WAFU 20-F
Wah Fu Education Group Ltd (WAFU)
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
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Item 17 ☐ Item 18 ☐
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WAH FU EDUCATION GROUP LIMITED
FORM 20-F ANNUAL REPORT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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PART I
CERTAIN INFORMATION
In this annual report on Form 20-F, unless otherwise indicated, “we,” “us,” “our,” the “Company” and “Wah Fu” refer to Wah Fu Education Group Limited, a company organized in the British Virgin Islands, its subsidiaries and variable interest entities.
Unless the context indicates otherwise, all references to “China” and the “PRC” refer to the People’s Republic of China, all references to “Renminbi” or “RMB” are to the legal currency of the People’s Republic of China and all references to “U.S. dollars,” “dollars” and “$” are to the legal currency of the United States. This annual report contains translations of Renminbi amounts into U.S. dollars at specified rates solely for the convenience of the reader. We make no representation that the Renminbi or U.S. dollar amounts referred to in this report could have been or could be converted into U.S. dollars or Renminbi, as the case may be, at any particular rate or at all. On March 31, 2022, the cash buying rate announced by the People’s Bank of China was RMB 6.35 to $1.00.
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This report contains “forward-looking statements” for purposes of the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 that represent our beliefs, projections and predictions about future events. All statements other than statements of historical fact are “forward-looking statements,” including any projections of earnings, revenue or other financial items, any statements of the plans, strategies and objectives of management for future operations, any statements concerning proposed new projects or other developments, any statements regarding future economic conditions or performance, any statements of management’s beliefs, goals, strategies, intentions and objectives, and any statements of assumptions underlying any of the foregoing. Words such as “may”, “will”, “should”, “could”, “would”, “predicts”, “potential”, “continue”, “expects”, “anticipates”, “future”, “intends”, “plans”, “believes”, “estimates” and similar expressions, as well as statements in the future tense, identify forward-looking statements.
These statements are necessarily subjective and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors that could cause our actual results, performance or achievements, or industry results, to differ materially from any future results, performance or achievements described in or implied by such statements. Actual results may differ materially from expected results described in our forward-looking statements, including with respect to correct measurement and identification of factors affecting our business or the extent of their likely impact, and the accuracy and completeness of the publicly available information with respect to the factors upon which our business strategy is based or the success of our business.
Forward-looking statements should not be read as a guarantee of future performance or results, and will not necessarily be accurate indications of whether, or the times by which, our performance or results may be achieved. Forward-looking statements are based on information available at the time those statements are made and management’s belief as of that time with respect to future events, and are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual performance or results to differ materially from those expressed in or suggested by the forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause such differences include, but are not limited to, those factors discussed under the headings “Risk Factors”, “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects,” and elsewhere in this report.
ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS
Not Applicable.
ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE
Not Applicable.
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ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION
Wah Fu Education Group Ltd. is a British Virgin Islands holding company and currently conducts substantially all of our business operations in the PRC through our subsidiaries incorporated in the PRC, and our PRC consolidated variable interest entity (“VIE”). Due to PRC legal restrictions on foreign ownership and investment in the value-added telecommunications market, we rely on a series of contractual arrangements among VIE and its shareholders to operate our online and mobile platforms in China. These contractual arrangements entered into with the VIE allow us to (i) exercise effective control over the VIE, (ii) receive substantially all of the economic benefits of the VIE, and (iii) have an exclusive option to purchase all or part of the equity interests in the VIE when and to the extent permitted by PRC law. These contractual arrangements include exclusive business cooperation agreement, exclusive option agreement, equity interest pledge agreement, power of attorney, as the case may be. As a result of these contractual arrangements, we exert effective control over, and are considered the primary beneficiary of, the VIE and consolidate its operating results in our financial statements under U.S. GAAP. As used in this annual report, “we,” “us,” “our company,” “our,” or “Wah Fu” refers to Wah Fu Education Group Ltd., and, in the context of describing our consolidated financial information, business operations and operating data, our consolidated VIE, “variable interest entities” or “VIE” refers to Beijing HuaXiaDadi Digital Information Technology Co., Ltd. (“Beijing Digital Information”)
Beijing Digital Information holds our Internet Content Provider (“ICP) license necessary to operate our online platform in China, our domain names, including www.edu-edu.com, our registered trademarks in China and our registered software copyrights that are essential to the Company’s online operation in the PRC. For the year ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, 0.6% and 1.7% of our consolidated revenue was derived from Beijing Digital Information. Our affiliated variable interest entity, Beijing Digital Information, did not pay any fee to our PRC subsidiary, Beijing Huaxia Dadi Distance Learning Services Co., Ltd (“Beijing Distance Learning”) for fiscal years ending March 31, 2022 and 2021 since our VIE agreements were executed in August 2017. We did not receive any dividends from our PRC subsidiaries in the past two fiscal years and expect that we will receive dividends in the near future.
If the PRC government deems that our contractual arrangements with the VIEs do not comply with PRC regulatory restrictions on foreign investment in the relevant industries, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change in the future, we could be subject to material penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations or otherwise significantly change our corporate structure. See “Risk Factors – Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure - Any failure by Beijing Digital Information or its shareholders to perform their obligations under our contractual arrangements with them would have a material and adverse effect on our business.” If we are unable to maintain effective control, we would not be able to continue to consolidate Beijing Digital Information’s financial results. See “Risk Factors – Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure - If the PRC government finds that the contractual arrangements that establish the structure for holding our ICP license do not comply with applicable PRC laws and regulations, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations” and “Risk Factors – Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure - We rely on contractual arrangements with Beijing Digital Information and its shareholders for a portion of our business operations, which may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing operational control.”
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3.A. Selected Financial Data
The following selected financial information should be read in connection with, and is qualified by reference to, our consolidated financial statements and their related notes and the section entitled “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” included elsewhere in this annual report. The consolidated statements of operations and other comprehensive income (loss) data for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 and the consolidated balance sheets data as of March 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 are derived from audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. Our historical results for any prior period are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected in any future period.
Selected Consolidated Statements of Operations and Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Data:
| For the Year Ended March 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||
| Revenues | $ | 11,474,348 | $ | 8,515,561 | $ | 5,637,370 | ||||||
| Gross profit | $ | 5,460,617 | $ | 4,518,463 | $ | 2,250,405 | ||||||
| Operating expenses | $ | 4,419,873 | $ | 3,427,461 | $ | 3,821,589 | ||||||
| Income from operations (loss) | $ | 1,040,744 | $ | 1,091,002 | $ | (1,571,184 | ) | |||||
| Provision (benefit) for Income taxes | $ | 238,885 | $ | 180,334 | $ | 212,498 | ||||||
| Net income (loss) | $ | 902,531 | $ | 1,020,761 | $ | (1,641,087 | ) | |||||
Selected Consolidated Balance Sheets Data:
| As of March 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||
| Current assets | $ | 16,202,300 | $ | 15,033,198 | $ | 10,250,785 | ||||||
| Total assets | $ | 18,003,906 | $ | 16,973,321 | $ | 12,565,279 | ||||||
| Current liabilities | $ | 5,987,703 | $ | 6,059,025 | $ | 2,904,555 | ||||||
| Total liabilities | $ | 5,993,766 | $ | 6,164,897 | $ | 3,266,150 | ||||||
| Total shareholders’ equity (net assets) | $ | 12,010,140 | $ | 10,808,424 | $ | 9,299,129 | ||||||
Selected Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Data:
| For the Year Ended March 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | $ | 1,075,175 | $ | 2,328,140 | $ | 937,518 | ||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | $ | (1,678,140 | ) | $ | 2,355,423 | $ | (2,619,099 | ) | ||||
| Net cash provided by financing activities | $ | (17,657 | ) | $ | 11,312 | $ | 4,851,193 | |||||
| Effect of exchange rate changes on cash | $ | 330,052 | $ | 525,249 | $ | (263,439 | ) | |||||
| Net increase (decrease) in cash | $ | (290,570 | ) | $ | 5,220,124 | $ | 2,906,173 | |||||
| Cash, beginning of the year | $ | 12,054,015 | $ | 6,833,891 | $ | 3,927,718 | ||||||
| Cash, end of the year | $ | 11,763,445 | $ | 12,054,015 | $ | 6,833,891 | ||||||
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3.B. Capitalization and Indebtedness
Not Applicable.
3.C. Reasons For The Offer And Use Of Proceeds
Not Applicable.
3.D. Risk Factors
An investment in our ordinary shares involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below together with all other information contained in this annual report, including the matters discussed under the headings “Forward-Looking Statements” and “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” before you decide to invest in our ordinary shares. We are a holding company with substantial operations in China and are subject to a legal and regulatory environment that in many respects differs from the United States. If any of the following risks, or any other risks and uncertainties that are not presently foreseeable to us, actually occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and our future growth prospects could be materially and adversely affected.
Risks Related to Our Business and Industry
If we are not able to continue to attract students to purchase our course packages and to increase the spending of our students on our platforms, our business and prospects will be materially and adversely affected.
Our ability to continue to attract students to purchase our course packages and to increase their spending on our platforms are critical to the continued success and growth of our business. This in turn will depend on several factors, including our ability to effectively market our platforms to a broader base of prospective students, continue to develop, adapt or enhance quality educational content and services to meet the evolving demands of our existing or prospective students and expand our geographic reach. We must also manage our growth while maintaining consistent and high quality of course materials, and respond effectively to competitive pressures. If we are unable to continue to attract students to purchase our course packages and to increase the spending of our students on our platform, our revenues may decline, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We may not be able to improve the content of our existing courses, develop new courses or services in a timely or cost-effective manner.
Historically, our core business centered on the exam preparation courses offered through our B2C platform. We have since expanded our course offerings to target students that not only need to take self-taught higher education exams but who desire to educate themselves in other fields of study, as well as a broader range of situation-based education and test preparation targeting a wide range of student demographics. We constantly update and improve the content of our existing courses and develop new courses or services to meet changing market demands. Revisions to our existing courses and our newly developed courses or services may not be well received by existing or prospective students. If we cannot respond effectively to changes in market demands, our business may be adversely affected. Even if we are able to develop new courses or services that are well received, we may not be able to introduce them in a timely or cost-effective manner. If we do not respond adequately to changes in market demands, our ability to attract and retain students may be impaired and our financial results could suffer.
The effectiveness of our program depends on the success of our personalized learning approach to self-taught and adult higher education, which in turn is determined by the efficiency of our data analytics know-how. We might not be able to continue to efficiently monitor and analyze relevant data important for us to provide a personalized learning experience for our students, or to continue to drive our teaching training, curriculum development and other operational aspects of our platforms.
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The timing of the introduction of new courses is subject to risks and uncertainties, including our ability to find and retain teachers and attract students. Offering new courses or services or modifying existing courses may require us to invest in content development, increase marketing efforts and re-allocate resources away from other uses. Unexpected technical, operational, logistical or other problems could delay or prevent the introduction of one or more new courses. Moreover, we cannot assure you that any of these courses or programs will match the quality or popularity of those developed by our competitors, achieve widespread market acceptance or contribute the desired level of income. We may have limited experience with the content of new courses or services and may need to adjust our systems and strategies to incorporate new courses or services into our existing course catalogue. If we are unable to continuously improve the content of our existing courses, or offer new courses or services in a timely or cost-effective manner, our results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.
Our business depends on the market recognition of our brand, and if we are unable to maintain and enhance brand recognition, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.
We believe that the market recognition of our “Huaxiadadi” brand has significantly contributed to the success of our business and that maintaining and enhancing our brand recognition is critical to sustaining our competitive advantages. Our ability to maintain and enhance brand recognition and reputation depends primarily on the perceived effectiveness and quality of our curriculum and teachers, as well as the success of our branding efforts. Our branding efforts, however, may not be successful and we may incur significant branding costs. If we are unable to maintain and further enhance our brand recognition and reputation and promote awareness of our platforms, we may not be able to maintain our current level of students, fees and engage qualified teachers, and our results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. Furthermore, any negative publicity relating to our company, our courses, teachers, platforms and services, regardless of its veracity, could harm our brand image and in turn materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.
If we are unable to conduct sales and marketing activities cost-effectively, our results of operations and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.
We incurred selling and marketing expenses of $1,547,665 and $1,270,582 for the years ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. As we continue to increase our marketing efforts for our B2C service by establishing office in more provinces, we expect our selling and marketing expenses to increase for the next three years.
Our sales activities may not be well received by students and may not result in the levels of sales that we anticipate and our free trials may not be attractive to our prospective institution customers and students. Furthermore, we may not be able to achieve the operational efficiency necessary to increase the gross billings per sales and marketing staff. We also may not be able to retain or recruit experienced sales staff, or to efficiently train junior sales staff. Further, marketing and branding approaches and tools in the online education market in China are evolving, especially for mobile platforms. This further requires us to enhance our marketing and branding approaches and experiment with new methods to keep pace with industry developments and student preferences. Failure to refine our existing marketing and branding approaches or to introduce new marketing and branding approaches in a cost-effective manner may reduce our market share, cause our revenues to decline and negatively impact our profitability.
Collectability of our accounts receivable has adversely impacted our operating cash flow, and may continue to do so.
Our net accounts receivable balance was $1.7 million and $1.9 million as of March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. As of March 31, 2022 and 2021, the accounts receivable derived from our online education cloud service accounted for 100% and 100%, respectively, of the total accounts receivable balance. The aging of such accounts receivable ranged from 3 months to over one year. As of March 31, 2022 and 2021, accounts receivable aging more than 3 months and less than 12 months was $3,244 and $449,343, respectively, and accounts receivable aging more than 12 months was $822 and $216,039 respectively.
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Although we have been taking measures to mitigate the risk of not being able to collect accounts in a timely fashion, including negotiating and entering into repayment plans with certain major customers, there is no assurance that we will be able to collect accounts receivables pursuant to such plans. Such risk is even higher due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on certain university and academic institution customers due to their business closures required by government protocols. If the accounts receivables cannot be collected in time, or at all, a significant amount of bad debt expense will occur, and our business, financial condition and results of operation may be materially and adversely affected. In addition, if the market competition becomes more intense and we extend more credit sales to our customers, the balance of our accounts receivables may further increase, which may adversely affect our financial conditions and operation results.
If we are not able to continue to engage and retain qualified teachers, we may not be able to maintain consistent teaching quality on our platforms, and our business, financial condition and operating results may be materially and adversely affected.
Our teachers are critical to the learning experience of our students and our reputation. We seek to engage highly qualified teachers with strong teaching skills. We must provide competitive pay and other benefits to attract and retain them. Furthermore, as we continue to develop new course contents and lesson formats, we may need to engage additional teachers with appropriate skill sets or backgrounds to deliver instructions effectively. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to effectively engage such teachers quickly, or at all. Further, given other potential more attractive opportunities for our quality teachers, over time, some of them may choose to end their relationship with us. We have not experienced major difficulties in engaging, or retaining qualified teachers in the past, however, we may not always be able to engage and retain enough qualified teachers to keep pace with our growth while maintaining consistent education quality. We may also face significant competition in engaging qualified teachers from our competitors or from other opportunities that are perceived as more desirable. A shortage of qualified teachers, a decrease in the quality of our teachers’ performances, whether actual or perceived, or a significant increase in the cost to engage or retain qualified teachers would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our historical financial and operating results, growth rates and profitability may not be indicative of future performance.
We had a net income $902,531and net income $1,020,761 for the year ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Any evaluation of our business and our prospects must be considered in light of the risks and uncertainties encountered by companies at our stage of development. The private education market in China is still at the development stage, which makes it difficult to evaluate our business and future prospects. In addition, our past results may not be indicative of future performance because of new businesses developed or acquired by us. Furthermore, our results of operations may vary from period to period in response to a variety of other factors beyond our control, including general economic conditions, global pandemics, and regulations or government actions pertaining to the private education service sector in China, changes in spending on private education and non-recurring charges incurred under unexpected circumstances or in connection with acquisitions, equity investments or other extraordinary transactions. Due to these and other factors, our historical financial and operating results, growth rates and profitability as well as comparisons of our semi-annual and annual operating results may not be indicative of our future performance and you should not rely on them to predict our future performance.
If our students’ level of performance deteriorates or satisfaction with our services declines, the students may decide to withdraw from our courses and request refunds and our business, financial condition, results of operations and reputation would be adversely affected.
The success of our business depends in part on our ability to deliver a satisfactory learning experience and improved academic results. Our services may fail to improve a student’s academic performance and a student may perform below expectations even after completing our courses. Additionally, student satisfaction with our services may decline. A student’s learning experience may also suffer if his or her relationship with our teachers does not meet expectations. We generally offer refunds for the remaining classes in a course to students who withdraw from the course. If a significant number of students fail to improve their academic performance after attending our courses or if their learning experiences with us are unsatisfactory, they may decide to withdraw from our courses and request refunds, and our business, financial condition, results of operations and reputation would be adversely affected.
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We face significant competition, and if we fail to compete effectively, we may lose our market share or fail to gain additional market share, which would adversely impact our business, financial condition and operating results.
The private education market in China is fragmented, rapidly evolving and highly competitive. We face competition in self-taught higher education and adult higher education, from existing online and offline education companies. In the future, we may also face competition from new entrants into the private education market.
Some of our competitors may be able to devote more resources than we can to the development and promotion of their education programs and respond more quickly than we can to changes in student demands, market trends or new technologies. In addition, some of our competitors may be able to respond more quickly to changes in student preferences or engage in price-cutting strategies. We cannot assure you that we will be able to compete successfully against current or future competitors. If we are unable to maintain our competitive position or otherwise respond to competitive pressure effectively, we may lose market share or be forced to reduce our fees for course packages, either of which would adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.
Our new courses and services may compete with our existing courses and services.
We are constantly developing new courses and services to meet changes in student demands, school curriculum, testing materials, admission standards, market trends and technologies. While some of the courses and services that we develop will expand our current course catalogue and services and increase student enrollment, others may compete with or render obsolete our existing courses and services without increasing our total student enrollment. If we are unable to increase our total student enrollment and profitability as we expand our course catalogue and services, our business and growth may be adversely affected.
If we fail to successfully execute our growth strategies, our business and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.
Our growth strategies include further enhancing our brand image to grow our student base and increase student enrollments, developing our online course catalogue and online education platforms, increasing our market penetration, expanding into additional markets, improving the learning experience of our students, and advancing our technology. We may not succeed in executing these growth strategies due to a number of factors, including the following:
| ● | we may fail to identify, and effectively market our services in, new markets with sufficient growth potential into which to expand our network or promote new courses in existing markets; |
| ● | we may fail to further promote our platforms; |
| ● | we may not be able to continue to enhance our online offerings or expand them to new markets, generate profits from online offerings, or adapt online offerings to changing student needs and technological advances such that we will continue to face significant student acquisition costs in the markets we enter; |
| ● | we may not be able to engage and retain a sufficient number of qualified teachers and other personnel; |
| ● | we may fail to maintain the technology necessary to deliver a smooth learning experience to our students; and |
| ● | we may not be able to identify suitable targets for acquisitions and partnership. |
If we fail to successfully execute our growth strategies, we may not be able to maintain our growth rate and our business and prospects may be materially and adversely affected as a result.
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We may not be able to adopt new technologies important to our business.
Technology standards in internet and value-added telecommunications services and products in general, and in online education in particular, may change over time. If we fail to anticipate and adapt to technological changes, our market share and our business development could suffer, which in turn could have a material and adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. If we are unsuccessful in addressing any of the risks related to new courses, our reputation and business may be materially and adversely affected.
Unexpected network interruptions, security breaches or computer virus attacks and system failures could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our business depends on the performance and reliability of the internet infrastructure in China. In China, almost all access to the internet is maintained through state-controlled telecommunications operators. In many parts of China, the internet infrastructure is relatively underdeveloped, and internet connections are generally slower and less stable than in more developed countries. We cannot assure you that the internet infrastructure in China will remain sufficiently reliable for our needs or that either country will ever develop and make available more reliable internet access to our students and teacher. Any failure to maintain the performance, reliability, security or availability of our network infrastructure may cause significant damage to our ability to attract and retain students and teachers. Major risks involving our network infrastructure include:
| ● | breakdowns or system failures resulting in a prolonged shutdown of our servers; |
| ● | disruption or failure in the national backbone networks in China, which would make it impossible for students and teachers to access our online and mobile platforms or to engage in live lessons; |
| ● | damage from natural disaster or other catastrophic event such as an typhoon, volcanic eruption, earthquake, flood, telecommunications failure, or other similar events in China; and |
| ● | any infection by or spread of computer viruses. |
Any network interruption or inadequacy that causes interruptions in the availability of our online and mobile platforms or deterioration in the quality of access to our online and mobile platforms could reduce student satisfaction and result in a reduction in the activity level of our students and the number of students purchasing our course packages. Furthermore, increases in the volume of traffic on our online and mobile platforms could strain the capacity of our existing computer systems and bandwidth, which could lead to slower response times or system failures. The internet infrastructure in China may not support the demands associated with continued growth in internet usage. This would cause a disruption or suspension in our lesson delivery, which could hurt our brand and reputation. We may need to incur additional costs to upgrade our technology infrastructure and computer systems in order to accommodate increased demand if we anticipate that our systems cannot handle higher volumes of traffic in the future.
All of our servers and routers, including backup servers, are currently hosted by third-party service providers in Tianjin and Wuhan in China. We also rely on major telecommunication companies to provide us with data communications capacity primarily through local telecommunications lines and internet data centers to host our servers. We may not have access to alternative services and we have no control over the costs of services. If the prices that we pay for telecommunications and internet services in China rise significantly, our gross profit and net income could be adversely affected. In addition, if internet access fees or other charges to internet users increase, our visitor traffic may decrease, which in turn may harm our revenues.
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Some students may decide not to continue taking our courses for a number of reasons, including a perceived lack of improvement in their performance in specific courses, a change in requirements or general dissatisfaction with our programs, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and reputation.
The success of our business depends in large part on our ability to retain our students by delivering a satisfactory learning experience and improving their performance in the courses they have taken. If students feel that we are not providing them the experience they are seeking, they may choose not to renew their existing packages. For example, our courses may fail to significantly improve a student’s performance in the relevant subject area. Student satisfaction with our programs may decline for a number of reasons, many of which may not reflect the effectiveness of our lessons and teaching methods. Students also need to be self-motivated in order to successfully complete the courses in which they enroll. If students’ performances decline as a result of their own study habits or inability to learn the course material, they may not purchase additional lessons from us or refer other students to us, which could materially adversely affect our business.
A student’s learning experience may also suffer if his or her relationship with our teaching assistants does not meet expectations. If a significant number of students fail to significantly improve their proficiency in the applicable course subject after taking our lessons or if their learning experiences with us are unsatisfactory, they may not purchase additional lessons from us or refer other students to us and our business, financial condition, results of operations and reputation would be adversely affected.
Our failure to protect our intellectual property rights may undermine our competitive position, and litigation to protect our intellectual property rights or defend against third party allegations of infringement may be costly and ineffective.
We believe that our copyrights, trademarks and other intellectual property are essential to our success. We depend to a large extent on our ability to develop and maintain the intellectual property rights relating to our technology and course materials. We have devoted considerable time and energy to the development and improvement of our websites, mobile apps, and our course materials.
We rely primarily on copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets and other contractual restrictions for the protection of the intellectual property used in our business. Nevertheless, these provide only limited protection and the actions we take to protect our intellectual property rights may not be adequate. Our trade secrets may become known or be independently discovered by our competitors. Third parties may in the future pirate our course materials and may infringe upon or misappropriate our other intellectual property. Infringement upon or the misappropriation of, our proprietary technologies or other intellectual property could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or operating results. Policing the unauthorized use of proprietary technology can be difficult and expensive.
Also, litigation may be necessary to enforce our intellectual property rights, protect our trade secrets or determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others. Such litigation may be costly and divert management’s attention away from our business. An adverse determination in any such litigation would impair our intellectual property rights and may harm our business, prospects and reputation. Enforcement of judgments in China is uncertain, and even if we are successful in litigation, it may not provide us with an effective remedy. In addition, we have no insurance coverage against litigation costs and would have to bear all costs arising from such litigation to the extent we are unable to recover them from other parties. The occurrence of any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We may encounter disputes from time to time relating to our use of intellectual property of third parties.
We cannot be certain that third parties will not claim that our business infringes upon or otherwise violates trademarks, patents, copyrights or other intellectual property rights that they hold. We cannot assure you that third parties will not claim that our courses and marketing materials, online courses, products, and platform or other intellectual property developed or used by us infringe upon valid copyrights or other intellectual property rights that they hold. We may be subject to claims by educational institutions and organizations, content providers and publishers, competitors and others on the grounds of intellectual property rights infringement, defamation, negligence or other legal theories based on the content of the materials that we or our teachers distribute or use in our business operation. These types of claims have been brought, sometimes successfully, against print publications and educational institutions in the past. We may encounter disputes from time to time over rights and obligations concerning intellectual property, and we may not prevail in those disputes.
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Any claims against us, with or without merit, could be time consuming and costly to defend or litigate, divert our management’s attention and resources or result in the loss of goodwill associated with our brand. If a lawsuit against us is successful, we may be required to pay substantial damages and/or enter into royalty or license agreements that may not be based upon commercially reasonable terms, or we may be unable to enter into such agreements at all. We may also lose, or be limited in, the rights to offer some of our programs, parts of our platform and products or be required to make changes to our course materials or websites. As a result, the scope of our course materials could be reduced, which could adversely affect the effectiveness of our curriculum, limit our ability to attract new students, harm our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial position.
Failure to protect confidential information of our teachers, students and other customers against security breaches could damage our reputation and brand and substantially harm our business and results of operations.
A significant challenge to the online education industry is the secure storage of confidential information and its secure transmission over public networks. Most purchases of our course packages are made through our website and our mobile apps. In addition, online payments for our course packages are settled through third-party online payment services. Maintaining complete security for the storage and transmission of confidential information on our technology platform, such as student names, personal information and billing addresses, is essential to maintaining student confidence.
We have adopted security policies and measures to protect our proprietary data and student information]. However, advances in technology, the expertise of hackers, new discoveries in the field of cryptography or other events or developments could result in a compromise or breach of the technology that we use to protect confidential information. We may not be able to prevent third parties, especially hackers or other individuals or entities engaging in similar activities, from illegally obtaining such confidential or private information we hold as a result of our users’ visits to our website and use of our mobile apps. Such individuals or entities obtaining our clients’ confidential or private information may further engage in various other illegal activities using such information. Any negative publicity regarding our website’s or mobile apps’ safety or privacy protection mechanisms and policies, and any claims asserted against us or fines imposed upon us as a result of actual or perceived failures, could have a material and adverse effect on our public image, reputation, financial condition and results of operations.
Practices regarding the collection, use, storage, transmission and security of personal information by companies operating over the internet and mobile platforms have recently come under increased public scrutiny. Increased regulation by the PRC government of data privacy on the internet may occur and we may become subject to new laws and regulations applying to the solicitation, collection, processing or use of personal or consumer information that could affect how we store and process the data of our teachers, students and clients. We generally comply with industry standards and are subject to the terms of our own privacy policies. Compliance with any additional laws could be expensive, and may place restrictions on the conduct of our business and the manner in which we interact with our students and other clients. Any failure to comply with applicable regulations could also result in regulatory enforcement actions against us.
Significant capital and other resources may be required to protect against information security breaches or to alleviate problems caused by such breaches or to comply with our privacy policies or privacy-related legal obligations. The resources required may increase over time as the methods used by hackers and others engaged in online criminal activities are increasingly sophisticated and constantly evolving. Any failure or perceived failure by us to prevent information security breaches or to comply with privacy policies or privacy-related legal obligations, or any compromise of security that results in the unauthorized release or transfer of personally identifiable information or other student data, could cause our students to lose trust in us and could expose us to legal claims. Any perception by the public that online transactions or the privacy of user information are becoming increasingly unsafe or vulnerable to attacks could inhibit the growth of online education services generally, which may negatively impact our business prospects.
Our employees may engage in misconduct or other improper activities or misuse our platforms, which could harm our reputation.
We are exposed to the risk of employee fraud or other misconduct. Employee misconduct could include intentionally failing to comply with government regulations, engaging in unauthorized activities and misrepresentation to our potential students and clients during marketing activities, which could harm our reputation. Employee misconduct could also involve improper use of our clients’ and teachers’ sensitive or classified information, which could result in regulatory sanctions against us and serious harm to our reputation. Employee misconduct could also involve making payments to government officials or third parties that would expose us to being in violation of laws. It is not always possible to deter employee misconduct, and the precautions we take to prevent and detect this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses, which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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Allegations, harassment or other detrimental conduct by third parties, as well as the public dissemination of negative, inaccurate or misleading information about us, could harm our reputation and adversely affect the price of our ordinary shares.
We may be subject to allegations by third parties or purported current or former employees, negative internet postings and other negative, inaccurate or misleading publicity related to our business and operations. We may also become the target of harassment or other detrimental conduct by third parties or disgruntled former or current employees. Such conduct may include complaints, anonymous or otherwise, to our board, advisors, regulatory agencies, media or other organizations. Depending on their nature and significance, we may need to conduct internal investigations to appropriately review any such allegations. We may also be subject to government or regulatory inquiries or, investigations or other proceedings as a result of such third-party conduct and may be required to spend significant time and incur substantial costs to address such conduct, and there is no assurance that we will be able to conclusively refute each of the allegations within a reasonable period of time, or at all. Allegations may be posted on the internet, including social media platforms, by anyone anonymously. Any negative, inaccurate or misleading publicity about us or our management can be quickly and widely disseminated. Social media platforms and devices immediately publish the content of their subscribers’ and participants’ posts, often without filters or checks on the accuracy of the content posted. Information posted on the internet or otherwise publicly released, including by us or our employees, may be inaccurate or misleading, and the information or the inaccurate or misleading nature of the information, may harm our reputation, business or prospects. The harm may be immediate without affording us an opportunity for redress or correction. Our reputation may be negatively affected as a result of the public dissemination of negative, inaccurate, or misleading information about our business and operations, which in turn may cause us to lose market share or students, and adversely affect the price of our ordinary shares.
The wide variety of payment methods that we accept subjects us to third-party payment processing-related risks.
We accept payments using a variety of methods, including bank transfers, online payments with credit cards and debit cards issued by major banks in China, and payment through third-party online payment platforms such as Alipay and WeChat Pay. For certain payment methods, including credit and debit cards, we pay interchange and other fees, which may increase over time and raise our operating costs and lower our profit margins. We may also be susceptible to fraud and other illegal activities in connection with the various payment methods we offer. We are also subject to various rules, regulations and requirements, regulatory or otherwise, governing electronic funds transfers which could change or be reinterpreted to make it difficult or impossible for us to comply. If we fail to comply with these rules or requirements, we may be subject to fines and higher transaction fees and become unable to accept credit and debit card payments from our students, process electronic funds transfers or facilitate other types of online payments, and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
If our senior management is unable to work together effectively or efficiently or if we lose their services, our business may be severely disrupted.
Our success heavily depends upon the continued services of our management. In particular, we rely on the expertise and experience of Yang Yu, Xinghui Yang and Cuntao Hou. We also rely on the experience and services from other senior management. If such individuals cannot work together effectively or efficiently, our business may be severely disrupted. If one or more of our senior managers were unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, we might not be able to replace them easily or at all, and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. If any of our senior management joins a competitor or forms a competing business, we may lose students, teachers, and other key professionals and staff members. Our senior management has entered into employment agreements with us, including confidentiality and non-competition clauses. However, if any dispute arises between our officers and us, we may have to incur substantial costs and expenses in order to enforce such agreements in China or we may be unable to enforce them at all.
Our results of operations are subject to seasonal fluctuations.
Our industry generally experiences seasonality, reflecting a combination of traditional education industry patterns and new patterns associated with the online platforms in particular. Seasonal fluctuations have affected, and are likely to continue to affect, our business. In general, our self-taught examination services experiences lower student enrollment during the month following the four examination periods but enjoys higher student enrollment during the two months before the four examination periods. As to our continuing education services, our sales generally slow down when our cooperating universities and colleges are summer and winter breaks. Our financial condition and results of operations for future periods may continue to fluctuate. As a result, the trading price of our ordinary shares may fluctuate from time to time due to seasonality.
We have limited insurance coverage for our operations in China, which could expose us to significant costs and business disruption.
We do not maintain any liability insurance or property insurance policies covering students, equipment and facilities for injuries, death or losses due to fire, earthquake, flood or any other disaster. Consistent with customary industry practice in China, we do not maintain business interruption insurance, nor do we maintain key-man life insurance. However, as the insurance industry in China is still in an early stage of development, insurance companies in China currently offer limited business-related insurance products. We do not maintain business interruption insurance, nor do we maintain key-man life insurance. We cannot assure you that our insurance coverage is sufficient to prevent us from any loss or that we will be able to successfully claim our losses under our current insurance policy on a timely basis, or at all. If we incur any loss that is not covered by our insurance policies, or the compensated amount is significantly less than our actual loss, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
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Any significant interruption in the operations of our customer hotline could adversely affect our ability to respond to potential customers’ inquiries and other service requests in a timely manner.
We have a customer hotline which responds to inquiries from potential customers and provides customer service to our existing customers. We have not experienced any significant interruption in the operations of our customer hotline. We do not currently have a risk mitigation plan for our customer hotline to prevent an interruption of its operation due to natural disasters, accidents or other events. Any significant interruptions as a result of these events or our failure to successfully expand or upgrade our systems or manage the necessary expansions or upgrades in the customer hotline could reduce our ability to respond to customer inquiries or service requests, which could in turn result in the loss of potential customers and damage our reputation.
The impact of any kind of epidemic, such as the COVID-19, on our operations, may harm our business.
Affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the daily offline education and teaching activities of colleges and universities across the country were suspended due to government health containment measures. In the second half of 2021, the COVID-19 coronavirus remerged in China due to the Omicron and Delta variants. Most recently, Shanghai began a strict zero-positive-case lockdown in late March 2022 due to another outbreak of COVID-19, resulting in a lockdown of the city, closures of ports and airports, and disruption of commercial activities. However, our business activities were not significantly affected or interrupted in 2021 and early 2022. Although the number of existing continuing education users and new customers has increased in the year ended 2022, the new demand for continuing education platform in a certain period of time in the future remains uncertain.
Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure
If the PRC government finds that the contractual arrangements that establish the structure for holding our Internet Content Provider (“ICP”) license do not comply with applicable PRC laws and regulations, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations.
Foreign ownership in entities that provide value-added telecommunication services, is subject to restrictions under current PRC laws and regulations. For example, in accordance with the Guidance Catalog of Industries for Foreign Investment, as amended in June 2017, and other applicable laws and regulations, foreign investors are not allowed to own more than 50% of the equity interests in a value-added telecommunication service provider (except for e-commerce) and any such foreign investor must have experience in providing value-added telecommunications services overseas and maintain a good track record.
We are a British Virgin Islands company and our PRC subsidiary, Beijing Distance Learning is considered a foreign-invested enterprise. To comply with PRC laws and regulations, we operate our website, www.edu-edu.com, through our PRC consolidated VIE, Beijing Digital Information, which holds our ICP License for www.edu-edu.com. Beijing Digital Information is 51.5% owned by Yang Yu and 48.5% owned by Xinghui Yang. All shareholders of Beijing Digital Information are PRC citizens. We entered into a series of contractual arrangements with Beijing Digital Information and its shareholders, which enable us to:
| ● | exercise effective control over Beijing Digital Information; |
| ● | receive substantially all of the economic benefits; and |
| ● | have an exclusive option to purchase all or part of the equity interests in Beijing Digital Information when and to the extent permitted by PRC law. |
Because of these contractual arrangements, we are the primary beneficiary of Beijing Digital Information and treat it as our PRC consolidated VIE under U.S. GAAP. We consolidate the financial results of Beijing Digital Information in our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
Jingtian & Gongcheng, our PRC legal counsel, is of the opinion that (i) the ownership structure of Shanghai Xin Fu and Beijing Distance Learning will not result in any violation of PRC laws or regulations currently in effect; and (ii) the contractual arrangements among Beijing Digital Information and Beijing Distance Learning and its shareholders governed by PRC law are valid, binding and enforceable, and will not result in any violation of PRC laws or regulations currently in effect. Our PRC legal counsel is also of the opinion that there are, however, substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current or future PRC laws and regulations concerning foreign investment in the PRC, and their application to and effect on the legality, binding effect and enforceability of the contractual arrangements. In particular, we cannot rule out the possibility that PRC regulatory authorities, courts or arbitral tribunals may in the future adopt a different or contrary interpretation or take a view that is inconsistent with the opinion of our PRC legal counsel.
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On March 15, 2019, the National People’s Congress, China’s national legislative body (the “NPC”) approved the Foreign Investment Law, which took effect on January 1, 2020. Since it is relatively new, uncertainties exist in relation to its interpretation and its implementation rules that are yet to be issued. The Foreign Investment Law does not explicitly classify whether variable interest entities that are controlled through contractual arrangements would be deemed as foreign-invested enterprises if they are ultimately “controlled” by foreign investors. However, it has a catch-all provision under definition of “foreign investment” that includes investments made by foreign investors in China through other means as provided by laws, administrative regulations or the State Council. Therefore it still leaves leeway for future laws, administrative regulations or provisions of the State Council to provide for contractual arrangements as a form of foreign investment. Therefore, there can be no assurance that our control over our consolidated VIE through contractual arrangements will not be deemed as foreign investment in the future.
The Foreign Investment Law grants national treatment to foreign-invested entities, except for those foreign-invested entities that operate in industries specified as either “restricted” or “prohibited” from foreign investment in a “negative list” that is yet to be published. It is unclear whether the “negative list” to be published will differ from the current Special Administrative Measures for Market Access of Foreign Investment (Negative List). The Foreign Investment Law provides that foreign-invested entities operating in “restricted” or “prohibited” industries will require market entry clearance and other approvals from relevant PRC government authorities. If our control over our consolidated VIE through contractual arrangements are deemed as foreign investment in the future, and any business of our consolidated VIE is “restricted” or “prohibited” from foreign investment under the “negative list” effective at the time, we may be deemed to be in violation of the Foreign Investment Law, the contractual arrangements that allow us to have control over our consolidated VIE may be deemed as invalid and illegal, and we may be required to unwind such contractual arrangements and/or restructure our business operations, any of which may have a material adverse effect on our business operation.
If, as a result of such contractual arrangement, we or Beijing Digital Information is found to be in violation of any existing or future PRC laws or regulations, or such contractual arrangement is determined as illegal and invalid by the PRC court, arbitral tribunal or regulatory authorities, or we fail to obtain, maintain or renew any of the required permits or approvals, the relevant PRC regulatory authorities would have broad discretion to take action in dealing with such violations or failures, including:
| ● | revoking the business licenses and/or operating licenses of Beijing Distance Learning and/or Beijing Digital Information; |
| ● | discontinuing or restricting the conduct of any transactions between Beijing Distance Learning and Beijing Digital Information; |
| ● | limiting our business expansion in China by way of entering into contractual arrangements; |
| ● | imposing fines, confiscating the income from Beijing Digital Information, or imposing other requirements with which we or Beijing Digital Information may not be able to comply with; |
| ● | shutting down our servers or blocking our websites; |
| ● | requiring us to restructure our ownership structure or operations, including terminating the contractual arrangements with Beijing Digital Information and deregistering the equity pledges of Beijing Digital Information; |
| ● | restricting or prohibiting our use of the proceeds of the IPO to finance our business and operations in China; |
| ● | imposing additional conditions or requirements with which we may not be able to comply with; or |
| ● | take other regulatory or enforcement actions against us that could be harmful to our business. |
The imposition of any of these penalties could result in a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business and on our results of operations. If any of these penalties results in our inability to direct the activities of Beijing Digital Information that most significantly impact its economic performance, and/or our failure to receive the economic benefits from Beijing Digital Information, we may not be able to consolidate Beijing Digital Information in our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
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We rely on contractual arrangements with Beijing Digital Information and its shareholders for a portion of our business operations, which may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing operational control.
We have relied and expect to continue to rely on contractual arrangements with Beijing Digital Information, as well as its respective shareholders, to operate our www.edu-edu.com website and mobile apps. For a description of these contractual arrangements, see “History and Development of the Company.” These contractual arrangements may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing us with control over Beijing Digital Information. For example, Beijing Digital Information and its shareholders could breach their contractual arrangements with us by, among other things, failing to conduct their operations, including maintaining our website and using the domain names and trademarks, in an acceptable manner or taking other actions that are detrimental to our interests.
If we had direct ownership of Beijing Digital Information, we would be able to exercise our rights as a shareholder to change the executive director of Beijing Digital Information, which in turn could effect changes, subject to any applicable fiduciary obligations, at the management level. However, under the current contractual arrangements, we rely on the performance by Beijing Digital Information and its shareholders of their obligations under the contracts to exercise control over Beijing Digital Information. However, the shareholders of Beijing Digital Information may not act in the best interests of the Company or may not perform their obligations under these contracts. Such risks exist throughout the period in which we intend to operate our business through the contractual arrangements with Beijing Digital Information. We may replace the shareholders of Beijing Digital Information at any time pursuant to our contractual arrangements with it and its shareholders. However, if any dispute relating to these contracts remains unresolved, we will have to enforce our rights under these contracts through the operations of PRC law and therefore will be subject to uncertainties in the PRC legal system. See “—Any failure by Beijing Digital Information or its shareholders to perform their obligations under our contractual arrangements with them would have a material and adverse effect on our business.” Therefore, our contractual arrangements with Beijing Digital Information may not be as effective in ensuring our control over the relevant portion of our business operations as direct ownership would be.
Substantial uncertainties exist with respect to the enactment timetable, interpretation and implementation of draft PRC Foreign Investment Law and how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations.
The MOC published a discussion draft of the proposed Foreign Investment Law in January 2015 aiming to, upon its enactment, replace the trio of existing laws regulating foreign investment in China, namely, the Sino-foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise Law, the Sino-foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Enterprise Law and the Wholly Foreign-invested Enterprise Law. The Draft Foreign Investment Law embodies an expected PRC regulatory trend to rationalize its foreign investment regulatory regime in line with prevailing international practice and the legislative efforts to unify the corporate legal requirements for both foreign and domestic investments. While the MOC solicited comments on this draft in early 2015, substantial uncertainties exist with respect to its enactment timetable, interpretation and implementation.
Among other things, the Draft Foreign Investment Law expands the definition of foreign investment and introduces the principle of “actual control” in determining whether a company is considered an FIE. The Draft Foreign Investment Law specifically provides that entities established in China but “controlled” by foreign investors will be treated as FIEs, whereas an entity set up in a foreign jurisdiction would nonetheless be, upon market entry clearance by the MOC, treated as a PRC domestic investor provided that the entity is “controlled” by PRC entities and/or citizens. In this connection, “foreign investors” refers to the following subjects making investments within the PRC: (i) natural persons without PRC nationality; (ii) enterprises incorporated under the laws of countries or regions other than China; (iii) the governments of countries or regions other than the PRC and the departments or agencies thereunder; and (iv) international organizations. Domestic enterprises under the control of the subjects as mentioned in the preceding sentence are deemed foreign investors, and “control” is broadly defined in the draft law to cover the following summarized categories: (i) holding, directly or indirectly, not less than 50% of shares, equities, share of voting rights or other similar rights of the subject entity; (ii) holding, directly or indirectly, less than 50% of the voting rights of the subject entity but having the power to secure at least 50% of the seats on the board or other equivalent decision making bodies, or having the voting power to material influence on the board, the shareholders’ meeting or other equivalent decision making bodies; or (iii) having the power to exert decisive influence, via contractual or trust arrangements, over the subject entity’s operations, financial matters or other key aspects of business operations. Once an entity is determined to be an FIE, it will be subject to the foreign investment restrictions or prohibitions set forth in a “catalogue of special administrative measures,” which is classified into the “catalogue of prohibitions” and “the catalogue of restrictions,” to be separately issued by the State Council later. Foreign investors are not allowed to invest in any sector set forth in the catalogue of prohibitions. However, unless the underlying business of the FIE falls within the catalogue of restrictions, which calls for market entry clearance by the MOC, prior approval from governmental authorities as mandated by the existing foreign investment legal regime would no longer be required for establishment of the FIE.
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The “variable interest entity” structure, or VIE structure, has been adopted by many PRC-based companies, including us, to obtain necessary licenses and permits in the industries that are currently subject to foreign investment restrictions in China. See “—If the PRC government finds that the contractual arrangements that establish the structure for holding our ICP license do not comply with applicable PRC laws and regulations, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations” and “History and Development of the Company.” Under the Draft Foreign Investment Law, VIEs that are controlled via contractual arrangement would also be deemed as FIEs, if they are ultimately “controlled” by foreign investors. Therefore, for any companies with a VIE structure in an industry category that is on the “catalogue of restrictions,” the VIE structure may be deemed a domestic investment only if the ultimate controlling person(s) is/are of PRC nationality (either PRC companies or PRC citizens). Conversely, if the actual controlling person(s) is/are of foreign nationalities, then the VIEs will be treated as FIEs and any operation in the industry category on the “catalogue of restrictions” without market entry clearance may be considered as illegal.
In addition, the Draft Foreign Investment Law does not indicate what actions shall be taken with respect to the existing companies with a VIE structure, whether or not these companies are controlled by Chinese parties. Moreover, it is uncertain whether the online education industry, in which our PRC consolidated VIE operate, will be subject to the foreign investment restrictions or prohibitions set forth in the “catalogue of special administrative measures” to be issued. If the enacted version of the Foreign Investment Law and the final “catalogue of special administrative measures” mandate further actions, such as the MOC market entry clearance, to be completed by companies with an existing VIE structure like us, we face uncertainties as to whether such clearance can be timely obtained, or at all.
The Draft Foreign Investment Law, if enacted as proposed, may also materially impact our corporate governance practice and increase our compliance costs. For instance, the Draft Foreign Investment Law imposes stringent ad hoc and periodic information reporting requirements on foreign investors and the applicable FIEs. Aside from an investment information report required at each investment, and investment amendment reports, which shall be submitted upon alteration of investment specifics, it is mandatory for entities established by foreign investors to submit an annual report, and large foreign investors meeting certain criteria are required to report on a quarterly basis. Any company found to be non-compliant with these reporting obligations may potentially be subject to fines and/or administrative or criminal liabilities, and the persons directly responsible may be subject to criminal liabilities.
On December 26, 2018, NPCSC published the 2018 Draft Foreign Investment Law deliberated by the 7th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the Thirteenth National People’s Congress, to seek public comments, which closed on February 24, 2019. The 2018 Draft Foreign Investment Law does not mention concepts including “de facto control” and “controlling through contractual arrangements”, nor did it specify the regulation on controlling through contractual arrangements. Furthermore, the 2018 Draft Foreign Investment Law does not specifically stipulate rules on the education industry.
Any failure by Beijing Digital Information or its shareholders to perform their obligations under our contractual arrangements with them would have a material and adverse effect on our business.
If Beijing Digital Information or its shareholders fail to perform their obligations under the contractual arrangements, we may have to incur substantial costs and expend additional resources to enforce such arrangements. We may also have to rely on legal remedies under PRC law, including seeking specific performance or injunctive relief, and claiming damages, which we cannot assure you will be effective. For example, if the shareholders of Beijing Digital Information, were to refuse to transfer their equity interest in Beijing Digital Information to us or our designee if we exercise the purchase option pursuant to these contractual arrangements, or if they were otherwise to act in bad faith toward us, then we may have to take legal actions to compel them to perform their contractual obligations.
All the agreements under our contractual arrangements with Beijing Digital Information are governed by PRC law and provide for the resolution of disputes through arbitration in China. Accordingly, these contracts would be interpreted in accordance with PRC law and any disputes would be resolved in accordance with PRC legal procedures. The legal system in the PRC is not as developed as in some other jurisdictions, such as the United States. As a result, uncertainties in the PRC legal system could limit our ability to enforce these contractual arrangements. Under PRC law, if the losing parties fail to carry out the arbitration awards within a prescribed time limit, the prevailing parties may only enforce the arbitration awards in PRC courts through arbitration award recognition proceedings, which would require additional expenses and delay. In the event we are unable to enforce these contractual arrangements, we may not be able to exert effective control over Beijing Digital Information, and our ability to conduct our business may be negatively affected.
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On March 15, 2019, the National People’s Congress promulgated the Foreign Investment Law, which became effective on January 1, 2020 and replace three existing laws on foreign investments in China, namely, the Sino-Foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise Law, the Sino-Foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Enterprise Law and the Foreign Owned Enterprise Law, together with their implementations and ancillary regulations to become the legal foundation for foreign investment in the PRC.
According to the Foreign Investment Law, the State Council will publish or approve to publish a catalogue for special administrative measures, or the “negative list.” The Foreign Investment Law grants national treatment to foreign invested entities, except for those foreign invested entities that operate in industries deemed to be either “restricted” or “prohibited” in the “negative list.” Because the “negative list” has yet to be published, it is unclear whether it will differ from the current Negative List. The Foreign Investment Law provides that foreign invested entities operating in foreign restricted or prohibited industries will require market entry clearance and other approvals from relevant PRC governmental authorities.
Furthermore, the Foreign Investment Law provides that foreign invested enterprises established according to the existing laws regulating foreign investment may maintain their structure and corporate governance within five years after the implementing of the Foreign Investment Law.
If the custodians or authorized users of our controlling non-tangible assets, including chops and seals, fail to fulfill their responsibilities, or misappropriate or misuse these assets, our business and operations could be materially and adversely affected.
Under PRC law, legal documents for corporate transactions, including agreements and contracts such as the leases and sales contracts that our business relies on, are executed using the chop or seal of the signing entity or with the signature of a legal representative whose designation is registered and filed with the relevant local branch of the SAIC. We generally execute legal documents by affixing chops or seals, rather than having the designated legal representatives sign the documents.
We have three major types of chops—corporate chops, contract chops and finance chops. We use corporate chops generally for documents to be submitted to government agencies, such as applications for changing business scope, directors or company name, and for legal letters. We use contract chops for executing leases and commercial, contracts. We use finance chops generally for making and collecting payments, including, but not limited to issuing invoices. Use of corporate chops and contract chops must be approved by our legal department and administrative department, and use of finance chops must be approved by our finance department. The chops of our PRC subsidiary and our PRC consolidated VIE are generally held by the relevant entities so that documents can be executed locally. Although we usually utilize chops to execute contracts, the registered legal representatives of our PRC subsidiary and our PRC consolidated VIE have the apparent authority to enter into contracts on behalf of such entities without chops, unless such contracts set forth otherwise. All designated legal representatives of our PRC subsidiary and our PRC consolidated VIE have signed employment agreements with us under which they agree to abide by duties they owe to us.
In order to maintain the physical security of our chops, we generally have them stored in secured locations accessible only to the department heads of the legal, administrative or finance departments. Our designated legal representatives generally do not have access to the chops. Although we monitor our employees, including the designated legal representatives of our PRC subsidiary and our consolidated VIE, the procedures may not be sufficient to prevent all instances of abuse or negligence. There is a risk that our employees or designated legal representatives could abuse their authority, for example, by binding the relevant subsidiary or consolidated VIE with contracts against our interests, as we would be obligated to honor these contracts if the other contracting party acts in good faith in reliance on the apparent authority of our chops or signatures of our legal representatives. If any designated legal representative obtains control of the chop in an effort to obtain control over the relevant entity, we would need to have a shareholder or board resolution to designate a new legal representative and to take legal action to seek the for a new chop with the relevant authorities, or otherwise seek legal remedies for the legal representative’s misconduct. If any of the designated legal representatives obtains and misuses or misappropriates our chops and seals or other controlling intangible assets for whatever reason, we could experience disruption to our normal business operations. We may have to take corporate or legal action, which could involve significant time and resources to resolve while distracting management from our operations.
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The shareholders of Beijing Digital Information may have potential conflicts of interest with us, which may materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.
We have designated individuals who are PRC nationals to be the shareholders of Beijing Digital Information. Beijing Digital Information is owned by Yang Yu and Xinghui Yang. The interests of these individuals as the shareholders of Beijing Digital Information may differ from the interests of the Company as a whole. These shareholders may breach, or cause our PRC consolidated VIE to breach, or refuse to renew, the existing contractual arrangements we have with them and Beijing Digital Information, which would have a material and adverse effect on our ability to effectively control Beijing Digital Information. We cannot assure you that when conflicts of interest arise, any or all of these shareholders will act in the best interests of our company or such conflicts will be resolved in our favor.
Currently, we do not have any arrangements to address potential conflicts of interest between these shareholders and the Company, except that we could exercise our purchase option under the exclusive option agreement with these shareholders to request them to transfer all of their equity ownership in Beijing Digital Information to Beijing Distance Learning or one or more individuals designated by us. We rely on Messrs. Yu and Yang, who are also our directors, to abide by PRC law, which provides that directors owe a fiduciary duty to the company. Such fiduciary duty requires directors to act in good faith and in the best interests of the company and not to use their positions for personal gains. If we cannot resolve any conflict of interest or dispute between us and the shareholders of Beijing Digital Information, we would have to rely on legal proceedings, which could result in disruption of our business and subject us to substantial uncertainty as to the outcome of any such legal proceedings.
We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiary to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiary to make payments to us could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.
We are a holding company, and we may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiary, Beijing Distance Learning, for our cash and financing requirements, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders and service any debt we may incur. If our PRC subsidiary incurs debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us. In addition, the PRC tax authorities may require Beijing Distance Learning to adjust its taxable income under the contractual arrangements it currently has in place with our PRC consolidated VIE in a manner that would materially and adversely affect its ability to pay dividends and other distributions to us. See “—Our contractual arrangements may be subject to scrutiny by the PRC tax authorities, and a finding that we owe additional taxes could substantially reduce our consolidated net income and the value of your investment.”
Under PRC laws and regulations, our PRC subsidiary, which is a wholly foreign-owned enterprise may pay dividends only out of its respective accumulated profits as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, a wholly foreign-owned enterprise is required to set aside at least 10% of its accumulated after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund a certain statutory reserve fund, until the aggregate amount of such fund reaches 50% of its registered capital. At its discretion, a wholly foreign-owned enterprise may allocate a portion of its after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to an enterprise expansion fund, or a staff welfare and bonus fund. The statutory reserve funds, enterprise expansion funds and staff welfare and bonus funds are not distributable as cash dividends.
Any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiary to pay dividends or make other distributions to us could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our business, pay dividends, or otherwise fund and conduct our business. See also “—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, we may be classified as a PRC “resident enterprise” for PRC enterprise income tax purposes. Such classification would likely result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders and has a material adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of your investment.”
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Our contractual arrangements may be subject to scrutiny by the PRC tax authorities, and a finding that we owe additional taxes could substantially reduce our consolidated net income and the value of your investment.
Under PRC laws and regulations, arrangements and transactions among related parties may be subject to audit or challenge by the PRC tax authorities. We could face material and adverse tax consequences if the PRC tax authorities determine that the contractual arrangements among our PRC subsidiary and our PRC consolidated VIE do not represent an arm’s-length price and adjust our PRC consolidated VIEs income in the form of a transfer pricing adjustment. A transfer pricing adjustment could, among other things, result in a reduction, for PRC tax purposes, of expense deductions recorded by our PRC consolidated VIE, which could in turn increase their tax liabilities. In addition, the PRC tax authorities may impose late payment fees and other penalties to our PRC consolidated VIE for under-paid taxes. Our consolidated net income may be materially and adversely affected if our tax liabilities increase or if we are found to be subject to late payment fees or other penalties.
If Beijing Digital Information becomes the subject of a bankruptcy or liquidation proceeding, we may lose the ability to use and enjoy its assets, which could reduce the size of our operations and materially and adversely affect our business, ability to generate revenues and the market price of our ordinary shares.
To comply with PRC laws and regulations relating to foreign ownership restrictions in the online value-added telecommunications business, we hold our ICP license through contractual arrangements with Beijing Digital Information, our PRC consolidated VIE, as well as its shareholders. As part of these arrangements, Beijing Digital Information holds assets that are important to the operation of our business.
We do not have priority pledges and liens against Beijing Digital Information’s assets. As a contractual and property right matter, this lack of priority pledges and liens has remote risks. If Beijing Digital Information undergoes an involuntary liquidation proceeding, third-party creditors may claim rights to some or all of its assets and we may not have priority against such third-party creditors on Beijing Digital Information’s assets. If Beijing Digital Information liquidates, we may take part in the liquidation procedures as a general creditor under the PRC Enterprise Bankruptcy Law and recover any outstanding liabilities owed by Beijing Digital Information to Beijing Distance Learning under the applicable service agreements. To ameliorate the risks of an involuntary liquidation proceeding initiated by a third-party creditor, we closely monitor the operations and finances of Beijing Digital Information through carefully designed budgetary and internal controls to ensure that Beijing Digital Information is well capitalized and is highly unlikely to trigger any third-party monetary claims in excess of its assets and cash resources. Furthermore, Beijing Distance Learning has the ability, if necessary, to provide finance support to Beijing Digital Information to prevent such an involuntary liquidation.
If the shareholders of Beijing Digital Information were to attempt to voluntarily liquidate Beijing Digital Information without obtaining our prior consent, we could effectively prevent such unauthorized voluntary liquidation by exercising our right to request Beijing Digital Information’s shareholders to transfer all of their equity ownership interest to Beijing Distance Learning or one or more individuals designated by us in accordance with the option agreements with the shareholders of Beijing Digital Information. In the event that the shareholders of Beijing Digital Information initiates a voluntary liquidation proceeding without our authorization or attempts to distribute the retained earnings or assets of Beijing Digital Information without our prior consent, we may need to resort to legal of the contractual agreements. Any such litigation may be costly and may divert our management’s time and attention away from the operation of our business, and the outcome of such litigation would be uncertain.
Risks Related to Doing Business in China
Uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws and regulations could limit the legal protections available to you and us.
The PRC legal system is based on written statutes. Unlike common law systems, it is a system in which legal cases have limited value as precedents. In the late 1970s, the PRC government began to promulgate a comprehensive system of laws and regulations governing economic matters in general. The overall effect of legislation over the past three decades has significantly increased the protections afforded to various forms of foreign or private-sector investment in China. Our PRC subsidiary is subject to various PRC laws and regulations generally applicable to companies in China. However, since these laws and regulations are relatively new and the PRC legal system continues to rapidly evolve, the interpretations of many laws, regulations and rules are not always uniform and enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules involve uncertainties.
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From time to time, we may have to resort to administrative and court proceedings to enforce our legal rights. However, since PRC administrative and court authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory and contractual terms, it may be more difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection we enjoy than in more developed legal systems. Furthermore, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules (some of which are not published in a timely manner or at all) that may have retroactive effect. As a result, we may not be aware of our violation of these policies and rules until sometime after the violation. Such uncertainties, including uncertainty over the scope and effect of our contractual, property (including intellectual property) and procedural rights, and any failure to respond to changes in the regulatory environment in China could materially and adversely affect our business and impede our ability to continue our operations.
We may be adversely affected by the complexity, uncertainties and changes in PRC regulation of internet-related business.
The PRC government extensively regulates the internet industry, including foreign ownership of, and the licensing and permit requirements pertaining to, companies in the internet industry. These internet-related laws and regulations are relatively new and evolving, and their interpretation and enforcement involves significant uncertainties. As a result, in certain circumstances it may be difficult to determine what actions or omissions may be deemed to be in violation of applicable laws and regulations. Issues, risks and uncertainties relating to PRC governmental regulation of the internet industry include, but are not limited to, the following.
We only have control over our website through contractual arrangements. We do not own the website in China due to the restriction of foreign investment in businesses providing value-added telecommunication services in China, including internet information provision services. This may significantly disrupt our business, subject us to sanctions, compromise enforceability of related contractual arrangements, or have other harmful effects on us.
The evolving PRC regulatory system for the internet industry may lead to the establishment of new regulatory agencies. For example, in May 2011, the State Council announced the establishment of a new department, the State Internet Information Office (with the involvement of the State Council Information Office, the MIIT, and the Ministry of Public Security). The primary role of this new agency is to facilitate the policy-making and legislative development in this field, to direct and coordinate with the relevant departments in connection with online content administration and to deal with cross-ministry regulatory matters in relation to the internet industry.
We are required to obtain and maintain various licenses and permits and fulfill registration and filing requirements in order to conduct and operate our business. If these new laws and regulations are promulgated, additional licenses may be required for our operations. If our operations do not comply with these new regulations at the time they become effective, or if we fail to obtain any licenses required under these new laws and regulations, we could be subject to penalties.
The Circular on Strengthening the Administration of Foreign Investment in an Operation of Value-added Telecommunications Business, issued by the MIIT in July 2006, prohibits domestic telecommunication service providers from leasing, transferring or selling telecommunications business operating licenses to any foreign investor in any form, or providing any resources, sites or facilities to any foreign investor for their illegal operation of a telecommunications business in China. According to this circular, either the holder of a value-added telecommunication services operation permit or its shareholders must directly own the domain names and trademarks used by such license holders in their provision of value-added telecommunication services. The circular also requires each license holder to have the necessary facilities, including servers, for its approved business operations and to maintain such facilities in the regions covered by its license. If an ICP license holder fails to comply with the requirements and also fails to remediate such non-compliance within a specified period of time, the MIIT or its local counterparts have the discretion to take administrative measures against such license holder, including revoking its ICP license. Currently, Beijing Digital Information holds an ICP license and operates our website. Beijing Digital Information owns the relevant domain names and registered trademarks and has the necessary personnel to operate such website.
The interpretation and application of existing PRC law, regulations and policies and possible new laws, regulations or policies relating to the internet industry have created substantial uncertainties regarding the legality of existing and future foreign investments in, and the businesses and activities of, internet businesses in China, including our business. We cannot assure you that we have obtained all the permits or licenses required for conducting our business in China or will be able to maintain our existing licenses or obtain new ones.
New legislation or changes in the PRC laws or policies regarding self-taught education may affect our business operations and prospects.
The self-taught education industry in China and our business are subject to regulations and policies in various respects. Relevant rules and regulations could be amended or updated from time to time to accommodate the development of education in China. We may need to change our business practices in order to comply with the new rules and regulations or adapt to policy changes, but we may not be able to do so timely and efficiently. Any such failure may subject us to administrative fines or penalties or other negative consequences which could materially and adversely affect our brand name, reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations. On July 24, 2021, the new policy Opinions on Further Reducing the Burden of Homework and Off-campus Training for Students in Compulsory Education (“Opinions”) issued by General Office of the Chinese Communist Party and General Office of the State Council, we followed the laws and industrial policy in China while providing services and has never been involved in providing discipline tutoring or training services for students in compulsory education as mentioned in the Opinions.
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Our business is subject to complex and evolving Chinese laws and regulations regarding data privacy and security. Many of these laws and regulations are subject to change and uncertain interpretation, and could result in claims, penalties, changes to our business practices, increased cost of operations, damages to our reputation and brand, or otherwise harm our business.
In the PRC, governmental authorities have enacted a series of laws and regulations to enhance the protection of data privacy and cybersecurity. The Cybersecurity Law of the PRC and relevant regulations require network operators, which may include us, to ensure the security and stability of the services provided via network and protect individual privacy and the security of personal data in general by requiring the consent of internet users prior to the collection, use or disclosure of their personal data. Under the Cybersecurity Law, the owners and administrators of networks and network service providers have various personal information security protection obligations, including restrictions on the collection and use of personal information of users, and they are required to take steps to prevent personal data from being divulged, stolen, or tampered with. Regulatory requirements regarding the protection of personal information are constantly evolving and can be subject to differing interpretations or significant changes, making the extent of our responsibilities in that regard uncertain.
The enforcement of the PRC Labor Contract Law and other labor-related regulations in the PRC may adversely affect our business and our results of operations.
The PRC Labor Contract Law became effective and was implemented on January 1, 2008, which was amended on December 28, 2012. It has reinforced the protection of employees who, under the PRC Labor Contract Law, have the right, among others, to have written labor contracts, to enter into labor contracts with no fixed terms under certain circumstances, to receive overtime wages and to terminate or alter terms in labor contracts. According to the PRC Social Insurance Law, which became effective on July 1, 2011, and the Administrative Regulations on the Housing Funds, Companies operating in China are required to participate in pension insurance, work-related injury insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance, maternity insurance and housing funds plans, and the employers must pay all or a portion of the social insurance premiums and housing funds for their employees.
As a result of these laws and regulations designed to enhance labor protection, we expect our labor costs will continue to increase. In addition, as the interpretation and implementation of these laws and regulations are still evolving, our employment practice may not at all times be deemed in compliance with the new laws and regulations. If we are subject to severe penalties or incur significant liabilities in connection with labor disputes or investigations, our business and results of operations may be adversely affected.
Regulation and censorship of information disseminated over the internet in China may adversely affect our business and reputation and subject us to liability for information displayed on our website.
The PRC government has adopted regulations governing internet access and the distribution of news and other information over the internet. Under these regulations, internet content providers and internet publishers are prohibited from posting or displaying over the internet content that, among other things, violates PRC laws and regulations, impairs the national dignity of China, or is reactionary, obscene, superstitious, fraudulent or defamatory. Failure to comply with these requirements may result in the revocation of licenses to provide internet content and other licenses, and the closure of the concerned websites. The website operator may also be held liable for such censored information displayed on or linked to the websites. If our website is found to be in violation of any such requirements, we may be penalized by relevant authorities, and our operations or reputation could be adversely affected.
The operation of Beijing Digital Information may be deemed by relevant PRC government authority to be beyond its authorized business scope. If the relevant PRC government authorities take actions against Beijing Digital Information, our business and operations could be materially and adversely affected.
The principal regulations governing private education in China consist of the Education Law of the PRC, the Law on Promoting Private Education, or Private Education Law, and the Implementation Rules of the Law on Promoting Private Education and the latest amendment of Private Education Law was on December 29, 2018 which came into effect on the same date. Under these PRC laws and regulations, sponsors of private schools may choose to establish non-profit or for-profit private schools at their own discretion, while prior to the effectiveness of the Amendment, all private schools shall not be established for for-profit purposes. Nonetheless, school sponsors are not allowed to establish for-profit private schools that are engaged in compulsory education. On December 30, 2016, the MOE, SAIC and the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Welfare of the PRC jointly issued the Implementation Rules on the Supervision and Administration of For-profit Private Schools, pursuant to which the establishment, division, merger and other material changes of a for-profit private school shall first be approved by the education authorities or the authorities in charge of labor and social welfare, and then be registered with the competent branch of SAIC.
On April 20, 2018, the MOE issued for public comments the Draft Revision of the Implementation Rules of the Law on Promoting Private Education (the Draft for Comments), or the MOE Draft for Comments. As the consultation period for the MOE Draft for Comments ended in May 2018, on August 10, 2018, the Ministry of Justice of the PRC, or the MOJ, published the committee draft of the Implementation Rules of the Law on Promoting Private Education (Revised Draft), or the MOJ Draft for Approval, for public review and comments. On May 14, 2021, the State Council officially promulgated the revised Implementation Rules of the Law on Promoting Private Education, with an effective date of September 1, 2021(hereinafter referred to as “the 2021 Implementation Rules”), which made certain significant changes that may affect private schools. The 2021 Implementation Rules further promotes the development of private education by providing that a private school shall enjoy rights or preferential policies stipulated by laws equivalent to those applicable to a public school, which shall primarily include: (i) a private school may enjoy the preferential tax policies stipulated by the State and a non-profit private school may enjoy the same tax policies as a public school; and (ii) the local people’s governments shall grant preferential treatments in terms of land use by means of allocation in accordance with the principle of treating non-profit private schools equally as public schools, and for schools that provide education for academic credentials, may provide lands by means of bid invitation, auction or listing, assigning contracts, long-term lease or combination of sale as well as rental and may permit payment in instalments.
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The 2021 Implementation Rules stipulates further provisions of the operation and management of private schools. Among other things, (i) Private schools to carry out educational activities online using internet technology shall obtain the corresponding private school operation permits. Private schools that carry out educational activities online using internet technology shall establish and implement internet security management systems and technical measures for security protection as required by law, and shall, upon discovery of the release or transmission of any information prohibited by laws or administrative regulations from release or transmission, immediately have the transmission stopped and remove or otherwise dispose of the information to prevent its dissemination, retain related records, and report the case to relevant authorities; (ii) at the end of each financial year, a for-profit private school shall set aside a portion of not less than 10% of its audited annual net income, and a non-profit private school from its audited annual net increase in assets, as the development fund, which shall be used for the development of the school; (iii) private schools that provide compulsory education are not allowed to enter into transactions with their interested parties, and other private schools shall conduct transactions with their interested parties in a manner that is open, justified and fair, shall be reasonably priced, shall establish standardized decision-making for such transactions and shall not harm the interests of the State, schools and teachers and students. Private schools shall set up an information disclosure mechanism for dealing with their interested parties. The relevant governmental authorities, such as the education department, the human resources and social security departments and the financial departments, shall strengthen the supervision of the agreements entered into between non-profit private schools and their interested parties, and shall review the connected transactions annually; and (iv)any social organizations or individuals shall not control compulsory education private schools or non-profit private schools that implement preschool education through mergers or “structured contracts”.
As the 2021 Implementation Rules has just been promulgated, the relevant specific rules regarding online private schools’ application for private school permits have not yet been issued, and it is not yet possible to determine whether companies engaging online non-academic education like us fall under the 2021 Implementation Rules. We have not yet received any notice from the competent authority requesting the application for private school permits. We will apply for relevant permits and strengthen network security management if so required, which may result in additional compliance costs. However, we cannot ensure you that private school permits can be obtained in a timely manner. We may also be restricted from further expanding our business, including the limitation on the potential targets we are able to consider for acquisition. If such situations occur, our business, financial condition and prospects would be materially and adversely affected.
We operate online platforms that provide online educational courses to students through the internet, and both of our PRC subsidiary and our PRC consolidated VIE are registered with Beijing AIC as commercial enterprises. As such, we believe the provisions of the Private Education Law and its implementing rules, including without limitation, the requirement for obtaining a private school operating permit, are not applicable to us. However, as the laws and regulations are new, it is unclear that how these laws and regulations will be explained and implemented and we cannot assure you that the competent PRC governmental authorities will not ultimately take a view contrary to our opinion. Moreover, because there is no further official or publicly-available interpretation of the definition of “private schools”, there are uncertainties with regard to whether our business currently conducted in PRC will be deemed by the relevant PRC governmental authorities to be “private schools” as defined under the relevant PRC laws and regulations. If our business conducted in PRC is deemed as operating private schools, we may be required to register our PRC entity as a private school with education or training-related items included into its approved business scope. Beijing Digital Information is registered with Beijing AIC as a limited liability company, and its current registered business scope only includes “education consulting” and “computer technology training,” without “training” or any other education or training-related items. However, we cannot assure you that we will not be subject to any penalties in the future. If the relevant PRC government authorities discover or determine that Beijing Digital Information operates beyond its authorized business scope, Beijing Digital Information may be ordered to complete the registration for change of business scope within a given period, failing which Beijing Digital Information is subject to a one-time fine of RMB10,000 to RMB100,000, or may be ordered to cease its operation if the relevant authorities determine that Beijing Digital Information is operating without any approval or permit required.
We face risks and uncertainties with respect to the licensing requirement for Internet audio-video programs.
On December 20, 2007, the State Administration of Press Publication Radio Film and Television (“SAPPRFT”), and the MIIT, jointly promulgated the Administrative Measures Regarding Internet Audio-Video Program Services, or the Internet Audio-Video Program Measures, which became effective on January 31, 2008 and was amended and effective as of August 8, 2015. Among other things, the Internet Audio-Video Program Measures stipulate that no entities or individuals may provide Internet audio-video program services without a License for Online Transmission of Audio-Visual Programs issued by SAPPRFT or its local bureaus or completing the relevant registration with SAPPRFT or its local bureaus, and only state-owned or state-controlled entities are eligible to apply for a License for Online Transmission of Audio-Visual Programs. In a press conference jointly held by the SAPPRFT and MIIT in February 2008 to answer questions relating to the Internet Audio-Video Program Measures, the SAPPRFT and MIIT clarified that those providers of internet audio-visual program services who engaged in such services prior to the promulgation of the Internet Audio-Video Program Measure may re-register and continue their operation of internet audio-visual program services so long as those providers did not violate the relevant laws and regulations in the past, regardless whether they are state-owned or state-controlled entities or not, but any other entities intend to provide internet audio-visual program services shall comply with all requirements specified in the Internet Audio-Video Program Measures. On April 1, 2010, SAPPRFT promulgated the Provisional Implementation of the Tentative Categories of Internet Audio-Visual Program Services, or the Categories, which was modified on March 10, 2017. The Categories clarified the scope of Internet audio-video programs services. According to the Categories, there are four categories of Internet audio-visual program services which are further divided into seventeen sub-categories. The third sub-category to the second category covers the making and editing of certain specialized audio-video programs concerning, among other things, educational content, and broadcasting such content to the general public online. However, there are still significant uncertainties relating to the interpretation and implementation of the Internet Audio-Video Program Measures, in particular, the scope of “internet audio-video programs.”
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We offer recorded audio-video lectures to our enrolled students only. We believe the limited scope of our audience and the nature of the raw data we transmit distinguishes us from general providers of internet audio-visual program services, such as the operator of online video websites, and the provision of the Audio-Visual Program Provisions are not applicable with regard to our offering of the lessons. However, we cannot assure you that the competent PRC government authorities will not ultimately take a view contrary to our opinion. In addition, as supplementary course materials, we offer certain audio-video contents on our websites and mobile apps for the review of all registered members. If the governmental authorities determine that our relevant activities fall within the definition of “internet audio-video program service” under the Audio-Visual Program Provisions, we may be required to obtain the License for Disseminating Audio-Video Programs through Information Network. If this occurs, we may not be able to obtain such license and we may become subject to penalties, fines, legal sanctions or an order to suspend our use of audio-video content. We cannot assure you that the measures we have taken will be deemed adequate by the authorities and we will not be subject to any penalties or legal sanctions in the future for our use of audio or video contents on our websites.
We are required to obtain various operating licenses and permits and to make registrations and filings for our business operations in China; failure to comply with these requirements may materially adversely affect our business and results of operations.
The internet industry in China is highly regulated by the PRC government. See “Regulations—Regulations Relating to Value-Added Telecommunications Services.” We are required to obtain and maintain various licenses and permits and fulfill registration and filing requirements in order to conduct and operate our business currently carried out, and we may be required to obtained additional licenses or permits for our operations as the interpretation and implementation of current PRC laws and regulations are still evolving, and new laws and regulations may also be promulgated. We currently, through our PRC variable interest entity, Beijing Digital Information, hold an ICP license for our website, which is valid from January 11, 2016 to December 23, 2025 and is subject to annual review. Beijing Digital Information, however, may be required to obtain additional licenses or expand the authorized business scope covered under the licenses it currently holds. For example, the contents we use on our websites or mobile apps, including the course materials and video-audio contents we licensed from third parties, may be deemed “Internet cultural products”, and our use of those contents may be regarded as “Internet cultural activities”, thus we may be required to obtain an Internet Culture Business Operating License for provision of those contents through our online platforms as currently there is no further official or publicly-available interpretation of those definitions. Also, we may be required to obtain a Publication Business Operating License for distribution of course books or other course materials, including electronical version, to our enrolled students. In addition, our providing content through our online platform may be regarded as “online publishing” and may thus subject us to the requirement of obtaining an Online Publishing License. If Beijing Digital Information fails to obtain or maintain any of the required licenses or approvals, its continued business operations in the Internet industry may subject it to various penalties, such as confiscation of illegal revenues, fines and the discontinuation or restriction of its operations. Any such disruption in the business operations of our affiliated entities will materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Changes in China’s economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations.
Currently all of our business operations are conducted in China and all of our sales are made in China. Accordingly, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be influenced to a significant degree by political, economic and social conditions in China generally and by continued economic growth in China as a whole.
China’s economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including the level of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources. Although the PRC government has implemented measures since the late 1970’s emphasizing the utilization of market forces for economic reform, the reduction of state ownership of productive assets, and the establishment of improved corporate governance in business enterprises, a substantial portion of productive assets in China is still owned by the PRC government. In addition, the PRC government continues to play a significant role in regulating industry development by imposing industrial policies. The PRC government also exercises significant control over the PRC economic growth through allocating resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy, and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies. For example, as a result of China’s current nationwide anti-corruption campaign, public school spending has become strictly regulated. To comply with the expenditure control policies of the Chinese government, many public universities, including our clients, temporarily reduced their self-taught education spending in 2017. This caused the demand for our courses in 2017 to decrease. If our clients continue to reduce their demand for our services due to the policies of the Chinese government, this could adversely impact our business, financial condition and operating results.
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While China’s economy has experienced significant growth over the past decades, growth has been uneven, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy, and the rate of growth has been slowing. Some of the governmental measures may benefit the overall Chinese economy, but may have a negative effect on us. For example, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by government control over capital investments or changes in tax regulations. Any stimulus measures designed to boost the Chinese economy may contribute to higher inflation, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. For example, certain operating costs and expenses, such as employee compensation and office operating expenses, may increase as a result of higher inflation.
PRC regulations relating to foreign exchange registration of overseas investment by PRC residents may subject our PRC resident beneficial owners or our PRC subsidiary to liability or penalties, limit our ability to inject capital into these subsidiaries, limit PRC subsidiary’s ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits to us, or may otherwise adversely affect us.
On July 4, 2014, the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (“SAFE’) promulgated the Circular on Relevant Issues Relating to Domestic Resident’s Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, which replaced the former Notice on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Administration for PRC Residents to Engage in Financing and Inbound Investment via Overseas Special Purpose Vehicles (generally known as SAFE Circular 75) promulgated by SAFE on October 21, 2005. On February 13, 2015, SAFE further promulgated the Circular on Further Simplifying and Improving the Administration of the Foreign Exchange Concerning Direct Investment, or SAFE Circular 13, which took effect on June 1, 2015. This SAFE Circular 13 has amended SAFE Circular 37 by requiring PRC residents or entities to register with qualified banks rather than SAFE or its local branch in connection with their establishment or control of an offshore entity established for the purpose of overseas investment or financing.
These circulars require PRC residents to register with qualified banks in connection with their direct establishment or indirect control of an offshore entity, for the purpose of overseas investment and financing, with such PRC residents’ legally owned assets or equity interests in domestic enterprises or offshore assets or interests, which is referred to in SAFE Circular 37 as a “special purpose vehicle.” These circulars further require amendment to the registration in the event of any significant changes with respect to the special purpose vehicle, such as an increase or decrease of capital contributed by PRC residents, share transfer or exchange, merger, division or other material events. In the event that a PRC resident holding interests in a special purpose vehicle fails to complete the required SAFE registration, the PRC subsidiary of that special purpose vehicle may be prohibited from making profit distributions to the offshore parent and from carrying out subsequent cross-border foreign exchange activities, and the special purpose vehicle may be restricted in its ability to contribute additional capital into its PRC subsidiary. Furthermore, failure to comply with the various SAFE registration requirements described above could result in liability under PRC law for evasion of foreign exchange controls.
Yang Yu and Xinghui Yang, who directly or indirectly hold shares in our British Virgin Islands holding company and who are known to us as being PRC residents have initiated the application for foreign exchange registrations. However, we may not at all times be fully aware or informed of the identities of all our shareholders or beneficial owners that are required to make such registrations, and we may not always be able to compel them to comply with all relevant foreign exchange regulations. As a result, we cannot assure you that all of our shareholders or beneficial owners who are PRC residents will at all times comply with, or in the future make or obtain any applicable registrations or approvals required by all relevant foreign exchange regulations. The failure or inability of such individuals to comply with the registration procedures set forth in these regulations may subject us to fines or legal sanctions, restrictions on our cross-border investment activities or our PRC subsidiary’s ability to distribute dividends to, or obtain foreign-exchange-dominated loans from, our company, or prevent us from making distributions or paying dividends. As a result, our business operations and our ability to make distributions to you could be materially and adversely affected.
Furthermore, as these foreign exchange regulations are still relatively new and their interpretation and implementation has been constantly evolving, it is unclear how these regulations, and any future regulation concerning offshore or cross-border transactions, will be interpreted, amended and implemented by the relevant government authorities. We cannot predict how these regulations will affect our business operations or future strategy. In addition, if we decide to acquire a PRC domestic company, we cannot assure you that we or the owners of such company, as the case may be, will be able to obtain the necessary approvals or complete the necessary filings and registrations required by the foreign exchange regulations. This may restrict our ability to implement our acquisition strategy and could adversely affect our business and prospects.
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PRC regulation on loans to, and direct investment in, PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control in currency conversion may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of the IPO to make loans to our PRC subsidiary and PRC consolidated VIE or make additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiary, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.
We are an offshore holding company conducting our operations in China through our PRC subsidiary, Beijing Distance Learning. We may make loans to our PRC subsidiary and PRC consolidated VIE subject to the approval from governmental authorities and limitation of amount, or we may make additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiary.
Any loans to our PRC subsidiary, which is treated as a foreign-invested enterprise under PRC law, are subject to PRC regulations and foreign exchange loan registrations. For example, loans by us to our PRC subsidiary, Beijing Distance Learning, to finance its activities cannot exceed statutory limits and must be registered with the local counterpart of the SAFE. The statutory limit for the total amount of foreign debts of a foreign-invested company is either the difference between the amount of total investment as approved by the MOC or its local counterpart and the amount of registered capital of such foreign-invested company or twice of net worth of the foreign-invested company. We may also decide to finance our PRC subsidiary by means of capital contributions.
On August 29, 2008, SAFE promulgated the Circular on the Relevant Operating Issues Concerning the Improvement of the Administration of the Payment and Settlement of Foreign Currency Capital of Foreign-Invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 142, regulating the conversion by a foreign-invested enterprise of foreign currency registered capital into RMB by restricting how the converted RMB may be used. SAFE Circular 142 provides that the RMB capital converted from foreign currency registered capital of a foreign-invested enterprise may only be used for purposes within the business scope approved by the applicable governmental authority and may not be used for equity investments within the PRC unless otherwise provided by law. In addition, SAFE strengthened its oversight of the flow and use of the RMB capital converted from foreign currency registered capital of a foreign-invested company. The use of such RMB capital may not be altered without SAFE approval, and such RMB capital may not in any case be used to repay RMB loans if the proceeds of such loans have not been used. Violations of SAFE Circular 142 could result in severe monetary or other penalties. On July 4, 2014, SAFE issued the Circular of the SAFE on Relevant Issues Concerning the Pilot Reform in Certain Areas of the Administrative Method of the Conversion of Foreign Exchange Funds by Foreign-invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 36, which launched the pilot reform of administration regarding conversion of foreign currency registered capitals of foreign-invested enterprises in 16 pilot areas. According to SAFE Circular 36, some of the restrictions under SAFE Circular 142 will not apply to the settlement of the foreign exchange capitals of an ordinary foreign-invested enterprise in the pilot areas, and such foreign-invested enterprise is permitted to use Renminbi converted from its foreign-currency registered capital to make equity investments in the PRC within and in accordance with the authorized business scope of such foreign-invested enterprises, subject to certain registration and settlement procedure as set forth in SAFE Circular 36. As this circular is relatively new, there remains uncertainty as to its interpretation and application and any other future foreign exchange related rules. On March 30, 2015, SAFE promulgated Circular on Reforming the Management Approach regarding the Settlement of Foreign Exchange Capital of Foreign-invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 19, to expand the reform nationwide. SAFE Circular 19 came into force and replaced both SAFE Circular 142 and SAFE Circular 36 on June 1, 2015. However, SAFE Circular 19 continues to prohibit a foreign-invested enterprise from, among other things, using RMB funds converted from its foreign exchange capitals for expenditure beyond its authorized business scope, providing entrusted loans or repaying loans between non-financial enterprises. Violations of these Circulars could result in severe monetary or other penalties. These circulars may significantly limit our ability to use RMB converted from the net proceeds of the IPO to fund the establishment of new entities in China by our PRC subsidiary, to invest in or acquire any other PRC companies through our PRC subsidiary, or to establish new consolidated VIEs in the PRC.
In light of the various requirements imposed by PRC regulations on loans to, and direct investment in, PRC entities by offshore holding companies, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete the necessary government registrations or obtain the necessary government approvals on a timely basis, if at all, with respect to future loans by us to our PRC subsidiary or PRC consolidated VIE or with respect to future capital contributions by us to our PRC subsidiary. If we fail to complete such registrations or obtain such approvals, our ability to use the proceeds from the IPO and to capitalize or otherwise fund our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.
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Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, we may be classified as a PRC “resident enterprise” for PRC enterprise income tax purposes. Such classification would likely result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders and has a material adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of your investment.
Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, or the EIT Law, that became effective in January, 2008 and was amended in February, 2017, an enterprise established outside the PRC with “de facto management bodies” within the PRC is considered a “resident enterprise” for PRC enterprise income tax purposes and is generally subject to a uniform 25% enterprise income tax rate on its worldwide income. Under the implementation rules to the EIT Law, a “de facto management body” is defined as a body that has material and overall management and control over the manufacturing and business operations, personnel and human resources, finances and properties of an enterprise. In addition, a circular, known as SAT Circular 82, issued in April 2009 by the State Administration of Taxation, or the SAT, specifies that certain offshore incorporated enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups will be classified as PRC resident enterprises if the following are located or resident in the PRC: senior management personnel and departments that are responsible for daily production, operation and management; financial and personnel decision making bodies; key properties, accounting books, company seal, and minutes of board meetings and shareholders’ meetings; and half or more of the senior management or directors having voting rights. Further to SAT Circular 82, the SAT issued a bulletin, known as SAT Bulletin 45, which took effect in September 2011, to provide more guidance on the implementation of SAT Circular 82 and clarify the reporting and filing obligations of such “Chinese-controlled offshore incorporated resident enterprises.” SAT Bulletin 45 provides procedures and administrative details for the determination of resident status and administration on post-determination matters. Although both SAT Circular 82 and SAT Bulletin 45 only apply to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups, not those controlled by PRC individuals or foreign individuals, the determining criteria set forth in SAT Circular 82 and SAT Bulletin 45 may reflect the SAT’s general position on how the “de facto management body” test should be applied in determining the tax resident status of offshore enterprises, regardless of whether they are controlled by PRC enterprises, PRC enterprise groups or by PRC or foreign individuals.
We do not believe that the Company meets all of the conditions above thus we do not believe that the Company is a PRC resident enterprise, though a substantial majority of the members of our management team as well as the management team of our offshore holding company are located in China. However, if the PRC tax authorities determine that the Company is a PRC resident enterprise for PRC enterprise income tax purposes, a number of unfavorable PRC tax consequences could follow. First, we will be subject to the uniform 25% enterprise income tax on our world-wide income, which could materially reduce our net income. In addition, we will also be subject to PRC enterprise income tax reporting obligations.
Finally, dividends payable by us to our investors and gains on the sale of our shares may become subject to PRC withholding tax, at a rate of 10% in the case of non-PRC enterprises or 20% in the case of non-PRC individuals (in each case, subject to the provisions of any applicable tax treaty), if such gains are deemed to be from PRC sources. It is unclear whether non-PRC shareholders of our company would be able to claim the benefits of any tax treaties between their country of tax residence and the PRC in the event that we are treated as a PRC resident enterprise. Any such tax may reduce the returns on your investment in the ordinary shares.
Enhanced scrutiny over acquisition transactions by the PRC tax authorities may have a negative impact on potential acquisitions we may pursue in the future.
Pursuant to the Notice on Strengthening Administration of Enterprise Income Tax for Share Transfers by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises, or SAT Circular 698, issued by the SAT on December 10, 2009, where a foreign investor transfers the equity interests of a resident enterprise indirectly via disposition of the equity interests of an overseas holding company, or an “indirect transfer,” and such overseas holding company is located in a tax jurisdiction that (i) has an effective tax rate less than 12.5% or (ii) does not tax foreign income of its residents, the foreign investor shall report the indirect transfer to the competent tax authority. The PRC tax authority will examine the true nature of the indirect transfer, and if the tax authority considers that the foreign investor has adopted an “abusive arrangement” in order to avoid PRC tax, it may disregard the existence of the overseas holding company and re-characterize the indirect transfer and as a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to PRC withholding tax at a rate of up to 10%.
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On February 3, 2015, the SAT issued the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Several Issues Concerning the Enterprise Income Tax on Indirect Property Transfer by Non-Resident Enterprises, or SAT Bulletin 7, to supersede existing provisions in relation to the “indirect transfer” as set forth in Circular 698, while the other provisions of Circular 698 remain in force. Pursuant to SAT Bulletin 7, where a non-resident enterprise indirectly transfers properties such as equity in PRC resident enterprises without any justifiable business purposes and aiming to avoid the payment of enterprise income tax, such indirect transfer must be reclassified as a direct transfer of equity in PRC resident enterprise. To assess whether an indirect transfer of PRC taxable properties has reasonable commercial purposes, all arrangements related to the indirect transfer must be considered comprehensively and factors set forth in SAT Bulletin 7 must be comprehensively analyzed in light of the actual circumstances. SAT Bulletin 7 also provides that, where a non-PRC resident enterprise transfers its equity interests in a resident enterprise to its related parties at a price lower than the fair market value, the competent tax authority has the power to make a reasonable adjustment to the taxable income of the transaction.
On October 17, 2017, the SAT issued the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Matters Concerning Withholding of Income Tax of Non-resident Enterprises as Source, or SAT Bulletin 37, which repealed the entire Circular 698 and the provision in relation to the time limit for the withholding agent to declare to the competent tax authority for payment of such tax of SAT Bulletin 7. Pursuant to SAT Bulletin 37, the income from property transfer, as stipulated in the second item under Article 19 of the Law on Enterprise Income Tax, shall include the income derived from transferring such equity investment assets as stock equity. The balance of deducting the equity’s net value from the total income from equity transfer shall be taxable income from equity transfer. Where a withholding agent enters into a business contract, involving the income specified in the third paragraph of Article 3 in the Law on Enterprise Income Tax, with a non-resident enterprise, the tax-excluding income of the non-resident enterprise will be treated as the tax-including income, based on which the tax payment will be calculated and remitted, if it is agreed in the contract that the withholding agent shall assume the tax payable.
There has been very limited application of SAT Bulletin 7 and SAT Bulletin 37 because these regulations were newly issued and came into force in February 2015 and in December 2017 respectively. During the effective period of SAT Circular 698, some intermediary holding companies were actually looked through by the PRC tax authorities, and consequently the non-PRC resident investors were deemed to have transferred the PRC subsidiary and PRC corporate taxes were assessed accordingly. It is possible that we or our non-PRC resident investors may become at risk of being taxed under SAT Bulletin 7 and SAT Bulletin 37 and may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with SAT Bulletin 7 and SAT Bulletin 37 or to establish that we or our non-PRC resident investors should not be taxed under SAT Bulletin 7 and SAT Bulletin 37, which may have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations or such non-PRC resident investors’ investment in us.
Our PRC subsidiary is subject to restrictions on paying dividends or making other payments to us, which may restrict our ability to satisfy our liquidity requirements.
We are a holding company incorporated in the British Virgin Islands. We may need dividends and other distributions on equity from our PRC subsidiary to satisfy our liquidity requirements. Current PRC regulations permit our PRC subsidiary to pay dividends to us only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, our PRC subsidiary is required to set aside at least 10% of their respective accumulated profits each year, if any, to fund certain reserve funds until the total amount set aside reaches 50% of their respective registered capital. Our PRC subsidiary may also allocate a portion of its after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to employee welfare and bonus funds at their discretion. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends. Furthermore, if our PRC subsidiary incurs debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other payments to us. In addition, the PRC tax authorities may require us to adjust our taxable income under the contractual arrangements we currently have in place in a manner that would materially and adversely affect our PRC subsidiary’s ability to pay dividends and other distributions to us. Any limitation on the ability of our subsidiary to distribute dividends to us or on the ability of our PRC consolidated VIE to make payments to us may restrict our ability to satisfy our liquidity requirements.
In addition, the EIT Law, and its implementation rules provide that a withholding tax rate of up to 10% will be applicable to dividends payable by Chinese companies to non-PRC-resident enterprises unless otherwise exempted or reduced according to treaties or arrangements between the PRC central government and governments of other countries or regions where the non-PRC-resident enterprises are incorporated.
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Governmental control of currency conversion may affect the value of your investment.
The PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of the RMB into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of China. We receive substantially all of our revenues in RMB. Under our current corporate structure, our company in the British Virgin Islands may rely on dividend payments from our PRC subsidiary to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have. Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, such as profit distributions and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval from SAFE by complying with certain procedural requirements. Therefore, our PRC subsidiary in China is able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to us without prior approval from SAFE, subject to the condition that the remittance of such dividends outside of the PRC complies with certain procedures under PRC foreign exchange regulation, such as the overseas investment registrations by our shareholders or the ultimate shareholders of our corporate shareholders who are PRC residents. But approval from or registration with appropriate government authorities is required where RMB is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. The PRC government may also at its discretion restrict access in the future to foreign currencies for current account transactions. If the foreign exchange control system prevents us from obtaining sufficient foreign currencies to satisfy our foreign currency demands, we may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders, including holders of our ordinary shares.
The M&A Rules and certain other PRC regulations establish complex procedures for some acquisitions of Chinese companies by foreign investors, which could make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions in China.
The M&A Rules discussed in the preceding risk factor and recently adopted regulations and rules concerning mergers and acquisitions established additional procedures and requirements that could make merger and acquisition activities by foreign investors more time consuming and complex. For example, the M&A Rules require that the MOC be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor takes control of a PRC domestic enterprise, if (i) any important industry is concerned, (ii) such transaction involves factors that have or may have impact on the national economic security, or (iii) such transaction will lead to a change in control of a domestic enterprise which holds a famous trademark or PRC time-honored brand. Mergers, acquisitions or contractual arrangements that allow one market player to take control of or to exert decisive impact on another market player must also be notified in advance to the MOC when the threshold under the Provisions on Thresholds for Prior Notification of Concentrations of Undertakings, or the Prior Notification Rules, issued by the State Council in August 2008 is triggered. In addition, the security review rules issued by the MOC that became effective in September 2011 specify that mergers and acquisitions by foreign investors that raise “national defense and security” concerns and mergers and acquisitions through which foreign investors may acquire de facto control over domestic enterprises that raise “national security” concerns are subject to strict review by the MOC, and the rules prohibit any activities attempting to bypass a security review, including by structuring the transaction through a proxy or contractual control arrangement. In the future, we may grow our business by acquiring complementary businesses. Complying with the requirements of the above-mentioned regulations and other relevant rules to complete such transactions could be time consuming, and any required approval processes, including obtaining approval from the MOC or its local counterparts may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions. It is unclear whether our business would be deemed to be in an industry that raises “national defense and security” or “national security” concerns. However, the MOC or other government agencies may publish explanations in the future determining that our business is in an industry subject to the security review, in which case our future acquisitions in the PRC, including those by way of entering into contractual control arrangements with target entities, may be closely scrutinized or prohibited. Our ability to expand our business or maintain or expand our market share through future acquisitions would as such be materially and adversely affected.
Recent joint statement by the SEC and PCAOB, proposed rule changes submitted by Nasdaq, and the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act all call for additional and more stringent criteria to be applied to emerging market companies upon assessing the qualification of their auditors, especially the non-U.S. auditors who are not inspected by the PCAOB. These developments could add uncertainties to our offering.
On April 21, 2020, SEC Chairman Jay Clayton and PCAOB Chairman William D. Duhnke III, along with other senior SEC staff, released a joint statement highlighting the disclosure, financial reporting and other risks associated with investing in companies based in or have substantial operations in emerging markets including China as well as the limited remedies available to investors who might take legal action against such companies. The joint statement emphasized the risks associated with lack of access for the PCAOB to inspect auditors and audit work papers in China and higher risks of fraud in emerging markets.
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On May 18, 2020, Nasdaq filed three proposals with the SEC to (i) apply minimum offering size requirement for companies primarily operating in “Restrictive Market,” (ii) adopt a new requirement relating to the qualification of management or board of director for Restrictive Market companies, and (iii) apply additional and more stringent criteria to an applicant or listed company based on the qualifications of the company’s auditors.
Furthermore, various equity-based research organizations have recently published reports on China-based companies after examining their corporate governance practices, related party transactions, sales practices and financial statements, and these reports have led to special investigations and listing suspensions on U.S. national exchanges. Any similar scrutiny on us, regardless of its lack of merit, could cause the market price of our shares to fall, divert management resources and energy, cause us to incur expenses in defending ourselves against rumors, and increase the premiums we pay for director and officer insurance.
On May 20, 2020 and December 2, 2020, the U.S. Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives, respectively, passed S. 945, the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act. On December 18, 2020, then-President Donald J. Trump signed into law the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, requiring a foreign company to certify that it is not owned or manipulated by a foreign government if the PCAOB is unable to audit specified reports because the company uses a foreign auditor not subject to PCAOB inspection. If the PCAOB is unable to inspect the company’s auditors for three consecutive years, the issuer’s securities are prohibited from trading on a national exchange.
The lack of access to the PCAOB inspection in China prevents the PCAOB from fully evaluating audits and quality control procedures of the auditors based in China. As a result, the investors may be deprived of the benefits of such PCAOB inspections. The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of auditors in China makes it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of these accounting firms’ audit procedures or quality control procedures as compared to auditors outside of China that are subject to the PCAOB inspections, which could cause existing and potential investors in our stock to lose confidence in our audit procedures and reported financial information and the quality of our financial statements.
Our auditor, the independent registered public accounting firm that issues the audit report included elsewhere in this report, as an auditor of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the PCAOB, is subject to laws in the United States which provide that the PCAOB conduct regular inspections to assess our auditor’s compliance with the applicable professional standards. Our current auditor is located in the United States and subject to the inspection of the PCAOB, therefore this risk factor does not currently apply to us.
However, if we ever engage the services of an auditor that is located in China, a jurisdiction where the PCAOB has been unable to conduct inspections without the approval of the Chinese authorities, our auditor will not be inspected by the PCAOB. We cannot presently determine whether Nasdaq or regulatory authorities would apply additional and more stringent criteria to us after considering the effectiveness of our auditor’s audit procedures and quality control procedures, adequacy of personnel and training, or sufficiency of resources, geographic reach or experience as it relates to the audit of our financial statements or whether, as a condition to continued listing on Nasdaq, we would be required to change auditors to a firm that is subject to inspection by the PCAOB. The possibility that we may be required to change auditors may have a material adverse effect upon the market for and market price of our ordinary shares. If we fail to change auditors to meet the Nasdaq requirement and we are required by the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act to delist from the Nasdaq Global Market because our present auditor is located in China and the PCAOB is unable to conduct inspections on such auditor, and our shares are unable to be listed on another securities exchange by the time of such potential delisting, then such a delisting would substantially impair your ability to sell or purchase our shares when you wish to do so, and the risk and uncertainty associated with a potential delisting would have a negative impact on the price of our shares.
Further, new laws and regulations or changes in laws and regulations in both the United States and China could affect our ability to list our shares on Nasdaq, which could materially impair the market for and market price of our ordinary shares.
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Risks Related to Our Ordinary Shares
The trading prices of our ordinary shares are likely to be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to investors.
The trading prices of our ordinary shares are likely to be volatile and could fluctuate widely due to factors beyond our control. This may happen because of broad market and industry factors, like the performance and fluctuation of the market prices of other companies with business operations located mainly in China that have listed their securities in the United States. In recent months, the widespread negative publicity of alleged fraudulent accounting practices and poor corporate governance of certain U.S. public companies with operations in China were believed to have negatively affected investors’ perception and sentiment towards companies with connection with China, which significantly and negatively affected the trading prices of some companies’ securities listed in the U.S. Once we become a public company, any similar negative publicity or sentiment may affect the performances of our ordinary shares. A number of PRC companies have listed or are in the process of listing their securities on U.S. stock markets. The securities of some of these companies have experienced significant volatility, including price declines in connection with their initial public offerings. The trading performances of these PRC companies’ securities after their offerings may affect the attitudes of investors toward PRC companies listed in the United States in general and consequently may impact the trading performance of our ordinary shares, regardless of our actual operating performance.
Because we are incorporated under the laws of the British Virgin Islands, we may be required to comply with increased reporting requirements.
As the global regulatory and tax environment evolves, we may be subject to new or different statutory and regulatory requirements (for example, on January 1, 2019, the Economic Substance (Companies and Limited Partnerships) Act, 2018 of the British Virgin Islands came into force and related regulations and guidance are anticipated in due course). It is difficult to predict what impact the adoption of these laws or regulations, or changes in the interpretation of existing laws or regulations could have on our business, however, compliance with various additional obligations may create significant additional costs that may be borne by us or otherwise affect our management and operations.
In addition to market and industry factors, the price and trading volume for our ordinary shares may be highly volatile for factors specific to our own operations, including the following:
| ● | the financial projections that we may choose to provide to the public, any changes in those projections or our failure for any reason to meet those projections; |
| ● | variations in our net revenues, net loss/income and cash flow; |
| ● | changes in the economic performance or market valuation of other education companies; |
| ● | announcements of new investments, acquisitions by us or our competitors, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments; |
| ● | announcements of new services and expansions by us or our competitors; |
| ● | detrimental negative publicity about us, our competitors or our industry; |
| ● | changes in financial estimates by securities analysts; |
| ● | additions or departures of personnel; |
| ● | release of lock-up or other transfer restrictions on our outstanding equity securities or sales of additional equity securities; |
| ● | potential litigation or regulatory investigations; |
| ● | substantial sales or perception of sales of our ordinary shares in the public market; |
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| ● | fluctuations in market prices for our products and securities; and |
| ● | general economic, regulatory or political conditions in China and the U.S. |
Any of these factors may result in large and sudden changes in the volume and price at which our ordinary shares will trade. In addition, the stock market in general, and the market prices for companies with operations in China in particular, have experienced volatility that often has been unrelated to the operating performance of such companies. The securities of some PRC companies that have listed their securities in the United States have experienced significant volatility since their initial public offerings, including, in some cases, substantial price declines in the trading prices of their securities. The trading performances of these PRC companies’ securities after their offerings may affect the attitudes of investors toward PRC companies listed in the United States, which consequently may impact the trading performance of our ordinary shares, regardless of our actual operating performance. In addition, any negative news or perceptions about inadequate corporate governance practices or fraudulent accounting, corporate structure or other matters of other PRC companies may also negatively affect the attitudes of investors towards PRC-based companies in general, including us, regardless of whether we have conducted any inappropriate activities. Further, the global financial crisis and the ensuing economic recessions in many countries have contributed and may continue to contribute to extreme volatility in the global stock markets. These broad market and industry fluctuations may adversely affect operating performance. Volatility or a lack of positive performance in our share price may also adversely affect our ability to retain key employees, some of whom have been granted restricted shares under our share incentive plan.
If NASDAQ delists our securities from trading on its exchange and we are not able to list our securities on another national securities exchange, we could face significant material adverse consequences including:
| ● | limited availability of market quotations for our securities; |
| ● | reduced liquidity with respect to our securities; |
| ● | a determination that our shares are “penny stocks,” which will require brokers trading in our shares to adhere to more stringent rules and possibly resulting in a reduced level of trading activity in the secondary trading market for our ordinary shares; |
| ● | limited amount of news and analyst coverage for our company; and |
| ● | a decreased ability to issue additional securities or obtain additional financing in the future. |
If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they adversely change their recommendations regarding our ordinary shares, the market price for our ordinary shares and trading volume could decline.
The trading market for our ordinary shares will be influenced by research reports and ratings that industry or securities analysts or ratings agencies publish about us, our business and the online education market in China in general. We do not have any control over these analysts or agencies. If one or more analysts or agencies who cover us downgrade our ordinary shares, or publish unfavorable research about us, the market price for our ordinary shares would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease to cover us or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which, in turn, could cause the market price or trading volume for our ordinary shares to decline.
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The sale or availability for sale of substantial amounts of our ordinary shares could adversely affect their market price.
Sales of substantial amounts of our Ordinary shares in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could adversely affect the market price of our ordinary shares and could materially impair our ability to raise capital through equity offerings in the future. The ordinary shares that were sold in the IPO are freely tradable without restriction or further registration under the Securities Act, and shares held by our existing shareholders may also be sold in the public market in the future subject to the restrictions in Rule 144 and Rule 701 under the Securities Act and the applicable lock-up agreements. We cannot predict what effect, if any, market sales of securities held by our significant shareholders or any other shareholder or the availability of these securities for future sale will have on the market price of our ordinary shares.
Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our existing stockholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights to our technologies.
We may seek additional capital through a combination of public and private equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations and licensing arrangements. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or debt securities, your ownership interest will be diluted and the terms may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a shareholder. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased fixed payment obligations and could involve restrictive covenants, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt, limitations on our ability to acquire or license intellectual property rights and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. If we raise additional funds through strategic partnerships and alliances and licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies or grant licenses on terms unfavorable to us.
There can be no assurance that we will not be a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for United States federal income tax purposes for any taxable year, which could subject United States investors in our ordinary shares to significant adverse United States income tax consequences.
A non-United States corporation, such as our company, will be classified as a PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes for any taxable year, if either (i) 75% or more of its gross income for such year consists of certain types of “passive” income or (ii) 50% or more of the value of its assets (determined on the basis of a quarterly average) during such year is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income (the “asset test”). Although the law in this regard is not clear, we treat our consolidated VIEs as being owned by us for U.S. federal income tax purposes because we exercise effective control over the consolidated VIEs and are entitled to substantially all of their economic benefits. As a result, we consolidate their results of operations in our consolidated U.S. GAAP financial statements. Assuming that we are the owner of our consolidated VIEs for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and based upon our current and expected income and assets (taking into account goodwill, other unbooked intangibles, and the proceeds from the IPO) and the value of our ordinary shares, we do not presently expect to be a PFIC for the current taxable year or the foreseeable future.
While we do not expect to be or become a PFIC in the current or foreseeable taxable years, the determination of whether we will be or become a PFIC will depend, in part, upon the value of our goodwill and other unbooked intangibles. Furthermore, the determination of whether we will be or become a PFIC will depend, in part, on the composition of our income and assets. Fluctuations in the market price of our ordinary shares may cause us to become a PFIC for the current or subsequent taxable years. The composition of our income and assets may also be affected by how, and how quickly, we use our liquid assets and the cash raised in the IPO. In addition, because there are uncertainties in the application of the relevant rules, it is possible that the Internal Revenue Service may challenge our classification of certain income and assets as non-passive or our valuation of our tangible and intangible assets.
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Because determination of PFIC status is a fact-intensive inquiry made on an annual basis that depends upon the composition of our assets and income, no assurance can be given that we are not or will not become classified as a PFIC. If we were to be or become classified as a PFIC in any taxable year, a U.S. Holder (as defined in “Taxation—United States Federal Income Taxation”) may incur significantly increased U.S. federal income tax on gain recognized on the sale or other disposition of our ordinary shares and on the receipt of distributions on the ordinary shares to the extent such gain or distributions is treated as an “excess distribution” under the U.S. federal income tax rules. Further, if we are classified as a PFIC for any year during which a U.S. Holder holds our ordinary shares, we generally will continue to be treated as a PFIC for all succeeding years during which such U.S. Holder holds our ordinary shares. You are urged to consult your tax advisor concerning the United States federal income tax consequences of acquiring, holding, and disposing of ordinary shares if we are or become classified as a PFIC. For more information, see “Taxation—United States Federal Income Taxation.”
You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under British Virgin Islands law.
We are a company limited by shares incorporated under the laws of the British Virgin Islands. Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, the BVI Business Companies Act (the “Act”) and the common law of the British Virgin Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against the directors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors to us under British Virgin Islands law are to a large extent governed by the Act and the common law of the British Virgin Islands. The common law of the British Virgin Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the British Virgin Islands as well as from the common law of England, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the British Virgin Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors under British Virgin Islands law are codified in the Act but are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the British Virgin Islands has a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the British Virgin Islands. In addition, British Virgin Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States.
The British Virgin Islands courts are also unlikely:
| ● | to recognize or enforce against us judgments of courts of the United States based on certain civil liability provisions of U.S. securities laws; and |
| ● | to impose liabilities against us, in original actions brought in the British Virgin Islands, based on certain civil liability provisions of U.S. securities laws that are penal in nature. |
There is no statutory recognition in the British Virgin Islands of judgments obtained in the United States, although the courts of the British Virgin Islands will in certain circumstances recognize and enforce a non-penal judgment of a foreign court of competent jurisdiction without retrial on the merits.
As a result of all of the above, public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of the board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States.
Judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable.
We are a British Virgin Islands company and all of our assets are located outside of the United States. The majority of our current operations are conducted in the China. In addition, a majority of our current directors and officers are nationals and residents of countries other than the United States. Substantially all of the assets of these persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to bring an action against us or against these individuals in the United States in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed under the United States federal securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the British Virgin Islands and of China may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers.
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We have broad discretion in the use of our cash, including the net proceeds from our IPO, and might not use them effectively.
Our management has broad discretion in the application of our cash, including the net proceeds from the IPO, and could spend our cash in ways that do not improve our results of operations or enhance the value of our ordinary shares. The failure by our management to apply these funds effectively could result in financial losses that could have a material adverse effect on our business, cause the price of our common stock to decline. Pending their use, we may invest our cash, including the net proceeds from the IPO, in a manner that does not produce income or that loses value.
We are an emerging growth company within the meaning of the Securities Act and may take advantage of certain reduced reporting requirements.
We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act, and we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various requirements applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies including, most significantly, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 for so long as we are an emerging growth company. As a result, if we elect not to comply with such auditor attestation requirements, our investors may not have access to certain information they may deem important.
The JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth company does not need to comply with any new or revised financial accounting standards until such date that a private company is otherwise required to comply with such new or revised accounting standards. However, we have elected to “opt out” of this provision and, as a result, we will comply with new or revised accounting standards as required when they are adopted for public companies. This decision to opt out of the extended transition period under the JOBS Act is irrevocable.
We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to U.S. domestic public companies.
Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the securities rules and regulations in the United States that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, including:
| ● | the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or current reports on Form 8-K; |
| ● | the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents, or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act; |
| ● | the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their share ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time; and |
| ● | the selective disclosure rules by issuers of material nonpublic information under Regulation FD. |
We will be required to file an annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the end of each fiscal year. In addition, we intend to publish our results on a semi-annual basis as press releases, distributed pursuant to the rules and regulations of NASDAQ. Press releases relating to financial results and material events will also be furnished to the SEC on Form 6-K. However, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC will be less extensive and less timely as compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. As a British Virgin Islands company listed on NASDAQ, we are subject to the NASDAQ corporate governance listing standards. However, NASDAQ rules permit a foreign private issuer like us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country. Certain corporate governance practices in the British Virgin Islands, which is our home country, may differ significantly from the NASDAQ corporate governance listing standards. Although we do not currently plan to utilize the home country exemption for corporate governance matters, to the extent that we choose to do so in the future, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would under the NASDAQ corporate governance listing standards applicable to U.S. domestic issuers. As a result, you may not be afforded the same protections or information, which would be made available to you, were you investing in a U.S. domestic issuer.
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We will incur increased costs as a result of being a public company, particularly after we cease to qualify as an “emerging growth company.”
We are a public company and incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as well as rules subsequently implemented by the SEC and NASDAQ, impose various requirements on the corporate governance practices of public companies. As a company with less than US$1.07 billion in revenues for our last fiscal year, we qualify as an “emerging growth company” pursuant to the JOBS Act. An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other requirements that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include exemption from the auditor attestation requirement under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 in the assessment of the emerging growth company’s internal control over financial reporting and permission to delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. However, we have elected to “opt out” of this provision and, as a result, we will comply with new or revised accounting standards as required when they are adopted for public companies. This decision to opt out of the extended transition period under the JOBS Act is irrevocable.
We expect these rules and regulations to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some corporate activities more time-consuming and costly. After we are no longer an “emerging growth company”, we expect to incur significant expenses and devote substantial management effort toward ensuring compliance with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the other rules and regulations of the SEC. For example, as a result of becoming a public company, we will need to increase the number of independent directors and adopt policies regarding internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures. We also expect that operating as a public company will make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. In addition, we will incur additional costs associated with our public company reporting requirements. It may also be more difficult for us to find qualified persons to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers. We are currently evaluating and monitoring developments with respect to these rules and regulations, and we cannot predict or estimate with any degree of certainty the amount of additional costs we may incur or the timing of such costs.
In the past, shareholders of a public company often brought securities class action suits against the company following periods of instability in the market price of that company’s securities. If we were involved in a class action suit, it could divert a significant amount of our management’s attention and other resources from our business and operations, which could harm our results of operations and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the suit. Any such class action suit, whether or not successful, could harm our reputation and restrict our ability to raise capital in the future. In addition, if a claim is successfully made against us, we may be required to pay significant damages, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
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ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY
4A. History and Development of the Company
We began our operations in December 1999 through Beijing Distance Learning, a company formed under the laws of PRC. Beijing Distance Learning was formed to engage in the business of online training for self-taught higher education examination in Beijing. In July 2012, we formed Wah Fu Education Group Limited under the laws of the British Virgin Islands as an offshore holding company under the former name “Wah Fu Trade Limited”, which was changed to our current name in 2016. In May 2016, we established our wholly-owned Hong Kong subsidiary, Wah Fu Education Holding Limited, which has been deregistered in April 2021. We conduct our business through our subsidiaries and affiliated entities in China, which are described below. Through contractual arrangements described below, we control 100% of Beijing Digital Information. These contractual arrangements allow us to effectively control and derive 100% of the economic interest from Beijing Digital Information.1 In addition, we directly own equity interest of a number of PRC entities. Below is a list of our operating subsidiaries and variable interest entity:
| ● | Beijing Huaxia Dadi Distance Learning Services Co., Ltd.: our wholly owned subsidiary formed under the laws of PRC in 1999. The current business operations of Beijing Distance Learning include research and development of long-distance education software and development of long-distance education resources and information. |
| ● | Beijing HuaXiaDadi Digital Information Technology Co., Ltd.: our variable interest entity formed under the laws of PRC in September 2000. The current business operations of Beijing Digital Information include platform development, upgrading, maintenance and other related services. This entity also holds an ICP license for our website, www.edu-edu.com. |
| ● | Shanghai Xin Fu Network Technology Co., Ltd.: our wholly owned subsidiary formed under the laws of PRC in July 2015 to engage in the business of development of internet technology and computer technology, technological consulting, services and transfer. Shanghai Xin Fu currently doesn’t have any business operations. |
| ● | Shanghai Xia Shu Network Technology Co., Ltd.: our wholly owned subsidiary formed under the laws of PRC in April 2016 to enter into agreements relating to the platform in Shanghai for tax reasons. |
| ● | Hunan Huafu Haihui Learning Technology Co., Ltd.: our subsidiary formed under the laws of PRC in June 2015. We own 75% of the equity interests of this entity. Its primary business purpose is to provide technology services in Hunan relating to online platforms for preparation of various examinations. |
| ● | Huaxia MOOC(Hubei) Network Technology Co., Ltd.: a company formed under the laws of PRC in March 2017 to provide exam preparation services in Hubei. We currently own 65% of the equity interest of this entity. Cuntao Hou, our Vice President of Sales, currently owns 5% of the equity interest in this entity. The rest of its equity interest is owned by third party individuals and entities that are not affiliated with us or any of our officers and directors. |
| ● | Nanjin Suyun Education Technology Co., Ltd.: a company formed under the laws of PRC in March 2017 to provide exam preparation services in Jiangsu. We currently own 70% of the equity interest of this entity. The rest of its equity interest is owned by third party individuals and entities that are not affiliated with us or any of our officers and directors. |
| ● | Guizhou Huafu Qianyun Network Technology Co., Ltd.: a company formed under the laws of PRC in April 2017 to provide exam preparation services in Guizhou. We currently own 51% of the equity interest of this entity. The rest of its equity interest is owned by third party individuals and entities that are not affiliated with us or any of our officers and directors. | |
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| ● | Fuzhou Huafu Mingjiao Technology Co., Ltd.: a company formed under the laws of PRC in May 2018 to provide exam preparation services in Fujian. We currently own 65% of the equity interest of this entity. The rest of its equity interest is owned by third party individuals that are not affiliated with us or any of our officers and directors. |
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| ● | Liaoning Huafu Zhongtai Learning Technology Co., Ltd.: a company formed under the laws of PRC in June 2018 to provide exam preparation services in Liaoning. We currently own 70% of the equity interest of this entity. The rest of its equity interest is owned by third parties that are not affiliated with us or any of our officers and directors. This entity has been deregistered in June 2022. | |
| ● | Guangxi Huafu Quanping Education Technology Cot., Ltd.: a company formed under the laws of PRC in August 2019 to provide online education services. We currently own 55% of the equity interest of this entity. The rest of its equity interest is owned by a third party company. Guangxi Huafu was dissolved on March 17, 2022. | |
| ● | Huafu Wanrun (Guangzhou) Education Technology Co., Ltd.: a company formed under the laws of PRC in October 2019 to provide online education services. We currently own 60% of the equity interest of this entity. The rest of its equity interest is owned by two individuals that are not affiliated with us or any of our officers and director. | |
| ● | Sichuan Huafu Gengyun Education Technology Co., Ltd.: a company formed under the laws of PRC in November 2019 to provide online education services. Digital Information owns 60% equity interest of Sichuan Huafu. In December 2021, Digital information was entrusted with another 10% equity interest from an individual shareholder. After the transition, Digital Information owned 70% equity interest of Sichuan Huafu. The other 30% equity interest is owned by one individual shareholder. |
Due to PRC legal restrictions on foreign ownership and investment in the value-added telecommunications market, we operate our online platform through Beijing Digital Information, our PRC consolidated variable interest entity (“VIE”). Beijing Digital Information holds our ICP license necessary to operate our online platform in China, our domain names, including www.edu-edu.com, our registered trademarks in China and our registered software copyrights that are essential to the Company’s online operation in PRC. We rely on a series of contractual arrangements among Beijing Digital Information and its shareholders to operate our online and mobile platforms in China. These contractual arrangements enable us to:
| ● | exercise effective control over Beijing Digital Information; |
| ● | receive substantially all of the economic benefits of Beijing Digital Information in consideration for the services provided by us; and |
| ● | have an exclusive option to purchase all of the equity interests in Beijing Digital Information when and to the extent permitted under PRC law. |
We do not own equity interests in Beijing Digital Information. However, as a result of these contractual arrangements, we are the primary beneficiary of Beijing Digital Information and treat it as our consolidated VIE under U.S. GAAP. We depend upon dividends and other distributions paid to us by our PRC subsidiaries, primarily Beijng Distance Learning. Beijing Distance Learning partially relies on service fees paid by our variable interest entity Beijing Digital Information. For the year ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, 0.6% and 1.7% of our consolidated revenue was derived from Beijing Digital Information. Our affiliated variable interest entity, Beijing Digital Information, did not pay any fee to our PRC subsidiary, Beijing Distance Learning for fiscal years ending March 31, 2022 and 2021 since our VIE agreements were executed in August 2017. We did not receive any dividends from our PRC subsidiaries in the past two fiscal years and expect that these levels will continue in the future.
As discussed in details in “Regulations – Regulations Relating to Foreign Investment” and “Regulations - Regulations Relating to Foreign Exchange”, current PRC laws and regulations set forth restrictions on payment of dividends by PRC companies, foreign exchange and foreign investment in PRC companies. As such, we do not have unfettered access to revenues of our PRC subsidiaries and variable interest entity. See “Risk Factors – Risks Related to Doing Business in China” and “Risk Factor – Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure.”
The following is a summary of the contracts by and among our subsidiary Beijing Distance Learning, our PRC consolidated VIE Beijing Digital Information, and the shareholders of Beijing Digital Information; each of which is currently in full force and effect.
The series of contractual agreements include the following:
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Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement
Under the business cooperation agreement, Beijing Digital Information engages Beijing Distance Learning as its exclusive technical and operational consultant and under which Beijing Distance Learning agrees to assist in business development and related services necessary to conduct Beijing Digital Information’ operational activities. Beijing Digital Information shall not seek or accept similar services from other providers without the prior written approval of Beijing Distance Learning. The agreements will be effective as long as Beijing Digital Information exists. Beijing Distance Learning may terminate this agreement at any time by giving a prior written notice to Beijing Digital Information.
Under the above agreements, the shareholders of Beijing Digital Information irrevocably granted Beijing Distance Learning the power to exercise all voting rights to which they were entitled. In addition, Beijing Distance Learning has the option to acquire all of the equity interests in Beijing Digital Information, to the extent permitted by the then-effective PRC laws and regulations, for nominal consideration. Finally, Beijing Distance Learning is entitled to receive service fees for certain services to be provided to Beijing Digital Information.
Exclusive Option Agreement
Under the exclusive option agreement, in consideration of an aggregate payment of RMB 2,000,000, each of the shareholders of Beijing Digital Information has granted Beijing Distance Learning or its designated representative(s) an irrevocable and exclusive option to purchase their equity interests in Beijing Digital Information when and to the extent permitted by PRC law. Beijing Distance Learning or its designated representative(s) has sole discretion as to when to exercise such options, either in part or in full. Without Beijing Distance Learning’s written consent, the shareholders of Beijing Digital Information shall not transfer, donate, pledge, or otherwise dispose any equity interests of Beijing Digital Information in any way. The acquisition price for the equity interests will be RMB 2,000,000 or the minimum amount of consideration permitted under the PRC law at the time when the option is exercised if such minimum price is higher. The agreement cannot be terminated by Beijing Digital Information or their shareholders. The agreement remains in effective until all the equity interests of each shareholder of Beijing Digital Information transfers to Beijing Distance Learning or its designee(s).
Equity Interest Pledge Agreement
Under the equity interest pledge agreement, each of the shareholders pledged all of their equity interests in Beijing Digital Information to Beijing Distance Learning as collateral to secure their obligations under the equity pledge agreement, the exclusive option agreement and the powers of attorney. If the shareholders of Beijing Digital Information breach their respective contractual obligations, Beijing Distance Learning, as pledgee, will be entitled to certain rights, including the right to dispose the pledged equity interests. Pursuant to the agreement, the shareholders of Beijing Digital Information shall not transfer, assign or otherwise create any new encumbrance on their respective equity interest in Beijing Digital Information without prior written consent of Beijing Distance Learning. The equity pledge right held by Beijing Distance Learning will terminate upon the satisfaction of all its obligations by all parties under the VIE contractual arrangements.
Power of Attorney
Each of the shareholders of Beijing Digital Information has executed a power of attorney to grant Beijing Distance Learning the power of attorney to act on his or her behalf on all matters pertaining to Beijing Digital Information and to exercise all of his or her rights as a shareholder of Beijing Digital Information, including but not limited to convene, attend and vote at shareholders’ meetings and designate and appoint directors and senior management members. The power of attorney will remain in effect unless each shareholder ceases to own any equity interests of Beijing Digital Information.
If our variable interest entity and its shareholders fail to perform their obligations under the above contractual arrangements, we could be limited in our ability to enforce these VIE agreements and maintain effective control over our variable interest entity Beijing Digital Information. See “Risk Factors – Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure - Any failure by Beijing Digital Information or its shareholders to perform their obligations under our contractual arrangements with them would have a material and adverse effect on our business.” If we are unable to maintain effective control, we would not be able to continue to consolidate Beijing Digital Information’s financial results. See “Risk Factors – Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure - If the PRC government finds that the contractual arrangements that establish the structure for holding our Internet Content Provider (“ICP”) license do not comply with applicable PRC laws and regulations, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations” and “Risk Factors – Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure - We rely on contractual arrangements with Beijing Digital Information and its shareholders for a portion of our business operations, which may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing operational control.”
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4B. Business Overview
We are a provider of online exam preparation services and related technology solutions as well as a producer of online training course materials in China and have been in operation for over 20 years. We develop our own online education materials that are offered through the cloud and that can be used for a wide range of purposes, such as standard examination preparation, professional training and interactive programs for educational purposes other than exam preparation. We also produce thousands of online classes. Our services not only include development of online education platforms and online course materials but also includes comprehensive cloud service for online education and exam preparation training.
Our Services
We currently offer online education services and technology research & development services. Our online education services currently comprises Online Education Cloud Services and Online Training Services.
Online Education Cloud Service (“B2B2C”)
We provide online education platforms to institutions, such as universities and training institutions, and online course development service companies. Our teachers are well regarded and recommended by our clients, which include universities and academic institutions. Through our product development team, we interview and enlist teachers who we use to record teaching sessions. In return, we provide fixed compensation to teachers. We have developed three separate types of B2B2C platforms: a self-study examination platform, a continuing education platform, a non-diploma training platform (which allows students to enroll in courses for college credit), Vocational Education 1+X and Higher Vocational Enrollment Expansion Teaching and Educational Administration Platform, Huafu E-School System and Paperless examination platform. These platforms are available both online and via mobile app that we design for each of our clients. Currently, we are primarily focused on providing clients with B2B2C services relating to self-study examinations, which are a set of standard national examinations necessary to obtain college degrees in China. We have offered such services since September 2009. We also entered into the adult education field and commenced offering continuing education platforms in late 2016. Currently, over 3,400 courses (including the self-developed courses and authorized courses by third party educational institutions) are available on such platforms and approximately 340 universities and education institutions are using and testing our platforms. We commenced offering our non-diploma training platforms in March 2017. We currently provide services in ten provinces in China and believe that we are the leading service provider in this market. We also have offered the services via the Vocational Education 1+X and Higher Vocational Enrollment Expansion Teaching and Educational Administration Platform, Huafu E-School System and Paperless Examination Platform since 2020. During the year ended March 31, 2022, we provided approximately 3,527,000 courses to students on our platforms.
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The flow chart below shows our B2B2C service:
| ● | Self-Study Examination Platform |
This platform is a cloud based education system for universities, government examination officials as well as students who would like obtain college degrees through self-taught higher education examination. We created customized homepage systems for each university that uses our platform. Our system allows the university management to import their student data into the data base of our platform and will generate accounts for each specific student. Students can login the platform, choose to participate in recorded or live courses that are available on the platform. The platform will grant government examination officials the authority to monitor the learning process of each student. The platform can record the student’s learning data, giving each student a score for evaluation of the performance of each course for use by the university and government officials.
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| ● | Continuing Education Platform |
This platform is also cloud based and targets college students and students aiming to complete adult higher education. Similar to the self-study examination platform, this platform offers customized interface for each university using the platform where the school management can integrate their student data into the platform. Students can log in and take courses. The system will keep track of the students’ leaning data and generate scores based on students’ performance for school evaluation. What’s different from the self-study examination platform, this platform offers additional teaching administrative functions, including student profile management, tuition payment, management of different campus, course arrangement as well as statistical screening management, etc.
| ● | Non-Diploma Training Platform |
This platform is cloud based as well, but services training institutions and individual students. A large number of traditional face-to-face training institutions can use this platform to provide their training courses online without overspending on personnel, servers and online training platform. Similar to the other systems, the training institutions have their own interfaces and can create accounts for their students to take courses on the platform. In addition, the platform also provides a large number of online educational operations to the training institutions, including the management of their own courses, and pricing, promotion, enrollment and payment functions.
| ● | Vocational Education 1+X and Higher Vocational Enrollment Expansion Teaching and Educational Administration Platform |
This is a cloud computing platform for vocational education information management and online teaching. According to the policy requirements set forth under the “National Vocational Education Reform Implementation Plan” and other relevant policy requirements of the PRC Ministry of Education as well as the actual needs of higher vocational colleges, the platform provides information services for vocational colleges to implement “Academic Certificate + Several Vocational Skill Level Certificates” or “1+X” and higher vocational enrollment expansion business. It covers admission evaluation management, educational administration management, teaching resource management, online learning and other related aspects, and provides complete solutions for occupational colleges by providing hardware, software, resources and services.
| ● | Huafu E-School System |
Huafu e-school system is a website setup system for individuals, educational institutions and enterprise training centers. It helps customers without in-house technical capacities to create their own brand online schools for free, and provides one-stop “Internet + education” service. The e-school system supports two cooperation models: online education self-supporting and cooperative operation. The platform supports multiple terminals, PC online school, mobile app online school, etc. The self-supporting program is for our own online training programs and the cooperative operation is for institutions that we work with. These institutions can have an independent homepage, which supports their independent domain name and independent brand. The platform can authorize the use of Huafu’s existing curriculum resources to institutions or they can also setup and sell their own training courses.
| ● | Paperless examination platform |
This platform is a complete online examination solution for paperless examination of all subjects. The platform integrates key aspects for testing by most universities in China, such as management of question database, test paper, examination, grading, management of examination paper monitoring, etc., and provides related technical services for colleges. Through the platform, the school carries out routine examination evaluation activities such as tests, final examinations and make-up examinations. Students’ examination terminals can carry out examinations through app, browser or client-side. The examination process monitoring can adopt face recognition or ID card reader recognition for identity authentication. Teachers can grade papers online or export answers for marking up paper.
For all the five platforms, we will be paid by the schools or training institutions based on the number of courses taken by their students.
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Online Training Service (“B2C”)
We provide online training and examination preparation services directly to students for a fee. We have provided this service since 2000. In connection with our B2C service, we provide an online cloud education platform targeting end users, which is available both online and via the mobile app we design for each program. We can also license this platform to other offline education and training institutions for them to offer online services, and to manage their online courses and online users. Students that use this service are primarily college students and students preparing for the self-study examination. The flow chart below illustrates our B2C services:
Technology Research & Development Services
Another major aspect of our business is dedicated to developing and maintaining online education platforms and online courses for our clients, comprising universities, government agencies and private clients such as publishers. We also provide consulting, maintenance and updating services relating to online education programs we have developed for our clients. We have provided these services to our clients since Beijing Distance Learning commenced operations in 1999.
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Our Strengths
We believe that the following competitive strengths contribute to, and will continue to reinforce, our success and leading market position in the online self-taught education industry in the PRC and differentiate us from our competitors:
| ● | Education Cloud Platform Advantage. We are dedicated to the development of our education platforms and actual operations and is one of the companies with the longest history in the industry. Our platforms are constantly improved and upgraded and have been well recognized by its users for being comprehensive and easy to use. | |
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Leading Service Provider in Online Preparation of Self-Taught Examination. According to CRI, we are the leading provider and standards setter of online education service of self-study examination courses in the PRC and the first company in China that provides such services. The Company has over 1,131 online courses and provides services to over 77 universities and colleges across ten provinces in China. |
| ● | Leading Service Provider in Online Adult Education. We launched our adult continue education platform in late 2016. There are approximately 99 schools that currently have service agreements with us and approximately 110 that are testing our services. The platform has become well-known in the industry. |
| ● | Strong Brand Recognition with Nationwide Experience in Online Education. After many years in operation, our brand is well recognized. “Huaxiadadi 华夏大地” is an online education course brand in PRC. We kept improving our course designs over the years. With an experienced and cooperative team, we are able to provide quality services and exceed customer expectations. In 2015, we were awarded “2015 Chinese Brand Influence Educational Institution” by Sina Education. In 2016, we were recognized as “2016 Famous Online Education Brand” by Tencent Echo China. In 2017, we were awarded “2017 China Internet Education Brand Enterprise” by the Online Study magazine of China Long-Distance Education Magazine and China Online Education Leaders Association. In 2020, we were awarded “2020 China Internet Education High Grade Platform” and” China Internet Education Prominent Contribution on Suspension of Classes and No Suspension of School”. |
| ● | Technology Advantage. We have dedicated considerable resources to our technology and product development efforts. More than 37% of our employees are in our technology and product development departments and are very experienced with research and development. 30% of these employees hold master or doctor degrees. In addition, we have 71 registered copyrights and have accumulated two decade’s experience. |
Our Strategies
Our goal is to strengthen our position as a leading provider of online self-taught courses in PRC by pursuing the following business strategies:
| ● | We continue to improve on the breadth and quality of our online courses in order to increase the number of cooperative universities and education institutions which are the key components for our B2B2C and B2C services. |
| ● | We continue to expand the promotion of paperless examination platforms in continuing education and industrial examinations. | |
| ● | While implementing our national expansion strategy, we intend to acquire or set up local training companies to localize our B2B2C service. We intend to continue to increase our research and development department. |
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Our Mission, Vision and Values
Our mission is to improve education in China. Recognizing the unmet demand for higher education and the potential social and commercial value of private education, we started our business by providing education services focusing on long-distance learning. Our vision is to utilize our technology advantages accumulated over our nearly two-decade operations to become the best education technology company in China. We believe the core of distance-learning is service – customer satisfaction and innovation are critical to our success and we strive to promote and adhere to these values.
Steps to Improve Our Performance
Recruitment of Professional Personnel
We believe that our existing products and services with technological development of our online platform and quality improvement of our online courses will enable us to capture increased market demands for online education. With these opportunities we are able to provide, we plan to expand our team by recruiting professionals in various fields. In recent years, supply and demand of professionals tend to be stable, as long as we can provide development opportunities, we are able to hire more outstanding personnel, such as technology development professionals, online course producers, teaching professionals and senior management expertise. As our team keeps growing, we expect to be able to improve the quality of our courses, negotiate and cooperate with more schools, achieve more revenue and better financial results.
Implementation of “Provincial Partnership Model”
There are 32 provinces in China and the population in each province varies from tens of millions to hundreds of millions. We are currently implementing a “Provincial Partnership Model” under which we establish subsidiaries in different provinces. Our local partners in each province, who are also the shareholders of each local subsidiary, can develop business not only with the reputation, platform and courses of the Company, but also with their own capability and deep understanding of local education market. We believe that this “Provincial Partnership Model” will create more revenue by motivating our partners of subsidiaries to explore potential market and provide better services to local customers.
Expansion to Online Non-Diploma Courses
As of now, most of our online courses are provided to self-taught learners and college students pursuing higher education degrees. We are also exploring continuing education and professional development courses for qualification certificates. For example, we have completed development of online courses for the “National Teacher Certificate Examination”. There are a very limited amount of institutions developing courses for the “National Teacher Certificate Examination” in China, especially promoting these courses through B2B2C model like us. Therefore, competition in this field is not strong. On the other hand, our online education platform was successfully built and there will be much less cost in the upcoming periods. As such, our gross profit is more likely to increase with the development of other professional development courses.
Continuous Expansion to Online Non-Diploma Education Courses and Adult Continuing Higher Education Courses
Online non-diploma education courses
As of now, most of our online courses are provided to self-taught learners and college students pursuing higher education degrees. We are also exploring non-diploma education courses and professional development courses for qualification certificates. For example, we have completed development of online courses for the “National Teacher Certificate Examination”. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and China's related control measures, home working and learning have accelerated the development of online non-diploma education and training. There are more competitors who have joined the field of non-diploma education and training. We will continue to develop more online courses and improve service capability to enhance our competitiveness.
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Online adult continuing higher education courses
Adult higher education examination is an alternative way to obtain higher education for adults and an important part of China’s higher education system. We entered into the adult education field and launched our continuing education platforms in late 2016. Currently, there are over 99 universities and education institutions that we have contracts with and over 110 other universities and education institutions that are in trial period of using our platforms. We generated $3.61 million in revenue from such programs for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022. Given the unmet market demands for this type of services as well as the PRC government’s promotion of the “Internet Plus” model, China’s institutions of higher education, including our existing and potential clients, will likely increase their use of adult continuing higher education cloud platform to standardize teaching process and monitor learning process. As such, we expect our revenue from services for online adult continuing education will increase in the long term.
Key Aspects of Our Operations
Sales and Marketing
We market our services through both offline and online channels. Since our inception, the bulk of our marketing is done through traditional offline channels. Our sales representative visit our targeted potential customers, such as universities and schools, and then schedule meetings and demos for these potential clients to learn about our services and for us to learn about the specific needs of each potential client. We also develop customers through referrals from existing clients and business partners. We also attend industry conferences to promote our brand and further expand our client base. We started online marketing in 2004, including search engine marketing and mobile app advertising. In recent years we also expanded the online marketing via new media channels, such as with WeChat public accounts, Weibo and other social media platforms.
Fees
Fees for B2B2C business: we provide the platform to universities or schools for free but charge students a fee of RMB 10 to 120 per class, depending upon the course.
Fees for our B2C services: we charge fees based on the specific training program. Low end programs only include online courses and we charge RMB 50 to 180 per class for this type of programs. High end programs include both online courses and in person training. We charge RMB 200 to 600 per course for this type of programs.
Technical services fees: we charge service fees based on our development and maintenance costs plus a 30% profit. The fee for each client varies, depending upon the specific program design as well as our costs for providing the services, primarily including human resources and computer hardware and software related expenses. Such fees are set forth in our agreements with such clients.
Customers
Our customers for our online education services include universities, academic institutions, government agencies, private clients such as publishers as well as students preparing for various types of standard examination. For the B2B2C service, our customers are universities and academic institutions in fourteen provinces in the PRC such as Hunan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Fujian, Shandong, Guizhou, Anhui, Hebei, Guangdong, Guangxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Jiangxi, and Gansu. Our top customers for the B2B2C service include the College of Continuing Education of Wuhan University, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Shandong Yingcai University and Fujian Education Institution. Our customers for the B2C service are students located nationwide. For our technology services business, customers include government agencies and private companies such as publishers.
In terms of geographic areas, all of our customers are currently based in the PRC. We plan to expand our client base internationally as we continue to grow our business.
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Technology
Our Proprietary Platform
| 1. | Development Strategy: We have developed proprietary online education platforms which we have designed and updated based on the needs of our customers. In addition to traditional training features, we added additional features to facilitate intellectual studies. We own relatively mature technologies for platform development and can design specific platforms based on such technologies according to the commercial needs of our customers. We believe that this approach saves our customers’ costs, reduces development period and allows us to quickly respond to market demands. | |
| 2. | Purposes and Advantages: The primary purpose of our platforms is for our own business, namely training programs for students preparing for various examinations. Our platform is compatible with Windows, H5, Android and iOs systems. Our institution customers can develop their own mobile app based on their own data management capacity and sales system. | |
| 3. | Platform Security: We have adopted security policies and measures, including encryption technology, to protect our proprietary data and customer information, and we back up our database, including customer data, every day. |
We engaged a well known cloud service provider to have a cloud host to provide online services, and cloud storage and cloud-on-demand services. Our IT department regularly monitors the performance of our websites, mobile apps and technology infrastructure to enable us to respond quickly to potential problems. We have not experienced any major problems in our network infrastructure.
Research and Development
Our technology team also dedicates part of its time to our research and development efforts. Our technology team has experience in the development, design, operation and maintenance of platform products, servers and mobile apps. In the past three years, the number of employees in the technology and development department increased every year. Most of our team members have 5 years or more of experience, 30% of our team members have a master’s or a doctorate degree and certain team members have work experience at Fortune 500 companies. Our research and development efforts are closely tied to the market. We adjust our product development and services based on market conditions and government policies. The focuses of our research and development efforts include improving our online training data collection, programs focused on intelligent study, education resource integration and technology service. In the past three years, we keep a stable input in research and development to obtain a technology advantage in the on-line education industry. We anticipate that we will continue to increase the expenditure of research and development in the future.
Intellectual Property
We currently have 71 software registrations for our online course delivery and examination preparation programs and related mobile applications. We have also registered 23 trademarks with the China Trademark Office.
Employees
We are headquartered in Beijing, where most of our senior management and technology teams are based. We also host part of our general and administrative personnel, content development professionals and sales and marketing staff in our Beijing offices. The rest of our sales and marketing staff are based in Hunan and Jiangsu. Our offices in Hunan and Jiangxi host our teacher assistance department, technology team and general and administrative personnel.
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As of March 31, 2022, we had 151 employees, including 147 full time employees and 4 part time employees. As of March 31, 2022, 49 of these employees were based in our headquarters in Beijing and 102 were based in other cities in the PRC. The table below breaks down the full-time personnel of the Company by function:
| Function | Number of Employees | % of Total | ||||||
| Management | 7 | 5 | % | |||||
| Technology and Development | 56 | 37 | % | |||||
| Teaching Assistance | 21 | 14 | % | |||||
| Sales and Marketing | 35 | 23 | % | |||||
| Product Development and Customer Service | 13 | 9 | % | |||||
| General and Administrative | 19 | 13 | % | |||||
| Total | 151 | 100 | % | |||||
We enter into employment contracts with our full-time employees. For our full-time employees in China, we also enter into stand-alone confidentiality and non-compete agreements with them. In addition to salaries and benefits, we provide performance-based bonuses for our full-time employees and commission-based compensation for our sales and marketing force.
Foreign teachers delivering paid lessons on our platform are generally not our full-time employees. We enter into service contracts with such teachers, and pay service fees to them based on the number of lessons they teach and their teaching performance.
As required by regulations in China, we participate in various employee social security plans that are organized by municipal and provincial governments for our PRC-based full-time employees, including pension, unemployment insurance, childbirth insurance, work-related injury insurance, medical insurance and housing insurance. We are required under PRC law to make contributions from time to time to employee benefit plans for our PRC-based full-time employees at specified percentages of the salaries, bonuses and certain allowances of such employees, up to a maximum amount specified by the local governments in China.
Our employees are not covered by any collective bargaining agreement. We believe that we maintain a good working relationship with our employees, and we have not experienced any significant labor disputes.
Seasonality
The current operations of the Company have demonstrated seasonality. There are major examinations scheduled in April and October of each year and other examinations scheduled in January and July of each year. As a result, the number of students enrolled in our programs is the highest within the two months period prior to each exam. In addition, Adult Continue Education business slows down during the summer and winter breaks of our partner schools. See “Risk Factor—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—Our results of operations are subject to seasonal fluctuations.”
Competition
With respect to the B2B2C service, we believe that we are a leading service provider in the self-study online training area. Our primary competitors are four other companies providing similar types of programs, including Beijing Shangde Online Education Technology Co., Ltd., Suzhou Qingying Feifan Software Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing Aopeng Long Distance Education Center Co., Ltd. and Hongcheng Technology Development Co. but we have competitive advantages in terms of geographic coverage, the number of partner schools, the number of courses and our years of operating experience in the industry. With respect to the B2C service, we have two major competitors in the PRC, Beijing Shangde Online Education Technology Co. and Bejing Dongda Zhengbao Technology Co., Ltd. Our competitive advantages with respect to this service are our long operating history, our brand recognition and the number and types of courses that we offer. For the B2C service, we compete with traditional offline training institutions as well as well as other companies that provide online training services. In terms of our technology service, we primarily face competition from Shenzhen Youxuepai World Education Development Co., Ltd, Teewon Digital Media Technology Co., Ltd., Founder Tech and Hanwon Technology. Our current client base strongly relies on these services. We face competition from other online and mobile platforms or internet companies that plan to expand their business into the online education space but we believe our long established relationship with our clients, experienced technology team and many years’ experience will provide us an edge in competing with these market new entrants.
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Facilities
We lease executive office space in Beijing of an aggregate of 467 square meters. These facilities currently accommodate our management headquarters, as well as part of our sales and marketing, product development and general and administrative activities.
As of the date of this report, we have also leased an aggregate of approximately 1,776 square meters office space in Beijing, Jiangsu, Hunan, Fujian and Guangzhou. A summary of our leased properties as of the date of this report is shown below:
| Location | Space (in square meters) |
Address | Use | ||||
| Beijing | 467 | L207b, Hesheng Fortune Plaza, No.13 Deshengmenwai Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, China & Room 1303A, 1303B, Building 40, No. 1 Shengbei Road, Economic Development Zone, Daxing District, Beijing, China | Office | ||||
| Nanjing, Jiangsu | 570 | 4th floor, No. 601Zhushan Roan, Jianning District, Nanjin, Jiangsu. | Office | ||||
| Changsha, Hunan | 548 | Room 617-625, Building B1, No. 568 Queyuan Road, Tianxin District, Changsha, Hunan, China | Office | ||||
| Fuzhou, Fujian | 101 | Room 2519, Building 1, Henli Bona Plaza, Gulou District, Fuzhou, Fujian,China | Office | ||||
| Guangzhou | 90 | Room 613 &618, No. 725, Dongfeng East Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China | Office |
We own office space of 52.08 square meters located at Room 917, Building B1, No. 568 Queyuan Road, Tianxin District, Changsha, Hunan, which is where our Hunan office is based.
We also own office space of 166.6 square meters located at Room 12-6, Building 2A, No. 8 Daxueyuan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei.
Other than our office space in Hunan and Hubei, we lease all of the facilities that we currently occupy from independent third parties. We believe that the facilities that we currently lease are adequate to meet our needs for the foreseeable future, and we believe that we will be able to obtain adequate facilities, principally through leasing of additional properties, to accommodate our future expansion plans.
Insurance
We currently do not have any insurance coverage other than participation in various government statutory social security plans, including a pension contribution plan, a medical insurance plan, an unemployment insurance plan, a work-related injury insurance plan, a maternity insurance plan and a housing provident fund.
Regulations
This section sets forth a summary of the most significant laws, rules and regulations that affect our business and operations.
Recent Regulations Relating to Cybersecurity
On January 4, 2022, the CAC published the Revised Cybersecurity Review Measures, which became effective on February 15, 2022 and repeal the Cybersecurity Review Measures promulgated on April 13, 2020. The Revised Cybersecurity Review Measures provide that a critical information infrastructure operator purchasing network products and services, and platform operators carrying out data processing activities, which affect or may affect national security, shall apply for cybersecurity review and that a platform operator with more than one million users’ personal information aiming to list abroad must apply for cybersecurity review. As the Revised Cybersecurity Review Measures is newly promulgated, it is uncertain how the measures will be interpreted or implemented and how they will affect us. We cannot predict the impact of the Revised Cybersecurity Review Measures, if any, at this stage, and we will closely monitor and assess any development in the rule-making process.
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In anticipation of the strengthened implementation of cybersecurity laws and regulations and the continued expansion of our business, we face potential risks if we are deemed as a “critical information infrastructure operator” or “platform operator” under the PRC cybersecurity laws and regulations, and would be required to follow cybersecurity review procedures. During such review, we may be required to suspend providing any existing or new services to our customers and/or experience other disruptions of our operations, and such review could also result in negative publicity with respect to our Company and diversion of our managerial and financial resources.
As of the date of this annual report, we have not been involved in any investigations or become subject to a cybersecurity review initiated by the CAC based on the Revised Cybersecurity Review Measures, and we have not received any inquiry, notice, warning, sanctions in such respect or any regulatory objections to our listing status from the CAC.
Regulations Relating to Foreign Investment
Laws of Wholly foreign-owned Enterprise
The establishment procedures, examination and approval procedures, registered capital requirement, foreign exchange restriction, accounting practices, taxation and labor matters of a wholly foreign-owned enterprise are governed by the Wholly Foreign-owned Enterprise Law of China, or the Whole Foreign-owned Enterprise Law, which was promulgated by NPCSC, and effective as of April 12, 1986, amended on October 31, 2000 and September 3, 2016 and the Implementation Rules for the Wholly Foreign-owned Enterprise Law, which was promulgated by the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade on December 12,1990 and amended on April 12,2001 and February 19, 2014 by the State Council. According to the Wholly Foreign-owned Enterprise Law and its Implementation Rules, the establishment of wholly foreign-owned enterprises shall be subject to the examination and approval by the MOFCOM, or the Chinese Government level of province, autonomous region, municipality directly under the central Chinese Government, municipality separately listed on the State plan or special economic zone, as authorized by the State Council, which will issue a certificate of approval in respect thereof. Where the establishment of wholly foreign-owned enterprises does not involve the implementation of special access administrative measures prescribed by the State, the establishment of wholly foreign-owned enterprises are subject to record-filing management. Profits and other legal rights and interests obtained by foreign investors in China shall be protected by Chinese laws, and legitimate profits, other lawful income and post-liquidation funds received by foreign investors from the wholly foreign-owned enterprises may be remitted abroad.
The Guidance Catalog of Industries for Foreign Investment
Investment activities in the PRC by foreign investors shall comply with the Guidance Catalog of Industries for Foreign Investment, or the Catalog, which was promulgated and is amended from time to time by MOFCOM, and the National Development and Reform Commission, or NDRC. The Catalog divides industries into three categories: encouraged foreign invested industries, restricted foreign invested industries and prohibited foreign invested industries. Any industry not listed in the Catalog or any encouraged foreign invested industry listed in the Catalog is a permitted industry. Some restricted industries are limited to equity or contractual joint ventures, while in some cases Chinese partners are required to hold the majority interests in such joint ventures. Foreign investors are not allowed to invest in industries in the prohibited category. On June 28, 2018, NDRC and MOFCOM promulgated the Special Administrative Measures for Access of Foreign Investment (the “Negative List 2018”), which came into effect on July 28, 2018. According to the Negative List 2018, the provision of value-added telecommunications services falls in the restricted category and the percentage of foreign ownership cannot exceed 50% (except for e-commence).
The M&A Rules
The Provisions Regarding Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, was jointly promulgated by MOFCOM, China Securities Regulatory Commission, or CSRC, the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council, State Administration of Taxation, State Administration of Industry and Commerce and State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE, on August 8, 2006 and became effective as of September 8, 2006, and were later amended on June 22, 2009. This M&A Rules governs among other things, the purchase and subscription by foreign investors of equity interests in a domestic enterprise, and the purchase and operation by foreign investors of the assets and business of a domestic enterprise. An offshore special purpose vehicle, or SPV, is defined under the M&A Rules as an offshore entity directly or indirectly controlled by Chinese individuals or enterprises for the purpose of an overseas listing, and the main assets of which are the rights and interests in affiliated domestic enterprises. Under the M&A Rules, if a SPV intends to merge with or acquire any domestic enterprise affiliated with such Chinese individuals or enterprises that control the SPV, the proposed merger or acquisition shall be submitted to the MOFCOM for approval. The M&A Rules also require a SPV to obtain an approval from the CSRC prior to the listing and trading of its securities on an overseas stock exchange.
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The Draft PRC Foreign Investment Law
The Draft Foreign Investment Law specifically provides that entities established in China but “controlled” by foreign investors, such as via contracts or trust, will be treated as Foreign-invested enterprises, or FIEs, whereas foreign investment in China in the foreign investment restricted industries by a foreign investor may nonetheless apply for being, when approving market entry clearance by the foreign investment administration authority, treated as a PRC domestic investment if the foreign investor is determined by the foreign investment administration authority as being “controlled” by PRC entities and/or citizens. In this connection, “actual control” is broadly defined in the Draft Foreign Investment Law to cover the following summarized categories: (i) holding 50% of more of the voting rights of the subject entity; (ii) holding less than 50% of the voting rights of the subject entity but having the power to secure at least 50% of the seats on the board or other equivalent decision making bodies, or having the voting power to materially influence the board, the shareholders’ meeting or other equivalent decision making bodies; or (iii) having the power to exert decisive influence, via contractual or trust arrangements, over the subject entity’s operations, financial matters or other key aspects of business operations. According to the Draft Foreign Investment Law, VIEs would also be deemed as FIEs, if they are ultimately “controlled” by foreign investors, and be subject to restrictions on foreign investments. However, the Draft Foreign Investment Law has not taken a position on what actions will be taken with respect to the existing companies with the “variable interest entity” structure, whether or not these companies are controlled by Chinese parties.
On December 26, 2018, NPCSC published the 2018 Draft Foreign Investment Law deliberated by the 7th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the Thirteenth National People’s Congress, to seek public comments, which will be closed on February 24, 2019. The 2018 Draft Foreign Investment Law does not mention concepts including “de facto control” and “controlling through contractual arrangements”, nor did it specify the regulation on controlling through contractual arrangements. It is still uncertain when the draft would be signed into law and whether the final version would have any substantial changes from this draft.
Regulations Relating to Value-Added Telecommunications Services
Licenses for Value-Added Telecommunications Services
The State Council issued the Regulations on Telecommunications of China, or the Telecommunications Regulations, on September 25, 2000 which was amended on February 6, 2016, to regulate telecommunications activities in China. The Telecommunications Regulations divide the telecommunications services into two categories, namely “infrastructure telecommunications services” and “value-added telecommunications services.” Pursuant to the Telecommunications Regulations, operators of value-added telecommunications services must first obtain a Value-added Telecommunications Business Operating License, or Value-Added Telecommunications License, from the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, or MIIT, or its provincial level counterparts. On July 3, 2017, the MIIT promulgated the Administrative Measures for the Licensing of Telecommunications Business, effective as of September 1, 2017, which sets forth more specific provisions regarding the types of licenses required to operate value-added telecommunications services, the qualifications and procedures for obtaining such licenses and the administration and supervision of such licenses.
According to the Catalog of Classification of Telecommunications Businesses effective from April 1, 2003, internet information services, also called internet content services, or ICP services, are deemed as a type of value-added telecommunications services. On December 28, 2015, the MIIT published a revised Catalog of Classification of Telecommunication Business, or the 2016 MIIT Catalog, which took effect on March 1, 2016. According to the 2016 MIIT Catalog, internet information services, which include information release and delivery services, information search and query services, information community platform services, information real-times interactive services, and information protection and processing services, continues to be classified as a category of value-added telecommunication services. The Administrative Measures on Internet Information Services, or ICP Measures, also promulgated by the PRC State Council on September 25, 2000 and amended on January 8, 2011, sets forth more specific rules on the provision of ICP services. According to ICP Measures, any company that engages in the provision of commercial ICP services shall obtain a sub-category Value-Added Telecommunications License for Internet Information Services, or ICP license, from the relevant government authorities before providing any commercial internet content services within the PRC, and when the ICP services involve areas of news, publication, education, medical treatment, health, pharmaceuticals and medical equipment, and if required by law or relevant regulations, specific approval from the respective regulatory authorities must be obtained prior to applying for the ICP License from the MIIT or its provincial level counterpart. Pursuant to the above mentioned regulations, “commercial ICP services” generally refers to provision of specific information content, online advertising, web page construction and other online application services through internet for profit making purpose.
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Foreign Investment in Value-Added Telecommunication Services
The Regulations on Administration of Foreign-Invested Telecommunications Enterprises, or the FITE Regulations, which took effect on January 1, 2002 and amended on September 10, 2008 and February 6, 2016, are the key regulations that regulate foreign direct investment in telecommunications companies in China. The FITE Regulations stipulate that the foreign investor of a telecommunications enterprise is prohibited from holding more than 50% of the equity interest in a foreign-invested enterprise that provides value-added telecommunications services. In addition, for a foreign investor to acquire any equity interest in a business providing value-added telecommunications services in China, it must demonstrate a positive track record and experience in providing such services.
Regulations Relating to Private Education in the PRC
Education Law of the PRC
On March 18, 1995, the National People’s Congress of the PRC, or the NPC, enacted the Education Law of the PRC, or the Education Law, which was further amended on August 27, 2009, December 29, 2018 and on April 29, 2021, stipulates that the government formulates plans for the development of education, establishes and operates schools and other types of educational institutions, and in principle, enterprises, institutions, social organizations and individuals are encouraged to operate schools and other types of educational organizations. Comparing to the version of Education Laws that was amended and came into effect on 2009, which provided that no organization or individual may establish or operate a school or any other educational institution for commercial purposes, the current Education Law narrowed the provision prohibiting the establishment or operation of schools or other educational institutions for commercial purposes to only restricting a school or other educational institution founded with governmental funds or donated assets in the amended Education Law..
On April 20, 2022, Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress, or the SCNPC, adopted the amended Vocational Education Law of the PRC, or the Amended Vocational Education Law, which will become effective on May 1, 2022 and replace the previous Vocational Education Law of the PRC adopted in 1996. The Amended Vocational Education Law specifies that the vocational education is as important as regular education and that the state encourages the development of various levels and forms of vocational education, the extensive and equal participation of social forces in vocational education and the international communication and the cooperation in vocational education, and strives to improve vocational education recognition. The Amended Vocational Education Law also provides the establishment and improvement of the vocational education system, deepening cooperation between enterprises and schools, and the improvement of the vocational education guarantee system and measures.
The Law for Promoting Private Education and the Implementation Rules for the Law for Promoting Private Education
The Law for Promoting Private Education of the PRC became effective on September 1, 2003 and the latest amendment, or the Amendment, was on December 29, 2018 which came into effect on the same date. Under the Amendment, sponsors of private schools may choose to establish non-profit or for-profit private schools at their own discretion. Nonetheless, school sponsors are not allowed to establish for-profit private schools that are engaged in compulsory education.
The key features of the Amendment include the following: (i) sponsors of for-profit private schools are entitled to retain the profits and proceeds from the schools and the operation surplus may be allocated to the sponsors pursuant to the PRC Company Law and other relevant laws and regulations; (ii) sponsors of non-profit private schools are not entitled to the distribution of profits or proceed from the non-profit schools and all operation surplus of non-profit schools shall be used for the operation of the schools; (iii) for-profit private schools are entitled to set their own tuition and other miscellaneous fees without the need to seek prior approvals from or report to the relevant government authorities. The collection of fees by non-profit private schools, on the other hand, shall be regulated by the provincial, autonomous regional or municipal governments; (iv) private schools (for-profit and non-profit) may enjoy preferential tax treatments. Non-profit private schools will be entitled to the same tax benefits as public schools. Taxation policies for for-profit private schools after the Amendment taking effect are still unclear as more specific provisions are yet to be introduced; (v) where there is construction or expansion of a non-profit private school, the school may acquire the required land use rights in the form of allocation by the government as a preferential treatment. Where there is construction or expansion of a for-profit private school, the school may acquire the required land use rights by purchasing them from the government; (vi) the remaining assets of non-profit private schools after liquidation shall continue to be used for the operation of non-profit schools. The remaining assets of for-profit private schools shall be distributed to the sponsors in accordance with the PRC Company Law; and people’s governments at or above the county level may support private schools by subscribing to their services, provision of student loans and scholarships, and leases or transfers of unused state assets. The governments may further take such measures as government subsidies, bonus funds and incentives for donation in support of non-profit private schools.
On December 30, 2016, the MOE, MCA, SAIC, the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Welfare and the State Commission Office of Public Sectors Reform jointly issued the Implementation Rules on the Classification Registration of Private Schools to reflect the new classification system for private schools as set out in the Amendment. Generally, if a private school established before promulgation of the Amendment chooses to register as a non-profit school, it shall amend its articles of association, continue its operation and complete the new registration process. If such private school chooses to register as a for-profit school, it shall conduct financial liquidation process, have the property rights of its assets such as lands, school buildings and net balance being authenticated by relevant government authorities, pay up relevant taxes, apply for a new Permit for Operating a Private School, re-register as for-profit schools and continue its operation. Specific provisions regarding the above registrations are yet to be introduced by people’s governments at the provincial level.
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On December 30, 2016, the MOE, SAIC and the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Welfare jointly issued the Implementation Rules on the Supervision and Administration of For-profit Private Schools, pursuant to which the establishment, division, merger and other material changes of a for-profit private school shall first be approved by the education authorities or the authorities in charge of labor and social welfare, and then be registered with the competent branch of SAIC.
On April 20, 2018, the MOE issued for public comments the Draft Revision of the Regulations on the Implementation of the Law for Promoting Private Education of the PRC (the Draft for Comments), or the MOE Draft for Comments. As the consultation period for the MOE Draft for Comments ended in May 2018, on August 10, 2018, the MOJ published the committee draft of the Regulations on the Implementation of the Law on Promoting Private Education in PRC (Revised Draft), or the MOJ Draft for Approval, which further provides that private training institutions for language, art, sports, science and technology teaching and private training institutions for adults for cultural education or non-academic continuing education can directly apply for the registration with the local administrative departments for industry and commerce. Pursuant to the MOJ Draft for Approval, organizations that use Internet technology to implement training and education activities online, occupational qualifications or occupational skills activities, or internet technology service platforms that provide services for online implementation of the aforementioned activities shall obtain the corresponding Internet business license and approval from the education administrative authorities and the human resources and social security authorities of the state level where the institution resides and shall not implement educational or teaching activities which require the private school operation permit. The MOJ has not provided the timeframe for the promulgation of the revised implementation rules on the Law for Promoting Private Education of the PRC, even though the public consultation on the MOJ Draft for Approval has ended on September 10, 2018. If the abovementioned MOJ Draft for Approval is enacted as proposed, certain training institutions, such as our private training institutions, are not required to obtain a private school operation permit from education authorities. However, as the MOJ Draft for Approval is still in draft form, there can be no assurance that it will be enacted as proposed or at all.
On May 14, 2021, the State Council officially promulgated the revised Implementation Rules of the Law on Promoting Private Education, with an effective date of September 1, 2021(hereinafter referred to as “the 2021 Implementation Rules”), which made certain significant changes that may affect private schools. The 2021 Implementation Rules further promotes the development of private education by providing that a private school shall enjoy rights or preferential policies stipulated by laws equivalent to those applicable to a public school, which shall primarily include: (i) a private school may enjoy the preferential tax policies stipulated by the State and a non-profit private school may enjoy the same tax policies as a public school; and (ii) the local people’s governments shall grant preferential treatments in terms of land use by means of allocation in accordance with the principle of treating non-profit private schools equally as public schools, and for schools that provide education for academic credentials, may provide lands by means of bid invitation, auction or listing, assigning contracts, long-term lease or combination of sale as well as rental and may permit payment in instalments.
Regulations Relating to Online and Distance Education
Pursuant to the Administrative Regulations on Educational Websites and Online and Distance Education Schools issued by the MOE on July 5, 2000, educational websites and online education schools may provide educational services in relation to higher education, elementary education, pre-school education, teaching education, occupational education, adult education, other education and public educational information services. “Educational websites” refer to organizations providing education or education-related information services to website visitors by means of a database or online education platform connected via the Internet or an educational television station through an Internet Service Provider, or ISP. “Online education schools” refer to educational websites providing academic education services or training services with the issuance of various certificates. Setting up education websites and online education schools is subject to approval from relevant education authorities, depending on the specific types of education. Any educational website and online education school shall, upon the receipt of approval, indicate on its website such approval information as well as the approval date and file number.
On February 3, 2016, the State Council promulgated the Decision on Cancelling the Second Batch of 152 Items Subject to Administrative Examination and Approval by Local Governments Designated by the Central Government, explicitly cancelled the approval requirements for operating educational websites and online education schools that provided by the Administrative Regulations on Educational Websites and Online Education Schools, and reiterated the principle that administrative approval requirements may only be imposed in accordance with the Administrative Licensing Law.
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Regulations Relating to Internet Information Services
The Internet Information Service Administrative Measures, or the Internet Information Measures, was promulgated on September 25, 2000 and amended on January 8, 2011. The Internet Information Measures requires that commercial Internet content providers, or ICP providers, obtain a license for Internet information services, or ICP license, from the appropriate telecommunications authorities in order to offer any commercial Internet information services in the PRC. ICP providers shall display their ICP license number in a conspicuous location on their home page. In addition, the Internet Information Measures also provide that ICP providers that operate in sensitive and strategic sectors, including news, publishing, education, health care, medicine and medical devices, must obtain additional approvals from the relevant authorities regulating those sectors as well.
Regulations Relating to Internet Culture Activities
On February 17, 2011, the Ministry of Culture, promulgated the Interim Administrative Provisions on Internet Culture, or the Internet Culture Provisions, which became effective on April 1, 2011, as amended by Decision of the Ministry of Culture on Repealing and Amending Certain Departmental Regulations on December 15, 2017. The Internet Culture Provisions require ICP services providers engaging in commercial “internet culture activities” to obtain a permit from the Ministry of Culture. “Internet cultural activities” is defined in the Internet Culture Provisions as an act of provision of Internet cultural products and related services, which includes (i) the production, duplication, importation, and broadcasting of the Internet cultural products; (ii) the online dissemination whereby cultural products are posted on the Internet or transmitted via the Internet to end-users, such as computers, fixed-line telephones, mobile phones, television sets and games machines, for online users’ browsing, use or downloading; and (iii) the exhibition and comparison of the Internet cultural products. In addition, “Internet cultural products” is defined in the Internet Culture Provisions as cultural products produced, broadcast and disseminated via the Internet, which mainly include internet cultural products specially produced for the Internet, such as online music entertainment, online games, online shows and plays (programs), online performances, online works of art and online cartoons, and internet cultural products produced from cultural products such as music entertainment, games, shows and plays (programs), performances, works of art, and cartoons through certain techniques and duplicate those to internet for dissemination.
Regulations Relating to Online Publishing
On February 4, 2016, the SAPPRFT and the MIIT jointly issued the Administrative Provisions on Online Publishing Services, or the Online Publishing Provisions which took effect as of March 10, 2016. The Online Publishing Provisions sets out detailed provisions for online publishing activities, which mainly cover issues such as defining online publishing services, licensing and approvals, the administrative and supervisory regime and legal liabilities. According to the Online Publishing Provisions, all online publishing services provided within the territory of China are subject to the Online Publishing Provisions, and an online publishing services permit shall be obtained to provide online publishing services. Pursuant to the Online Publishing Provisions, “online publishing services” refer to providing online publications to the public through information networks; and “online publications” refer to digital works with publishing features such as having been edited, produced or processed and are made available to the public through information networks, including: (i) written works, pictures, maps, games, cartoons, audio/video reading materials and other original digital works containing useful knowledge or ideas in the field of literature, art, science or other fields; (ii) digital works of which the content is identical to that of any published book, newspaper, periodical, audio/video product, electronic publication or the like; (iii) network literature databases or other digital works, derived from any of the aforesaid works by selection, arrangement, collection or other means; and (iv) other types of digital works as may be determined by the SAPPRFT.
Regulations Relating to Publication Distribution
Under the Administrative Measures for the Publications Market, or Publications Market Measures, which was jointly promulgated by SAPPRFT and MOFCOM and became effective on June 1, 2016, any enterprise or individual who engages in publication distribution activities shall obtain permission from SAPPRFT or its local counterpart. “Publication” is defined as “books, newspapers, periodicals, audio-video products, and electronic publications,” and “distributing” is defined as “wholesale, retail, rental, exhibition and other activities,” respectively, in the Publication Market Measures. Any enterprise or individual that engages in retail of publications shall obtain a Publication Business Operating License issued by the local counterpart of SAPPRFT at the county level. In addition, any enterprise or individual that holds a Publication Business Operating License shall file with the relevant local counterpart of SAPPRFT that granted such license to it within 15 days since it begins to carry out any online publication distribution business. Where an entity or individual is engaged in the distribution of publications via the internet or other information networks, it or he/she shall obtain the operation permit for publications.
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Regulations Relating to Online Transmission of Audio-Visual Programs
The SAPPRFT and the MIIT jointly promulgated the Administrative Provisions on Internet Audio-Visual Program Service, or the Audio-Visual Program Provisions, on December 20, 2007, which came into effect on January 31, 2008 and was amended and effective on August 28, 2015. Under the Audio-Visual Program Provisions, “internet audio-visual program services” is defined as activities of producing, redacting and integrating audio-visual programs, providing them to the general public via internet, and providing service for other people to upload and transmits audio-visual programs, and providers of internet audio-visual program services are required to obtain a License for Online Transmission of Audio-Visual Programs issued by SAPPRFT, or complete certain registration procedures with SAPPRFT. In general, providers of internet audio-visual program services must be either state-owned or state-controlled entities, and the business to be carried out by such providers must satisfy the overall planning and guidance catalog for internet audio-visual program service determined by SAPPRFT. On March 30, 2009, SAPPRFT promulgated the Notice on Strengthening the Administration of the Content of Internet Audio-Visual Programs, which reiterates the pre-approval requirements for the audio-visual programs transmitted via the internet, including through mobile networks, where applicable, and prohibits certain types of internet audio-visual programs containing violence, pornography, gambling, terrorism, superstition or other similarly prohibited elements.
On March 17, 2010, SAPPRFT promulgated the Provisional Implementation of the Tentative Categories of Internet Audio-Visual Program Services, or the Categories, which was modified on March 10, 2017. The Categories clarified the scope of Internet audio-video programs services. According to the Categories, there are four categories of Internet audio-visual program services which are further divided into seventeen sub-categories. The third sub-category to the second category covers the making and editing of certain specialized audio-video programs concerning, among other things, educational content, and broadcasting such content to the general public online. However, there are still significant uncertainties relating to the interpretation and implementation of the Audio-Visual Program Provisions, in particular, the scope of “internet audio-video programs.”
Regulations Relating to the Software Industry
On June 24, 2000, the State Council issued Certain Policies to Encourage the Development of Software and Integrated Circuit Industries, effective from July 1, 2000, or the Policies, to encourage the development of software and integrated circuit industries in China and to enhance the ability of PRC information technology companies to compete in the international market. The Policies facilitate the development of software and integrated circuit industries in China through various methods, including: (i) encouraging venture capital investments in software industry and providing capital to software enterprises or assisting such software enterprises to raise capital overseas; (ii) providing tax incentives, including an immediate tax rebate for taxpayers who sell self-developed software products before 2010 in the amount of the statutory value-added tax that exceeds 3% and a number of exemptions and reduced corporate income tax rates; (iii) providing government support, such as government funding in the development of software technology; (iv) providing preferential treatments, such as credit facilities with low interest rates to enterprises that export software products; (v) taking various strategies to ensure that the software industry has sufficient expertise; and (vi) implementing measures to enhance intellectual property protection in China. According to Certain Policies to Further Encourage the Development of the Software Industry and the Integrated Circuit Industry which was promulgated on January 28, 2011 by the State Council, preferential value-added tax shall continue to be implemented and relevant preferential business tax policies shall be further implemented and improved. Eligible software enterprises and integrated circuit design enterprises, which engage in software development and testing, information system integration, consulting and operation maintenance, integrated circuit design and other businesses, shall be exempt from business tax and relevant procedures for them shall be simplified.
To qualify for preferential treatments, an enterprise must be recognized as a software enterprise by governmental authorities. A software enterprise is subject to annual inspection, failure to pass such inspection in a given year would cause the enterprise to lose the relevant benefits.
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Regulations Relating to Internet Information Security and Privacy Protection
The PRC Constitution states that PRC law protects the freedom and privacy of communications of citizens and prohibits infringement of these rights. In recent years, PRC government authorities have enacted laws and regulations on internet use to protect personal information from any unauthorized disclosure. Pursuant to the Decision on Strengthening the Protection of Online Information issued by the NPCSC on December 28, 2012 and the Order for the Protection of Telecommunication and Internet User Personal Information issued by the MIIT in July 16, 2013, any collection and use of user personal information must be subject to the consent of the user, abide by the principles of legality, rationality and necessity and be within the specified purposes, methods and scopes. “Personal information” is defined in these regulations as information that identifies a citizen, the time or location for his use of telecommunication and internet services, or involves privacy of any citizen such as his birth date, ID card number, and address. An ICP services provider must also keep information collected strictly confidential, and is further prohibited from divulging, tampering or destroying of any such information, or selling or providing such information to other parties. Any violation of the above decision or order may subject the ICP service provider to warnings, fines, confiscation of illegal gains, revocation of licenses, cancellation of filings, closedown of websites or even criminal liabilities.
Pursuant to the PRC Cyber Security Law issued by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress and effective on June 1, 2017, “personal information” refers to all kinds of information recorded by electronic or otherwise that can be used to independently identify or be combined with other information to identify individuals’ personal information including but not limited to: individuals’ names, dates of birth, ID numbers, biologically identified personal information, addresses and telephone numbers, etc. The Cyber Security Law also provides that: (i) to collect and use personal information, network operators shall follow the principles of legitimacy, rightfulness and necessity, disclose rules of data collection and use, clearly express the purposes, means and scope of collecting and using the information, and obtain the consent of the persons whose data is gathered; (ii) network operators shall neither gather personal information unrelated to the services they provide, nor gather or use personal information in violation of the provisions of laws and administrative regulations or the scopes of consent given by the persons whose data is gathered; and shall dispose of personal information they have saved in accordance with the provisions of laws and administrative regulations and agreements reached with users; (iii) network operators shall not divulge, tamper with or damage the personal information they have collected, and shall not provide the personal information to others without the consent of the persons whose data is collected. However, if the information has been processed and cannot be recovered and thus it is impossible to match such information with specific persons, such circumstance is an exception.
Pursuant to the Provisions on Internet Security Supervision and Inspection by Public Security Organs, which was promulgated by the Ministry of Public Security and effective on November 1, 2018, the public security departments are authorized to carry out internet security supervision and inspection of the internet service providers from the following aspects, among others: (i) whether the service providers have completed the recordation formalities for online entities, and filed the basic information on and the changes of the accessing entities and users; (ii) whether they have established and implemented the cybersecurity management system and protocols, and appointed the persons responsible for cybersecurity; (iii) whether the technical measures for recording and retaining users’ registration information and weblog data are in place according to the law; (iv) whether they have taken technical measures to prevent computer viruses, network attacks and network intrusion; (v) whether they have adopted preventive measures to tackle the information that is prohibited to be issued or transmitted by the laws and administrative regulations in the public information services; (vi) whether they provide technical support and assistance as required by laws to public security departments to safeguard national security and prevent and investigate on terrorist activities and criminal activities; and (vii) whether they have fulfilled the obligations of the grade-based cybersecurity protection and other obligations prescribed by the laws and administrative regulations. In particular, public security departments shall also carry out supervision and inspection on whether an internet service provider has taken required measures to manage information published by users, adopted proper measures to handle the published or transmitted information that is prohibited to be published or transmitted, and kept the relevant records.
In addition, the Office of the Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission, the MIIT, the Ministry of Public Security, and the SAMR jointly issued an Announcement of Launching Special Crackdown Against Illegal Collection and Use of Personal Information by Apps on January 23, 2019 to implement special rectification works against mobile Apps that collect and use personal information in violation of applicable laws and regulations, where business operators are prohibited from collecting personal information irrelevant to their services, or forcing users to give authorization in a disguised manner. On November 28, 2019, the National Internet Information Office, the MIIT, the Ministry of Public Security and the SAMR further jointly issued a notice to classify and identify illegal collection and use of personal information.
According to the Civil Code of China, which became effective on January 1, 2021, a natural person has the right of privacy and the personal information of a natural person will be protected in accordance with law. Information processors may not divulge or tamper with the personal information collected or stored by them and may not illegally provide any natural person’s personal information to others without the consent of such natural person.
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Pursuant to the Notice on Promulgation of the Rules on the Scope of Necessary Personal Information for Common Types of Mobile Internet Applications, which was promulgated by the CAC, the MIIT and certain other government authorities on March 12, 2021 to be effective on May 1, 2021, “necessary personal information” refers to the personal information necessary for ensuring the normal operation of an app’s basic functional services, without which the app cannot achieve its basic functional services. For learning and education apps, the basic functional services are “online tutoring, online classes, etc.” and the necessary personal information is mobile phone numbers of registered users.
The SAMR promulgated the Measures for the Supervision and Administration of Online Transactions, which became effective on May 1, 2021. The measures require that online transaction operators shall not force customers, whether or not in a disguised manner, to consent to the collection and use of information not directly related to their business activities by means of one-off general authorization, default authorization, bundling with other authorizations, or the suspension of installation and use. Otherwise, such online transaction operator may be subject to fines and consequences under related laws and regulations, including without limitation suspension of business for rectification and revocation of permits and licenses.
On June 10, 2021, the SCNPC promulgated the Data Security Law of the PRC, which came into effect on September 1, 2021. The Data Security Law provides for data security and privacy obligations on entities and individuals carrying out data activities. The Data Security Law also introduces a data classification and hierarchical protection system based on the importance of data in economic and social development, as well as the degree of harm it will cause to national security, public interests, or legitimate rights and interests of individuals or organizations when such data are tampered with, destroyed, leaked, or illegally acquired or used. The appropriate level of protection measures is required to be taken for each respective category of data. For example, a processor of important data shall designate the personnel and the management body responsible for data security, carry out risk assessments for its data processing activities and file the risk assessment reports with the competent authorities. In addition, the Data Security Law provides a national security review procedure for those data activities which may affect national security and imposes export restrictions on certain data and information. No entity or individual within the territory of the PRC may provide foreign judicial or law enforcement authorities with the data stored within the territory of the PRC without the approval of the competent PRC authorities.
On July 6, 2021, General Office of the State Council of the PRC together with another authority jointly promulgated the Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down on Illegal Securities Activities, or the Securities Activities Opinions, which called for the enhanced administration and supervision of overseas-listed China-based companies, proposed to revise the relevant regulation governing the overseas issuance and listing of shares by such companies and clarified the responsibilities of competent domestic industry regulators and government authorities. The Securities Activities Opinions also call for improving laws and regulations on data security, cross-border data flow and management of confidential information.
On July 30, 2021, the State Council promulgated the Regulations on Critical Information Infrastructure Security Protection, which came into effect on September 1, 2021. The regulations provide that, among others, critical information infrastructure, or the CIIO, means important network facilities and information systems in important industries such as public communications and information services, energy, transportation, water conservancy, finance, public services, e-government, defense technology industry and others that may seriously harm national security, national economy, people’s livelihood and public interests once damaged, disabled or its data disclosed. Operators shall, base on leveled system for cybersecurity protection, adopt technical protection measures and other necessary measures to deal with cybersecurity security events, defend against cyber-attack and criminal activities, to ensure the safe and stable operation of CIIO, maintain data integrity, confidentiality, and availability pursuant to relevant laws, regulations and the mandatory requirements of national standards. Moreover, the competent supervisory departments of relevant important industries abovementioned shall organize the recognition of the CIIO and promptly notify the operators and Public Security Department of The State Council of the results of the identification.
On August 20, 2021, the SCNPC promulgated the Personal Information Protection Law, which became effective on November 1, 2021. The Personal Information Protection Law aims at protecting the personal information rights and interests, regulating the processing of personal information, ensuring the orderly and free flow of personal information in accordance with the law, and promoting the reasonable use of personal information. Personal information refers to any recorded information related to identified or identifiable natural persons, though it excludes anonymized information. The Personal Information Protection Law also specified the rules for handling sensitive personal information, which includes biometrics, religious beliefs, specific identities, medical health, financial accounts, trails and locations, and personal information of teenagers under fourteen years old and other personal information, which, upon leakage or illegal usage, may easily infringe the personal dignity or harm of safety of livelihood and property. Personal information handlers shall bear responsibility for their personal information handling activities, and adopt necessary measures to safeguard the security of the personal information they handle. Otherwise, the personal information handlers will be ordered for rectification or suspension or termination of provision of services, confiscation of illegal income, subject to fines or other penalties.
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On January 4, 2022, the CAC published the Revised Cybersecurity Review Measures, which became effective on February 15, 2022 and repealed the Cybersecurity Review Measures promulgated on April 13, 2020. The Revised Cybersecurity Review Measures provide that a critical information infrastructure operator purchasing network products and services, and platform operators carrying out data processing activities, which affect or may affect national security, shall apply for cybersecurity review and that a platform operator with more than one million users’ personal information aiming to list abroad must apply for cybersecurity review.
On January 4, 2022, the CAC published the Administrative Provisions on Internet Information Service Algorithm Recommendation on its website, or the Algorithm Recommendation Provisions, which became effective on March 1, 2022 and raise certain new compliance requirements on internet information service providers using algorithm recommendation technology. Specifically, the Algorithm Recommendation Provisions require that such service providers shall provide users with options that are not specific to their personal characteristics, or provide users with convenient options to cancel algorithmic recommendation services.
Regulations Relating to Intellectual Property Rights
Copyright and Software Registration
The NPCSC adopted the Copyright Law in 1990 and amended it in 2001 and 2010, respectively. The amended Copyright Law extends copyright protection to Internet activities, products disseminated over the Internet and software products. In addition, there is a voluntary registration system administered by the China Copyright Protection Center. The amended Copyright Law also requires registration of a copyright pledge. To address the problem of copyright infringement related to the content posted or transmitted over the Internet, the National Copyright Administration and the MIIT jointly promulgated the Measures for Administrative Protection of Copyright Related to Internet on April 29, 2005. This measure became effective on May 30, 2005.
The Computer Software Protection Regulations was promulgated by the State Council on June 4, 1991 and last amended on January 30, 2013 which stipulates that Chinese citizens, legal entities or other organizations enjoy, in accordance with these Regulations, copyright in the software which they have developed, whether published or not. In order to further implement the Computer Software Protection Regulations, the State Copyright Bureau issued the Computer Software Copyright Registration Procedures on February 20, 2002, which apply to software copyright registration, license contract registration and transfer contract registration.
Patents
The NPCSC adopted the Patent Law of the PRC in 1984 and amended it in 1992, 2000 and 2008, respectively. A patentable invention, utility model or design must meet three conditions: novelty, inventiveness and practical applicability. Patents cannot be granted for scientific discoveries, rules and methods for intellectual activities, methods used to diagnose or treat diseases, animal and plant breeds or substances obtained by means of nuclear transformation. The Patent Office under the State Intellectual Property Office is responsible for receiving, examining and approving patent applications. A patent is valid for a twenty-year term for an invention and a ten-year term for a utility model or design, starting from the application date. Except under certain specific circumstances provided by law, any third party user must obtain consent or a proper license from the patent owner to use the patent, or else the use will constitute an infringement of the rights of the patent holder.
Domain Name
On November 5, 2004, the MIIT promulgated the Measures for Administration of Domain Names for the Chinese Internet, or the Domain Name Measures, as amended on August 24, 2017. According to the Domain Name Measures, “domain name” shall refer to the character identifier for identifying and locating the hierarchical structure of a computer on the Internet, which corresponds to the Internet protocol (IP) address of the computer concerned. A domain name registration service shall observe the principle of “first apply, first register”. Where the domain name is completed, the applicant for the domain name registration shall be the holder of the domain name. The holder of the domain name shall pay operation fees for a registered domain name on a regular basis. If the domain name holder fails to pay the corresponding operation fees as required, the original domain name registry shall write it off and notify the holder of the domain name in written form.
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Trademark
Trademarks are protected by the PRC Trademark Law which was adopted in 1982 and subsequently amended in 1993, 2001 and 2013 as well as the Implementation Regulation of the PRC Trademark Law adopted by the State Council in 2002 and amended in 2014. The Trademark Office under the SAIC handles trademark registrations and grants a term of ten years to registered trademarks which may be renewed for consecutive ten-year periods upon request by the trademark owner. Trademark license agreements must be filed with the Trademark Office for record. The PRC Trademark Law has adopted a “first-to-file” principle with respect to trademark registration. Where a trademark for which a registration has been made is identical or similar to another trademark which has already been registered or been subject to a preliminary examination and approval for use on the same kind of or similar commodities or services, the application for registration of such trademark may be rejected. Any person applying for the registration of a trademark may not prejudice the existing right first obtained by others, nor may any person register in advance a trademark that has already been used by another party and has already gained a “sufficient degree of reputation” through such party’s use.
On April 23, 2019, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress promulgated the latest amendment of Trademark Law, which came into effect on November 1, 2019. Compared to the currently effective Trademark Law, the latest amendment of Trademark Law additionally provides that, among other things, (i) an application for registration of a malicious trademark not for use shall be rejected and (ii) those who apply for trademark registration maliciously shall be given administrative penalties of warning or fines according to the circumstances; those who file trademark lawsuits maliciously shall be punished by the people's court according to applicable laws.
Regulations Relating to Foreign Exchange
Foreign Exchange Settlement
The Circular of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming the Management Approach regarding the Settlement of Foreign Exchange Capital of Foreign-invested Enterprises, which was promulgated by the SAFE on March 30, 2015 and became effective as of June 1, 2015, adopts the approach of discretional foreign exchange settlement, under which the foreign exchange capital in the capital account of a foreign-invested enterprise for which the foreign-invested enterprise has obtained confirmation by the local SAFE branches regarding the rights and interests of monetary contribution (or the book-entry registration of monetary contribution by the banks) can be settled at the banks based on the actual operation needs of such foreign-invested enterprise. The capital in Renminbi obtained by the foreign-invested enterprise from the discretionary settlement of foreign exchange capital shall be managed under the account pending for foreign exchange settlement payment. The proportion of discretionary settlement of foreign exchange capital is temporarily determined as 100%, subject to the adjustment of the SAFE.
Regulations Relating to Foreign Exchange Registration of Overseas Investment by PRC Residents
SAFE Circular on Relevant Issues Relating to Domestic Resident’s Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, or Circular 37, issued by SAFE and effective in July 4, 2014, regulates foreign exchange matters in relation to the use of special purpose vehicles, or SPVs, by PRC residents or entities to seek offshore investment and financing and conduct round trip investment in China. Under Circular 37, a SPV refers to an offshore entity established or controlled, directly or indirectly, by PRC residents or entities for the purpose of seeking offshore financing or making offshore investment, using legitimate domestic or offshore assets or interests, while “round trip investment” refers to the direct investment in China by PRC residents or entities through SPVs, namely, establishing foreign-invested enterprises to obtain the ownership, control rights and management rights. Circular 37 requires that, before making contribution into an SPV, PRC residents or entities are required to complete foreign exchange registration with the SAFE or its local branch. SAFE Circular 37 further provides that option or share-based incentive tool holders of a non-listed SPV can exercise the options or share incentive tools to become a shareholder of such non-listed SPV, subject to registration with SAFE or its local branch.
PRC residents or entities who have contributed legitimate domestic or offshore interests or assets to SPVs but have yet to obtain SAFE registration before the implementation of the Circular 37 shall register their ownership interests or control in such SPVs with SAFE or its local branch. An amendment to the registration is required if there is a material change in the SPV registered, such as any change of basic information (including change of such PRC residents, name and operation term), increases or decreases in investment amount, transfers or exchanges of shares, or mergers or divisions. Failure to comply with the registration procedures set forth in Circular 37, or making misrepresentation on or failure to disclose controllers of foreign-invested enterprise that is established through round-trip investment, may result in restrictions on the foreign exchange activities of the relevant foreign-invested enterprises, including payment of dividends and other distributions, such as proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation, to its offshore parent or affiliate, and the capital inflow from the offshore parent, and may also subject relevant PRC residents or entities to penalties under PRC foreign exchange administration regulations.
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Regulations Relating to Employment and Social Insurance
Pursuant to the PRC Labor Law effective as of January 1, 1995 (as last amended on December 29, 2018), and the PRC Labor Contract Law effective as of January 1, 2008 (as amended on December 28, 2012), a written labor contract shall be executed by employer and an employee when the employment relationship is established, and an employer is under an obligation to sign an unlimited-term labor contract with any employee who has worked for the employer for ten consecutive years. Further, if an employee requests or agrees to renew a fixed-term labor contract that has already been entered into twice consecutively, the resulting contract must have an unlimited term, with certain exceptions. All employers are required to establish a system for labor safety and sanitation, strictly abide by state rules and standards and provide employees with appropriate workplace safety training. Moreover, all PRC enterprises are generally required to implement a standard working time system of eight hours a day and forty hours a week, and if the implementation of such standard working time system is not appropriate due to the nature of the job or the characteristics of business operation, the enterprise may implement a flexible working time system or comprehensive working time system after obtaining approvals from the relevant authorities.
Pursuant to the Social Insurance Law of China effective from July 1, 2011 (as last amended on December 29, 2018), and the Housing Fund Regulation which was amended and became effective on March 24, 2002, employers in China shall pay contributions to the social insurance plan and the housing fund plan for their employees, and such contribution amount payable shall be calculated based on the employee actual salary in accordance with the relevant regulations.
Regulations Relating to Taxation
PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law
In January 2008, the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, or the EIT Law, took effect (as last amended on December 29, 2018). The EIT Law applies a uniform 25% enterprise income tax rate to both foreign-invested enterprises and domestic enterprises, except where tax incentives are granted to special industries and projects. An enterprise established outside China with “de facto management bodies” within China is considered a “resident enterprise” for PRC enterprise income tax purposes and is generally subject to a uniform 25% enterprise income tax rate on its worldwide income. According to the EIT Law and its implementation regulations, certain high and new technology enterprises which have proprietary intellectual property rights and simultaneously meet the prescribed requirements as stipulated in the implementation regulations of the EIT Law and other relevant regulations are permitted to enjoy a reduced EIT rate of 15%.
Under the EIT Law and its implementation regulations, dividends generated from the business of a PRC subsidiary after January 1, 2008 and payable to its foreign investor may be subject to a withholding tax rate of 10% if the PRC tax authorities determine that the foreign investor is a non-resident enterprise, unless there is a tax treaty with China that provides for a preferential withholding tax rate. Distributions of earnings generated before January 1, 2008 are exempt from PRC withholding tax.
Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, an enterprise established outside China with “de facto management bodies” within China is considered a “resident enterprise” for PRC enterprise income tax purposes and is generally subject to a uniform 25% enterprise income tax rate on its worldwide income. The implementing regulations of the EIT Law define the term “de facto management bodies” as a management body which substantially manages, or has control over the business, personnel, finance and assets of an enterprise. On April 22, 2009, the State Administration of Taxation, or SAT issued the Circular on Issues Concerning the Identification of Chinese-Controlled Overseas Registered Enterprises as Resident Enterprises in Accordance With the Actual Standards of Organizational Management, or Circular 82, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management bodies” of a PRC-controlled enterprise that is incorporated offshore is located in China. However, there are no further detailed rules or precedents governing the procedures and specific criteria for determining “de facto management body.”
On February 3, 2015, the SAT issued the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Several Issues Concerning the Enterprise Income Tax on Indirect Property Transfer by Non-resident Enterprises, or SAT Bulletin 7, extends its tax jurisdiction to transactions involving the transfer of taxable assets through offshore transfer of a foreign intermediate holding company. Pursuant to SAT Bulletin 7, where a non-resident enterprise indirectly transfers properties such as equity in PRC resident enterprises without any justifiable business purposes and aiming to avoid the payment of enterprise income tax, such indirect transfer must be reclassified as a direct transfer of equity in PRC resident enterprise. To assess whether an indirect transfer of PRC taxable properties has reasonable commercial purposes, all arrangements related to the indirect transfer must be considered comprehensively and factors set forth in SAT Bulletin 7 must be comprehensively analyzed in light of the actual circumstances. In addition, SAT Bulletin 7 has introduced safe harbors for internal group restructurings and the purchase and sale of equity through a public securities market.
On October 17, 2017, the SAT issued the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Issues Concerning the Withholding of Non-resident Enterprise Income Tax at Source, or SAT Bulletin 37, which came into effect on December 1, 2017. The SAT Bulletin 37 further clarifies the practice and procedure of the withholding of non-resident enterprise income tax.
Where non-resident investors were involved in our private equity financing, if such transactions were determined by the tax authorities to lack reasonable commercial purpose, we and our non-resident investors may become at risk of being required to file a return and taxed under SAT Bulletin 7 and/or SAT Bulletin 37 and we may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with SAT Bulletin 7 and/or SAT Bulletin 37 or to establish that we should not be held liable for any obligations under SAT Bulletin 7 and/or SAT Bulletin 37.
PRC Value-Added Tax Law
Pursuant to the Interim Regulations on Value-added Tax of China, or VAT Regulations which was promulgated by the State Council on December 13, 1993 and became effective as of January 1, 1994 and further amended on November 5, 2008, February 6, 2016 and November 19, 2017, all units and individuals engaging in the sale of goods, provision of processing, repair and fitting services, and importation of goods within the territory of China are taxpayers of value-added tax (“VAT”), and shall pay VAT in accordance with the VAT Regulations. According to the VAT Regulations, a VAT tax rate at 17% applies to the Chinese enterprises unless otherwise exempted or reduced according to the VAT Regulations and other relevant regulations.
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Pursuant to the Circular on Comprehensively Promoting the Pilot Program of the Collection of Value-added Tax in Lieu of Business Tax jointly promulgated by the State Administration of Taxation and the Ministry of Finance (“Circular 36”), the pilot program of the collection of VAT in lieu of business tax shall be promoted nationwide in a comprehensive manner as of May 1, 2016. Entities and individuals engaged in sales of services, intangible assets or real property within the territory of the PRC are value-added taxpayers, and shall pay VAT rather than business tax. Any taxable activities of taxpayers shall be subject to a tax rate of 6%, except those taxpayers who provide services related to transportation, postal services, basic telecommunications, construction, leasing of real property, sell any real property, transfer any land use rights, leasing services of tangible personal property or any cross-board taxable activity.
Pursuant to the Circular of the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation on Adjusting Value-added Tax Rates which was promulgated by Ministry of Finance and State Administration of Taxation on April 4, 2018 and became effective on May 1, 2018, for the purpose of improving the value-added tax system, adjustments to relevant policies on VAT rates are notified. Where a taxpayer engages in a taxable sales activity for the VAT purpose or imports goods, the previous applicable 17% and 11% tax rates are adjusted to be 16% and 10%, respectively. On March 20, 2019, the Ministry of Finance, the SAT and the General Administration of Customs jointly issued the Notice on the Policy Concerning Deepening the Reform of Value Added Tax, or Notice 39, which became effective on April 1, 2019. The Notice 39 further changed the Value Added Tax rate of 16% and 10% into 13% and 9%.
4C. Organizational Structure
The following chart reflects our organizational structure as of the date of this report. For descriptions of our subsidiaries and variable interest entity, please see “4A. History and Development of the Company.”
4D. Property, Plants and Equipment
Under PRC law, land is owned by the state. “Land use rights” are granted to an individual or entity after payment of a land use right fee is made to the applicable state or rural collective economic organization. Land use rights allow the holder the right to use the land for a specified long-term period. We do not currently own any real estate or land use rights. For descriptions of our leased properties, please see “Item 4B. Business Overview – Facilities.”
ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Not Applicable
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ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS
The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements, the notes to those financial statements and other financial data that appear elsewhere in this annual report. In addition to historical information, the following discussion contains forward-looking statements based on current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Actual results and the timing of certain events may differ significantly from those projected in such forward-looking statements due to a number of factors, including those set forth in “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this report. Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP.
5A. Operating Results
Business Overview
We are a holding company incorporated under the laws of the British Virgin Islands. Through our subsidiaries and variable interest entity, we provide online exam preparation services and related technology solutions and produce online training course materials in China and have been in operation for nearly 20 years. We develop our own online education materials that are offered through the cloud and that can be used for a wide range of purposes, such as standard examination preparation, professional training and interactive programs for educational purposes other than exam preparation. We also produce thousands of online classes. Our services not only include development of online education platforms and online course materials but also include comprehensive cloud service for online education and exam preparation training. The bulk of our operations is conducted via our wholly owned subsidiaries, primarily Beijing Huaxia Dadi Distance Learning Services Co., Ltd. while the rest of our business operations, including certain portions of our B2C services and technology services, are conducted through our variable interest entity Beijing Huaxia Dadi Digital Information Technology Co., Ltd. We do not directly own the businesses or assets in the PRC that are operated by our variable interest entity, including our PRC internet content license.
In fiscal year 2022, we continued to increase our efforts in expanding our business and services of online education. With the development of our original platform and new platforms such as Vocational Education 1+X and Higher Vocational Enrollment Expansion Teaching and Educational Administration Platform, Huafu E-School System and Paperless Examination Platform. We provided more courses, attracted more customers and cooperated with more education institutions. On the other hand, we focused our business on online education services and did not make great efforts on our technological development services; most of our current technological development services are one-off, and the subsequent maintenance services for upkeep did not generate significant revenue.
Impact of COVID-19 on Our Business
In January 2020, the WHO declared a global public health emergency as the novel coronavirus outbreak, later known as the COVID-19 pandemic, which has continued to spread beyond China. In compliance with the government health emergency rules in place, we temporarily closed our offices in China on January 24, 2020 and all the staff returned to the office on March 2, 2020. Because our main business is online education, our staff was able to work from home from January 24, 2020 to March 2, 2020. Our online platforms were online during that period. However, due to the change of examination schedule and school closures in China, our revenue declined temporarily and our financial results were adversely impacted in the short term.
In the second half of 2021, the COVID-19 coronavirus remerged in China due to the Omicron and Delta variants, especially affecting Shanghai. However, our business activities were not significantly affected or interrupted in 2021 nor in early 2022. Regardless, we still have taken precautionary measures intended to minimize the risks of COVID-19 to our employees, students and business partners, including temporarily requiring our employees to work remotely or canceling and postponing sponsored offline events and activities, which could compromise our efficiency and productivity during such periods, require us to incur additional costs, decelerate our branding and marketing efforts. We also sped up the iterative update of our products and services and improved the capacity of the e-learning platform to meet the growing demand during the pandemic.
For the years ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, revenue derived from online education services was $11,169,172 and $8,258,449, respectively, which represented an increase of $2,910,723 or 35.25%. The increase was mainly due to the increase of the courses we provided. During fiscal year 2022 we provided approximately 3,527,000 courses to students and approximately 2,368,000 courses in the same period of 2021
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For technological development and operation service, there was still no material new contract signed during the fiscal year 2022. We currently have several ongoing development and maintenance contracts and our technological and development and operation service revenue have increased from such contracts. Based on our current business strategy, we will focus on the business growth in online education services. The technological development and operation service revenue only accounted for 2.7% of our total revenue in fiscal year 2022. Due to the unpredictability of the revenue generated from technological development services, we expect to shift our focus to online education.
Except as disclosed above, there was no significant impact of the COVID-19 on the financial position of the Company in the fiscal year 2022. Our goal is to improve our position as a provider of online self-taught courses in the PRC. Due to the impact of the COVID-19, the daily offline education and teaching activities of colleges and universities across the country were suspended due to government’s order and regulation. This in effect increased the value of online education and its preposition for potential users. With over 20 years of operating experience in the online education industry and our own platform and technology, we will continue to reinforce our position in the online self-taught education industry in the PRC and to differentiate ourselves from our competitors.
Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations
We benefited significantly from the following recent trends in the China educational and career enhancement services market and we anticipate that the demand for online education will continue to grow:
Increasing Internet and broadband penetration rates in China - We have benefited from the rapid improvement of internet and broadband connectivity in China, which have increased the accessibility of online education courses as an effective and convenient way for people to meet their educational and career development needs.
Increasing awareness of the importance of higher and professional education - We believe people in China are increasingly willing to invest in higher and professional education as it may lead to better career opportunities and enhanced earning power. We also believe that the market for post- secondary education and career enhancement services in China is expected to grow due to demand from various sources, including demand from employers for well-trained professionals, demand from an increasing number of high school and university graduates seeking employment that requires practical skills and professional certifications, and demand from working professionals who wish to further achieve their career and salary advancement potential.
Need to differentiate oneself from peers - Each step of academic advancement requires an individual to differentiate oneself. Despite China’s rapid economic growth, university students in China are experiencing difficulties in finding an ideal job that meets their salary and personal growth expectations upon graduation. We believe that, in this highly competitive job market, many students may choose to enhance their core skill sets by taking additional training courses or obtaining a second degree to differentiate themselves from their peers in order to get a better job. This may increase demand for our services and products.
While our business is influenced by factors affecting the education and career enhancement industries in China generally and by conditions in each of the geographic markets we serve within China, we believe our business is more directly affected by company-specific factors, including, among others:
Number of enrollments in our courses - Our ability to generate and grow our revenues is primarily affected by our ability to increase the number of course enrollments. This in turn is driven by several factors, including government and industry requirements for education in various professions, recognition of our brand and services, Internet and broadband connectivity rate, and the perceived effectiveness of our education courses.
Fees for our courses - Our revenue is also affected by the amount of fees we charge for our courses, which depends on the overall demand, the prices and availability of competing courses, and the perception of the quality and effectiveness of our courses. We may also experience pricing pressure as we expand our course offerings into new areas, or new service within existing areas that we cover, in an effort to attract new course participants.
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Our ability to expand the range of courses and other services - Our ability to address market needs by expanding the range of our course offerings and other services has a direct impact on our ability to maintain growth in our course enrollments. Diversifying our sources of revenues also helps protect us from potential reduced course enrollment due to down-turns in certain industries or professions. To date, we have provided not only diversified online education courses, such as courses of laws, mathematics, accounting, nursing to participants, but also technological development and operation services to other educational organizations such as universities. In the future, we will continue to expand our course offerings in other areas to diversify and further grow our revenues.
Our ability to maintain and expand cooperation with universities and colleges - our ability to maintain and expand our customer base will have a material impact on our operations. A majority of our revenue is derived from our cooperation with universities and colleges. We have entered into agreements with more than 100 universities and colleges to provide online education services or technological services and expect to keep expanding our customer base in the near future. If we fail to maintain or further expand our customer base, our results of operations will be adversely affected.
Results of Operations
The following table sets forth the key components of our results of operations for the periods indicated, in dollars and as a percentage of revenue.
| 2022 | % of Revenue | 2021 | % of Revenue | 2020 | % of Revenue | |||||||||||||||||||
| Revenue | $ | 11,474,348 | 100 | % | $ | 8,515,561 | 100 | % | $ | 5,637,370 | 100 | % | ||||||||||||
| Cost of revenue and business and sales related tax | 6,013,731 | 52 | % | 3,997,098 | 47 | % | 3,386,965 | 60 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Gross profit | 5,460,617 | 48 | % | 4,518,463 | 53 | % | 2,250,405 | 40 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Selling expenses | 1,547,665 | 13 | % | 1,270,582 | 15 | % | 1,314,403 | 23 | % | |||||||||||||||
| General and administrative expenses | 2,872,208 | 25 | % | 2,156,879 | 25 | % | 2,507,186 | 44 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Income (loss) from operations | 1,040,744 | 9 | % | 1,091,002 | 13 | % | (1,571,184 | ) | -28 | % | ||||||||||||||
| Interest income | 122,182 | 1 | % | 127,136 | 1 | % | 135,359 | 2 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Other income (expenses) | (21,510 | ) | 0 | % | (17,043 | ) | 0 | % | 7,236 | 0 | % | |||||||||||||
| Income (loss) before income tax provision | 1,141,416 | 10 | % | 1,201,095 | 14 | % | (1,428,589 | ) | -25 | % | ||||||||||||||
| Provision (benefit) for income taxes | 238,885 | 2 | % | 180,334 | 2 | % | 212,498 | 4 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | $ | 902,531 | 8 | % | $ | 1,020,761 | 12 | % | $ | (1,641,087 | ) | -29 | % | |||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income (loss): foreign currency translation gain (loss) | 299,314 | 3 | % | 487,158 | 6 | % | (351,286 | ) | -6 | % | ||||||||||||||
| Less: Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest | 22,324 | 0 | % | 31,309 | 0 | % | 23,187 | 0 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Wah Fu Education Group Ltd. | $ | 1,179,521 | 10 | % | $ | 1,476,610 | 17 | % | $ | (2,015,560 | ) | -36 | % | |||||||||||
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Results of Operations for the years ended March 31, 2022 and 2021
Revenues
We derive revenues from online education services and technological development and operation services. Our net revenues are presented net of PRC business tax and related surcharges, as well as value-added taxes. The following table sets forth a breakdown of our total revenues for the periods indicated:
| For the year ended March 31, | Variance | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | % | 2021 | % | Amount | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| Online education services | $ | 11,169,172 | 97.34 | % | $ | 8,258,449 | 96.98 | % | $ | 2,910,723 | 35.25 | % | ||||||||||||
| Technological development and operation service | 305,176 | 2.66 | % | 257,112 | 3.02 | % | 48,064 | 18.69 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Total Amount | $ | 11,474,348 | 100.00 | % | $ | 8,515,561 | 100.00 | % | $ | 2,958,787 | 34.75 | % | ||||||||||||
We derive most of our revenues from online education services, through our B2B2C services and B2C services. For B2B2C service, we provide online education platforms to institutions, such as universities and training institutions. For B2C service, we provide online training and examination preparation services directly to students for a fee. Our online education services mainly consist of courses designed for self-taught learners pursuing higher education degrees, including laws, mathematics, accounting, nursing, administration management and others. In addition, we provided continuing education, professional development and general interest courses to students, such as information technology, accounting and language courses.
Since we provide our B2B2C service mainly through universities and educational institutions for the higher education degrees, our service period is directly related to school years and the examination periods. Each province organizes its own self-taught higher education exams, usually two to four times a year, which will impact the number of course participants and the number of courses we provide.
On the other hand, our B2C service is not impacted by school years and examination periods as much, because the courses we provide are more diverse and not degree oriented.
We also provide technological development and operation services, such as information technology system design and monitoring, daily system support, cloud platform development and other related services.
For the years ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, revenue derived from online education services was $11,169,172 and $8,258,449, respectively, which represented an increase of $2,910,723 or 35.25%. The increase was primarily due to an increase in the revenue from B2B2C and the number of B2B2C courses. During fiscal year 2022 we provided approximately 3,527,000 courses to students and approximately 2,368,000 courses for the same period 2021.
For the years ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 revenue from technological development and operation services was $305,176 and $257,112, respectively, representing an increase of $48,064 or 18.69%.
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Cost of Revenue
The following table sets forth the breakdown of the Company’s cost of revenue for the years ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 respectively:
| For the year ended March 31, | Variance | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | % | 2021 | % | Amount | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| Online education services | $ | 5,773,003 | 96.00 | % | $ | 3,648,864 | 91.29 | % | $ | 2,124,139 | 58.21 | % | ||||||||||||
| Technological development and operation service | 178,546 | 2.97 | % | 300,803 | 7.52 | % | (122,257 | ) | (40.64 | )% | ||||||||||||||
| Business and sales related tax | 62,181 | 1.03 | % | 47,431 | 1.19 | % | 14,750 | 31.10 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Total Amount | $ | 6,013,730 | 100.00 | % | $ | 3,997,098 | 100.00 | % | $ | 2,016,632 | 50.45 | % | ||||||||||||
Cost of revenue accounted for 52% and 47% of our net revenues in the fiscal years ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Cost of revenue mainly comprised of salaries and related expenses for our teaching support, course and content development, website maintenance and information technology engineers and other employees, fees paid to our course lecturers, depreciation and amortization expenses, server relocation and bandwidth leasing fees paid to third-party providers and other miscellaneous expenses.
For the years ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, cost of revenue from online education services was $5,773,003 and $3,648,864, respectively, representing an increase of $2,124,139 or 58.21%. The increase was mainly due to the commission fees and labor costs. Commissions fee paid to our corporate institutions based on revenue increased about $1.2 million and labor costs increased by $0.4 million due to the fact that there was an increase in the number of technological development projects during the year ended March 31, 2022 compared to the same period of 2021.
For the years ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, cost of revenue from technological development and operation service was $178,546 and $300,803, respectively. As we switched our business focus to online education service, we might further adjust our employee structure and transfer technical employees to develop and maintain our self-used platforms to reduce cost of revenue from technical development and operation service.
Gross Profit
The following table sets forth the breakdown of the Company’s gross profit for the years ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively:
| For the year ended March 31, | Variance | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | % | 2021 | % | Amount | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| Online education services | $ | 5,335,853 | 97.72 | % | $ | 4,565,766 | 101.05 | % | $ | 770,087 | 16.87 | % | ||||||||||||
| Technological development and operation service | 124,764 | 2.28 | % | (47,303 | ) | (1.05 | )% | 172,067 | (363.75 | )% | ||||||||||||||
| Total Amount | $ | 5,460,617 | 100.00 | % | $ | 4,518,463 | 100.00 | % | $ | 942,154 | 20.85 | % | ||||||||||||
Gross profit from online education services increased by $770,087 or 16.87% for the year ended March 31, 2022 as compared to the same period of 2021. The increase in gross profit of online education services was primarily due to the increase in revenue.
Gross profit from technological development and operation services increased by $172,067 or 363.75% for the year ended March 31, 2022 as compared to the same period of 2021.
The gross margin of fiscal year 2022 was 48% compare to 53% for the fiscal year 2021.The decrease of gross margin was mainly due to cost of revenue. We hired additional employees for the technology and development department to try to improve our service and development capabilities during fiscal year 2022, the cost of this year increased significantly. Therefore, we believe that the improvement of our service and development capabilities will bring long-term benefits in our business.
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Expenses
The following table sets forth the breakdown of our operating expenses for the years ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively:
| For the year ended March 31, | Variance | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | % | 2021 | % | Amount | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| Selling expenses | $ | 1,547,665 | 35.02 | % | $ | 1,270,582 | 37.07 | % | $ | 277,083 | 21.81 | % | ||||||||||||
| General and administrative expenses | 2,872,208 | 64.98 | % | 2,156,879 | 62.93 | % | 715,329 | 33.17 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Total Amount | $ | 4,419,873 | 100.00 | % | $ | 3,427,461 | 100.00 | % | $ | 992,412 | 28.95 | % | ||||||||||||
Selling expenses primarily consist of salaries and related expenses of our sales team, sales commissions, and advertising and promotion expenses. Our selling expenses increased by 21.81% to $1.55 million in fiscal year 2022 from $1.27 million in fiscal year 2021. This increase was primarily due to the increased salaries for our sales department since our revenue of fiscal year 2022 increased by $2,958,787. We expect that our selling expenses to further increase as we expand to other areas of China.
General and Administrative Expenses
For the year ended March 31, 2022, our general and administrative expenses were $2,872,208, representing an increase of $715,329 or 33.17%, as compared to the same period of 2021.Bad debt provision increased by $0.3 million, because of bad debt allowance based on the Company’s policy. Professional fees, such as consulting fees and attorney fees etc increased about $0.3 million. Payroll expense for employees increased by about $0.2 million.
Interest Income, net
Interest income is primarily generated from our cash deposits in the banks and interest from loans to third parties and related parties. For the year ended March 31, 2022, interest income was $122,182 as compared to interest income of $127,136 in the same period of 2021. The decrease in interest income was primarily due to the decrease in the principal amount of loans to a related party.
Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes
The Company’s income tax provision were $ 238,885 and $180,334 in fiscal year 2022 and 2021, respectively, as a result of an decreased current income tax of $0.24 million and deferred income tax benefit of $0.30 million for the year ended March 31, 2022 compared to fiscal year 2021. The decrease in current income tax is mainly due to the decreased taxable income of Distance Learning, Hunan Huafu and Huaxa Muke.
Net loss
Our net incomes were $902,531 and $1,020,761 for the years ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. These are mainly due to the increase of gross profit by $942,154 and the increase of general and administrative expenses by $715,329 in 2022, as discussed above.
Comprehensive income (loss)
The foreign currency translation gain or loss resulting from translation of the financial statements expressed in RMB to USD is reported in other comprehensive income (loss) in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). The comprehensive income attributable to the company was $1,179,521 and $1,476,610 for the years ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The change was mainly due to the net income decreased by $118,230 for the fiscal year 2022 compared to fiscal year 2021. The foreign currency translation incomes were $299,314 and $487,158 for the fiscal year 2022 and 2021, respectively.
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Working Capital
The following table provides the information about our working capital at March 31, 2022 and 2021:
| As of | As of | |||||||
| March 31, 2022 | March 31, 2021 | |||||||
| Current Assets | $ | 16,202,300 | $ | 15,033,198 | ||||
| Current Liabilities | 5,987,703 | 6,059,025 | ||||||
| Working Capital | $ | 10,214,597 | $ | 8,974,173 | ||||
Working capital increased by $1,240,424 or 13.82% from March 31, 2021 to March 31, 2022. Our working capital requirements are influenced by the level of our operations, the quantity and amount of our sales contracts, the progress of execution on our customer contracts, and the timing of accounts receivable collections.
Capital Commitments and Contingencies
Capital commitments refer to the allocation of funds for a possible liability in the near future arising out of capital expenditures. Contingency refers to a condition that arises from past transactions or events, the outcome of which will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of uncertain futures events.
As of March 31, 2022 and 2021, we had no material capital commitments or contingent liabilities.
Cash Flows
The following table provides detailed information about our net cash flows for the years ended March 31, 2022 and 2021.
For the years ended March 31, | ||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | |||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | $ | 1,075,175 | $ | 2,328,140 | ||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | (1,678,140 | ) | 2,355,423 | |||||
| Net cash provided by financing activities | (17,657 | ) | 11,312 | |||||
| Effect of exchange rate changes on cash | 330,052 | 525,249 | ||||||
| Net increase (decrease) in cash | (290,570 | ) | 5,220,124 | |||||
| Cash, beginning of the year | 12,054,015 | 6,833,891 | ||||||
| Cash, end of the year | $ | 11,763,445 | $ | 12,054,015 | ||||
Operating Activities
Net cash provided by operating activities during the year ended March 31, 2022 was $1.1 million. Net income for fiscal year 2022 was $1.0 million, including $0.4 million provision for doubtful accounts and $0.2 million depreciation and amortization. Deferred revenue decreased by $0.3 million. Tax payable increased about $0.2 million.
Net cash provided by operating activities during the year ended March 31, 2021 was $2.3 million. Net income for fiscal year 2021 was $1.0 million, including $0.2 million non-cash lease expense and $0.2 million depreciation and amortization. Account receivable increased by $1.4 million since the revenue increased substantially during this year. Deferred revenue increased by $2.4 million, because we now provide longer service period for some B2B2C service, from one month to six months. This caused us to recognize revenue over a longer period. In addition, some institutions now request students to pay the Company directly, instead of collecting from the students and then settle with the Company. This has accelerated the Company’s collection of advance payment.
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Investing Activities
For the year ended March 31, 2022, net cash used in investing activities amounted to $1.7 million as compared to net cash provided by investing activities amounted to $2.4 million in the same period 2021. This change was mainly due to the company loaned $1.7 million to a related party in April 2022 . In 2021, the company received repayments of loans from a related party of $2.5 million.
Financing Activities
For the year ended March 31, 2022, net cash used in financing activities amounted to $0.02 million as compared to net cash provided by financing activities of $0.01 million for the same period of 2021.
Results of Operations for the years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020
Revenues
We derive revenues from online education services and technological development and operation services. Our net revenues are presented net of PRC business tax and related surcharges, as well as value-added taxes. The following table sets forth a breakdown of our total revenues for the periods indicated:
| For the year ended March 31, | Variance | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | % | 2020 | % | Amount | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| Online education services | $ | 8,258,449 | 96.98 | % | $ | 5,370,700 | 95.27 | % | $ | 2,887,749 | 51.23 | % | ||||||||||||
| Technological development and operation service | 257,112 | 3.02 | % | 266,670 | 4.73 | % | (9,557 | ) | (3.58 | )% | ||||||||||||||
| Total Amount | $ | 8,515,561 | 100.00 | % | $ | 5,637,370 | 100.00 | % | $ | 2,878,192 | 51.06 | % | ||||||||||||
We derive most of our revenues from online education services, through our B2B2C services and B2C services. For B2B2C service, we provide online education platforms to institutions, such as universities and training institutions. For B2C service, we provide online training and examination preparation services directly to students for a fee. Our online education services mainly consist of courses designed for self-taught learners pursuing higher education degrees, including laws, mathematics, accounting, nursing, administration management and others. In addition, we provided continuing education, professional development and general interest courses to students, such as information technology, accounting and language courses.
Since we provide our B2B2C service mainly through universities and educational institutions for the higher education degrees, our service period is directly related to school years and the examination periods. Each province organizes its own self-taught higher education exams, usually two to four times a year, which will impact the number of course participants and the number of courses we are able to provide.
On the other hand, our B2C service is not impacted by the cyclicality of school years and examination periods as much, and compared to the B2B2C courses, our B2C courses are more diverse in content and not are degree oriented.
We also provide technological development and operation services, such as information technology system design and monitoring, daily system support, cloud platform development and other related services.
For the years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, revenue derived from online education services was $8,258,449 and $5,370,700, respectively, which represented an increase of $2,887,749 or 53.77%. The increase was primarily due to an increase in the revenue from B2B2C and the number of B2B2C courses undertaken by our clients. Our existing cooperative colleges and training institutions also has comprehensively improved the platform teaching services.
For the years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 revenue from technological development and operation services was $257,112 and $266,670, respectively, representing a decrease of $9,557 or 3.58%.
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Cost of Revenue
The following table sets forth the breakdown of the Company’s cost of revenue for the years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 respectively:
| For the year ended March 31, | Variance | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | % | 2020 | % | Amount | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| Online education services | $ | 3,648,864 | 91.29 | % | $ | 2,982,268 | 88.05 | % | $ | 666,596 | 22.35 | % | ||||||||||||
| Technological development and operation service | 300,803 | 7.52 | % | 364,320 | 10.76 | % | (63,517 | ) | (17.43 | )% | ||||||||||||||
| Business and sales related tax | 47,431 | 1.19 | % | 40,377 | 1.19 | % | 7,054 | 17.47 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Total Amount | $ | 3,997,098 | 100.00 | % | $ | 3,386,965 | 100.00 | % | $ | 610,133 | 18.01 | % | ||||||||||||
Cost of revenue accounted for 47% and 60% of our net revenues in the fiscal years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Cost of revenue mainly comprised of salaries and related expenses for our teaching support, course and content development, website maintenance and information technology engineers and other employees, fees paid to our course lecturers, depreciation and amortization expenses, server relocation and bandwidth leasing fees paid to third-party providers and other miscellaneous expenses.
For the years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, cost of revenue from online education services was $3,648,864 and $2,982,268, respectively, representing an increase of $666,596 or 22.35%.
For the years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, cost of revenue from technological development and operation service was $300,803 and $364,320, respectively. As we switched our business focus to online education services, we might further adjust our employee structure and transfer technical employees to develop and maintain our platforms to reduce cost of revenue from technical development and operation service.
Gross Profit
The following table sets forth the breakdown of the Company’s gross profit for the years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively:
| For the year ended March 31, | Variance | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | % | 2020 | % | Amount | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| Online education services | $ | 4,565,766 | 101.05 | % | $ | 2,349,965 | 104.42 | % | $ | 2,215,801 | 94.29 | % | ||||||||||||
| Technological development and operation service | (47,303 | ) | (1.05 | )% | (99,560 | ) | (4.42 | )% | 52,257 | (52.49 | )% | |||||||||||||
| Total Amount | $ | 4,518,463 | 100.00 | % | $ | 2,250,405 | 100.00 | % | $ | 2,268,058 | 100.78 | % | ||||||||||||
Gross profit from online education services increased by $2,215,801 or 94.29% for the year ended March 31, 2021 as compared to the same period of 2020. The increase in gross profit of online education services was primarily due to the increase in revenue.
Gross profit from technological development and operation services increased by $52,257 or 52.49% for the year ended March 31, 2021 as compared to the same period of 2020.
The gross margin of fiscal year 2021 was 53% compare to 40% for the fiscal year 2020.The increase of gross margin mainly due to the increase in online education service revenue. For the cost of our online education service mainly comprised of salaries and related expenses for our teaching support, course and content development, which mostly are fixed amount not increase so strikingly as revenue, the gross margin increased in fiscal year 2021 compared to the same period last year.
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Expenses
The following table sets forth the breakdown of our operating expenses for the years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively:
| For the year ended March 31, | Variance | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | % | 2020 | % | Amount | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| Selling expenses | $ | 1,270,582 | 37.07 | % | $ | 1,314,403 | 34.39 | % | $ | (43,821 | ) | (3.33 | )% | |||||||||||
| General and administrative expenses | 2,156,879 | 62.93 | % | 2,507,186 | 65.61 | % | (350,307 | ) | (13.97 | )% | ||||||||||||||
| Total Amount | $ | 3,427,461 | 100.00 | % | $ | 3,821,589 | 100.00 | % | $ | (394,128 | ) | (10.31 | )% | |||||||||||
Selling expenses primarily consist of salaries and related expenses of our sales team, sales commissions, and advertising and promotion expenses. Our selling expenses decreased by 3.33% to $1.27 million in fiscal year 2021 from $1.31 million in fiscal year 2020. The decrease was mainly due to the fact that in fiscal year 2021, we terminated our cooperation with certain marketing agencies that had promoted our services. We are exploring other marketing approaches as we are adjusting to the post COVID-19 online learning market and business environment.
General and Administrative Expenses
For the year ended March 31, 2021, our general and administrative expenses were $2,156,879, representing a decrease of $350,307 or 13.97%, as compared to the same period of 2020. The decrease was mainly due to the impairment loss. For the years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, impairment loss was nil and $261,574 respectively. Due to the continual losses of investment in unconsolidated companies, Beijing Huaxia Dadi Digital Information Technology Co., Ltd (“Digital Information”) accrued for $118,024 impairment loss for the investment in Beijing Tianyuebowen Science and Technology Co., Ltd. and $143,550 impairment loss for the investment in Zhongtai International Education Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd. in fiscal year 2020.
Interest Income, net
Interest income is primarily generated from our cash deposits in the banks and interest from loans to third parties and related parties. For the year ended March 31, 2021, interest income was $127,136 as compared to interest income of $135,359 in the same period of 2020. The decrease in interest income was primarily due to the decrease in the principal amount of loans to a related party.
Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes
The Company’s income tax provision were $180,334 and $212,498 in fiscal year 2021 and 2020, respectively, as a result of an decreased current income tax of $0.50 million and increased deferred income tax benefit of $0.38 million for the year ended March 31, 2021 compared to fiscal year 2020. The increase in current income tax is mainly due to the increased taxable income of Beijing Huaxia Dadi Distance Learning Services Co., Ltd., Hunan Huafu Haihui Learning Technology Co., Ltd. and Huaxia MOOC Internet Technology Co., Ltd.. The increase in deferred income tax benefit is primarily due to the increased deferred revenue of Distance Learning and Hunan Huafu.
Net loss
Our net income was $ 1,020,761 and loss $1,641,087 for the years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. These are mainly due to the increase of gross profit by $ 2,268,058, and the decrease of general and administrative expenses by $ 350,307 in 2021, as discussed above.
Comprehensive income (loss)
The foreign currency translation gain or loss resulting from translation of the financial statements expressed in RMB to USD is reported in other comprehensive income (loss) in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). The comprehensive income attributable to the Company was $1,476,610 and loss $2,015,560 for the years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The change was mainly due to the net income of $1,020,761 for the fiscal year 2021 when it was a net loss for the fiscal year 2020. The foreign currency translation income was $487,158 for the fiscal year 2021 when it was a loss of $351,286 in fiscal year 2020.
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Working Capital
The following table provides the information about our working capital at March 31, 2021 and 2020:
| As of | As of | |||||||
| March 31, 2021 | March 31, 2020 | |||||||
| Current Assets | $ | 15,033,198 | $ | 10,250,785 | ||||
| Current Liabilities | 6,059,025 | 2,904,555 | ||||||
| Working Capital | $ | 8,974,173 | $ | 7,346,230 | ||||
Working capital increased by $1,627,943 or 22.16% from March 31, 2020 to March 31, 2021. Our working capital requirements are influenced by the level of our operations, the quantity and amount of our sales contracts, the progress of execution on our customer contracts, and the timing of accounts receivable collections.
Capital Commitments and Contingencies
Capital commitments refer to the allocation of funds for a possible liability in the near future arising out of capital expenditures. Contingency refers to a condition that arises from past transactions or events, the outcome of which will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of uncertain futures events.
As of March 31, 2021 and 2020, we had no material capital commitments or contingent liabilities.
Cash Flows
The following table provides detailed information about our net cash flows for the years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020.
For the years ended March 31, | ||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | |||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | $ | 2,328,140 | $ | 937,518 | ||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | 2,355,423 | (2,619,099 | ) | |||||
| Net cash provided by financing activities | 11,312 | 4,851,193 | ||||||
| Effect of exchange rate changes on cash | 525,249 | (263,439 | ) | |||||
| Net increase (decrease) in cash | 5,220,124 | 2,906,173 | ||||||
| Cash, beginning of the year | 6,833,891 | 3,927,718 | ||||||
| Cash, end of the year | $ | 12,054,015 | $ | 6,833,891 | ||||
Operating Activities
Net cash provided by operating activities during the year ended March 31, 2021 was $2.3 million. Net income for fiscal year 2021 was $1.0 million, including $0.2 million non-cash lease expense and $0.2 million depreciation and amortization. Account receivable increased by $1.4 million since the revenue increased substantially during this fiscal year. Deferred revenue increased by $2.4 million, because our B2B2C services have on average longer course duration, from one month to six months. This caused us to recognize revenue over a longer period. In addition, some institutions now request students to pay the Company directly, instead of collecting from the students and then settle with the Company. This has accelerated the Company’s collection of advance payments.
Net cash provided by operating activities during the year ended March 31, 2020 was $0.9 million. Net loss for fiscal year was $1.6 million, including $0.3 million of impairment loss, $0.2 million non-cash lease expense and $0.2 million of depreciation and amortization. Account receivable decreased by $1.2 million since the Company collected aged accounts receivables from our customers. Deferred revenue increased by $1.0 million, because our B2B2C services have on average longer course duration, from one month to six months. This caused us to recognize revenue over a longer period. In addition, some institutions now request students to pay the Company directly, instead of collecting from the students and then settle with the Company. This has accelerated the Company’s collection of advance payments.
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Investing Activities
For the year ended March 31, 2021, net cash used in investing activities amounted to $2.4 million as compared to net cash provided by investing activities of $2.6 million for the same period of 2020. This change was mainly due to the repayment of loans to a related party of $2.5 million in 2021.
Financing Activities
For the year ended March 31, 2021, net cash provided by financing activities amounted to $0.01 million as compared to net cash provided by financing activities of $4.9 million for the same period of 2020. This change was mainly due to the net proceeds received from the initial public offering (“IPO”) of $4.8 million in the fiscal year 2020, whereas there is no such item for the year ended March 31, 2021.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements. These financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which requires us to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of our assets and liabilities and revenues and expenses, to disclose contingent assets and liabilities on the date of the consolidated financial statements, and to disclose the reported amounts of revenues and expenses incurred during the financial reporting period. We continue to evaluate these estimates and assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Since the use of estimates is an integral component of the financial reporting process, actual results could differ from those estimates as a result of changes in our estimates.
An accounting policy is considered critical if it requires an accounting estimate to be made based on assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain at the time such estimate is made, and if different accounting estimates that reasonably could have been used, or changes in the accounting estimates that are reasonably likely to occur, could materially impact the consolidated financial statements. We believe that the following accounting policies involve a higher degree of judgment and complexity in their application and require us to make significant accounting estimates. The following descriptions of critical accounting policies, judgments and estimates should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and other disclosures included in this prospectus.
Accounts receivable, net
Accounts receivable are recognized and carried at original invoiced amount less an estimated allowance for uncollectible accounts. The Company usually grants credit to customers with good credit standing with a maximum of 90 days. As China’s online education market is intensely competitive in recent years, in order to retain existing and attract new universities, educational institutions and technological service customers to capture additional market share, the Company extends more credit sales with longer credit terms to certain customers which have a well-established business relationship with the Company for more than five years, such as the B2B2C customers, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Xinyu University, Nanchang University and World Publishing (Shanghai) Co., Ltd..
As of March 31, 2022 and March 31, 2021, the accounts receivable derived from the B2B2C services were $1.71 million and $1.92 million respectively. There were no accounts receivable derived from the B2C services and technological development services. As of March 31, 2022 and March 31, 2021, nil and $0.2 million, respectively, of accounts receivable were due from customers accounting for 10% or more of total outstanding receivables and/or 10% or more of total revenues.
The Company determines the adequacy of reserves for doubtful accounts based on individual account analysis and historical collections. The Company establishes a provision for doubtful receivables when there is objective evidence that the Company may not be able to collect amounts due. The allowance is based on management’s best estimates of specific losses on individual exposures, as well as a provision on historical trends of collections. The provision is recorded against accounts receivable balances, with a corresponding charge recorded in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). Actual amounts received may differ from management’s estimate of credit worthiness and the economic environment. Delinquent account balances are written-off against the allowance for doubtful accounts after management has determined that the likelihood of collection is not probable. As of March 31, 2022 and 2021, the allowances for doubtful accounts were $1,122,743 and $693,639, respectively.
As of March 31, 2022 and 2021, accounts receivable aging more than 3 months and less than 12 months were $3,244 and $449,343 respectively, accounts receivable aging more than 12 months were $822 and $216,039, respectively.
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Investments in unconsolidated entities
The Company’s investments in unconsolidated entities consist of equity method investments and equity investments without readily determinable fair value.
The Company follows ASC Topic 321, Investments Equity Securities (“ASC 321”) to account for investments that do not have readily determinable fair value and over which the Company does not have significant influence. The Company uses the measurement alternative to measure those investments at cost, less any impairment, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar investments of the same issuer, if any.
For an investee over which the Company has the ability to exercise significant influence, but does not own a controlling interest, the Company accounts for that investment using the equity method. Significant influence is generally considered to exist when the Company has an ownership interest in the voting stock of the investee between 20% and 50%. Other factors, such as representation on the investee’s board of directors, voting rights and the impact of commercial arrangements, are also considered in determining whether the equity method of accounting is appropriate.
An impairment charge is recorded if the carrying amount of the investment exceeds its fair value and this condition is determined to be other-than temporary. The Company recorded impairment loss of $261,574 during the years ended March 31, 2020. There was no impairment loss for the years ended March 31, 2022 and 2021.
Revenue recognition
We previously recognized revenue when the following four criteria are met: (i) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, (ii) the service has been rendered, (iii) the fees are fixed or determinable, and (iv) collectability is reasonably assured.
On April 1, 2018, we adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-09 Revenue from Contracts with Customers (FASB ASC Topic 606) (“ASC 606”) using the modified retrospective method under which cumulative effects are recognized at the date of the initial application of ASC 606. With the adoption of ASC 606, revenue is recognized when all of the following five steps are met: (i) identify the contract(s) with the customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations; (v) recognize revenue when (or as) each performance obligation is satisfied. We believe that its current revenue recognition policies are generally consistent with the new revenue recognition standards set forth in ASC 606. Based on our assessment, potential adjustments to input measures are not expected to be pervasive to the majority of its contracts. As such, we have concluded that the adoption of this new guidance will not result in a material cumulative catch-up adjustment to the opening balance sheet or retained earnings at the effective date or any other material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
Online education service
The online education services provided by us to customers are an integrated service, including audio-video course content, mock examinations and online chat rooms during the subscription service period. Audio-video course content, mock examinations and online chat rooms are not practical to be sold on standalone basis and have never been sold separately. Therefore, the contracts have a single performance obligation for an integrated service and the transaction price is stated in the contracts, usually as a price per student or course. Quantity of students enrolled or courses provided is determined before rendering service. We typically satisfy the performance obligations in contracts with customers upon render of the services. For examination service, the revenue is recognized at a point in time when customer/student completes the examination on the platform. At this point in time, customer/student is able to direct use of and obtain substantially all of the benefits from the online education platform at the time the services are delivered. Except examination service, all other revenues for the online education service are recognized on a straight line basis over the subscription period from the month in which students enroll in the courses to the month in which the subscriptions expire. The subscription period for a majority of the online education services is six months or less. Customer/student can access the courses at anytime during the subscription period. The online education services include online education cloud services (“B2B2C”), which are provided through educational institutions to individual students, and online training services (“B2C”), which are provided to students directly. B2C services can be cancelled and is refundable no later than 24 hours after enrollment. B2B2C services cannot be cancelled and is not refundable after enrollment. All estimates are based on our historical experience, complete satisfaction of the performance obligation, and our best judgment at the time the estimates are made. Returns and allowances are not a significant aspect of the revenue recognition process as historically they have been immaterial.
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Technological development and operation service
Revenues from technological development service, including information technology system design and cloud platform development, are recognized when the system or platform are delivered and accepted by the customers, normally within a year. Upon delivery of services, project completion inspection and customer acceptance notice are required as proof of the completion of performance obligations, which is a confirmation of customer to its ability to direct the use of and obtain substantially all of the benefits from, the design and development service. In instances where substantive completion inspection and customer acceptance provisions are specified in contracts, revenues are deferred until all inspection and acceptance criteria have been met.
From time to time, we enter into arrangement to provide technological support and maintenance service of online platforms to our customers. Our efforts are expended evenly throughout the service period. The revenues for the technological support and maintenance service are recognized over the support and maintenance services period., usually from 3 months to one year. The contracts have a single performance obligation and are primarily on a fixed-price basis. No significant returns, refund and other similar obligations during each reporting period.
The core principle underlying the revenue recognition ASU is that we will recognize revenue to represent the transfer of services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled to in such exchange. This will require us to identify contractual performance obligations and determine whether revenue should be recognized at a point in time or over time, based on when services are provided to a customer.
Income taxes
We account for income taxes under ASC 740. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the consolidated financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period including the enactment date. Valuation allowances are established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.
The provisions of ASC 740-10-25, “Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes,” prescribe a more-likely-than-not threshold for consolidated financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken (or expected to be taken) in a tax return. This interpretation also provides guidance on the recognition of income tax assets and liabilities, classification of current and deferred income tax assets and liabilities, accounting for interest and penalties associated with tax positions, and related disclosures. The Company does not believe that there was any uncertain tax position at March 31, 2022 and 2021.
Recent accounting pronouncements
In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). The main objective is to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years, for (1) public business entities, (2) not-for-profit entities that have issued, or are conduit bond obligors for, securities that are traded, listed, or quoted on an exchange or an over-the-counter market, and (3) employee benefit plans that file financial statements with the SEC. In July 2018, the FASB issued an update that provided an additional transition option that allows companies to continue applying the guidance under the lease standard in effect at that time in the comparative periods presented in the consolidated financial statements. Companies that elect this option would record a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings on the date of adoption. Early adoption is permitted for all entities. The Company adopted this ASU starting April 1, 2019, and evaluated and deemed that it did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).
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In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13 (“ASU 2016-13”), Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments”. ASU 2016-13 requires companies to measure credit losses utilizing a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires a consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. ASU 16-13 was further amended in November 2019 in “Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments-Credit losses”. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including those interim periods within those fiscal years. For emerging growth companies, the effective date is has been extended to fiscal years beginning after December 31, 2022. The Company is currently assessing the impact of adopting this standard. Based on a preliminary assessment, the Company does not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement,” to improve the effectiveness of disclosures in the notes to financial statements related to recurring or nonrecurring fair value measurements by removing amounts and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, policies for timing of transfers between different levels for fair value measurements, and the valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements. The new standard requires disclosure of the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements. The amendments in this update are effective for all entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company does not expect that the adoption of this ASU will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes,” which removes certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740, and also improves consistent application of and simplify U.S. GAAP for other areas of Topic 740 by clarifying and amending existing guidance. For public business entities, the amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2020. For all other entities, the amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022. Early adoption of the amendments is permitted. The Company expects that the adoption of this ASU will not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
The Company does not believe other recently issued but not yet effective accounting standards, if currently adopted, would have a material effect on the consolidated financial position, statements of operations and cash flows.
5B. Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our cash primarily consists of cash on hand and cash in banks in China, which is unrestricted for withdrawal and use and is deposited with banks in China. As of March 31, 2022 and March 31, 2021, we had approximately $11.8 million and $12.1 million of cash in bank, respectively, and had no outstanding bank loans or third party loans due.
Management believes that our current cash and cash flows from current and future operations will be sufficient to meet our working capital needs for at least the next 12 months. We intend to continue carefully executing our growth plans and managing market risk.
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5C. Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc.
See the discussion under the headings “Research and Development”, “Intellectual Property” and “Patents” in Item 4 above.
5D. Trend Information
Other than as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F, we are not aware of any trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events for the year ended March 31, 2022 that are reasonably likely to have a material and adverse effect on our net revenues, income, profitability, liquidity or capital resources, or that would cause the disclosed financial information to be not necessarily indicative of future results of operations or financial condition.
5.E. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
There were no off-balance sheet arrangements for the years ended March 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, that have or that in the opinion of management are likely to have, a current or future material effect on our financial condition or results of operations.
5.F. Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations
The following table represents our contractual commitments as of March 31, 2022:
| Payments Due by Period | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | Within 1 Year | 2-3 Years | 4-5 Years | After 5 Years | ||||||||||||||||
| Operating lease obligations | $ | 145,324 | $ | 138,746 | $ | 6,578 | $ | - | $ | - | ||||||||||
There have been no material changes to our contractual obligations since March 31, 2021.
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ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES
6.A. Directors, Executive Officers and Key Employees
The following table sets forth the name, age, positions and a brief description of the business experience of each of our directors, executive officers and key employees as of the date hereof.
| Directors and Executive Officers | Age | Position/Title | ||
| Yang Yu | 50 | Chairman of the Board and Executive Director | ||
| Xinghui Yang | 51 | Chief Executive Officer and Director | ||
| Shuting Ai | 39 | Chief Financial Officer | ||
| Cuntao Hou | 43 | Vice President | ||
| Defang Li | 77 | Director | ||
| Yik C Chan | 64 | Director | ||
| Wenxiang Xing | 59 | Director |
There are no family relationships among our directors and officers. There are no arrangements or understandings with major shareholders, customers, suppliers or others, pursuant to which any person referred to above was selected as a director or member of senior management, except as disclosed in Note 10 in the “accompanying consolidated financial statements”. The address of each of our directors and executive officers is c/o Wah Fu Education Group Limited, Economic and Technological Development Zone, Beijing, China 100176.
Executive Officers and Directors
Yang Yu has been serving as Chairman of the Board of Directors and Executive Director of the Company since November 2016. Mr. Yu has been serving as the executive director of several of our subsidiaries and VIE, including the executive director of Beijing Distance Learning since July 2015, the executive director of Beijing Digital Information since October 2012, the executive director of Shanghai Xia Shu network Technology Co., Ltd. since April 2016 and the executive director of Shanghai Xin Fu Network Technology Co., Ltd. since July 2015. He has also been the acting executive director of Beijing Hao Hua Hao Tai Investment Co., Ltd, an investment company, since July 2009. Mr. Yu obtained his Ph.D. in law from China University of Political Science & Law, a Master of Laws degree from Xian Jiaotong University and a Bachelor’s Degree in Medicine from The Fourth Military Medical University in Xi’an, China.
Xinghui Yang has been serving as director of the Company since March 2013 and Chief Executive Officer of the Company since November 2016. Mr. Yang has served as chief executive officer of our wholly owned subsidiary Beijing Distance Learning since March 2013 and Deputy General Manager of this subsidiary from November 2006 to February 2013. He has also been serving as chief executive officer of Beijing Digital Information since March 2013. While with Beijing Distance Learning, Mr. Yang managed the daily operations of the company. From October 2003 to October 2006, Mr. Yang served as Deputy General Manager of Beijing Meiming Media Co., Limited, an integrated marketing company. Mr. Yang obtained his B.S. in Industrial & Electrical Automation from Beijing Information Science & Technology University and his M.B.A from University of International Business and Economics in Beijing, China.
Shuting Ai has been serving as our Chief Financial Officer since June 2021. Ms. Ai has been serving as the Director at Horwath Capital China since July 2011, where she was responsible for financial consulting in connection with overseas IPOs, especially Hong Kong and the U.S. From July 2006 to June 2011, Ms. Ai served as senior project manager at Da Hua Certified Public Accountants, which is one of the largest accounting firms in China. Ms. Ai received her Bachelor’s degree in accounting from Beijing Technology and Business University in 2006.
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Cuntao Hou has been Vice President of the Company since December 2016. Mr. Hou has held various managerial positions at our subsidiaries. He has served as Deputy General Manager of Beijing Distance Learning since February 2015 where he has been in charge of marketing and sales. He has also been serving as the General Manager of Hunan Huafu Haihui Learning Technology Co., Ltd., our subsidiary based in Hunan, China, in charge of key aspects of daily operations. Mr. Hou was previously the Assistant Manager of the Marketing Department at Beijing Distance Learning from June 2006 to July 2013, responsible for sales and marketing in relation to the company’s self-study education preparation programs. He joined Beijing Distance Learning in June 2003 and worked as a software engineer at the company’s R&D Department until June 2006. He then served as Assistant Manager of the R&D Department at Beijing Distance Learning from July 2006 to May 2009. Mr. Hou obtained his B.S. degree in Computer Science from Beijing Applied Science and Technology University and his B.A. degree in Management from Beijing Normal University in Beijing, China.
Defang Li has been serving as an independent director since August 2018. Mr. Li has been a professor of Beijing Normal University since 1986. He has also held various leadership positions at the university, including Dean of the Continuing Education Department, Dean of Higher Vocational Education and Deputy Dean of Network Education School. In addition to his positions at Beijing Normal University, Mr. Li has been in leadership positions at various professional associations dedicated to education since 2005. He is currently Deputy Secretary of the National Colleges & Universities Modern Remote Education Collaboration, Vice President of Beijing Adult Education Association and Secretary of National Teachers’ Network Association. Mr. Li has published two books and over 20 articles on education related subjects. He received his M.A. in Social Anthropology, Cultural Anthropology & Folklore Studies and his B.A. in Chinese Literature from Beijing Normal University in Beijing, China.
Yik C Chan has been serving as an independent director since August 2018. Since 2016, Mr. Chan has served as the Managing Director Asia of IAA-Advisory Associates, which provides specialized advisory services in leasing and asset finance in the areas of strategy and planning, corporate development, mergers and acquisitions, vendor and captive finance, turnaround and restructures, international expansion and funding strategies. Before joining IAA, from 2012 to 2016, Mr. Chan served as Operating Partner of CITIC Capital, one of the largest private equity firms in China, where he operated in the non-bank financial services industry, including leasing, commercial factoring and supply chains financing. From 2007 to 2012, Mr. Chan served as Chief Executive Officer of BNP Paribas Leasing Solutions China, a provider of leasing and finance solutions, a position he held from the company’s inception in 2007. Mr. Chan is an experienced general manager and finance and treasury executive with more than 30 years’ experience in private equity, global leasing, supply chains, and structured finance in the US, Pan Asia and China. Mr. Chan is a Certified Public Accountant in the U.S., and received a B.A. in Accounting from Baruch College and a M.B.A. in Business Administration from New York University.
Wenxiang Xing has been serving as an independent director since December 2018. Mr. Xing has been a professor of Central University of Finance and Economics since July 2008 and was a professor of China University of Geosciences from November 2005 to July 2008. Mr. Xing has previously served as a director of a number of companies. He has served as Chairman of the Board of Directors of Shenneng Environmental Protection Development Group Co., Ltd. since August 2016. From March 2000 to November 2005, he served as President of Yida Group Co., Ltd and Chairman of the Board of Directors of Yida Group Investment & Development Co., Ltd. In addition, Mr. Xing has served as an independent director of other public companies. He served as an independent director of Fujian Longma Environmental Sanitation Equipment Co., Ltd from September 2010 to September 2016. He also served as an independent director of Yi Lianzhong Information Technology Co. Ltd. from June 2012 to June 2018. Mr. Xing received a Ph.D. in Chinese philosophy from Hebei University in 2010, a Master’s degree in Economics in 1994 from Liaoning University and a Bachelor’s degree in philosophy in 1984 from the same institution.
Each of our directors will serve as a director until our next annual general meeting and until their successors are duly elected and qualified.
6.B. Compensation
For the year ended March 31, 2022, the aggregate cash compensation that we paid to our executive officers and directors was approximately $221,602. For the year ended March 31, 2021, the aggregate cash compensation that we paid to our executive officers and directors was approximately $288,244. There are no service contracts between us and any of our directors, except for those directors who are also our executive officers. Pursuant to PRC law, we make contributions equal to certain percentages of each employee’s salary for his or her pension insurance, medical insurance, housing fund, unemployment and other statutory benefits. Other than the above-mentioned statutory contributions mandated by applicable PRC law and the insurance policy, we have not set aside or accrued any amount to provide pension, retirement or other similar benefits to our executive officers and directors.
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Employment Agreements
We have entered into employment agreements with each of our executive officers. We may terminate an executive officer’s employment for cause at any time without advance notice or remuneration, if (i) the executive officer is convicted or pleads guilty to a felony or to an act of fraud, misappropriation or embezzlement, (ii) the executive officer has been negligent or acted dishonestly to our detriment, (iii) the executive officer has engaged in actions amounting to misconduct or failed to perform his/her duties thereunder and such failure continues after the executive officer is afforded a reasonable opportunity to cure such failure, (iv) the executive officer has died, or (v) the executive officer has a disability which shall mean a physical or mental impairment which, as reasonably determined by our board of directors, renders the executive officer unable to perform the essential functions of his/her employment with us, even with reasonable accommodation that does not impose an undue hardship on the Company, for more than 180 days in any 12-month period, unless a longer period is required by applicable law, in which case that longer period would apply. We may also terminate an executive officer’s employment under PRC Labor Law Articles 36, 39 40 and 41 and under other applicable laws and regulations. An executive officer may terminate his or her employment at any time by giving a thirty days’ prior written notice.
Each executive officer has agreed to hold, at all times during and after the termination or expiry of his or her employment agreement, in strict confidence and not to use, except as required in the performance of his or her duties in connection with the employment or pursuant to applicable law, any of our confidential information, or the confidential or proprietary information disclosed to the executive officer by or obtained by the executive officer from us either directly or indirectly in writing, orally or otherwise, if specifically indicated to be confidential or reasonably expected to be confidential.
In addition, each executive officer has agreed to be bound by non-competition and non-solicitation restrictions during the term of his or her employment and for two years following the last date of employment. Specifically, each executive officer has agreed not to (i) approach our suppliers, clients, customers or contacts of us or other persons or entities introduced to the executive officer in the executive officer’s capacity as our representative for the purposes of doing business with such persons or entities which will harm the business relationship between the Company and such persons and/or entities; (ii) unless expressly consented to by us, assume employment with or provide services to any of our competitors, engage, whether as principal, partner, licensor or otherwise, any of our competitors; or (iii) unless expressly consented to by us, seek directly or indirectly, by the offer of alternative employment or other inducement whatsoever, to solicit the services of any of our employees who is employed by us.
We have also entered into indemnification agreements with each of our directors and executive officers. Under these agreements, we agree to indemnify our directors and executive officers against certain liabilities and expenses incurred by such persons in connection with claims made by reason of their being a director or officer of our company.
Each executive officer has agreed to hold in confidence any confidential information that he has obtained about the Company.
6.C. Board Practices
Terms of Directors and Officers
Expiration of Term of Directors
Pursuant to our memorandum and articles of association, the business of our company is managed by our board of directors. Commencing with the first annual meeting of the shareholders, directors are elected for a term of office to expire at the next succeeding annual meeting of the shareholders after their election. Each director will hold office until the expiration of his or her term of office and until his or her successor has been elected and qualified, or until his or her earlier death, resignation or removal by the shareholders or a resolution passed by the majority of the directors.
In the interim between annual meetings of shareholders, or special meetings of shareholders called for the election of directors, any vacancy on the board of directors may be filled by the vote of a majority of the remaining directors then in office, although less than a quorum, or by the sole remaining director. A director elected to fill a vacancy resulting from death, resignation or removal of a director will serve for the remainder of the full term of the director whose death, resignation or removal will have caused such vacancy and until his successor will have been elected and qualified.
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Director Remuneration Upon Termination
The directors may receive such remuneration as our board of directors may determine from time to time. The compensation committee will assist the directors in reviewing and approving the compensation structure for the directors. Currently, our directors are not entitled to receive any remuneration upon termination of employment.
Audit Committee
Our audit committee consists of Yik C. Chan, Wenxiang Xing and Defang Li. have determined that each of these three director nominees satisfies the “independence” requirements of the NASDAQ Listing Rules and meet the independence standards under Rule 10A-3 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. We have determined that Mr. Chan qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert.” The audit committee oversees our accounting and financial reporting processes and the audits of the financial statements of the Company. The audit committee is responsible for, among other things:
| ● | selecting the independent registered public accounting firm and pre-approving all auditing and non-auditing services permitted to be performed by the independent registered public accounting firm; |
| ● | reviewing with the independent registered public accounting firm any audit problems or difficulties and management’s response; |
| ● | reviewing and approving all proposed related party transactions, as defined in Item 404 of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act; |
| ● | discussing the annual audited financial statements with management and the independent registered public accounting firm; |
| ● | reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of our accounting and internal control policies and procedures and any special steps taken to monitor and control major financial risk exposures; |
| ● | annually reviewing and reassessing the adequacy of our audit committee charter; |
| ● | meeting separately and periodically with management and the independent registered public accounting firm; |
| ● | monitoring compliance with our code of business conduct and ethics, including reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of our procedures to ensure proper compliance; and |
| ● | reporting regularly to the board. |
Compensation Committee
Our compensation committee consists of Wenxiang Xing and Yik C. Chan, each of whom satisfies the independence requirements of Rule 5605 of the NASDAQ rules. The compensation committee assists the board in reviewing and approving the compensation structure, including all forms of compensation, relating to our directors and executive officers. Our chief executive officer may not be present at any committee meeting during which their compensation is deliberated upon. The compensation committee is responsible for, among other things:
| ● | reviewing and approving, or recommending to the board for its approval, the compensation for our chief executive officer and other executive officers; |
| ● | reviewing and recommending to the board for determination with respect to the compensation of our non-employee directors; |
| ● | reviewing periodically and approving any incentive compensation or equity plans, programs or other similar arrangements; and |
| ● | selecting compensation consultant, legal counsel or other adviser only after taking into consideration all factors relevant to that person’s independence from management. |
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Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee
Our corporate governance and nominating committee consists of Defang Li and Yik C. Chan, each of whom satisfies the independence requirements of Rule 5605 of the NASDAQ rules. The nominating and corporate governance committee assists the board in selecting individuals qualified to become our directors and in determining the composition of the board and its committees. The nominating and corporate governance committee is responsible for, among other things:
| ● | recommending nominees to the board for election or re-election to the board, or for appointment to fill any vacancy on the board; |
| ● | reviewing annually with the board the current composition of the board with regards to characteristics such as independence, knowledge, skills, experience, expertise, diversity and availability of service to us; |
| ● | selecting and recommending to the board the names of directors to serve as members of the audit committee and the compensation committee, as well as of the nominating and corporate governance committee itself; |
| ● | developing and reviewing the corporate governance principles adopted by the board and advising the board with respect to significant developments in the law and practice of corporate governance and our compliance with such laws and practices; and |
| ● | evaluating the performance and effectiveness of the board as a whole. |
6.D. Employees
See the section entitled “Employees” in Item 4.B above.
6.E. Share Ownership
As of August 1, 2022, 4,440,085 of our ordinary shares were outstanding. Holders of our ordinary shares are entitled to vote together as a single class on all matters submitted to shareholders for approval. No holder of ordinary shares has different voting rights from any other holders of ordinary shares. We are not aware of any arrangement that may, at a subsequent date, result in a change of control of our company.
Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC. The percentages of shares beneficially owned in the table below are based on 4,440,085 ordinary shares outstanding as of August 1, 2022.
The following table sets forth information with respect to the beneficial ownership of our common shares as of August 1, 2022 by:
| ● | each of our directors and executive officers; and |
| ● | each person known to us to beneficially own more than 5% of our outstanding ordinary shares. |
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Unless otherwise noted below, the address for each listed shareholder, director or executive officer is L207b, Hesheng Fortune Plaza, No.13 Deshengmenwai Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, China 201204..
| Ordinary shares beneficially owned | ||||||||
| Name | Number | % | ||||||
| Directors and Executive Officers: | ||||||||
| Yang Yu(1) | 1,648,000 | 37 | % | |||||
| Xinghui Yang(2) | 1,552,000 | 35 | % | |||||
| Gang Yao | - | - | ||||||
| Cuntao Hou | - | - | ||||||
| Defang Li | - | - | ||||||
| Yik C Chan | - | - | ||||||
| Wenxiang Xing | - | - | ||||||
| All directors and executive officers as a group (seven persons) | 3,200,000 | 72 | % | |||||
| Principal Shareholders: | ||||||||
| River Business Limited(3) | 1,392,000 | 31 | % | |||||
| Silver Thousand International(4) | 320,000 | 7 | % | |||||
| HFGFR INC.(5) | 1,488,000 | 34 | % | |||||
| (1) | Includes 1,488,000 ordinary shares held through HFGFR INC. and 160,000 ordinary shares held through Silver Thousand International. |
| (2) | Includes 1,392,000 ordinary shares held through River Business Limited and 160,000 ordinary shares held through Silver Thousand International. |
| (3) | The registered office address of River Business Limited is Sea Meadow House, PO Box 173, Road Town, Tortola, VG1110 British Virgin Islands. As the holder of all of the equity interest in River Business Limited, Yang Xinghui has voting and dispositive power with respect to all of the ordinary shares of the Company held by River Business Limited. |
| (4) | The registered office address of Silver Thousand International is Sea Meadow House, PO Box 173, Road Town, Tortola, VG1110, British Virgin Islands. As of the date of this report, Silver Thousand International is 50% owned by Mr. Yang and 50% owned by HFGFR INC. |
| (5) | The business address of HFGFR INC. is Ajeltake Road, Ajeltake Island, Majuro, Marshall Islands MH96960. As the holder of all of the equity interest in HFGFR INC., Yu Yang has voting and dispositive power with respect to all of the ordinary shares of the Company held by HFGFR INC. |
None of our major shareholders have differing voting rights, and as of the date of this report, none of our outstanding ordinary shares are held by record holders in the United States. We are not aware of any arrangement that may, at a subsequent date, result in a change of control of our company.
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ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
7.A. Major Shareholders
See Item 6.E., “Share Ownership,” for a description of our major shareholders.
7.B. Related Party Transactions
The Company’s related parties balance consisted of the following:
(i) Loan to related parties:
| As of March 31, 2022 | As of March 31, 2021 | |||||||
| Loan to related parties(a) | $ | 1,745,479 | $ | 78,979 | ||||
| (a) | The balance is due from Horwath Capital Consultants Limited (“Horwath Capital”), to which the Company’s chairman serves as a director. On November 1, 2019 and December 4, 2019 the Company loaned $851,825 and $1,650,000 to Horwath Capital, respectively. The loan bears an interest rate of 4% and is not guaranteed. The maturity was July 31, 2020. On July 20, 2020 and March 30, 2021, Horwath Capital fully repaid $851,825 and $1,650,000 to the Company, respectively. On April 1, 2022 and April 7, 2022 the company loaned $300,000 and $1,350,000 to Horwath Capital. The loan bears an interest rate of 1% and is not guaranteed. The maturity was September 30, 2022. |
(ii) Due to related party:
| As of March 31, 2022 | As of March 31, 2021 | |||||||
| Due to shareholders | $ | 315,512 | $ | 297,855 | ||||
| Due to key management personnel | - | - | ||||||
| Due to related parties | $ | 315,512 | $ | 297,855 | ||||
| (b) | The balance of due to shareholders mainly due to the principal shareholders of the Company who provide funds for the Company’s operations. The payables are unsecured, non-interest bearing and due on demand. |
7.C. Interests of Experts and Counsel
Not applicable.
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information
The financial statements required by this item may be found at the end of this report on 20-F, beginning on page F-1.
Legal Proceedings
We are not currently, and have not recently been, a party to any material legal or administrative proceedings. We are not aware of any material legal or administrative proceedings threatened against us. From time to time, we are subject to various legal or administrative proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business.
Dividends
We have never declared or paid any dividend on our ordinary shares and we do not anticipate paying any dividends on our ordinary shares in the future. We currently intend to retain all future earnings to finance our operations and to expand our business.
No Significant Changes
No significant changes to our financial condition have occurred since the date of the annual financial statements contained herein.
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ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING
9.A. Offer and Listing Details
Our ordinary shares are listed for trading on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol “WAFU.” The shares began trading on April 30, 2019 on the NASDAQ Capital Market. The closing price for the ordinary shares was $ on July 29, 2022.
9.B. Plan of Distribution
Not Applicable.
9.C. Markets
Our ordinary shares are currently traded on the NASDAQ Capital Market.
9.D. Selling Shareholders
Not Applicable.
9.E. Dilution
Not Applicable.
9.F. Expenses of the Issuer
Not Applicable.
ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
10.A. Share Capital
Not Applicable.
10.B. Memorandum and Articles of Association
We are a British Virgin Islands company limited by shares and our affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association and the Act (as amended or modified from time to time).
Our authorized share capital is $300,000 divided into 30,000,000 ordinary shares of a par value of US$0.01 each. All options, regardless of grant dates, will entitle holders to an equivalent number of ordinary shares once the vesting and exercising conditions are met. The following are summaries of material provisions of our post-offering amended and restated memorandum and articles of association and the Act insofar as they relate to the material terms of our ordinary shares.
Ordinary Shares
General. Our authorized share capital is US$300,000 divided into 30,000,000 ordinary shares, with a par value of US$0.01. Holders of ordinary shares will have the same rights. All of our outstanding ordinary shares are fully paid and non-assessable. Certificates representing the ordinary shares are issued in registered form. Our shareholders who are non-residents of the British Virgin Islands may freely hold and transfer their ordinary shares.
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Dividends. The holders of our ordinary shares are entitled to such dividends as may be declared by our board of directors. Our post-offering amended and restated articles of association provide that dividends may be declared and paid at such time, and in such an amount, as the directors determine subject to their being satisfied that the Company will meet the statutory solvency test immediately after the dividend. Holders of ordinary shares will be entitled to the same amount of dividends, if declared.
Voting Rights. In respect of all matters subject to a shareholders’ vote, each ordinary share is entitled to one vote for each ordinary share registered in his or her name on our register of members. Holders of ordinary shares shall at all times vote together on all resolutions submitted to a vote of the members. Voting at any meeting of shareholders is by show of hands unless a poll is demanded. A poll may be demanded by the chairman of such meeting or any one shareholder.
A quorum required for a meeting of shareholders consists of two or more shareholders who hold at least one-half of all voting power of our share capital in issue at the date of the meeting present in person or by proxy or, if a corporation or other non-natural person, by its duly authorized representative. Shareholders’ meetings may be held annually. Each general meeting, other than an annual general meeting, shall be an extraordinary general meeting. Extraordinary general meetings may be called by a majority of our board of directors or our chairman or upon a requisition of shareholders holding at the date of deposit of the requisition not less than 30% of the aggregate voting power of our company. Advance notice of at least 10 days is required for the convening of our annual general meeting and other general meetings unless such notice is waived in accordance with our articles of association.
Transfer of Ordinary Shares. Under the Act the transfer of a registered share which is not listed on a recognized exchange is by a written instrument of transfer signed by the transferor and containing the name of the transferee. However, the instrument must also be signed by the transferee if registration would impose a liability on the transferee to the company. The instrument of transfer must be sent to the company for registration. Subject to the company’s memorandum or articles of association the company shall on receipt of an instrument of transfer enter the name of the transferee of the share in the register of members unless the directors resolve to refuse or delay registration of the transfer for reasons that should be specified in a resolution of directors. The transfer of a registered share is effective when the name of the transferee is entered in the register of members. The entry of the name of a person in the company’s register of members is prima facie evidence that legal title in the share vests in that person.
The procedure is different for the transfer of shares that are listed on a recognized exchange. Such shares may be transferred without the need for a written instrument of transfer if the transfer is carried out in accordance with the laws, rules, procedures and other requirements applicable to shares listed on the recognized exchange and subject to the company’s memorandum and articles of association.
The registration of transfers may, after compliance with any notice required of NASDAQ, be suspended and the register closed at such times and for such periods as our board of directors may from time to time determine, provided, however, that the registration of transfers shall not be suspended nor the register closed for more than 30 days in any year as our board may determine.
Liquidation. On a return of capital on winding up or otherwise (other than on conversion, redemption or purchase of ordinary shares), assets available for distribution among the holders of ordinary shares shall be distributed among the holders of the ordinary shares on a pro rata basis. Any distribution of assets or capital to holders of an ordinary share will be the same in any liquidation event.
Calls on Ordinary Shares and Forfeiture of Ordinary Shares. Our board of directors may from time to time make calls upon shareholders for any amounts unpaid on their ordinary shares in a notice served to such shareholders at least 14 clear days prior to the specified time of payment. The ordinary shares that have been called upon and remain unpaid are subject to forfeiture.
Redemption of Ordinary Shares. The Act and our amended and restated articles of association permit us to purchase our own shares with the prior written consent of the relevant shareholders and resolution of directors and applicable law.
Variation of Rights of Shares. All or any of the special rights attached to any class of shares may, subject to the provisions of the Act, only be varied with the written consent of the holders of a majority of the issued shares of that class or with the sanction of a resolution passed at a general meeting of the holders of the shares of that class. The rights conferred upon the holders of the shares of any class issued shall not, unless otherwise expressly provided by the terms of issue of the shares of that class, be deemed to be varied by the creation or issue of further shares ranking pari passu with such existing class of shares.
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Inspection of Books and Records.
A member of a company is entitled, on giving written notice to the company, to inspect (a) the memorandum and articles of association; (b) the register of members; (c) the register of directors; and (d) the minutes of meetings and resolutions of members and of those classes of members of which he is a member; and to make copies of or take extracts from the documents and records. Subject to the memorandum and articles of association, the directors may, if they are satisfied that it would be contrary to the company’s interests to allow a member to inspect any document, or part of a document, specified in (b), (c) and (d) above, refuse to permit the member to inspect the document or limit the inspection of the document, including limiting the making of copies or the taking of extracts from the records.
Where a company fails or refuses to permit a member to inspect a document or permits a member to inspect a document subject to limitations, that member may apply to the BVI High Court for an order that he should be permitted to inspect the document or to inspect the document without limitation.
A company is required to keep at the office of its registered agent: the memorandum and articles of association of the company; the register of members or a copy of the register of members; the register of directors or a copy of the register of directors; and copies of all notices and other documents filed by the company in the previous ten years.
Issuance of Additional Shares. Our post-offering amended and restated memorandum of association authorizes our board of directors to issue additional ordinary shares from time to time as our board of directors shall determine, to the extent of available authorized but unissued shares.
Register of Members
Under the Act we must keep a register of members and there should be entered therein:
| ● | the names and addresses of our members, a statement of the number and class of shares held by each member; |
| ● | the date on which the name of any person was entered on the register as a member; and |
| ● | the date on which any person ceased to be a member. |
Under the Act, the register of members of our company is prima facie evidence of the matters set out therein (that is, the register of members will raise a presumption of fact on the matters referred to above unless rebutted) and a member registered in the register of members is deemed as a matter of the Act to have legal title to the shares as set against its name in the register of members. We perform the procedure necessary to immediately update the register of members to record and give effect to the issuance of shares by us to the Depositary (or its nominee) as the depositary. Once our register of members has been updated, the shareholders recorded in the register of members will be deemed to have legal title to the shares set against their name.
If the name of any person is incorrectly entered in or omitted from our register of members, or if there is any default or unnecessary delay in entering on the register the fact of any person having ceased to be a member of our company, the person or member aggrieved (or any member of our company or our company itself) may apply to the High Court of the British Virgin Islands for an order that the register be rectified, and the Court may either refuse such application or it may, if satisfied of the justice of the case, make an order for the rectification of the register.
Material Differences between U.S. Corporate Law and British Virgin Islands Corporate Law
The Act differs from laws applicable to United States corporations and their shareholders. Set forth below is a summary of the significant differences between the provisions of the Act applicable to us and the laws applicable to companies incorporated in the State of Delaware.
Mergers and Similar Arrangements. Under the Act two or more companies, each a “constituent company”, may merge or consolidate. A merger involves the merging of two or more companies into one of the constituent companies (to the merger) with one constituent company continuing in existence to become the surviving company post-merger. A consolidation involves two or more companies consolidating into a new company.
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A merger is effective on the date that the articles of merger (as described below) are registered by the Registrar of Corporate Affairs in the BVI, or on such later date, not exceeding 30 days from the date of registration as is stated in the articles of merger.
The Act provides that any member of the Company is entitled to payment of the fair value of his shares upon dissenting from a merger, unless the Company is the surviving company of the merger and the member continues to hold the same or similar shares. The following is a summary of the position under the Act.
A dissenter is in most circumstances required to give to the Company written objection to the merger, which must include a statement that the dissenter proposes to demand payment for his shares if the merger takes place. This written objection must be given before the meeting of members at which the merger is submitted to a vote, or at the meeting but before the vote. However, no objection is required from a member to whom the Company did not give notice of the meeting of members or where the proposed merger is authorized by written consent of the members without a meeting.
Within 20 days immediately following the written consent, or the meeting at which the merger was approved, the Company shall give written notice of the consent or resolution to each member who gave written objection or from whom written objection was not required, except those members who voted for, or consented in writing to, the proposed merger.
A member to whom the Company was required to give notice who elects to dissent shall, within 20 days immediately following the date on which the copy of the plan of merger or an outline of the merger is given to him, give to the Company a written notice of his decision to elect to dissent, stating:
| (a) | his name and address; |
| (b) | the number and classes of shares in respect of which he dissents (which must be all shares that he holds in the Company); and |
| (c) | a demand for payment of the fair value of his shares. |
Upon the giving of a notice of election to dissent, the dissenter ceases to have any of the rights of a member except the right to be paid the fair value of his shares, and the right to institute proceedings to obtain relief on the ground that the action is illegal.
The Company shall make a written offer to each dissenter to purchase his shares at a specified price that the Company determines to be their fair value. Such offer must be given within 7 days immediately following the date of the expiration of the period within which members may give their notices of election to dissent, or within 7 days immediately following the date on which the merger is put into effect, whichever is later.
If the Company and the dissenter fail, within 30 days immediately following the date on which the offer is made, to agree on the price to be paid for the shares owned by the dissenter, then within 20 days:
| (a) | the Company and the dissenter shall each designate an appraiser; |
| (b) | the two designated appraisers together shall designate an appraiser; |
| (c) | the three appraisers shall fix the fair value of the shares owned by the dissenter as of the close of business on the day prior to the date of the meeting or the date on which the resolution was passed, excluding any appreciation or depreciation directly or indirectly induced by the action or its proposal, and that value is binding on the Company and the dissenter for all purposes; and |
| (d) | the Company shall pay to the dissenter the amount in money upon the surrender by him of the certificates representing his shares, and such shares shall be cancelled. |
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Shareholders’ Suits.
Under the provisions of the Act, the memorandum and articles of association of a company are binding as between the company and its members and between the members. In general, members are bound by the decision of the majority or special majorities as set out in the articles of association or in the Act. As for voting, the usual rule is that with respect to normal commercial matters members may act from self-interest when exercising the right to vote attached to their shares.
If the majority members have infringed a minority member’s rights, the minority may seek to enforce its rights either by derivative action or by personal action. A derivative action concerns the infringement of the company’s rights where the wrongdoers are in control of the company and are preventing it from taking action, whereas a personal action concerns the infringement of a right that is personal to the particular member concerned.
The Act provides for a series of remedies available to members. Where a company incorporated under the Act conducts some activity which breaches the Act or the company’s memorandum and articles of association, the BVI High Court can issue a restraining or compliance order. Members can now also bring derivative, personal and Representative Actions under certain circumstances.
The traditional English basis for members’ remedies have also been incorporated into the Act: where a member of a company considers that the affairs of the company have been, are being or are likely to be conducted in a manner likely to be oppressive, unfairly discriminating or unfairly prejudicial to him, he may apply to the BVI High Court for an order on such conduct.
Any member of a company may apply to the BVI High Court for the appointment of a liquidator for the company and the Court may appoint a liquidator for the company if it is of the opinion that it is just and equitable to do so.
The Act provides that any member of a company is entitled to payment of the fair value of his shares upon dissenting from any of the following:
| (a) | a merger; |
| (b) | a consolidation; |
| (c) | any sale, transfer, lease, exchange or other disposition of more than 50 per cent in value of the assets or business of the company if not made in the usual or regular course of the business carried on by the company but not including (i) a disposition pursuant to an order of the court having jurisdiction in the matter; (ii) a disposition for money on terms requiring all or substantially all net proceeds to be distributed to the members in accordance with their respective interest within one year after the date of disposition; or (iii) a transfer pursuant to the power of the directors to transfer assets for the protection thereof; |
| (d) | a redemption of 10 per cent, or fewer, of the issued shares of the company required by the holders of 90 percent, or more, of the shares of the company pursuant to the terms of the Act; and |
| (e) | an arrangement, if permitted by the BVI High Court. |
Generally any other claims against a company by its members must be based on the general laws of contract or tort applicable in the BVI or their individual rights as members as established by the company’s memorandum and articles of association.
The Act provides that if a company or a director of a company engages in, proposes to engage in or has engaged in, conduct that contravenes the Act or the memorandum or articles of association of the company, the BVI High Court may, on the application of a member or a director of the company, make an order directing the company or director to comply with, or restraining the company or director from engaging in conduct that contravenes the Act or the memorandum or articles of association.
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Indemnification of Directors and Executive Officers and Limitation of Liability. BVI law does not limit the extent to which a company’s articles of association may provide for indemnification of officers and directors, except to the extent any such provision may be held by the BVI High Court to be contrary to public policy (e.g. for purporting to provide indemnification against the consequences of committing a crime). An indemnity will be void and of no effect and will not apply to a person unless the person acted honestly and in good faith and in what he believed to be in the best interests of the company and, in the case of criminal proceedings, the person had no reasonable cause to believe that his conduct was unlawful. Our post-offering amended and restated memorandum and articles of association permit indemnification of officers and directors for losses, damages, costs and expenses incurred in their capacities as such unless such losses or damages arise from dishonesty or fraud of such directors or officers. This standard of conduct is generally the same as permitted under the Delaware General Corporation Law for a Delaware corporation. In addition, we have entered into indemnification agreements with our directors and executive officers that provide such persons with additional indemnification beyond that provided in our post-offering amended and restated memorandum and articles of association.
Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to our directors, officers or persons controlling us under the foregoing provisions, we have been informed that in the opinion of the SEC, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.
Directors’ Fiduciary Duties. Under Delaware corporate law, a director of a Delaware corporation has a fiduciary duty to the corporation and its shareholders. This duty has two components: the duty of care and the duty of loyalty. The duty of care requires that a director act in good faith, with the care that an ordinarily prudent person would exercise under similar circumstances. Under this duty, a director must inform himself of, and disclose to shareholders, all material information reasonably available regarding a significant transaction. The duty of loyalty requires that a director acts in a manner he reasonably believes to be in the best interests of the corporation. He must not use his corporate position for personal gain or advantage. This duty prohibits self-dealing by a director and mandates that the best interest of the corporation and its shareholders take precedence over any interest possessed by a director, officer or controlling shareholder and not shared by the shareholders generally. In general, actions of a director are presumed to have been made on an informed basis, in good faith and in the honest belief that the action taken was in the best interests of the corporation. However, this presumption may be rebutted by evidence of a breach of one of the fiduciary duties. Should such evidence be presented concerning a transaction by a director, the director must prove the procedural fairness of the transaction, and that the transaction was of fair value to the corporation.
As a matter of British Virgin Islands law, a director of a British Virgin Islands company is in the position of a fiduciary with respect to the company and therefore it is considered that he or she owes the following duties to the company—a duty to act bona fide in the best interests of the company, a duty not to make a profit based on his or her position as director (unless the company permits him or her to do so) and a duty not to put himself or herself in a position where the interests of the company conflict with his or her personal interest or his or her duty to a third party. Under the Act, a director must act honestly in good faith and in the best interests of the Company. A director of a British Virgin Islands company owes to the company a duty to act with skill and care. It was previously considered that a director need not exhibit in the performance of his or her duties a greater degree of skill than may reasonably be expected from a person of his or her knowledge and experience. However, English and Commonwealth courts have moved towards an objective standard with regard to the required skill and care and these authorities are likely to be followed in the British Virgin Islands.
Shareholder Action by Written Consent. Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a corporation may eliminate the right of shareholders to act by written consent by amendment to its certificate of incorporation. Although British Virgin Islands law may permit shareholder actions by written consent, our post-offering amended and restated articles of association provide that shareholders may not approve corporate matters by way of a unanimous written resolution signed by or on behalf of each shareholder who would have been entitled to vote on such matter at a general meeting without a meeting being held.
Shareholder Proposals. Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a shareholder has the right to put any proposal before the annual meeting of shareholders, provided it complies with the notice provisions in the governing documents. A special meeting may be called by the board of directors or any other person authorized to do so in the governing documents, but shareholders may be precluded from calling special meetings.
British Virgin Islands law and our amended and restated articles of association provide that shareholders holding 30% or more of the voting rights entitled to vote on any matter for which a meeting is to be converted may request that the directors shall requisition a shareholder’s meeting. As a British Virgin Islands company, we are not obliged by law to call shareholders’ annual general meetings.
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Cumulative Voting. Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, cumulative voting for elections of directors is not permitted unless the corporation’s certificate of incorporation specifically provides for it. Cumulative voting potentially facilitates the representation of minority shareholders on a board of directors since it permits the minority shareholder to cast all the votes to which the shareholder is entitled on a single director, which increases the shareholder’s voting power with respect to electing such director. There are no prohibitions in relation to cumulative voting under the laws of the British Virgin Islands but our post-offering amended and restated articles of association do not provide for cumulative voting. As a result, our shareholders are not afforded any less protections or rights on this issue than shareholders of a Delaware corporation.
Removal of Directors. Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a director of a corporation with a classified board may be removed only for cause with the approval of a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote, unless the certificate of incorporation provides otherwise. Under our post-offering amended and restated articles of association, directors may be removed with or without cause, by a resolution of our shareholders, or with cause by a resolution of the directors.
Transactions with Interested Shareholders. The Delaware General Corporation Law contains a business combination statute applicable to Delaware corporations whereby, unless the corporation has specifically elected not to be governed by such statute by amendment to its certificate of incorporation, it is prohibited from engaging in certain business combinations with an “interested shareholder” for three years following the date that such person becomes an interested shareholder. An interested shareholder generally is a person or a group who or which owns or owned 15% or more of the target’s outstanding voting share within the past three years. This has the effect of limiting the ability of a potential acquirer to make a two-tiered bid for the target in which all shareholders would not be treated equally. The statute does not apply if, among other things, prior to the date on which such shareholder becomes an interested shareholder, the board of directors approves either the business combination or the transaction which resulted in the person becoming an interested shareholder. This encourages any potential acquirer of a Delaware corporation to negotiate the terms of any acquisition transaction with the target’s board of directors.
British Virgin Islands law has no comparable statute. As a result, we are not afforded the same statutory protections in the British Virgin Islands as we would be offered by the Delaware business combination statute. However, although British Virgin Islands law does not regulate transactions between a company and its significant shareholders, it does provide that such transactions must be entered into bona fide in the best interests of the company and not with the effect of constituting a fraud on the minority shareholders. See also “Shareholders’ Suits” above. We have adopted a code of business conduct and ethics which requires employees to fully disclose any situations that could reasonably be expected to give rise to a conflict of interest, and sets forth relevant restrictions and procedures when a conflict of interest arises to ensure the best interest of the Company.
Dissolution; Winding up. Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, unless the board of directors approves the proposal to dissolve, dissolution must be approved by shareholders holding 100% of the total voting power of the corporation. Only if the dissolution is initiated by the board of directors may it be approved by a simple majority of the corporation’s outstanding shares. Delaware law allows a Delaware corporation to include in its certificate of incorporation a supermajority voting requirement in connection with dissolutions initiated by the board.
The liquidation of a company may be a voluntary solvent liquidation or a liquidation under the Insolvency Act. Where a company has been struck off the Register of Companies under the Act continuously for a period of 7 years it is dissolved with effect from the last day of that period.
Voluntary Liquidation
If the liquidation is a solvent liquidation, the provisions of the Act governs the liquidation. A company may only be liquidated under the Act as a solvent liquidation if it has no liabilities or it is able to pay its debts as they fall due and the value of its assets exceeds its liabilities. Subject to the memorandum and articles of association of a company, a liquidator may be appointed by a resolution of directors or resolution of members but if the directors have commenced liquidation by a resolution of directors the members must approve the liquidation plan by a resolution of members save in limited circumstances.
A liquidator is appointed for the purpose of collecting in and realizing the assets of a company and distributing proceeds to creditors.
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Liquidation under the Insolvency Act
The Insolvency Act governs an insolvent liquidation. Pursuant to the Insolvency Act, a company is insolvent if (a) it fails to comply with the requirements of a statutory demand that has not be set aside pursuant to the Insolvency Act, execution or other process issued on a judgement, decree or order of court in favor of a creditor of the company is returned wholly or partly unsatisfied or either the value of the company’s liabilities exceeds its assets or the company is unable to pay its debts as they fall due. The liquidator must be either the Official Receiver in BVI or a BVI licensed insolvency practitioner. An individual resident outside the BVI may be appointed to act as liquidator jointly with a BVI licensed insolvency practitioner or the Official Receiver. The members of the company may appoint an insolvency practitioner as liquidator of the company or the court may appoint an Official Receiver or an eligible insolvency practitioner. The application to the court can be made by one or more of the following: (a) the company (b) a creditor (c) a member (d), the supervisor of a creditors’ arrangement in respect of the company, the Financial Services Commission and the Attorney General in the BVI.
The court may appoint a liquidator if:
| (a) | the company is insolvent; |
| (b) | the court is of the opinion that it is just and equitable that a liquidator should be appointed; or |
| (c) | the court is of the opinion that it is in the public interest for a liquidator to be appointed. |
An application under (a) above by a member may only be made with leave of the court, which shall not be granted unless the court is satisfied that there is prima facie case that the company is insolvent. An application under (c) above may only be made by the Financial Services Commission or the Attorney General and they may only make an application under (c) above if the company concerned is, or at any time has been, a regulated person (i.e. a person that holds a prescribed financial services license) or the company is carrying on, or at any time has carried on, unlicensed financial services business.
Order of Preferential Payments upon Liquidation
Upon the insolvent liquidation of a company, the assets of a company shall be applied in accordance with the following priorities: (a) in paying, in priority to all other claims, the costs and expenses properly incurred in the liquidation in accordance with the prescribed priority; (b) after payment of the costs and expenses of the liquidation, in paying the preferential claims admitted by the liquidator (wages and salary, amounts to the BVI Social Security Board, pension contributions, government taxes) - preferential claims rank equally between themselves and, if the assets of the company are insufficient to meet the claims in full, they shall be paid ratably; (c) after the payment of preferential claims, in paying all other claims admitted by the liquidator, including those of non-secured creditors - the claims of non-secured creditors of the Company shall rank equally among themselves and if the assets of the company are insufficient to meet the claims in full, such non-secured creditors shall be paid ratably; (d) after paying all admitted claims, paying any interest payable under the BVI Insolvency Act; and finally (e) any surplus assets remaining after payment of the costs, expenses and claims above shall be distributed to the members in accordance with their rights and interests in the Company. Part VIII of the Insolvency Act provides for various applications which may be made by a liquidator to set aside transactions which have unfairly diminished the assets which are available to creditors.
The appointment of a liquidator over the assets of a company does not affect the right of a secured creditor to take possession of and realize or otherwise deal with assets of the company over which that creditor has a security interest. Accordingly, a secured creditor may enforce its security directly without recourse to the liquidator, in priority to the order of payments described in paragraph 25.7. However, so far as the assets of a company in liquidation available for payment of the claims of unsecured creditors are insufficient to pay the costs and expenses of the liquidation and the preferential creditors, those costs, expenses and claims have priority over the claims of chargees in respect of assets that are subject to a floating charge created by a company and shall be paid accordingly out of those assets.
The court has authority to order winding up in a number of specified circumstances including where it is, in the opinion of the court, just and equitable to do so. Under the Act and our post-offering amended and restated articles of association, our company may be dissolved, liquidated or wound up by a resolution of our shareholders.
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Variation of Rights of Shares. Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a corporation may vary the rights of a class of shares with the approval of a majority of the outstanding shares of such class, unless the certificate of incorporation provides otherwise. Under British Virgin Islands law and our post-offering amended and restated articles of association, if our share capital is divided into more than one class of shares, we may vary the rights attached to any class with the written consent of the holders of a majority of the issued shares of that class or with the sanction of a resolution passed at a general meeting of the holders of the shares of that class.
Amendment of Governing Documents. Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a corporation’s governing documents may be amended with the approval of a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote, unless the certificate of incorporation provides otherwise. As permitted by British Virgin Islands law, our post-offering amended and restated memorandum and articles of association may be amended with a resolution of our shareholders or, with certain exception by resolutions of directors.
Rights of Non-resident or Foreign Shareholders. There are no limitations imposed by our post-offering amended and restated memorandum and articles of association on the rights of non-resident or foreign shareholders to hold or exercise voting rights on our shares. In addition, there are no provisions in our post-offering amended and restated memorandum and articles of association governing the ownership threshold above which shareholder ownership must be disclosed.
10.C. Material Contracts
Below is a summary of all material contracts to which we are a party dated within the preceding two years from the date hereof:
In addition to the series of variable interest entity agreements discussed under “Item 4A. History and Development of the Company,” we have entered into the following material agreements.
Partnership Agreements with Jiangxi Normal University and Hunan Agricultural University
We have entered into 5-year partnership agreements in relation to preparation of Self-Study Examination with Jiangxi Normal University and Hunan Agricultural University, each a major customer for our B2B2C services. Pursuant to each of these agreements, we have agreed to development, maintenance, security and technical consulting services in relation to self-study examination preparation platform and online courses. Each university will have the right to give students access to the platform and online courses. Under our partnership agreement with Jiangxi Normal University, we are entitled to a service fee of RMB 100 (approximately $15.2) per course for online courses we develop and a service fee of 20% to 30% of actual fee charged by the university, depending on how many times the course has been used by students. Under our partnership agreement with Hunan Agricultural University, we are entitled to a service fee of RMB 90/course. We own intellectual property rights in connection with the platform and online courses. Each partnership agreement contains customary confidentiality provisions.
10.D. Exchange Controls
British Virgin Islands
There are currently no exchange control regulations in the British Virgin Islands applicable to us or our shareholders.
The PRC
China regulates foreign currency exchanges primarily through the following rules and regulations:
| ● | Foreign Currency Administration Rules of 1996, as amended; and |
| ● | Administrative Rules of the Settlement, Sale and Payment of Foreign Exchange of 1996. |
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As we disclosed in the risk factors above, Renminbi is not a freely convertible currency at present. Under the current PRC regulations, conversion of Renminbi is permitted in China for routine current-account foreign exchange transactions, including trade and service related foreign exchange transactions, payment of dividends and service of foreign debts. Conversion of Renminbi for most capital-account items, such as direct investments, investments in PRC securities markets and repatriation of investments, however, is still subject to the approval of SAFE.
Pursuant to the above-mentioned administrative rules, foreign-invested enterprises may buy, sell and/or remit foreign currencies for current account transactions at banks in China with authority to conduct foreign exchange business by complying with certain procedural requirements, such as presentment of valid commercial documents. For capital-account transactions involving foreign direct investment, foreign debts and outbound investment in securities and derivatives, approval from SAFE is a pre-condition. Capital investments by foreign-invested enterprises outside China are subject to limitations and requirements in China, such as prior approvals from the PRC Ministry of Commerce or SAFE.
10.E. Taxation
The following discussion of British Virgin Islands, PRC and United States federal income tax consequences of an investment in our ordinary shares is based upon laws and relevant interpretations thereof in effect as of the date of this report, all of which are subject to change. This discussion does not deal with all possible tax consequences relating to an investment in our ordinary shares, such as the tax consequences under state, local and other tax laws.
British Virgin Islands Taxation
The Company and all dividends, interest, rents, royalties, compensation and other amounts paid by the Company to persons who are not resident in the BVI and any capital gains realized with respect to any shares, debt obligations, or other securities of the Company by persons who are not resident in the BVI are exempt from all provisions of the Income Tax Ordinance in the BVI.
No estate, inheritance, succession or gift tax, rate, duty, levy or other charge is payable by persons who are not resident in the BVI with respect to any shares, debt obligation or other securities of the Company.
All instruments relating to transfers of property to or by the Company and all instruments relating to transactions in respect of the shares, debt obligations or other securities of the Company and all instruments relating to other transactions relating to the business of the Company are exempt from payment of stamp duty in the BVI. This assumes that the Company does not hold an interest in real estate in the BVI.
There are currently no withholding taxes or exchange control regulations in the BVI applicable to the Company or its members.
People’s Republic of China Taxation
Under the EIT Law, an enterprise established outside the PRC with “de facto management bodies” within the PRC is considered a “resident enterprise” for PRC enterprise income tax purposes and is generally subject to a uniform 25% enterprise income tax rate on its worldwide income. Under the implementation rules to the EIT Law, a “de facto management body” is defined as a body that has material and overall management and control over the manufacturing and business operations, personnel and human resources, finances and properties of an enterprise.
Our PRC subsidiary and PRC consolidated VIE are companies incorporated under PRC law and, as such, are subject to PRC enterprise income tax on their taxable income in accordance with the relevant PRC income tax laws. Pursuant to the EIT Law, which became effective on January 1, 2008 and was amended on February 24, 2017, a uniform 25% enterprise income tax rate is generally applicable to both foreign-invested enterprises and domestic enterprises, except where a special preferential rate applies. The enterprise income tax is calculated based on the entity’s global income as determined under PRC tax laws and accounting standards. We are subject to VAT at a rate of 6% on the services we provide, less any deductible VAT we have already paid or borne. We are also subject to surcharges on VAT payments in accordance with PRC law.
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In addition, the SAT Circular 82 issued by the SAT in April 2009 specifies that certain offshore incorporated enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups will be classified as PRC resident enterprises if the following are located or resident in the PRC: senior management personnel and departments that are responsible for daily production, operation and management; financial and personnel decision making bodies; key properties, accounting books, company seal, minutes of board meetings and shareholders’ meetings; and half or more of the senior management or directors having voting rights. Further to SAT Circular 82, the SAT issued the SAT Bulletin 45, which took effect in September 2011 and was revised by the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Revising Certain Taxation Normative Documents in 2018. SAT Circular 45 provides more guidance on the implementation of SAT Circular 82. In particular, SAT Bulletin 45 provides for procedures and administration details of determination on resident status and administration on post-determination matters. Wah Fu is a company incorporated outside the PRC. As a holding company, its key assets are its ownership interests in its subsidiaries, and its key assets are located, and its records (including the resolutions of its board of directors and the resolutions of its shareholders) are maintained, outside the PRC. As such, we do not believe that Wah Fu meet all of the conditions above or are PRC resident enterprises for PRC tax purposes. For the same reasons, we believe our other entities outside of China are not PRC resident enterprises either. However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body.” There can be no assurance that the PRC government will ultimately take a view that is consistent with us. If the PRC tax authorities determine that our British Virgin Islands holding company is a PRC resident enterprise for PRC enterprise income tax purposes, a number of unfavorable PRC tax consequences could follow. One example is that a 10% withholding tax would be imposed on dividends we pay to our non-PRC enterprise shareholders and with respect to gains derived by our non-PRC enterprise shareholders from transferring our shares and potentially a 20% of withholding tax would be imposed on dividends we pay to our non-PRC individual shareholders and with respect to gains derived by our non-PRC individual shareholders from transferring our shares s. See “Risk Factors—Risk Related to Doing Business in China—Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, we may be classified as a PRC “resident enterprise” for PRC enterprise income tax purposes. Such classification would likely result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders and has a material adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of your investment.”
As a British Virgin Islands holding company, we may receive dividends from our PRC subsidiaries. The EIT Law and its implementing rules provide that dividends paid by a PRC entity to a non-resident enterprise for income tax purposes is subject to PRC withholding tax at a rate of 10%, subject to reduction by an applicable tax treaty with China. There is currently no such preferential tax treaty between China and British Virgin Islands.
In January 2009, the SAT promulgated the Provisional Measures for the Administration of Withholding of Enterprise Income Tax for Non-resident Enterprises, pursuant to which the entities that have the direct obligation to make certain payments to a non-resident enterprise should be the relevant tax withholders for the non-resident enterprise, and such payments include: income from equity investments (including dividends and other return on investment), interest, rents, royalties and income from assignment of property as well as other incomes subject to enterprise income tax received by non-resident enterprises in China. Further, the measures provide that in case of an equity transfer between two non-resident enterprises which occurs outside China, the non-resident enterprise which receives the equity transfer payment must, by itself or engage an agent to, file tax declaration with the PRC tax authority located at place of the PRC company whose equity has been transferred, and the PRC company whose equity has been transferred should assist the tax authorities to collect taxes from the relevant non-resident enterprise. The SAT issued a SAT Circular 59 together with the MOF in April 2009 and a SAT Circular 698 in December 2009. Both Circular 59 and Circular 698 became effective retroactively as of January 1, 2008. By promulgating and implementing these two circulars, the PRC tax authorities have enhanced their scrutiny over the direct or indirect transfer of equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise by a non-resident enterprise. Under SAT Circular 698, where a non-resident enterprise transfers the equity interests of a PRC “resident enterprise” indirectly by disposition of the equity interests of an overseas holding company, and such overseas holding company is located in certain low tax jurisdictions, the non-resident enterprise, being the transferor, must report to the relevant tax authority of the PRC “resident enterprise” this Indirect Transfer. The PRC tax authority may disregard the existence of the overseas holding company if it lacks a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of reducing, avoiding or deferring PRC tax. As a result, gains derived from such Indirect Transfer may be subject to PRC tax at a rate of up to 10%. On February 3, 2015, the SAT issued the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Several Issues Concerning the Enterprise Income Tax on Indirect Property Transfer by Non-Resident Enterprises, or SAT Bulletin 7, to supersede existing provisions in relation to the Indirect Transfer as set forth in Circular 698, while the other provisions of Circular 698 remain in force. SAT Bulletin 7 introduces a new tax regime that is significantly different from that under Circular 698. Public Notice extends its tax jurisdiction to capture not only Indirect Transfer as set forth under Circular 698 but also transactions involving transfer of immovable property in China and assets held under the establishment and place, in China of a foreign company through the offshore transfer of a foreign intermediate holding company. SAT Bulletin 7 also addresses transfer of the equity interest in a foreign intermediate holding company widely. In addition, SAT Bulletin 7 provides clearer criteria than Circular 698 on how to assess reasonable commercial purposes and introduces safe harbor scenarios applicable to internal group restructurings. However, it also brings challenges to both the foreign transferor and transferee of the Indirect Transfer as they have to make self-assessment on whether the transaction should be subject to PRC tax and to file or withhold the PRC tax accordingly. Although it appears that SAT Circular 698 and/or SAT Bulletin 7 was not intended to apply to share transfers of publicly traded companies, there is uncertainty as to the application of SAT Circular 698 and/or SAT Bulletin 7 and we and our non-resident investors may be at risk of being required to file a return and being taxed under SAT Circular 698 and/or SAT Bulletin 7 and we may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with SAT Circular 698 or to establish that we should not be taxed under SAT Circular 698 and/or SAT Bulletin 7.
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On October 17, 2017, the SAT issued the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Matters Concerning Withholding of Income Tax of Non-resident Enterprises as Source, or SAT Bulletin 37, which repealed the entire Circular 698 and the provision in relation to the time limit for the withholding agent to declare to the competent tax authority for payment of such tax of SAT Bulletin 7. Pursuant to SAT Bulletin 37, the income from property transfer, as stipulated in the second item under Article 19 of the Law on Enterprise Income Tax, shall include the income derived from transferring such equity investment assets as stock equity. The balance of deducting the equity’s net value from the total income from equity transfer shall be taxable income from equity transfer. Where a withholding agent enters into a business contract, involving the income specified in the third paragraph of Article 3 in the Law on Enterprise Income Tax, with a non-resident enterprise, the tax-excluding income of the non-resident enterprise will be treated as the tax-including income, based on which the tax payment will be calculated and remitted, if it is agreed in the contract that the withholding agent shall assume the tax payable.
United States Federal Income Taxation
The following discussion is a summary of U.S. federal income tax considerations generally applicable to U.S. Holders (as defined below) of the ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares. This summary applies only to U.S. Holders that hold our ordinary shares as capital assets (generally, property held for investment) and that have the U.S. dollar as their functional currency. This summary is based on U.S. tax laws in effect as of the date of this report, on U.S. Treasury regulations in effect or, in some cases, proposed as of the date of this report, and judicial and administrative interpretations thereof available on or before such date. All of the foregoing authorities are subject to change, which could apply retroactively and could affect the tax consequences described below. Moreover, this summary does not address the U.S. federal estate, gift, Medicare, backup withholding, and alternative minimum tax considerations, or any state, local, and non-U.S. tax considerations, relating to the ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares. The following summary does not address all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be important to particular investors in light of their individual circumstances or to persons in special tax situations such as:
| ● | banks and other financial institutions; |
| ● | insurance companies; |
| ● | pension plans; |
| ● | cooperatives; |
| ● | regulated investment companies; |
| ● | real estate investment trusts; |
| ● | broker-dealers; |
| ● | traders that elect to use a mark-to-market method of accounting; |
| ● | certain former U.S. citizens or long-term residents; |
| ● | tax-exempt entities (including private foundations); |
| ● | persons liable for alternative minimum tax; |
| ● | persons holding stock as part of a straddle, hedging, conversion or integrated transaction; |
| ● | persons that actually or constructively own 10% or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of our voting stock; or |
| ● | partnerships or other entities taxable as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes, or persons holding common stock through such entities. |
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Investors are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the application of U.S. federal taxation to their particular circumstances, and the state, local, non-U.S., or other tax consequences of the ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares.
For purposes of this discussion, a “U.S. Holder” is a beneficial owner of our ordinary shares that is, for U.S. federal income tax purposes:
| ● | an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States; |
| ● | a corporation (or other entity taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) created or organized in the United States or under the laws of the United States, any state thereof or the District of Columbia; |
| ● | an estate, the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source; or |
| ● | a trust that (1) is subject to the primary supervision of a court within the United States and the control of one or more U.S. persons for all substantial decisions, or (2) has a valid election in effect under applicable U.S. Treasury regulations to be treated as a U.S. person. |
If a partnership (or other entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) is a beneficial owner of our ordinary shares, the tax treatment of a partner in the partnership will generally depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Partnerships holding our ordinary shares and their partners are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding an investment in our ordinary shares.
Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations
A non-U.S. corporation, such as our company, will be classified as a PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes for any taxable year, if either (i) 75% or more of its gross income for such year consists of certain types of “passive” income or (ii) 50% or more of the value of its assets (determined on the basis of a quarterly average) during such year is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income (the “asset test”). For this purpose, cash and cash equivalents are categorized as passive assets and the company’s goodwill and other unbooked intangibles are taken into account as non-passive assets. Passive income generally includes, among other things, dividends, interest, rents, royalties, and gains from the disposition of passive assets. We will be treated as owning a proportionate share of the assets and earning a proportionate share of the income of any other corporation in which we own, directly or indirectly, more than 25% (by value) of the stock.
Although the law in this regard is not clear, we treat our consolidated VIEs as being owned by us for U.S. federal income tax purposes because we exercise effective control over the consolidated VIEs and are entitled to substantially all of their economic benefits. As a result, we consolidate their results of operations in our consolidated U.S. GAAP financial statements. If it were determined that we are not the owner of the consolidated VIEs for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we would likely be treated as a PFIC for the current taxable year and any subsequent taxable year. Assuming that we are the owner of the VIEs for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and based upon our current and expected income and assets (including goodwill, other unbooked intangibles, and the cash proceeds following our initial public offering), we do not presently expect to be a PFIC for the current taxable year or the foreseeable future.
While we do not expect to be or become a PFIC in the current or foreseeable taxable years, no assurance can be given in this regard because the determination of whether we will be or become a PFIC is a factual determination made annually that will depend, in part, upon the composition of our income and assets. Furthermore, the composition of our income and assets may also be affected by how, and how quickly, we use our liquid assets and the cash raised in our initial public offering. Under circumstances where our revenue from activities that produce passive income significantly increase relative to our revenue from activities that produce non-passive income, or where we determine not to deploy significant amounts of cash for active purposes, our risk of becoming classified as a PFIC may substantially increase. In addition, because there are uncertainties in the application of the relevant rules, it is possible that the Internal Revenue Service may challenge our classification of certain income and assets as non-passive or our valuation of our tangible and intangible assets, each of which may result in our becoming a PFIC for the current or subsequent taxable years. If we were classified as a PFIC for any year during which a U.S. Holder held our ordinary shares, we generally would continue to be treated as a PFIC for all succeeding years during which such U.S. Holder held our ordinary shares even if we cease to be a PFIC in subsequent years, unless certain elections are made.
The discussion herein under “Dividends” is written on the basis that we will not be or become classified as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes. If we are treated as a PFIC, the U.S. federal income tax considerations that apply generally are discussed under “Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules.”
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10.F. Dividends and Paying Agents
Not Applicable.
10.G. Statement by Experts
Not Applicable.
10.H. Documents on Display
The Company is subject to the informational requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and will file reports, registration statements and other information with the SEC. The Company’s reports, registration statements and other information can be inspected on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. You may also visit us on website at http://www.edu-edu.cn. However, information contained on our website does not constitute a part of this annual report.
10.I. Subsidiary Information
Not Applicable.
ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Foreign Exchange Risk
Our functional currency is RMB, and our financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars. RMB has gradually appreciated against U.S. dollars over the past few years. The average exchange rate for U.S. dollars against RMB has changed from US$1.00 for RMB 6.7834 in the year ended March 31, 2021 to US$1.00 for RMB 6.4180 in the year ended March 31, 2022. The change in the value of RMB relative to the U.S. dollar may affect our financial results reported in the U.S. dollar terms without giving effect to any underlying change in our business or results of operation. If using the average exchange rate of fiscal 2021, our revenue, cost of revenue and total expenses, including selling expenses and general and administrative expenses, for the year ended March 31, 2022 would decreased by approximately $0.6 million, $0.3 million and $0.2 million, respectively.
Currently, our assets, liabilities, revenues and costs are denominated in RMB, our exposure to foreign exchange risk will primarily relate to those financial assets denominated in U.S. dollars. Any significant revaluation of RMB against U.S. dollar may materially affect our earnings and financial position, and the value of, and any dividends payable on, our ordinary shares in U.S. dollars in the future.
Credit Risk
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash. As of March 31, 2022 and 2021, $1,940,850 and $4,074,439 of the Company’s cash were on deposits at financial institutions in Hong Kong, are insured by Hong Kong Deposit Board and subject to a certain limitation of HKD 500,000 (about $ 63,837). As of March 31, 2022 and 2021, $9,821,654 and $7,979,576 of the Company’s cash were on deposits at financial institutions in the mainland China, where there currently is no rule or regulation requiring such financial institutions to maintain insurance to cover bank deposits in the event of bank failure. While management believes that these financial institutions are of high credit quality, it also continually monitors their credit worthiness.
Accounts receivable are typically unsecured and derived from revenue earned from customers, thereby exposed to credit risk. The risk is mitigated by the Company’s assessment of its customers’ creditworthiness and its ongoing monitoring of outstanding balances.
Inflation Risk
Inflationary factors such as increases in the cost of our product and overhead costs may adversely affect our operating results. Although we do not believe that inflation has had a material effect on our financial position or results of operations to date, a high rate of inflation in the future may have an adverse effect on our ability to maintain current levels of gross profit and selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of net sales if the selling prices of our services do not increase with these increased costs.
ITEM 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES
None.
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PART II
ITEM 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES
Not Applicable.
ITEM 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS
Not Applicable.
ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
| (a) | Disclosure Controls and Procedures |
Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined under Rule 13a-15(e) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of the end of the period covered by this annual report. This conclusion was based on the material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting further described below.
| (b) | Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting |
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such item is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act, for our company. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP and includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of a company’s assets, (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that a company’s receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of a company’s management and directors, and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of a company’s assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting is not intended to provide absolute assurance that a misstatement of our financial statements would be prevented or detected. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risks that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Our management has conducted an assessment, including testing of the design and the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2022. In making its assessment, management used the criteria in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013).
A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim consolidated financial statements will not be prevented or detected and corrected on a timely basis.
The Company identified deficiencies related to corporate governance, management’s application of disclosure requirements for SEC reporting and documentation of our financial statement reporting process. Such deficiencies are common for companies of our size.
97
The Company identified deficiencies related to management’s application of disclosure requirements for SEC reporting and documentation of our financial statement reporting process. Although our accounting staff employees are professional and experienced in accounting requirements and procedures generally accepted in the PRC, management has determined that they require additional training and assistance in U.S. GAAP methods and SEC reporting. Our management’s assessment of the control deficiency over accounting and finance personnel as of March 31, 2022 considered the below factors, including:
| ● | the number of adjustments proposed by our independent auditors during our quarterly review and annual audit processes; |
| ● | how adequately we complied with U.S. GAAP on transactions; and |
| ● | how accurately we prepared supporting information to provide to our independent auditors on a quarterly and annual basis. |
Based on this assessment, management concluded that our internal controls over financial reporting were not effective as of March 31, 2022 due to the material weakness related to management’s application of disclosure requirements for SEC reporting and documentation of our financial statement reporting process.
| (c) | Attestation Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm |
We are a non-accelerated filer under the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission. Accordingly, we are not required to include in this annual report an attestation report of our independent registered public accounting firm.
| (d) | Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting |
There were no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting during our fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
| (e) | Remediation Initiatives |
For 2022, we implemented our remediation plan to address the underlying causes of the material weakness described above by hiring accounting staff who understands U.S. GAAP methods and SEC reporting measures and also educating existing staff on these subjects. For fiscal year 2023, we plan to continue improving our internal control by implementing the following remediation plans, including:
| ● | Reassessing the design and operation of internal controls over financial reporting, including interim and annual accruals cutoff procedures and review procedures related to information received from our outside consulting technical experts; |
| ● | continuing our training of accounting personnel so they can better on U.S. GAAP methods and SEC reporting matters; and |
| ● | Increasing staffing levels and expertise to implement this remediation plan. |
Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal controls will prevent or detect 100% of all errors and fraud that may occur. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Due to the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within our company have been detected.
98
ITEM 16. RESERVED
ITEM 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT
Our audit committee consists of Yik C. Chan, Wenxiang Xing and Defang Li. Our board of directors has determined that Yik C. Chan, Wenxiang Xing and Defang Li are “independent directors” within the meaning of NASDAQ Stock Market Rule 5605(a)(2) and meet the criteria for independence set forth in Rule 10A−3(b) of the Exchange Act. Yik C. Chan meets the criteria of an audit committee financial expert as set forth under the applicable rules of the SEC.
ITEM 16B. CODE OF ETHICS
Our board of directors has adopted a code of business conduct and ethics. The purpose of the code is to promote ethical conduct and deter wrongdoing. The policies outlined in the Code are designed to ensure that our directors, executive officers and employees act in accordance with not only the letter but also the spirit of the laws and regulations that apply to our business. We expect our directors, executive officers and employees to exercise good judgment, to uphold these standards in their day-to-day activities, and to comply with all applicable policies and procedures in the course of their relationship with the company. Any amendment to or waivers of the Code for members of our board of directors and our executive officers that are required to be disclosed by the rules of the SEC or NASDAQ will be disclosed on our website at http://www.edu-edu.cn within four business days following the amendment or waiver. During fiscal year 2021, no amendments to or waivers from the Code were made or given for any of our executive officers.
Our code of business conduct and ethics are publicly available on our website at http://www.edu-edu.cn.
ITEM 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
| Year Ended March 31, 2022 | Year Ended March 31, 2021 | |||||||
| Audit fees* | $ | 212,500 | $ | 185,000 | ||||
| * | Audit Fees – This category includes the audit of our annual financial statements, review of financial statements included in our quarterly reports and services that are normally provided by the independent registered public accounting firm in connection with engagements for those years and services that are normally provided by our independent registered public accounting firm in connection with statutory audits and Securities and Exchange Commission regulatory filings or engagements. |
The policy of our audit committee and our board of directors is to pre-approve all audit and non-audit services provided by our principal auditors, including audit services, audit-related services, and other services as described above, other than those for de minimis services which are approved by the audit committee or our board of directors prior to the completion of the services.
ITEM 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES
Not Applicable.
ITEM 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS
None.
ITEM 16F. CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT
Previous Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
On June 7, 2021, the board of directors (the “Board”) of the Company and the audit committee of the Board both approved the dismissal of Friedman LLP (“Friedman”) as the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm.
99
Friedman previously issued reports on the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2020 and 2019. Such audit reports did not contain an adverse opinion or disclaimer of opinion and were not qualified or modified as to uncertainty, audit scope, or accounting principles. During the fiscal years ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 and through June 7, 2021, Friedman did not inform the Company that there were (i) any disagreements between the Company and Friedman on any matter of accounting principles or practices, financial statement disclosure, or auditing scope or procedures, which disagreement, if not resolved to the satisfaction of Friedman, would have caused Friedman to make reference thereto in their reports on the consolidated financial statements for such years, and (ii) any reportable events as that term is defined in Item 16F a)(1)(v) of Form 20-F.
New Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
On June 7, 2021, the audit committee of the Board approved the appointment of YCM CPA Inc. (“YCM”) as the Company’s new independent registered public accounting firm for the audit of the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021 and to issue an audit report.
During the Company’s two most recent fiscal years and in the subsequent interim period through June 7, 2021, the Company has not consulted with YCM regarding either (i) the application of accounting principles to a specified transaction, either completed or proposed, or the type of audit opinion that might be rendered on the Company’s consolidated financial statements, and neither a written report nor oral advice was provided to the Company that YCM concluded was an important factor considered by the Company in reaching a decision as to the accounting, auditing or financial reporting issue; or (ii) any matter that was either the subject of a disagreement (as defined in Item 304(a)(1)(iv) of Regulation S-K and the related instructions) or a reportable event (as described in Item 304(a)(1)(v) of Regulation S-K).
ITEM 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Our ordinary shares are listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market, or NASDAQ. As such, we are subject to corporate governance requirements imposed by NASDAQ. Under NASDAQ rules, listed non-US companies such as ourselves may, in general, follow their home country corporate governance practices in lieu of some of the NASDAQ corporate governance requirements. A NASDAQ -listed non-US company is required to provide a general summary of the significant differences to its US investors either on the company website or in its annual report distributed to its US investors. We are committed to a high standard of corporate governance. As such, we endeavor to comply with the NASDAQ corporate governance practices and there is no significant difference between our corporate governance practices and what the NASDAQ requires of domestic U.S. companies.
ITEM 16H. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Not applicable.
ITEM 16I. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS
Not applicable.
100
PART III
ITEM 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Not applicable.
ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The consolidated financial statements and related notes required by this item are contained on pages F-1 through F-26.
101
ITEM 19. EXHIBITS
| * | Filed as an exhibit hereto. |
| (1) | Incorporated by reference to our Registration Statement on Form F-1, filed on March 20, 2018. |
| (2) | Incorporated by reference to our Registration Statement on Form F-1/A, filed on April 11, 2018. |
| (3) | Incorporated by reference to our Registration Statement on Form F-1/A, filed on June 15, 2018. |
| (4) | Incorporated by reference to our Registration Statement on Form F-1/A, filed on June 28, 2018. |
| (5) | Incorporated by reference to our 20-F, filed on August 15, 2019. |
| (6) | Incorporated by reference to our 20-F, filed on August 2, 2021. |
| (7) | Incorporated by reference to our 20-F, filed on August 17, 2020. |
102
SIGNATURES
The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.
| WAH FU EDUCATION GROUP LIMITED | ||
| Date: August 1, 2022 | /s/ Yang Yu | |
| Name: | Yang Yu | |
| Title: | Chairman of the Board of Directors | |
103
WAH FU EDUCATION GROUP LIMITED
AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Board of Directors and the stockholders of
Wah Fu Education Group Ltd.
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Wah Fu Education Group Ltd. and subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”) as of March 31, 2022 and 2021, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss), changes in equity, and cash flows for the years ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of March 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matters
Critical audit matters are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or are required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments.
We determined that there are no critical audit matters.
/s/
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2021.
PCAOB ID
Irvine,
August 1, 2022
F-1
WAH FU EDUCATION GROUP LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
| As of March 31, | As of March 31, | |||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | |||||||
| ASSETS | ||||||||
| CURRENT ASSETS: | ||||||||
| Cash | $ | $ | ||||||
| Accounts receivable, net | ||||||||
| Other receivables, net | ||||||||
| Loan to third parties, current | ||||||||
| Loan to related parties | ||||||||
| Other current assets | ||||||||
| TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS | ||||||||
| Loan to third parties, noncurrent | ||||||||
| Property and equipment, net | ||||||||
| Investments in unconsolidated entities | ||||||||
| Operating lease right-of-use assets | ||||||||
| Long-term rent deposit | ||||||||
| Deferred tax assets, net | ||||||||
| TOTAL ASSETS | $ | $ | ||||||
| CURRENT LIABILITIES: | ||||||||
| Due to related parties | $ | $ | ||||||
| Deferred revenue | ||||||||
| Operating lease liabilities, current | ||||||||
| Taxes payable | ||||||||
| Other payables | ||||||||
| Accrued expenses and other liabilities | ||||||||
| TOTAL CURRENT LIABILITIES | ||||||||
| Operating lease liabilities, noncurrent | ||||||||
| TOTAL LIABILITIES | ||||||||
| COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES | ||||||||
| EQUITY | ||||||||
| Common stock, $ | ||||||||
| Additional paid-in capital | ||||||||
| Statutory reserve | ||||||||
| Retained earnings | ||||||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Total shareholders’ equity | ||||||||
| Non-controlling interest | ||||||||
| TOTAL EQUITY | ||||||||
| TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY | $ | $ | ||||||
| * |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-2
WAH FU EDUCATION GROUP LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
| For the Year Ended March 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||
| REVENUE | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| COST OF REVENUE AND RELATED TAX | ||||||||||||
| Cost of revenue | ||||||||||||
| Business and sales related tax | ||||||||||||
| GROSS PROFIT | ||||||||||||
| OPERATING EXPENSES | ||||||||||||
| Selling expenses | ||||||||||||
| General and administrative expenses | ||||||||||||
| Total operating expenses | ||||||||||||
| INCOME (LOSS) FROM OPERATIONS | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| OTHER INCOME (EXPENSE) | ||||||||||||
| Interest income | ||||||||||||
| Other income (expenses) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Total other income, net | ||||||||||||
| INCOME (LOSS) BEFORE INCOME TAX PROVISION | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| PROVISION (BENEFIT) FOR INCOME TAXES | ||||||||||||
| NET INCOME (LOSS) | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Less: net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest | ||||||||||||
| NET INCOME (LOSS) ATTRIBUTABLE TO WAH FU EDUCATION GROUP LIMITED | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | |||||||
| COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) | ||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income (loss): foreign currency translation | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Total comprehensive income (loss) | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Less: Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest | ) | |||||||||||
| COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) ATTRIBUTABLE TO WAH FU EDUCATION GROUP LIMITED | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | |||||||
| Earnings (loss) per common share - basic and diluted | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | |||||||
| Weighted average shares - basic and diluted* | ||||||||||||
| * |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-3
WAH FU EDUCATION COMPANY LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATION STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
| Additional | Accumulated Other Comprehensive | Non- | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ordinary Shares | Paid-in | Statutory | Retained | Income | Shareholders’ | controlling | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares* | Amount | Capital | Reserve | Earnings | (Loss) | Equity | Interest | Equity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, March 31, 2019 | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common stock issued net of stock issuance costs of $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) for the year | - | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Appropriation of statutory reserve | - | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency translation loss | - | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, March 31, 2020 | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common stock issued | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) for the year | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Appropriation of statutory reserve | - | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency translation loss | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, March 31, 2021 | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common stock issued | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) for the year | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Appropriation of statutory reserve | - | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency translation loss | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, March 31, 2022 | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| * |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-4
WAH FU EDUCATION COMPANY LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
| For the Year Ended March 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||
| Cash flows from operating activities: | ||||||||||||
| Net Income (loss) | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | |||||||
| Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: | ||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | ||||||||||||
| Non-cash lease expense | ||||||||||||
| Loss from disposal of property and equipment | ||||||||||||
| Provision for doubtful accounts | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Provision for investments in unconsolidated entity | ||||||||||||
| Interest income | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Deferred tax expense (benefit) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities: | ||||||||||||
| Accounts receivable | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Other receivable | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Other current assets | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Long-term rent deposit | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Deferred revenue | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Taxes payable | ||||||||||||
| Other payable | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Operating lease liabilities | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Accrued expenses and other liabilities | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | ||||||||||||
| Cash flows from investing activities: | ||||||||||||
| Purchase of property and equipment | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Proceeds from disposal of property and equipment | ||||||||||||
| Proceeds from loans to third parties | ||||||||||||
| Payments made for loans to third parties | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Payments made for loans to a related party | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Cash flows from financing activities: | ||||||||||||
| Changes in due to related parties | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Net proceeds from initial public offering (“IPO”) | ||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by financing activities | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Effect of exchange rate fluctuation on cash | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Net increase (decrease) in cash | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Cash at beginning of the year | ||||||||||||
| Cash at end of the year | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Supplemental cash flow information | ||||||||||||
| Cash paid for income taxes | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Non-cash investing activities | ||||||||||||
| Right of use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-5
WAH FU EDUCATION GROUP LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 1 – ORGANIZATION AND BUSINESS DESCRIPTION
Wah Fu Education Group Limited (“Wah Fu”) was incorporated under the laws of the British Virgin Islands on July 23, 2012. Wah Fu is a holding company whose primary purpose is to develop business opportunities in the People’s Republic of China (“PRC” or “China”). Wah Fu Education Holding Limited (“Wah Fu Holding”) is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Wah Fu, which was established on May 19, 2016 in Hong Kong, China. Wah Fu Holding was dissolved on April 23, 2021.
In December 2012, Wah Fu acquired
Pursuant to the above agreements, Distance Learning has the exclusive right to provide Digital Information consulting services related to business operations including technology and management. All the above contractual agreements obligate Distance Learning to absorb a majority of the risk of loss from Digital Information’s activities and entitle Distance Learning to receive a majority of their residual returns. In essence, Distance Learning has gained effective control over Digital Information. Therefore, the Company believes that Digital Information should be considered as VIE under the Statement of Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 810 “Consolidation”. Accordingly, the accounts of Digital Information are consolidated with those of Distance Learning and ultimately are consolidated into those of Wah Fu.
On July 20, 2015, Wah Fu established Shanghai
Xin Fu Network Technology Co., Ltd. (“Shanghai Xin Fu”), a wholly foreign-owned enterprise (the “WFOE”) under
the laws of the PRC. Shanghai Xin Fu owns
On March 8, 2017, Nanjing Suyun Education Technology
Co., Ltd. (“Nanjing Suyun”) was founded in Jiangsu Province, China. Distance Learning owns
On April 25, 2017, Guizhou Huafu Qianyun Network
Technology Co., Ltd. (“Guizhou Huafu”) was established in Guizhou Province, China. Distance Learning owns
On May 21, 2018, Fuzhou Huafu Mingjiao Technology
Co., Ltd. (“Fuzhou Huafu”) was established in Fujian Province, China. Distance Learning owns
F-6
WAH FU EDUCATION GROUP LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 1 – ORGANIZATION AND BUSINESS DESCRIPTION (CONTINUED)
On June 26, 2018, Liaoning Huafu Zhongtai Learning
Technology Co., Ltd. (“Liaoning Huafu”) was established in Liaoning Province, China. Digital information owns
On September 18, 2018, Beijing Huafu Silu International
Learing Technology Co., Ltd. (“Huafu Silu”) was established in Beijing, China. Shanghai Xia Shu owns
On August 14, 2019, Guangxi Huafu Quanping Education
Technology Cot., Ltd. (“Guangxi Huafu”) was established in Guangxi Province, China. Distance Learning owns
On October 21, 2019, Huafu Wanrun (Guangzhou)
Education Technology Co., Ltd. (“Guangzhou Huafu”), was established in Guangdong Province, China. Digital Information owns
On November 8, 2019, Sichuan Huafu Gengyun Education
Technology Co., Ltd. (“Sichuan Huafu”), was established in Sichuan Province, China. Digital Information owns
Wah Fu, its subsidiaries and its subsidiary’s consolidated VIE (collectively, the “Company”) are primarily engaged in providing online education services and technological development and operation services in China.
F-7
WAH FU EDUCATION GROUP LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 2 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of Wah Fu, its subsidiaries and its subsidiary’s VIE. All inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated upon consolidation.
| Company | Date of establishment | Place of establishment | Percentage of legal ownership by Wah Fu |
Principal activities | |||||||||
| Subsidiaries: | |||||||||||||
| Wah Fu Holding** | |||||||||||||
| Distance Learning | |||||||||||||
| Shanghai Xin Fu | |||||||||||||
| Shanghai Xia Shu | |||||||||||||
| Hunan Huafu | |||||||||||||
| Nanjing Suyun | |||||||||||||
| Huaxia MOOC | |||||||||||||
| Guizhou Huafu | |||||||||||||
| Fuzhou Huafu | |||||||||||||
| Liaoning Huafu *** | |||||||||||||
| Guangxi Huafu **** | |||||||||||||
| Huafu Silu* | |||||||||||||
| Guangzhou Huafu | |||||||||||||
| Sichuan Huafu | |||||||||||||
| Variable interest entity | |||||||||||||
| Digital Information |
| * | Huafu Silu was dissolved on March 4, 2020. |
| ** | Wah Fu Holding was dissolved on April 23, 2021. |
| *** | Liaoning Huafu was dissolved on June 27, 2022. |
| **** | Guangxi Huafu was dissolved on March 17, 2022. |
F-8
WAH FU EDUCATION GROUP LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 2 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)
Consolidation of Variable Interest Entities
In accordance with accounting standards regarding consolidation of variable interest entities, VIEs are generally entities that lack sufficient equity to finance their activities without additional financial support from other parties or whose equity holders lack adequate decision making ability. The VIE with which the Company is involved must be evaluated to determine the primary beneficiary of the risks and rewards of the VIE. The primary beneficiary is required to consolidate the VIE for financial reporting purposes. The Company has determined that Distance Learning is the primary beneficiary of Digital Information’s risks and rewards.
The following tables set forth the assets, liabilities, results of operations and changes in cash of the VIE, Digital Information, which were included in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets, statements of operations and comprehensive loss and cash flows:
| As of March 31, 2022 | As of March 31, 2021 | |||||||
| Current assets | $ | $ | ||||||
| Non-current assets | ||||||||
| Total assets | ||||||||
| Current liabilities | ||||||||
| Intercompany payables* | ||||||||
| Total liabilities | ||||||||
| Net assets | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
| * | Intercompany payables are eliminated upon consolidation. |
| For the Years Ended | ||||||||||||
| March 31, 2022 | March 31, 2021 | March 31, 2020 | ||||||||||
| Revenue* | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Net Income (loss) | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | |||||
| * | Intercompany sales are eliminated upon consolidation. |
| For the Years Ended | ||||||||||||
| March 31, 2022 | March 31, 2021 | March 31, 2020 | ||||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities* | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Net cash used in investing activities | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Effect of exchange rate fluctuation on cash | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||
| Net increase in cash | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| * | Intercompany operating activities are eliminated upon consolidation. |
F-9
WAH FU EDUCATION GROUP LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 2 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)
Non-controlling Interests
U.S. GAAP requires that non-controlling interests in subsidiaries and affiliates be reported in the equity section of a company’s balance sheets. In addition, the amounts attributable to the net income of those subsidiaries are reported separately in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).
Uses of estimates
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during each reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant accounting estimates reflected in the Company’s consolidated financial statements include the allowances for doubtful accounts, valuation allowance for deferred tax assets, estimated useful lives and fair value in connection with the impairment of property and equipment, and lease assumptions. Actual results could differ from these estimates.
Cash
The Company considers all highly liquid investment instruments with an original maturity of three months or less from the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. As of March 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had no cash equivalents. The Company maintains cash and cash equivalents with various financial institutions mainly in the mainland China and Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of PRC (the “Hong Kong”). Balances in banks in the mainland China are uninsured. Balances in banks in Hong Kong are insured by Hong Kong Deposit Board and subject to a certain limitation.
Accounts receivable, net
Accounts receivable are recognized and carried at original invoiced amount less an estimated allowance for uncollectible accounts. The Company usually grants credit to customers with good credit standing with a maximum of 90 days. As China’s online education market is intensely competitive in recent years, in order to retain existing and attract new universities, educational institutions and technological service customers to capture additional market share, the Company extends more credit sales with longer credit terms to certain customers which have a well-established business relationship with the Company for more than five years, such as the B2B2C customers, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Xinyu University, Nanchang University and the technological service customer, World Publishing (Shanghai) Co., Ltd..
As of March 31, 2022 and March 31, 2021, the accounts
receivable derived from the B2B2C services were $
The Company determines the adequacy of reserves
for doubtful accounts based on individual account analysis and historical collections. The Company establishes a provision for doubtful
receivables when there is objective evidence that the Company may not be able to collect amounts due. The allowance is based on management’s
best estimates of specific losses on individual exposures, as well as a provision on historical trends of collections. The provision is
recorded against accounts receivable balances, with a corresponding charge recorded in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive
income (loss). Actual amounts received may differ from management’s estimate of credit worthiness and the economic environment.
Delinquent account balances are written-off against the allowance for doubtful accounts after management has determined that the likelihood
of collection is not probable. As of March 31, 2022 and 2021, the allowances for doubtful accounts were $
As of March 31, 2022 and 2021, accounts receivable
aging more than 3 months and less than 12 months were $
F-10
WAH FU EDUCATION GROUP LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 2 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)
Loans to third parties
Loans to third parties are cash advances mainly
used for short-term funding to unrelated companies with which the Company has business relationships. To earn interest income with relatively
low risk, the Company provided loans from time to time. The interest rate of these loans was
Property and equipment, net
Property and equipment is stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization is provided on a straight-line basis, less estimated residual value, over an asset’s estimated useful life. Following are the estimated useful lives of the Company’s property and equipment:
| Estimated useful lives |
|||
| Buildings | |||
| Electronic equipment | |||
| Office equipment and furniture | |||
| Motor vehicles | |||
| Software | |||
| Leasehold improvements |
Repair and maintenance costs are charged to expense as incurred, whereas the cost of renewals and betterment that extends the useful lives of property and equipment are capitalized as additions to the related assets. Retirements, sales and disposals of assets are recorded by removing the cost and accumulated depreciation from the asset and accumulated depreciation accounts with any resulting gain or loss reflected in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) in other income or expenses.
Capitalized software development costs
The Company capitalizes the costs incurred during the application development stage, which include direct costs mainly consisting of payroll and payroll related taxes and benefits. Costs incurred in the preliminary stages of development are expensed as incurred. Once an application has reached the development stage, internal and external costs, if direct and incremental, are capitalized until the software is substantially complete and ready for its intended use. Capitalization ceases upon the completion of all substantial testing. The Company also capitalizes costs related to specific upgrades and enhancements when it is probable that the expenditures will result in additional features and functionality. Maintenance costs are expensed as incurred. Internal use software is amortized on a straight-line basis over its estimated useful life, generally five years.
Impairment of long-lived assets
The Company assesses its long-lived assets such as property and equipment for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Factors which may indicate potential impairment include a significant underperformance related to the historical or projected future operating results or a significant negative industry or economic trend. Recoverability of these assets is measured by comparison of their carrying amounts to future undiscounted cash flows the assets are expected to generate. If property and equipment and certain identifiable intangibles are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized equals the amount by which the carrying value of the assets exceeds their fair value. The Company did not record any impairment loss on its long-lived assets during the years ended March 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018.
F-11
WAH FU EDUCATION GROUP LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 2 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)
Investments in unconsolidated entities
The Company’s investments in unconsolidated entities consist of equity method investments and equity investments without readily determinable fair value.
The Company follows ASC Topic 321, Investments Equity Securities (“ASC 321”) to account for investments that do not have readily determinable fair value and over which the Company does not have significant influence. The Company uses the measurement alternative to measure those investments at cost, less any impairment, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar investments of the same issuer, if any.
For an investee over which the Company has the
ability to exercise significant influence, but does not own a controlling interest, the Company accounts for that investment using the
equity method. Significant influence is generally considered to exist when the Company has an ownership interest in the voting stock of
the investee between
An impairment charge is recorded if the carrying
amount of the investment exceeds its fair value and this condition is determined to be other-than temporary. The Company recorded impairment
loss of $
Revenue recognition
The Company previously recognized revenue when the following four criteria are met: (i) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, (ii) the service has been rendered, (iii) the fees are fixed or determinable, and (iv) collectability is reasonably assured.
On April 1, 2018, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-09 Revenue from Contracts with Customers (FASB ASC Topic 606) (“ASC 606”) using the modified retrospective method under which cumulative effects are recognized at the date of the initial application of ASC 606. With the adoption of ASC 606, revenue is recognized when all of the following five steps are met: (i) identify the contract(s) with the customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations; (v) recognize revenue when (or as) each performance obligation is satisfied. The Company believes that its current revenue recognition policies are generally consistent with the new revenue recognition standards set forth in ASC 606. Based on the Company’s assessment, potential adjustments to input measures are not expected to be pervasive to the majority of its contracts. As such, the Company has concluded that the adoption of this new guidance will not result in a material cumulative catch-up adjustment to the opening balance sheet or retained earnings at the effective date or any other material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
Online education service
The online education services provided by the Company to its customers are an integrated service, including audio-video course content, mock examinations and online chat rooms during the subscription service period. Audio-video course content, mock examinations and online chat rooms are not practical to be sold on standalone basis and have never been sold separately. Therefore, the Company’s contracts have a single performance obligation for an integrated service and the transaction price is stated in the contracts, usually as a price per student or course. Quantity of students enrolled or courses provided is determined before rendering service. The Company typically satisfies its performance obligations in contracts with customers upon render of the services. For examination service, the revenue is recognized at a point in time when customer/student completes the examination on the platform. At this point in time, customer/student is able to direct use of and obtain substantially all of the benefits from the online education platform at the time the services are delivered. Except examination service, all other revenues for the online education service are recognized on a straight line basis over the subscription period from the month in which students enroll in the courses to the month in which the subscriptions expire. The subscription period for a majority of the online education services is six months or less. Customer/student can access to the courses. anytime during the subscription period. The online education services include online education cloud services (“B2B2C”), which are provided through educational institutions to individual students, and online training services (“B2C”), which are provided to students directly. B2C services can be cancelled and is refundable no later than 24 hours after enrollment. B2B2C services cannot be cancelled and is not refundable after enrollment. All estimates are based on the Company’s historical experience, complete satisfaction of the performance obligation, and the Company’s best judgment at the time the estimates are made. Returns and allowances are not a significant aspect of the revenue recognition process as historically they have been immaterial.
F-12
WAH FU EDUCATION GROUP LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 2 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)
Revenue recognition (Continued)
Technological development and operation service
Revenues from technological development service, including information technology system design and cloud platform development, are recognized when the system or platform are delivered and accepted by the customers. , normally within a year. Upon delivery of services, project completion inspection and customer acceptance notice are required as proof of the completion of performance obligations, which is a confirmation of customer to its ability to direct the use of and obtain substantially all of the benefits from, the design and development service. In instances where substantive completion inspection and customer acceptance provisions are specified in contracts, revenues are deferred until all inspection and acceptance criteria have been met.
From time to time, the Company enters into arrangement to provide technological support and maintenance service of online platforms to its customers. the Company’s efforts are expended evenly throughout the service period. The revenues for the technological support and maintenance service are recognized over the support and maintenance services period, usually from 3 months to one year. The Company’s contracts have a single performance obligation and are primarily on a fixed-price basis. No significant returns, refund and other similar obligations during each reporting period.
The core principle underlying the revenue recognition ASU is that the Company will recognize revenue to represent the transfer of services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled to in such exchange. This will require the Company to identify contractual performance obligations and determine whether revenue should be recognized at a point in time or over time, based on when services are provided to a customer
The following table summarizes disaggregated revenue from contracts with customers by timing of revenue recognition:
| For the Years Ended | ||||||||||||
| March 31, 2022 | March 31, 2021 | March 31, 2020 | ||||||||||
| Services transferred at a point in time | ||||||||||||
| Revenue from Online Education Services | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Revenue from Technological Development and Operation Services | ||||||||||||
| Services transferred over time | ||||||||||||
| Revenue from Online Education Services | ||||||||||||
| Revenue from Technological Development and Operation Services | ||||||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
The Company’s accounts receivable consists primarily of receivables related to providing online education services to enrolled students, and contract receivable associated with providing technological development and operation services to education institutions, in which the Company’s contracted performance obligations have been satisfied, amount billed and the Company has an unconditional right to payment. Payment terms and conditions vary by contract types. For most of B2B2C contracts and technical development and operation service contracts, payment is due from customers within 30 days of the invoice date, and the contracts do not have significant financing components. The Company’s revenue is recognized when control of the promised services is rendered over the service period and the payment from customers is not contingent on a future event, and the Company’s right to consideration in exchange for services that the Company has transferred to a customer is only conditioned on the passage of time. Therefore, the Company does not have any contract assets. The Company also does not have significant capitalized commissions or other costs as of March 31, 2022 and 2021.
The Company’s contract liability, which is reflected in its consolidated balance sheets as deferred revenue, represents the Company’s unsatisfied performance obligations as of March 31, 2022 and 2021. This is primarily composed of revenue for online course tuition received in advance from B2C services and B2B2C services. If a course is provided over a period end, deferred revenue is recorded for the revenue related to the course conducted in the next period. Normally, the deferred revenue is recognized as revenue within 6 months.
F-13
WAH FU EDUCATION GROUP LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 2 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)
Revenue recognition (Continued)
The opening and closing balances of the Company’s deferred revenue are as follows:
| As of | As of | |||||||
| March 31, 2022 | March 31, 2021 | |||||||
| Beginning balance | $ | $ | ||||||
| Ending balance | ||||||||
| Increase (decrease) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ||||
The amounts of revenue recognized in the years
ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 that were included in the opening deferred revenue were $
Income taxes
The Company accounts for income taxes under ASC 740. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the consolidated financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period including the enactment date. Valuation allowances are established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.
The provisions of ASC 740-10-25, “Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes,” prescribe a more-likely-than-not threshold for consolidated financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken (or expected to be taken) in a tax return. This interpretation also provides guidance on the recognition of income tax assets and liabilities, classification of current and deferred income tax assets and liabilities, accounting for interest and penalties associated with tax positions, and related disclosures. The Company does not believe that there was any uncertain tax position at March 31, 2022 and 2021.
Value added tax (“VAT”)
Sales revenue derived from the invoiced online education service, and technological development and operation service is subject to VAT since 2014. Prior to that, the Company was subject to a fixed rate of business tax of 3%. The applicable VAT rates are 6% and 3% for the entities that are general taxpayer and small-scale taxpayer, respectively. Distance Learning and Digital Information are both considered VAT general taxpayers since June 2015. Hunan Huafu became to a VAT general taxpayer since August 2018. Shanghai Xia Shu, Shanghai Xin Fu, Nanjing Suyun, Guizhou Huafu, Fuzhou Huafu, Liaoning Huafu, Guangxi Huafu, Sichuan Huafu and Guangzhou Huafu are VAT small-scale taxpayers since the date of incorporation.
Entities that are VAT general taxpayers are allowed to offset qualified input VAT paid to suppliers against their output VAT liabilities. Net VAT balance between input VAT and output VAT is recorded in the line item of taxes payable on the consolidated balance sheets. All of the VAT returns of the Company have been and remain subject to examination by the tax authorities for five years from the date of filing.
F-14
WAH FU EDUCATION GROUP LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 2 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)
Leases
On April 1, 2019, the Company adopted ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). For all leases that were entered into prior to the effective date of Topic 842, the Company elected to apply the package of practical expedients. Based on this guidance the Company did not reassess the following: (1) whether any expired or existing contracts are or contain leases; (2) the lease classification for any expired or existing leases; and (3) initial direct costs for any existing leases. The adoption of Topic 842 did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).
The adoption of Topic 842 resulted in the presentation
of approximately $
The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets, operating lease liabilities, current, and operating lease liabilities, non-current on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.
Operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. As most of the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of future payments. The operating lease ROU asset also includes any lease payments made and excludes lease incentives and initial direct costs incurred. The Company’s lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. Lease expense for minimum lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
Foreign currency translation
Since the Company operates in the PRC, the Company’s functional currency is the Chinese RMB. The Company’s consolidated financial statements have been translated into the reporting currency, the United States Dollar (“USD”). Assets and liabilities of the Company are translated at the exchange rate at each reporting period end date. Equity is translated at historical rates. Income and expense accounts are translated at the average rate of exchange during the reporting period. The resulting translation adjustments are reported under other comprehensive income (loss). Gains and losses resulting from the translations of foreign currency transactions and balances are reflected in the result of operations. RMB is not freely convertible into foreign currency and all foreign exchange transactions must take place through authorized institutions. No representation is made that the RMB amounts could have been, or could be, converted into USD at the rates used in translation.
Earnings (loss) per share
The Company computes earnings (loss) per share (“EPS”) in accordance with ASC 260, “Earnings per Share” (“ASC 260”). ASC 260 requires companies with complex capital structures to present basic and diluted EPS. Basic EPS is measured as net income (loss) divided by the weighted average common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS is similar to basic EPS but presents the dilutive effect on a per share basis of potential common shares (e.g., convertible securities, options and warrants) as if they had been converted at the beginning of the periods presented, or issuance date, if later. Potential common shares that have an anti-dilutive effect (i.e., those that increase income per share or decrease loss per share) are excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS.
Comprehensive income (loss)
Comprehensive income (loss) consists of two components, net income (loss) and other comprehensive income (loss). The foreign currency translation gain or loss resulting from translation of the financial statements expressed in RMB to USD is reported in other comprehensive income (loss) in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).
F-15
WAH FU EDUCATION GROUP LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 2 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)
Fair value of financial instruments
The Company follows the provisions of FASB ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures” (“ASC 820”). ASC 820 clarifies the definition of fair value, prescribes methods for measuring fair value, and establishes a fair value hierarchy to classify the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:
Level 1 - Inputs are unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities available at the measurement date.
Level 2 - Inputs are unadjusted quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable, and inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market data.
Level 3 - Inputs are unobservable inputs which reflect the reporting entity’s own assumptions on what assumptions the market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on the best available information.
The carrying amounts reported in the balance sheets for cash, accounts receivable, other receivables, loans to third parties, current, other current assets, deferred offering costs, due to related parties, deferred revenue, operating lease liabilities, current, taxes payable, other payables, accrued expenses and other liabilities approximate their fair value based on the short-term maturity of these instruments.
Risks and uncertainties
The operations of the Company are located in the PRC. Accordingly, the Company’s business, financial condition, and results of operations may be influenced by the political, economic, and legal environments in the PRC, as well as by the general state of the PRC economy. The Company’s operations in the PRC are subject to special considerations and significant risks not typically associated with companies in North America and Western Europe. These include risks associated with, among other factors, the political, economic and legal environment and foreign currency exchange. The Company’s results may be adversely affected by changes in the political, regulatory and social conditions in the PRC, and by changes in governmental policies or interpretations with respect to laws and regulations, anti-inflationary measures, currency conversion, remittances abroad, and rates and methods of taxation, among other things. Although the Company has not experienced losses from these situations and believes that it is in compliance with existing laws and regulations, this may not be indicative of future results.
In December 2019, a novel strain of coronavirus (“COVID-19”) was first identified in Wuhan, China. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic—the first pandemic caused by a coronavirus. The outbreak has reached more than 160 countries, resulting in the implementation of significant governmental measures, including lockdowns, closures, quarantines, and travel bans, intended to control the spread of the virus. The Chinese government has ordered quarantines, travel restrictions, and the temporary closure of stores and facilities. Companies are also taking precautions, such as requiring employees to work remotely, imposing travel restrictions and temporarily closing businesses.
Because of the shelter-in-place orders and travel restrictions mandated by the Chinese government, employees of the Company could not return to work on time after the Chinese New Year, which adversely impacted the Company’s business operations and sales. Although the operations and sales have started to recover since early March 2020, if COVID-19 further impacts its business operations and sales, the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows could continue to be adversely affected.
Although the COVID-19 outbreak seems to have been under relative control in China since May 2020, In the second half of 2021, the COVID-19 coronavirus remerged in China due to the Omicron and Delta variants, especially affecting Shanghai. However, our business activities were not significantly affected or interrupted in 2021 nor in early 2022. Because of the significant uncertainties surrounding the COVID-19 outbreak, the Company cannot accurately estimate the extent of the business disruption and the related financial impact at this time.
F-16
WAH FU EDUCATION GROUP LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 2 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)
Concentrations and credit risk
Credit risk
Financial instruments that potentially subject
the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash. As of March 31, 2022 and 2021, $
Accounts receivable are typically unsecured and derived from revenue earned from customers, thereby exposed to credit risk. The risk is mitigated by the Company’s assessment of its customers’ creditworthiness and its ongoing monitoring of outstanding balances.
Customer and supplier concentration risk
The Company’s revenues are derived from
enrolled students or institutions that are located primarily in China. For the year ended March 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, no customers
accounted for over
As of March 31, 2022, no customer accounted for
As of March 31, 2021, one customer accounted for
For the years ended March 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020,
no suppliers accounted for more than
A loss of either of these customers or suppliers could adversely affect the operating results or cash flows of the Company.
Statements of cash flows
In accordance with FASB ASC Topic 230, “Statement of Cash Flows,” cash flows from the Company are calculated based upon the local currencies. As a result, amounts related to assets and liabilities reported on the Company’s statements of cash flows will not necessarily agree with changes in the corresponding balances on the balance sheets.
Recent accounting pronouncements
In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). The main objective is to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years, for (1) public business entities, (2) not-for-profit entities that have issued, or are conduit bond obligors for, securities that are traded, listed, or quoted on an exchange or an over-the-counter market, and (3) employee benefit plans that file financial statements with the SEC. In July 2018, the FASB issued an update that provided an additional transition option that allows companies to continue applying the guidance under the lease standard in effect at that time in the comparative periods presented in the consolidated financial statements. Companies that elect this option would record a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings on the date of adoption. Early adoption is permitted for all entities. The Company adopted this ASU starting April 1, 2019, and evaluated and deemed that it did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).
F-17
WAH FU EDUCATION GROUP LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 2 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)
Recent accounting pronouncements (Continued)
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13 (“ASU 2016-13”), Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments”. ASU 2016-13 requires companies to measure credit losses utilizing a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires a consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. ASU 16-13 was further amended in November 2019 in “Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments-Credit losses”. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including those interim periods within those fiscal years. For emerging growth companies, the effective date is has been extended to fiscal years beginning after December 31, 2022. The Company is currently assessing the impact of adopting this standard.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement,” to improve the effectiveness of disclosures in the notes to financial statements related to recurring or nonrecurring fair value measurements by removing amounts and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, policies for timing of transfers between different levels for fair value measurements, and the valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements. The new standard requires disclosure of the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements. The amendments in this update are effective for all entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company does not expect that the adoption of this ASU will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes,” which removes certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740, and also improves consistent application of and simplify U.S. GAAP for other areas of Topic 740 by clarifying and amending existing guidance. For public business entities, the amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2020. For all other entities, the amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022. Early adoption of the amendments is permitted. The Company expects that the adoption of this ASU will not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
The Company does not believe other recently issued but not yet effective accounting standards, if currently adopted, would have a material effect on the consolidated financial position, statements of operations and cash flows.
NOTE 3 – ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE, NET
Accounts receivable consisted of the following:
| As of March 31, 2022 | As of March 31, 2021 | |||||||
| Accounts receivable | $ | $ | ||||||
| Less: allowance for doubtful accounts | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Total accounts receivable, net | $ | $ | ||||||
Provisions for doubtful accounts was $
F-18
WAH FU EDUCATION GROUP LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 4 – LOANS TO THIRD PAIRTIES, NET
Loans to third parties consisted of the following:
| As of March 31, 2022 | As of March 31, 2021 | |||||||
| Loans to third parties, current: | ||||||||
| Beijing Chuangyouyi Education Technology Co.,Ltd (a) | $ | $ | ||||||
| Beijing Dejinbao Mining Engineering Co., Ltd (b) | ||||||||
| Guizhou Shunxincheng Human Resources Co., Ltd | ||||||||
| Beijing Zhongke Education Co., Ltd | ||||||||
| Loans to third parties, noncurrent: | ||||||||
| Beijing Dejinbao Mining Engineering Co., Ltd (b) | ||||||||
| Less: allowance for doubtful accounts | ||||||||
| Beijing Chuangyouyi Education Technology Co.,Ltd (a) | ( | ) | ) | |||||
| Total loan to third parties, net | $ | $ | ||||||
| (a) |
| (b) |
NOTE 5 – PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET
Property and equipment, net consisted of the following:
| As of March 31, 2022 | As of March 31, 2021 | |||||||
| Buildings | $ | $ | ||||||
| Electronic equipment | ||||||||
| Office equipment and furniture | ||||||||
| Motor vehicles | ||||||||
| Software | ||||||||
| Leasehold improvements | ||||||||
| Subtotal | ||||||||
| Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Property and equipment, net | $ | $ | ||||||
Depreciation and amortization expense was $
F-19
WAH FU EDUCATION GROUP LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 6 – INVESTMENTS IN UNCONSOLIDATED ENTITIES
The Company’s investments in unconsolidated entities consisted of the following:
| As of | As of | |||||||
| March 31, | March 31, | |||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | |||||||
| Equity investments without readily determinable fair value: | ||||||||
| Beijing Tianyuebowen Science and Technology Co., Ltd. (a) | $ | $ | ||||||
| Zhongtai International Education Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd. (b) | ||||||||
| Impairment of investments in unconsolidated entities | ||||||||
| Beijing Tianyuebowen Science and Technology Co., Ltd. (a) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Zhongtai International Education Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd. (b) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Total | $ | $ | ||||||
| (a) |
| (b) |
NOTE 7 –RELATED PARTIES BLALANCE
The Company’s related parties balance consisted of the following:
(i) Loan to related parties:
| As of March 31, 2022 | As of March 31, 2021 | |||||||
| Loan to related parties(a) | $ | $ | ||||||
| (a) |
(ii) Due to related party:
| As of March 31, 2022 | As of March 31, 2021 | |||||||
| Due to shareholders | $ | $ | ||||||
| Due to key management personnel | ||||||||
| Due to related parties | $ | $ | ||||||
| (b) | The balance of due to shareholders mainly due to the principal shareholders of the Company who provide funds for the Company’s operations. The payables are unsecured, non-interest bearing and due on demand. |
F-20
WAH FU EDUCATION GROUP LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 8 – TAXES
Corporate Income Taxes (“CIT”)
The Company is subject to income taxes on an entity basis on income arising in or derived from the tax jurisdiction in which each entity is domiciled. Wah Fu is an offshore holding company and is not subject to tax on income or capital gains under the laws of the British Virgin Islands.
Wah Fu Holding was incorporated in Hong Kong and
is subject to Hong Kong corporate income tax at a rate of
Distance Learning was registered in the PRC and
is subject to corporate income tax at a reduced rate of
(i) The components of the income tax expense (benefit) are as follows:
| For the Year Ended | ||||||||||||
| March 31, 2022 | March 31, 2021 | March 31, 2020 | ||||||||||
| Current income tax provision | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Deferred income tax provision (benefit) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
(ii) The following table summarizes deferred tax assets resulting from differences between the financial reporting basis and tax basis of assets and liabilities:
| As of March 31, 2022 | As of March 31, 2021 | |||||||
| Allowance for doubtful accounts | $ | $ | ||||||
| Deferred revenue | ||||||||
| Net operating loss carry-forwards | ||||||||
| Total deferred tax asset | ||||||||
| Valuation allowance | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Deferred tax assets, net | $ | $ | ||||||
F-21
WAH FU EDUCATION GROUP LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 8 – TAXES (CONTINUED)
Corporate Income Taxes (“CIT”) (Continued)
According to Chinese tax regulations, net operating
loss (“NOL”) can be carried forward to offset operating income for
(iii) The following table reconciles the PRC statutory rates to the Company’s effective tax rate for the years ended March 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020:
| For the Years Ended | ||||||||||||
| March 31, 2022 | March 31, 2021 | March 31, 2020 | ||||||||||
| Statutory PRC income tax rate | % | % | % | |||||||||
| Favorable tax rate impact (a) | ( | )% | ( | )% | ( | )% | ||||||
| Permanent difference | % | % | ( | )% | ||||||||
| Change in valuation allowance | % | ( | )% | ( | )% | |||||||
| Effective tax rate | % | % | ( | )% | ||||||||
Taxes payable
Taxes payable consisted of the following:
| As of March 31, 2022 | As of March 31, 2021 | |||||||
| Income tax payable | $ | $ | ||||||
| Value added tax payable | ||||||||
| Other taxes payable | ||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | ||||||
F-22
WAH FU EDUCATION GROUP LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 9 – LEASES
On April 1, 2019, the Company adopted ASU 2016-02, Leases (ASC Topic 842). For all leases that were entered into prior to the effective date of Topic 842, the Company elected to apply the package of practical expedients. The Company leases office space under non-cancelable operating leases, with terms typically ranging from one to four years. The Company determines whether an arrangement is or includes an embedded lease at contract inception.
Operating lease assets and lease liabilities are recognized at commencement date and initially measured based on the present value of lease payments over the defined lease term. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
The components of lease expense were as follows:
| March 31, 2022 | ||||
| Operating lease cost | $ | |||
| Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term (Months) | ||||
| Operating leases | ||||
| Weighted Average Discount Rate | ||||
| Operating leases | % | |||
Maturities of lease liabilities were as follows:
| Twelve months ending March 31, | ||||
| 2023 | $ | |||
| 2024 | ||||
| Total Lease Payments | ||||
| Less Imputed Interest | ( | ) | ||
| Total | $ | |||
F-23
WAH FU EDUCATION GROUP LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 10 – EQUITY
Ordinary shares
On April 29, 2019, the Company announced the closing
of its initial public offering of
On April 1, 2021 the underwriter elects to exercise
the purchase warrants which the company offering to the underwriter for initial public offering services (see Note 10-Warrants issued
for service). The total exercise shares should be
As a result, the Company had
Statutory reserves
The Company is required to make appropriations
to certain reserve funds, comprising the statutory surplus reserve and the discretionary surplus reserve, based on after-tax net income
determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles of the PRC (“PRC GAAP”). Appropriations to the statutory
surplus reserve are required to be at least
Warrants issued for services
According to the underwriting agreement which
singed on August 2, 2018, on April 16, 2019,
On April 1, 2021
F-24
WAH FU EDUCATION GROUP LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 11 – SEGMENT REPORTING
ASC 280, “Segment Reporting,” establishes standards for reporting information about operating segments on a basis consistent with the Company’s internal organizational structure as well as information about geographical areas, business segments and major customers in financial statements for details on the Company’s business segments. The Company uses the “management approach” in determining reportable operating segments. The management approach considers the internal organization and reporting used by the Company’s chief operating decision maker for making operating decisions and assessing performance as the source for determining the Company’s reportable segments. Management, including the chief operating decision maker, reviews operation results by the revenue of different products. Based on management’s assessment, the Company has determined that it has two operating segments: online education services, and technological development and operation service. Our online education segment consists of two types of online services: Online Education Cloud Service (“B2B2C”) and Online Training Service (“B2C”).
The following tables present summary information by segment for the years ended March 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively:
| For the Year Ended | ||||||||||||
| March 31, 2022 | March 31, 2021 | March 31, 2019 | ||||||||||
| Revenue from Online Education Service | ||||||||||||
| Revenue from B2B2C Service | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Revenue from B2C Service | ||||||||||||
| Revenue from Technological Development and Operation Service | ||||||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
All the Company’s revenue was generated from its business operation in China.
| For the Year Ended March 31, 2022 | ||||||||||||
| Online Education Service | Technological Development and Operation Service | Total | ||||||||||
| Revenue | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Cost of revenue and related tax | ||||||||||||
| Gross profit | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Total capital expenditures | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| For the Year Ended March 31, 2021 | ||||||||||||
| Online Education Service | Technological Development and Operation Service | Total | ||||||||||
| Revenue | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Cost of revenue and related tax | ||||||||||||
| Gross profit | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | |||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Total capital expenditures | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
F-25
WAH FU EDUCATION GROUP LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 11 – SEGMENT REPORTING (CONTINUED)
| For the Year Ended March 31, 2020 | ||||||||||||
| Online Education Service | Technological Development and Operation Service | Total | ||||||||||
| Revenue | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Cost of revenue and related tax | ||||||||||||
| Gross profit | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | |||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Total capital expenditures | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| As of March 31, 2022 | As of March 31, 2021 | |||||||
| Total assets: | ||||||||
| Online Education Service | $ | $ | ||||||
| Technological Development and Operation Service | ||||||||
| Total Assets | $ | $ | ||||||
NOTE 12 – SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
As of the reporting date, the COVID-19 still exist in some provinces in China. Because our main business is online education and we were able to keep providing services during the pandemic, the adverse effect of the COVID-19 is not material. Due to the fact that colleges and universities throughout the country did not start school during the pandemic, the Company is experiencing certain delays of payments from customers, and minor withdrawals from the Company’s services. Although the number of existing continuing education users who switch from real life to online learning is increasing, the new demand for continuing education promotion in a certain period of time in the future is still uncertain. In addition, the postpone of examinations and uncertain school schedule for the following academic year may continue to materially adversely affect the Company’s business operations and condition and operating results for 2022, including but not limited to material negative impact on its total revenue, slower collection of accounts receivables, and additional allowance for doubtful accounts. Because of the significant uncertainties surrounding the COVID-19 outbreak, the Company cannot accurately estimate the extent of the business disruption and the related financial impact at this time.
F-26