | December 30,<br>2023 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assets | ||||
| Current assets: | ||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 191,489 | $ | 227,504 |
| Short-term investments | 141,201 | 211,720 | ||
| Accounts receivable, net | 32,616 | 29,295 | ||
| Inventories | 198,206 | 194,295 | ||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 82,608 | 75,117 | ||
| Total current assets | 646,120 | 737,931 | ||
| Property and equipment, net | 142,155 | 145,890 | ||
| Goodwill | 376,389 | 376,389 | ||
| Other intangible assets, net | 53,453 | 59,533 | ||
| Other assets, net | 126,036 | 123,313 | ||
| Total assets | $ | 1,344,153 | $ | 1,443,056 |
| Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity | ||||
| Current liabilities: | ||||
| Accounts payable | $ | 44,575 | $ | 57,498 |
| Revolving line of credit | — | 45,000 | ||
| Deferred revenue and returns liability | 3,921 | 2,117 | ||
| Other current liabilities | 62,863 | 58,955 | ||
| Total current liabilities | 111,359 | 163,570 | ||
| Other non-current liabilities | 67,233 | 70,804 | ||
| Total liabilities | 178,592 | 234,374 | ||
| Commitments and contingencies | ||||
| Stockholders’ equity: | ||||
| Preferred stock – $0.0001 par value; 10,000 shares authorized; no shares issued | — | — | ||
| Common stock – $0.0001 par value; 250,000 shares authorized; 31,924 and 31,897 shares issued and outstanding at March 30, 2024 and December 30, 2023, respectively | 3 | 3 | ||
| Additional paid-in capital | 29,830 | 16,973 | ||
| Retained earnings | 1,136,205 | 1,192,731 | ||
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (477) | (1,025) | ||
| Total stockholders’ equity | 1,165,561 | 1,208,682 | ||
| Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 1,344,153 | $ | 1,443,056 |
Silicon Laboratories Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)
| Three Months Ended | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| March 30,<br>2024 | April 1,<br>2023 | |||
| Operating Activities | ||||
| Net income (loss) | $ | (56,526) | $ | 13,967 |
| Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash used in operating activities: | ||||
| Depreciation of property and equipment | 6,634 | 6,235 | ||
| Amortization of other intangible assets | 6,079 | 6,510 | ||
| Amortization of debt issuance costs | — | 523 | ||
| Loss on extinguishment of convertible debt | — | — | ||
| Stock-based compensation expense | 13,612 | 16,638 | ||
| Equity-method loss | — | 1,033 | ||
| Deferred income taxes | (5,270) | (2,670) | ||
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities: | ||||
| Accounts receivable | (3,321) | (16,257) | ||
| Inventories | (3,958) | (32,794) | ||
| Prepaid expenses and other assets | (15,466) | 11,530 | ||
| Accounts payable | (13,829) | (12,966) | ||
| Other current liabilities and income taxes | 1,554 | (8,529) | ||
| Deferred revenue and returns liability | 1,804 | 4,478 | ||
| Other non-current liabilities | (3,113) | (978) | ||
| Net cash used in operating activities | (71,800) | (13,280) | ||
| Investing Activities | ||||
| Purchases of marketable securities | (9,794) | (66,113) | ||
| Sales of marketable securities | 25,763 | 170,317 | ||
| Maturities of marketable securities | 55,188 | 157,734 | ||
| Purchases of property and equipment | (2,047) | (7,657) | ||
| Proceeds from sale of equity investment | 12,382 | — | ||
| Net cash provided by investing activities | 81,492 | 254,281 | ||
| Financing Activities | ||||
| Payments on debt | (45,000) | — | ||
| Repurchases of common stock | — | (17,608) | ||
| Payment of taxes withheld for vested stock awards | (1,048) | (6,931) | ||
| Proceeds from the issuance of common stock | 341 | — | ||
| Net cash used in financing activities | (45,707) | (24,539) | ||
| Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | (36,015) | 216,462 | ||
| Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 227,504 | 499,915 | ||
| Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 191,489 | $ | 716,377 |