Good day, and thank you for standing by. Welcome to the Vicor First Quarter 2026 earnings conference call. At this time, all participants are in listen-only mode. After the speaker's presentation, there will be a question and answer session. To ask a question during the session, you will need to press star 11 on your telephone. You will then hear an automated message advising your hand is raised. To withdraw your question, please press star 11 again. Please be advised that today's conference is being recorded. I would now like to hand the conference over to your speaker today. Jim Schmidt, Chief Financial Officer. Please go ahead.

Thank you. Good morning and welcome to Vicor Corporation's earnings call for the first quarter ended March 31, 2026. I'm Jim Schmidt, Chief Financial Officer, and I'm in Andover with Patrizio Vinciarelli, Chief Executive Officer, and Phil Davies, Corporate Vice President, Global Sales and Marketing. Earlier this morning, we issued a press release summarizing our financial results for the three months ended March 31, 2026. This press release has been posted on the Investor Relations page of our website, www.vicorpower.com. We also filed a Form 8K today related to the issuance of this press release. I remind listeners this conference call is being recorded and is the copyrighted property of Vicor Corporation. I also remind you various remarks we make during this call may constitute forward-looking statements for the purposes of the safe harbor provisions under this private securities litigation reform Act of 1995 except for historical information contained in this call the matters discussed on this call including any statements regarding current and planned products current and potential customers potential market opportunities expected events and announcements and our capacity expansion as well as management's expectations for sales growth spending and profitability are forward-looking statements involving risk and uncertainties in light of these risk and uncertainties we can offer no assurance that any forward-looking statement will in fact prove to be correct actual results may differ materially from those explicitly set forth in or implied by any of our remarks today the risk and uncertainties we face are discussed in item 1a of our 2025 form 10k which we filed with the SEC on March 2, 2026. This document is available via the EDGAR system on the SEC's website. Please note the information provided during this conference call is accurate only as of today, Tuesday, April 21, 2026. VICOR undertakes no obligation to update any statements including forward-looking statements made during this call and you should not rely upon such statements after the conclusion of this call a webcast replay of today's call will be available shortly on the investor relations page of our website I'll now turn to a review of Q1 financial performance after which Phil will review recent market developments and Patricio Phil and I will take your questions in my remarks I will focus mostly on the sequential quarterly changes for P&L and balance sheet items and refer you to our press release or or our upcoming Form 10-Q for additional information. As stated in today's press release, BICOR recorded product and royalty revenue for the first quarter of $113 million, up 5.3% sequentially from the fourth quarter of 2025, total of $107.3 million, and up 20.2% from the first quarter of 2025, total of $94 million. Advanced products revenue increased 3.7% sequentially to $64.9 million, and brick products revenue increased 7.7% sequentially to $48 million. Shipments to stocking distributors increased 0.5% sequentially and increased 63.6% year-over-year. Exports for the first quarter decreased sequentially as a percentage of total revenue to approximately 48.9% from the prior quarter's 49.3%. For Q1, advanced product share of total revenue decreased to 57.5% compared to 58.4% for the fourth quarter of 2025, with BRIC products share correspondingly increasing to 42.5% of total revenue. Turning to Q1 gross margin, we recorded a consolidated gross profit margin of 55.2%, a 20 basis point decrease from the prior quarter. Q1 gross margin increased 800 basis points from the same quarter last year I'll now turn to Q1 operating expenses total operating expense increased 4% sequentially from the fourth quarter of 2025 to 45.5 million dollars this increase included higher legal expenses related to enforcement of our IP the amounts of total equity based compensation expense for Q1 included in cost of goods, SG&A, and R&D, was $836,000, $1,959, and $1,057,000, respectively, totaling approximately $3.9 million. Turning to income taxes, we recorded a tax benefit for Q1 of approximately $0.3 million, representing an effective tax rate for the quarter of minus 1.3%. The company's tax provision and effective tax rate for the quarter ended March 31, 2026, was positively impacted by stock options exercised in the quarter. Net income for Q1 totaled $20.7 million. Gap diluted income per share was $0.44, based on a fully diluted share count of 47,254,000 shares. Turning to our cash flow and balance sheet, cash and cash equivalents total $404.2 million at Q1, an increase of $1.4 million sequentially. Account receivable net of reserves totaled $67.4 million at quarter end, with DSOs for trade receivables at 42 days. Inventory's net reserved increased net of reserves increased 3.8 percent sequentially to ninety four point eight million dollars annualized inventory turns were two point one cash flow used for operating activities totaled three point nine million dollars for the quarter which was net of a litigation settlement payment of twenty eight point six million capital expenditures for q1 totaled twelve point four million dollars we entered the quarter with a construction and progress balance primarily for manufacturing equipment of approximately 10.7 million dollars and with approximately 33.9 million dollars remaining to be spent i'll now address bookings and backlog q1 book to bill came in above two and one year backlog increased 70 percent from the prior quarter closing at 300.6 million dollars 2026 is a year of great opportunity for vicor we expect q2 revenues of nearly 126 million in 2026 revenues of nearly 570 million this guidance is based on conservative assumptions about our licensing practice specifically that we will not to enter into new licensing agreements until our second ITC case gets its final to its final determination in 2027 additional exclusion orders further restricting importation of infringing computing systems will provide motivation to close new licensing deals on the right terms. Along with revenue growth in 2026, we expect margin

expansion. Phil? Thank you, Jim. With the book to bill above two, Q1 bookings were strong across our high-performance computing, industrial, and aerospace and defense markets. They remain strong in the second quarter and I'll discuss each of them in turn our leading our lead computing customer is continuing a steep production ramp of its wafer scale engine with best-in-class AI inference performance wafer scale engines and future embedded multi die and co-wash packages for AI chiplet solutions are uniquely enabled by vertical power delivery further advances in AI performance are about to be enabled by Vico second generation VPD solution with three amps per square millimeter current density and a current multiplication factor of up to 40 in 1.5 millimeter thin package through my q4 comments engagement with other HPC customers for second generation VPD solutions will follow the generational transition by our lead customer with capacity in our first chip fab year marked for existing strategic customers, we will continue to be selective as we add additional customers. On the VPD front, competition is handicapped by a multiplicity of issues, including inadequate current density and stacked packages that are not mechanically and thermally adept. That's because competition copied a first-generation VPD solution whose pioneering aspects are still immature and at risk of continuity of supply challenges caused by patent infringement. Our broad industrial market which is supported by our global distribution partners had a strong first quarter and our top 100 industrial OEMs in the automated test and semiconductor manufacturing equipment markets continue to benefit from the AI data center build-out with strong order placement. We are also winning next generation platforms with earlier generation and new factorized power system solutions. Our current multipliers supplying high power to ASIC and memory test heads and pin electronics remain unchallenged in terms of current density, low noise, and thin packages. Geopolitical developments have been a key driver of our aerospace and defense business in recent quarters increases in spending as a percentage of GDP and replenishment of defensive and offensive systems supports the growth of this market our objectives goals and strategies for 2026 remain unchanged with a focus on a portfolio of 100 customers globally across four market segments future growth opportunities will require capacity expansion including a second fab a combinatorial strategy of being the power system technology innovator and an IP licensing company is delivering results with that we'll take your questions thank you as a reminder

to ask a question please press star 1 1 in your telephone and wait for your name to be announced to withdraw your question please press star 1 1 again our first question comes from the line of Quinn Bolton with Needham and Company

your line is now open. Hey, guys. Congratulations on the nice results and outlook. I guess I wanted to start with just the assumptions you're making around 2026 for the IP licensing business. Looks like royalty revenue in Q1 was about $15 million or about $60 million annualized. I know you're not assuming any additional or new licenses signed, but where do you see royalty or licensing revenue this year as part of that 570 guidance the 570 guidance includes our

royalties which would increase somewhat based on existing licensing agreement but in terms of providing in effect safe guidance we thought it would be best to set aside any opportunity with respect to, if you will, early deals relating to current actions. So our working assumption for guidance purposes is that we're not going to have any until we get to final determination or a second case next year. But it could be that we do get some ahead of that

timeframe. And then, Patricio, last quarter, you seem pretty confident that the utilization in Andover would approach 80% by the end of 26 or early 2027. Looks like you're on a strong product ramp, but are you still sort of comfortable or still expecting utilization to sort of achieve

those levels that you discussed last quarter? Yes. In absolute terms with respect to product revenues what is transpired since we last spoke on this topic is that we actually have a significant level of elasticity with respect to the sponsoring capacity within the fellow seat facility that's giving us a little bit more flexibility with respect to the timing and choice of the location for the second fab. So to get a little bit more specific, we've seen an opportunity for relatively significant expansion capacity. It could be as much as 50% above what had been planned to be supported in terms of annual revenues out of the federal seat facility. So that gives us cushion with respect to timing, which were put into good use in terms of the choice of a location. And to give you a little bit more flavor with respect to that, we've also come around to focusing on existing buildings as opposed to a piece of land because of the fact that with an existing building, we can execute much more rapidly in terms of capacity expansion. And part of the strategy with respect to getting more out of the facility is to selectively source outside of that facility some of the process steps that can be more easily relocated. So, that should give you the picture with respect to both the capacity utilization and the plants with respect to the capacity expansion.

Sorry, Patricia, just a quick clarification. Did you say that in the first Andover facility, you would be outsourcing some manufacturing steps either to third parties, or would that be to the second CHIP FAB?

It would be to an interim location for the second CHIP FAB. This would still be totally within VIGO control. But there are process steps that can be easily located in a nearby building. And that's part of the plan to extend capacity of the Federal State Facility.

it. Understood. Thank you. I'll get back in queue. Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Justin Clare with Ross Capital Partners. Your line is now open. Hey, good morning. Thanks for

the questions here. So, I think first off, you mentioned engagement with additional VPD customers, I think could follow the generational transition for the lead customer from Gen 4 to Gen 5. I was wondering if you just provide an update on the anticipated timing of that transition. I think you had previously been looking for the second half of 2026. And then so I'm trying to get a sense for when the potential orders with additional customers could be and what the revenue timing might be.

Yeah, so the generation transition we're referring to here, it will be enabled in the second half of this year. And we expect a ramp to begin before the end of this year with respect to that next generation capability with the lead customer. And we will follow that with additional customers for second-gen VPD solution. As Phil pointed out earlier, we are planning for the increments of capacity that we're going to have available to support opportunities that are, as in the case of a lead customer, long-term strategic to vigor. And fundamentally, in spite of capacity expansions, we expect to remain capacity constrained for a substantial time frame. And that leads us to want to pick the right companies, the right applications, where, as in the case of the lead customer, we can make a very substantial difference with respect to levels of performance and opportunity to win substantial market share.

Got it. Okay. And then just on the backlogs, in Q1, backlog increased significantly here to just over 300 million. I'm wondering if you could speak to how quickly you anticipate turning that over? And then, you know, assuming you get to, well, and then I guess just as the business continues to scale, how do we think about the lead times and the conversion of that backlog? And then maybe how much backlog you think may be necessary in order to support the $800 million

run rate that you have previously talked about? Well, so starting with Q2, the bookings just as strong as they were in Q1. So we expect to once again in Q2 have a very strong book to bill. So the backlog is going to keep building up as we step up the revenue levels and capacity utilization as the year progresses.

Phil, do you have... No, I think the question was the existing backlog. I mean, that rolls pretty much over the next

12 months. That's how we recognize it. So, yeah. Got it. Got it. Okay. Justin, in any backlog we quote, the bookings we quote, it's always a 12-month window. Got it. Okay. And then maybe

just one more on the capacity. So, you're talking about expanding capacity at Fab 1. How much capacity do you anticipate adding? What level of revenue do you think could be supported by the first fab and then I think you had talked about this a little bit in terms of the potential size of fab 2 but I'm not sure I caught it so maybe just what revenue level could be supported by the the second fab so you

might recall in the past we had earmark capacity as of fab 1 roughly a billion dollar per year run rate we see a way to get that to at least one and a half billion at this point and that's coming out of a combination of initiatives we've identified with certain process steps that have been historically capacity limiting overall, opportunities to get to a shorter cycle time and increase capacity with those steps. So that's a key element of this capacity expansion plan. To complement that, as I mentioned earlier, we see opportunities with process steps that are not as critical and which can be easily redeployed an opportunity to redeploy them in existing neighboring facility again as a stepping stone to the second fab which has got a longer lead time in terms of what it takes to bring it to fruition so we believe this approach gives us a lot more flexibility it will improve our opportunity for significant margin expansion because we will not be incurring for a certain level of talk capacity as much in terms of additional equipment and depreciation. And overall, it's a plan that meets the combination of objectives that we sell ourselves and the need to support a variety of market opportunities, not just in the computer space, but in the other markets where we're seeing considerable strength.

Got it. Okay, thank you.

appreciate it. Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of John 1010 with CJS

Securities. Your line is now open. Good morning. Thank you for taking my questions and congrats on the next quarter and the strong orders and outlook. My first question is, Patrizio, you mentioned you expect to be capacity constrained before you expect the new fab to come up. And I don't know if the expansions will occur before that as well. But what does that mean for your customers and their sourcing strategies, do they need to turn to your competitors or do you have some kind of licensing strategy that you may employ or have in mind to help them avoid that constraint? Just help me understand what the timing is around their growth trajectory is and what you expect your capacity to be underlying that. So first of all, we purchased a second 3DI or

three-dimensional interconnect line that's going to be installed in the Q3, Q4 time frame. So that in and of itself is an element of the capacity expansion plan. Second, as I mentioned earlier, within each of the three D interconnect lines, we have identified ways to reduce cycle time and increase capacity in inverse proportion. Beyond that, we have expansion plans outside of the federal seed facility, and we are engaged in discussions that could lead to an alternate source for a second-gen VPD technology, which we believe is going to be in great demand for a variety of reasons in years to come. Because fundamentally, it is the only way we know how to address the current demands of processors with all of the right attributes. right the way it is done with competitive alternatives that to some degree build upon what we call our first-generation VPD technology is as suggested in the earlier remarks are challenged in a number of respects because of the in other word current density so it's fundamentally a dominant effect in other way current density forces stacking of the elements of the solution the stacking as mechanical complexity and terminal challenges because the heat gets trapped within the stack is fundamentally inept keeping up with escalating current density needs in future generation of processes so even though we have ambitious capacity expansion plans, we see an out-of-the-source playing a key role in years to come in terms of achieving greater overall penetration and win-win opportunities in the marketplace.

Got it. Could you also talk about the upcoming 800-volt data center architecture and the potential for a transition to like a six-volt intermediate bus and where your 48 to 12-volt systems sit within that, do you expect maybe the NBM market to continue to grow as those architectures take share or is there a transitory period where maybe that falls off and maybe transitions to your VPD technology and licensing royalties on that side? So we believe the initiative to go directly from

800 volt to 6 volt is frankly ill-conceived it's internally inconsistent and it's really easy to understand why the logic of basing power at 800 volt is predicated on that power distribution being at a higher voltage more efficient and you know there is an opportunity to improve efficiency by a few percentage points through the use of any thunderbolt bus but in here anything that is the opposite effect at the other end of that proposed bus conversion step because going all the way down to six volts as you can imagine relative to 48 volt uh that ratio being um essentially eight to one uh you have to square that so the square of eight is 64 x so the position of changing uh power distribution next to the point of load down to six volts is um fundamentally challenged by the extreme inefficiency of distributing any amount of significant power at six volts you can only go short distances and and retain some level of efficiency but to some extent that's incompatible with an undervolt bus not being safe right because it can give rise to has us so there's a lot of challenges with that whole concept and from Italy is is a change in direction away from where the farmer should be which is at the point of load with respect to vertical power delivery that's where the core challenge technically decides and and going off and trying to figure out how to save a few points out of 800 volt distribution particularly when you combine that with a step all the way down to six volts is in my opinion a a a bad idea, but time will tell. By the way, Vigo has provided the technology at a dandervault. We did a lot of pioneering developments with respect to bus conversion from a dandervault, and should that be successful to any degree, there's going to be issues with respect to IP there, too. but in terms of your question as to what we expect to happen with that we expected to move forward but we think it's it's a diversion from the real challenge which is at the point of load any particular the points of load with respect to

vertical power delivery got it very helpful thank you for Jesus good luck

Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of John Dillon with D&B Capital. Your line is now

open. Yes, guys. First of all, congratulations, especially on the bookings. It looks really good. Hey, I just wanted to go back to capacity for a minute. I want to make sure my numbers are right. If I heard correctly, you've got about a billion in capacity in your current FAB. You can add another half a billion, but on top of that, you have BRICS, and I would guess your BRICS would be least 250 million so am i right in assuming that your capacity with this expansion in the current

area is about 1.75 billion no so the the bricks uh are part of it i don't think they're quite at the level of 250 and you know as we've been saying for quite some time you know before too long they're practically relevant we shouldn't be thinking about breaks and in effect part of a strategy with respect to do the expansion of capacity the federal state is to minimize the footprint taken up by legacy products that don't have the growth opportunity of advanced products in particular second-gen VPD. So the number I quoted earlier as a step up in our capacity plan for Federal Street from one to one and a half billion. That's an all-inclusive number. Now, that all-inclusive number could potentially go further up, but it wouldn't be because of the big contribution it would be because of more opportunity for a special

capacity of advanced products got it so you see you could get above 1.5 billion

excellent yes yeah we feel comfortable with a one and a half billion target at this point in time, and again, the same process that has led us to identify opportunities to step capacity up measured in revenues per year from one to one and a half billion may have yet some further opportunity. Again, the logic behind it is to give ourselves more runway with respect to the next set of steps, which include a variety of strategic choices, you know, ranging from the second fab

to alternate sourcing. Excellent. And with this expansion capacity, will you be able to satisfy the OEM and the hyperscaler customers you talked about in Q3 that came to you back in Q3 conference call? You mentioned those two. And I'm wondering if this expansion capacity will be able to satisfy them? Yes. Excellent. Thank you. I'll get back in the queue. Yeah, go ahead. Go ahead. Thank you.

As a reminder to ask a question at this time, please press star one one on your touchstone telephone. Our next question comes from the line of Richard Shannon with Craig Callum Capital Group LLC. Your line is now open. Well, hi, guys. Thanks for letting me ask a couple of questions. I guess

my first is a simple one here. The backlog has risen very nice, I think, 70 percent sequentially. If you could characterize the sources of that increase here, whether it's from the lead VPD customer or anyone else in the high-performance computing space and all other markets, if you could characterize between those three, that would be helpful. Thanks.

Hi, Richard. It's Phil. So in high-performance compute, yeah, it was the lead customer and the hyperscaler customers that we have. But we also saw some really good lift in industrial and the defense aerospace markets, as I commented. It was really strength across the board in our broad markets as well as in high-performance compute with a few lead customers.

Okay, great. My follow-on question is, and apologies if I missed something. I had a couple of interruptions here. But I'm wondering if you could discuss the engagement or even design win status with follow-on VPD customers here. It sounds like, if I heard correctly, you're talking about strategic reservations on either capacity in the first fab or the proposed second one here. I'm wondering if you could discuss the dynamics around those follow-on customers.

So as I suggested earlier, Richard, we're very much focused on competing readiness with respect to starting a generational change with a lead customer and with some other opportunities relating to that. I guess a way to think about this is that in spite of the capacity expansion that we are pursuing, we see ourselves being essentially sold out in terms of capacity for the foreseeable future. And that gives us the opportunity to be very selective with respect to new engagements in terms of their strategic significance and alignment of interests for the medium to long term. So, in a way, analogous to the comments I made earlier regarding expansion of capacity coming out of Federal Street, first of all, giving us more time and opportunity with respect to parallel initiatives. On the front end of the business, just like the back end of the business, the fact that we're going to be enjoying some bookings and some backlog and we have a near time capacity nearly sold out gives us an opportunity to align ourselves with the right applications and the right customers going forward. So we don't have to feel a sense of urgency because of where we stand in terms of the demand side.

Thank you. Our next question is a follow-up from Quinn Bolton with Needham & Company. Your line is now open.

Yes, thanks for the follow-up questions. Patricia, just a quick clarification on the capacity expansion in Andover. When would you expect to reach that $1.5 billion of capacity? Is that end of 26? Is it going to take into some time in 2027? And then I've got a follow-up.

Well, so I don't think we want to be that specific at this point in time. As I'm sure you know that because of, you know, changing circumstances, we achieved the necessary comfort level to provide guidance for revenues for this year. But as we get past that, there are still so many different scenarios that it would be unwise to become very specific. Beyond saying that we have a plan to step up the capacity further, and we believe there is the market demand to use that expanded capacity as we get into 27 and beyond.

Wow. And then I just wanted to come back. I think Phil, it was Phil that mentioned on the second gen VPD, your solutions are one and a half millimeters high. I just wanted to clarify that. And if that's the case, I guess at the recent APEC conference, There are a ton of presentations on vertical power with folks like NVIDIA and Google asking suppliers to hit three millimeters or below. It sounds like you may be well below that threshold already. And so just wondering if you can talk about the interest you're seeing on the VPT products, because it does sound like you may have a major advantage in package height versus the competition.

We do. And actually, it is even bigger than you might think for reasons I'm going to explain in a moment. It's not just that our solution is one and a half millimeter thin, but as Phil pointed out in his prepared remarks, It's that combined with the fact that a solution provides 40x current multiplication, and it does all of that with 3 amps per square millimeter current density. You need to really, in order to assess the figure of merit of a technology, you need to look at these three elements in combination. You can't just look at one. As an example, so-called integrated voltage regulators, IVRs, they can be even thinner than 1.5 millimeter, but they don't provide any meaningful current multiplication. They only step up the current by 2x, which is practically speaking useless in terms of efficient power delivery to the point of load. because in order to deliver, let's say, 0.6, 0.7 volt, 2,000 amp, they would require a 1,000 amp feed, which is obviously extremely problematic. So it's not just thickness. It's thinness combined with current density and, most importantly, current multiplication because in order to have a VPD solution that is capable of supporting welfare scale or other kinds of advanced compute capabilities you really need the combination of all these elements not just one of them thank you our next

follow-up comes from the line of John 10 110 with CJS security show line is now

helping. All right. Thanks for the follow-up. Jim, can you touch on the taxes in the quarter? What went into that tax rate and then what rate can we expect going forward? And then I have a

follow-up after that. Yeah. So when we closed fourth quarter, we reversed a significant portion of the valuation allowance and our expectation was more or less that we would be in the range of 20 percent-ish percent in terms of an effective tax rate. What happened, John, in Q1 is that there was a substantial pent-up demand in terms of stock options that got exercised at a nice spread between strike and exercise price and that's a tax benefit for us so that's a that's a one-time discrete item that doesn't get baked into the effective tax rate and our feeling is that going forward you know there'll still be that effect which is a positive effect for us but but planning can be more in the line with a 20% kind of a rate perfect thank you and

And then, Patrizio, could you talk a little bit more or maybe, Phil, just about the demand from the defense and semi-test businesses? What percentage of revenue are they, number one? And number two, just with regards to defense specifically, are you able to meet the critical defense needs that the U.S. has with the upcoming capacity constraints that you're modeling?

I'm sorry. Some of your words are metal. Can you repeat the first question?

Yeah. First, the percentage of semi-test and defense in the revenue today. And second, can you meet defense demand as it grows, you know, given that it's critical, given the capacity constraints that you're modeling going forward?

Yes. So, John, as Phil, we don't break those things out, but the answer to the question is we can meet the needs of the defense market with the capacity that we have. Okay, great. Thank you.

Thank you. Our next follow-up comes from the line of John Dillon with D&B Capital. Your line is now open.

Yeah, I was just wondering, does Viacor have any vertical power licensing agreements that will generate revenue this year?

So there may be opportunity of alternate sourcing of the second-gen VPD technology, But this is not something that we're prepared to talk about today.

And, Phil, on the bookings, can we assume a bookings run rate of what we saw today for the rest of the year?

So, John, I think the bookings are going to be well above one, like Patricio talked about. But, you know, they're lumpy, so I don't want to be pegged to a particular ratio. but they're very strong going into Q2, and we'll say well above one. Thank you very much.

Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Don McKenna with DV McKenna & Company, Inc. Your line is now open.

Yeah, Phil, could you give us an idea of what percentage of the backlog is attributable to your lead customer?

Again, we don't break that out. they're an important lead customer for us but they're not the only major one we've got a hyperscaler and big customers across industrial and defense and aerospace that are ramping as well as just the broad market so it's just general strength right now that's really good that we're benefiting from

thank you

thank you as a reminder to ask a question at this time please press star one one on your touchstone telephone our next question comes from the line of Neil Gore, shareholder. Your line is now open.

In the past, you said you expect that royalty income could grow to as much as 50% of product revenue. Do you still have that expectation?

The expectation of the licensing is a percentage of product revenues. We've talked as much as 50%. The question was, do we still hold to that?

Yeah, we feel very good about a licensing practice. We are investing heavily in it. We'll be investing in it at an escalating rate because we see that business as being both a high-growth business in terms of its top line, and needs to say it's nearly nearly a hundred percent margin in terms of profitability we anticipate as disgusting in prior meetings that there will be a time in the not-to-distant future when OEMs and hyperscalers will be VIGOR licensees with only perhaps rare exceptions. We see that dynamic progressing and we think we're pretty close to a crossing of the with respect to the industry wanting to be protected in terms of a license to enabling power system technology from Vigo. Thank you. Do you expect that some

of the other lawsuits that you have had for violating your patents, has anyone approached you to settle after the big settlement you received earlier last

year so we we carried the first ITC case to a successful conclusion and to be clear that conclusion doesn't mean that there isn't ongoing opportunity related to the first ITC case in fact the the there is an action pending a customs as we speak relating to that first exclusion order while we're working with the case we brought earlier this year for which the IDC once again chose to ease is an investigation to get that to his final determination which should result in a second exclusion order and this may not be uh the end uh of the road i mean in italy we are saying that there is no two without three um so there's been two thus far uh don't be surprised if you see a third one uh and um and so this again part of a very comprehensive campaign You know, Vico has been the pioneer in the power system industry, always very much in the forefront of very high power density and performance for nearly 40 years as a longstanding pioneer. In the industry, we got into places well ahead of any competitor and scouting these new landscapes with respect to power distribution architecture, power conversion engines, control system, advanced power conversion components. We have consistently pursued an extensive protection through many patents, and lo and behold, the industry, given demands in AI and with respect to other electronic systems, now is very much in need of those kinds of technologies that Vigo Pioneer. So licensing is going to be an expanding portion of our business, a very significant one in its own right, beyond our module maker through, again, unique FABs revenue capability.

Okay, and next question on that. Are there any expenses affiliated with licensing revenue? Is it part of your SG&A, perhaps?

Any expenses associated with licensing revenue? Of course, the least.

Yes. So we are partnered with law firms that have a share of the interest in the outcome, subject to caps and so on and so forth. So, as we record the licensing income, we record an operating expense for the share of the proceeds from the litigation that led to the licensing deal owed to our partners.

Thank you. Thank you. our next question is a follow-up from justin claire with ross capital partners your line is

now open hey uh thanks for taking the follow-up uh so just just one here um so we did see a large transaction announcement between open ai and a wafer scale supplier last week and and just wondering against that backdrop um can you share how your visibility into demand has evolved over the last quarter? And then maybe if you could comment on the size of the opportunity you're seeing with your lead customer for vertical power and how that compares to the visibility you had

last quarter. Well, I think we felt very strongly about a lead customer technology and their market opportunity and frankly you know for a number of years I was confronted with a degree of skepticism by investment bankers and the like would you share the same level of coffee as we go ahead in in a lead customer and so that that's been proven out to be the right expectation, we think they have a real technological advantage, at least for a certain class of AI applications, and that will translate into market share growth and we believe substantial success in years to come and that's an opportunity for us to say as we have with the a market in general okay

appreciate it thank you thank you our next follow-up comes from the line of Richard Shannon with Craig Hallam capital group your line is now open well

Hi, guys. Thanks, sir. And let me follow up kind of a multi-part question around licensing. Maybe if you can update us on the number of licensees you currently have generating revenues. And if there's multiple, you know, licenses per license, it would be probably a good understanding there. Then also wondering if you have any licenses that are expiring and need to be renewed like this calendar year. And then ultimately, you know, you talked about the ability or the belief in growth in this business here. To what degree do we need to see growth in licensees versus number of licenses, or can you grow at a rate that you're expecting without any growth in those numbers?

So I view our business model as being very resilient, very redundant, because we have great opportunities as a module maker, and we have great opportunities as a licensure of enabling technology. And those two opportunities are very synergistic because in our licensing deals, we provide incentives for OEMs, hyperscalers, to be more than licensees, to be customers of our modules and advanced technology, power system solutions. So we feel, I feel, speaking for myself, very confident we're going to be very successful on each of those two fronts. And again, they reinforce each other in pretty much every way.

Richard, maybe I can also, if you don't mind, I'll add a little bit to that. So if you look at products that are getting launched later this year, maybe early next year, from different GPU companies or even hyperscalers, a lot of them are going lateral and vertical because they can't really solve the full vertical problem, the vertical challenge, because of what Patrizio has talked about, lack of current density, mechanical issues. and so you'll see a little bit of lateral with a bit of vertical and that vertical as we talked about copies our first generation VPD if you go to what Cerebras and the wafer scale companies do you've got a challenge there of bandwidth which they solve through their wafer scale engine everybody now is starting to look at the co-host packaging the packaging that Intel has brought to market with multi-die chiplet the only way to power that stuff to solve the memory bandwidth problem is pure vertical power delivery and that's where you need one and a half millimeter height packaging greater than three amps per millimeter squared current density and 40 times the if you like the the the capability of the power delivery to that network current multiplication where you at 6 volts you've got 64 times the power losses than at 48 volts and at 2 volts you've got 526 times the power losses for an IVR system so you start to run into real fundamental issues here where the VPD technology our second generation VPD technology for these future technologies where we're going to focus on these strategic alignments where they really

need the Vigo VPD that's where we're headed again the competition it tends to focus on one element like kind of density and they can make you know some headway with respect to that element but inherent in their architecture is a conflict among key elements of the solution where fundamentally you got to take off one to make it a little better for the other when the right solution the necessary solution must involve all of these ingredients high current density high current multiplication in a solution that is relatively thin and by other way, we're not stopping at one and a half millimeter. We're going thinner. Because as we get to power and package, it will need to be thinner. And with that technology, we can go a lot thinner.

Thank you. Our last question comes from the line of Don McKenna with DB McKenna and Company.

Your line is now open. This is a simple one, guys. I haven't been able to attend the annual meeting for the last few years because of a conflict of timing, and I'm hoping that you don't schedule it for the 20th of June this year. Well, the 20th of June is a Saturday,

and so I'll let the cat out of the bag. The proxy is coming out soon. The annual meeting is Friday, June 19th. 19th. Okay. Thank you very much. Okay. Thank you.

Thank you. This concludes the question and answer session. Thank you all for your participation on today's call. This does conclude the conference. You may now disconnect.