10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)<br>OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Quarterly Period Ended March 31, 2023

OR

☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)<br>OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
	For the Transition Period from ___________ to ___________

Commission file number 001-35095

UNITED COMMUNITY BANKS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Georgia	58-1807304
(State of incorporation)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)		125 Highway 515 East
---	---
Blairsville, Georgia	30512
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip code)

(706) 781-2265

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of Each Class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common stock, par value $1 per share	UCBI	Nasdaq Global Select Market
Depositary shares, each representing 1/1000th interest in a share of <br>Series I Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock	UCBIO	Nasdaq Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Date File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes ☐ No ☒

There were 115,154,699 shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $1 per share, outstanding as of April 30, 2023.

UNITED COMMUNITY BANKS, INC.

FORM 10-Q

INDEX

		Glossary of Defined Terms	3
		Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-looking Statements	4
PART I - Financial Information
	Item 1.	Financial Statements
		Consolidated Balance Sheets (unaudited)	5
		Consolidated Statements of Income (unaudited)	6
		Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (unaudited)	7
		Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity (unaudited)	8
		Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited)	9
		Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	10
	Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	37
	Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	54
	Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	54
PART II - Other Information
	Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	55
	Item 1A.	Risk Factors	55
	Item 6.	Exhibits	55

Glossary of Defined Terms

The following terms may be used throughout this report, including the consolidated financial statements and related notes.

Term	Definition
2022 10-K	United’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 filed with the SEC on February 24, 2023
ACL	Allowance for credit losses
AFS	Available-for-sale
ALCO	Asset/Liability Management Committee
AOCI	Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
ASU	Accounting standards update
Bank	United Community Bank
Board	United Community Banks Inc., Board of Directors
BOLI	Bank-owned life insurance
CECL	Current expected credit loss
CET1	Common equity tier 1
CME	Chicago Mercantile Exchange
Company	United Community Banks Inc. (interchangeable with "United" below)
CVA	Credit valuation adjustment
FASB	Financial Accounting Standards Board
FDIC	Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
FDM	Modification made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty
Federal Reserve	Federal Reserve System
First Miami	First Miami Bancorp, Inc.
FHLB	Federal Home Loan Bank
FOMC	Federal Reserve’s Federal Open Markets Committee
FTE	Fully taxable equivalent
GAAP	Accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America
GSE	U.S. government-sponsored enterprise
HELOC	Home equity lines of credit
HFI	Held for investment
Holding Company	United Community Banks, Inc. on an unconsolidated basis
HTM	Held-to-maturity
LIBOR	London Interbank Offered Rate
LIHTC	Low- income housing tax credit
MD&A	Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
MBS	Mortgage-backed securities
NOW	Negotiable order of withdrawal
NPA	Nonperforming asset
OCI	Other comprehensive income (loss)
OREO	Other real estate owned
PCD	Purchased credit deteriorated
Progress	Progress Financial Corporation and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Progress Bank & Trust
Reliant	Reliant Bancorp, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Reliant Bank
Report	Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ending March 31, 2023
SBA	United States Small Business Administration
SEC	Securities and Exchange Commission
TDR	Troubled debt restructuring
U.S. Treasury	United States Department of the Treasury
United	United Community Banks, Inc. and its direct and indirect subsidiaries
USDA	United States Department of Agriculture
VIE	Variable interest entity

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-looking Statements

This Report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements are neither statements of historical or current fact nor are they assurances of future performance and generally can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as “believes”, “expects”, “may”, “will”, “could”, “should”, “projects”, “plans”, “goal”, “targets”, “potential”, “estimates”, “pro forma”, “seeks”, “intends”, or “anticipates”, or similar expressions. Forward-looking statements include discussions of strategy, financial projections, guidance and estimates (including their underlying assumptions), statements regarding plans, objectives, expectations or consequences of various transactions or events (including the expected completion date of the First Miami transaction), and statements about our future performance, operations, products and services, and should be viewed with caution.

Because forward-looking statements relate to the future, they are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties, assumptions, and changes in circumstances, many of which are beyond our control, and that are difficult to predict as to timing, extent, likelihood and degree of occurrence, and that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results implied or anticipated by the statements. Important factors that could cause our actual results and financial condition to differ materially from those indicated in the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to the following:

•negative economic and political conditions that adversely affect the general economy, the banking sector, housing prices, the real estate market, the job market, consumer confidence, the financial condition of our borrowers and consumer spending habits, which may affect, among other things, the levels of NPAs, charge-offs and provision expense;

•changes in loan underwriting, credit review or loss policies associated with economic conditions, examination conclusions or regulatory developments, either as they currently exist or as they may be affected by conditions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic;

•the continuing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the potential effects of other pandemics or public health conditions on the economic and business environments in which we operate;

•strategic, market, operational, liquidity and interest rate risks associated with our business;

•potential fluctuations or unanticipated changes in the interest rate environment, including interest rate changes made by the Federal Reserve, replacements of LIBOR and replacement or reform of other interest rate benchmarks, as well as cash flow reassessments may reduce net interest margin and/or the volumes and values of loans made or held as well as the value of other financial assets;

•any unanticipated or greater than anticipated adverse conditions in the national or local economies in which we operate;

•our loan concentration in industries or sectors that may experience unanticipated or greater than anticipated adverse conditions than other industries or sectors in the national or local economies in which we operate;

•the risks of expansion into new geographic or product markets;

•risks with respect to our ability to identify and complete future mergers or acquisitions as well as our ability to successfully expand and integrate those businesses and operations that we acquire;

•our ability to attract and retain key employees;

•competition from financial institutions and other financial service providers including non-bank financial technology providers and our ability to attract customers from other financial institutions;

•losses due to fraudulent and negligent conduct of our customers, third party service providers or employees;

•cybersecurity risks and the vulnerability of our network and online banking portals, and the systems or parties with whom we contract, to unauthorized access, computer viruses, phishing schemes, spam attacks, human error, natural disasters, power loss and other security breaches that could adversely affect our business and financial performance or reputation;

•our reliance on third parties to provide key components of our business infrastructure and services required to operate our business;

•the risk that we may be required to make substantial expenditures to keep pace with regulatory initiatives and the rapid technological changes in the financial services market;

•the availability of and access to capital;

•legislative, regulatory or accounting changes that may adversely affect us;

•volatility in the ACL resulting from the CECL methodology, either alone or as that may be affected by conditions affecting our business;

•adverse results (including judgments, costs, fines, reputational harm, inability to obtain necessary approvals and/or other negative effects) from current or future litigation, regulatory proceedings, examinations, investigations, or similar matters, or developments related thereto;

•any matter that would cause us to conclude that there was impairment of any asset, including intangible assets, such as goodwill;

•limitations on our ability to declare and pay dividends and other distributions from the Bank to the Holding Company, which could affect Holding Company liquidity, including its ability to pay dividends to shareholders or take other capital actions;

•the potential effects of events beyond our control that may have a destabilizing effect on financial markets and the economy, such as war or terrorist activities, the Russian invasion of Ukraine, disruptions in our customers’ supply chains, disruptions in transportation, essential utility outages or trade disputes and related tariffs; and

•other risks and uncertainties disclosed in documents filed or furnished by us with or to the SEC, any of which could cause actual results to differ materially from future results expressed, implied or otherwise anticipated by such forward-looking statements.

We caution readers that the foregoing list of factors is not exclusive, is not necessarily in order of importance and readers should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. Additional factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from those contemplated by any forward-looking statements also may be found in our 2022 10-K (including the “Risk Factor” section of that report), Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, and Current Reports on Form 8-K filed with the SEC and available at the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov. We do not intend to and, except as required by law, hereby disclaim any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement contained in this Report, which speaks only as of the date of its filing with the SEC, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise. The financial statements and information contained herein have not been reviewed, or confirmed for accuracy or relevance, by the FDIC or any other regulator.

Item 1. Financial Statements

UNITED COMMUNITY BANKS, INC.
Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited)
(in thousands, except share data)			March 31,<br>2023		December 31, <br>2022
---	---	---	---	---
ASSETS
Cash and due from banks	$	275,962	$	195,771
Interest-bearing deposits in banks	501,719		316,082
Federal funds and other short-term investments	—		135,000
Cash and cash equivalents	777,681		646,853
Debt securities available-for-sale	3,331,139		3,614,333
Debt securities held-to-maturity (fair value $2,206,874 and $2,191,073, respectively)	2,584,081		2,613,648
Loans held for sale	20,390		13,600
Loans and leases held for investment	17,124,703		15,334,627
Less allowance for credit losses - loans and leases	(176,534)		(159,357)
Loans and leases, net	16,948,169		15,175,270
Premises and equipment, net	336,617		298,456
Bank owned life insurance	341,285		299,297
Goodwill and other intangible assets, net	961,244		779,248
Other assets	571,244		568,179
Total assets	$	25,871,850	$	24,008,884
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Liabilities:
Deposits:
Noninterest-bearing demand	$	7,540,265	$	7,643,081
Interest-bearing deposits	14,464,409		12,233,426
Total deposits	22,004,674		19,876,507
Short-term borrowings	7,219		158,933
Federal Home Loan Bank advances	30,000		550,000
Long-term debt	324,729		324,663
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	427,105		398,107
Total liabilities	22,793,727		21,308,210
Shareholders' equity:
Preferred stock, $1 par value: 10,000,000 shares authorized;<br><br>4,000 shares Series I issued and outstanding; $25,000 per share liquidation preference	96,422		96,422
Common stock, $1 par value: 200,000,000 shares authorized,<br><br>115,151,566 and 106,222,758 shares issued and outstanding, respectively	115,152		106,223
Common stock issuable: 579,835 and 607,128 shares, respectively	11,977		12,307
Capital surplus	2,606,403		2,306,366
Retained earnings	542,606		508,844
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(294,437)		(329,488)
Total shareholders' equity	3,078,123		2,700,674
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$	25,871,850	$	24,008,884

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

UNITED COMMUNITY BANKS, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited)
(in thousands, except per share data)
---	---	---
	2023		2022
Interest revenue:
Loans, including fees	$	236,431	$	146,741
Investment securities, including tax exempt of 2,110 and 2,655, respectively	39,986		23,665
Deposits in banks and short-term investments	3,070		653
Total interest revenue	279,487		171,059
Interest expense:
Deposits	57,861		3,131
Short-term borrowings	1,148		—
Federal Home Loan Bank advances	5,112		—
Long-term debt	3,896		4,136
Total interest expense	68,017		7,267
Net interest revenue	211,470		163,792
Provision for credit losses	21,783		23,086
Net interest revenue after provision for credit losses	189,687		140,706
Noninterest income:
Service charges and fees	8,699		9,070
Mortgage loan gains and other related fees	4,521		16,152
Wealth management fees	5,724		5,895
Gains from sales of other loans, net	1,916		3,198
Lending and loan servicing fees	4,016		2,986
Securities losses, net	(1,644)		(3,734)
Other	6,977		5,406
Total noninterest income	30,209		38,973
Total revenue	219,896		179,679
Noninterest expenses:
Salaries and employee benefits	78,698		71,006
Communications and equipment	10,008		9,248
Occupancy	9,889		9,378
Advertising and public relations	2,349		1,488
Postage, printing and supplies	2,537		2,119
Professional fees	6,072		4,447
Lending and loan servicing expense	2,319		2,366
Outside services - electronic banking	3,425		2,523
FDIC assessments and other regulatory charges	4,001		2,173
Amortization of intangibles	3,528		1,793
Merger-related and other charges	8,631		9,016
Other	8,348		3,718
Total noninterest expenses	139,805		119,275
Income before income taxes	80,091		60,404
Income tax expense	17,791		12,385
Net income	$	62,300	$	48,019
Net income available to common shareholders	$	60,242	$	46,062
Net income per common share:
Basic	$	0.52	$	0.43
Diluted	0.52		0.43
Weighted average common shares outstanding:
Basic	115,451		106,550
Diluted	115,715		106,677

All values are in US Dollars.

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

UNITED COMMUNITY BANKS, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Unaudited)
(in thousands)
	Three Months Ended March 31,
---	---	---	---
		Before-tax<br>Amount		Tax<br>(Expense)<br>Benefit		Net of Tax<br>Amount
2023
Net income		$	80,091	$	(17,791)	$	62,300
Other comprehensive income:
Unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities:
Unrealized holding gains		43,279		(10,284)		32,995
Reclassification adjustment for losses included in net income		1,644		(374)		1,270
Net unrealized gains		44,923		(10,658)		34,265
Amortization of unrealized losses on held-to-maturity securities transferred from available-for-sale		2,968		(720)		2,248
Derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges:
Unrealized holding losses on derivatives		(1,202)		307		(895)
Gains on derivative instruments realized in net income		(822)		210		(612)
Net cash flow hedge activity		(2,024)		517		(1,507)
Amortization of defined benefit pension plan net periodic pension cost components		61		(16)		45
Total other comprehensive income		45,928		(10,877)		35,051
Comprehensive income		$	126,019	$	(28,668)	$	97,351
2022
Net income		$	60,404	$	(12,385)	$	48,019
Other comprehensive loss:
Unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities:
Unrealized holding losses		(203,885)		47,973		(155,912)
Reclassification of securities from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity		57,403		(13,592)		43,811
Reclassification adjustment for losses included in net income		3,734		(990)		2,744
Net unrealized losses		(142,748)		33,391		(109,357)
Reclassification of securities from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity		(57,403)		13,592		(43,811)
Derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges:
Unrealized holding gains on derivatives		5,468		(1,397)		4,071
Losses on derivative instruments realized in net income		141		(36)		105
Net cash flow hedge activity		5,609		(1,433)		4,176
Amortization of defined benefit pension plan net periodic pension cost components		170		(43)		127
Total other comprehensive loss		(194,372)		45,507		(148,865)
Comprehensive loss		$	(133,968)	$	33,122	$	(100,846)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

UNITED COMMUNITY BANKS, INC.
Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity (Unaudited)
(in thousands except share data)
	Preferred Stock		Common Stock		Common Stock Issuable		Capital Surplus		Retained Earnings		Accumulated <br>Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Total
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
December 31, 2022	96,422		106,223		12,307		2,306,366		508,844		(329,488)		2,700,674
Net income									62,300				62,300
Other comprehensive income											35,051		35,051
Impact of acquisitions			8,771				297,690						306,461
Preferred stock dividends									(1,719)				(1,719)
Common stock dividends (0.23 per share)									(26,819)				(26,819)
Impact of equity-based compensation awards			122		498		1,900						2,520
Impact of other United sponsored equity plans			36		(828)		447						(345)
March 31, 2023	$	96,422	$	115,152	$	11,977	$	2,606,403	$	542,606	$	(294,437)	$	3,078,123
December 31, 2021	96,422		89,350		11,288		1,721,007		330,654		(26,476)		2,222,245
Net income									48,019				48,019
Other comprehensive loss											(148,865)		(148,865)
Impact of acquisitions			16,571				579,805						596,376
Preferred stock dividends									(1,719)				(1,719)
Common stock dividends (0.21 per share)									(22,545)				(22,545)
Impact of equity-based compensation awards			43		1,444		706						2,193
Impact of other United sponsored equity plans			61		(1,421)		671						(689)
March 31, 2022	$	96,422	$	106,025	$	11,311	$	2,302,189	$	354,409	$	(175,341)	$	2,695,015

All values are in US Dollars.

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

UNITED COMMUNITY BANKS, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)
(in thousands)			Three Months Ended March 31,
---	---	---	---	---
	2023		2022
Operating activities:
Net income	$	62,300	$	48,019
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation, amortization and accretion, net	12,126		11,446
Provision for credit losses	21,783		23,086
Stock based compensation	2,482		2,488
Deferred income tax expense	8,103		2,309
Securities losses, net	1,644		3,734
Gains from sales of other loans	(1,916)		(3,198)
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Other assets	10,303		18,242
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	(22,029)		9,026
Loans held for sale	(4,703)		85,324
Net cash provided by operating activities	90,093		200,476
Investing activities:
Debt securities held-to-maturity:
Proceeds from maturities and calls	31,550		17,807
Purchases	—		(216,482)
Debt securities available-for-sale:
Proceeds from sales	380,661		208,409
Proceeds from maturities and calls	83,794		205,332
Purchases	(25,862)		(933,849)
Net increase in loans	(345,316)		(218,706)
Equity investments, outflows	(74,323)		(12,554)
Equity investments, inflows	93,687		16,091
Proceeds from sales of premises and equipment	2,169		2,978
Purchases of premises and equipment	(22,602)		(7,314)
Net cash received in acquisition	57,101		35,243
Proceeds from sale of other real estate and repossessed assets	98		680
Other investing inflows	338		—
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	181,295		(902,365)
Financing activities:
Net increase in deposits	793,162		311,040
Net decrease in short-term borrowings	(292,732)		—
Proceeds from FHLB advances	1,580,000		—
Repayment of FHLB advances	(2,195,000)		—
Cash dividends on common stock	(23,674)		(18,149)
Cash dividends on preferred stock	(1,719)		(1,719)
Other financing inflows	1,058		346
Other financing outflows	(1,655)		(1,475)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities	(140,560)		290,043
Net change in cash and cash equivalents	130,828		(411,846)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	646,853		2,318,510
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	777,681	$	1,906,664

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

UNITED COMMUNITY BANKS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

Note 1 – Basis of Presentation and Updates to Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

United’s accounting and financial reporting policies conform to GAAP and reporting guidelines of banking regulatory authorities. The accompanying interim consolidated financial statements have not been audited. All material intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. A more detailed description of United’s accounting policies is included in its 2022 10-K.

In management’s opinion, all accounting adjustments necessary to accurately reflect the financial position and results of operations on the accompanying financial statements have been made. These adjustments are normal and recurring accruals considered necessary for a fair and accurate presentation. The results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results for the full year or any other interim periods. The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing in United’s 2022 10-K.

Updates to Significant Accounting Policies

Effective January 1, 2023, United adopted ASU 2022-02, which updated the guidance on modifications to financing receivables by effectively replacing the concept of troubled debt restructurings with a new concept, loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. See Note 2 for further detail. Below summarizes the policy surrounding FDMs.

FDMs: A loan for which the terms have been modified as a result of the borrower experiencing financial difficulty is generally considered to be a FDM. Modified terms that result in a FDM include one or a combination of the following: a reduction of the stated interest rate of the loan, an extension of the term or amortization period, a more than insignificant payment delay or principal forgiveness. The ACL on FDMs is calculated using the same method as other loans held for investment.

Note 2 – Accounting Standards Updates and Recently Adopted Standards

Recently Adopted Standards

In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU No. 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from contracts with Customers. The update requires that an acquiring entity apply the guidance from Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) to recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities in a business combination, rather than fair value. Adoption of this update as of January 1, 2023 did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-01, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Fair Value Hedging - Portfolio Layer Method. The update expands the current last-of-layer method to a portfolio layer method which allows multiple hedged layers of a single closed portfolio and non-prepayable financial assets. In addition, the update specifies that eligible hedging instruments may include spot-starting or forward-starting swaps and that the number of hedged layers corresponds with the number of hedges designated. Finally, the update provides additional guidance on the accounting for and disclosure of hedge basis adjustments. Adoption of this update as of January 1, 2023 did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-02, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures. The update eliminates the previous accounting guidance for TDRs by creditors, while enhancing disclosure requirements for certain loan refinancings and restructurings when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. The update also requires that an entity disclose current-period gross charge-offs by year of origination. United adopted this update using a modified retrospective transition method as of January 1, 2023. The quantitative impact of adoption related to the CECL calculation for FDMs was not material; thus, no corresponding cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings was recorded.

Recently Issued Standards

In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU No 2023-02, Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method. The update broadens the application of the proportional amortization method to tax equity investments other than LIHTC, providing certain conditions are met. The election to apply the proportional amortization method must be made on a tax-credit-program by tax-credit-program basis rather than at the reporting entity level or to individual investments. The update also requires certain disclosures related to those investments for which the proportional amortization method has been applied. For public entities, this guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023. United does not expect the new guidance to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

UNITED COMMUNITY BANKS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

Note 3 – Supplemental Cash Flow Information

The supplemental schedule of significant non-cash investing and financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 is as follows (in thousands).

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Significant non-cash investing and financing transactions:
Commitments to fund equity investments	$	20,000	$	—
Transfers of AFS securities to HTM securities	—		1,105,194
Acquisitions:
Assets acquired	1,903,930		3,254,173
Liabilities assumed	1,597,022		2,657,173
Net assets acquired	306,908		597,000
Common stock issued and options converted	306,461		596,376

UNITED COMMUNITY BANKS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

Note 4 – Acquisitions

Acquisition of Progress

On January 3, 2023, United acquired all of the outstanding common stock of Progress in a stock transaction. Progress operated 13 offices primarily located in Alabama and the Florida Panhandle, which facilitated United’s growth into those markets. United’s operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2023 include the operating results of the acquired business for the period subsequent to the acquisition date of January 3, 2023.

The purchased assets and assumed liabilities were recorded at their acquisition date fair values and are summarized in the table below (dollars in thousands).

Progress
	Fair Value Recorded by United (1)
		January 3, 2023
	Assets
	Cash and cash equivalents	$	57,548
	Debt securities	111,006
	Loans held for sale	2,087
	Loans held for investment	1,442,959
	Premises and equipment	21,118
	Bank-owned life insurance	40,723
	Core deposit intangible	39,980
	Other assets	42,965
	Total assets acquired	1,758,386
	Liabilities
	Deposits	1,334,476
	Short-term borrowings	141,017
	Federal Home Loan Bank advances	95,000
	Other liabilities	26,529
	Total liabilities assumed	1,597,022
	Total identifiable net assets	161,364
	Consideration transferred
	Cash	447
	Common stock issued (8,770,531 shares)	296,444
	Options converted	10,017
	Total fair value of consideration transferred	306,908
	Goodwill	$	145,544

(1) Fair values are preliminary and are subject to refinement for a period not to exceed one year after the closing date of an acquisition as information relative to closing date fair values becomes available.

Goodwill represents the intangible value of Progress’ business and reputation within the markets it served and is not expected to be deductible for income tax purposes. The Progress core deposit intangible will be amortized over its expected useful life of 10 years using the sum-of-the-years-digits method.

UNITED COMMUNITY BANKS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

The following table presents additional information related to the acquired Progress loan portfolio at the acquisition date (in thousands).

	January 3, 2023
PCD loans:
Par value	$	64,913
ACL at acquisition	(2,704)
Non-credit discount	(150)
Purchase price	$	62,059
Non-PCD loans:
Fair value	$	1,380,900
Gross contractual amounts receivable	1,626,243
Estimate of contractual cash flows not expected to be collected	9,287

Pro forma information

The following table discloses the impact of the Progress acquisition since the date of acquisition. The table also presents certain pro forma information as if Progress had been acquired on January 1, 2022 and Reliant had been acquired January 1, 2021. These results combine the historical results of the acquired entity with United’s consolidated statement of income. Adjustments were made for the estimated impact of certain fair value adjustments and other acquisition-related activity; however pro forma financial results presented are not necessarily indicative of what would have occurred had the acquisition taken place in earlier years.

Merger-related costs from the Progress acquisition of $7.49 million have been excluded from the three months ended March 31, 2023 pro forma information presented below and included in the three months ended March 31, 2022 pro forma information presented below. Merger-related costs from the Reliant acquisition of $8.54 million have been excluded from the three months ended March 31, 2022 pro forma information presented below. The actual results and pro forma information were as follows (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended<br>March 31,
		Revenue		Net Income
2023
Actual Progress results included in statement of income since acquisition date		$	6,652	$	1,810
Supplemental consolidated pro forma as if Progress had been acquired January 1, 2022		229,541		75,209
2022
Actual Reliant results included in statement of income since acquisition date		$	13,914	$	598
Supplemental consolidated pro forma as if Progress had been acquired January 1, 2022 and Reliant had been acquired January 1, 2021		$	204,869	$	57,382

UNITED COMMUNITY BANKS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

Note 5 – Investment Securities

The amortized cost basis, unrealized gains and losses and fair value of HTM debt securities as of the dates indicated are as follows (in thousands).

	Amortized<br>Cost		Gross Unrealized <br>Gains		Gross Unrealized <br>Losses		Fair<br>Value
As of March 31, 2023
U.S. Treasuries	$	19,841	$	—	$	2,024	$	17,817
U.S. Government agencies & GSEs	99,718		—		15,696		84,022
State and political subdivisions	295,453		274		53,897		241,830
Residential MBS, Agency & GSEs	1,465,433		36		198,072		1,267,397
Commercial MBS, Agency & GSEs	688,636		—		105,665		582,971
Supranational entities	15,000		—		2,163		12,837
Total	$	2,584,081	$	310	$	377,517	$	2,206,874
As of December 31, 2022
U.S. Treasuries	$	19,834	$	—	$	2,417	$	17,417
U.S. Government agencies & GSEs	99,679		—		18,169		81,510
State and political subdivisions	295,945		56		64,340		231,661
Residential MBS, Agency & GSEs	1,488,028		35		223,566		1,264,497
Commercial MBS, Agency & GSEs	695,162		—		111,586		583,576
Supranational entities	$	15,000	$	—	$	2,588	$	12,412
Total	$	2,613,648	$	91	$	422,666	$	2,191,073

The amortized cost basis, unrealized gains and losses, and fair value of AFS debt securities as of the dates indicated are presented below (in thousands).

	Amortized<br>Cost		Gross Unrealized<br>Gains		Gross Unrealized<br>Losses		Fair<br>Value
As of March 31, 2023
U.S. Treasuries	$	188,580	$	51	$	12,372	$	176,259
U.S. Government agencies & GSEs	260,447		371		15,175		245,643
State and political subdivisions	183,908		—		20,955		162,953
Residential MBS, Agency & GSEs	1,483,641		9		138,784		1,344,866
Residential MBS, Non-agency	368,028		—		26,272		341,756
Commercial MBS, Agency & GSEs	691,880		—		71,720		620,160
Commercial MBS, Non-agency	31,452		—		924		30,528
Corporate bonds	219,692		37		19,662		200,067
Asset-backed securities	215,580		—		6,673		208,907
Total	$	3,643,208	$	468	$	312,537	$	3,331,139
As of December 31, 2022
U.S. Treasuries	$	163,972	$	—	$	14,620	$	149,352
U.S. Government agencies & GSEs	266,347		463		16,694		250,116
State and political subdivisions	329,723		151		26,126		303,748
Residential MBS, Agency & GSEs	1,609,442		13		160,636		1,448,819
Residential MBS, Non-agency	374,535		—		27,873		346,662
Commercial MBS, Agency & GSEs	720,282		471		79,407		641,346
Commercial MBS, Non-agency	31,624		—		1,058		30,566
Corporate bonds	236,181		34		23,763		212,452
Asset-backed securities	239,220		—		7,948		231,272
Total	$	3,971,326	$	1,132	$	358,125	$	3,614,333

UNITED COMMUNITY BANKS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

Securities with a carrying value of $4.39 billion and $2.53 billion were pledged, primarily to secure public deposits and provide contingent liquidity through the Bank Term Funding Program at the Federal Reserve Bank, at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

The following table summarizes HTM debt securities in an unrealized loss position as of the dates indicated (in thousands).

	Less than 12 Months				12 Months or More				Total
	Fair Value		Unrealized<br>Loss		Fair Value		Unrealized<br>Loss		Fair Value		Unrealized<br>Loss
As of March 31, 2023
U.S. Treasuries	$	—	$	—	$	17,817	$	2,024	$	17,817	$	2,024
U.S. Government agencies & GSEs	—		—		84,022		15,696		84,022		15,696
State and political subdivisions	11,082		98		213,432		53,799		224,514		53,897
Residential MBS, Agency & GSEs	59,315		2,458		1,206,039		195,614		1,265,354		198,072
Commercial MBS, Agency & GSEs	40,149		3,937		542,821		101,728		582,970		105,665
Supranational entities	—		—		12,837		2,163		12,837		2,163
Total unrealized loss position	$	110,546	$	6,493	$	2,076,968	$	371,024	$	2,187,514	$	377,517
As of December 31, 2022
U.S. Treasuries	$	17,417	$	2,417	$	—	$	—	$	17,417	$	2,417
U.S. Government agencies & GSEs	$	10,687	$	1,813	$	70,823	$	16,356	$	81,510	$	18,169
State and political subdivisions	104,243		20,639		117,115		43,701		221,358		64,340
Residential MBS, Agency & GSEs	296,673		38,289		965,785		185,277		1,262,458		223,566
Commercial MBS, Agency & GSEs	176,848		24,497		406,728		87,089		583,576		111,586
Supranational entities	$	12,412	$	2,588	$	—	$	—	$	12,412	$	2,588
Total unrealized loss position	$	618,280	$	90,243	$	1,560,451	$	332,423	$	2,178,731	$	422,666

The following table summarizes AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position as of the dates indicated (in thousands).

	Less than 12 Months				12 Months or More				Total
	Fair Value		Unrealized<br>Loss		Fair Value		Unrealized<br>Loss		Fair Value		Unrealized<br>Loss
As of March 31, 2023
U.S. Treasuries	$	49,418	$	429	$	102,350	$	11,943	$	151,768	$	12,372
U.S. Government agencies & GSEs	76,626		476		121,539		14,699		198,165		15,175
State and political subdivisions	7,856		350		155,098		20,605		162,954		20,955
Residential MBS, Agency & GSEs	368,872		16,135		970,538		122,649		1,339,410		138,784
Residential MBS, Non-agency	160,894		10,277		180,862		15,995		341,756		26,272
Commercial MBS, Agency & GSEs	160,918		4,592		459,242		67,128		620,160		71,720
Commercial MBS, Non-agency	14,514		634		16,015		290		30,529		924
Corporate bonds	9,344		528		187,129		19,134		196,473		19,662
Asset-backed securities	43,909		497		164,997		6,176		208,906		6,673
Total unrealized loss position	$	892,351	$	33,918	$	2,357,770	$	278,619	$	3,250,121	$	312,537
As of December 31, 2022
U.S. Treasuries	$	49,259	$	724	$	100,093	$	13,896	$	149,352	$	14,620
U.S. Government agencies & GSEs	93,015		2,124		108,093		14,570		201,108		16,694
State and political subdivisions	207,749		9,906		62,606		16,220		270,355		26,126
Residential MBS, Agency & GSEs	1,049,648		102,852		392,288		57,784		1,441,936		160,636
Residential MBS, Non-agency	338,399		27,095		8,263		778		346,662		27,873
Commercial MBS, Agency & GSEs	288,787		17,304		332,088		62,103		620,875		79,407
Commercial MBS, Non-agency	30,566		1,058		—		—		30,566		1,058
Corporate bonds	83,010		7,776		127,603		15,987		210,613		23,763
Asset-backed securities	97,705		2,664		133,567		5,284		231,272		7,948
Total unrealized loss position	$	2,238,138	$	171,503	$	1,264,601	$	186,622	$	3,502,739	$	358,125

UNITED COMMUNITY BANKS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

At March 31, 2023, there were 682 AFS debt securities and 312 HTM debt securities that were in an unrealized loss position. United does not intend to sell nor does it believe it will be required to sell securities in an unrealized loss position prior to the recovery of their amortized cost basis. Unrealized losses at March 31, 2023 were primarily attributable to changes in interest rates.

At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, estimated credit losses and, thus, the related ACL on HTM debt securities were de minimis due to the high credit quality of the portfolio, which included securities issued or guaranteed by U.S. Government agencies, GSEs, high credit quality municipalities and supranational entities. As a result, no ACL was recorded on the HTM portfolio at March 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022. In addition, based on the assessments performed at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there was no ACL required related to the AFS portfolio.

The following table presents accrued interest receivable for the periods indicated on HTM and AFS debt securities (in thousands), which was excluded from the estimate of credit losses.

	Accrued Interest Receivable
	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
HTM	$	5,918	$	7,234
AFS	11,136		15,281

The amortized cost and fair value of AFS and HTM debt securities at March 31, 2023, by contractual maturity, are presented in the following table (in thousands). Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers and borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations.

	AFS				HTM
	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Within 1 year:
U.S. Treasuries	$	74,537	$	74,153	$	—	$	—
U.S. Government agencies & GSEs	339		329		—		—
State and political subdivisions	—		—		1,200		1,195
Corporate bonds	5,192		5,006		—		—
	80,068		79,488		1,200		1,195
1 to 5 years:
U.S. Treasuries	99,100		88,768		19,841		17,817
U.S. Government agencies & GSEs	39,608		36,460		—		—
State and political subdivisions	16,353		15,542		28,634		26,902
Corporate bonds	153,336		140,441		—		—
	308,397		281,211		48,475		44,719
5 to 10 years:
U.S. Treasuries	14,943		13,338		—		—
U.S. Government agencies & GSEs	72,813		65,089		73,288		62,808
State and political subdivisions	61,364		51,670		27,810		24,931
Corporate bonds	60,365		53,795		—		—
Supranational entities	—		—		15,000		12,837
	209,485		183,892		116,098		100,576
More than 10 years:
U.S. Government agencies & GSEs	147,687		143,765		26,430		21,214
State and political subdivisions	106,191		95,741		237,809		188,802
Corporate bonds	799		825		—		—
	254,677		240,331		264,239		210,016
Debt securities not due at a single maturity date:
Asset-backed securities	215,580		208,907		—		—
Residential MBS	1,851,669		1,686,622		1,465,433		1,267,397
Commercial MBS	723,332		650,688		688,636		582,971
	2,790,581		2,546,217		2,154,069		1,850,368
Total	$	3,643,208	$	3,331,139	$	2,584,081	$	2,206,874

UNITED COMMUNITY BANKS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

Realized gains and losses are derived using the specific identification method for determining the cost of securities sold. The following table summarizes AFS securities sales activity for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands).

	Three Months Ended<br>March 31,
		2023		2022
Proceeds from sales		$	380,661	$	208,409
Gross realized gains		$	1,373	$	963
Gross realized losses		(3,017)		(4,697)
Securities gains (losses), net		$	(1,644)	$	(3,734)
Income tax expense (benefit) attributable to sales		$	(374)	$	(990)

Note 6 – Loans and Leases and Allowance for Credit Losses

Major classifications of the loan and lease portfolio (collectively referred to as the “loan portfolio” or “loans”) are summarized as of the dates indicated as follows (in thousands).

	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Owner occupied commercial real estate	$	3,141,198	$	2,734,666
Income producing commercial real estate	3,611,376		3,261,626
Commercial & industrial	2,441,721		2,252,322
Commercial construction	1,805,995		1,597,848
Equipment financing	1,446,766		1,374,251
Total commercial	12,447,056		11,220,713
Residential mortgage	2,755,380		2,355,061
HELOC	930,097		850,269
Residential construction	492,356		442,553
Manufactured housing	326,311		316,741
Consumer	173,503		149,290
Total loans	17,124,703		15,334,627
Less allowance for credit losses - loans	(176,534)		(159,357)
Loans, net	$	16,948,169	$	15,175,270

Accrued interest receivable related to loans totaled $56.1 million and $52.0 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and was reported in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets. Accrued interest receivable was excluded from the estimate of credit losses.

At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the loan portfolio was subject to blanket pledges on certain qualifying loan types with the FHLB and FRB to secure contingent funding sources.

The following table presents the amortized cost of loans held for investment that were sold in the periods indicated (in thousands). The gains on these loan sales were included in noninterest income on the consolidated statements of income.

	2023		2022
Guaranteed portion of SBA/A loans	$	21,770	$	28,343
Equipment financing receivables	18,703		23,436
Total	$	40,473	$	51,779

All values are in US Dollars.

UNITED COMMUNITY BANKS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, equipment financing receivables included leases of $54.1 million and $46.0 million, respectively. The components of the net investment in leases, which included both sales-type and direct financing, are presented below (in thousands).

	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Minimum future lease payments receivable	$	58,978	$	49,723
Estimated residual value of leased equipment	3,167		2,804
Initial direct costs	989		767
Security deposits	(408)		(429)
Unearned income	(8,596)		(6,877)
Net investment in leases	$	54,130	$	45,988

Minimum future lease payments expected to be received from equipment financing lease contracts as of March 31, 2023 were as follows (in thousands):

Year
Remainder of 2023	$	15,286
2024	16,672
2025	12,986
2026	8,716
2027	4,722
Thereafter	596
Total	$	58,978

UNITED COMMUNITY BANKS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

Nonaccrual and Past Due Loans

The following table presents the aging of the amortized cost basis in loans by aging category and accrual status as of the dates indicated (in thousands). Past due status is based on contractual terms of the loan. The accrual of interest is generally discontinued when a loan becomes 90 days past due.

	Accruing
	Current Loans			Loans Past Due
			30 - 59 Days			60 - 89 Days			> 90 Days			Nonaccrual Loans			Total Loans
As of March 31, 2023
Owner occupied commercial real estate	$	3,136,902		$	3,296		$	—		$	—		$	1,000		$	3,141,198
Income producing commercial real estate	3,576,513			936			23,324						10,603			3,611,376
Commercial & industrial	2,405,781			2,406			249			9			33,276			2,441,721
Commercial construction	1,804,958			525			37			—			475			1,805,995
Equipment financing	1,434,193			5,029			2,500			—			5,044			1,446,766
Total commercial	12,358,347			12,192			26,110			9			50,398			12,447,056
Residential mortgage	2,740,975			2,976			149			—			11,280			2,755,380
HELOC	924,436			2,871			413			—			2,377			930,097
Residential construction	492,138			75			—			—			143			492,356
Manufactured housing	309,871			6,221			1,677			—			8,542			326,311
Consumer	172,643			486			317			2			55			173,503
Total loans	$	16,998,410		$	24,821		$	28,666		$	11		$	72,795		$	17,124,703
As of December 31, 2022
Owner occupied commercial real estate	$	2,731,574		$	1,522		$	1,047		$	—		$	523		$	2,734,666
Income producing commercial real estate	3,257,232			468			41			—			3,885			3,261,626
Commercial & industrial	2,234,284			3,288			274			6			14,470			2,252,322
Commercial construction	1,597,268			447			—			—			133			1,597,848
Equipment financing	1,362,622			4,285			1,906			—			5,438			1,374,251
Total commercial	11,182,980			10,010			3,268			6			24,449			11,220,713
Residential mortgage	2,342,196			1,939			7			—			10,919			2,355,061
HELOC	844,888			2,709			784			—			1,888			850,269
Residential construction	441,673			20			455			—			405			442,553
Manufactured housing	302,386			6,913			924			—			6,518			316,741
Consumer	148,943			237			48			9			53			149,290
Total loans	$	15,263,066		$	21,828		$	5,486		$	15		$	44,232		$	15,334,627

UNITED COMMUNITY BANKS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

The following table presents nonaccrual loans held for investment by loan class for the periods indicated (in thousands).

	Nonaccrual Loans
	March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022
	With no allowance		With an allowance		Total		With no allowance		With an allowance		Total
Owner occupied commercial real estate	$	68	$	932	$	1,000	$	276	$	247	$	523
Income producing commercial real estate	10,512		91		10,603		3,798		87		3,885
Commercial & industrial	32,161		1,115		33,276		13,917		553		14,470
Commercial construction	—		475		475		69		64		133
Equipment financing	39		5,005		5,044		85		5,353		5,438
Total commercial	42,780		7,618		50,398		18,145		6,304		24,449
Residential mortgage	1,040		10,240		11,280		2,159		8,760		10,919
HELOC	252		2,125		2,377		430		1,458		1,888
Residential construction	59		84		143		311		94		405
Manufactured housing	—		8,542		8,542		—		6,518		6,518
Consumer	3		52		55		3		50		53
Total	$	44,134	$	28,661	$	72,795	$	21,048	$	23,184	$	44,232

Risk Ratings

United categorizes commercial loans, with the exception of equipment financing receivables, into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as: current financial information, historical payment experience, public information, and current industry and economic trends, among other factors. United analyzes loans individually by classifying the loans as to credit risk. This analysis is performed on a continual basis. United uses the following definitions for its risk ratings:

Pass. Loans in this category are considered to have a low probability of default and do not meet the criteria of the risk categories below.

Special Mention. Loans in this category are presently protected from apparent loss; however, weaknesses exist that could cause future impairment, including the deterioration of financial ratios, past due status and questionable management capabilities. These loans require more than the ordinary amount of supervision. Collateral values generally afford adequate coverage, but may not be immediately marketable.

Substandard. These loans are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or by the collateral pledged. Specific and well-defined weaknesses exist that may include poor liquidity and deterioration of financial ratios. The loan may be past due and related deposit accounts experiencing overdrafts. There is the distinct possibility that United will sustain some loss if deficiencies are not corrected. If possible, immediate corrective action is taken.

Doubtful. Specific weaknesses characterized as Substandard that are severe enough to make collection in full highly questionable and improbable. There is no reliable secondary source of full repayment.

Loss. Loans categorized as Loss have the same characteristics as Doubtful; however, probability of loss is certain. Loans classified as Loss are charged off.

Equipment Financing Receivables and Consumer Purpose Loans. United applies a pass / fail grading system to all equipment financing receivables and consumer purpose loans. Under this system, loans that are on nonaccrual status, become past due 90 days, or are in bankruptcy and 30 or more days past due are classified as “fail” and all other loans are classified as “pass”. For reporting purposes, loans in these categories that are classified as “fail” are reported as substandard and all other loans are reported as pass.

UNITED COMMUNITY BANKS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

The following tables present the risk category of term loans and, for 2023, gross charge-offs by vintage year, which is the year of origination or most recent renewal, as of the date indicated (in thousands).

	Term Loans by Origination Year												Revolvers		Revolvers converted to term loans		Total
As of March 31, 2023	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior
Owner occupied commercial real estate:
Pass	$	181,897	$	689,185	$	711,249	$	624,718	$	233,961	$	408,712	$	185,380	$	15,329	$	3,050,431
Special Mention	1,575		6,059		4,294		7,797		10,188		7,311		6,910		277		44,411
Substandard	2,510		9,804		12,504		6,360		3,060		9,139		210		2,769		46,356
Total owner occupied commercial real estate	$	185,982	$	705,048	$	728,047	$	638,875	$	247,209	$	425,162	$	192,500	$	18,375	$	3,141,198
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	207	$	—	$	—	$	207
Income producing commercial real estate:
Pass	$	156,012	$	861,022	$	785,978	$	759,153	$	266,389	$	450,664	$	62,077	$	6,697	$	3,347,992
Special Mention	10,992		41,994		21,382		25,837		18,019		27,425		359		160		146,168
Substandard	26,051		33,928		1,026		17,187		17,782		21,183		—		59		117,216
Total income producing commercial real estate	$	193,055	$	936,944	$	808,386	$	802,177	$	302,190	$	499,272	$	62,436	$	6,916	$	3,611,376
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	2,781	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	2,781
Commercial & industrial
Pass	$	145,494	$	579,840	$	383,076	$	178,455	$	137,606	$	207,290	$	610,517	$	21,871	$	2,264,149
Special Mention	59		2,054		23,456		917		964		875		6,406		295		35,026
Substandard	4,187		11,286		40,400		14,873		4,315		10,292		51,657		5,535		142,545
Doubtful/Loss	—		—		—		—		—		1		—		—		1
Total commercial & industrial	$	149,740	$	593,180	$	446,932	$	194,245	$	142,885	$	218,458	$	668,580	$	27,701	$	2,441,721
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	639	$	—	$	2	$	99	$	41	$	—	$	117	$	898
Commercial construction
Pass	$	215,382	$	743,077	$	392,462	$	253,806	$	81,157	$	33,032	$	59,994	$	1,336	$	1,780,246
Special Mention	29		394		31		55		13,157		—		—		—		13,666
Substandard	390		264		36		1,563		1		9,586		—		243		12,083
Total commercial construction	$	215,801	$	743,735	$	392,529	$	255,424	$	94,315	$	42,618	$	59,994	$	1,579	$	1,805,995
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Equipment financing:
Pass	$	226,702	$	643,405	$	335,672	$	139,705	$	79,143	$	16,118	$	—	$	—	$	1,440,745
Substandard	—		1,999		2,404		1,100		386		132		—		—		6,021
Total equipment financing	$	226,702	$	645,404	$	338,076	$	140,805	$	79,529	$	16,250	$	—	$	—	$	1,446,766
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	1,222	$	1,754	$	534	$	321	$	196	$	—	$	—	$	4,027
Residential mortgage:
Pass	$	229,475	$	1,011,313	$	775,540	$	344,462	$	93,823	$	283,417	$	284	$	3,515	$	2,741,829
Substandard	188		1,351		1,238		1,203		1,496		7,778		—		297		13,551
Total residential mortgage	$	229,663	$	1,012,664	$	776,778	$	345,665	$	95,319	$	291,195	$	284	$	3,812	$	2,755,380
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	19	$	—	$	—	$	19
Home equity lines of credit
Pass	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	901,330	$	25,958	$	927,288
Substandard	—		—		—		—		—		—		168		2,641		2,809
Total home equity lines of credit	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	901,498	$	28,599	$	930,097
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	121	$	121
Residential construction
Pass	$	85,484	$	322,159	$	65,242	$	8,692	$	1,577	$	8,119	$	—	$	31	$	491,304
Substandard	454		—		435		—		19		144		—		—		1,052
Total residential construction	$	85,938	$	322,159	$	65,677	$	8,692	$	1,596	$	8,263	$	—	$	31	$	492,356
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Manufactured housing
Pass	$	15,660	$	76,558	$	53,747	$	47,617	$	34,198	$	88,903	$	—	$	—	$	316,683
Substandard	152		1,582		1,634		1,828		849		3,583		—		—		9,628
Total consumer	$	15,812	$	78,140	$	55,381	$	49,445	$	35,047	$	92,486	$	—	$	—	$	326,311
Current period gross charge-offs	$	3	$	266	$	95	$	99	$	65	$	126	$	—	$	—	$	654
Consumer
Pass	$	31,666	$	62,905	$	29,042	$	14,025	$	3,215	$	2,642	$	29,723	$	127	$	173,345
Substandard	—		16		82		30		1		24		5		—		158
Total consumer	$	31,666	$	62,921	$	29,124	$	14,055	$	3,216	$	2,666	$	29,728	$	127	$	173,503
Current period gross charge-offs	$	659	$	44	$	41	$	16	$	13	$	—	$	1	$	43	$	817

UNITED COMMUNITY BANKS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

	Term Loans												Revolvers		Revolvers converted to term loans		Total
As of December 31, 2022	2022		2021		2020		2019		2018		Prior
Pass
Owner occupied commercial real estate	$	669,451	$	671,395	$	611,900	$	204,990	$	127,738	$	253,890	$	114,975	$	5,779	$	2,660,118
Income producing commercial real estate	812,804		753,936		733,946		248,259		171,108		255,485		50,026		9,953		3,035,517
Commercial & industrial	535,594		388,851		186,292		134,789		119,547		71,503		670,161		15,880		2,122,617
Commercial construction	732,147		391,963		256,087		78,778		11,977		19,973		70,819		1,433		1,563,177
Equipment financing	714,044		374,030		162,463		93,690		22,753		1,214		—		—		1,368,194
Total commercial	3,464,040		2,580,175		1,950,688		760,506		453,123		602,065		905,981		33,045		10,749,623
Residential mortgage	894,960		742,821		329,762		91,300		55,785		223,846		8		3,133		2,341,615
HELOC	—		—		—		—		—		—		824,153		23,948		848,101
Residential construction	344,443		82,289		4,478		1,742		1,545		7,549		—		31		442,077
Manufactured housing	78,097		54,976		48,908		34,836		31,060		61,148		—		—		309,025
Consumer	71,899		29,322		15,406		3,987		1,837		588		25,963		126		149,128
	4,853,439		3,489,583		2,349,242		892,371		543,350		895,196		1,756,105		60,283		14,839,569
Special Mention
Owner occupied commercial real estate	4,236		8,036		4,641		10,299		1,232		11,596		3,875		279		44,194
Income producing commercial real estate	41,423		1,137		44,802		32,821		21,647		50		805		—		142,685
Commercial & industrial	1,695		21,745		2,686		1,047		1,244		167		10,449		309		39,342
Commercial construction	850		33		1,640		13,237		4,891		28		—		—		20,679
Equipment financing	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total commercial	48,204		30,951		53,769		57,404		29,014		11,841		15,129		588		246,900
Residential mortgage	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
HELOC	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Residential construction	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Manufactured housing	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Consumer	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
	48,204		30,951		53,769		57,404		29,014		11,841		15,129		588		246,900
Substandard
Owner occupied commercial real estate	9,835		77		2,873		4,490		1,204		8,055		209		3,611		30,354
Income producing commercial real estate	52,384		1,357		1,867		4,180		13,209		10,365		—		62		83,424
Commercial & industrial	10,431		19,477		3,880		4,557		11,019		1,189		39,333		477		90,363
Commercial construction	133		—		45		2		3,876		9,693		—		243		13,992
Equipment financing	1,625		2,160		1,303		705		236		28		—		—		6,057
Total commercial	74,408		23,071		9,968		13,934		29,544		29,330		39,542		4,393		224,190
Residential mortgage	1,195		964		1,364		1,836		2,589		5,296		—		202		13,446
HELOC	—		—		—		—		—		—		93		2,075		2,168
Residential construction	32		268		—		20		3		153		—		—		476
Manufactured housing	1,130		1,267		1,427		990		1,188		1,714		—		—		7,716
Consumer	20		77		34		1		25		4		1		—		162
	76,785		25,647		12,793		16,781		33,349		36,497		39,636		6,670		248,158
Total	$	4,978,428	$	3,546,181	$	2,415,804	$	966,556	$	605,713	$	943,534	$	1,810,870	$	67,541	$	15,334,627

UNITED COMMUNITY BANKS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty

Loans modified under the terms of a FDM during the three months ended March 31, 2023 are presented in the following table (in thousands).

	New FDMs
	Post-Modification Amortized Cost by Type of Modification
	Extension		Payment Delay		Rate Reduction & Extension		Total		% of Total Class of Receivable
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
Commercial & industrial	$	—	$	6,170	$	—	$	6,170	0.3	%
Equipment financing	5,211		—		—		5,211		0.4
Residential mortgage	—		—		57		57		—
Manufactured housing	—		—		152		152		—
Total loans	$	5,211	$	6,170	$	209	$	11,590	0.1

Equipment financing FDMs typically consist of one or more three-month extensions beyond the original maturity date.

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, commercial and industrial payment delay modifications consisted of one or more three-month periods during which principal payments were deferred but interest payments continued to be paid.

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, FDMs categorized as rate reduction and extensions in the residential mortgage and manufactured housing categories resulted in a decrease in the weighted average interest rate on these FDMs of 621 bps and extended the weighted average maturity by 6.5 years.

There have been no FDMs modified during 2023 that have subsequently defaulted under modified loan terms.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The ACL for loans represents management’s estimate of life of loan credit losses in the portfolio as of the end of the period. The ACL related to unfunded commitments is included in other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet.

At both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, United used a one-year reasonable and supportable forecast period. Expected credit losses were estimated using a regression model for each segment based on historical data from peer banks combined with a third party vendor’s baseline economic forecast to predict the change in credit losses. These estimates were then combined with a starting value that was based on United’s recent default experience to produce an expected default rate, with the results subject to a floor. In the case of residential construction and multifamily loans (included in income producing commercial real estate), the expected default rate was adjusted by a model overlay based on expectations of future performance. For the first quarter of 2023, management applied qualitative factors to the model output for the equipment finance portfolio to account for current economic trends not fully captured in the model.

For periods beyond the reasonable and supportable forecast period of one year, United reverted to historical credit loss information on a straight line basis over two years. For most collateral types, United reverted to through-the-cycle average default rates using peer data from 2000 to 2017. For loans secured by residential mortgages and manufactured housing, the peer data was adjusted for changes in lending practices designed to mitigate the magnitude of losses observed during the 2008 mortgage crisis.

UNITED COMMUNITY BANKS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

The following table presents the balance and activity in the ACL by portfolio segment for the periods indicated (in thousands).

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
	Beginning Balance		Initial ACL - PCD loans (1)		Charge-Offs		Recoveries		Provision		Ending Balance
Owner occupied commercial real estate	$	19,834	$	181	$	(207)	$	117	$	906	$	20,831
Income producing commercial real estate	32,082		307		(2,781)		475		3,524		33,607
Commercial & industrial	23,504		1,358		(898)		673		3,675		28,312
Commercial construction	20,120		39		—		37		1,877		22,073
Equipment financing	23,395		—		(4,027)		652		6,175		26,195
Residential mortgage	20,809		157		(19)		106		3,029		24,082
HELOC	8,707		534		(121)		88		1,129		10,337
Residential construction	2,049		124		—		15		(145)		2,043
Manufactured housing	8,098		—		(654)		26		954		8,424
Consumer	759		4		(817)		251		433		630
ACL - loans	159,357		2,704		(9,524)		2,440		21,557		176,534
ACL - unfunded commitments	21,163		—		—		—		226		21,389
Total ACL	$	180,520	$	2,704	$	(9,524)	$	2,440	$	21,783	$	197,923

(1) Represents the initial ACL related to PCD loans acquired in the Progress transaction.

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
	Beginning<br>Balance		Initial ACL - PCD loans (1)		Charge-Offs		Recoveries		Provision		Ending<br>Balance
Owner occupied commercial real estate	$	14,282	$	266	$	—	$	45	$	1,352	$	15,945
Income producing commercial real estate	24,156		4,366		—		290		4,727		33,539
Commercial & industrial	16,592		2,337		(3,594)		665		2,386		18,386
Commercial construction	9,956		2,857		(41)		414		596		13,782
Equipment financing	16,290		—		(948)		681		3,241		19,264
Residential mortgage	12,390		385		(53)		150		2,092		14,964
HELOC	6,568		60		(9)		90		419		7,128
Residential construction	1,847		1		—		23		58		1,929
Manufactured housing	—		2,438		(173)		9		4,809		7,083
Consumer	451		27		(806)		279		834		785
ACL - loans	102,532		12,737		(5,624)		2,646		20,514		132,805
ACL - unfunded commitments	10,992		—		—		—		2,572		13,564
Total ACL	$	113,524	$	12,737	$	(5,624)	$	2,646	$	23,086	$	146,369

(1) Represents the initial ACL related to PCD loans acquired in the Reliant transaction.

UNITED COMMUNITY BANKS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

Note 7 – Derivatives and Hedging Activities

The table below presents the fair value of derivative financial instruments, which are included in other assets and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet, as of the dates indicated (in thousands):

	March 31, 2023								December 31, 2022
	Notional Amount			Fair Value					Notional Amount			Fair Value
			Derivative Asset			Derivative Liability					Derivative Asset			Derivative Liability
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Cash flow hedge of subordinated debt	$	100,000		$	14,503		$	—	$	100,000		$	16,191		$	—
Cash flow hedge of trust preferred securities	20,000			—			—		20,000			—			—
Fair value hedge of brokered time deposits	—			—			—		—			—			—
Total	120,000			14,503			—		120,000			16,191			—
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Customer derivative positions	1,165,444			2,407			76,901		1,097,578			341			86,358
Dealer offsets to customer derivative positions	1,165,444			23,756			2,303		1,097,578			22,393			274
Risk participations	78,463			4			1		88,586			15			1
Mortgage banking - loan commitment	74,898			1,884			3		19,685			394			—
Mortgage banking - forward sales commitment	140,471			97			684		49,750			198			71
Bifurcated embedded derivatives	51,935			9,460			—		51,935			11,104			—
Dealer offsets to bifurcated embedded derivatives	51,935			—			11,191		51,935			—			12,839
Total	2,728,590			37,608			91,083		2,457,047			34,445			99,543
Total derivatives	$	2,848,590		$	52,111		$	91,083	$	2,577,047		$	50,636		$	99,543
Total gross derivative instruments				$	52,111		$	91,083				$	50,636		$	99,543
Less: Amounts subject to master netting agreements				(2,401)			(2,401)					(346)			(346)
Less: Cash collateral received/pledged				(38,427)			(11,645)					(38,386)			(13,089)
Net amount				$	11,283		$	77,037				$	11,904		$	86,108

United clears certain derivatives centrally through the CME. CME rules legally characterize variation margin payments for centrally cleared derivatives as settlements of the derivatives’ exposure rather than as collateral. As a result, the variation margin payment and the related derivative instruments are considered a single unit of account for accounting purposes. Variation margin, as determined by the CME, is settled daily. As a result, derivative contracts that clear through the CME have an estimated fair value of zero.

Hedging Derivatives

Cash Flow Hedges of Interest Rate Risk

United enters into cash flow hedges to mitigate exposure to the variability of future cash flows or other forecasted transactions. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, United utilized interest rate caps and swaps to hedge the variability of cash flows due to changes in interest rates on certain of its variable-rate subordinated debt and trust preferred securities. United considers these derivatives to be highly effective at achieving offsetting changes in cash flows attributable to changes in interest rates. Therefore, changes in the fair value of these derivative instruments are recognized in OCI. Gains and losses related to changes in fair value are reclassified into earnings in the periods the hedged forecasted transactions occur. Losses representing amortization of the premium recorded on cash flow hedges, which is a component excluded from the assessment of effectiveness, are recognized in earnings on a straight-line basis in the same caption as the hedged item over the term of the hedge. Over the next twelve months, United expects to reclassify $4.82 million of gains from AOCI into earnings related to these agreements.

Fair Value Hedges of Interest Rate Risk

United is exposed to changes in the fair value of certain of its fixed-rate obligations due to changes in interest rates. United uses interest rate derivatives to manage its exposure to changes in fair value on these instruments attributable to changes in interest rates. For derivatives designated and that qualify as fair value hedges, the gain or loss on the derivative as well as the offsetting loss or gain on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk are recognized in earnings. United includes the gain or loss on the hedged items in the same income statement line item as the offsetting loss or gain on the related derivatives.

UNITED COMMUNITY BANKS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

The table below presents the effect of derivatives in hedging relationships, all of which are interest rate contracts, on the consolidated statement of income for the periods indicated (in thousands).

	Three Months Ended March 31,
		2023		2022
Total interest expense presented in the consolidated statements of income		$	(68,017)	$	(7,267)
Effect of hedging relationships on interest expense:
Net income recognized on fair value hedges		—		28
Net expense recognized on cash flow hedges (1)		822		(141)

(1) Includes premium amortization expense excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness of $116,000 for both the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.

Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments

Customer derivative positions include swaps, caps, and collars between United and certain commercial loan customers with offsetting positions to dealers under a back-to-back program. In addition, United occasionally enters into credit risk participation agreements with counterparty banks to accept or transfer a portion of the credit risk related to interest rate swaps. The agreements, which are typically executed in conjunction with a participation in a loan with the same customer, allow customers to execute an interest rate swap with one bank while allowing for the distribution of the credit risk among participating members.

United also has three interest rate swap contracts that are not designated as hedging instruments but are economic hedges of market-linked brokered certificates of deposit. The market-linked brokered certificates of deposit contain embedded derivatives that are bifurcated from the host instruments and are marked to market through earnings. The fair value marks on the market-linked swaps and the bifurcated embedded derivatives tend to move in opposite directions with changes in 90-day LIBOR and therefore provide an economic hedge.

In addition, United originates certain residential mortgage loans with the intention of selling these loans. Between the time United enters into an interest-rate lock commitment to originate a residential mortgage loan that is to be held for sale and the time the loan is funded and eventually sold, United is subject to the risk of variability in market prices. United enters into forward sale agreements to mitigate risk and to protect the expected gain on the eventual loan sale. The commitments to originate residential mortgage loans and forward loan sales commitments are freestanding derivative instruments. Fair value adjustments on these derivative instruments are recorded within mortgage loan gains and other related fee income in the consolidated statements of income.

The table below presents the gains and losses recognized in income on derivatives not designated as hedging instruments for the periods indicated (in thousands).

	Location of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income on Derivatives			Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income on Derivatives
		Three Months Ended March 31,
			2023			2022
Customer derivatives and dealer offsets	Other noninterest income			$	367		$	769
Bifurcated embedded derivatives and dealer offsets	Other noninterest income			(533)			113
Mortgage banking derivatives	Mortgage loan revenue			1,227			4,634
Risk participations	Other noninterest income			(12)			1
				$	1,049		$	5,517

Credit-Risk-Related Contingent Features

United manages its credit exposure on derivatives transactions by entering into a bilateral credit support agreement with each non-customer counterparty. The credit support agreements require collateralization of exposures beyond specified minimum threshold amounts. The details of these agreements, including the minimum thresholds, vary by counterparty.

United’s agreements with each of its derivative counterparties provide that if either party defaults on any of its indebtedness, then it could also be declared in default on its derivative obligations. The agreements with derivative counterparties also include provisions that if not met, could result in United being declared in default. United has agreements with certain of its derivative counterparties that provide that if United fails to maintain its status as a well-capitalized institution or is subject to a prompt corrective action directive, the counterparty could terminate the derivative positions and United would be required to settle its obligations under the agreements.

UNITED COMMUNITY BANKS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

Derivatives that are centrally cleared do not have credit-risk-related features that would require additional collateral if United’s credit rating were downgraded.

Note 8 – Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

The carrying amount of goodwill and other intangible assets as of the dates indicated is summarized below (in thousands).

	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Core deposit intangible	$	86,880	$	46,900
Less: accumulated amortization	(29,442)		(26,112)
Net core deposit intangible	57,438		20,788
Customer relationship intangible	8,400		8,400
Less: accumulated amortization	(1,312)		(1,114)
Net customer relationship intangible	7,088		7,286
Total intangibles subject to amortization, net (1)	64,526		28,074
Goodwill	896,718		751,174
Total goodwill and other intangible assets, net	$	961,244	$	779,248

(1) As intangible assets become fully amortized, they are excluded from balances presented.

During the first quarter of 2023, as a result of the Progress acquisition, United recorded a core deposit intangible of $40.0 million. See Note 4 for further detail.

The following is a summary of changes in the carrying amounts of goodwill (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended<br>March 31,
		2023		2022
Balance, beginning of period (1)		$	751,174	$	452,007
Acquisitions		145,544		299,167
Balance, end of period (1)		$	896,718	$	751,174

(1) Goodwill balances are shown net of accumulated impairment losses of $306 million incurred prior to 2022.

The estimated aggregate amortization expense for future periods for finite lived intangibles is as follows (in thousands):

Remainder of 2023	$	9,942
2024	11,791
2025	10,031
2026	8,491
2027	6,950
Thereafter	17,321
Total	$	64,526

Note 9 – Short-term Borrowings and FHLB Advances

At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, short-term borrowings consisted of repurchase agreements, which are borrowings secured by investment securities. The following table presents the remaining contractual maturity of repurchase agreements by collateral pledged as of the date indicated (in thousands).

	Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements
	Overnight and Continuous		Up to 30 Days		30-90 Days		Greater than 90 days		Total
March 31, 2023
State and political subdivisions	7,219		—		—		—		7,219
Total	$	7,219	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	7,219
December 31, 2022
U.S. Treasuries	$	158,933	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	158,933
Total	$	158,933	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	158,933

UNITED COMMUNITY BANKS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

United is obligated to promptly transfer additional securities if the market value of the pledged securities falls below the repurchase agreement price. United manages this risk by maintaining a portfolio of unpledged securities that it believes is sufficient to cover a decline in the market value of the securities sold under agreements to repurchase. At March 31, 2023, repurchase agreements were collateralized by securities with a carrying amount of $9.97 million. At December 31, 2022, repurchase agreements were collateralized by securities with a carrying amount of $163 million.

At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, United had FHLB advances totaling $30.0 million and $550 million, respectively. The balance outstanding at March 31, 2023 matures in 2023 and has an interest rate of 4.52%. United’s FHLB advances are collateralized by a blanket lien on owner occupied and income producing commercial real estate and residential mortgage loans.

Note 10 – Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value

Fair value measurements are determined based on the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. As a basis for considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, United uses a fair value hierarchy that distinguishes between market participant assumptions based on market data obtained from sources independent of the reporting entity (observable inputs that are classified within Levels 1 and 2 of the hierarchy) and the reporting entity’s own assumptions about market participant assumptions (unobservable inputs classified within Level 3 of the hierarchy). United has processes in place to review the significant valuation inputs and to reassess how the instruments are classified in the valuation framework.

Fair Value Hierarchy

Level 1 Valuation is based upon quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that United has the ability to access.

Level 2 Valuation is based upon quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, as well as inputs that are observable for the asset or liability (other than quoted prices), such as interest rates, foreign exchange rates, and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals.

Level 3 Valuation is generated from model-based techniques that use at least one significant assumption based on unobservable inputs for the asset or liability, which are typically based on an entity’s own assumptions, as there is little, if any, related market activity.

In instances when the determination of the fair value measurement is based on inputs from different levels of the fair value hierarchy, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the entire fair value measurement falls is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the asset or liability.

The following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for assets and liabilities recorded at fair value.

Investment Securities

AFS debt securities and equity securities with readily determinable fair values are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Fair value measurement is based upon quoted prices, if available. If quoted prices are not available, fair values are measured using independent pricing models or other model-based valuation techniques such as the present value of future cash flows, adjusted for the security’s credit rating, prepayment assumptions and other factors such as credit loss assumptions. Level 1 securities include those traded on an active exchange, such as the New York Stock Exchange, U.S. Treasury securities that are traded by dealers or brokers in active over-the-counter markets and money market funds. Level 2 securities include MBS issued by GSEs, municipal bonds, corporate debt securities, asset-backed securities and supranational entity securities and are valued based on observable inputs that include: quoted market prices for similar assets, quoted market prices that are not in an active market, or other inputs that are observable in the market and can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the securities. Securities classified as Level 3 include those traded in less liquid markets and are valued based on estimates obtained from broker-dealers that are not directly observable or models which incorporate unobservable inputs.

Deferred Compensation Plan Assets and Liabilities

Included in other assets in the consolidated balance sheet are assets related to employee deferred compensation plans. The assets associated with these plans are invested in mutual funds and classified as Level 1. Deferred compensation liabilities, also classified as Level 1, are carried at the fair value of the obligation to the employee, which mirrors the fair value of the invested assets and is included in other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet.

UNITED COMMUNITY BANKS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

Mortgage Loans Held for Sale

United has elected the fair value option for most of its newly originated mortgage loans held for sale in order to reduce certain timing differences and better match changes in fair values of the loans with changes in the value of derivative instruments used to economically hedge them. The fair value of mortgage loans held for sale is determined using quoted prices for a similar asset, adjusted for specific attributes of that loan, and are classified as Level 2. In connection with the Reliant acquisition, United acquired certain mortgage loans held for sale for which the fair value option was not elected; these loans are carried at the lower of aggregate cost or fair value.

Derivative Financial Instruments

United uses derivatives to manage interest rate risk. The valuation of these instruments is typically determined using widely accepted valuation techniques including discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each derivative. This analysis reflects the contractual terms of the derivatives, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market-based inputs, including interest rate curves and implied volatilities. The fair values of interest rate swaps are determined using the market standard methodology of netting the discounted future fixed cash receipts and the discounted expected variable cash payments. The variable cash payments are based on an expectation of future interest rates (forward curves) derived from observable market interest rate curves. United also uses best effort and mandatory delivery forward loan sale commitments to hedge risk in its mortgage lending business.

United incorporates CVAs as necessary to appropriately reflect the respective counterparty’s nonperformance risk in the fair value measurements. In adjusting the fair value of its derivative contracts for the effect of nonperformance risk, United has considered the effect of netting and any applicable credit enhancements, such as collateral postings, thresholds and guarantees.

Management has determined that the majority of the inputs used to value its derivatives fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. However, the CVAs associated with these derivatives utilize Level 3 inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads, to evaluate the likelihood of default by itself and its counterparties. Generally, management’s assessment of the significance of the CVAs has indicated that they are not a significant input to the overall valuation of the derivatives. In cases where management’s assessment indicates that the CVA is a significant input, the related derivative is disclosed as a Level 3 value.

Other derivatives classified as Level 3 include structured derivatives for which broker quotes, used as a key valuation input, were not observable. Risk participation agreements are classified as Level 3 instruments due to the incorporation of significant Level 3 inputs used to evaluate the probability of funding and the likelihood of customer default. Interest rate lock commitments, which relate to mortgage loan commitments, are categorized as Level 3 instruments as the fair value of these instruments is based on unobservable inputs for commitments that United does not expect to fund.

Servicing Rights for Residential and SBA/USDA Loans

United recognizes servicing rights upon the sale of residential and SBA/USDA loans sold with servicing retained. Management has elected to carry these assets at fair value. Given the nature of these assets, the key valuation inputs are unobservable and management classifies these assets as Level 3.

UNITED COMMUNITY BANKS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The table below presents United’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of the dates indicated, aggregated by the level in the fair value hierarchy within which those measurements fall (in thousands).

March 31, 2023	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
AFS debt securities:
U.S. Treasuries	$	176,259	$	—	$	—	$	176,259
U.S. Government agencies & GSEs	—		245,643		—		245,643
State and political subdivisions	—		162,953		—		162,953
Residential MBS	—		1,686,622		—		1,686,622
Commercial MBS	—		650,688		—		650,688
Corporate bonds	—		197,840		2,227		200,067
Asset-backed securities	—		208,907		—		208,907
Equity securities with readily determinable fair values	12,403		1,819		—		14,222
Mortgage loans held for sale	—		18,960		—		18,960
Deferred compensation plan assets	11,244		—		—		11,244
Servicing rights for SBA/USDA loans	—		—		6,289		6,289
Residential mortgage servicing rights	—		—		36,081		36,081
Derivative financial instruments	—		40,763		11,348		52,111
Total assets	$	199,906	$	3,214,195	$	55,945	$	3,470,046
Liabilities:
Deferred compensation plan liability	$	11,280	$	—	$	—	$	11,280
Derivative financial instruments	—		79,888		11,195		91,083
Total liabilities	$	11,280	$	79,888	$	11,195	$	102,363		December 31, 2022	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Assets:
AFS debt securities:
U.S. Treasuries	$	149,352	$	—	$	—	$	149,352
U.S. Government agencies & GSEs	—		250,116		—		250,116
State and political subdivisions	—		303,748		—		303,748
Residential MBS	—		1,795,481		—		1,795,481
Commercial MBS	—		671,912		—		671,912
Corporate bonds	—		210,240		2,212		212,452
Asset-backed securities	—		231,272		—		231,272
Equity securities with readily determinable fair values	12,278		1,359		—		13,637
Mortgage loans held for sale	—		11,794		—		11,794
Deferred compensation plan assets	11,436		—		—		11,436
Servicing rights for SBA/USDA loans	—		—		5,188		5,188
Residential mortgage servicing rights	—		—		36,559		36,559
Derivative financial instruments	—		39,123		11,513		50,636
Total assets	$	173,066	$	3,515,045	$	55,472	$	3,743,583
Liabilities:
Deferred compensation plan liability	$	11,460	$	—	$	—	$	11,460
Derivative financial instruments	—		86,703		12,840		99,543
Total liabilities	$	11,460	$	86,703	$	12,840	$	111,003

UNITED COMMUNITY BANKS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

The following table shows a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for the periods indicated for assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs that are classified as Level 3 values (in thousands).

	2023									2022
	Derivative<br>Assets		Derivative<br>Liabilities		SBA/A loan servicing rights	Residential mortgage servicing rights		Corporate Bonds		Derivative<br>Assets		Derivative<br>Liabilities		SBA/A loan servicing rights	Residential mortgage servicing rights		Corporate Bonds
Three Months Ended March 31,
Beginning balance	$	11,513	$	12,840		$	36,559	$	2,212	$	6,758	$	5,048		$	25,161	$	2,395
Business combinations	—		—		95	—		—		—		—		—	—		—
Additions	—		3		460	632		—		—		—		588	2,167		—
Transfers from Level 3	—		—		—	—		—		(290)		—		—	—		—
Sales and settlements	(11)		—		(220)	(452)		—		—		—		(229)	(676)		—
Fair value adjustments included in OCI	—		—		—	—		15		—		—		—	—		(63)
Fair value adjustments included in earnings	(154)		(1,648)		766	(658)		—		1,434		3,483		90	5,989		—
Ending balance	$	11,348	$	11,195		$	36,081	$	2,227	$	7,902	$	8,531		$	32,641	$	2,332

All values are in US Dollars.

The following table presents quantitative information about significant Level 3 inputs for fair value on a recurring basis as of the dates indicated.

Level 3 Assets and Liabilities	Valuation Technique	Significant Unobservable Inputs	March 31, 2023			December 31, 2022
			Range	Weighted Average		Range	Weighted Average
SBA/USDA loan servicing rights	Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	3.1% - 25.0%	12.1	%	11.9% - 25.0%	17.5	%
		Prepayment rate	0.0 - 36.2	16.7		0.0 - 35.4	16.4
Residential mortgage servicing rights	Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	9.5 - 11.5	9.5		9.5 - 11.5	9.5
		Prepayment rate	7.0 - 27.8	7.6		7.0 - 31.2	7.5
Corporate bonds	Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	5.7 - 6.1	5.9		6.1 - 6.4	6.3
Derivative assets - mortgage	Internal model	Pull through rate	64.7 - 100	89.2		26.5 - 100	90.7
Derivative assets and liabilities - other	Dealer priced	Dealer priced	N/A	N/A		N/A	N/A

Fair Value Option

United generally records mortgage loans held for sale at fair value under the fair value option. Interest income on these loans is calculated based on the note rate of the loan and is recorded in interest revenue. In connection with the Reliant acquisition, United acquired mortgage loans held for sale accounted for under the lower of cost or fair value method. These loans are separately disclosed under the heading “Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis” within this footnote. The following tables present the fair value and outstanding principal balance of loans accounted for under the fair value option, as well as the gain or loss recognized from the change in fair value for the periods indicated (in thousands).

Mortgage Loans Held for Sale
	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Outstanding principal balance	$	18,408	$	11,473
Fair value	18,960		11,794			Gain (Loss) from Change in Fair Value on Mortgage Loans Held for Sale
---	---
Location	Three Months Ended<br>March 31,
		2023		2022
Mortgage loan gains and other related fees		$	231	$	(1,174)

Changes in fair value were mostly offset by hedging activities. An immaterial portion of these amounts was attributable to changes in instrument-specific credit risk.

UNITED COMMUNITY BANKS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

United may be required, from time to time, to measure certain assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. These adjustments to fair value usually result from the application of the lower of the amortized cost or fair value accounting or write-downs of individual assets due to impairment. The following table presents the fair value hierarchy and carrying value of assets that were still held as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, for which a nonrecurring fair value adjustment was recorded during the year-to-date periods presented (in thousands).

	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
March 31, 2023
Loans held for investment	$	—	$	—	$	11,582	$	11,582
Mortgage loans held for sale	—		—		1,430		1,430
December 31, 2022
Loans held for investment	$	—	$	—	$	7,808	$	7,808
Mortgage loans held for sale	—		—		1,806		1,806

Mortgage loans held for sale that were acquired from Reliant were subject to a nonrecurring fair value adjustment resulting from the application of the lower of the amortized cost or fair value accounting. As of March 31, 2023, these loans were classified as nonrecurring Level 3 because the valuation of these loans was based on indicative bids provided by a broker, not corroborated by market transactions.

Loans held for investment that are reported above as being measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis are generally impaired loans that have either been partially charged off or have specific reserves assigned to them. Nonaccrual loans that are collateral dependent are generally written down to net realizable value, which reflects fair value less the estimated costs to sell. Specific reserves that are established based on appraised value of collateral are considered nonrecurring fair value adjustments as well. When the fair value of the collateral is based on an observable market price or a current appraised value, United records the impaired loan as nonrecurring Level 2. When an appraised value is not available or management determines the fair value of the collateral is further impaired below the appraised value and there is no observable market price, United records the impaired loan as nonrecurring Level 3.

Assets and Liabilities Not Measured at Fair Value

For financial instruments that have quoted market prices, those quotes are used to determine fair value. Financial instruments that have no defined maturity, have a remaining maturity of 180 days or less, or reprice frequently to a market rate, are assumed to have a fair value that approximates reported book value, after taking into consideration any applicable credit risk. If no market quotes are available, financial instruments are valued by discounting the expected cash flows using an estimated current market interest rate for the financial instrument. For off-balance sheet derivative instruments, fair value is estimated as the amount that United would receive or pay to terminate the contracts at the reporting date, taking into account the current unrealized gains or losses on open contracts.

Cash and cash equivalents and repurchase agreements have short maturities and therefore the carrying value approximates fair value. Due to the short-term settlement of accrued interest receivable and payable, the carrying amount closely approximates fair value.

Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information and information about the financial instrument. These estimates do not reflect the premium or discount on any particular financial instrument that could result from the sale of United’s entire holdings. All estimates are inherently subjective in nature. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect the estimates.

Fair value estimates are based on existing on and off-balance sheet financial instruments without attempting to estimate the value of anticipated future business and the value of assets and liabilities that are not considered financial instruments. Significant assets and liabilities that are not considered financial instruments include the mortgage banking operation, brokerage network, deferred income taxes, premises and equipment and goodwill. In addition, the tax ramifications related to the realization of the unrealized gains and losses can have a significant effect on fair value estimates and have not been considered in the estimates.

Off-balance sheet instruments (commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit) for which draws can be reasonably predicted are generally short-term in maturity and are priced at variable rates. Therefore, the estimated fair value associated with these instruments is immaterial.

UNITED COMMUNITY BANKS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

The carrying amount and fair values as of the dates indicated for other financial instruments that are not measured at fair value on a recurring basis are as follows (in thousands).

			Fair Value Level
	Carrying Amount		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
March 31, 2023
Assets:
HTM debt securities	$	2,584,081	$	17,817	$	2,189,057	$	—	$	2,206,874
Loans and leases, net	16,948,169		—		—		16,291,834		16,291,834
Liabilities:
Deposits	22,004,674		—		22,010,264		—		22,010,264
FHLB advances	30,000		—		29,998		—		29,998
Long-term debt	324,729		—		—		315,202		315,202
December 31, 2022
Assets:
HTM debt securities	$	2,613,648	$	17,417	$	2,173,656	$	—	$	2,191,073
Loans and leases, net	15,175,270		—		—		14,609,239		14,609,239
Liabilities:
Deposits	19,876,507		—		19,863,380		—		19,863,380
FHLB advances	550,000		—		—		549,913		549,913
Long-term debt	324,663		—		—		313,380		313,380

Note 11 – Stock-Based Compensation

United has an equity compensation plan that allows for grants of various share-based compensation. The general terms of the plan include a vesting period (usually four years) with an exercisable period not to exceed ten years. Certain options and restricted stock unit awards provide for accelerated vesting if there is a change in control (as defined in the plan document). As of March 31, 2023, 2.57 million additional awards could be granted under the plan.

The table below presents restricted stock unit and option activity for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

	Restricted Stock Unit Awards			Options
	Shares	Weighted-<br>Average Grant-<br>Date Fair Value		AggregateIntrinsicValue (000)	Shares	Weighted-<br>Average Exercise Price		Weighted-<br>Average<br>Remaining<br>Contractual<br>Term (Years)	AggregateIntrinsicValue (000)
Outstanding at December 31, 2022	778,686	$	28.28		40,338	$	11.88
Granted	229,226	32.61			643,298	20.91
Released / Exercised	(104,300)	26.00			(64,956)	15.12
Cancelled	(10,633)	27.41			—	—
Outstanding at March 31, 2023	892,979	29.67		25,111	618,680	20.93		5.7	4,452
Vested / Exercisable at March 31, 2023	—	—			618,680	20.93		5.7	4,452

All values are in US Dollars.

Options granted in 2023 reflect fully vested options assumed in the Progress acquisition, with the weighted average exercise price of Progress’ fully vested converted options determined pursuant to the purchase agreement. The value of the Progress options was determined using a Black-Scholes model and was included in the purchase price for the acquisition. No compensation expense relating to options was included in earnings for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.

Compensation expense for restricted stock units and performance stock units without market conditions is based on the market value of United’s common stock on the date of grant. Compensation expense for performance stock units with market conditions is based on

UNITED COMMUNITY BANKS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

the grant date per share fair value, which was estimated using the Monte Carlo Simulation valuation model. United recognizes the impact of forfeitures as they occur. The value of restricted stock unit and performance stock unit awards is amortized into expense over the service period.

For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, expense of $2.36 million and $2.39 million, respectively, was recognized related to restricted stock unit and performance stock unit awards granted to United employees, which was included in salaries and employee benefits expense. In addition, for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, $122,000 and $100,000, respectively, was recognized in other expense for restricted stock unit awards granted to members of United’s Board of Directors.

A deferred income tax benefit related to stock-based compensation expense of $634,000 and $636,000 was included in the determination of income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of March 31, 2023, there was $21.6 million of unrecognized expense related to non-vested restricted stock unit and performance stock unit awards granted under the plan. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.6 years.

Note 12 – Reclassifications Out of AOCI

The following table presents the details regarding amounts reclassified out of AOCI for the periods indicated (in thousands). Amounts shown in parentheses reduce earnings.

Details about AOCI Components	Three Months Ended<br>March 31,					Affected Line Item in the Statement Where Net Income is Presented
		2023			2022
Realized losses on AFS securities:
			$	(1,644)		$	(3,734)	Securities losses, net
			374			990		Income tax (expense) benefit
			$	(1,270)		$	(2,744)	Net of tax
Amortization of unrealized losses on HTM securities transferred from AFS:
			$	(2,968)		$	—	Investment securities interest revenue
			720			—		Income tax benefit
			$	(2,248)		$	—	Net of tax
Reclassifications related to derivative instruments accounted for as cash flow hedges:
Interest rate contracts			$	822		$	(141)	Long-term debt interest expense
			(210)			36		Income tax benefit
			$	612		$	(105)	Net of tax
Amortization of defined benefit pension plan net periodic pension cost components:
Prior service cost			$	(61)		$	(78)	Salaries and employee benefits expense
Actuarial losses			—			(92)		Other expense
			(61)			(170)		Total before tax
			16			43		Income tax benefit
			$	(45)		$	(127)	Net of tax
Total reclassifications for the period			$	(2,951)		$	(2,976)	Net of tax

UNITED COMMUNITY BANKS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

Note 13 – Earnings Per Share

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share for the periods indicated (in thousands, except per share data).

	Three Months Ended<br>March 31,
		2023		2022
Net income		$	62,300	$	48,019
Dividends on preferred stock		(1,719)		(1,719)
Earnings allocated to participating securities		(339)		(238)
Net income available to common shareholders		$	60,242	$	46,062
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic		115,451		106,550
Effect of dilutive securities:
Stock options		233		46
Restricted stock units		31		81
Diluted		115,715		106,677
Net income per common share:
Basic		$	0.52	$	0.43
Diluted		$	0.52	$	0.43

At March 31, 2023 and 2022, United had no potentially dilutive instruments outstanding that were not included in the above analysis.

Note 14 – Regulatory Matters

As of March 31, 2023, United and the Bank were categorized as well-capitalized under the regulatory requirements in effect at that time. To be categorized as well-capitalized, United and the Bank must have exceeded the well-capitalized guideline ratios in effect at the time, as set forth in the table below, and have met certain other requirements. Management believes that United and the Bank exceeded all well-capitalized requirements at March 31, 2023, and there have been no conditions or events since quarter-end that would change the status of well-capitalized.

Regulatory capital ratios at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, along with the minimum amounts required for capital adequacy purposes and to be well-capitalized under regulatory requirements in effect at such times, are presented below for United and the Bank (dollars in thousands):

					United Community Banks, Inc.<br>(Consolidated)						United Community Bank
	Minimum (1)		Well-<br>Capitalized		March 31,<br>2023			December 31, <br>2022			March 31,<br>2023			December 31, <br>2022
Risk-based ratios:
CET1 capital	4.5	%	6.5	%	12.08		%	12.26		%	12.43		%	12.83		%
Tier 1 capital	6.0		8.0		12.58			12.81			12.43			12.83
Total capital	8.0		10.0		14.40			14.79			13.34			13.70
Leverage ratio	4.0		5.0		9.65			9.69			9.54			9.69
CET1 capital					$	2,323,412		$	2,164,211		$	2,380,709		$	2,255,337
Tier 1 capital					2,419,834			2,260,633			2,380,709			2,255,337
Total capital					2,768,855			2,610,216			2,553,799			2,408,895
Risk-weighted assets					19,231,410			17,648,573			19,148,302			17,583,347
Average total assets for the leverage ratio					25,086,615			23,322,018			24,946,089			23,285,253

(1) As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 the additional capital conservation buffer in effect was 2.50%

UNITED COMMUNITY BANKS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

Note 15 – Commitments and Contingencies

United is party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and letters of credit. These instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk in excess of the amount recognized in the balance sheet. The contract amounts of these instruments reflect the extent of involvement United has in particular classes of financial instruments. The exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for commitments to extend credit and letters of credit written is represented by the contractual amount of these instruments. United uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it uses for underwriting on-balance sheet instruments. In most cases, collateral or other security is required to support financial instruments with credit risk.

The following table summarizes the contractual amount of off-balance sheet instruments as of the dates indicated (in thousands).

	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Financial instruments whose contract amounts represent credit risk:
Commitments to extend credit	$	4,881,934	$	4,683,790
Letters of credit	58,947		46,896

United, in the normal course of business, is subject to various pending and threatened lawsuits in which claims for monetary damages are asserted. Although it is not possible to predict the outcome of these lawsuits, or the range of any possible loss, management, after consultation with legal counsel, does not anticipate that the ultimate aggregate liability, if any, arising from these lawsuits will have a material adverse effect on United’s financial position or results of operations.

Tax Credit and Certain Equity Investments

United invests in certain LIHTC partnerships throughout its market area as a means of supporting local communities, as well as in entities that promote renewable energy sources. United receives tax credits related to these investments. For certain of the investments, United provides financing during the construction and development phase of the related projects and/or permanent financing upon completion of the project. United has concluded that these partnerships are VIEs of which it is not the primary beneficiary because it does not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIEs' financial performance and, therefore, is not required to consolidate these VIEs. United's maximum potential exposure to losses relative to investments in these VIEs is generally limited to the sum of the outstanding investment balance, any future funding commitments and the balance of any related loans to the entity. Loans to these entities are underwritten in substantially the same manner as other loans and are generally secured.

United also has investments in and future funding commitments related to fintech fund limited partnerships, other community development entities and certain other equity method investments. United has concluded that these partnerships are VIEs of which it is not the primary beneficiary because it does not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIEs' financial performance and, therefore, is not required to consolidate these VIEs. The risk exposure relating to such commitments is generally limited to the amount invested by United and any future funding commitments.

The following table summarizes, as of the dates indicated, tax credit and certain equity method investments (in thousands):

	Balance Sheet Location	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Investments in LIHTC:
Carrying amount	Other assets	$	53,867	$	50,054
Amount of future funding commitments included in carrying amount	Other liabilities	17,366		18,090
Renewable energy investments:
Carrying amount	Other assets	39,221		19,617
Amount of future funding commitments included in carrying amount	Other liabilities	37,406		18,781
Fintech funds and certain other equity method investments:
Carrying amount	Other assets	30,184		27,569
Amount of future funding commitments included in carrying amount	Other liabilities	470		470
Amount of future funding commitments not included in carrying amount	N/A	22,811		23,690

Item 2.    Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following is a discussion of our financial condition at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 and our results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022. The purpose of this discussion is to focus on information about our financial condition and results of operations which is not otherwise apparent from our consolidated financial statements and is intended to provide insight into our results of operations and financial condition. The following discussion and analysis should be read along with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included in Part I - Item 1 of this Report, “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and the risk factors discussed in our 2022 10-K, and the other reports we have filed with the SEC after we filed the 2022 10-K.

Unless the context otherwise requires, the terms “we,” “our,” “us” refer to United on a consolidated basis.

Overview

We offer a wide array of commercial and consumer banking services and investment advisory services through a 207 branch network throughout Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Tennessee, Florida and Alabama. We have grown organically as well as through strategic acquisitions. At March 31, 2023, we had consolidated total assets of $25.9 billion and 3,052 full-time equivalent employees.

Recent Developments

Mergers and Acquisitions

On January 3, 2023, we completed the acquisition of Progress, which operated 13 offices primarily located in Alabama and the Florida Panhandle. We acquired $1.90 billion of assets and assumed $1.60 billion of liabilities in the acquisition, which included $1.44 billion in loans and $1.33 billion in deposits.

On February 13, 2023, we announced an agreement to acquire First Miami, which we plan to complete in the third quarter of 2023. First Miami is headquartered in South Miami, Florida, and operates 3 offices in the Miami metropolitan area. As of March 31, 2023, First Miami had total assets of $986 million, total loans of $606 million, and total deposits of $822 million. In addition to traditional banking products, First Miami offers private banking, trust and wealth management with approximately $320 million in assets under administration.

Results of Operations

We reported net income and diluted earnings per common share of $62.3 million and $0.52, respectively, for the first quarter of 2023. This compared to net income and diluted earnings per common share of $48.0 million and $0.43, respectively, for the same period in 2022.

We reported net income - operating (non-GAAP) of $69.0 million for the first quarter of 2023, compared to $55.1 million for the same period in 2022. For the first quarters of 2023 and 2022, net income - operating (non-GAAP) excludes merger-related and other charges, which net of tax, totaled $6.68 million and $7.05 million, respectively.

Net interest revenue increased to $211 million for the first quarter of 2023, compared to $164 million for the first quarter of 2022. The increase was due to several factors including loan growth, both organic and from the acquisition of Progress, and higher interest rates earned on our average loan and securities portfolios. The increase in interest revenue was partially offset by higher rates paid on deposits, a less favorable deposit mix and utilization of wholesale borrowings, which are more costly than customer deposits. The net interest margin increased to 3.61% for the three months ended March 31, 2023 from 2.97% for the same period in 2022 primarily due to the effect of the rising interest rate environment on our asset sensitive balance sheet.

We recorded a provision for credit losses of $21.8 million and $23.1 million for the first quarters of 2023 and 2022, respectively. Provision expense for the first quarters of 2023 and 2022 included initial provisions for credit losses on non-PCD loans and unfunded commitments acquired from Progress and Reliant of $10.4 million and $18.3 million, respectively. We recognized higher net charge-offs for the first quarter of 2023 of $7.08 million compared to $2.98 million for the same period in 2022, which partially offset the decrease in acquisition-related provision for credit losses for the first quarter of 2023.

Noninterest income of $30.2 million for the first quarter of 2023 was down $8.76 million, or 22%, from the first quarter of 2022, primarily driven by the $11.6 million decrease in mortgage loan gains and related fees due to lower mortgage production in the current rising interest rate environment. The decrease in mortgage income was partially offset by an increase in lending and loan servicing fees, lower securities losses and gains on other investments compared to losses in the same period of 2022.

For the first quarter of 2023, noninterest expenses of $140 million increased $20.5 million, or 17%, compared to the same period of 2022. The increase was primarily attributable to a $7.69 million increase in salaries and employee benefits, mostly driven by the addition of Progress employees. Other contributors to the increase included increases in FDIC assessment expense and amortization of intangibles, which was driven by the addition of the Progress core deposit intangible.

Critical Accounting Estimates

In preparing the consolidated financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the balance sheet and revenues and expenses for the period. Our accounting and reporting estimates are in accordance with GAAP and conform to general practices within the banking industry. Estimates that are susceptible to significant changes include accounting for the ACL and fair value measurements, both of which require significant judgments by management. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates. Also, different assumptions in the application of these accounting estimates could result in material changes in our consolidated financial position or consolidated results of operations. Our critical accounting estimates are discussed in MD&A in our 2022 10-K.

Non-GAAP Reconciliation and Explanation

This Report contains financial information determined by methods other than in accordance with GAAP. Such non-GAAP financial information includes the following measures: “tangible book value per common share,” and “tangible common equity to tangible assets.” In addition, management presents non-GAAP operating performance measures, which exclude merger-related and other items that are not part of our ongoing business operations. Operating performance measures include “expenses – operating,” “net income – operating,” “diluted income per common share – operating,” “return on common equity – operating,” “return on tangible common equity – operating,” “return on assets – operating” and “efficiency ratio – operating.” We have developed internal policies and procedures to accurately capture and account for merger-related and other charges and those charges are reviewed with the Audit Committee of our Board each quarter. We use these non-GAAP measures because we believe they provide useful supplemental information for evaluating our operations and performance over periods of time, as well as in managing and evaluating our business and in discussions about our operations and performance. We believe these non-GAAP measures may also provide users of our financial information with a meaningful measure for assessing our financial results and credit trends, as well as a comparison to financial results for prior periods. Nevertheless, non-GAAP measures have inherent limitations, are not required to be uniformly applied and are not audited. These non-GAAP measures should be viewed in addition to, and not as an alternative to or substitute for, measures determined in accordance with GAAP. In addition, because non-GAAP measures are not standardized, it may not be possible to compare our non-GAAP measures to similarly titled measures used by other companies. To the extent applicable, reconciliations of these non-GAAP measures to the most directly comparable measures as reported in accordance with GAAP are included in Table 1 of MD&A.

UNITED COMMUNITY BANKS, INC.
Table 1 - Financial Highlights
(in thousands, except per share data)
			2022												First Quarter<br><br>2023 - 2022 Change
			Fourth Quarter			Third Quarter			Second Quarter			First Quarter
INCOME SUMMARY
Interest revenue	279,487		$	240,831		$	213,887		$	187,378		$	171,059
Interest expense			30,943			14,113			8,475			7,267
Net interest revenue			209,888			199,774			178,903			163,792			29	%
Provision for credit losses			19,831			15,392			5,604			23,086
Noninterest income			33,354			31,922			33,458			38,973			(22)
Total revenue			223,411			216,304			206,757			179,679			22
Noninterest expenses			117,329			112,755			120,790			119,275			17
Income before income tax expense			106,082			103,549			85,967			60,404			33
Income tax expense			24,632			22,388			19,125			12,385			44
Net income			81,450			81,161			66,842			48,019			30
Merger-related and other charges			1,470			1,746			7,143			9,016
Income tax benefit of merger-related and other charges			(323)			(385)			(1,575)			(1,963)
Net income - operating (1)	68,976		$	82,597		$	82,522		$	72,410		$	55,072		25
PERFORMANCE MEASURES
Per common share:
Diluted net income - GAAP	0.52		$	0.74		$	0.74		$	0.61		$	0.43		21
Diluted net income - operating (1)			0.75			0.75			0.66			0.50			16
Cash dividends declared			0.22			0.22			0.21			0.21			10
Book value			24.38			23.78			23.96			24.38			6
Tangible book value (3)			17.13			16.52			16.68			17.08			3
Key performance ratios:
Return on common equity - GAAP (2)(4)		%	10.86		%	11.02		%	9.31		%	6.80		%
Return on common equity - operating (1)(2)(4)			11.01			11.21			10.10			7.83
Return on tangible common equity - operating (1)(2)(3)(4)			15.20			15.60			14.20			11.00
Return on assets - GAAP (4)			1.33			1.32			1.08			0.78
Return on assets - operating (1)(4)			1.35			1.34			1.17			0.89
Net interest margin (FTE) (4)			3.76			3.57			3.19			2.97
Efficiency ratio - GAAP			47.95			48.41			56.58			57.43
Efficiency ratio - operating (1)			47.35			47.66			53.23			53.09
Equity to total assets			11.25			11.12			10.95			11.06
Tangible common equity to tangible assets (3)			7.88			7.70			7.59			7.72
ASSET QUALITY
NPAs	73,403		$	44,281		$	35,511		$	34,428		$	40,816		80
ACL - loans			159,357			148,502			136,925			132,805			33
Net charge-offs (recoveries)			6,611			1,134			(1,069)			2,978
ACL - loans to loans		%	1.04		%	1.00		%	0.94		%	0.93		%
Net charge-offs to average loans (4)			0.17			0.03			(0.03)			0.08
NPAs to total assets			0.18			0.15			0.14			0.17
AT PERIOD END ( in millions)
Loans	17,125		$	15,335		$	14,882		$	14,541		$	14,316		20
Investment securities			6,228			6,539			6,683			6,410			(8)
Total assets			24,009			23,688			24,213			24,374			6
Deposits			19,877			20,321			20,873			21,056			5
Shareholders’ equity			2,701			2,635			2,651			2,695			14
Common shares outstanding (thousands)			106,223			106,163			106,034			106,025			9

All values are in US Dollars.

(1) Excludes merger-related and other charges. (2) Net income less preferred stock dividends, divided by average realized common equity, which excludes AOCI. (3) Excludes effect of acquisition related intangibles and associated amortization. (4) Annualized.

UNITED COMMUNITY BANKS, INC.
Table 1 (Continued) - Financial Highlights
Non-GAAP Performance Measures Reconciliation
(in thousands, except per share data)
	2023			2022
	First Quarter			Fourth Quarter			Third Quarter			Second Quarter			First Quarter
Noninterest expense reconciliation
Noninterest expenses (GAAP)	$	139,805		$	117,329		$	112,755		$	120,790		$	119,275
Merger-related and other charges	(8,631)			(1,470)			(1,746)			(7,143)			(9,016)
Noninterest expenses - operating	$	131,174		$	115,859		$	111,009		$	113,647		$	110,259
Net income reconciliation
Net income (GAAP)	$	62,300		$	81,450		$	81,161		$	66,842		$	48,019
Merger-related and other charges	8,631			1,470			1,746			7,143			9,016
Income tax benefit of merger-related and other charges	(1,955)			(323)			(385)			(1,575)			(1,963)
Net income - operating	$	68,976		$	82,597		$	82,522		$	72,410		$	55,072
Diluted income per common share reconciliation
Diluted income per common share (GAAP)	$	0.52		$	0.74		$	0.74		$	0.61		$	0.43
Merger-related and other charges, net of tax	0.06			0.01			0.01			0.05			0.07
Diluted income per common share - operating	$	0.58		$	0.75		$	0.75		$	0.66		$	0.50
Book value per common share reconciliation
Book value per common share (GAAP)	$	25.76		$	24.38		$	23.78		$	23.96		$	24.38
Effect of goodwill and other intangibles	(8.17)			(7.25)			(7.26)			(7.28)			(7.30)
Tangible book value per common share	$	17.59		$	17.13		$	16.52		$	16.68		$	17.08
Return on tangible common equity reconciliation
Return on common equity (GAAP)	7.34		%	10.86		%	11.02		%	9.31		%	6.80		%
Merger-related and other charges, net of tax	0.81			0.15			0.19			0.79			1.03
Return on common equity - operating	8.15			11.01			11.21			10.10			7.83
Effect of goodwill and other intangibles	3.48			4.19			4.39			4.10			3.17
Return on tangible common equity - operating	11.63		%	15.20		%	15.60		%	14.20		%	11.00		%
Return on assets reconciliation
Return on assets (GAAP)	0.95		%	1.33		%	1.32		%	1.08		%	0.78		%
Merger-related and other charges, net of tax	0.11			0.02			0.02			0.09			0.11
Return on assets - operating	1.06		%	1.35		%	1.34		%	1.17		%	0.89		%
Efficiency ratio reconciliation
Efficiency ratio (GAAP)	57.20		%	47.95		%	48.41		%	56.58		%	57.43		%
Merger-related and other charges	(3.53)			(0.60)			(0.75)			(3.35)			(4.34)
Efficiency ratio - operating	53.67		%	47.35		%	47.66		%	53.23		%	53.09		%
Tangible common equity to tangible assets reconciliation
Equity to total assets (GAAP)	11.90		%	11.25		%	11.12		%	10.95		%	11.06		%
Effect of goodwill and other intangibles	(3.36)			(2.97)			(3.01)			(2.96)			(2.94)
Effect of preferred equity	(0.37)			(0.40)			(0.41)			(0.40)			(0.40)
Tangible common equity to tangible assets	8.17		%	7.88		%	7.70		%	7.59		%	7.72		%

Net Interest Revenue

Net interest revenue, which is the difference between the interest earned on assets and the interest paid on deposits and borrowed funds, is the single largest component of total revenue. Management seeks to optimize this revenue while balancing interest rate, credit and liquidity risks.

The banking industry generally uses two ratios to measure the relative profitability of net interest revenue. The net interest spread measures the difference between the average yield on interest-earning assets and the average rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities. The interest rate spread eliminates the effect of noninterest-bearing deposits and shareholders’ equity and gives a direct perspective on the effect of market interest rate movements. The net interest margin is an indication of the profitability of a company’s balance sheet and is defined as net interest revenue as a percent of average total interest-earning assets, which includes the positive effect of funding a portion of interest-earning assets with noninterest-bearing deposits and shareholders’ equity.

Net interest revenue for the first quarters of 2023 and 2022 was $211 million and $164 million, respectively. FTE net interest revenue for the first quarter of 2023 was $213 million, representing an increase of $47.6 million, or 29%, from the same period in 2022. The net interest spreads for the first quarters of 2023 and 2022 were 2.87% and 2.88%, respectively. The net interest margins for the first quarters of 2023 and 2022 were 3.61% and 2.97%, respectively. Table 2 shows the relationship between interest revenue and expense and the average amounts of assets and liabilities, which provides further insight into net interest spread and net interest margin for the periods indicated. The following discussion provides additional detail on the average balances and net interest revenue for the first quarters of 2023 and 2022.

The increase in FTE net interest revenue was primarily driven by the $2.66 billion increase in average loans provided by the addition of the Progress loan portfolio as well as organic growth since the first quarter of 2022. As a result, loan interest revenue increased $89.9 million compared to the first quarter of 2022, which included a $1.75 million increase in purchased loan accretion. The increase in loan interest reflects interest revenue on approximately $1.44 billion in loans from the Progress acquisition and higher interest rates. The FOMC raised the targeted federal funds rate a total of 475 basis points beginning March 17, 2022 through the first quarter of 2023. Rising interest rates lifted the yield on the loan portfolio by 150 basis points to 5.68% in the first quarter of 2023 compared with the same period a year ago. Additionally, the $122 million increase in the daily average balance of securities and the 97 basis point increase in the average portfolio yield provided $16.1 million more in FTE interest revenue compared to the same period of last year.

The daily average balance of interest-bearing deposits increased by $644 million, which includes approximately $907 million of interest-bearing deposits received in the acquisition of Progress, partially offset by attrition of excess customer deposit balances that had built up during the COVID 19 pandemic. This decline in the daily average balance of deposits led us to use wholesale funding sources to fund loan growth. In the first quarter of 2023, we had FHLB advances and repurchase agreements outstanding with a total daily average balance of $561 million resulting in additional interest expense of $6.26 million compared with $611,000 of daily average balances outstanding in the first quarter of 2022. This change in funding mix toward more costly wholesale borrowings, combined with higher rates offered on customer deposits, led to a $60.8 million increase in interest expense from the first quarter of 2022. We also saw attrition in our noninterest-bearing deposit balances as rising interest rates offered customers more attractive alternatives. Although the daily average balance of our noninterest-bearing deposits was up $31.2 million from the first quarter of 2022, the acquisition of Progress added approximately $427 million in noninterest-bearing deposits. The attrition of deposit balances, which began soon after the the FOMC began increasing the targeted Federal Funds rate at the end of the first quarter of 2022, appears to have ceased in the first quarter of 2023 with March 31, 2023 customer deposit balances up at an annualized rate of 10% from December 31, 2022, excluding Progress.

Table 2 - Average Consolidated Balance Sheets and Net Interest Analysis
For the Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in thousands, FTE)			2023						2022
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
	Average Balance		Interest		Average Rate		Average Balance		Interest		Average Rate
Assets:
Interest-earning assets:
Loans, net of unearned income (FTE) (1)(2)	$	16,897,372	$	236,530	5.68	%	$	14,234,026	$	146,637	4.18	%
Taxable securities (3)	6,059,323		37,876		2.50		5,848,976		21,010		1.44
Tax-exempt securities (FTE) (1)(3)	422,583		2,834		2.68		510,954		3,566		2.79
Federal funds sold and other interest-earning assets	472,325		3,352		2.88		1,910,411		1,020		0.22
Total interest-earning assets (FTE)	23,851,603		280,592		4.76		22,504,367		172,233		3.10
Noninterest-earning assets:
Allowance for credit losses	(167,584)						(113,254)
Cash and due from banks	271,210						166,005
Premises and equipment	329,135						277,216
Other assets (3)	1,484,936						1,369,301
Total assets	$	25,769,300					$	24,203,635
Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity:
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Interest-bearing deposits:
NOW and interest-bearing demand	$	4,499,907	17,599		1.59		$	4,667,098	1,469		0.13
Money market	5,223,267		25,066		1.95		5,110,817		1,012		0.08
Savings	1,416,931		538		0.15		1,436,881		72		0.02
Time	2,348,588		12,313		2.13		1,758,895		534		0.12
Brokered time deposits	208,215		2,345		4.57		79,092		44		0.23
Total interest-bearing deposits	13,696,908		57,861		1.71		13,052,783		3,131		0.10
Federal funds purchased and other borrowings	107,955		1,148		4.31		611		—		—
Federal Home Loan Bank advances	453,056		5,112		4.58		—		—		—
Long-term debt	324,701		3,896		4.87		318,995		4,136		5.26
Total borrowed funds	885,712		10,156		4.65		319,606		4,136		5.25
Total interest-bearing liabilities	14,582,620		68,017		1.89		13,372,389		7,267		0.22
Noninterest-bearing liabilities:
Noninterest-bearing deposits	7,697,844						7,666,635
Other liabilities	357,367						378,327
Total liabilities	22,637,831						21,417,351
Shareholders' equity	3,131,469						2,786,284
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$	25,769,300					$	24,203,635
Net interest revenue (FTE)			$	212,575					$	164,966
Net interest-rate spread (FTE)					2.87	%					2.88	%
Net interest margin (FTE) (4)					3.61	%					2.97	%

(1)Interest revenue on tax-exempt securities and loans has been increased to reflect comparable interest on taxable securities and loans. The rate used was 26%, reflecting the statutory federal income tax rate and the federal tax adjusted state income tax rate.

(2)Included in the average balance of loans outstanding are loans on which the accrual of interest has been discontinued and loans that are held for sale.

(3)Unrealized losses on securities, including those related to the transfer from AFS to HTM, have been reclassified to other assets. Pretax unrealized losses of $419 million and $81.2 million in 2023 and 2022, respectively, are included in other assets for purposes of this presentation.

(4)Net interest margin is taxable equivalent net interest revenue divided by average interest-earning assets.

The following table shows the relative effect on net interest revenue for changes in the average outstanding amounts (volume) of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and the rates earned and paid on such assets and liabilities (rate). Variances resulting from a combination of changes in rate and volume are allocated in proportion to the absolute dollar amounts of the change in each category.

Table 3 - Change in Interest Revenue and Expense on a Taxable Equivalent Basis
(in thousands)			Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
---	---	---	---	---	---	---
	Compared to 2022 Increase (Decrease) Due to Changes in
	Volume		Rate		Total
Interest-earning assets:
Loans (FTE)	$	30,812	$	59,081	$	89,893
Taxable securities	781		16,085		16,866
Tax-exempt securities (FTE)	(597)		(135)		(732)
Federal funds sold and other interest-earning assets	(1,333)		3,665		2,332
Total interest-earning assets (FTE)	29,663		78,696		108,359
Interest-bearing liabilities:
NOW and interest-bearing demand accounts	(55)		16,185		16,130
Money market accounts	23		24,031		24,054
Savings deposits	(1)		467		466
Time deposits	238		11,541		11,779
Brokered deposits	180		2,121		2,301
Total interest-bearing deposits	385		54,345		54,730
Federal funds purchased & other borrowings	1,148		—		1,148
FHLB advances	5,112		—		5,112
Long-term debt	73		(313)		(240)
Total borrowed funds	6,333		(313)		6,020
Total interest-bearing liabilities	6,718		54,032		60,750
Increase in net interest revenue (FTE)	$	22,945	$	24,664	$	47,609

Provision for Credit Losses

The ACL represents management’s estimate of life of loan credit losses in the loan portfolio and unfunded loan commitments. Management’s estimate of credit losses under CECL is determined using a model that relies on reasonable and supportable forecasts and historical loss information to determine the balance of the ACL and resulting provision for credit losses.

We recorded a provision for credit losses of $21.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to $23.1 million for the same period of 2022. The amount of provision recorded in each period was the amount required such that the total ACL reflected the appropriate balance as determined by management reflecting expected life of loan losses. The provision recorded for the first quarter of 2023 included the initial provision for credit losses on Progress non-PCD loans and unfunded commitments of $8.80 million and $1.65 million, respectively. The provision for credit losses for the first quarter of 2022 included the initial provision for credit losses on Reliant non-PCD loans and unfunded commitments of $15.2 million and $3.12 million, respectively. The decrease in acquisition-related provision in the first quarter of 2023 was partially offset by provision expense related to organic loan growth and higher net charge-offs relative to the first quarter of 2022.

Additional discussion on credit quality and the ACL is included in the “Asset Quality and Risk Elements” section of MD&A in this Report.

Noninterest Income

The following table presents the components of noninterest income for the periods indicated.

Table 4 - Noninterest Income
(in thousands)			Three Months Ended<br>March 31,	Change
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
		2023		2022		Amount		Percent
Service charges and fees:
Overdraft fees		$	2,492	$	2,416	$	76	3	%
ATM and debit card fees		3,775		3,991		(216)		(5)
Other service charges and fees		2,432		2,663		(231)		(9)
Total service charges and fees		8,699		9,070		(371)		(4)
Mortgage loan gains and related fees		4,521		16,152		(11,631)		(72)
Wealth management fees		5,724		5,895		(171)		(3)
Gains on sales of other loans		1,916		3,198		(1,282)		(40)
Lending and loan servicing fees		4,016		2,986		1,030		34
Securities gains (losses), net		(1,644)		(3,734)		2,090
Other noninterest income:
Customer derivatives		355		786		(431)		(55)
Other investment gains (losses)		1,064		(499)		1,563
BOLI		1,615		1,337		278		21
Treasury management income		1,104		818		286		35
Other		2,839		2,964		(125)		(4)
Total other noninterest income		6,977		5,406		1,571		29
Total noninterest income		$	30,209	$	38,973	$	(8,764)	(22)

Mortgage loan gains and related fees consist primarily of fees earned on mortgage originations, gains on the sale of mortgages in the secondary market, mortgage derivative hedging gains and losses and fair value adjustments to our mortgage servicing asset. The change in mortgage income is strongly tied to the interest rate environment and industry conditions. We recognize the majority of fees on mortgages when customers enter into mortgage rate lock commitments, making our mortgage rate lock volume a significant driver of mortgage gains in any given period.

The decrease in mortgage loan gains and related fees was primarily a result of the decrease in mortgage refinance and mortgage rate lock demand compared to the first quarter of 2022, as shown in the following table. In addition, during the first quarter of 2023, we recorded a $1.10 million negative fair value adjustment, including decay, to the mortgage servicing rights asset, compared to a $5.31 million positive fair value adjustment, including decay, during the first quarter of 2022.

Table 5 - Mortgage Loan Metrics (1)
(dollars in thousands)
		Three Months Ended<br>March 31,
		2023		2022		% Change
	Mortgage rate locks	$	334,697	$	757,348	(56)	%
	# of mortgage rate locks	923		1,923		(52)
	Mortgage loans sold	$	79,279	$	207,152	(62)
	# of mortgage loans sold	295		788		(63)
	Mortgage loans originated:
	Purchases	$	192,693	$	313,512	(39)
	Refinances	31,852		148,445		(79)
	Total	$	224,545	$	461,957	(51)
	# of mortgage loans originated	617		1,202		(49)

Our SBA/USDA lending strategy includes selling a portion of the loan production each quarter. The amount of loans sold depends on several variables including the current lending environment, balance sheet management activities and market pricing. From time to time, we also sell certain equipment financing receivables. The following table presents loans sold and the corresponding gains recognized on the sales for the periods indicated.

Table 6 - Other Loan Sales
(in thousands)
		Three Months Ended March 31,
		2023				2022
		Loans Sold		Gain		Loans Sold		Gain
	Guaranteed portion of SBA/USDA loans	$	21,770	$	1,523	$	28,343	$	2,466
	Equipment financing receivables	18,703		393		23,436		732
	Total	$	40,473	$	1,916	$	51,779	$	3,198

Lending and loan servicing fees increased mostly due to a positive fair value adjustment on our SBA loan servicing asset and volume-driven fee income from our equipment finance business.

During the first quarters of 2023 and 2022, we sold certain securities, which resulted in net securities losses. During 2023, proceeds from sales were used to fund loan growth and repay FHLB advances. During 2022, we strategically reinvested in higher-yielding securities.

Our other investments include deferred compensation plan assets, CRA investments, other equity securities and limited partnership investments. During the first quarter of 2023,we recorded net unrealized gains on these investments, primarily driven by unrealized gains on equity securities compared to net losses during the first quarter of 2022 and equity method income from limited partnership investments.

Noninterest Expenses

The following table presents the components of noninterest expenses for the periods indicated.

Table 7 - Noninterest Expenses
(in thousands)			Three Months Ended<br>March 31,	Change
---	---	---	---	---	---
		2023		2022		Amount		Percent
Salaries and employee benefits		$	78,698	$	71,006	$	7,692	11	%
Communications and equipment		10,008		9,248		760		8
Occupancy		9,889		9,378		511		5
Advertising and public relations		2,349		1,488		861		58
Postage, printing and supplies		2,537		2,119		418		20
Professional fees		6,072		4,447		1,625		37
Lending and loan servicing expense		2,319		2,366		(47)		(2)
Outside services - electronic banking		3,425		2,523		902		36
FDIC assessments and other regulatory charges		4,001		2,173		1,828		84
Amortization of intangibles		3,528		1,793		1,735		97
Other		8,348		3,718		4,630		125
Total excluding merger-related and other charges		131,174		110,259		20,915		19
Merger-related and other charges		8,631		9,016		(385)
Total noninterest expenses		$	139,805	$	119,275	$	20,530	17

Approximately half of the year over year increase in operating expenses is due to the acquisition of Progress on January 3, 2023.

The increase in salaries and employee benefits for the first quarter of 2023 compared to the same period of 2022 was primarily driven by the addition of Progress employees. Merit increases, which included annual increases that went into effect for all employees on April 1, 2022 as well as a targeted mid-year 2022 increase in the third quarter, also contributed to the rise in salaries and employee

benefits expense. Although mortgage commissions were down from a year ago, the decrease was mostly offset by lower deferred direct loan origination costs and higher production incentives in other lending areas. Full time equivalent headcount totaled 3,052 at March 31, 2023, up from 2,893 at March 31, 2022.

Communications and equipment expense increased primarily driven by incremental software contract costs and the growth in our network with the addition of recent acquisitions. The increase in occupancy costs for the first quarter of 2023 compared to the same period of 2022 was mostly attributable to the additional operating lease costs associated with the acquisition of Progress. The decrease in lending and loan servicing expense was driven by lower mortgage loan production compared to that of the first quarter of 2022. The increase in FDIC assessments and other regulatory charges was primarily attributable to the 2 basis point assessment rate increase that went into effect for all banks on January 1, 2023, as well as an increased assessment base driven by higher average total assets partly resulting from the Progress acquisition. Amortization of intangibles increased with the additional customer deposit intangibles recorded as a result of the Progress acquisition. Merger-related charges for the first quarter of 2023 were primarily related to the acquisition of Progress.

Balance Sheet Review

Total assets at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were $25.9 billion and $24.0 billion, respectively. Total liabilities at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were $22.8 billion and $21.3 billion, respectively. Shareholders’ equity totaled $3.08 billion and $2.70 billion at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

Loans

Our loan portfolio is our largest category of interest-earning assets. The following table presents a summary of the loan portfolio by loan type as of March 31, 2023, of which approximately 74% was secured by real estate.

Table 8 - Loan Portfolio Composition

As of March 31, 2023

Asset Quality and Risk Elements

We manage asset quality and control credit risk through review and oversight of the loan portfolio as well as adherence to policies designed to promote sound underwriting and loan monitoring practices. Our credit risk management function is responsible for monitoring asset quality and Board approved portfolio concentration limits, establishing credit policies and procedures and enforcing the consistent application of these policies and procedures.

We conduct reviews of special mention and substandard performing and non-performing loans, past due loans and portfolio concentrations on a regular basis to identify risk migration and potential charges to the ACL. These items are discussed in a series of

meetings attended by credit risk management leadership and leadership from various lending groups. In addition to the reviews mentioned above, an independent loan review team reviews the portfolio to ensure consistent application of risk rating policies and procedures.

The ACL reflects our assessment of the life of loan expected credit losses in the loan portfolio and unfunded loan commitments. This assessment involves uncertainty and judgment and is subject to change in future periods. The amount of any changes could be significant if our assessment of loan quality or collateral values changes substantially with respect to one or more loan relationships or portfolios. The allocation of the ACL is based on reasonable and supportable forecasts, historical data, subjective judgment and estimates and therefore, is not necessarily indicative of the specific amounts or loan categories in which charge-offs may ultimately occur. See the Critical Accounting Estimates section of MD&A in our 2022 10-K for additional information on the allowance for credit losses.

Table 9 - Allocation of ACL

(in thousands)

	March 31, 2023				December 31, 2022
	ACL			% of loans in each category to total loans	ACL			% of loans in each category to total loans
Owner occupied commercial real estate	$	20,831		18	$	19,834		18
Income producing commercial real estate	33,607			21	32,082			21
Commercial & industrial	28,312			14	23,504			15
Commercial construction	22,073			11	20,120			10
Equipment financing	26,195			9	23,395			9
Total commercial	131,018			73	118,935			73
Residential mortgage	24,082			16	20,809			15
HELOC	10,337			5	8,707			6
Residential construction	2,043			3	2,049			3
Manufactured housing	8,424			2	8,098			2
Consumer	630			1	759			1
Total ACL - loans	176,534			100	159,357			100
ACL - unfunded commitments	21,389				21,163
Total ACL	$	197,923			$	180,520
ACL - loans as a percentage of total loans	1.03		%		1.04		%
ACL - loans as a percentage of nonaccrual loans	243				360

The increase in the ACL since December 31, 2022 was primarily driven by the acquisition of Progress, which added $13.2 million to the ACL as of the acquisition date. Of this amount, $2.70 million was reclassified from the amortized cost basis of PCD loans, $8.80 million was recorded as provision for loan losses on acquired non-PCD loan balances and $1.65 million was recorded as provision for unfunded commitments on the acquired balance of unfunded commitments. See Provision for Credit Losses discussion within this MD&A for further information.

The following table presents a summary of net charge-offs to average loans for the periods indicated.

Table 10 - Net Charge-offs to Average Loans
(in thousands)			Three Months Ended<br>March 31,
---	---	---	---	---
		2023			2022
Net charge-offs (recoveries)
Owner occupied commercial real estate		$	90		$	(45)
Income producing commercial real estate		2,306			(290)
Commercial & industrial		225			2,929
Commercial construction		(37)			(373)
Equipment financing		3,375			267
Residential mortgage		(87)			(97)
HELOC		33			(81)
Residential construction		(15)			(23)
Manufactured housing		628			164
Consumer		566			527
Total net charge-offs (recoveries)		$	7,084		$	2,978
Average loans
Owner occupied commercial real estate		$	3,058,802		$	2,618,981
Income producing commercial real estate		3,577,883			3,311,373
Commercial & industrial		2,443,581			2,333,079
Commercial construction		1,771,940			1,460,433
Equipment financing		1,468,538			1,134,584
Residential mortgage		2,660,345			1,818,838
HELOC		926,806			774,081
Residential construction		486,686			372,930
Manufactured housing		334,754			265,481
Consumer		168,037			144,246
Total average loans		$	16,897,372		$	14,234,026
Net charge-offs to average loans (1)
Owner occupied commercial real estate		0.01		%	(0.01)		%
Income producing commercial real estate		0.26			(0.04)
Commercial & industrial		0.04			0.51
Commercial construction		(0.01)			(0.10)
Equipment financing		0.93			0.10
Residential mortgage		(0.01)			(0.02)
HELOC		0.01			(0.04)
Residential construction		(0.01)			(0.03)
Manufactured housing		0.76			0.25
Consumer		1.37			1.48
Total		0.17			0.08

(1) Annualized.

Nonperforming Assets

The table below summarizes NPAs for the periods indicated. NPAs include nonaccrual loans, OREO and repossessed assets. The increase in nonaccrual loans since December 31, 2022 is primarily driven by a small number of large loans that moved to nonaccrual status during the first quarter of 2023.

Table 11 - NPAs
(in thousands)			March 31,<br>2023			December 31, <br>2022
---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Nonaccrual loans	72,795			44,232
OREO and repossessed assets	608			49
Total NPAs	$	73,403		$	44,281
Nonaccrual loans as a percentage of total loans	0.43		%	0.29		%
NPAs as a percentage of total assets	0.28			0.18

Our policy is to place loans on nonaccrual status when, in the opinion of management, the full principal and interest on a loan is not likely to be collected or when the loan becomes 90 days past due. A loan may continue on accrual after 90 days, however, if it is well collateralized and in the process of collection. When a loan is placed on nonaccrual status, interest previously accrued but not collected is reversed against current interest revenue. Interest payments received on nonaccrual loans are applied to reduce the loan’s amortized cost. Loans are generally returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current, there is a sustained period of repayment performance and future payments are reasonably assured.

Generally, we do not commit to lend additional funds to customers whose loans are on nonaccrual status, although in certain isolated cases, we execute forbearance agreements whereby we agree to continue to fund construction loans to completion or other lines of credit as long as the borrower meets the conditions of the forbearance agreement. We may also fund other amounts necessary to protect collateral such as amounts to pay past due property taxes and insurance coverage.

Investment Securities

The composition of the investment securities portfolio reflects our investment strategy of maintaining an appropriate level of liquidity while providing a relatively stable source of revenue. The investment securities portfolio also provides a balance to interest rate risk and credit risk in other categories of the balance sheet while providing a vehicle for the investment of available funds, furnishing liquidity, and supplying securities to pledge as required collateral for certain deposits and borrowings.

At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had HTM debt securities with a carrying amount of $2.58 billion and $2.61 billion, respectively, and AFS debt securities totaling $3.33 billion and $3.61 billion, respectively. In the first quarter of 2023, we sold $381 million in AFS securities, including approximately $111 million in securities received through the Progress acquisition, primarily for the purpose of providing liquidity to fund loan growth. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the securities portfolio represented approximately 23% and 26%, respectively, of total assets.

At March 31, 2023, HTM debt securities had a fair value of $2.21 billion, indicating net unrealized losses of $377 million. Additional unrealized losses on HTM debt securities of $75.4 million (pre-tax) were included in AOCI as a result of the transfer of AFS debt securities to HTM in 2022. Unrealized losses were primarily attributable to changes in interest rates.

In accordance with CECL, our HTM debt securities portfolio is evaluated quarterly to assess whether an ACL is required. We measure expected credit losses on HTM debt securities on a collective basis by major security type. The estimate of expected credit losses considers historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, calculated credit losses on HTM debt securities were de minimis due to the high credit quality of the portfolio, which included securities issued or guaranteed by U.S. Government agencies, GSEs, high credit quality municipalities and supranational entities. As a result, no ACL for HTM debt securities was recorded.

For AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position, if we intend to sell, or if it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, the security's amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. Absent circumstances when an AFS security would be sold, we evaluate whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. The evaluation considers factors such as the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, changes to the security’s rating, and adverse conditions specific to the security. If the evaluation indicates a credit loss exists, an ACL

may be recorded, with such allowance limited to the amount by which fair value is below amortized cost. Any impairment unrelated to credit factors is recognized in OCI. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there was no ACL related to the AFS debt securities portfolio. Unrealized losses at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 primarily reflected the effect of changes in interest rates.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill represents the premium paid for acquired companies above the net fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including separately identifiable intangible assets. Management evaluates goodwill annually, or more frequently if necessary, to determine if any impairment exists. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the net carrying amount of goodwill was $897 million and $751 million, respectively.

We also have core deposit and customer relationship intangible assets, representing the value of acquired deposit and customer relationships, respectively, which are amortizing intangible assets. Amortizing intangible assets are required to be tested for impairment only when events or circumstances indicate that impairment may exist.

In connection with the acquisition of Progress in the first quarter of 2023, we recorded goodwill and a core deposit intangible of $146 million and $40.0 million, respectively.

Deposits

Customer deposits are the primary source of funds for the continued growth of our earning assets. Our high level of service, as evidenced by our strong customer satisfaction scores, has been instrumental in attracting and retaining customer deposit accounts. The increase in deposits since December 31, 2022 was mostly driven by the deposits assumed in the Progress transaction, although we also generated organic growth by increasing the rates offered on deposits. As of March 31, 2023, we had approximately $8.00 billion of uninsured deposits, of which $2.39 billion was collateralized by investment securities.

Table 12 - Deposits
(in thousands)			March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
---	---	---	---	---
Noninterest-bearing demand	$	7,540,265	$	7,643,081
NOW and interest-bearing demand	4,769,663		4,350,878
Money market and savings	6,503,422		5,967,017
Time	2,703,568		1,781,482
Total customer deposits	21,516,918		19,742,458
Brokered deposits	487,756		134,049
Total deposits	$	22,004,674	$	19,876,507

Borrowing Activities

At both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had long-term debt outstanding of $325 million, which includes senior debentures, subordinated debentures, and trust preferred securities. Also at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had short-term borrowings outstanding of $7.22 million and $159 million, respectively, which was mostly comprised of repurchase agreements, and we had $30.0 million and $550 million, respectively, of FHLB advances outstanding. We began using these short-term funding sources in mid 2022 due to balance attrition in our deposit accounts and our need to fund loan growth. The decrease since December 31, 2022 is a result of the sale of investment securities noted above and growth in customer and brokered deposits which allowed us to fund first quarter loan growth and repay short-term borrowings.

Contractual Obligations

There have not been any material changes to our contractual obligations since December 31, 2022.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We are a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit, letters of credit and financial guarantees.

A commitment to extend credit is an agreement to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Letters of credit and financial guarantees are conditional commitments issued to guarantee a customer’s performance to a third party and have essentially the same credit risk as extending loan facilities to customers. Those commitments are primarily issued to local businesses.

The exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the commitments to extend credit, letters of credit and financial guarantees is represented by the contractual amount of these instruments. We use the same credit underwriting procedures for making commitments, letters of credit and financial guarantees, as we use for underwriting on-balance sheet instruments. Management evaluates each customer’s creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis and the amount of the collateral, if deemed necessary, is based on the credit evaluation. Collateral held varies, but may include unimproved and improved real estate, certificates of deposit, personal property or other acceptable collateral.

All of these instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk in excess of the amount recognized in the balance sheet. The total amount of these instruments does not necessarily represent future cash requirements because a significant portion of these instruments expire without being used. We are not involved in off-balance sheet contractual relationships, other than those disclosed in this report, that could result in liquidity needs or other commitments, or that could significantly affect earnings. See Note 23 to the consolidated financial statements included in our 2022 10-K and Note 15 to the consolidated financial statements in this Report for additional information on off-balance sheet arrangements.

Interest Rate Sensitivity Management

The absolute level and volatility of interest rates can have a significant effect on profitability. The objective of interest rate risk management is to identify and manage the sensitivity of net interest revenue to changing interest rates, consistent with our overall financial goals. Based on economic conditions, asset quality and various other considerations, management establishes tolerance ranges for interest rate sensitivity and manages within these ranges.

Net interest revenue and the fair value of financial instruments are influenced by changes in the level of interest rates. We limit our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates through policies established by our ALCO and approved by the Board. The ALCO meets periodically and has responsibility for formulating and recommending asset/liability management policies to the Board, formulating and implementing strategies to improve balance sheet positioning and/or earnings, and reviewing interest rate sensitivity.

One of the tools management uses to estimate and manage the sensitivity of net interest revenue to changes in interest rates is an asset/liability simulation model. Resulting estimates are based upon multiple assumptions for each scenario, including loan and deposit re-pricing characteristics and the rate of prepayments. The ALCO periodically reviews the assumptions for reasonableness based on historical data and future expectations; however, actual net interest revenue may differ from model results. The primary objective of the simulation model is to measure the potential change in net interest revenue over time using multiple interest rate scenarios. The base scenario assumes rates remain flat and is the scenario to which all others are compared, in order to measure the change in net interest revenue. Policy limits are based on immediate rate shock scenarios, as well as gradually rising and falling rate scenarios, which are all compared to the base scenario. Our assumptions include floors such that market rates and discount rates do not go below zero. Other scenarios analyzed may include delayed rate shocks, yield curve steepening or flattening, or other variations in rate movements. While the primary policy scenarios focus on a 12-month time frame, longer time horizons are also modeled.

Our policy is based on the 12-month impact on net interest revenue of interest rate shocks and ramps that increase from 100 to 400 basis points or decrease 100 to 200 basis points from the base scenario. In the shock scenarios, rates immediately change the full amount at the scenario onset. In the ramp scenarios, rates change by 25 basis points per month. Our policy limits the projected change in net interest revenue over the first 12 months to an 8% decrease for each 100 basis point change in the increasing and decreasing rate ramp and shock scenarios. The following table presents our interest sensitivity position at the dates indicated.

Table 13 - Interest Sensitivity
(in thousands)			Increase (Decrease) in Net Interest Revenue from Base Scenario at
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
	March 31, 2023				December 31, 2022
Change in Rates	Shock		Ramp		Shock		Ramp
200 basis point increase	5.69	%	3.19	%	6.97	%	4.33	%
100 basis point increase	2.90		2.25		3.53		2.85
100 basis point decrease	(2.98)		(2.38)		(3.78)		(3.12)
200 basis point decrease	(7.02)		(3.88)		(8.39)		(5.07)

Our interest sensitivity model includes significant key assumptions, including an assumption of no change in deposit portfolio size or composition. Additionally, in rising rate environments, we use a deposit beta assumption that is consistent with our experience in the last upward rate cycle from November 2015 to July 2019. The modeled deposit beta, which is measured as the change in our overall non-maturity deposit rate as a percentage of the change in the targeted federal funds rate, was 19%. A higher deposit beta assumption would indicate a less asset sensitive balance sheet and would lower the expected increase in net interest revenue in the increasing rate scenarios.

The current environment is marked by the most rapid rate increases in decades, which, in part, is making non-bank products, such as U.S. Treasuries and institutional money market funds, more attractive to our deposit customers. For this and other reasons, the banking industry’s deposit base has been shrinking since the first half of 2022. This industry-wide outflow of deposits has increased price competition for bank deposits. As such, industry deposit betas, including ours, have been increasing at a faster pace relative to the last rising rate cycle. Our cumulative deposit beta for the current rising rate cycle, while favorable to peer averages, increased to 22% in the first quarter.

Liquidity Management

Liquidity is defined as the ability to convert assets into cash or cash equivalents without significant loss and to raise additional funds by increasing liabilities. Liquidity management involves maintaining the ability to meet the daily cash flow requirements of customers, both depositors and borrowers. The primary objective is to ensure that sufficient funding is available, at a reasonable cost, to meet ongoing operational cash needs and to take advantage of revenue producing opportunities as they arise. While the desired level of liquidity will vary depending upon a variety of factors, our primary goal is to maintain a sufficient level of liquidity in all expected economic environments. To assist in determining the adequacy of our liquidity, we perform a variety of liquidity stress tests. We maintain an unencumbered liquid asset reserve to help ensure our ability to meet our obligations under normal conditions for at least a 12-month period and under severely adverse liquidity conditions for a minimum of 30 days.

An important part of the Bank’s liquidity resides in the asset portion of the balance sheet, which provides liquidity primarily through loan interest and principal repayments and the maturities and sales of securities, as well as the ability to use these assets as collateral for borrowings on a secured basis.

The Bank’s main source of liquidity is customer interest-bearing and noninterest-bearing deposit accounts. Liquidity is also available from wholesale funding sources consisting primarily of repurchase agreements, Federal funds purchased, FHLB advances, and brokered deposits. These sources of liquidity are generally short-term in nature and are used as necessary to fund asset growth and meet other short-term liquidity needs.

At March 31, 2023, we had sufficient qualifying collateral to provide borrowing capacity for FHLB advances of $1.53 billion, Federal Reserve discount window borrowing capacity of $2.54 billion and Federal Reserve bank term funding program capacity of $1.88 billion. We also had unpledged investment securities of $1.52 billion that could be used as collateral for additional borrowings. In addition, we have the ability to attract retail deposits by competing more aggressively on pricing.

In addition, because the Holding Company is a separate entity and apart from the Bank, it must provide for its own liquidity. The Holding Company is responsible for the payment of dividends declared for its common and preferred shareholders, and interest and principal on any outstanding debt or trust preferred securities. The Holding Company currently has internal capital resources to meet these obligations. While the Holding Company has access to the capital markets and maintains a line of credit as a contingent funding source, the ultimate sources of its liquidity are subsidiary service fees and dividends from the Bank, which are limited by applicable law and regulations. A South Carolina state-chartered bank is permitted to pay a dividend of up to 100% of its current year earnings without requesting approval of the South Carolina Board of Financial Institutions, provided certain conditions are met. Holding

Company liquidity is managed to a minimum of 15-months of anticipated cash expenditures after considering all of its liquidity needs over this period.

Significant uses and sources of cash during the three months ended March 31, 2023 are as follows. See the consolidated statement of cash flows for further detail.

•Net cash provided by operating activities of $90.1 million reflects net income of $62.3 million adjusted for non-cash transactions, gains and losses on sales of securities and other loans, an increase in loans held for sale of $4.70 million and changes in other assets and liabilities. Significant non-cash transactions for the period included a $21.8 million provision for credit losses and net depreciation, amortization, and accretion of $12.1 million.

•Net cash provided by investing activities of $181 million primarily consisted of proceeds from securities sales, maturities and calls of $496 million partially offset by a net increase in loans of $345 million.

•Net cash used in financing activities of $141 million was driven by net repayments of FHLB advances of $615 million and a net decrease in short-term borrowings of $293 million, combined with dividends on common and preferred stock of $25.4 million, partially offset by an increase in deposits of $793 million.

In the opinion of management, our liquidity position at March 31, 2023 was sufficient to meet our expected cash flow requirements for the foreseeable future.

Capital Resources and Dividends

Shareholders’ equity at March 31, 2023 was $3.08 billion, an increase of $377 million from December 31, 2022 primarily due to equity issued in the Progress acquisition, year-to-date earnings and unrealized gains on AFS securities, partially offset by dividends declared on common and preferred stock.

The following table shows capital ratios, as calculated under applicable regulatory guidelines, at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. As of March 31, 2023, capital levels remained characterized as “well-capitalized” under regulatory requirements in effect at the time. Additional information related to capital ratios is provided in Note 14 to the consolidated financial statements.

| Table 14 - Capital Ratios | | --- || | | | | | | | United Community Banks, Inc.<br>(Consolidated) | | | | United Community Bank | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | Minimum | | Well-<br>Capitalized | | Minimum Capital Plus Capital Conservation Buffer | | March 31,<br>2023 | | December 31, <br>2022 | | March 31,<br>2023 | | December 31, <br>2022 | | | Risk-based ratios: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CET1 capital | 4.5 | % | 6.5 | % | 7.0 | % | 12.08 | % | 12.26 | % | 12.43 | % | 12.83 | % | | Tier 1 capital | 6.0 | | 8.0 | | 8.5 | | 12.58 | | 12.81 | | 12.43 | | 12.83 | | | Total capital | 8.0 | | 10.0 | | 10.5 | | 14.40 | | 14.79 | | 13.34 | | 13.70 | | | Leverage ratio | 4.0 | | 5.0 | | N/A | | 9.65 | | 9.69 | | 9.54 | | 9.69 | |

Effect of Inflation and Changing Prices

A bank’s asset and liability structure is substantially different from that of an industrial firm in that primarily all assets and liabilities of a bank are monetary in nature with relatively little investment in fixed assets or inventories. Inflation has an important effect on the growth of total assets and the resulting need to increase equity capital at higher than normal rates in order to maintain an appropriate equity to assets ratio.

Management believes the effect of inflation on financial results depends on our ability to react to changes in interest rates, and by such reaction, reduce the inflationary effect on performance. We have an asset/liability management program to manage interest rate sensitivity. In addition, periodic reviews of banking services and products are conducted to adjust pricing in view of current and expected costs.

Item 3.    Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk

There have been no material changes in our market risk as of March 31, 2023 from that presented in our 2022 10-K. Our interest rate sensitivity position at March 31, 2023 is set forth in Table 13 in MD&A of this Report and incorporated herein by this reference.

Item 4.    Controls and Procedures

(a) Disclosure Controls and Procedures. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e)) as of March 31, 2023. Based on that evaluation, our principal executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.

(b) Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. No change in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f)) occurred during the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2023 that materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

In the ordinary course of business, the Holding Company and the Bank are parties to various legal proceedings. Additionally, in the ordinary course of business, the Holding Company and the Bank are subject to regulatory examinations and investigations. Based on our current knowledge and advice of counsel, in the opinion of management there is no such pending or threatened legal matter which would result in a material adverse effect upon our consolidated financial condition or results of operations.

Items 1A. Risk Factors

Except with respect to the additional risk factors related to the proposed First Miami acquisition, which are set forth on pages 20 through 26 of the prospectus filed with the SEC on April 24, 2023 pursuant to Securities Act Rule 424(b)(3) (and incorporated herein by this reference), there have been no material changes to the risk factors previously disclosed in the 2022 10-K.

Item 6. Exhibits

(d)     Exhibits. See Exhibit Index below.

EXHIBIT INDEX
Exhibit No.	Description
2.1	Agreement and Plan of Merger by and between United Community Banks, Inc. and First Miami Bancorp, Inc. dated as of February 13, 2023 (incorporated herein by reference from Exhibit 2.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of United Community Banks, Inc. filed with the SEC on February 15, 2023).
3.1	Restated Articles of Incorporation of United Community Banks, Inc. as amended through August 13, 2021 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to United Community Bank Inc.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2021, filed on November 5, 2021).
3.2	Amended and Restated Bylaws of United Community Banks, Inc., as amended (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to United Community Banks, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2015, filed with the SEC on May 11, 2015).
31.1	Certification by H. Lynn Harton, President and Chief Executive Officer of United Community Banks, Inc., pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-14(a).
31.2	Certification by Jefferson L. Harralson, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of United Community Banks, Inc., pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-14(a).
32	Certification of CEO and CFO pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350.
101	Interactive data files for United Community Bank, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2023, formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets (unaudited); (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Income (unaudited); (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (unaudited); (iv) the Consolidated Statements in Shareholders’ Equity (unaudited); (v) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited); and (vi) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited).
104	The cover page from United Community Bank’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2023 (formatted in Inline XBRL and included in Exhibit 101)

Signatures

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

UNITED COMMUNITY BANKS, INC.
/s/ H. Lynn Harton
H. Lynn Harton
President and Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)
/s/ Jefferson L. Harralson
Jefferson L. Harralson
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)
/s/ Alan H. Kumler
Alan H. Kumler
Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer
(Principal Accounting Officer)
Date: May 5, 2023

56

Document

Exhibit 31.1

I, H. Lynn Harton, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of United Community Banks, Inc. (the “Registrant”);

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a - 15(f) and 15d - 15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 5, 2023
	/s/ H. Lynn Harton
	H. Lynn Harton
	President and Chief Executive Officer of the Registrant

Document

Exhibit 31.2

I, Jefferson L. Harralson, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of United Community Banks, Inc. (the “Registrant”);

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a - 15(f) and 15d - 15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 5, 2023
	/s/ Jefferson L. Harralson
	Jefferson L. Harralson
	Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of the Registrant

Document

Exhibit 32

CERTIFICATIONS PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of United Community Banks, Inc. (“United”) on Form 10-Q for the period ending March 31, 2023 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), each of the undersigned officers of United certifies, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

(1)The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2)The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of United.

	/s/ H. Lynn Harton
Name:	H. Lynn Harton
Title:	President and Chief Executive Officer
Date:	May 5, 2023
	/s/ Jefferson L. Harralson
Name:	Jefferson L. Harralson
Title:	Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Date:	May 5, 2023