Hello, everyone. Thank you for joining us and welcome to the Waste Connections Q4 2025 earnings call. After today's prepared remarks, we will host a question and answer session. If you'd like to ask a question, please press star 1 on your telephone keypad. To withdraw your question, please press star 1 again. I will now hand the call over to Ron Middlestadt, President and CEO. Please go ahead, Ron.

Thank you, operator, and good morning. I would like to welcome everyone to this conference call to discuss our fourth quarter 2025 results and our outlook for 2026. I'm joined this morning by Marianne Whitney, our CFO, and several other members of our senior management. As noted in our earnings release, adjusted EBITDA margin expanded by 110 basis points in Q4, capping a strong year for waste connections driven by price-led organic growth, solid waste, and continued operating improvements. For full year 2025, we delivered an industry-leading adjusted EBITDA margin of 33%, up 100 basis points year-over-year, excluding lower commodities. We also completed approximately $330 million of acquired annualized revenue and returned over $830 million to shareholders through share repurchases and dividends, while preserving flexibility for continued growth and return of capital. Before we get into much more detail, let me turn the call over to Mary Ann for our forward-looking

disclaimer and other housekeeping items. Thank you, Ron, and good morning. The discussion during today's call includes forward-looking statements made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, including forward-looking information within the meeting of applicable Canadian securities laws. Actual results could differ materially from those made in such forward-looking statements due to various risks and uncertainties. Factors that could cause actual results to differ are discussed both in the cautionary statement included in our February 11th earnings release and in greater detail in Waste Connections Filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and the Securities Commission or similar regulatory authorities in Canada. You should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements as there may be additional risks of which we are not presently aware or that we currently believe are immaterial which could have an adverse impact on our business. We make no There is no commitment to revise or update any forward-looking statements in order to reflect events or circumstances that may change after today's date. On the call, we will discuss non-GAAP measures such as adjusted EBITDA, adjusted net income attributable to waste connections on both a dollar basis and per diluted share, and adjusted free cash flow. Please refer to our earnings releases for a reconciliation of such non-GAAP measures to the most comparable GAAP measures. Management uses certain non-GAAP measures to evaluate and monitor the ongoing financial performance of our operations. Other companies may calculate these non-GAAP measures differently. I will now turn the call back over to Ron.

Okay, thank you, Mary Ann. We're extremely proud of our accomplishments in 2025, led by disciplined execution to deliver better-than-expected operating and financial results. For the third consecutive year, employee turnover and safety incidents rates declined. exiting 2025 at multi-year lows. In fact, building on a well-established track record for better than industry average performance, in 2025 we reached historic company record levels of safety, our most important and impactful operating value. Moreover, that momentum has continued into January when safety-related incidents were down almost 20% year-over-year to another record low. Additionally, we saw multi-year improvement in employee retention to achieve our 2025 targeted voluntary turnover level of 10 percent, and we're continuing to raise, or in this case, lower the bar as we see momentum for continued gains. As expected, these ongoing improvements have driven cost savings, productivity gains, and improved customer service. As we had indicated would be the case, we are realizing related reductions in operating costs throughout the P&L, most notably in labor, repairs and maintenance, and most recently, risk management. Moreover, we've seen incremental benefits from pricing retention as a result of enhanced employee retention and customer satisfaction. In fact, solid waste core pricing of 6.5% in 2025 exceeded our original expectations for the full year, further expanding an outsized price cost spread and contributing to underlying margin expansion of 100 basis points in solid waste. This outperformance enabled us to overcome incremental pressure on reported margins related to a second consecutive year of declines in value for recycled commodities and renewable energy credits associated with landfill gas sales, as well as continued sluggishness in underlying solid waste volumes. Not only did we report our expected adjusted EBITDA margin expansion to an industry leading 33 percent, but we did so in spite of recycled commodity values at multiyear lows and without contribution from operations at chiquita canyon landfill which we closed at the end of 2024. on the subject of chiquita and the closure related outlays we continue to make progress on managing the elevated temperature landfill or etlf event the technical aspects of that process are moving forward largely as expected subject to some timing differences on outlays as we have made better than unexpected progress in some areas. On the other hand, the political challenges of resolving this situation continue to exceed our updated expectations, primarily because of related regulatory, permitting, legal, consulting, and other unanticipated requirements that have drug out and inflated an already burdensome and dysfunctional process. As we have indicated previously, to address these regulatory challenges, we have sought out and we welcome the involvement of the US EPA and constructive efforts to streamline processes, remove regulatory impediments, and enable a more effective and efficient response. We are encouraged by recent meetings we have had with top officials at the US EPA about their further engagement at the site. US EPA has indicated they are finalizing next steps aboard short and long-term solutions to assist Chiquita in further mitigating and managing the reaction and streamlining the regulatory oversight at the landfill moving next to acquisitions during 2025 we closed approximately 330 million in annualized revenue from 19 acquisitions ranging from west coast franchises to competitive markets including integrated businesses new market entries and a number of tuck-ins to existing operations our expected 2026 rollover revenue contribution of approximately 125 million reflects a few additional deals already completed this year and is expected to grow with our active pipeline as always we'll stay selective about the markets we enter and disciplined amount of discipline about the amounts we pay and we would consider any additional deals as upside to our full year 2026 outlook our focus has been and will continue to be solid waste and we look forward to building on a model that has consistently delivered value creation. Following multiple years of outsized acquisition activity, we remain well positioned for future growth. With leverage of 2.75 times debt to EBITDA, our strong balance sheet and free cash flow generation allow for continued investment and acquisitions, along with other opportunities, including growing shareholder returns. To that end, during 2025, we increased our quarterly per-share dividend by 11.1% to return a record amount to shareholders, including over $330 million in dividends and over $500 million in share repurchases. We have taken an opportunistic approach to share buybacks and intend to continue to do so. We recognize that market sentiment and capital flows may shift over time, but that doesn't change the fundamentals of our business or the durability of our model, which makes buybacks compelling in the current environment. Additionally, we are reinvesting in the business and positioning ourselves for further growth and value creation through both sustainability-related projects and artificial intelligence or AI technology-driven initiatives. Looking first at sustainability, we continue to make progress developing our portfolio of renewable gas or RNG facilities, including five already online, with the remainder expected to be operational around year-end. We have also broken ground on an additional state-of-the-art recycling facility expected online in 27. Looking next to the AI and our multi-year rollout, which began in 2025, these investments are aimed at enhancing efficiency and boosting productivity by further digitizing and automating our operations and improving forecasting through data analytics. At the same time, we're focused on service and customer experience for improved transparency and mobile connectivity. What's exciting is that we're just getting started and are already seeing positive outcomes as we expand the utilization of AI and data analytics across multiple platforms. For instance, we've enhanced our dynamic routing platform to further optimize asset utilization and performance. Promising early indications show direct and indirect benefits beyond cost reductions, ranging from improvement in safety and employee engagement to enhanced customer satisfaction and retention. We're excited to build upon these efforts as we deploy additional applications and expand our development in 2026 and 2027. And now I'd like to pass the call to Marianne to review more in-depth the financial highlights of the fourth quarter, as well as provide a detailed outlook for the full year 2026. I will then wrap up before heading into Q&A.

Thank you, Ron. In the fourth quarter, we delivered revenue of $2.373 billion. Acquisitions completed since the year ago period contributed about $58 million of revenue in Q4, net of divestitures, bringing full year net acquisition contribution to $377 million. Q4 pricing accelerated sequentially to 6.4% and ranged from about 3.7% in our mostly exclusive market Western region to over 7% in our competitive markets. Reported volume, down 2.7%, was in line with prior quarters and continued to reflect the combined impacts of intentional shedding, price volume trade-off, and ongoing weakness in the more cyclically driven elements of the business. Looking at year-over-year results in the fourth quarter on a same-store basis, roll-off poles were down 2%, and total landfill tons were up 3% on MSW and special waste both up 4%, while construction and demolition debris, or C&D, was down 4%. For the full year, C&D tons were down 5% year-over-year, bringing tons down about 15% from 2023. Special waste, on the other hand, was up 7% for the full year 2025, following declines in two of the last three years. And finally, full year 2025 MSW tons were up 3%, in part as a result of our purposeful increase in internalization in the Northeast and in certain Texas markets. We are encouraged by the consistency of results in 2025 and macro indicators that suggest improving underlying dynamics in the broader economy, but haven't factored in a material pick up in our expectations for 2026. Adjusted EBITDA for Q4, as reconciled in our earnings release, was up 8.7% year-over-year to $796 million, or 33.5% of revenue, up 110 basis points year-over-year. In Q4, we left the initial wind-down of operations at Chiquita Canyon Landfill, as well as the toughest year-over-year commodity comparisons, both of which had masked the strength of underlying margin expansion on a reported basis. As anticipated, the outside benefits from operational improvements that had been contributing all year were more visible in Q4. Along those lines, we were encouraged to see benefit from risk management costs, which up until Q4 had been a headwind to reported results. Looking at the full year 2025, adjusted EBITDA of $3.125 billion was up 7.7% year-over-year, with adjusted EBITDA margin of 33 percent, up 50 basis points. Normalizing for Chiquita and lower commodities, adjusted EBITDA margin exceeded 33.6 percent, as expected. Moving next to adjusted free cash flow. Our 2025 adjusted free cash flow of $1.26 billion was largely in line with our expectations and reflects underlying conversion of adjusted EBITDA of approximately 50 percent. The strength of our free cash flow generation largely overcame higher-than-expected cash flow impacts from Chiquita, which totaled approximately $200 million. Capital expenditures of $1.194 billion were in line with our expectations, including R&G project spend of about $100 million. dollars. Our RNG spend for the projects noted will be completed in 2026, and Chiquita outlays are expected to step down, setting up higher free cash flow conversion, which has been factored into our 2026 outlook, which I will now review. Before I do, we'd like to remind everyone once again that actual results may vary significantly based on risks and uncertainties outlined in our safe harbor statement and filings we've made with the SEC and the securities commissions or similar regulatory authorities in Canada. We encourage investors to review these factors carefully. Our outlook assumes no change in the current economic environment. Our outlook also excludes any impact from additional acquisitions that may close during the remainder of the year and expensing of transaction related items during the period. Revenue in 2026 is estimated in the range of $9.9 billion to $9.950 billion. For solid waste collection hauling and disposal, we expect organic growth in the range of 3.5% to 4%, driven by core pricing of 5% to 5.5%, with expected yield of approximately 4%, implying volumes flat to down about half a percentage point. Acquisition revenue contribution of about $125 million reflects deals closed to date. Commodity-related revenue reflects recent values. And E&P weights revenues are expected to be flattish year-over-year. On that basis, adjusted EBITDA in 2026, as reconciled in our earnings release, is expected in the range of $3.300 billion to $3.325 billion. Adjusted EBITDA margin in the range of 33.3% to 33.4% up 30 to 40 basis points year over year reflects a commodity related drag of 20 to 30 basis points. As noted, incremental acquisition activity, any improvement in the underlying economy, or increase in commodities would provide upside to our 2026 outlook. Depreciation and amortization expense in 26 is estimated at about 13.1% of revenue, including amortization of intangibles of about $195 million, or $0.57 per diluted share net of taxes. Interest expense is estimated at approximately $330 million, and our effective tax rate for 2026 is estimated to be approximately 24.5%, with some quarterly variability adjusted free cash flow in 2026 as reconciled in our earnings release it expected to increase by double digit percentages to a range of 1.4 billion to 1.45 billion dollars half x estimated at 1.25 billion includes an aggregate of about 100 million dollars for rng and recycling projects and our adjusted free cash flow outlook also reflects 100 million to $150 million impact from closure-related outlays at Chiquita Canyon. Normalizing for both non-core impacts, 2026 suggested free cash flow reflects conversion of approximately 50% of EBITDA, or approximately $1.7 billion. While not providing specific expectations for revenue and EBITDA by quarter, we would offer the following high-level framework. In solid waste, we would expect a typical seasonal cadence and related margin progression in 2026 keeping in mind the recent outsized weather advanced across several geographies impacting q1 looking specifically at q4 we would note the toughest year-over-year comparisons given our outperformance in 2025 and finally for recycled commodities a reminder that the toughest comparisons would be in the first half of the year

Thank you, Marianne. Coming into 2025, we emphasized excellence with humility, recognizing our ongoing commitment to a proven strategy for delivering industry-leading results, while acknowledging the benefits of new ideas, innovation, and technology. We're excited about our progress in 2025 and the momentum in 2026 for another year of outsized solid waste margin expansion, along with double-digit adjusted free cash flow growth. Moreover, we're positioned for upside from any pickup in the economy or commodities, as well as additional acquisitions. We're excited to win from within in 2026 and are grateful for the dedication of our 25,000 employees who set us apart by putting our values into action every day. We also appreciate your time today. I will now turn this call over to the operator to open up

the lines for your questions. Operator? Thank you, Ron. We will now begin the question and to answer session. If you'd like to ask a question, please press star one on your telephone keypad. To withdraw your question, please press star one again. Please pick up your handset when asking a question. If you are muted locally, please remember to unmute your device. Please stand by while we compile the Q&A roster. Your first question comes from the line of Sabah Khan with RBC Capital Markets. Your line is open. Please go ahead.

Great. Thanks, Aaron. Good morning. Maybe just starting with, Marianne, the free cash flow commentary that you shared. Just wondering if you can just delve a little bit more into sort of the sustainability CapEx, where that's going. And then just on the Chiquita as well, sounds like 100 to 150. If you can just talk about the cadence of that spend. And then more More importantly, as we think about free cash conversion in this year into 27, how should we directionally expect those two incremental amounts to evolve through 26 and more so into 27?

Sure. Well, high level, to be clear, we'd expect them both to step down 26 to 27. So first of all, in terms of sustainability-related outlays, the $100 million includes the final 75 million that we've been talking about for that large slug that doesn't or so RNG facilities, which as Ron mentioned in his remarks, almost half of which are online. The balance are expected by around year end. So that's done there. And then the incremental 25 million that we mentioned is part of our efforts longer term, as we've described, to really de-risk recycling and take advantage of the incremental technology that provides benefits. As I said, of de-risking, reducing our cost to third parties and also improving the quality of the recyclables coming so that's just you you know you should think of that as there is this opportunity it's a little outside slug we're always spending a little but it's part of the 100 million this year and again i i wouldn't say that repeats going forward with respect to chiquita canyon outlays as we described you know some of what was the outlays in 2025 reflect getting more done than we had anticipated So there's some of that that continues to decrease as we move through that process. And then there are other pieces that we hadn't expected, the pace or the type of outlays that we're seeing. And so we certainly, you know, when you say the cadence during the year, I wouldn't put too much premium on how quickly those outlays are. Just as you know, CapEx and free cash flow in general is always lumpy during the course of the year. So I'd encourage you to just think about it in totality for 26.

Thanks for that. And then maybe just stepping back on the broader guidance, you know, I think the commentary indicates not a lot of, you know, not a lot of aggressive assumptions, at least on the macro and the commodity prices. Maybe you can just share some thoughts around sort of what you baked in in terms of the macro environment. You know, we're hearing some commentary on some of the sector calls around green shoots. You can just comment on where you see potential sources of upside, whether that's on maybe the cyclical volume is getting a little bit better, whether that's maybe another above average year of M&A. Just what have you baked in, and where do you think upside could come from if there is for the rest of the year?

So as we've said, I may say there's three key things that we haven't baked in. One is any improvement in commodity values. And so you see that headwind over the course of the year, which, as I noted, in terms of quarterly cadence is strongest. So the largest headwinds, they're a lot like Q4 when it was 40 basis points headwind. That's how to think about the first half of the year, and then those abate just as comps get easier. So to the extent that there's any pickup in commodity values, you'd see a benefit there. Next, you heard us talk about, you know, with yield of about 4%, that margins are kind of in that flat to down half a point. That's not materially different from what we've been seeing in terms of that piece of the business that's the more cyclically exposed where you've had lower roll-off in C&D tons. And so to the extent that those improve or that there's incremental improvement in special waste, which we described being up year over year, that would be incremental. And we certainly agree with the characterization that others have made about green shoots in the economy, you know, from certain macro indicators. You know, we'd point to within our business, we see the special waste pipeline firming. I'd note that that was, you know, Q4 is our fifth consecutive quarter of improvement. And I look at the recent trends just in January and weekly trends. I continue to see those up in the most recent weeks. Next, commercial service increases are outpacing decreases with overall net new business up. So that's encouraging. And while C&D is still down over the year, we have seen the declines moderating. You look back earlier in the year in Q2, we were down about 9% year over year, and we exited the year down more like 3.5% to 4%. So no improvement overall is factored in there. And then the final piece you asked about was M&A, and I'll turn it to Ron, but, of course, as is our approach, we don't bake expected M&A into our outlook. We've provided you our deals that have already closed.

Yeah, and, Saba, I would say that, you know, when we, at the third quarter call, I think we had told, reported that we had closed about $250 million by then, that we expected to close some $75 to $100 million thereabouts. You see, we closed about another $80 million. That brought that number to $330 million. In fact, today, we've closed, and last week, closed about on the other $20 million of that. So that brings you right to that $100 million that we talked about that was out there that could occur during the fourth quarter or the very beginning of the year. So that has occurred. So no real change to M&A. As Marianne said, look, I know you haven't followed the space for forever, Saba, but if you go back, there's a pattern by multiple companies within the space that tend to go out and put out guidance at the beginning of the year and make all kinds of improvement assumptions in the economy and then come back around in the third quarter or the fourth and back all those off. We don't believe that's a prudent way of providing guidance. We're providing guidance with what is known today and assuming it doesn't improve and that if it does improve, it will be upside. So we just think that's a more conservative approach, not saying there's anything wrong with the other approach, but this is a very consistent pattern for us and actually for others in the space uh taking the approach they have great

thanks so much for the caller your next question comes from the line of tammy zakaria with jpm

your line is open please go ahead hi good morning thank you so much um i think um your pricing is moderating versus uh last year as some of the cost pressures are also waning uh i was curious could Could you elaborate on which buckets of expenses you're seeing moderation and you believe are sustainably trending downward for the next few years?

Yeah, Tammy, I mean, number one, you are correct, prices moderating, and that's a good thing. We're happy about that. Remember, we don't always – we don't focus on the ultimate amount of the dollar amount or percentage of the price increase. We try to focus on maintaining the spread of, you know, 150 to 200 basis points spread to what we believe our cost is going up. So if you look at our guidance for price, core price of that five to five and a half and say that's 100 basis points down from 2025, it would indicate to you that we believe our cost is down about 100 basis points relative to 2025 on an increased basis. And it is. You know, we began 2025 with labor rates approaching 5% year-over-year, and we exited Q4 with labor rates up about 3.9% year-over-year and trending down towards 3 to 3.5 throughout 2026. We had other costs within the P&L in 2025 that began the year probably closer to 4.5 and moved throughout the year closer to more than that 2.5% to 3%. So it's just about the spread. We look forward to not having to put as much dollar amount or percentage rate increase on our customers. They're feeling the same effects from the economy as everyone else. But the spread is maintained the same or approximately the same, and that's what we focus on.

Understood. That's very helpful. And I think we love hearing about all the tech and AI investments you're making to improve efficiency in your business. Any exciting initiatives you want to call out specifically that's due for implementation this year that we can look forward to?

Well, yes. They're ours. And, you know, we're actually excited about them, too. Whoever thought in an old-line industrial waste company that we would understand what AI even was. But this year we're focused heavily on two incremental initiatives of seven that we've agreed to do between 25 and 27. This year's two are moving the company into more of a dynamic, real-time customer routing opportunity. We have very good routing today, but it is what I'd call static. It has no ability to read incoming data. So you run the route sort of the night before or the week before. Where we're moving to is sort of a real-time routing that takes into effect things just like I said on another call, would be like Waze for your car. It takes in road closures. It takes in traffic conditions. It takes in accidents. It takes in third-party data feeds to allow us to react real-time and re-sequence with the utilization of AI, doing the re-sequencing, not somebody doing it in another way. So that's one. And the second one is we're, you know, developing a dramatically more robust mobile connectivity platform and working towards trying to eliminate inbound calls to our customer service groups locally by as much as, you know, 30 to 50 percent over a multi-year period. You know, we take over a million and a half calls from customers per month right now, and our objective is to get that down somewhere between, you know, 700,000 and a million over the next couple of years by being able to push out information mobily to customers for the five to six most common things. We know what the five to six most common things customers are asking, and it's mostly because they're not receiving that information, you know, in real time. such as, you know, I think your driver is not didn't pick me up today because he usually picks me up between 7 and 8 a.m. And in reality, he's going to pick them up that day. And but the road has been closed due to snow. And so we're able to push out. They're able to see mobily when their driver will arrive and where their driver is on the route, much like you do with your Uber. If you order an Uber today, you know where they're at and how far away they are. Those kinds of things are dramatic changes in efficiency and customer service quality for us. So those are two things that we're working to bring online in 26.

Very exciting. Thank you.

Your next question comes from the line of Noah Kay with Oppenheimer & Co. Your line is open. Please go ahead.

Hey, good morning. Thanks for taking the questions. You know, Ron, in years past on M&A, you've talked about the potential for an outsized year. How do you assess, based on the pipeline, the potential coming into this year? And then on the same subject of capital allocation, I know you said you'll be opportunistic with the buybacks, but just given where the stock price and the valuation sit today, it's just how opportunistic are you being here to start the year?

Well, let's tackle the first part of that, which was your M&A question. Look, as you know, M&A can be lumpy. We've had three very strong years in a row. No reason to expect that 26 looks any different. There's nothing that has changed in the underlying opportunity basket. Nothing has changed in our appetite to complete deals or our ability to complete deals, our financial flexibility. So, you know, I think it's very fair that you and others should expect, you know, another sort of outsized year. Now, how much of an outsized relative to a normal $150 to $200 million year? You know, the year needs to play out to see that. But I think hopefully you look back at the last three years track record and we're not seeing something that would make us think that this year looks differently. And we certainly have the capacity, as we said in our script to do both whatever comes along at M&A and as much buyback and return of capital as we think is prudent based on the fundamentals of our business and what is driving those opportunities in the buyback. So we don't see any limitations on any of those. As far as every now and then, you pointed out that a larger deal comes along. And, you know, we looked at several things that made that we didn't pursue or weren't successful on in 25. And we had one of those in 24. We had one of those in 23. I mean, certainly there's a good chance that happens in 26. But we don't bank on any of that or forecast any of that, because that just leads to overpaying and pushing to do something that you might not otherwise have done so we continue to look at everything and be very active but we're going to continue to be very disciplined in in our approach to what we we think is a quality asset for you know long-term value creation very helpful um we can table the

buybacks until we see your results i guess um i i really want to get after because i think it's just so important for for a lot of investors um you know the underlying free cash flow conversion becoming the headline for cash flow conversion. You know, to be doing 50% underlying is really impressive. So on these moving pieces, the sustainability CapEx, you know, and Chiquita, I guess with sustainability CapEx, you know, is 2026 really kind of the last big slug that you envision and we go from $100 million down to, you know, almost nothing on RNG in 2027? Is that the right way to think about it? And then on Chiquita, you know, I guess just—yeah, go ahead.

I just—the last one on Chiquita is really— Go ahead. The asset Chiquita will get you—we'll enter you both. No problem.

Thank you for your patience. I think just to help us understand, kind of your level of confidence that 2026 is really kind of the last big chunk of spend there. maybe help us understand a little bit better how it's how it's played out and why that might be the case and you know where kind of pending any you know big regulatory change uh you could see

this kind of winding down to in 27. sure okay well let's address the um yeah you you know you made a comment about the buyback first off look we we don't we don't communicate um at any time whether the stock price is, what our intentions are, we have obviously our view of underlying fundamental value that we are running at all times, and we're going to be active. That's what I can tell you. And so I think that speaks for itself. You saw what we did in the third and the fourth quarters when there was dislocation. On RNG, there's actually a two-point inflection that you need to think about here for this conversion moving back. And you're right, 50% is impressive, but I would remind you we've been as high as 53, 54 at one point in time. So getting back to 50 for us is actually very average of where we've been. But next year in 27, you lose the CapEx that has been associated with this RNG, these 12 projects, and you now begin most of the full contribution of the EBITDA and free cash flow. So it's sort of a double whammy for 27 in that vein. Now, will there be incremental RNG or sustainability in future years? Well, certainly there could be, but that would be for new projects that represent incremental cash flow and growth opportunities, not related to the 12 original and the three to four big recycling facilities we've talked about. That piece will be done this year. We expected the outlay for RNG to be done in 25, but the reality is we don't control all the timing on that outlay because of the permitting and the local utility interconnect that we have to respond to. And I think you're seeing that in everybody's R&G, that it's taking a little longer to get online than original thoughts. But we're very confident in that $100 million, to answer your question, being done in 26, and then the contribution being there for 27 in the EBITDA and cash flow. Next to Takeda, look, what I would tell you is this. First off, I think you and other investors need to think through this this way. First off, an ETLF is nothing new in this industry. There are 10 to 15 going on right now across the U.S. in many states. Your large public companies have between three and five each going on today that were going on last year, that were going on the year before. The difference is they don't have them in California. If this had happened in 49 other states, you and no one else would have ever known about it, which is why you don't know about the other 10 to 15 occurring, because they're not in California. One is by one of our large competitors, but be thankful for them it's not in Los Angeles County. It's The reason the EPA is involved at our request is because they are having an extremely difficult time understanding the dysfunctionality of California's inability to resolve its own regulations. That is the issue, okay? And so what we know is, your question was, is 26 the last year of outlay for Chiquita on how confident. What we're confident is, is this is stepping down and continues to step down and will step down fairly meaningfully in 26 as the year goes on because of the involvement and the streamlining that is coming along. Will there be some in 27? Yes, but it will be quite lower again than 26. So we should begin to approach those approximate 50% conversion levels as we come through 27. So we can't sit here and tell you, will it be exactly that in 27 without knowing where we'll end with things on Chiquita in 26? No. But all those things are triangulating to that

direction. Ron, thanks so much for the thoughtful response. I'll turn it over.

Your next question comes from the line of Jerry Riewicz with Wells Fargo. Your line is open. Please go ahead.

Good morning, everyone. Ron, I'm wondering if you'd just give us an update on how the Northeast Corridor, Rail Corridor buildout is going. Update us, if you don't mind, on your expectations on shipments over the course of this year and the densification on the collection side. as well where do we stand on on that initiative sure jerry um and i think most of you what you're

referring to is where we are in our in our arrowhead landfell in alabama and our intermodal facilities along the eastern seaboard in mass connecticut and new jersey new york um again to remind everybody in august of 23 when we acquired this network it was doing about 23 to 2,500 tons a day through the network into the landfill. We're now doing 7,500 tons a day, at the peak period. We have built out incremental rail storage and track capacity in our New York, New Jersey intermodal facility. We have incremental track build-out that we must do at our Arrowhead landfill, which we are in the process of. We believe as we come through 26, we will be in the 9 to 9,500 tons a day into our Arrowhead landfill. So we, you know, basically almost, not quite, almost quadrupling what was there two and a half years ago right now. So I would tell you that I think that's going fairly well, as is our continued densification, to use your word, in the Northeast. We did multiple tuck-ins in our New York franchise market area in 25. We acquired, at the end of the year, a large transfer station as well in New York and Queens. We acquired a large recycling facility in Hoboken in 25. So we have, I'd say, put a lot of effort into building sort of our leading position, certainly at least in the New York City metro area. So I would tell you overall, Jerry, that continues to be a focus and continues to be there's opportunity there. But we have made good headway.

And, Jerry, the only thing I would add to Ron's remarks would be just to clarify that where you've seen that increase in activity at Arrowhead, And as we've talked about throughout 25, it's really from internal tons as opposed to incremental third-party tons. And we had seen that as an opportunity. And so two things. You see that in our internalization rates, which I mentioned in the prepared remarks, which are now up to almost 60%. And secondly, you see it in margin contributions, and you see the outsized margin performance in 25. Decreased third-party disposal was a component of that, and that's really the impact of Arrowhead.

Okay, super. I appreciate the update. And then can we shift gears and talk about just to expand on the landfill gas part of the conversation? So in terms of the timing getting pushed out, obviously everybody's working through that, so that's clear. What we're seeing from some others is the initial plant ramp up and productivity and profitability has generally been lower for a number of operations. can you just talk about how that's going for your plants that are coming online versus initial expectations in terms of efficiency rates and profitability ramp based on what's the most recent vintage that's come online? Sure. Well, Jared, I would say that your

characterization that others are experiencing are very similar to ours in many ways. Look, these things are taking a little longer to get online due to mostly permitting and startup issues, but they get there. We get them there as a company and as an industry. There are multi-months, if not up to a year, to work out and get the flow accurate and really work through the startup issues of the plant. So you probably start up at somewhere maybe in a 40% to 50% efficiency, and you work up over time to approaching 100%. You're not at 100% efficiency until well after a year plus being online and getting your flows increased and everything dialed in. So the ramp is somewhat slow. Of course, profitability is affected by both revenue values. And as you know, that is that rents have come off a high of 340-ish down to a low of two and now sitting in that 240-ish range. So they're down a third, and that certainly has an impact depending on your structure of the R&G ownership facility. As you know, we and most others have sort of one of three types of a structure, fully owned to some sort of hybrid to a royalty arrangement. And it also is affected by inputs on the cost side, such as the cost of electricity. And of course, that has had some waxing and waning. So I would tell you that the returns, while lower than probably, and then certainly when run at $3.00 and $3.25, are still very good, extremely good returns at the, you know, $2.20 to $2.50 range, not of RIN value, and current electricity costs. Not as great as they were at an obviously higher commodity value, but still very attractive and well worth the investment that we're making.

And, Jerry, when we look at our full-year outlook, we didn't assume that facilities were necessarily contributing. They made up the incremental cost during the course of the year or that they were going through testing, And as Ron described, that these lower run rates or efficiency rates, so there'd be upside to the extent that moves along more quickly. And then, of course, any improvement in RIMS as well would be upside to our guidance.

And to give you an example, Jerry, a real-life example, I mean, we have the largest facility in Canada outside of Montreal that we've owned a long time. It's very effective. We started another one. it was supposed to be online in April of 25. It came online in December of 25, and it only began running at sort of close to full capacity in the last couple of weeks. So, you know, they can take a little longer, but definitely the performance is still attractive. I appreciate the discussion.

Thank you.

Your next question comes from the line of James Shum with TD Cohen. Your line is open. Please go ahead.

Hey, good morning. Thanks for taking the questions. I have a multi-part question on Chiquita. Last quarter, you gave daily leachate production figures and, like, how that was dropping. Can you update us there, and is it fair to assume that leachate costs make up, I don't know, 50% to 60% of your total Chiquita spend? And then also, like, what is the cost per gallon for disposal there? And do you see any opportunity to lower that cost with evaporation or any other potential

help from the EPA? So, James, I'll give you some high-level stuff on this because a lot of this is, you know, changes fluidly quite frequently. But so at the peak of the reaction, which we believe the peak was somewhere between June and August of 24, we were generating as much as 400,000 gallons of leachate per day, okay? As of the end of the fourth quarter, we were generating most days between 200 and 225,000 gallons. So that number, as you can see, is at least from the peak down approaching 50%. We have other things such as wellhead temperatures that are cooling. So we have every reason to believe that the statistics point to that we are on the downward slope or the backside of the curve of the slope of the reaction as it is starting to cool and wane what the what the uh slope of that trajectory line is obviously it's too early to tell but the indicators are that we're over the hump and on the other side so so that's number one um you know the the the cost per gallon varies. It can be as low as about $0.50 to $0.60 to as high as $1.50 to $2.50 depending on what treatment facilities are available and what constituents they can take. Some facilities cannot take various things that are within leachate, and so you have to transport further to a more complex treatment facility. And yes, to answer your question, I would say that the leachate treatment is not 50 to 60, but I would characterize it more as about 40 to 45 percent of the cost, certainly a large majority. And then lastly, I would tell you that, you know, I'm not sure that evaporation is necessarily going to happen. and this still resides within the state of California, but it's interesting you bring that up. At a large one of these going on in Nevada right now, you can purchase acreage and go out and aerate this in the desert for two cents a gallon. So it is quite interesting how one state handles this compared to a state like California. So I doubt we'll get to evaporation, But, yes, we do believe that the involvement of the EPA can lead to some streamlining of treatment facility opportunities, and that ultimately leads to a more cost-efficient process.

That's great. Thanks for all that detail, Ron. And then maybe just moving to Seneca Meadows, can you provide an update there? You know, I think you guys had said you're, you know, pretty confident that this moves forward, but I don't think we've gotten resolution on that yet. And, you know, I was just curious, if that landfill were forced to close, what kind of impact would that have on your EBITDA?

Well, first off, again, a very good question, two-part. Hopefully, you know, both things we're going to answer here gives you some comfort in this. First off, we absolutely do believe that that expansion will go forward. That is expected to happen here over the course of the next several months. We are in the technical review piece of the expansion with the state and generally in the state of New York and other states. The technical review is really what the design, the final design and contours will be relative to whether it's a go or no-go. The go or no-go is a separate process, and that has effectively been decided in our favor. So we have quite a very high degree of confidence that Seneca will succeed in its expansion and go forward. But in order to have enough airspace to honor our commitments, we have been throttling back volumes consciously at Seneca, our choice, over the last 18 months. And we have taken that to other landfills that we own throughout our network, both in New York and Pennsylvania, and some to our Arrowhead network. that we mentioned earlier, intermodal. We have also had to push out some third party to do that. And so, you know, we've overcome that as well in our results. But to answer your question, you know, I would tell you that if Seneca were to close, as you said, if that is a worst-case scenario, the impact to us is far less than what we absorbed at Chiquita closing. Okay. So without laying it, it's far less. And you've seen us overcome the impact to EBITDA revenue and margin of Chiquita. And this would be far. So it would be something I'm not even sure you would notice.

Okay. That's a great caller, Ron. Thank you very much for that.

Your next question comes from the line of Adam Bubis with Goldman Sachs. Your line is open. Please go ahead.

Hi, good morning. I think the outlook implies an improvement in the rate of change of volumes around 150 basis points, at least on an apples-to-apples basis with how you traditionally report. And it doesn't sound like that embeds macro improvements. So what are some of the moving pieces driving the rate of change improvement in volumes year over year?

Sure. As we've talked about volumes, you know, historically, the way we've communicated it, you had what we would characterize as that price volume tradeoff, or I'd argue there's a piece of mix in there and churn. We also talked about shedding, and then we talked about the underlying economy. That price volume tradeoff, the way we'll be communicating it is embodied in the yield calculation, just the same way our peers do. And so I'd say that hasn't moved materially, although we look forward to seeing certainly the churn element of that continue to decline as we use better tools. And we've talked about the visibility we have there with our price increases. So then, you know, I'd observe that the shedding has decreased. We talked about anniversary-ing one of those last contracts last year in Q4, so that's behind us. So I'd expect that to be more de minimis. And then, as we said, we still expect that there's some from those more cyclically driven pieces of the business. And that's why we said maybe that's flat to down about half a point. That's essentially what you're seeing there. And, again, that doesn't mean that things are getting better. It's just that we're anniversary-ing these low rates and the comps are easier. And as we've said, we have already seen some pickup in special waste, and we're continuing to see our pipeline, our visibility on special waste projects improve. But again, no macro pickup. That's all upside.

And then, Ron, you talked about the technology initiative, specifically the real-time routing. Sounds really interesting. It sounds like you're in the early innings, but to what extent is that rolled out across the fleet today? and what type of initial savings or productivity are you seeing?

That is not yet rolled out to the plate today, Adam, so it would be misleading to tell you that it is and what we think those savings will be. We have beta tested what we've done in, you know, probably what would equate to maybe up to 5% of our locations, but not at all of the routes on those 5%. So that's a smaller test. But I do expect that we will have this, you know, rolled out fairly broadly by the third and fourth quarter of this year and then really more fully deployed throughout 27, but have a good impact or a good understanding of the potential impact in the second half of this year at some point. Great. Thanks so much.

Your next question comes from the line of Chris Murray with ATB Capital Markets. Your line is open. Please go ahead.

Yeah, thanks, folks. Maybe turning back to, you know, the margin expansion that you saw in Q4, and then we start looking at at least what you're proposing to see in 2026. I mean, you alluded to the fact that a lot of this was, you know, attributable to, you know, there's some price cost spread uh gains but it was also kind of the underlying uh improvement in things like turnover and risk you know thinking that that stuff's not going to change um can you just maybe kind of square the circle on why you wouldn't think that those trends would extend a little bit more into the year and you're you're kind of looking at a lower year-over-year

kind of growth rate sure so i i guess what you're referring to is that we've guided to 70 basis points at the high end of underlying margin expansion after exiting the year at you know which by the way is about what we've seen through the course of the year and then exiting the year at over 100 basis points margin expansion and i'd say that um we recognize that the trends are still in the right direction so there's certainly continued opportunity and we factored that into our expectations for what we would characterize as above average margin expansion from that price cost spread, driven in part, as you note, by the employee retention and safety-driven benefits. Just remember, we had talked about about 100 basis points of margin expansion coming from that improvement over a multi-year period, and we're really two years through that multi-year period, and we mentioned that the final piece, the risk, is the largest contributor in the final pieces. So, it's just an acknowledgment that as those metrics continue to improve, we look forward to seeing continued opportunity. Obviously, it gets harder the further down you go as improving these numbers and hitting record lows. But, you know, we'll certainly look forward to continuing to driving those savings. And, Chris, I also think in terms of pricing retention and the improvement in churn that we've already seen from our pricing tools. So I think there's opportunity, which is why we're guiding to 50 to 70 basis points of underlying margin expansion, when, as you know, that number would historically or typically be 20 to 40 in February.

Okay, fair enough. Other quick one, just for me, the Canadian government is introducing new regulations around methane emissions for landfills. Just wondering if you guys have any thoughts on how that could impact the Canadian landscape? either creating some opportunities and some costs for you and how you think that it'll actually impact the industry over the next few years?

Yeah, I would tell you, Chris, that it's probably too early for us to make any real, you know, educated response to that. But I can tell you in speaking with our Canadian leadership team, we were just in Canada this week at our Canadian region office on Monday and Tuesday. and it was not something they were concerned about based on how everything they understood at this point.

Okay, I'll leave it there.

Your next question comes from the line of Trevor Romeo with William Blair. Your line is open. Please go ahead.

Thanks a lot for taking my questions. Just a couple of quick ones for me. I think first on the E&P business, would love to know if you could kind of talk about in the quarter, I think you had some M&A deals contributing, but maybe talk about the organic growth you saw in Q4. And then if you think about modeling E&T for 2026, I think, Marianne, you said maybe flattish for the year. Maybe you could talk about what you're expecting in U.S. versus Canada. Is there anything to call it on a seasonal basis or anything else on that topic?

Sure. Sure. So looking at Q4, I'd say we outperformed in Q4. That is the seasonally weakest quarter. And what we saw was that there were some benefits in the U.S. from some remediation work, which, you know, that is episodic or lumpy. And so that was a nice add. And we saw continued outperformance in Canada. So both of those markets, even normalizing for acquisitions, were up year over year. And that's in spite of lower rig count and lower values for crude. So I'd say that the business is arguably outperforming sort of the macro environment. And I think that the concerns that have been expressed looking forward, we're certainly mindful, but we've seen no indication of a slowdown. And as I said, we think in terms of how the year plays out. At this point, we'd say flattish is the right way to think about it and let it be upside. Because, again, things like remediation jobs, those don't necessarily repeat every quarter. And so that's kind of the approach to the business. But generally speaking, very pleased that, you know, as we've said before, the thesis on the Canadian business being more production oriented, you know, played out last year. And it's your expectation is it continues to play out with the steadiness, the projectability of that business, which has not shown any signs of change. Sorry, you're cutting out.

We couldn't hear you, Trevor.

No, it's not better.

No, it's not better. I apologize if you can't hear me.

Your next question comes from the line of Seth Weber with BNP. Your line is now open. Please go ahead.

Thanks for taking the question. Can you hear me okay? Yes. Loud and clear. Oh, great. Just going back to the RNG business, I'm sorry if I missed it, but is $100 million of EBITDA still kind of the right way to think about the contribution for 2027 or run rate? You know, one is fully operational. That's still a good number to talk to.

yeah you know i think that's a fair way to think about it based on what we know right now and i just remind you that there's you know almost almost half of the projects are online and so the incremental contribution would be what remains after that um sorry so you mean half the projects

are online today and so the the year-over-year 27 versus 26 won't be 100 is that what you're saying? Correct. Yes. Okay. Thank you. But 100 in aggregate is the right way to think about

the return on that overall investment. That's right. Maybe a little higher, 100, 120,

something like that. Okay. Thanks. And just lastly, I think in prior calls, you've called out Florida and Texas as being kind of weak or softer. And is that still the case? And then And kind of related to that, did you see any weather impact in the quarter just broadly around some of the cold snap and stuff like that?

In the first quarter, in the fourth quarter, are you referring to, Trevor, or in the quarter we're now sitting in? We really didn't see any weather impact in the fourth quarter. I mean, weather was, you know, somewhat mild, but, you know, but nothing to note. Of course, in the month of January, there was, you know, a fairly significant cold snap that I think, you know, affected our business in up to 30 states. And certainly there is, you know, some impact, but nothing material by any means.

Yeah, and just on Q4, there really wasn't, you're right, we've mentioned those markets on the construction-driven activity. I'd say those stayed about the same, and there was a little incremental weakness in the Northeast that may have been some minor weather during Q4.

And to your question on Texas and Florida, I think you asked the question on Texas and Florida?

I think we've covered it. That was the construction-driven slowdown. Sorry about that.

Thanks, guys. I appreciate it. Thank you.

Your next question comes from the line of Shlomo Rosenbaum with Stiefel. Your line is now open. Please go ahead.

Hi. Thank you very much for taking my questions. Ron, I want to go back to some of the things you touched on earlier in the call about the ability to improve your operations of technology and you're talking about routing and dynamic routing and other things. I want to ask, when you kind of sequenced some of these things that you were looking at, did you go after the biggest opportunities first? And what should we be thinking about for subsequent years of things that you're going to attack? And just is there a way to use technology, you know, that you're seeing that maybe could squeeze more out of the assets, you know, maybe, you know, trucks maybe not have to have so many trucks on reserve, you know, in terms of proactively being able to fix them using technology? I'm just trying to get at other things that might be out there that might be able to squeeze more efficiency out of the system, both operationally and then, you know, frankly, from a capital perspective.

Yeah. Well, look, we – to start it with, when we looked at this, we actually identified up to 40 areas that we could potentially look at the utilization of AI in some way or another. We prioritize the seven things over a three-year period that we thought had the biggest opportunity for impact to the business positively, whether that be from an operating, a financial, customer service, et cetera, efficiency. So, you know, those are the things we attacked. Last year, we worked heavily, 25, on commercial pricing and a couple of other initiatives in AI. This year, as I said, it will be on routing and mobile customer engagement. Without question, these initiatives should and I think will lead to improved efficiency, improved margin performance, and improved asset utilization. No question. You know, dynamic real-time routing allows you to move assets with information that today you don't really have or you have only reactively, not proactively. And therefore, you have to have little bit higher spare factors in your fleet at locations, those kinds of things. You end up with a little higher overtime because you are reactive versus proactive. So it's not one of these things that moves the dial in one area 40 or 50 basis points. It's one of these things that moves seven or eight dials, 10 to 20 basis points throughout your P&L over time. And so, you know, that's how, you know, what we see and what we are seeing. And ultimately, look, it provides a better service quality, more proactive communication with your customer, greater efficiency for your physical and your human assets, and greater projectability in your business. You know, those are the things we're expecting and we're seeing. It just makes it better for all of our shareholders, our customers, our employees, and ultimately our shareholders. So, you know, we're excited about it. I think it's still early innings and, you know, not prepared to put a marker out there of what does this mean, but I can tell you that these investments, the payback is very quick. The payback is months to maybe a year and a year and a half. So these are very solid investments for the business. Okay. Thank you for that, caller. And then just more in a

tactical perspective, Marianne, can you talk a little bit about what a change in commodities prices would do to revenue in EBITDA in 26 versus the baseline that you're using right now?

Yeah, so when I look at overall what our recycled commodities sales are of about $250 million, that tells you a 10% move is around $25 million. And so what we factored into our outlook is a 15% decline overall year over year, which translates to meaning based on current prices as compared to last year. And that translates to that 20 to 30 basis points of margin drag, which starts off probably a multiple of that in Q1 and drops down to over the course of the year.

Very helpful.

Your next question comes from the line of William Grippen with Barclays. Your line is now open. Please go ahead.

Good morning. I appreciate you squeezing me in here. Just another one here on commodity prices. I know you're not baking in a recovery into the forecast, but just curious if you could maybe elaborate a little bit on what you're seeing in that market today and maybe what developments you're watching that could potentially signal or support an improvement in commodities prices off these cyclical lows?

Sure. So, well, we saw some incremental weakness early in the fourth quarter. Then there was stabilization. And what we saw most recently was a little uptick in OCC, which was encouraging. The reality is, though, that was offset by incremental weakness in plastics. So, I'd say, overall, the basket really hasn't moved, which, again, that informs our thinking for how we guide. So then what we're watching for and looking forward to would really be the uptick, which is driven by underlying economic activity, which ultimately drives the demand, most importantly for fiber, which, as you'll recall, is the majority of the value in a ton of recyclables. So cardboard, so commerce, right, you know, demand, consumer confidence, all those things that are the engines of driving consumption, which ultimately is what drives our business and recycled commodity values.

Appreciate that. And then just coming back to R&G and obviously the EPA widely expected to release the 2627 biofuels RBO here, hopefully in the first quarter. Anything you're watching there that could cause you to maybe change your approach to R&G off-cake or capital deployment for those projects?

Really, just to be clear, these are terrific projects at a whole range of outcomes for RIMS. And, you know, we've talked about delayed startup or the whole project development. You know, if it goes to a couple-year payback or four or five years versus two or three, it's still very compelling. And as we remind folks, you know, we have $6 billion sunk into our landfills. Of course, we're looking to monetize the value as that gas, you know, that waste breaks down and generates gas. So you should expect us to continue to opportunistically pursue these projects. And, of course, we're completing the projects we have underway, and we look forward to delivering those returns. In terms of what we're watching, we're encouraged. You know, we don't know exactly where the RBOs come out or what RIN values do. But, you know, we've recently seen some improvement in the D5 RINs, which are a good indicator for D3, because that can be a substitute. And, you know, again, we've seen stability in RIN values in that kind of 240 level. And we're encouraged by what we're seeing out there. So no change in the philosophy. As you know, we've taken a portfolio approach of not having outright risk on all of the RINs through a variety of ownership structures. We'll continue to evaluate those opportunities over time and continue to own the most attractive in our network. But so, again, no change in the thinking. As we've said, the largest outlays are behind us for the, you know, getting through 26 for this large group of facilities. But we'll continue to have, you know, the one-off facilities over time as, again, as our landfills mature and the opportunities present themselves.

And one other thing I would say, William, that I think, you know, we weren't going to talk about this, but since you raised the question, look, we have gone out and purposely recruited one of what we believe is the top R&G experts anywhere in the industry. and this person is an executive officer of one of the finest R&G companies. We work with all of them and we have more regard for this company than anywhere else and they have built and operated some of our facilities and we have been laser focused on figuring out how to have him join us and he starts Monday morning and we are very, very excited about that. We're not going to release that name right now because that's not appropriate for him or his company But that, I think, shows you our commitment to R&G and our acknowledgement that we can continue to get better there. And like any area, just like we're doing in AI and others, if you've got to go out and get the talent, we're going to go out and get the best talent we can find to drive what we may not be as good in as we are in some of our core competencies. So I think we'll just continue to get better as we go forward in R&G starting Monday morning.

Great to hear that. That sounds like a nice win and a great resource. I appreciate the color.

Your next question comes from the line of Gornuk Kupta with Scotia Capital. Your line is now open. Please go ahead.

Thanks for squeezing me. And just maybe on free cash, I wanted to understand, Marianne, if, you know, besides earnings growth that you expect this year and lesser outlays on R&G and Chiquita, Is there anything else in terms of major swing factors embedded in guidance or any wild cuts to watch for free cash?

No, I think, you know, when you think about the free cash flow drivers, you've got that incremental $200 million in EBITDA, the decline in Chiquita. You know, we gave you the CapEx number. That steps up a little bit. Cash taxes step up a little bit because they were so suppressed this year. But, no, I'd say those are the major moving pieces that you've probably already observed.

Okay. And just a clarification on the margin side of things. I mean, you said 50 to 70 beeps of underlying expansion before commodities, but are there any headwinds that are embedded in that 50 to 70 beeps, like from Chiquita maybe, or is there any tax offsets that are swinging in another direction?

No, we're talking about EBITDA margin drivers. No, there's no anomalistic headwinds that are out there. As I said, we've lapped some of the outsized improvements that drove even greater underlying margin expansion, and we continue to work on all the same things, so we'd look forward to unlocking even more margin expansion, but I think this is the right way to guide.

All right. Thanks for taking the next question.

Your next question comes from the line of Tony Kaplan with Morgan Stanley. Your line is now open. Please go ahead.

Hey, good morning. This is Yehuda Silverman on for Tony. Thanks for squeezing me in. Just a quick question on strategy. So the comments you made about how Chiquita is being affected by being in Los Angeles and California being the difference between that and other ETLF events, does that change your strategy at all of where you might want to operate in terms of more politically friendly areas is that something that's already factored in or

is this just sort of a one-off situation yeah well it's clear we'd rather operate only in jurisdictions that have a more friendly business environment but you know we are obviously in 45 states so that that bed is already decided I certainly wouldn't pursue owning an additional landfill in California in the next 200 years. But other than that, no, it doesn't change anything. Great. Thank you.

Your next question comes from the line of Kevin Chang with CIBC. Your line is now open. Please go

ahead. Thanks for taking my question. Maybe just one here on your eastern region. A lot of good color on what you're doing with Arrowhead. You're rolling out the franchises in the New York Zels. Does that change the structural margin profile of the eastern region? Those seem like they would be tailwinds to profitability. And then just broadly on Arrowhead, does the potential merger of UNP or Union Pacific and Norfolk Southern, does that change how you think about the growth opportunities within Arrowhead if you're partnering up with a much bigger railroad there?

I'll start with the margin commentary regarding our eastern region. And certainly around the edges, as I mentioned, you know, increased internalization does help margins. But, you know, more broadly, the eastern region's margins are dictated by the high transfer and disposal expenses that are just inherent in that market. So that will never change. You can improve around the edges and look for ways to optimize within that market. And you've seen us do acquisitions that help on that front in terms of optionality. But no, I wouldn't encourage you to think about a major step change in the margins of the eastern region beyond that. And then, Ron, I think.

Yeah, what I would say, Kevin, no, I do not necessarily believe that the franchise of New York City or the franchising model of the New York City market becomes necessarily a tailwind. What I do think, however, is that it becomes a much more stable, less volatile market because it is a very competitive market up till now. And so you have, you know, large swings. So I think it becomes a much more stable, projectable, investable market than it has been in the past where, you know, you can have a swing of, you know, a collection margin that goes from 10 percent to, you know, 6 percent to 20 percent in a three-year period. And now I think what you have is you'll have a very tight bandwidth of margin performance, for the most part, at very good margins, at sort of company average type margins on an integrated basis.

And I think Kevin had also asked about the Norfolk Southern merger.

Oh, yeah. And, you know, look, I don't think – I mean, I think it's too early to tell, you know, what will happen in the UP NS merger. You know, I think we're quite a ways away from understanding whether that will happen, and if it will happen, what will be the, you know, the guardrails put around that. We have a very long-term agreement with Norfolk Southern that, you know, the combined company would be honoring, so we're not concerned about it in that way. Could it open up additional opportunity because of the connectivity between those two? well, that's certainly a possibility, but not something we've yet explored.

That's great, Calder. Thank you very much.

Your next question comes from the line of Tony Bancroft with Gabelli Funds. Your line is now open. Please go ahead.

Good morning. Congratulations on doing great work, Ron and Marianne. My question, maybe you could opine a little bit here, Ron, on you talked about automation and ai but maybe a little further down the road uh thought of you know self-driving um obviously your largest part of your business your cost structure is or a very large part is your is your um is your labor and then all the driver tightness and you guys your focus and the industry's focus on safety you've seen obviously some recent reports about the improvements and and safety on self-driving have you ever talked to ever thought about it tested done anything maybe france you know you're having either doing like a leasing uh self-driving it seems it could be a great market for it um taking people off the truck and you know more safety even if the person stays on the truck and then you just have that added safety and technology there just want to get your thoughts on that yeah i mean you know tony number

one um i mean just to say that we've done anything in that arena i mean it would be misleading because we have not. Do I think it is something that could potentially occur in the waste industry? Absolutely. I think it is potentially there. As you know, there's mixed views depending on where you are and what you look at on the self-driving vehicles. It's obviously happening in some markets today. So the technology is certainly there. But, you know, I will tell you, Tony, as you know, I'm on the board of a publicly traded airline. And I can tell you that, you know, you can, for the last seven to eight years, you can push a jet back from the jetway, taxi to the runway, take off, fly to your destination city, land and open the door with no one in the cockpit. it. I'm not sure anyone's getting on that plane. So there's still pilots in every day. You know, so there's this theoretical, could this occur? And then the reality of, you know, when a car gets in an accident, you know, that's bad. But when a garbage truck hits something, it's catastrophic. And so, you know, even if it could, I still think you would have professionals in the cab there for those reactionary scenarios that occur if something malfunctions. Exactly the reason airlines have pilots today. It's not because they can't do it without it. It's because of the one-tenth of one percent that happens that they protect everyone from. And I think garbage truck would be the same way. But certainly something we will look at as the technology evolves. We're always, as are our peers, always looking for ways to improve the safety aspect of the business, the efficiency, the customer improvement. But I think it's quite a ways out, and we look forward to the day if that opportunity arises where we can improve it, but it's not there today. Thanks, Ron, Miriam. Great job.

Thank you, Doug.

Your next question comes from the line of Toby Selmer with Truist. Your line is now open. Please go ahead.

Hi, it's Henry on for Toby. Thanks for squeezing me in. Great to hear the labor turnover numbers and where those are to start the year. Could you just give us an update on the driver academies? What percentage of new driver hires do you expect to pass through those in the coming year? And how much of an incremental benefit that could have on labor turnover throughout the year? Thanks.

Yeah, thank you for asking that question. So, when we opened our academies, one at the beginning of 24 and one at the end of 24, we felt that if we could get to approximately 35% of our driver need per year being internally developed at our academies, we would consider that a tremendous success. We achieved that number in 25, and for 26, we are forecasting that 60-plus percent of our driver need will go through one of our two academies. So far exceeding our expectations. Now, that's a two-fold function. That's because we've reduced turnover quite dramatically, so the need for new drivers isn't this high. But the second and more important thing is the retention rate through our academies is almost double the retention rate of those that don't go through our academies. And we also thought that would happen. We didn't think it would be quite as good as it has been, however. So we're getting a double sort of whammy, and that's what's helped decelerate, you know, improve turnover so quickly. You know, do we ever think that gets to 100 percent? You know, probably not, but if it could stay in this, you know, above 50 percent range per year, sort of what we call being internally developed and trained, we'd be very happy. And as I said, we believe that number will be north of 60 percent this year. So, so far that – and, you know, again, what is that yielding? And we're working through getting the statistics to support this. But we believe that the drivers that go through our academies, number one, the turnover is lower. We know those little direct linkage between turnover and tenure and safety. And so we think as we look out through this year into next year, the linkage will show that those drivers we internally develop tend to have better safety performance statistics as well. So, that's sort of where we are there.

Great. Thanks for that. That's great to hear. And then, if we could just quickly circle back to core pricing cadence over the course of the year, do you expect a pretty steady step down kind of sequentially during 2026, and how much visibility do you guys have at this point in the year on the full year guidance for pricing?

Sure. So, as is typical, you should expect pricing to step down sequentially. So, obviously, if we've talked about 5% to 5.5%, you'd start north of that, you know, maybe 6% and drop down over the course of the quarter to something less than that to average that number in the middle. And in terms of visibility, as is typical in our model, by the time we're through, by the time we report Q1, we'll have visibility on 65% or 70% of our price increases. Most of the competitive piece will be done, and then we'll have known amounts for our CPI-linked markets. So pretty typical for us in terms of the visibility. You know, we're a company that stops talking about price really after April.

There are no further questions at this time. I will now turn the call back to Ron Middlestad for closing remarks.

Okay. Well, if there are no further questions on behalf of our entire management team, we appreciate your listening to and interest in the call today. Mary Ann and Joe Box are available today to answer any direct questions that we do not cover that we are allowed to answer under Regulation FD, Regulation G, and applicable securities laws in Canada. Thank you again. We look forward to seeing you at upcoming investor conferences or on our next earnings

This concludes today's call. Thank you for attending. You may now disconnect.