Forafric Global PLC 20-F for FY2024
Forafric Global PLC (AFRI)
About this 20-F
Forafric Global PLC filed this 20-F on April 30, 2025, covering the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 (FY2024).
Headline figures
Fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, as reported in this filing, compared with the same period a year earlier where the filing states it.
- Revenue
- $274.22M
- down 9.2% from $301.95M a year earlier
- Net loss
- $24.33M
- compared with a net loss of $12.68M a year earlier
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM
OR
For the fiscal year ended
OR
OR
Date of event requiring this shell company report
For the transition period from __________ to __________
Commission file number:
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)
N/A
(Translation of Registrant’s Name into English)
(Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)
Tel:
(Address of principal executive offices and Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and
Address of Company Contact Person)
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
| Title of Each Class | Trading Symbol | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered | ||
| The Stock Market LLC | ||||
| The Stock Market LLC |
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None
(Title of Class)
Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:
None
(Title of Class)
Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of December 31, 2024: ordinary shares.
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known
seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐
If this report is an annual or transition report,
indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act
of 1934. Yes ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1)
has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months
(or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements
for the past 90 days.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has
submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of
this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
| Large accelerated filer ☐ | Accelerated filer ☐ | ☒ | |
| Emerging growth company |
If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial
statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period
for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards+ provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
+ The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has
filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting
under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its
audit report.
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b)
of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of
an error to previously issued financial statements.
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐
Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:
| International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ☐ | Other ☐ |
If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow. ☐ Item 17 ☐ Item 18
If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark
whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐
No
TABLE OF CONTENTS
| i |
INTRODUCTION
Unless the context otherwise requires, in this annual report on Form 20-F references to:
“ASC” means the Accounting Standards Codification.
“Board” means the board of directors of the Company.
“Business Combination” means the transactions consummated on June 9, 2022 pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement, in accordance with which Globis combined with Forafric Agro Holdings Limited, a Gibraltar private company limited by shares.
“Business Combination Agreement” means the Business Combination Agreement, entered into as of December 19, 2021, as amended on April 20, 2022 and on June 8, 2022, by and among Globis, FAHL, Seller and Globis Nevada, as amended and supplemented.
“Closing” means the closing of the Business Combination.
“Closing Date” means June 9, 2022, the date on which the closing of the Business Combination occurred.
“Code” means the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.
“Common Stock” means the common stock of Globis, par value $0.0001 per share.
“Companies Act” means the Companies Act 2014 of the Laws of Gibraltar, as amended or re-enacted from time to time.
“Company” means (i) Forafric Agro Holdings Limited, a Gibraltar private company limited by shares prior to the Closing and (ii) Forafric Global PLC, a Gibraltar public company limited by shares, by way of continuation following the name-change of Forafric Global Limited, a Gibraltar public company limited by shares, as the successor of Globis Nevada following the Redomiciliation and the re-registration of Forafric Global Limited as a Gibraltar public company limited by shares.
“Contribution Agreement” means the contribution and subscription agreement entered into, between an agent acting for and on behalf of the holders of Common Stock (and of Merger Sub, by virtue of the Merger) on the one hand and the Company on the other, subject to and immediately following the Merger becoming effective, pursuant to which the said agent transferred to the Company all of the common stock of Merger Sub in consideration for which the Company allotted and issued Ordinary Shares, in each case on the terms and subject to the conditions set out in the said contribution and subscription agreement.
“FAHL Related Party Loans” means the loans issued by certain parties affiliated with the Seller in an aggregate amount of approximately $15.1 million which was repaid at the Closing.
“Equity Incentive Plan” means the Forafric 2022 Long Term Employee Share Incentive Plan, effective as of the Closing Date.
| ii |
“Exchange” means the exchange, on a one-for-one basis, of the common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, of Merger Sub for Ordinary Shares.
“Exchange Act” means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
“FAHL” means Forafric Agro Holdings Limited, a Gibraltar private company limited by shares with incorporation number 114436 and registered office at 57/63 Line Wall Road, Gibraltar, that has become a fully owned subsidiary of the Company.
“GAAP” means U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
“Globis” means Globis Acquisition Corp. (which, prior to the Merger, is a corporation incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware).
“Globis Board” means the board of directors of Globis.
“Globis Nevada” means Globis NV Merger Corp., a Nevada corporation.
“IPO” means Globis’ initial public offering completed on December 15, 2020 of its Units, Public Shares and Public Warrants pursuant to the IPO registration statement on Form S-1 declared effective by the SEC on December 8, 2020 (SEC File Nos. 333-250939).
“IPO registration statement” means the registration statement filed for Globis’ IPO.
“JOBS Act” means the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, as amended.
“Lock-up Agreement” means each of the Lock-Up Agreements to be entered into between the Company and certain equityholders of the Company upon the consummation of the Business Combination.
“Memorandum and Articles of Association” means the proposed Memorandum and Articles of Association of the Company became effective following the Redomiciliation and as a consequence of the re-registration of Forafric Global Limited as a Gibraltar public company limited by shares.
“Merger” means the merger of Globis with and into Merger Sub, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, with Merger Sub surviving the merger.
“Merger Sub” means Globis NV Merger 2 Corp., a Nevada corporation (which, prior to the Merger, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Forafric Global PLC).
“Nasdaq” means The Nasdaq Stock Market.
“Ordinary Shares” means the Ordinary Shares of the Company, nominal value $0.001 per share.
“PFIC” means passive foreign investment company under the Code.
| iii |
“Preferred Shares” means the preferred shares of USD 0.001 (one thousandth United States Dollars) each, authorized for future issuance by the Company.
“Private Placement” means the private placement by Globis of (i) 4,188,889 Private Warrants to the Sponsors and (ii) 100,833 Private Placement Units to the Sponsors simultaneously with the closing of the IPO.
“Private Warrants” means Globis’ 4,289,722 warrants, including 100,833 warrants included in the Private Placement Units, sold to the Sponsors simultaneously with the closing of the IPO in Private Placements. Each Private Warrant is exercisable for one share of common stock of Globis at a price of $11.50 per share.
“Private Placement Units” means Globis’ 100,833 Units sold to the Sponsors simultaneously with the closing of the IPO in a private placement at a price of $10.00 per Unit. Each Private Placement Unit is identical to the Public Units sold in the IPO.
“Public Shares” means 11,500,000 shares of Globis’ Common Stock sold in the IPO (whether they were purchased in the IPO or thereafter in the open market).
“Public Units” means a unit sold in the IPO (including pursuant to the overallotment option) consisting of one Public Share and one Public Warrant.
“Public Warrants” means Globis’ warrants sold in the IPO (whether they were purchased in the IPO or thereafter in the open market).
“Redomiciliation” means the continuation of Globis Nevada by way of redomiciliation to Gibraltar as Gibraltar private company limited by shares and known as Forafric Global Limited and following an alteration to its authorized and issued share capital, the re-registration of Forafric Global Limited into a Gibraltar public company limited by shares, with the common stock of Globis Nevada becoming ordinary shares of the Gibraltar private company limited by shares under the applicable provisions of Nevada law, the Companies Act and the Re-domiciliation Regulations; the term includes all matters and necessary or ancillary changes in order to effect such Redomiciliation, including the change of registered office of Globis Nevada as a consequence of the redomiciliation to Gibraltar and the eventual adoption of the Memorandum and Articles of Association consistent with the Companies Act upon re-registration of Forafric Global Limited as a Gibraltar public company limited by shares.
“Re-domiciliation Regulations” means the Companies (Re-domiciliation) Regulations of 1996 of the Laws of Gibraltar, as amended or re-enacted from time to time.
“Related Agreements” means certain additional agreements that were entered into in connection with the Business Combination Agreement as further described herein.
“Registration Rights Agreement” means the Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of December 10, 2020, by and between Globis and the Sponsors.
“Rule 144” means Rule 144 under the Securities Act.
“Sarbanes-Oxley Act” means the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended.
“SEC” means the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
“Securities Act” means the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
| iv |
“Seller” means Lighthouse Capital Limited, a Gibraltar private company limited by shares, as the sole shareholder of the Company immediately prior to the Business Combination.
“Warrant Agreement” means the warrant agreement made as of December 10, 2020, by and between Globis, and VStock Transfer, LLC (as warrant agent), which agreement was assigned and novated by Globis to the Company upon the Exchange.
“Sponsors” means, collectively, Globis SPAC LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, and Up and Up Capital, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company.
“Transfer Agent” means VStock Transfer, LLC.
“Treasury Regulations” means the Code, its legislative history, and final, temporary and proposed treasury regulations promulgated thereunder as then amended.
“Unit” means either a Public Unit or a Private Placement Unit.
“Warrants” means the Public Warrants and the Private Warrants of Globis.
“Working Capital Loans” means certain loans that may be made by the Sponsors or an affiliate of the Sponsors, or certain of Globis’ officers and directors in connection with the financing of a business combination.
Discrepancies in any table between the amounts identified as total amounts and the sum of the amounts listed therein are due to rounding.
This annual report on Form 20-F includes our audited consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, equity and cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.
Our equity is funded in U.S. dollars and we currently incur the majority of revenues and expenses in Moroccan Dirhams. Moroccan Dirhams is currently pegged to the U.S. dollar and Euros;
| v |
Part I
Item 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS
Not Applicable.
Item 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE
Not Applicable.
Item 3. KEY INFORMATION
A. [Reserved]
B. Capitalization and Indebtedness
Not applicable.
C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds
Not applicable.
D. Risk Factors
Our business faces significant risks. You should carefully consider all of the information set forth in this annual report on Form 20-F and in our other filings with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, including the following risk factors which we face and which are faced by our industry. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects could be materially adversely affected by any of these risks. This report also contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our results could materially differ from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements, as a result of certain factors including the risks described below and elsewhere in this annual report and our other SEC filings. See “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” below.
Summary Risk Factors
The following summarizes some, but not all, of the risks provided below. Please carefully consider all of the information discussed in this Item 3.D. “Risk Factors” in this annual report for a more thorough description of these and other risks.
| ● | Sales of a substantial number of our securities in the public market by the Selling Securityholders and/or by our existing securityholders could cause the price of our Ordinary Shares and Warrants to fall. | |
| ● | A certain number of our Warrants will become exercisable for our Ordinary Shares, which would increase the number of shares eligible for future resale in the public market and result in dilution to our shareholders. | |
| ● | Future resales of our Ordinary Shares issued to our shareholders and other significant shareholders may cause the market price of our Ordinary Shares to drop significantly, even if our business is doing well. | |
| ● | There is no guarantee that the Warrants will be in the money, and they may expire worthless. | |
| ● | A market for our Ordinary Shares may not develop, which would adversely affect the liquidity and price of our Ordinary Shares. |
| 1 |
| ● | The Warrant Agreement designates the courts of the State of New York or the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by holders of the Warrants, which could limit the ability of Warrant holders to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us in connection with such Warrants. | |
| ● | The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources, divert our management’s attention and affect our ability to attract and retain qualified board members. | |
| ● | We are an “emerging growth company,” and it cannot be certain if the reduced SEC reporting requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our Ordinary Shares and Warrants less attractive to investors, which could have a material and adverse effect on us, including our growth prospects. | |
| ● | We qualify as a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to United States domestic public companies. | |
| ● | We qualify as a “controlled company” within the meaning of the rules of Nasdaq and, as a result, we may rely on, exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements. | |
| ● | You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under the laws of Gibraltar, and we conduct substantially all of our operations, and a majority of our directors and executive officers reside, outside of the United States. | |
| ● | Severe adverse weather conditions, such as hurricanes or severe storms, or the effects of global warming, may also result in extensive property damage, extended business interruption, personal injuries and other loss and damage to us. | |
| ● | Our business is subject to fluctuations in agricultural commodity and other raw material prices, transportation costs, energy prices, interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates, in each case caused by factors outside of our control that could adversely affect our operating results. | |
| ● | Our business is dependent upon our ability to obtain quality raw materials. | |
| ● | We are dependent on a related party supplier from which we obtain substantially all of our raw material. | |
| ● | Our Business may be adversely affected by disruptions in its distribution and logistical systems. | |
| ● | Our Business is vulnerable to the effects of supply and demand imbalances in our industries. | |
| ● | We are subject to global and regional economic downturns and related risks. | |
| ● | We are subject to currency exchange rate fluctuations which may have an adverse effect on our business. | |
| ● | We are subject to economic, political and other risks of doing business globally and in emerging markets. | |
| ● | A natural disaster, economic depression or other adverse events affecting Morocco where most our facilities and customers are located facilities could adversely affect our business. |
| 2 |
| ● | We are dependent upon a small group of key executives and employees - If we fail to retain and motivate members of our management team and other key employees or fail to attract, train and retain additional employees to support our operations, our business and future growth prospects would be harmed. | |
| ● | We are subject to industry and other risks that could adversely affect our reputation and financial results. | |
| ● | We may be subject to significant liability that is not covered by insurance. | |
| ● | Our risk management strategies may not be effective. | |
| ● | We may not realize the anticipated benefits of acquisitions or joint ventures. | |
| ● | Agricultural commodity production and trade flows are significantly affected by government policies and regulations. Governmental policies affecting the agricultural industry can influence industry profitability, the planting of certain crops versus other uses of agricultural resources, the location and size of crop production, whether unprocessed or processed commodity products are traded and the volume and types of imports and exports. | |
| ● | Legal claims, government investigations or other regulatory enforcement actions could subject us to civil and criminal penalties. | |
| ● | Litigation or legal proceedings could expose us to significant liabilities and have a negative impact on our reputation or business. | |
| ● | We face significant competition in each of our businesses and we have numerous competitors, some of which are larger and have greater financial resources than we have. | |
| ● | Our business and operations would suffer in the event of IT system failures, cybersecurity attacks, data breaches, or vulnerabilities in our or our third-party vendors’ information security program or defenses. | |
| ● | We are a capital intensive business and depend on cash provided by our operations as well as access to external financing to operate and expand our business. | |
| ● | You will have limited ability to bring an action against us against our directors and officers, or to enforce a judgment against us or them, because we are incorporated in Gibraltar, because we conduct our operations primarily outside of the United States and because a majority of our directors and officers reside outside the United States. | |
| ● | Risks relating to our disclosure controls and procedures and internal financial reporting controls. |
Risks Related to the Company’s Securities
Issuances by us of additional securities, could affect ownership and voting rights over us. In addition, the issuance of preferred shares, or options or warrants to purchase those preferred shares, could negatively impact the value of the Ordinary Shares as the result of preferential dividend rights, conversion rights, redemption rights and liquidation provisions granted to the stockholders of such preferred shares.
From time to time, we may issue in public or private sales additional securities to third party investors. Such securities may provide holders with ownership and voting rights that could provide the holders thereof with substantial influence over our business. Any preferred shares that may be issued shall have such rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions as may be designated from time-to-time by our board, including preferential dividend rights, voting rights, conversion rights, redemption rights and liquidation provisions. There cannot be any assurance that we will not issue preferred securities with rights and preferences that are more beneficial than those provided to our Ordinary Shares.
Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our shareholders.
We may seek additional funding through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations, licensing arrangements, strategic alliances and marketing or distribution arrangements. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, your ownership interest will be diluted, and the terms may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a holder of our Ordinary Shares. The incurrence of additional indebtedness or the issuance of certain equity securities could result in increased fixed payment obligations, and could also result in certain additional restrictive covenants, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt or issue additional equity, limitations on our ability to acquire or license IP rights and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. In addition, issuance of additional equity securities, or the possibility of such issuance, may cause the market price of our Ordinary Shares to decline.
| 3 |
Certain of the shareholders acquired their securities at a price that was less than the market price of our Ordinary Shares as of the date they were registered, may earn a positive rate of return even if the price of our Ordinary Shares declines and may be willing to sell their shares at a price less than shareholders that acquired our shares in the public market.
Certain of our securityholders purchased their respective Ordinary Shares at prices lower than then-current market prices and may therefore experience a positive rate of return on their investment, even if our public securityholders experience a negative rate of return on their investment. In particular, prior to the consummation of Globis’ IPO, Sponsors purchased 3,047,500 shares of common stock of Globis, which were converted into Ordinary Shares at the closing of the Business Combination, for an aggregate purchase price of $26,500, or approximately $0.0087 per share. Based on the closing price of our Ordinary Shares on Nasdaq on August 12, 2022, or $10.36 per share, selling of all 3,047,500 Ordinary Shares would generate a profit of $10.3513 per share, or approximately $31,545,600 in the aggregate. Further, Selling Securityholders acquired an additional 1,349,259 Ordinary Shares at less than $10.36 per share. Upon the resale of all 1,349,259 Ordinary Shares, such Selling Securityholders would generate an average profit of $0.87 per share, or approximately $1,172,367 in the aggregate. As a result, the Sponsor and other shareholders are able to recognize a greater return on their investment than shareholders or holders of warrants that purchased shares of Globis’ common stock in Globis’ IPO, in the public market thereafter, or our Ordinary Shares after the closing of the Business Combination. Furthermore, such shareholders may earn a positive rate of return even if the price of our Ordinary Shares declines significantly. As a result, such securityholders may be willing to sell their shares at a price less than shareholders that acquired our shares in the public market or at higher prices than the price paid by such securityholders. The sale or possibility of sale of these Ordinary Shares, could have the effect of increasing the volatility in the price of the Ordinary Shares or putting significant downward pressure on the price of the Ordinary Shares.
Warrants for our Ordinary Shares, if exercised, will increase the number of shares eligible for future resale in the public market and result in dilution to our shareholders.
Warrants to purchase up to 15,789,722 Ordinary Shares became exercisable in 2022 in accordance with the terms of the Warrant Agreement governing those securities. The exercise price of the Warrants is $11.50 per Ordinary Share, subject to adjustment pursuant to the terms of the Warrant Agreement. As of December 31, 2024, we had a total of 15,750,842 warrants outstanding. To the extent such Warrants are exercised, additional Ordinary Shares will be issued, which will result in dilution to the existing holders of Ordinary Shares and increase the number of shares eligible for resale in the public market. Sales of substantial numbers of such shares in the public market or the fact that such Warrants may be exercised could adversely affect the market price of Ordinary Shares.
There is no guarantee that the Warrants will be in the money, and they may expire worthless.
Pursuant to the terms of the Warrant Agreement, the Warrants will expire five years from the consummation of our business combination, or June 2027. The exercise price of our Warrants is $11.50 per Ordinary Share. Assuming the exercise of all outstanding warrants for cash, we would receive aggregate proceeds of approximately $181 million. However, we will only receive such proceeds if all the Warrant holders exercise all of their Warrants. We believe that the likelihood that warrant holders determine to exercise their warrants, and therefore the amount of cash proceeds that we would receive, is dependent upon the market price of our Ordinary Shares. If the market price for our Ordinary Shares is less than the exercise price of the warrants (on a per share basis), we believe that warrant holders will be very unlikely to exercise any of their warrants, and accordingly, we will not receive any such proceeds. There is no guarantee that the Warrants will ever be “in the money” prior to their expiration, and as such, the Warrants may expire worthless.
Future resales of our Ordinary Shares issued to our shareholders and other significant shareholders may cause the market price of our Ordinary Shares to drop significantly, even if our business is doing well.
Certain of our shareholders party thereto may sell Ordinary Shares pursuant to Rule 144 under the Securities Act, if available. In these cases, the resales must meet the criteria and conform to the requirements of that rule.
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Upon satisfaction of the requirements of Rule 144 under the Securities Act, certain of our shareholders and certain other significant shareholders may sell large amounts of Ordinary Shares in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, which could have the effect of increasing the volatility in our share price or putting significant downward pressure on the price of our Ordinary Shares.
A market for our Ordinary Shares may not develop, which would adversely affect the liquidity and price of our Ordinary Shares.
An active trading market for our Ordinary Shares may never develop or, if developed, may not be sustained. You may be unable to sell your Ordinary Shares unless a market can be established and sustained.
The trading prices of Ordinary Shares and Warrants may be volatile and may fluctuate due to a variety of factors, some of which are beyond our control, including, but not limited to:
| ● | changes in the sectors in which we operate; | |
| ● | changes in its projected operating and financial results; | |
| ● | changes in laws and regulations affecting our business; | |
| ● | ability to continue to innovate and bring products to market in a timely manner; | |
| ● | changes in our senior management team, our board of directors or key personnel; | |
| ● | our involvement in litigation or investigations; | |
| ● | negative publicity about us or our products; | |
| ● | the volume of Ordinary Shares available for public sale; | |
| ● | announcements of significant business developments, acquisitions, or new offerings; | |
| ● | general economic, political, regulatory, industry, and market conditions; and | |
| ● | natural disasters or major catastrophic events. |
These and other factors may cause the market price and demand for our Ordinary Shares to fluctuate substantially, which may limit or prevent investors from readily selling their shares and may otherwise negatively affect the liquidity of Ordinary Shares or Warrants. Following periods of such volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been brought against that company. Because of the potential volatility of Ordinary Shares or Warrants, we may become the target of securities litigation in the future. Securities litigation could result in substantial costs and divert management’s attention and resources from our business.
The Warrant Agreement designates the courts of the State of New York or the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by holders of the Warrants, which could limit the ability of Warrant holders to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us in connection with such Warrants.
The Warrant Agreement provides that, subject to applicable law, (i) any action, proceeding or claim against us arising out of or relating in any way to the Warrant Agreement, will be brought and enforced in the courts of the State of New York or the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, and (ii) we irrevocably submits to such jurisdiction, which jurisdiction shall be the exclusive forum for any such action, proceeding or claim. We have waived any objection to such exclusive jurisdiction and that such courts represent an inconvenient forum. Notwithstanding the foregoing, these provisions of the Warrant Agreement do not apply to suits brought to enforce any liability or duty created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal district courts of the United States of America are the sole and exclusive forum. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in any Warrants under the Warrant Agreement shall be deemed to have notice of and to have consented to the forum provisions of the Warrant Agreement. If any action, the subject matter of which is within the scope of the forum provisions of the Warrant Agreement, is filed in a court other than a court of the State of New York or the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (a “foreign action”) in the name of any holder of the warrants, such holder shall be deemed to have consented to: (x) the personal jurisdiction of the state and federal courts located in the State of New York in connection with any action brought in any such court to enforce the forum provisions (an “enforcement action”), and (y) having service of process made upon such holder in any such enforcement action by service upon such warrant holder’s counsel in the foreign action as agent for such holder.
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The choice-of-forum provision limits a Warrant holder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us, which may discourage such lawsuits. Alternatively, if a court were to find this provision of the Warrant Agreement inapplicable or unenforceable with respect to one or more of the specified types of actions or proceedings, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters in other jurisdictions, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and result in a diversion of the time and resources of our management and board of directors.
The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources, divert our management’s attention and affect our ability to attract and retain qualified board members.
We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Act, Nasdaq listing requirements and other applicable securities rules and regulations. As such, we incur relevant legal, accounting and other expenses, and these expenses may increase even more if we no longer qualify as an “emerging growth company,” as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act. The Exchange Act requires, among other things, that we file annual and current reports with respect to our business and operating results. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. We may need to hire more employees or engage outside consultants to comply with these requirements, which will increase our costs and expenses.
Changing laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure are creating uncertainty for public companies, increasing legal and financial compliance costs and making some activities more time-consuming. These laws, regulations and standards are subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity, and, as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. This could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and higher costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance practices. We expect these laws and regulations to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to render some activities more time-consuming and costly, although we are currently unable to estimate these costs with any degree of certainty.
Many members of our management team have limited experience managing a publicly traded company, interacting with public company investors and complying with the increasingly complex laws pertaining to public companies. Our management team may not successfully or efficiently manage the transition to being a public company subject to significant regulatory oversight and reporting obligations under the federal securities laws and regulations and the continuous scrutiny of securities analysts and investors. The need to establish the corporate infrastructure demanded of a public company may divert the management’s attention from implementing our growth strategy, which could prevent us from improving our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, we expect these rules and regulations to make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and consequently we may be required to incur substantial costs to maintain the same or similar coverage. These additional obligations could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. These factors could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified members of our board of directors, particularly to serve on our audit committee, and qualified executive officers.
As a result of disclosure of information in filings required of a public company, our business and financial condition will become more visible, which we believe may result in threatened or actual litigation, including by competitors and other third parties. If such claims are successful, our business and operating results could be adversely affected, and, even if the claims do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor, these claims, and the time and resources necessary to resolve them, could cause an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, prospects and reputation.
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We are an “emerging growth company,” and it cannot be certain if the reduced SEC reporting requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our Ordinary Shares and Warrants less attractive to investors, which could have a material and adverse effect on us, including our growth prospects.
We are an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act. We will remain an “emerging growth company” until the earliest to occur of (i) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary of the closing of the Business Combination, (b) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.235 billion or (c) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our Shares held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the last business day of our prior second fiscal quarter, and (ii) the date on which we issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period. We intend to take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to most other public companies, whether or not they are classified as “emerging growth companies,” including, but not limited to, an exemption from the provisions of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requiring that our independent registered public accounting firm provide an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation.
In addition, Section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act exempts “emerging growth companies” from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies (that is, those that have not had a Securities Act registration statement declared effective or do not have a class of securities registered under the Exchange Act) are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that a company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies, but any such election to opt out is irrevocable. We have elected not to opt out of such extended transition period, which means that when a standard is issued or revised and we have different application dates for public or private companies, we, as an emerging growth company, can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard. This may make comparison of our financial statements with certain other public companies difficult or impossible because of the potential differences in accounting standards used.
Furthermore, even after we no longer qualify as an “emerging growth company,” as long as we continue to qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we will be exempt from certain provisions of the Exchange Act that are applicable to U.S. domestic public companies, including, but not limited to, the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act; the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their share ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time; and the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q containing unaudited financial and other specified information, or current reports on Form 8-K, upon the occurrence of specified significant events. In addition, we will not be required to file annual reports and financial statements with the SEC as promptly as U.S. domestic companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act, and are not required to comply with Regulation FD, which restricts the selective disclosure of material information.
As a result, our shareholders may not have access to certain information they deem important or at the same time if we were not a foreign private issuer. We cannot predict if investors will find our Ordinary Shares and Warrants less attractive because we rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our Ordinary Shares and Warrants less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market and share price for our Ordinary Shares and Warrants may be more volatile.
We qualify as a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to United States domestic public companies.
Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the securities rules and regulations in the United States that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, including: (i) the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or current reports on Form 8-K with the SEC; (ii) the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents, or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act; (iii) the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their share ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time; and (iv) the selective disclosure rules by issuers of material nonpublic information under Regulation FD.
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We will be required to file an annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the end of each fiscal year. In addition, we intend to publish our results on a quarterly basis through press releases, distributed pursuant to the rules and regulations of NASDAQ. Press releases relating to financial results and material events will also be furnished to the SEC on Form 6-K. However, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC will be less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. Accordingly, you may receive less or different information about us than you would receive about a U.S. domestic public company.
We could lose our status as a foreign private issuer under current SEC rules and regulations if more than 50% of our outstanding voting securities become directly or indirectly held of record by U.S. holders and any one of the following is true: (i) the majority of our directors or executive officers are U.S. citizens or residents; (ii) more than 50% of our assets are located in the United States; or (iii) our business is administered principally in the United States. If we lose our status as a foreign private issuer in the future, we will no longer be exempt from the rules described above and, among other things, will be required to file periodic reports and annual and quarterly financial statements as if we were a company incorporated in the United States. If this were to happen, we would likely incur substantial costs in fulfilling these additional regulatory requirements, and members of our management would likely have to divert time and resources from other responsibilities to ensuring these additional regulatory requirements are fulfilled.
If we fail to comply with the continued listing requirements of the Nasdaq Capital Market, our ordinary shares may be delisted and the price of our ordinary shares and our ability to access the capital markets could be negatively impacted
Our ordinary shares are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market. As such, we are required to meet the continued listing requirements of the Nasdaq Capital Market and other Nasdaq rules, including those regarding director independence and independent committee requirements, minimum shareholders’ equity, minimum share price and certain other corporate governance requirements.
On January 14, 2025, we announced that we received written notice from the listing qualifications department of The Nasdaq Stock Market (“Nasdaq”) stating that since we have not yet filed a Form 6-K containing an interim balance sheet and income statement as of the end of our second quarter (the “Six Month Report”) by December 31, 2024, we were not in compliance with Listing Rule 5250 (c) (2) (the “Rule”). On January 16, 2025, we filed our Six Month Report with the SEC, and on the same day, we received a letter from Nasdaq confirming that we were in compliance with the Rule.
We have in the past, and may in the future, be unable to comply with certain of the listing standards that we are required to meet to maintain the listing of our ordinary shares on Nasdaq. If we fail to satisfy the continued listing requirements of Nasdaq, Nasdaq may take steps to delist our shares of common stock. Such a delisting would have a negative effect on the price of our shares of common stock, impair the ability to sell or purchase our shares of common stock when persons wish to do so, and any delisting materially adversely affect our ability to raise capital or pursue strategic restructuring, refinancing or other transactions on acceptable terms, or at all. Delisting from Nasdaq could also have other negative results, including the potential loss of institutional investor interest and fewer business development opportunities, as well as a limited amount of news and analyst coverage of us. Delisting could also result in a determination that our shares of common stock are a “penny stock,” which would require brokers trading in our shares of common stock to adhere to more stringent rules, possibly resulting in a reduced level of trading activity in the secondary market for our shares of common stock. In the event of a delisting, we would attempt to take actions to restore our compliance with Nasdaq’s listing requirements, but we can provide no assurance that any such action taken by us would allow our shares of common stock to become listed again, stabilize the market price or improve the liquidity of our securities, prevent our shares of common stock from dropping below the Nasdaq minimum bid price requirement or prevent future non-compliance with Nasdaq’s listing requirements.
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We are a “controlled company” as that term is defined in the rules of Nasdaq and, as a result, qualify for, and may rely on, exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements. To the extent that we elect to rely on these exemptions, shareholders will not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to such requirements.
As a result of the completion of the Business Combination, Seller controls a majority of the voting power (approximately 69.21%) of the outstanding Ordinary Shares. The ultimate beneficial owner of Seller is Lighthouse Corporation PTC, as trustee of the Lighthouse Settlement, the sole shareholder of Seller. The Lighthouse Settlement is a discretionary trust of which Yariv Elbaz and his family are the named potential beneficiaries. The trustee, Lighthouse Corporation PTC Limited, controls the affairs of the trust.
As a result, we are a “controlled company” within the meaning of the corporate governance standards of Nasdaq. Under these rules, a listed company of which more than 50% of the voting power is held by an individual, group or another company is a “controlled company” and may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements, including:
| ● | the requirement that a majority of the board of directors consist of independent directors; | |
| ● | the requirement that our nominating and corporate governance committee be composed entirely of independent directors; and | |
| ● | the requirement that our compensation committee be composed entirely of independent directors. |
To the extent that we continue to meet the definition of a “controlled company” within the meaning of the corporate governance standards of Nasdaq, we may rely on these exemptions and, to the extent that we choose to do so, we may not have a majority of independent directors on our board of directors and our corporate governance and compensation committees may not consist entirely of independent directors. Accordingly, you may not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to all of the corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq.
You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under the laws of Gibraltar, and we conduct substantially all of our operations, and a majority of our directors and executive officers reside, outside of the United States.
We are an exempted company limited by shares incorporated under the laws of Gibraltar and we conduct a majority of our operations outside the United States. Substantially all of our assets are located outside the United States. A majority of our officers and directors reside outside the United States, and a substantial portion of the assets of those persons are located outside of the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for investors to effect service of process within the United States upon our directors or officers who reside outside the United States, to bring original actions outside the United States based on the securities laws of the United States against our directors or officers who reside outside the United States, or to enforce judgments obtained in the United States courts against our directors or officers outside the United States.
Our corporate affairs will be governed by our Memorandum and Articles of Association and the Companies Act 2014 of the Laws of Gibraltar. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors under Gibraltar law are different from what they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, Gibraltar has a different body of securities laws than the United States and some U.S. states, such as Delaware, may have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than Gibraltar. In addition, shareholders of Gibraltar companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States.
Certain corporate governance practices in Gibraltar, which is our home country, differ significantly from requirements for companies incorporated in other jurisdictions such as the United States. As a foreign private issuer whose securities are listed on the Nasdaq, we are permitted to follow certain home country corporate governance practices in lieu of the requirements of the Nasdaq Rules pursuant to Nasdaq Rule 5615(a)(3), which provides for such exemption to compliance with the Nasdaq Rule 5600 Series. Since Gibraltar does not have any rules regarding the following, we intend to rely on the exemption available to foreign private issuers for the requirement that the compensation committee be comprised of independent directors and the requirement that we obtain shareholder approval to issue 20% or more of our outstanding Ordinary Shares in a private offering. To the extent we choose to follow home country practice with respect to corporate governance matters, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would under rules and regulations applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.
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As a result of all of the above, our shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of the board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States.
We do not anticipate paying dividends for the foreseeable future.
It is expected that we will continue to operate at loss in the foreseeable future, and will retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, it is not expected that we will pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.
Our board of directors will have discretion as to whether to distribute dividends. Even if the board of directors decides to declare and pay dividends, the timing, amount and form of future dividends, if any, will depend on the future results of operations and cash flow, capital requirements and surplus, the amount of distributions, if any, received by us from subsidiaries, our financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. Accordingly, you may need to rely on sales of our Ordinary Shares after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any future gains on your investment. There is no guarantee that our Ordinary Shares will appreciate in value or that the market price of our Ordinary Shares will not decline.
Risks Related to Our Business
Severe adverse weather conditions, such as hurricanes or severe storms, or the effects of global warming, may also result in extensive property damage, extended business interruption, personal injuries and other loss and damage to us.
The international price of wheat is the main risk in our operations. Fluctuation of wheat cost depends on weather and strategies of the main producers of wheat based in North America, Central Europe and around the Black Sea. Adverse weather conditions have historically caused volatility in the agricultural commodity industry by causing crop failures or significantly reduced harvests, which may affect the supply and pricing of the agricultural commodities that we sell and use in our business, negatively affect the creditworthiness of agricultural producers who do business with us or impact our ability to obtain sufficient unprocessed grains to meet demand. The variation in the acquisition price of the wheat cannot be directly impacted on our average selling price of flour, semolina, pasta and couscous.
Severe adverse weather conditions, such as hurricanes or severe storms, may also result in extensive property damage, extended business interruption, personal injuries and other loss and damage to us. Our operations also rely on dependable and efficient transportation services. A disruption in transportation services, as a result of weather conditions or otherwise, may also significantly adversely impact our operations.
Additionally, the potential physical impacts of climate change are uncertain and may vary by region. These potential effects could include changes in rainfall patterns, water shortages, changing sea levels, changing storm patterns and intensities, and changing temperature levels that could adversely impact our costs and business operations, the location and costs of global agricultural commodity production and the supply and demand for agricultural commodities. Climate change could also lead to stronger production variability than today which could result in price volatility. Climate change could cause temperature increases and rainfall changes that could lead to lower yields in Morocco and other semi-arid Mediterranean countries in the future, which could impact raw material costs, availability and quality. These effects could be material to our results of operations, liquidity or capital resources.
Our business is subject to fluctuations in agricultural commodity and other raw material prices, transportation costs, energy prices, interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates, in each case caused by factors outside of our control that could adversely affect our operating results.
As we cannot control the average selling price of our finished products, any increase in the cost of raw materials has a direct impact on our margins.
Our business is subject to fluctuations in agricultural commodity and other raw material prices caused by other factors outside of our control such as currency exchange rate fluctuations, local and international changes in supply and demand caused by factors outside of our control, including farmer planting and selling decisions, government agriculture programs and policies, global inventory levels, demand for biofuels, weather and crop conditions and demand for and supply of, competing commodities and substitutes, that could adversely affect our operating results.
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Our business is dependent upon our ability to obtain quality raw materials.
The quality of our products depends upon the quality of raw materials. If we do not have access to high quality of wheat, we have to use enhancers such as enzymes, ascorbic acid and gluten, to reach a higher level of quality. Such additional costs will negatively impact our results.
We are dependent on a related party supplier from which we obtain substantially all of our raw material.
In 2018, we entered into a five-year supply agreement with Millcorp Geneve SA (“Millcorp”) a wholly owned subsidiary of the Seller, pursuant to which we are obligated to obtain at least 80% of our annual requirements of common wheat, durum wheat, or any other cereal, from Millcorp which expired in March 31, 2023 and subsequently extended 3 years through March 31, 2026. Any disruption of Millcorp’s operations or its inability to perform its supply obligations could adversely affect our operating results.
Although we believe our transactions with Millcorp contain fair market value terms, such transactions with an entity in which related parties hold ownership interests present potential for conflicts of interest. Conflicts of interest may also arise in connection with the exercise of contractual remedies under these transactions, such as the treatment of events of default.
Our Business may be adversely affected by disruptions in its distribution and logistical systems.
The cost of wheat is affected not only by the wheat market but also by the cost of freight. Significant increases in shipping and freight cost could materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
Our Business is vulnerable to the effects of supply and demand imbalances in our industries.
Historically, the market of flour mills in Morocco is imbalanced, with periods of high demand and period of low demand and with a supply capacity exceeding the demand. To maintain our market shares, we must compete on price and reduce margin.
We are subject to global and regional economic downturns and related risks.
The level of demand for our products is affected by global and regional demographic and macroeconomic conditions, including population growth rates and changes in standards of living. A significant downturn in global economic growth, or recessionary conditions in major geographic regions, may lead to reduced demand for agricultural commodities, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations.
We are subject to currency exchange rate fluctuations which may have an adverse effect on our business.
Due to the international nature of our business, we are exposed to currency exchange rate fluctuations. Changes in exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and other currencies, particularly the Angolan Kwanza and the Euro affect our revenues and expenses that are denominated in local currencies and may also have a negative impact on the value of our assets.
We are subject to economic, political and other risks of doing business globally and in emerging markets.
We are a global business with all of our assets and operations located outside the United States. In addition, part of our strategy involves expanding our business in several emerging market regions, including Eastern Europe, Asia-Pacific, the Middle East and Africa. Volatile international economic, political and market conditions may have a negative impact on our operating results and our ability to achieve our business strategies.
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We are also exposed to other risks of international operations, including:
| ● | changes in laws and regulations or their interpretation or enforcement in the countries where we operate, such as tax laws, | |
| ● | sovereign risk; | |
| ● | exchange controls or other currency restrictions and limitations on the movement of funds, such as on the remittance of dividends by subsidiaries; | |
| ● | challenges in maintaining an effective internal control environment with operations in multiple international locations, including language differences, varying levels of U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”) expertise in international locations; and | |
| ● | labor disruptions, civil unrest, significant political instability, wars or other armed conflict or acts of terrorism. | |
| ● | adverse trade policies or trade barriers on agricultural commodities and commodity products | |
| ● | inflation and hyperinflationary economic conditions and adverse economic effects resulting from governmental attempts to control inflation, such as imposition of wage and price controls and higher interest rates; | |
| ● | difficulties in enforcing agreements or judgments and collecting receivables in foreign jurisdictions; | |
| ● | government intervention, including through expropriation, or regulation of the economy or natural resources, including restrictions on foreign ownership of land or other assets; |
These risks could adversely affect our operations, business strategies and operating results.
A natural disaster, economic depression or other adverse events affecting Morocco where most our facilities and customers are located facilities could adversely affect our business.
A significant portion of our operations and sales are in Morocco. A natural disaster, economic downturn or depression, civil unrest, significant political instability, wars or other armed conflict or acts of terrorism affecting the country could have a negative adverse impact on our operations and business.
We are dependent upon a small group of key executives and employees - If we fail to retain and motivate members of our management team and other key employees or fail to attract, train and retain additional employees to support our operations, our business and future growth prospects would be harmed.
Our success and future growth depend largely upon the continued services of our executive officers as well as our other key employees. These executives and certain key employees members have been primarily responsible for the success and growth of our Company and development of our brands, reputation and relationships with our customers. None of such persons is subject to long term written employment arrangements. The loss of any such persons could adversely affect our business and ability to grow. In addition, our success depends in part upon our ability to attract, train and retain a sufficient number of employees and managers who understand and appreciate our culture and can represent our brand effectively and establish credibility with our business partners and consumers. An inability to either replace departing personnel or attract and retain new qualified personnel could adversely affect our business.
We are subject to industry and other risks that could adversely affect our reputation and financial results.
We are subject to food and feed industry risks which include, but are not limited to, crop disease, spoilage, contamination, tampering or other adulteration of products, product liability claims and recalls and government regulation regarding matters such as food and feed safety, nutritional standards and genetically modified organisms. We are also subject to shifts in customer and consumer preferences. These risks could not only adversely affect our business and operating results but also our corporate reputation.
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As a company whose products comprise staple food and feed products sold globally, maintaining a good corporate reputation is critical to our continued success. Reputational value is based in large part on perceptions, which can shift rapidly in response to negative incidents. The failure or alleged failure to maintain high standards for quality, safety, integrity, environmental sustainability and social responsibility, including with respect to raw materials, even if untrue, may result in adverse tangible effects, such as reduced demand for our products.
We may be subject to significant liability that is not covered by insurance.
We believe that our insurance coverage is consistent with industry practice, and is sufficient for our needs. However, claims under our insurance policies may be subject to certain exceptions, may not be honored fully, in a timely manner, or at all, or we may incur severe, unexpected losses that are not fully covered by our insurance. If we were to incur substantial liabilities or if our business operations were interrupted for a substantial period of time, our business and operating results could be adversely affected.
Our disclosure controls and procedures may not prevent or detect all errors or acts of fraud.
Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to reasonably assure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, and recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC.
We believe that any disclosure controls and procedures, or internal controls and procedures, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met.
These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by an unauthorized override of the controls. Accordingly, because of the inherent limitations in our control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected, which would likely cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information. This could in turn limit our access to capital markets, harm our results of operations, and lead to a decline in the trading price of our Ordinary Shares. Additionally, ineffective internal control over financial reporting could expose us to increased risk of fraud or misuse of corporate assets and subject us to potential delisting from the stock exchange on which we list, regulatory investigations and civil or criminal sanctions. We may also be required to restate our financial statements from prior periods.
If we fail to establish and maintain proper internal financial reporting controls, our ability to produce accurate financial statements or comply with applicable regulations could be impaired.
Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, we are required to file a report by our management on our internal control over financial reporting, including an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm. However, while we remain an emerging growth company, we will not be required to include an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm. The presence of material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting could result in financial statement errors which, in turn, could lead to errors in our financial reports and/or delays in our financial reporting, which could require us to restate our operating results.
If we fail to maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting in the future, our management and our independent registered public accounting firm may conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is not effective. Investors may lose confidence in our operating results, the price of the Ordinary Shares could decline and we may be subject to litigation or regulatory enforcement actions. In addition, if we are unable to meet the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Ordinary Shares may not be able to remain listed on the Nasdaq Global Market.
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We may not be able to retain existing customers, attract new customers, expand product offerings, and increase processed volumes and revenue from both new and existing customers.
The future growth of our business depends on our ability to retain existing customers, attract new customers as well as getting existing customers and new customers to increase the volumes of purchases and therefore grow revenue.
A customer’s purchase of our products may decrease for a variety of reasons, including the customer’s level of satisfaction with our products and services, the expansion of business to offer new products and services, the effectiveness of our support services, the pricing of our products and services, the pricing, range and quality of competing products or services, the effects of global economic conditions, regulatory or financial institution limitations, trust, and our ability to deliver quality products at competitive prices in a timely fashion.
Any failure by us to retain existing customers, attract new customers, and increase revenue from both new and existing customers could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. These efforts may require substantial financial expenditures, commitments of resources, developments of our processes, and other investments and innovations.
Risks Related to Our Growth
Our risk management strategies may not be effective.
We may not be able to achieve the efficiencies, savings and other benefits anticipated from our cost reduction, margin improvement and other business optimization initiatives.
We are continually implementing programs to reduce costs, increase efficiencies and enhance our business. Initiatives implemented in the past years have included the outsourcing of certain activities in several regions and the rationalization of manufacturing operations globally, including the implementation of an operational improvement program. Unexpected delays, increased costs, adverse effects on our internal control environment, inability to retain and motivate employees or other challenges arising from these initiatives could adversely affect our ability to realize the anticipated savings or other intended benefits of these activities.
We may not realize the anticipated benefits of acquisitions or joint ventures.
We are an active acquirer of other companies, and we have joint ventures partners. Part of our strategy involves acquisitions, alliances and joint ventures designed to expand and enhance our business. Our ability to benefit from acquisitions, joint ventures and alliances depends on many factors, including our ability to identify suitable prospects, negotiate favorable transaction terms and successfully consummate and integrate any businesses we acquire.
Our acquisition activities may involve unanticipated delays, costs and other problems. If we encounter unexpected problems with one of our acquisitions, our senior management may be required to divert attention away from other aspects of our businesses to address these problems. Additionally, we may fail to consummate proposed acquisitions, after incurring expenses and devoting substantial resources, including management time, to such transactions.
Acquisitions also pose the risk that we may be exposed to successor liability relating to actions by an acquired company and its management before the acquisition. The due diligence we conduct in connection with an acquisition, and any contractual guarantees or indemnities that we receive from the sellers of acquired companies, may not be sufficient to protect us from, or compensate us for, actual liabilities. A material liability associated with an acquisition could adversely affect our reputation and results of operations and reduce the benefits of the acquisition. Additionally, acquisitions involve other risks, such as differing levels of management and internal control effectiveness at the acquired entities, systems integration risks, the risk of impairment charges relating to goodwill and intangible assets recorded in connection with acquisitions, the risk of significant accounting charges resulting from the completion and integration of a sizeable acquisition, the need to fund increased capital expenditures and working capital requirements, our ability to retain and motivate employees of acquired entities and other unanticipated problems and liabilities. From time to time, we may also seek to divest some of our businesses or assets, including divestitures of operations in certain markets, plant or milling assets or business lines.
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Risks Related to Government Regulation
Agricultural commodity production and trade flows are significantly affected by government policies and regulations. Governmental policies affecting the agricultural industry, such as taxes, tariffs, duties, subsidies, import and export restrictions on agricultural commodities and commodity products and energy policies (including biofuels mandates), can influence industry profitability, the planting of certain crops versus other uses of agricultural resources, the location and size of crop production, whether unprocessed or processed commodity products are traded and the volume and types of imports and exports. In addition, international trade disputes can adversely affect agricultural commodity trade flows by limiting or disrupting trade between countries or regions.
The Moroccan market where the bulk of our business originates and where we operate nine milling plants, is highly regulated by the Moroccan government. In particular:
| 1. | Soft wheat cannot be freely imported during the calendar year. All our soft wheat must be imported before end of April and from beginning of September or October depending on the harvests of local wheat in Morocco. This is designed to protect local Moroccan producers of wheat by enabling them to sell their production on the local market. For an industrial producer, the quality of local wheat is not high enough to ensure a good quality of finished products. | |
| 2. | Part of the flour on the Moroccan market is subsidized by the government. This mechanism is to disappear in the next few months which may change the competition on the market. | |
| 3. | All soft wheat imported to Morocco must be certificated for import by the National Office for Food Safety in Morocco (Office National de Securité Sanitaire des Produits Alimentaires, or “ONSSA”). Our subsidiaries have generally been successful in obtaining ONSSA certification of the export of wheat to Morocco. Any failure or delay in our ability to obtain ONSSA certification in the future cold have a material adverse effect on our business. |
Legal claims, government investigations or other regulatory enforcement actions could subject us to civil and criminal penalties.
Since we operate in a highly regulated environment with constantly evolving legal and regulatory frameworks, we are subject to the risk of legal claims, government investigations or other regulatory enforcement actions. Although we have implemented policies and procedures designed to ensure compliance with existing laws and regulations, there can be no assurance that our suppliers and distributors will not violate our policies and procedures. Moreover, a failure to maintain effective control processes could lead to violations, unintentional or otherwise, of laws and regulations. Legal claims, government investigations or regulatory enforcement actions arising out of our failure or alleged failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations could subject us to civil and criminal penalties that could materially and adversely affect our product sales, reputation, financial condition and operating results. In addition, the costs and other effects of defending potential and pending litigation and administrative actions against us may be difficult to determine and could adversely affect our financial condition and operating results.
Litigation or legal proceedings could expose us to significant liabilities and have a negative impact on our reputation or business.
From time to time, we may be party to various claims and litigation proceedings. We evaluate these claims and litigation proceedings to assess the likelihood of unfavorable outcomes and to estimate, if possible, the amount of potential losses. Based on these assessments and estimates, we may establish reserves, as appropriate. These assessments and estimates are based on the information available to management at the time and involve a significant amount of management judgment. Actual outcomes or losses may differ materially from our assessments and estimates. Although we carry insurance for certain potential liabilities, such coverage may be insufficient or may not cover the potential liabilities with which we may be faced. We are not currently party to any material litigation.
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Risks Related to Competition
We face significant competition in each of our businesses and we have numerous competitors, some of which are larger and have greater financial resources than we have. As many of the products we sell are global commodities, the markets for our products are highly price competitive and in many cases sensitive to product substitution. In addition, to compete effectively, we must continuously focus on improving efficiency in our production and distribution operations, as well as developing and maintaining appropriate market share and customer relationships. Competition could cause us to lose market share or reduce pricing, which could have an adverse effect on our business and profitability.
Risks Related to Data Security and Intellectual Property
Our business and operations would suffer in the event of IT system failures, cybersecurity attacks, data breaches, or vulnerabilities in our or our third-party vendors’ information security program or defenses.
Our business relies upon information technology systems operated by us and by our third-party service providers. These systems may fail or experience operational disruption, experience cybersecurity attacks, or be damaged by computer viruses and unauthorized access. In the ordinary course of business, we collect, store and transmit confidential information (including but not limited to intellectual property, proprietary business information and personal information). It is critical that we do so in a secure manner to maintain the confidentiality and integrity of such confidential information. While we are currently in the process of developing and implementing policies and procedures to ensure the security and integrity of our information technology systems and confidential and proprietary information, we do not currently have any written policies and procedures in place. If we fail to maintain adequate policies and procedures for the protection of our information technology systems and confidential and proprietary information, we may be vulnerable to security breaches or disruptions and system breakdowns or other damage or interruptions.
We do not conduct audits or formal evaluations of our third-party vendors’ information technology systems and cannot be sure that our third-party vendors have sufficient measures in place to ensure the security and integrity of their information technology systems and our confidential and proprietary information. If our third-party vendors fail to protect their information technology systems and our confidential and proprietary information, we may be vulnerable to disruptions in service and unauthorized access to our confidential or proprietary information and we could incur liability and reputational damage and the further development and commercialization of our product candidates could be delayed. We have not, to our knowledge, experienced any material IT system failures or any material cybersecurity attacks to date. We cannot assure you that our data protection efforts and our investment in information technology will prevent significant breakdowns, data leakages, breaches in our systems or those of our third-party vendors and other contractors and consultants, or other cyber incidents that could have a material adverse effect upon our reputation, business, operations or financial condition. Furthermore, cyberattacks and security incidents are expected to accelerate in both frequency and impact as the use of AI increases and attackers become increasingly sophisticated and utilize tools and techniques that are designed to circumvent controls, avoid detection, and remove or obfuscate forensic evidence.
If such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a material disruption of our development programs, business operations, a breach of sensitive personal information or a loss or corruption of critical data assets including trade secrets or other proprietary information. Such IT system failures, cybersecurity attacks or vulnerabilities to our or our third-party vendors’ information security programs or defenses could result in legal liability, reputational damage, business interruption, and our competitive position could be harmed and the further development and commercialization of our products or any future products could be delayed or disrupted. Moreover, containing and remediating any IT system failure, cybersecurity attack or vulnerability may require significant investment of resources. Furthermore, significant security breaches or disruptions of our internal information technology systems or those of our third-party vendors and other contractors and consultants could result in the loss, misappropriation and/or unauthorized access, use, or disclosure of, or the prevention of access to, confidential information (including trade secrets or other intellectual property, proprietary business information and personal information), which could result in financial, legal, business and reputational harm to us.
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Risks Related to Our Capital Requirements
We are a capital intensive business and depend on cash provided by our operations as well as access to external financing to operate and expand our business.
We require significant amounts of capital to operate our business and fund capital expenditures. In addition, our working capital needs are directly affected by the prices of agricultural commodities, with increases in commodity prices generally causing increases in our borrowing levels. Furthermore, the expansion of our business and pursuit of acquisitions or other business opportunities may require us to have access to significant amounts of capital and working capital. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flows or raise sufficient external financing to fund these activities and their working capital, we may be forced to limit our operations and growth plans, which may adversely impact our competitiveness and, therefore, our results of operations.
Risks Related to Incorporation in Gibraltar
You will have limited ability to bring an action against us against our directors and officers, or to enforce a judgment against us or them, because we are incorporated in Gibraltar, because we conduct our operations primarily outside of the United States and because a majority of our directors and officers reside outside the United States.
We are a Gibraltar public company limited by shares and, as a result, the rights of the holders of our Ordinary Shares are governed by Gibraltar law and our Memorandum and Articles of Association. We conduct our operations through subsidiaries which are located primarily outside the United States. All of our assets are located outside the United States, and substantially all of our business is conducted outside the United States. All of our officers and a majority of our directors will reside outside the United States and a substantial portion of the assets of those persons are located outside of the United States. As a result, it could be difficult or impossible for you to effect service of process on these individuals in the United States in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed under applicable securities laws or otherwise or to enforce in the United States judgments obtained in U.S. courts against us or those persons based on civil liability provisions of the U.S. securities laws. It is doubtful whether the courts in Gibraltar will enforce judgments obtained in other jurisdictions, including the U.S., against us or our directors or officers under the securities laws of those jurisdictions or entertain actions in against us or our directors or officers under the securities laws of other jurisdictions. As a result, public shareholders might have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of the board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a U.S. company.
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Item 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY
A. History and Development of the Company
We are an integrated, global business involved in the purchase, storage, transport, processing and sale of agricultural commodities and commodity products. The principal agricultural commodities that we handle are flour and semolina, and secondary processing products such as pasta and couscous.
Our subsidiary Forafric Maroc is the combination of two former family owned businesses, Forafric (Maymouna) and Tria Group. Forafric (Maymouna) was acquired by FAHL in April 2015 and the Tria Group was acquired by us in January 2016. Today, we sell processed commodity products to customers in approximately forty-five countries in Europe, Asia, Africa and the Middle East. The principal purchasers of our products are wholesale foods manufacturers and distributors. We have developed an extensive global logistics network including storage facilities with direct access to ports by rail.
On June 9, 2022, we completed a Business Combination, in accordance with the Business Combination Agreement, by and among Globis, the Company, and Lighthouse Capital Limited, a Gibraltar private company limited by shares. On that day, as contemplated in the Business Combination Agreement: (i) Globis merged with and into Globis NV Merger 2 Corp., a Nevada corporation (“Merger Sub”), with Merger Sub surviving (the “Merger”); (ii) immediately following the effectiveness of the Merger, all of the common stock of Merger Sub issued pursuant to the Merger were contributed to the Company; and (iii) thereafter the Company acquired 100% of the equity interests in FAHL from the Seller and FAHL became a direct subsidiary of the Company.
As a result of the Business Combination, (i) Globis stockholders received one ordinary share, nominal value $0.001 per share, of the Company (each, an “Ordinary Share”) for each issued and outstanding share of Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share, of Globis (the “Common Stock”) held prior to the Merger; (ii) the issued and outstanding redeemable warrants that were registered pursuant to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 (SEC File No. 333-250939) of Globis automatically became redeemable warrants to acquire Ordinary Shares at an exercise price of $11.50 per share on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the applicable warrant agreement (which Warrant Agreement was assigned and novated by Globis to the Company with no other changes having been made to the terms of any issued and outstanding Public Warrants as a result of the Merger); (iii) each issued and outstanding warrant of Globis issued in a private placement automatically became warrants to acquire Ordinary Shares at an exercise price of $11.50 per share on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the applicable warrant agreement (with no other changes having been made to the terms of any issued and outstanding private placement warrants as a result of the Merger); and (iv) each issued and outstanding unit of Globis that had not been previously separated into the underlying Common Stock and underlying warrant upon the request of the holder thereof, was cancelled and entitled the holder thereof to one Ordinary Share and one redeemable warrant to acquire one Ordinary Share at an exercise price of $11.50 per share on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the applicable warrant agreement.
The Business Combination was consummated on June 9, 2022. The transaction was approved by the Globis Board and was approved at the Special Meeting of Globis’ shareholders held on June 9, 2022. Globis’ shareholders also voted to approve all other proposals presented at the Special Meeting.
As a result of the Business Combination, on June 10, 2022, our Ordinary Shares and Warrants commenced trading on the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC under the symbols of “AFRI” and “AFRIW,” respectively.
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The following diagram illustrates our corporate structure as of the date of this annual report:
On July 26, 2023, we acquired 90% of Société Industrielle de Minoterie du Sud (“SIMS”),a soft wheat milling company with primary operations in Marrakesh, Morocco, for cash consideration and noncontrolling interest in the amount of approximately $56 thousand and the assumption of SIMS’ outstanding debts in the amount of approximately $5.3 million.
On April 5, 2024, we signed, through our subsidiary, Epidor, a long term lease agreement of 10 years with HMMA Group to rent a mill based in Meknes, Morocco. The rental fees will be $692,308 per annum for the 5 first years, $748,440 per annum for the 3 following years and $773,389 per annum for the 2 last years.
Emerging Growth Company Status
We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (the “JOBS Act”), and we are eligible to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting and financial disclosure requirements that are applicable to other public companies, that are not emerging growth companies, including, but not limited to, (1) not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, (2) reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and (3) exemptions from the requirements of holding a non-binding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We intend to take advantage of these exemptions.
In addition, Section 107 of the JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act, for complying with new or revised accounting standards. As a result, an emerging growth company can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies.
We could remain an emerging growth company for up to five years, or until the earliest of (1) the last day of the first fiscal year in which our annual gross revenues exceed $1.235 billion, (2) the date that we become a “large accelerated filer” as defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act, which would occur if the market value of our Ordinary Shares that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter and we have been publicly reporting for at least 12 months, or (3) the date on which we have issued more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt during the preceding three-year period.
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Foreign Private Issuer Status
We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange. As such, we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to United States domestic public companies. For example:
| ● | we are not required to provide as many Exchange Act reports, or as frequently, as a domestic public company; | |
| ● | for interim reporting, we are permitted to comply solely with our home country requirements, which are less rigorous than the rules that apply to domestic public companies; | |
| ● | we are not required to provide the same level of disclosure on certain issues, such as executive compensation; | |
| ● | we are exempt from provisions of Regulation FD aimed at preventing issuers from making selective disclosures of material information; | |
| ● | we are not required to comply with the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act; and | |
| ● | we are not required to comply with Section 16 of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their share ownership and trading activities and establishing insider liability for profits realized from any “short-swing” trading transaction. |
B. Business Overview
Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, references in this section to the “Company,” “we,” “us,” “our,” the “group” and other similar terms refer to FAHL and its subsidiaries prior to the Business Combination and to Forafric Global PLC and its consolidated subsidiaries after giving effect to the Business Combination as the context may require.
Overview
We operate through FAHL, our fully owned subsidiary, which is a private company limited by shares incorporated in Gibraltar under the laws of Gibraltar. FAHL is registered with the Registrar of Companies in Gibraltar under registration number 114436. FAHL is a holding company, and substantially all of our operations are conducted through our subsidiaries. Our corporate headquarters is located at Madison Building, Midtown, Queensway, Gibraltar GX11 1AA. Our registered office is located at 57/63 Line Wall Road, Gibraltar GX11 1AA.
We are an integrated, global business involved in the purchase, storage, transport, processing and sale of agricultural commodities and commodity products. The principal agricultural commodities that we handle are flour and semolina, and secondary processing products such as pasta and couscous.
Our subsidiary Forafric Maroc is the combination of two former family owned businesses, Forafric (Maymouna) and Tria Group. Forafric (Maymouna) was acquired by FAHL in April 2015 and the Tria Group was acquired by FAHL in January 2016.
Tria Group was established in 1923 in Morocco under the name Minoterie Biscuiterie d’Anfa. The brand Tria was created in 1949. Tria Group was purchased by Mr. Mohammed Jamaleddine (father of Mustapha Jamaleddine, the former CEO of the group) in 1974. At this time the group had only one mill with a total capacity of 70 tons per day. In 1981, a first investment was made to increase the capacity to 150T/day. The production of pasta and couscous was launched in 1989. In 1995, a second investment to increase the capacity was made. In 2004, Tria formed the Ceraelis trading company, and in 2008, Finalog, a logistics company, with storage facilities in Casablanca. Tria Group was managed by the Jamaleddine family until 2016 and its acquisition by Forafric.
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Forafric (Maymouna) was created in 1943. It initially specialized in the import-export of cereals and various other food and plant products (e.g., legumes, sugar, tea, aromatic plants, etc.) which in 1997 evolved into industrial flour milling by buying and then building its own mills. In 2003, Forafric decided to market its own brand, MayMouna.
In 2021, we acquired a majority ownership interest in MDS Mali and MDS Burkina Faso, both of which are based in Western Africa and are dedicated to soft wheat crushing. In addition, we acquired a majority ownership interest in Sanabil SA, a wheat milling business in the region of Meknes, Morocco.
Our subsidiary based in Angola is a greenfield project to develop soft wheat activity.
Industry Overview
We operate primarily in the large and growing African food market, providing base products such as flour, semolina pasta and couscous, which are staple products for most consumers in this and other developing markets. We foresee continued market growth with the projected demographical increase and urbanization in the region. The African population was approximately 1.5 billion in 2025 and, according to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), will reach approximately 2.5 billion by 2050. Urbanization in Africa is projected to reach 1.5 billion by 2050, adding 950 million people since 2015. 36% of the world’s undernourished population is in Africa. This projected increase in urbanization is expected to lead to increased demand for more processed products.
Wheat is unique as a source of the gluten proteins that alone have the dough-forming properties needed to make the variety of foods that rely on the rheology of dough, namely, leavened breads, pasta, noodles, flat/pocket breads, steamed breads, biscuits, cakes, pastries and various food ingredients. Therefore wheat, an essential part of the diet of most of the world’s population, is prominent in world trade. Its quality traits are the most critical of all the grains.
Research has shown that fiber may play a large role in maintaining bowel health, lowering cholesterol, stabilizing blood glucose levels and controlling weight gain. In recent years, the awareness of the health benefits of high fiber diets has increased. Whole grain wheat flour is known for its high fiber, and enriched wheat flour is also a source of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin E. Wheat is also considered to be a good source of several minerals such as iron, calcium, selenium, manganese, copper, phosphorous, and folate. It offers a number of health benefits, which has led to increased demand for wheat flour among end users. Skin protection, nourishment, and energy are some of the basic health benefits offered by the consumption of wheat flour.
The high fiber content in whole grain wheat is known to promote gut health. Consumption of whole grain wheat flour has also showed positive effects on blood sugar levels. These are some of the reasons that are contributing to change in dietary preferences of individuals. We do not believe that concerns regarding gluten intolerance and celiac disease, which impact only small percentages of the population, will have any appreciable impact on projected sales growth.
Most of our assets are based in Morocco. The total wheat production for Morocco in 2024 was 5 million of metric tons (MT) of wheat and 0.9 million of MT of durum. The total consumption of wheat-based product per person in Morocco is the second highest in the world, with 200kg per person per year. This is three times the average consumption per person per year of the rest of the world, as bread remains a staple of both the Moroccan diet and of Moroccan culture. The population of Morocco is projected to grow from approximately 38 million in 2024 to 46 million by 2050.
Our Strengths
Leader in the Moroccan market
We are a leader in the Moroccan market in respect of the wheat milling business, with a milling capacity of 3,700 tons per day, compared to 3,000 tons per day in 2023. This position enables us to have better access to raw materials, to improve its productivity and to benefit from the power of our two main brands, Maymouna and Tria (See Our Brands and Products).
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Raw materials are the key to profitability in our industry. Raw material accounts for up to 90% of total cost. With a total volume of 633,752 tons per year as of December 31, 2024, the group has great bargaining power, ahead of many international providers of wheat, and has, accordingly, had access to excellent conditions of purchasing.
As with every industrial business, productivity is key to performance. With nine milling plants in Morocco, we improved our productivity over the past three years and reduced our industrial cost. We consider ourselves to be among the top performing industrial units in our industry.
MayMouna and Tria are our two main brands in the Moroccan market. MayMouna is our most popular brand for Moroccan households and Tria is our most popular brand for industrial clients in Morocco.
Stable Product Demand
Our products are basic food staples in Morocco and Africa. Accordingly, demand for our products has been stable in Morocco and fast-growing in Sub-Saharan Africa and Angola, even in periods of economic uncertainty.
Near-term and long-term Opportunities
Near-term opportunities
The Moroccan flour sector is changing. Though in the 1960s Morocco was largely self-sufficient, producing more than 80% of the wheat for domestic consumption, only 60% of the total domestic demand for wheat was met by the end the 20th century. Despite the introduction of improved wheat varieties and significant increases in yields, yield levels remain below both the global average of over 3 metric tons per hectare (t/ha) and the African average of 2.3 t/ha. Consequently, Morocco continued to import large volumes, making wheat the most important (in both volume and value terms) of all agricultural imports. Governmental efforts to support yield growth are expected to continue, including the use of new technologies for better seed-delivery and to increase crop yield. The transformation of the sector will create immediate opportunities to grow and gain market share. As the leader on this market, we expect to benefit from this transformation.
Long-term opportunities
We believe that the market in which we operate is sustainable and growing. We expect future growth in our market will be led by:
| ● | Continued demographical growth in the African continent from approximately 1.5 billion in 2025 to approximately 2.5 billion by 2050; | |
| ● | Increasing urbanization in Africa, projected to reach 1.5 billion by 2050, adding 800 million people since 2025; and | |
| ● | The continued growth in the consumption of our products in the region, which the Company expects to not only remain staple products, but to gain further traction with increasing urbanization. |
Our Business Strategy
We consider sustainable growth to be the pillar of its business management strategy, through which it consolidates its position as a benchmark business group in its areas of activity and as a sound, innovative, sustainable, responsible enterprise, committed to: (i) social well-being, diversity, environmental balance and social and economic progress; and (ii) tax responsibility, respect of human rights and prevention of corruption and other illegal conduct.
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This entails developing a business model focusing on the generation of value, taking into consideration the interests of its human team, shareholders and investors, customers, suppliers, the media, the communities in which we operate and the environment.
In this regard, we look beyond the exclusive goal of achieving financial yield and includes environmental, social and ethical criteria alongside economic variables in its decision-making processes.
We thus undertake, as an essential principle in its actions, the creation of a business model that is respectful of and sustainable for the environment and society overall and, while ensuring value, profitability and competitiveness, it promotes diversity, respect for human rights, tax responsibility and the prevention of corruption, thus contributing towards the progress of society and generating trust among our stakeholders.
Our Fundamental Values
Nutrition: We ensure the supply of products essential for human nutrition by contributing to the health and well-being of consumers. Our brands are symbols of quality and good nutrition.
Proximity: We maintain lasting relationships with consumers, our customers and suppliers, by constantly listening to them. We build relationships of trust based on mutual respect. We support the social and economic well-being of our growers, suppliers and local communities.
Integrity: We are responsible for our actions and performance. We expect similar behavior from our partners.
Excellence: We aim for the best quality for our products, and process for the contribution of our teams. We are aware of our responsibility to provide high quality product and product our customers from damaging additives and chemical residues.
Sustainability: We always act with respect for our environment, and incorporate sustainability in all areas of our business, from operation of our facilities, to engagement with customers, suppliers and communities. Long term sustainability and environmental responsibility are fundamental to the future of our business. We are dedicated to reducing our carbon footprint by reduction of power consumption.
Our Business Model
We have established ourself as a leading wheat milling player in Morocco. With the acquisition of SIMS in 2023, and the long term lease signed by our subsidiary Epidor in 2024 we now operate nine milling plants across Morocco (seven of which are dedicated to common wheat and two are dedicated to durum wheat) with total processing capacity of 3,700 tons per day and a total milling capacity of 1,100,000 tons per year as of December 31, 2024. We also have 1 secondary processing unit, 2 logistics platforms, and 300,000 tons of grain storage facilities in Morocco. We also operate two mills in Mali and Burkina Faso for an additional capacity of 500T per day. We are also the owner of PRODELA, an animal feed processing company in Morocco, which was established in 1991 to commercialize the bran created by the mills.
Our products are exported to 45 countries. Our primary activities include the production and sale of a variety of wheat flours, Semolina and Pasta and Couscous in Morocco and outside Morocco. Our two main brands in Morocco are MAYMOUNA and TRIA (see Our Brands and Products).
Our Brands and Products
Forafric owns two leading brands: Tria and MayMouna.
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Tria
Tria brand was born more than 60 years ago from a family that had a passion for the transmission of Moroccan culinary traditions, associated with a high level of quality.
As a result, Tria brand quickly established itself as a key player in the flour milling sector and in the transformation of wheat grains into pasta and couscous. The Company believes its success in Morocco was the result of strong commitments from the brand to offer products of constant quality and taste.
For several generations, Tria has strived to keep intact the fundamentals that have made its reputation, from the selection of a high quality raw materials, and seeks to reinventing its products in order to support changing consumer needs.
Tria continues to be a highly respected brand for packaged flour, precooked couscous and packaged pasta on the Moroccan market. Today, Tria combines modernity and tradition, which makes it one of the favorite brands of Moroccans. As of December 31, 2024, Tria has approximately 15% of the overall market in Morocco of couscous, approximately 28% in the market of packaged couscous, and approximately 9% of the overall market of pasta in Morocco.
Tria branded products include:
| ● | TRIA DAKIK MINE NAWH MOUMTAZ for Flour, Pasta and Couscous | |
| ● | TRIA COUSCOUS DE QUALITE SUPERIEURE for Couscous | |
| ● | TRIA PATES DE QUALITE SUPERIEURE for Pasta | |
| ● | TRIA FARINE DE QUALITE SUPERIEURE for Flour |
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MayMouna
MayMouna, whose Arabic name derives from “Youmn” which intimates values of kindness and blessing, has been a success story since its initial launch.
We believe that MayMouna is recognized as an innovative brand which strives to make life easier for the average consumer. The MayMouna brand has redefined the rules on the Moroccan market, by adopting a marketing strategy reflected in its unique packaging and establishing a color code allowing the clear identification of each of its products. The brand also integrates into its packaging culinary presentations allowing each household to easily recognize the right product capable of meeting its needs.
MayMouna is appreciated for its quality but also for the richness of its range. The brand has, on a regular basis, introduced new products to attract the average household, its primary consumer (e.g., under the registered trademark Finette) and meet the needs of professionals (e.g., Farine Boulangère). This has enabled MayMouna to maintain its popularity and reputation.
In 2014, MayMouna was nominated at the Morocco’s National Agricultural Fair (SIAM) for an award in the Innovation Brand category, and it was awarded the prize of best price and quality at the SIAM 2014 and 2016 editions.
MayMouna offers a diversified range of products segmented into two categories: soft wheat products and durum wheat products. In order to meet market demands, the products intended for the traditional consumer market (i.e., wholesalers, groceries), are sold in polypropylene packaging for the modern retail and in kraft paper for mass distribution. The industry, on the other hand, is delivered in bulk by tanker.
Soft wheat products: Soft wheat is the most widely used and cultivated variety of wheat in the world. It is used to produce flour, particularly for making bread and pastries. All our soft wheat flours are enriched with iron and vitamins. Our soft wheat products include:
| ● | Pastry flour - Soft wheat flour comes from the heart of the grain (the wheat kernel), the extraction of which is milled to produce a flour powder. Thanks to its milling know-how, MayMouna has developed a pastry flour with a very fine texture and without lumps, with a mineralization rate not exceeding 0.38%. Our pastry flour meets the daily needs of the average household, and is suitable for fine culinary preparations of pastries, béchamel, sauces, and harira, a traditional Moroccan soup. MayMouna pastry flour is available in 1kg, 2kg, 5kg and 10kg kraft packaging. | |
| ● | Extra white - Used mainly by pastry and bakery professionals, MayMouna Extra white flour is very fluid. Guaranteed lump-free, it offers an excellent hold for all kinds of food preparation. It is distinguished by its purity and by its whiteness with a mineralization rate not exceeding 0.42%. MayMouna Extra white is available in 5kg, 10kg and 25kg polypropylene packaging. | |
| ● | The Baker - This flour suitable for breadmaking is intended exclusively for the baking industry. MayMouna La Boulangère is available in 25kg and 50kg polypropylene packaging. | |
| ● | We also sell products in Morocco under the AMBRE and BRIO brands, which include LA AMBRA, AL DENTE Flour, AMBRA Flour, AMBRE Flour, ASSALA, BRIO and BRIO, MLAOUI, BAGHRIR for pasta and couscous. BRIO is also used for export to Europe. |
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Durum wheat products: As in most Mediterranean countries and the Maghreb, durum wheat is part of the traditional meal in Morocco. Naturally rich in fiber, it benefits from recognized digestive virtues. Durum wheat can be transformed into semolina for the production of pasta and couscous, but also into flour for making bread. In Morocco, the main use of durum wheat is in breadmaking and couscous. Our durum wheat products include:
| ● | Whole meal Flour - Naturally rich in fiber, MayMouna Whole meal flour has the particularity of giving a whole hard wheat bread with recognized digestive and dietary virtues. MayMouna Whole meal Flour is available in 2kg, 5kg and 10kg kraft, 5kg, 10kg and 25kg polypropylene packaging. | |
| ● | Finot - A flagship product of the entire range, this very fine semolina is ideal for delicate preparations, for golden and well-leavened homemade bread. MayMouna Finot also makes it possible to achieve flaky and crispy msemens, a traditional Moroccan type of pancake. MayMouna Finot is available in kraft 5kg and in 10kg, polypropylene 5kg, 10kg and 20kg packaging. | |
| ● | Fine semolina - This semolina is used mainly by industrial manufacturers of couscous and pasta. It is also used by households and bakers for light and golden baghrirs, which is a traditional Moroccan type of pancake or crepe, various semolina cakes, and harcha, a Moroccan pan-fried bread. | |
| ● | MayMouna Fine Semolina is available in 1kg and 5kg kraft packaging, and in 5kg, 10kg and 25kg polypropylene packaging. |
| ● | Course semolina - MayMouna Semoule Grosse is mainly intended for the preparation of artisan couscous. With a regular grain size, this semolina is ideal to be worked by hand, in the traditional manner. MayMouna Semoule Grosse is available in 5kg kraft, and in 5kg, 10kg and 25kg polypropylene packaging. | |
| ● | Finette - It is an exclusive product of MayMouna, specially created to offer the consumer a flour suitable for the preparation of homemade bread. Recognized for its baking qualities, Finette is very fluid. Finette by MayMouna is available in 5kg, 10kg and 25kg polypropylene packaging. |
Though Tria and Maymouna are our most popular and well-known brands, our products are sold under a number of other brand names, including:
LES GRANDES SEMOULERIES DU MAROC : Semolina
LAMSAMDA: Flour
TARGA: Flour
EXTRA BLANCHE: Flour
HOUYAM: Flour
AL FADANE: Flour
EL GHALA: Flour
FARINOR: Flour
SANABIL: Semolina
LMLIH, EL FEN: Semolina
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DIAMANDA : Flour
SABA: Pasta and Couscous
JAWDA: Flour
BADIA: Flour
LA BELLA, ZERDA: Pasta and Couscous
CH’RIFA: Flour
AL BACHA: Flour
AYLA: Flour
F’DILA: Flour
CH’MICHA: Flour
SOUIRA: Flour
FERANE : Flour
AL BAROUK : Flour
Sourcing and Processing
We are dedicated to providing our customers with high quality, nutritious and healthy products and our production process is designed to achieve these goals:
Supply: In addition to the choice of excellent raw materials, at harvest time, samples are tested for the quality and quantity of protein and for the presence of heavy metals, pesticide residues, and other harmful chemicals.
Reception: On delivery of the wheat, a representative sample undergoes a battery of analyzes ensuring compliance with the Company’s quality standards. From the pit, the wheat then undergoes a pre-cleaning to eliminate any large waste.
Cleaning: At this stage, the wheat undergoes a second cleaning which consists of eliminating the impurities (foreign seeds, straw, dust, etc.). The stone remover makes it possible to remove the stones by density difference.
The wheat is then wet in order to facilitate its grinding and damaged grains or those whose color does not conform are removed using a machine equipped with a camera.
Grinding: The wheat then goes to milling. This operation dissociates the bran and the floury part thanks to a succession of grinding and sieving. The various finished products are evaluated according to their grain size, protein level, humidity, color, etc. These analyzes are supplemented by use tests in the bakery, in particular to test the breadmaking. A series of sanitary analysis is added to ensure the wholesomeness of each product in compliance with the required standards.
Conditioning: The various flours and semolina obtained are packaged in food packaging suitable for their good conservation. Each batch is strictly controlled to ensure compliance with specifications and standards in force.
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Trading and Storage
The Company has a unique storage infrastructure in Morocco. The group has 2 units dedicated to storage and more than 250,000 tons of grain storage capacity in Morocco. This organization allows it to optimize and best meet the needs of all of its mills and to effectively manage the costs of its supply chain.
Two of our trading companies, Forafric and Cerelis, aim to import and sell wheat. Cerelis is based in Morocco and dedicated to meet the needs of the group in raw materials.
Our Finalog subsidiary, with a capacity of 79,000 metric tons, which is based in Casablanca, manages transport, handling and storage activities. The Finalog’s multimodal platform (Road / Rail) is devoted 100% to cereals and is linked to the port of Casablanca by rail. Finalog has a daily reception capacity of 7,000 tons and 3,000 tons per day for delivery. Though most of its revenues are generated by the Company, Finalog also rents part of its facilities to other companies. We inted to sell Finalog in 2025.
Significant Events and Transactions
Due to our strong crushing volume in 2024, we believe we are the leading wheat milling player in Morocco through the acquisition and consolidation of well-known businesses Forafric (MayMouna) and the Tria Group. Forafric (MayMouna) was created in 1943 with focus on imports, repositioning its core activity on milling in the 2000s and recently developing its branding strategy to becoming a leading wheat flour brand in Morocco. Forafric (MayMouna) was acquired by us in April 2015. The Tria group was created in 1949 under the name Minoterie Biscuiterie d’Anfa, with focus on milling activity, and was acquired by us in January 2016.
| Company | 2024 Crushing | Market Share | ||||||
| IZDA* | 583,397 | 12.03 | % | |||||
| Forafric | 536,167 | 11.05 | % | |||||
| Gromic | 515,836 | 10.63 | % | |||||
| Zine Cereales | 360,993 | 7.44 | % | |||||
| Fandy | 357,106 | 7.36 | % | |||||
| Casa Grains | 292,041 | 6.02 | % | |||||
| Others | 2,205,983 | 45.47 | % | |||||
| Total | 4,851,523 | 100.00 | % | |||||
Source ONICL Morocco
*IZDA: not a company but a group with common purchasing interest
In July 2023, we acquired a majority stake in Société Industrielle des Moulins du Sud based in Marrakech. This acquisition enabled the group to expand its market share in Morocco to reach the target of 20%. With this acquisition, the group is leader in the Marrakech Region.
In 2024, the price of raw materials remained stable and is still higher than the normative level of the years 2018-2021. The Moroccan government decided to continue with subsidies on imported wheat in 2024 and in 2025.
In February 2025, we announced that we adopted a new balance sheet strengthening strategy with a Morocco and soft wheat focus. As part of this initiative, we are divesting non-core assets: assets outside of Morocco, durum wheat focused businesses and logistics activities in Morocco. These divestments will strengthen our balance sheet and will significantly improve our working capital position.
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Key Factors Affecting Operating Results
Government Regulation
We are subject to a variety of laws in each of the countries in which we operate which govern various aspects of our business, including the processing, handling, storage, transport and sale of our products; risk management activities; land-use and ownership of land, including laws regulating the acquisition or leasing of rural properties by certain entities and individuals; and environmental, health and safety matters. To operate our facilities, we must obtain and maintain numerous permits, licenses and approvals from governmental agencies and our facilities are subject to periodic inspection by governmental agencies. In addition, we are subject to other laws and government policies affecting the food and agriculture industries, including food and feed safety, nutritional and labeling requirements and food security policies. In particular, ONSSA requires various certifications for the export of products to Morocco. ONSSA certifications have been obtained for the following subsidiaries of the Company: Forafric SA; Finalog; Maymouna Grain; Les Grands Moulins de Tensift; Les Grandes Semouleries du Maroc; Les Grandes Semouleries de Safi; Tria Group; and Arzak.
From time to time, agricultural production shortfalls in certain regions and growing demand for agricultural commodities for feed, food and fuel use have caused prices for relevant agricultural commodities to rise. High commodity prices and regional crop shortfalls have led, and in the future may lead, governments to impose price controls, tariffs, export restrictions and other measures designed to assure adequate domestic supplies and/or mitigate price increases in their domestic markets, as well as increase the scrutiny of competitive conditions in their markets.
Environmental Matters
We are subject to various environmental protection and occupational health and safety laws and regulations in the countries in which we operate. Our operations may emit or release certain substances, which may be regulated or limited by applicable laws and regulations. In addition, we handle and dispose of materials and wastes classified as hazardous or toxic by one or more regulatory agencies. Our operations are also subject to laws relating to environmental licensing of facilities, restrictions on land use in certain protected areas and water use. We incur costs to comply with health, safety and environmental regulations applicable to our activities and have made and expect to make substantial capital expenditures on an ongoing basis to continue to ensure our compliance with environmental laws and regulations. However, due to our extensive operations across multiple industries and jurisdictions globally, we are exposed to the risk of claims and liabilities under environmental regulations. Violation of these laws and regulations can result in substantial fines, administrative sanctions, criminal penalties, revocations of operating permits and/or shutdowns of our facilities.
Additionally, our business could be affected in the future by regulation or taxation of greenhouse gas emissions, or policies related to national emission reduction plans. It is difficult to assess the potential impact of any resulting regulation of greenhouse gas emissions. Potential consequences could include increased energy, transportation and raw material costs, and we may be required to make additional investments to modify our facilities, equipment and processes. Climate change could also lead to stronger production variability than today which could result in price volatility. Climate change could cause temperature increases and rainfall changes that could lead to lower yields in Morocco and other semi-arid Mediterranean countries in the future. In response to such concerns, the effects of additional climate change regulatory initiatives could have adverse impacts on our business and results of operations. Compliance with environmental laws and regulations did not materially affect our earnings or competitive position in 2024.
Competition
The markets for our products are highly price competitive. Competition is based on a number of factors, including delivered price, product offering and quality, location, raw material procurement, production efficiency, brand recognition, nutritional profile, dietary trends, logistics and distribution capabilities, and customer service, including, in some cases, customer financing terms. The Company faces competition in each of its businesses and has numerous competitors. Competition is based on a variety of factors, including price, raw material procurement, brand recognition, nutritional profile, dietary trends and distribution capabilities. Our major competitors in Morocco include: Moulins du Maghreb, Zine Cereales, Rica Maroc, Casagrains and Dari Couspate. These competitors would be at an advantage if they are able to obtain superior financing capabilities. In addition, other regional or international Agribusinesses may expand into our marketplaces increasing competition.
To compete effectively, we must continuously focus on improving efficiency in our production and distribution operations, as well as developing and maintaining appropriate market share and customer relationships, and brand reputations for quality.
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Legal Proceedings
From time to time, the Company and its subsidiaries may become subject to various legal proceedings. There are currently three separate actions pending against the Company for unfair dismissal by former employees; however, none of such proceedings, individually, or in the aggregate, would have a material adverse effect on the Company or its operations if decided adversely against the Company.
Insurance
In each country where the Company conducts business, our operations and assets are subject to varying degrees of risk and uncertainty. We ensure our businesses and assets in each country in a manner that it deems appropriate for a company of our size and activities, based on an analysis of the relative risks and costs. If we were to incur a significant loss or liability for which we were not fully insured, it could have a materially adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The Company believes that it maintains adequate policies of insurance to insure its operations against such risks as can be reasonably anticipated in the markets in which it operates.
Seasonality
There is a degree of seasonality in the growing season and procurement of our principal raw materials. Further, in the Moroccan market where the bulk of our business originates and where we operate four flour mills, soft wheat cannot be freely imported during the calendar year. All our soft wheat must be imported before end of April and from beginning of September or October depending on the harvests of local wheat in Morocco. This is designed to protect local Moroccan producers of wheat by enabling them to sell their production on the local market. Accordingly, the third fiscal quarters of the year have generally been our weakest in terms of financial results.
Intellectual Property
Our material intellectual property consists of approximately 25 trademarks and logos relating to our two main brands, Maymouna and Tria, and our other brands and products. These intellectual property rights are registered in Morocco. Under Moroccan law, such registrations are valid for 10 years from the date of filing the application, and are renewable for additional periods of 10 years. There is also a grace period for late renewals and a registration is not canceled unless it is not renewed within six months of the end of the registration period.
C. Organizational Structure
See “Item 4. Information on the Company – A. History and Development of the Company.”
D. Property, plant and equipment
As of December 31, 2024, the Company owns and leases 13 refining, packing and milling facilities throughout the world with an aggregate production capacity of 4,200 metric tons per day, including nine milling plants in Morocco with an aggregate capacity of 3,700 metric tons per day. We also have two storage facilities in Morocco with an aggregate storage capacity of 250,000 metric tons.
Our corporate headquarters in Gibraltar, occupies approximately 1,200 square feet of space under a lease that expires in October 2030. We also own or lease other office space for our operations worldwide.
We believe our current facilities are sufficient to meet our needs.
Item 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Not applicable.
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Item 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS
The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon and should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and their related notes included in this annual report.
This annual report includes consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022.
This annual report contains forward-looking statements that are based on our management’s beliefs and assumptions and on information currently available to us. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.
You can identify these forward-looking statements by words or phrases such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “aim,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “potential,” “continue,” “is/are likely to” or other similar expressions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs. These forward-looking statements include, among other things, statements relating to:
| ● | our goals and strategies; | |
| ● | our future business development, financial conditions and results of operations; |
| ● | our expectations regarding demand for and market acceptance of our products once available; |
| ● | our expectations regarding our development and commercialization of our therapeutics; |
| ● | competition in our industry; and |
| ● | relevant government policies and regulations relating to our industry. |
You should thoroughly read this annual report and the documents that we refer to in this annual report with the understanding that our actual results in the future may be materially different from or worse than what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements. Other sections of this annual report include additional factors which could adversely affect our business and financial performance. Moreover, we operate in an evolving environment. New risk factors and uncertainties emerge from time to time and it is not possible for our management to predict all risk factors and uncertainties, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. Important risks and factors that could cause our actual results to be materially different from our expectations are generally set forth in “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this annual report. We caution you that our businesses and financial performance are subject to substantial risks and uncertainties.
The forward-looking statements made in this annual report relate only to events or information as of the date on which these statements are made in this annual report. We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, after the date of this annual report. You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events.
Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, references in this section to the “Company,” “we,” “us,” “our” and other similar terms refer to FAHL and its subsidiaries prior to the Business Combination and Forafric Global PLC and its consolidated subsidiaries after giving effect to the Business Combination. The following discussion and analysis summarize the significant factors affecting the consolidated operating results, financial condition, liquidity and cash flows of the Company as of and for the periods presented below.
Overview
Key Factors Affecting Our Performance
The key factors affecting the performance of our business are described below:
Cost of Raw material. The cost of wheat is almost 90% of total cost in our business. Fluctuation on the price of the wheat has a direct impact on our performance. The cost of wheat depends on weather, supply and demand and strategies of main international producers. The cost of raw material depends also on freight cost and currency exchange rate fluctuations.
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Industrial cost. The crushing cost is the second main factor affecting our performance. This cost includes equipment, labor and interest over financing. To perform on our business, we have to maintain this cost below 30 USD per ton produced. To achieve this performance, we have to monitor energy, equipment usage, logistics, human resources and financial cost.
Average selling price. The average selling price is based on the two components:
| ● | Price of flour/Semolina | |
| ● | Price of Bran |
Bran is between 20% to 25% of the production of finished products. We have no impact on the price of the bran.
On the price of finished product, we can have a limited impact due to high concurrency on the market.
Key Components of Results of Operations
Net sales, cost of sales and gross profit figures are calculated with the following method:
Net sales: Total consolidated sales;
Cost of sales: includes cost of raw materials, cost of freight, depreciation expense, cost of foreign exchange and cost of improvements used in the production; and
Gross profit: the difference between net sales and cost of goods sold.
The key components of our results of operation are:
Price of raw materials, which is affected by many factors, including global and regional supply, which in turn is impacted by factors such as weather conditions, local planting decisions, crop failure, reduced harvests, governmental policies (including both tariffs and subsidies), and other agricultural conditions, as well as local, regional, and international demand.
Cost of freight, which is impacted by shipping availability, international demand, labor shortages, strikes, regional conflicts, inadequate or obsolete port infrastructure and other factors.
Foreign exchange rates, which are continually fluctuating due to the relative economic strengths or governmental policies of different countries.
Human resources productivity, which may be impacted by the training and skills of the available workforce, the nature of tools and facilities in place, financial incentives and other factors over which we do not have any control.
Power consumption and costs, which may be affected by governmental policies, including green energy initiatives and the age and efficiency of existing and newly acquired facilities.
Our Results of Operations depends primarily on the cost of raw materials and on our industrial cost.
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In our business, most raw materials are imported from Europe, South America, Black Sea and Canada (for durum). In Morocco, there is production of wheat but the quality is generally not high enough for industrial usage. The variation of the cost of raw materials has a huge impact on our business and can explain the changes in the result of operation form period to period.
As part of its new strategy with a Morocco and soft wheat focus, the Company initiated in November 2024 a plan for the potential disposal of several assets/businesses. As of December 31, 2024, the Company concluded that the following sale transactions met the criteria of classification as held for sale in accordance with Subtopic 205-20 and 360-10:
| ● | All long-term assets belonging to a durum wheat mill with a capacity of 240 tons per day, located in Casablanca, | |
| ● | A wholly owned subsidiary operating in logistic activities. |
Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2023
Operating Results
| For the Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| In thousands of USD | 2024 | 2023* | $ Change | |||||||||
| Revenues | $ | 274,223 | $ | 301,954 | $ | (27,731 | ) | |||||
| Cost of sales | 246,891 | 273,417 | (26,526 | ) | ||||||||
| Gross profit | 27,332 | 28,537 | (1,205 | ) | ||||||||
| Operating expenses: | ||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative expenses | 35,093 | 27,295 | 7,798 | |||||||||
| Total operating expenses | 35,093 | 27,295 | 7,798 | |||||||||
| Operating (loss) profit from continuing operations | (7,761 | ) | 1,242 | (9,003 | ) | |||||||
| Other expense (income): | ||||||||||||
| Interest income | (31 | ) | (37 | ) | 6 | |||||||
| Interest expense | 12,815 | 13,478 | (663 | ) | ||||||||
| Change in fair value of derivatives and contingent consideration | (1,442 | ) | (25 | ) | (1,417 | ) | ||||||
| Foreign exchange (gain) loss | 33 | (212 | ) | 245 | ||||||||
| Other non-operating expenses | 2,546 | - | 2,546 | |||||||||
| Total other expense | 13,921 | 13,204 | 717 | |||||||||
| Loss before taxes from continuing operations | (21,682 | ) | (11,962 | ) | (9,720 | ) | ||||||
| Income tax (benefit) expense | 1,651 | 589 | 1,062 | |||||||||
| Loss from continuing operations | (23,333 | ) | (12,551 | ) | (10,782 | ) | ||||||
| Discontinued operations: | ||||||||||||
| Profit (Loss) before taxes from discontinued operations | 33 | (652 | ) | 685 | ||||||||
| Income tax expense (benefit) | 55 | (695 | ) | 750 | ||||||||
| (Loss) Profit from discontinued operations | (22 | ) | 43 | (65 | ) | |||||||
| Net loss | $ | (23,355 | ) | $ | (12,508 | ) | $ | (10,847 | ) | |||
*Prior year comparatives for the year ended 2023 are adjusted following the classification of a discontinued operation (see Note 23–Assets and Liabilities Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations in our Audited Consolidated Financial Statements).
Revenues
Net sales from continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2024 amounted to $274.2 million, compared to $302.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $27.7 million, or 9.2% year over year. The decrease was primarily attributable to the decrease of crushed volume in both soft wheat and durum in Morocco.
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Cost of Sales
Our cost of sales for the year ended December 31, 2024 amounted to $246.9 million, compared to $273.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $26.5 million, or 9.7% year over year. The decrease was primarily attributable to the decrease of crushed volume in both wheat and durum.
Gross Profit
Our gross profit for the year ended December 31, 2024 amounted to $27.3 million, compared to $28.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $1.2 million, or 4.2% year over year. The decrease was primarily attributable to the decrease of total sales.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
Our selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 amounted to $35.1 million, compared to $27.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $7.8 million, or 28.6% year over year. The increase was primarily attributable to impairment of other assets for $5.0 million and the increase of activity in Western Africa.
Other Expense (Income)
Our other expense (income) for the year ended December 31, 2024 amounted to $13.9 million, compared to $13.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $0.7 million, or 5.4% year over year. The increase was primarily attributable to the increase of other non-operating expenses due to tax penalties in 2024.
Segments
The following table presents revenue and operating income (loss) from continuing operations by segment for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:
| For the Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| In thousands of USD | 2024 | 2023* | $ Change | |||||||||
| Sales to external customers: | ||||||||||||
| Soft wheat | $ | 215,090 | $ | 218,761 | $ | (3,671 | ) | |||||
| Durum wheat | 27,418 | 48,233 | (20,815 | ) | ||||||||
| Couscous and pasta | 27,021 | 31,410 | (4,389 | ) | ||||||||
| All other | 4,694 | 3,550 | 1,144 | |||||||||
| Total | $ | 274,223 | $ | 301,954 | $ | (27,731 | ) | |||||
| Cost of sales: | ||||||||||||
| Soft wheat | $ | (194,492 | ) | $ | (194,453 | ) | $ | (39 | ) | |||
| Durum wheat | (29,150 | ) | (47,465 | ) | 18,315 | |||||||
| Couscous and pasta | (19,397 | ) | (28,649 | ) | 9,252 | |||||||
| All other | (3,852 | ) | (2,850 | ) | (1,002 | ) | ||||||
| Total | $ | (246,891 | ) | $ | (273,417 | ) | $ | 26,526 | ||||
| Gross profit: | ||||||||||||
| Soft wheat | $ | 20,598 | $ | 24,308 | $ | (3,710 | ) | |||||
| Durum wheat | (1,732 | ) | 768 | (2,500 | ) | |||||||
| Couscous and pasta | 7,624 | 2,761 | 4,863 | |||||||||
| All other | 842 | 700 | 142 | |||||||||
| Total | $ | 27,332 | $ | 28,537 | $ | (1,205 | ) | |||||
| Selling, general, and administrative expenses: | ||||||||||||
| Soft wheat | $ | (21,806 | ) | $ | (22,020) | $ | 214 | |||||
| Durum wheat | (264 | ) | (332) | 68 | ||||||||
| Couscous and pasta | (9,236 | ) | (1,095) | (8,141 | ) | |||||||
| All other | (3,787 | ) | (3,848 | ) | 61 | |||||||
| Total | $ | (35,093 | ) | $ | (27,295 | ) | $ | (7,798 | ) | |||
| Operating income (loss): | ||||||||||||
| Soft wheat | $ | (1,208 | ) | $ | 2,288 | $ | (3,496 | ) | ||||
| Durum wheat | (1,996 | ) | 436 | (2,432 | ) | |||||||
| Couscous and pasta | (1,612 | ) | 1,666 | (3,278 | ) | |||||||
| All other | (2,945 | ) | (3,148 | ) | 203 | |||||||
| Total | $ | (7,761 | ) | $ | 1,242 | $ | (9,003 | ) | ||||
*Prior year comparatives for the year ended 2023 are adjusted following the classification of a discontinued operation (see Note 23–Assets and Liabilities Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations in our Audited Consolidated Financial Statements).
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Our net sales of soft wheat for the year ended December 31, 2024 amounted to $215.1 million, compared to $218.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $3.7 million, or 1.7% year over year. The decrease was primarily attributable to the decrease of crushed volume in 2024.
Our net sales of durum wheat for the year ended December 31, 2024 amounted to $27.4 million, compared to $48.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $20.8 million, or 43.2% year over year. The decrease was primarily attributable to the planned asset disposal of one of our semolina crushing facilities.
Our net sales of couscous and pasta for the year ended December 31, 2024 amounted to $27.0 million, compared to $31.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $4.4 million, or 14.0% year over year. The decrease was primarily attributable to the decrease of volume sold in 2024.
Our cost of sales on soft wheat for the year ended December 31, 2024 amounted to $194.5 million, compared to $194.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a change of $0.0 million, or 0.1% year over year. The change was primarily attributable to the decrease of crushed volume in 2024 and increased energy costs.
Our cost of sales on durum wheat for the year ended December 31, 2024 amounted to $29.2 million, compared to $47.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $18.3 million, or 38.6% year over year. The decrease was primarily attributable to the planned asset disposal of one of our semolina crushing facilities.
Our cost of sales on couscous and pasta for the year ended December 31, 2024 amounted to $19.4 million, compared to $28.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $9.3 million, or 32.3% year over year. The decrease was primarily attributable to the decrease of volume sold in 2024.
Our selling, general, and administrative expenses on soft wheat for the year ended December 31, 2024 amounted to $21.8 million, compared to $22.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $0.2 million, or 1.0% year over year. The decrease was primarily attributable to the decrease of transportation costs in 2024.
Our selling, general, and administrative expenses on durum wheat for the year ended December 31, 2024 amounted to $0.3 million, compared to $0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a change of $0.0 million or 0.0% year over year.
Our selling, general, and administrative expenses on couscous and pasta for the year ended December 31, 2024 amounted to $9.2 million, compared to $1.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $8.1 million year over year. The increase was primarily attributable to other selling, general, and administrative costs.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
In connection with the preparation of the consolidated financial statements for the year ending December 31, 2024, management has evaluated the company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Based on current financial conditions, the company has incurred significant operating losses in recent periods, and its cash flow projections indicate that it may not have sufficient liquidity to meet its obligations over the next twelve months.
As of April 30, 2025, management is actively pursuing several potential sources of additional financing, including negotiations with investors and financial institutions, as well as exploring cost-reduction initiatives and the potential sale of non-core assets. These plans have not been finalized but management is confident on the closing of the sale of a wholly owned subsidiary operating in logistics activities and the sale of long-term assets belonging to a durum wheat mill for total estimated proceeds of $10.0 million and $19.0 million, respectively. The closings of both potential transactions are expected to be completed by May 31, 2025.
These conditions, among others, raise substantial doubt about the company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The financial statements have been prepared assuming the company will continue as a going concern, but if the company is unable to secure additional financing or otherwise resolve these uncertainties, it may be unable to realize its assets and discharge its liabilities in the normal course of business.
Cash and Cash Equivalents - Cash and cash equivalents were $12.2 million and $24.0 million at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, a decrease of $11.8 million, or 49.0% year over year. The decrease was primarily attributable to repayment of financial debt on wheat inventory.
Cash balances are managed in accordance with our investment policy, the objectives of which are to preserve the principal value of our cash assets, maintain a high degree of liquidity and deliver competitive returns subject to prevailing market conditions.
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Trade accounts receivable, net - Trade accounts receivable, net were $18.0 million and $34.7 million at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, a decrease of $16.7 million, or 48.2% year over year. The decrease was primarily attributable to decrease of sales in H2 2024.
Inventories - Inventories were $15.2 million and $28.4 million at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, a decrease of $13.2 million, or 46.4% year over year. The decrease was primarily attributable to decrease of sales during the second half of 2024.
Year Ended December 31, 2023 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2022
Operating Results
| For the Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| In thousands of USD | 2023* | 2022* | $ Change | |||||||||
| Revenues | $ | 301,954 | $ | 283,932 | $ | 18,022 | ||||||
| Cost of sales | 273,417 | 254,724 | 18,693 | |||||||||
| Gross profit | 28,537 | 29,208 | (671 | ) | ||||||||
| Operating expenses: | ||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative expenses | 27,295 | 26,933 | 362 | |||||||||
| Total operating expenses | 27,295 | 26,933 | 362 | |||||||||
| Operating (loss) profit from continuing operations | 1,242 | 2,275 | (1,033 | ) | ||||||||
| Other expense (income): | ||||||||||||
| Interest income | (37 | ) | (34 | ) | (3 | ) | ||||||
| Interest expense | 13,478 | 11,944 | 1,534 | |||||||||
| Change in fair value of derivatives and contingent consideration | (25 | ) | (4,733 | ) | 4,708 | |||||||
| Foreign exchange (gain) loss | (212 | ) | 10,364 | (10,576 | ) | |||||||
| Other non-operating expenses | - | 1,691 | (1,691 | ) | ||||||||
| Total other expense | 13,204 | 19,232 | (6,028 | ) | ||||||||
| Loss before taxes from continuing operations | (11,962 | ) | (16,957 | ) | 4,995 | |||||||
| Income tax expense (benefit) | 589 | (1,844 | ) | 2,433 | ||||||||
| Loss from continuing operations | (12,551 | ) | (15,113 | ) | 2,562 | |||||||
| Profit (Loss) before taxes from discontinued operations | (652 | ) | (4,271 | ) | 3,619 | |||||||
| Income tax expense | (695 | ) | (214 | ) | (481 | ) | ||||||
| Income (Loss) from discontinued operations | 43 | (4,057 | ) | 4,100 | ||||||||
| Net loss | $ | (12,508 | ) | $ | (19,170 | ) | $ | 6,662 | ||||
|
*Prior year comparatives for the year ended 2023 and 2022 are adjusted following the classification of a discontinued operation (see Note 23–Assets and Liabilities Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations in our Audited Consolidated Financial Statements). |
Revenues
Our net revenues from continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2023 amounted to $302.0 million, compared to $283.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $18.0 million, or 6.3% year over year. The increase was a direct result of an increase in sales volume.
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Cost of Sales
Our cost of sales for the year ended December 31, 2023 amounted to $273.4 million, compared to $254.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $18.7 million, or 7.3% year over year. The increase was primarily attributable to the increase of volume and unfavorable conditions on buying raw materials.
Gross Profits
Our gross profits for the year ended December 31, 2023 amounted $28.5 million compared to $29.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease of $0.7 million or 2.3% year over year. The decrease was primarily due to the increase of cost of sales.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
Our selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023 amounted $27.3 million, compared to $26.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $0.4 million, or 1.3% year over year. The increase was primarily attributable to increase of activity.
Other Expense (Income)
Our other expense income for the year ended December 31, 2023 amounted $13.2 million compared to $19.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease of $6.0 million or 31.3% year over year. The decrease was primarily attributable to decrease in foreign exchange (gain) loss.
Segments
The following table presents revenue and operating income (loss) from continuing operations by segment for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:
| For the Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| In thousands of USD | 2023* | 2022* | $ Change | |||||||||
| Sales to external customers: | ||||||||||||
| Soft wheat | $ | 218,761 | $ | 213,775 | $ | 4,986 | ||||||
| Durum wheat | 48,233 | 38,607 | 9,626 | |||||||||
| Couscous and pasta | 31,410 | 27,159 | 4,251 | |||||||||
| All other | 3,550 | 4,391 | (841 | ) | ||||||||
| Total | $ | 301,954 | $ | 283,932 | $ | 18,022 | ||||||
| Cost of Sales: | ||||||||||||
| Soft wheat | $ | (194,453 | ) | $ | (183,868 | ) | $ | (10,585 | ) | |||
| Durum wheat | (47,465 | ) | (38,971 | ) | (8,494 | ) | ||||||
| Couscous and pasta | (28,649 | ) | (28,820 | ) | 171 | |||||||
| All other | (2,850 | ) | (3,065 | ) | 215 | |||||||
| Total | $ | (273,417 | ) | $ | (254,724 | ) | $ | (18,693 | ) | |||
| Gross profit: | ||||||||||||
| Soft wheat | $ | 24,308 | $ | 29,907 | $ | (5,599 | ) | |||||
| Durum wheat | 768 | (364 | ) | 1,132 | ||||||||
| Couscous and pasta | 2,761 | (1,661 | ) | 4,422 | ||||||||
| All other | 700 | 1,326 | (626 | ) | ||||||||
| Total | $ | 28,537 | $ | 29,208 | $ | (671 | ) | |||||
| Selling, general, and administrative expenses: | ||||||||||||
| Soft wheat | $ | (22,020) | $ | (20,950 | ) | $ | (1,070 | ) | ||||
| Durum wheat | (332) | (447 | ) | 115 | ||||||||
| Couscous and pasta | (1,095) | (263 | ) | (832) | ||||||||
| All other | (3,848 | ) | (5,273 | ) | 1,425 | |||||||
| Total | $ | (27,295 | ) | $ | (26,933 | ) | $ | (362 | ) | |||
| Operating income (loss): | ||||||||||||
| Soft wheat | $ | 2,288 | $ | 8,957 | $ | (6,669 | ) | |||||
| Durum wheat | 436 | (811 | ) | 1,247 | ||||||||
| Couscous and pasta | 1,666 | (1,924 | ) | 3,590 | ||||||||
| All other | (3,148 | ) | (3,947 | ) | 799 | |||||||
| Total | $ | 1,242 | $ | 2,275 | $ | (1,033 | ) | |||||
*Prior year comparatives for the year ended 2023 and 2022 are adjusted following the classification of a discontinued operation (see Note 23–Assets and Liabilities Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations in our Audited Consolidated Financial Statements).
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Our net sales of soft wheat amounted to $218.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $213.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $5.0 million or 2.3% year over year. The increase was primarily attributable to an increase in volume of sales coupled with capacity extension in two Moroccan regions and the acquisition of SIMS during 2023.
Our net sales of durum wheat amounted $48.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $38.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $9.6 million or 24.9% year over year. The increase was primarily attributable to an increase in volume during fiscal 2023.
Our net sales of Couscous and Pasta amounted $31.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $27.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $4.3 million or 15.7% year over year. The increase was primarily attributable to an increase in volume.
Our cost of sales on soft wheat for the year ended December 31, 2023 amounted to $194.5 million, compared to $183.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $10.6 million, or 5.8% year over year. The increase was primarily attributable to an increase in volume of sales coupled with capacity extension in two Moroccan regions and the acquisition of SIMS during 2023.
Our cost of sales on durum wheat for the year ended December 31, 2023 amounted to $47.5 million, compared to $39.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $8.5 million, or 21.8% year over year. The increase was primarily attributable to an increase in volume during fiscal 2023.
Our cost of sales on couscous and pasta for the year ended December 31, 2023 amounted to $28.6 million, compared to $28.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease of $0.2 million, or 0.6% year over year. The decrease was primarily attributable to decrease production costs in 2023.
Our selling, general, and administrative expenses on soft wheat for the year ended December 31, 2023 amounted to $22.0 million, compared to $21.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $1.1 million, or 5.1% year over year. The increase was primarily attributable to increase transportation costs and overall sales volume.
Our selling, general, and administrative expenses on durum wheat for the year ended December 31, 2023 amounted to $0.3 million, compared to $0.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease of $0.1 million, or 25.7% year over year. The cost stayed consistent period over period.
Our selling, general, and administrative expenses on couscous and pasta for the year ended December 31, 2023 amounted to $1.1 million, compared to $0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $0.8 million, or 316.3% year over year. The increase was primarily attributable to an increase in packaging costs and overall activity.
Trend Information
Other than as disclosed below and elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F, we are not aware of any trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments, or events for the period from January 1, 2024 to December 31, 2024 that are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our net revenue, income, profitability, liquidity, or capital resources, or that caused the disclosed financial information to be not necessarily indicative of future operating results or financial condition.
Critical Accounting Estimates
As disclosed in Note 2, the significant accounting policies used in preparing the consolidated financial statements were applied on a basis consistent with those reflected in our consolidated financial statements that are included in this annual report. We believe the following discussion addresses our most critical accounting policies, which are those that are most important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations and require management’s most difficult, subjective and complex judgments.
Revenue Recognition – the Company follows a policy of recognizing revenue at a single point in time when it satisfies its performance obligation by transferring control over a product or service to a customer. The majority of the Company’s contracts with customers have one performance obligation and a contract duration of one year or less. The Company applies the practical expedient in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) paragraph 606-10-50-14 of ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers and does not disclose information about remaining performance obligations that have original expected durations of one year or less. Trade discounts or volume rebates are recognized as a deduction in revenue. No payment terms beyond one year are granted at contract inception.
Revenue related to the sale of goods and equipment is measured based on consideration specified in a contract with a customer. the Company recognizes revenue from these contracts at a point in time when it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring control of a product to a customer, generally when legal title and risks and rewards transfer to the customer. Sales terms typically provide for transfer of title at the time and point of delivery and acceptance of the product being sold.
Amounts received from customers prior to revenue recognition on a contract are recorded as contract liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.
Shipping and Handling Costs – Shipping and handling costs related to contracts with customers for the sale of goods are accounted for as a fulfillment activity and are included in cost of sales. Accordingly, amounts billed to customers for such costs are included as a component of revenues.
Taxes Collected from Customers and Remitted to Governmental Authorities – the Company does not include taxes assessed by governmental authorities that are (i) imposed on and concurrent with a specific revenue-producing transaction and (ii) collected from customers, in the measurement of transactions prices or as a component of revenues and cost of sales.
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Accounts Receivable and Allowances for Credit Losses – We provide credit terms to customers in-line with industry standards, perform ongoing credit evaluations of our customers, and maintain allowances for potential credit losses based on historical experience recorded. We analyze the aging of customer accounts, customer concentrations, customer creditworthiness, current economic trends and changes in our customer payment patterns when evaluating the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses. Customer balances are written off after all collection efforts are exhausted. Estimated product returns, which have not been material, are deducted from sales at the time of shipment.
Other Receivables – Other receivables include government subsidies for the production and sale of flour. The Moroccan government provides a fixed subsidy based on production and customer. Subsidies are paid by the Moroccan government twice a year based on sales of flour for the previous six months. The Company records the flour subsidies as a credit against the related costs that the subsidies were intended to offset in the same periods that the costs were incurred within the consolidated statement of operations.
Income Taxes – The provision for income taxes includes income taxes currently payable in Morocco and local jurisdictions, and those deferred because of temporary differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets or liabilities are computed based on the difference between the financial statement and income tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates. Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will not be realized. Deferred income tax expenses or credits are based on the changes in the asset or liability from period to period. We account for uncertain tax positions using a “more-likely-than-not” threshold. A tax benefit from an uncertain tax position is recognized if it is more-likely-than-not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position, or the statute of limitations concerning such issues lapses.
Foreign Currency Translation and Transactions - The Company’s reporting currency is the US dollar (“USD”). The functional currency of the Company’s operating subsidiaries is generally the same as the corresponding local currency. Assets and liabilities of the operating subsidiaries are translated at the spot rate in effect at the applicable reporting date. Revenues and expenses of the operating subsidiaries are translated at the average exchange rates in effect during the applicable period. The resulting foreign currency translation adjustment is recorded as Accumulated other comprehensive loss, which is reflected as a separate component of Stockholders’ equity. The functional currency is translated into U.S. dollars for balance sheet accounts using currency exchange rates in effect as of the balance sheet date, and for revenue and expense accounts using a weighted-average exchange rate during the fiscal year. The transactions in foreign currency (that is a different currency than the functional currency of the entity) are converted at the exchange rate prevailing to the date of the transaction. The assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are evaluated in the current period on the date of the closing or at the opening rate, when applicable. The translation adjustments are deferred as a separate component of equity in “Accumulated other comprehensive income”. Gains or losses resulting from transactions denominated in foreign currencies and intercompany debt that is not of a long-term investment nature are included in (Gain) loss on foreign currency exchange in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.
Foreign currency forward contracts –The Company is exposed to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations in the normal course of its business, which the Company at times manages through the use of foreign currency forward contracts. The Company has entered into foreign currency forward contracts and accounts for these instruments in accordance with ASC Topic 815, “Derivatives and Hedging,” which establishes accounting and reporting standards requiring that derivative instruments be recorded on the balance sheet as either an asset or liability measured at fair value. The Company’s foreign currency contracts are not designated as hedging instruments under ASC 815; accordingly, changes in the fair value are recorded in current period earnings.
Share-Based Compensation - Share-based awards principally comprise of stock options and cash-settled stock options, referred to as “phantom options”. Share-based awards are generally issued to certain senior management personnel. Share-based compensation cost (other than phantom options) is measured at the grant date based on the fair value of the award and is recognized as an expense over the requisite service period, which is the vesting period, on a straight-line basis. Our phantom options are accounted for as liability awards and are re-measured at fair value each reporting period with compensation expense being recognized over the requisite service period.
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The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the grant date fair value of its stock options and phantom options, respectively, as well as the fair value at each reporting period for liability classified awards. This model requires the Company to estimate the expected volatility and the expected term of the stock options, which are highly complex and subjective variables. The Company uses an expected volatility of its stock price during the expected life of the options that is based on the historical performance of the Company’s stock price as well as including an estimate using similar companies. The expected term is computed using the simplified method as the Company’s best estimate given its lack of actual exercise history. The Company has selected a risk-free rate based on the implied yield available on U.S. Treasury securities with a maturity equivalent to the expected exercise term of the stock option. The inputs to the valuation of phantom options are observable in the market, and as such are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. The Company accounts for forfeitures of share-based awards as the occur.
Inventories - Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. the Company’s inventory is valued using the weighted average cost method. The costs of finished goods inventories include raw materials, labor, and overhead costs.
Business Combinations and Asset Acquisitions – The Company accounts for acquisitions that qualify as business combinations by applying the acquisition method according to Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 805, Business Combinations (“ASC 805”). Transaction costs related to the acquisition of a business are expensed as incurred and excluded from the fair value of consideration transferred. The identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and noncontrolling interests in an acquired entity are recognized and measured at their estimated fair values. The excess of the fair value of consideration transferred over the fair values of identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and noncontrolling interests in an acquired entity, net of the fair value of any previously held interest in the acquired entity, is recorded as goodwill. Such valuations require management to make significant estimates and assumptions.
The Company evaluates acquisitions of assets and other similar transactions to assess whether the transaction should be accounted for as a business combination or asset acquisition by first applying a screen test to determine whether substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or group of similar identifiable assets. If so, the transaction is accounted for as an asset acquisition. If not, further determination is required as to whether the Company has acquired inputs and processes that can create outputs that would meet the definition of a business. When applying the screen test, significant judgment is required to determine whether an acquisition is a business combination or an acquisition of assets. Accounting for asset acquisitions falls under the guidance of Topic 805, Business Combinations, specifically Subtopic 805-50. A cost accumulation model is used to determine an asset acquisition’s cost. Assets acquired are based on their cost, generally allocated to them on a relative fair value basis. Direct acquisition-related costs are included in the cost of the acquired assets.
Property, Plant, and Equipment - Property, plant, and equipment are stated at acquisition cost, plus capitalized interest on borrowings during the actual construction period of major capital projects. Depreciation and amortization are calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets as follows:
| Assets | Useful Lives | |
| Buildings | 39 years | |
| Machinery and equipment (technical installations) | 30-50 years | |
| Other assets | 5-30 years |
Building improvements are depreciated over the shorter of the estimated useful life of the assets or the remaining useful life. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of their useful life or remaining lease term. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance, which do not improve or extend the life of the assets, are expensed as incurred.
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We perform impairment tests when circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. Indicators of impairment include deteriorations in operating cash flows, the anticipated sale or disposal of an asset group, and other significant changes in business conditions. Property, plant and equipment are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. The Company’s assessment of recoverability of property, plant and equipment is performed on a reporting unit level. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of such asset to its estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount of such asset exceeds its estimated undiscounted future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized by the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. Assets to be disposed of by sale are reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value, less estimated costs to sell.
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets - Identifiable intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives as follows:
| Assets | Useful Lives | |
| Trademarks | Indefinite | |
| Customer relationships | 20 years | |
| Patents and licenses | 5-10 years | |
| Computer software | 5-10 years | |
| Other intangible assets | 3-10 years |
Recognized intangible assets, exclusive of goodwill, are amortized over the useful lives of the assets unless that life is determined to be indefinite. All of our intangible assets, exclusive of goodwill, are finite lived. All amortization expense related to intangible assets is recorded in selling, general, and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of operations. Intangible assets with finite lives are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. If an evaluation of the undiscounted cash flows indicates impairment, the asset is written down to its estimated fair value, which is generally based on discounted future cash flows.
Goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets are evaluated for impairment annually, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Our annual impairment evaluation is conducted during our fiscal fourth quarter.
In accordance with the accounting standards, an entity has the option first to assess qualitative factors to determine whether events and circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that goodwill or an indefinite-lived intangible asset is impaired. If after such assessment an entity concludes that the asset is not impaired, then the entity is not required to take further action. However, if an entity concludes otherwise, then it is required to determine the fair value of the asset using a quantitative impairment test, and if impaired, the associated assets must be written down to fair value.
The quantitative impairment test for goodwill compares the fair value of a reporting unit with the carrying value of its net assets, including goodwill. If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than the carrying value of the reporting unit, an impairment charge would be recorded to the Company’s operations, for the amount in which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. We determine fair values for each reporting unit using the market approach, when available and appropriate, the income approach, or a combination of both. The income approach involves forecasting projected financial information (such as revenue growth rates, profit margins, tax rates, and capital expenditures) and selecting a discount rate that reflects the risk inherent in estimated future cash flows. Under the market approach, the fair value is based on observed market data. If multiple valuation methodologies are used, the results are weighted appropriately.
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Assets and liabilities held for sale and discontinued operations – The Company classifies disposal groups as held for sale if their carrying amounts will be recovered principally through a sale transaction rather than through continuing use. Disposal groups classified as held for sale are measured at the lower of their carrying amount and fair value less costs to sell.
The criteria for held for sale classification is regarded as met only when the sale is highly probable, and the asset or disposal group is available for immediate sale in its present condition. Actions required to complete the sale should indicate that it is unlikely that significant changes to the sale will be made or that the decision to sell will be withdrawn. Management must be committed to the plan to sell the asset, and the sale expected to be completed within one year from the date of the classification.
Assets and liabilities classified as held for sale are presented separately in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Discontinued operations are excluded from the results of continuing operations and are presented as a single amount as profit or loss after tax from discontinued operations in the statement of profit or loss only if they represent a strategic shift.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Other than as described below, no new accounting pronouncement issued or effective during the fiscal year has had or is expected to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.
In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, requiring public entities to disclose information about their reportable segments’ significant expenses and other segment items on an interim and annual basis. Public entities with a single reportable segment are required to apply the disclosure requirements in ASU 2023-07, as well as all existing segment disclosures and reconciliation requirements in ASC 280 on an interim and annual basis. The Company adopted ASU 2023-07 during the year ended December 31, 2024. See Note 21, Segment Information in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements for further detail.
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (“ASU 2023-09”), which enhances the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures by requiring; (1) consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation and (2) income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. It also includes certain other amendments to improve the effectiveness of income tax disclosures. For public business entities, the standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. The Company is determining the impact of the ASU 2023-09 on its consolidated financial statements.
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, requiring public entities to disclose additional information about specific expense categories in the notes to the financial statements on an interim and annual basis. ASU 2024-03 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and for interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2024-03.
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Item 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES
A. Directors and Senior Management
The following table sets forth certain information, as of the date hereof, concerning the persons who serve as executive officers of the Company.
| Name | Age | Position(s) | ||
| Khalid Assari | 62 | CEO and Chairman of the Board | ||
| Julien Benitah | 43 | CFO | ||
| Mustapha Ghazali | 53 | CTO | ||
| Oury Marciano | 41 | VP Business Development |
The Company Board is comprised of seven directors. Each director will hold office until his or her term expires at the next annual meeting of stockholders for such director’s class or until his or her death, resignation, removal or the earlier termination of his or her term of office. The following table sets forth certain information, as of the date hereof concerning the persons who serve as directors.
| Name | Age | Position(s) | ||
| Khalid Assari | 62 | CEO and Chairman of the Board | ||
| Julien Benitah | 43 | Director | ||
| Franco Cassar | 65 | Director | ||
| James Lasry | 57 | Director | ||
| Paul Packer | 54 | Director | ||
| Ira Greenstein | 65 | Director | ||
| Rachel Bitan | 49 | Director |
Executive Officers and Directors
Khalid Assari – Mr. Assari has served as the Chief Executive Officer of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Forafric Morocco, since December 2024, and as the Chairman of our Board since April 2025. Mr. Assari has had a long and successful career in the agricultural business, holding several senior positions within Caissed e Dépôts (CDG Group). From 2020 to 2024, he was an investor in the real estate and agro business sectors in Morocco. From 2016 through 2018, Mr. Assari was the CEO of Forafric Morocco. Mr. Assari holds an MBA in finance from Old Dominion University in Norfolk, Virginia, United States.
Julien Benitah – Mr. Benitah has served as Chief Financial Officer of the Company since June 2022 and as Chief Financial Officer of FAHL since March 2018. Mr. Benitah has been CFO of Forafric Maroc from March 2018 and M&A Director from October 2015. Mr Benitah was also the COO of Ycap Asset Management (now Homa Capital), from January 2016 to October 2017. Prior to Homa Capital, Mr. Benitah served as Partner and COO of Smart Equity from January 2011 to September 2015. Mr. Benitah holds a master’s degree in Management from the EM Lyon. Mr. Benitah operates from the headquarters of Forafric Maroc in Morocco.
Mustapha Ghazali – Mr. Ghazali has served as the CTO of the Company since June 2022 and as CTO of Forafric Maroc since June 2018. Mr. Ghazali was a plant manager at TRIA Group from January 2013 to May 2018. Mr. Ghazali served as the Technical Director from March 1996 to December 2012. Mr. Ghazali was educated at University of Economics of Casablanca, and he holds a degree from the National School of Milling and Cereal Industries in Casablanca and Paris. Mr. Ghazzali operates from the headquarters of Forafric Maroc in Morocco.
Oury Marciano – Mr. Marciano has served as a member of the Board since June 2022 and has served as VP Business Development of FAHL since July 2016. Mr. Marciano was an analyst from June 2009 to December 2011 at Societe Generale Corporate and Investment Banking both in New York and Paris. He managed his own real estate acquisitions business in New York from January 2012 to June 2016. Mr. Marciano holds a master’s degree in Banking Finance and Insurance from Dauphine University in Paris, and he received an M.A. in International Economics and Finance from Brandeis University in Massachusetts. Mr. Marciano operates from the headquarters of Forafric Maroc in Morocco.
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Franco Cassar – Mr. Cassar has served as a member of the board of directors of the Company since June 2022 as a member of board of directors of FAHL since 2016. Mr. Cassar has held senior management positions at Abacus Financial Services Ltd, SG Hambros Private Bank, Barclays Gibraltar and NatWest Gibraltar. Mr. Cassar was educated at Uxbridge, Harrow and West London Colleges, UK. Mr. Cassar is based in Gibraltar.
James Lasry – Mr. Lasry has served as a member of the Board since June 2022. Mr. Lasry is a Partner and Director of Hassans International Law Firm, Gibraltar. Mr. Lasry is head of the Funds department and deputy head of the Financial Services practice at Hassans International Law Firm. Since 2014, Mr. Lasry is President of Gibraltar-US Chamber of Commerce (AmCham Gibraltar). Mr. Lasry was educated at Bar-Ilan University and Johns Hopkins University. Mr. Lasry is based in Gibraltar.
Paul Packer – Mr. Packer has been Globis’ Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and a Director since inception. Mr. Packer has served as the Managing Member of Globis Capital Advisors LLC, an investment advisory firm, since founding the firm in 2001. Since October 2017, Mr. Packer has served as Chairman of The United States Commission for the Preservation of America’s Heritage Abroad, when he was first appointed by President Donald J. Trump. He has served on the board of directors of Zedge, Inc. (NYSE AMERICAN: ZDGE), a provider of content distribution platforms, since April 2020. Mr. Packer also serves as a director on the board of Elementor Ltd., a privately held company that offers an intuitive, front-end site builder for WordPress. Previously, he served on the boards of directors of Wakingapp Ltd., an augmented reality technology company, from October 2014 until its sale to Scope AR in October 2019 and Penguin Digital, Inc., a mobile application developer, before it was acquired by Shutterfly Inc. in 2012. Mr. Packer received a B.A. from Yeshiva University. We believe Mr. Packer’s extensive knowledge of the capital markets, corporate finance, and public company governance practices as a result of his investment experience, together with his significant board experience at companies in the technology sector, makes him well-qualified to serve on our board of directors. Mr. Packer is based in the United States.
Ira Greenstein – Mr. Greenstein has served as a member of the Board since June 2022. Mr Greenstein is a founding partner of Pierson Ferdinand LLP, an international law firm formed in January 2024. From 2022-2023, he was a partner in FisherBroyles LLP. Prior to that, Mr. Greenstein served as Senior Advisor to Qrypt, Inc., a quantum cryptography company from 2019-2021. Prior to that ,he served as Deputy Assistant and Strategist to President Trump from 2017-2018. Prior to serving in the Trump Administration, Mr. Greenstein was President of Genie Energy, Ltd., a retail energy and oil and gas exploration company that was spun off from IDT Corp., an international telecommunications carrier, from 2011-2017. Mr. Greenstein served as President and Counsel to the Chairman of IDT, from 2000-2011, and counsel and advisor to various companies, including Net2Phone, Inc., a pioneer in voice over the internet protocol. Prior to joining IDT, Mr. Greenstein was a partner in Morrison & Foerster LLP, where he served as the Chairman of that firm’s New York office’s Business Department. Mr. Greenstein was an associate in the New York and Toronto offices of Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP and served on the Securities Advisory Committee and as secondment counsel to the Ontario Securities Commission. At the OSC, Mr. Greenstein advised on the implementation of the US-Canada Multijurisdictional Disclosure System and on the securities law aspects of NAFTA. Since February 2025, Mr. Greenstein is serving on the Board of Directors of Franklin Wireless Corp. Prior to that, Mr. Greenstein served on the Boards of Directors of NanoVibronixInc. and Regal Bank of New Jersey. Mr. Greenstein served on the Boards of Trustees of Young Israel of Scarsdale, Ramaz, SAR Academy and Friends of Jerusalem College of Technology. Mr. Greenstein received a B.S. from Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations (1981) and a J.D. from Columbia University Law School (1985) where he currently serves as a member of the Dean’s Council. Mr. Greenstein is based in the United States.
Rachel Bitan – Ms. Bitan has served as a member of the Board since June 2022. Ms. Bitan has served since February 2017 as a director of Amestown Limited, a company that holds property in the U.K., where she has been responsible for general management, as well as legal and financial administration of the properties managed by the company. Ms. Bitan has served since August 2005 as a property manager at Herne Hill (Investment) Limited, an investment company focusing on property development. Ms. Bitan received a Bachelor of Laws with Honours from Manchester Metropolitan University, U.K. Ms. Bitan is based in Gibraltar.
Board Diversity
The table below provides certain information regarding the diversity of our board of directors as of the date of this annual report.
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| Board Diversity Matrix | ||
| Country of Principal Executive Offices: | Gibraltar | |
| Foreign Private Issuer | Yes | |
| Disclosure Prohibited under Home Country Law | ||
| Total Number of Directors | 7 | |
| Female | Male | Non-Binary | Did Not Disclose Gender | |||||
| Part I: Gender Identity | ||||||||
| Directors | 1 | 6 | ||||||
| Part II: Demographic Background | ||||||||
| Underrepresented Individual in Home Country Jurisdiction | ||||||||
| LGBTQ+ | ||||||||
| Did Not Disclose Demographic Background |
Corporate Governance Guidelines and Code of Business Conduct
Director Independence
In connection with the Business Combination, the Company’s Ordinary Shares are listed on the Nasdaq. Under the rules of the Nasdaq, independent directors must comprise a majority of a listed company’s board of directors. In addition, the rules of the Nasdaq require that, subject to specified exceptions, each member of a listed company’s audit, compensation and nominating committees be independent. Audit committee members must also satisfy the additional independence criteria set forth in Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act and the rules of the Nasdaq. Compensation committee members must also satisfy the additional independence criteria set forth in Rule 10C-1 under the Exchange Act and the rules of the Nasdaq.
In order to be considered independent for purposes of Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act and under the rules of the Nasdaq, a member of an audit committee of a listed company may not, other than in his or her capacity as a member of the committee, the board of directors, or any other board committee: (1) accept, directly or indirectly, any consulting, advisory, or other compensatory fee from the listed company or any of its subsidiaries; or (2) be an affiliated person of the listed company or any of its subsidiaries.
To be considered independent for purposes of Rule 10C-1 under the Exchange Act and under the rules of Nasdaq, the board of directors must affirmatively determine that the member of the compensation committee is independent, including a consideration of all factors specifically relevant to determining whether the director has a relationship to the company which is material to that director’s ability to be independent from management in connection with the duties of a compensation committee member, including, but not limited to: (i) the source of compensation of such director, including any consulting, advisory or other compensatory fee paid by the company to such director; and (ii) whether such director is affiliated with the company, a subsidiary of the company or an affiliate of a subsidiary of the company.
The Board has undertaken a review of the independence of each director and considered whether each director of the Company has a material relationship with the Company that could compromise his or her ability to exercise independent judgment in carrying out his or her responsibilities. As a result of this review, the Company believes that Franco Cassar, Ira Greenstein, and Rachel Bitan are “independent directors” as defined under the listing requirements and rules of the Nasdaq and the applicable rules of the Exchange Act.
Controlled Company Exception
We meet the definition of a “controlled company” under the Nasdaq listing standards, and thus we are qualified for the “controlled company” exemption to the board of directors and committee composition requirements under the Nasdaq listing standards. If we were to rely on this exemption, we would be exempt from the requirements that (1) our board of directors be comprised of a majority of independent directors, (2) we have a nominating and corporate governance committee composed entirely of independent directors, and (3) our compensation committee be comprised solely of independent directors. The “controlled company” exception does not modify the independence requirements for the audit committee, and we intend to comply with the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the Nasdaq listing standards.
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We have taken all actions necessary to comply with the Nasdaq listing standards without reliance on the “controlled company” exemption, including appointing a majority of independent directors to the board and establishing certain committees composed entirely of independent directors within the time frames set forth under the Nasdaq listing standards. However, as long as the Company remains, a “controlled company,” these requirements will not apply to the Company and the Company may, in the future, seek to utilize some or all of these exemptions.
B. Compensation of Executive Directors and Executive Officers
This section discusses the material components of the executive compensation program offered to the executive officers of FAHL who were “named executive officers” for 2024 and who serve as executive officers of the Company. Such executive officers consist of the following persons, referred to herein as our named executive officers (the “NEOs”):
| ● | Saad Bendidi, our former Chairman; | |
| ● | Mustapha Jamaleddine, our former Chief Executive Officer; and | |
| ● | Julien Benitah, our Chief Financial Officer. |
This discussion may contain forward-looking statements that are based on our current plans, considerations, expectations and determinations regarding future compensation programs. Actual compensation programs that the Company adopts in the future could vary significantly from our historical practices and currently planned programs summarized in this discussion.
2024 Summary Compensation Table
The following table presents information regarding the compensation earned or received by our NEOs for services rendered during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.
| Name and Principal Position | Year | Salary ($) | Bonus ($) | All Other Compensation ($)(1) | Total ($) | |||||||||||||||||
| Saad Bendidi(2) | 2024 | 183,112 | 21,987 | 205,099 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Former Chairman of the Board | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Mustapha Jamaleddine(3) | 2024 | 415,193 | 93,621 | 508,814 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Former Chief Executive Officer | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Julien Benitah, | 2024 | 246,622 | 0 | 11,719 | 258,341 | |||||||||||||||||
| Chief Financial Officer | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (1) | Other compensation includes employer contributions and social security paid by FAHL, a car allowance, and the value of other perquisites. |
| (2) |
Effective April 4, 2025, Saad Bendidi retired as the Chairman of the Board of the Company.
|
| (3) |
Effective December 31, 2024, Mustapha Jamaleddine retired as the Chief Executive Officer of the Company. |
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Narrative Disclosure to Summary Compensation Table
Base Salaries
Each of the NEOs is paid a base salary commensurate with the executive’s skill set, experience, role and responsibilities. For Fiscal Year 2024, the annual base salaries Messers Bendidi, Jamaleddine and Benitah were $183,112, $415,193 and $246,622, respectively.
Annual Cash Bonuses
Based on the performance of the Company, no bonuses have been awarded in 2024.
Employee Benefit and Equity Compensation Plans and Arrangements
The Forafric 2022 Long Term Employee Share Incentive Plan (the “Equity Incentive Plan”) was adopted on June 9, 2022. The Equity Incentive Plan allows for the grant of awards, consisting of nominal cost options or phantom options to employees, directors and consultants of the Company or any of its subsidiaries.
Our Board is responsible for the administration of the Equity Incentive Plan and may, from time to time, make or amend regulations for the administration of the Equity Incentive Plan. The decision of our Board on all matters relating to the administration of the Equity Incentive Plan, including the resolution of any ambiguity of the rules in the Equity Incentive Plan, is final and binding. Our Board may also terminate or, from time to time, suspend the grant of awards. Our Board may also make, subject to certain restrictions, amendments to the rules of the Equity Incentive Plan or any subplans.
Generally, an award is granted by the execution by the Company of an award certificate, which provides information regarding the award’s date of grant, the number of Ordinary Shares in respect of which an option is granted pursuant to the award, vesting schedule, and exercisability. The exercise price for nominal cost options is 50% of the nominal value of the shares, and in the case of phantom options is the market value of the shares less 50% of their nominal value.
With the exception of an individual’s death or in the event of a corporate transaction, awards are not capable of being transferred, charged or otherwise alienated. Any time an award holder purports to make one of these transfers, the award shall lapse immediately.
The maximum number of Shares which may be the subject of awards under the Equity Incentive Plan may not exceed 2,645,684 Ordinary Shares. Subject to certain provisions of the Equity Incentive Plan, no award can be exercised after the tenth anniversary of the date of grant. With the exception of certain special circumstances, an award can only be exercised while the award holder is employed or engaged by the Company or any of its subsidiaries. Subject to certain provisions, a vested award may be exercised in whole or in part at any time after its date of grant.
When there are certain corporate transactions related to the Company, such as a compulsory acquisition, a general offer, a reconstruction, a merger or division of the Company, the winding up of the Company, or the sale of the Company’s business or subsidiary, our Board has discretion (subject to certain requirements) to allow all awards (vested or unvested) to be exercised in whole or in part. In certain circumstances, if our Board exercises such discretion and the awards are not exercised, they will instead lapse. If the Company is acquired, all award holders are required to release their awards in consideration of the grant of a new award.
An award can lapse when it has not been exercised after the tenth anniversary of the date of grant. It can also lapse when the award holder ceases to be a director, an employee, or a consultant with the Company or any of its subsidiaries. An award will lapse when an order is made by a court (or when a resolution is passed) for the compulsory winding up of the Company. Finally, an award lapses when the award holder becomes bankrupt, enters into a compromise with their creditors generally except as permitted under certain circumstances. Prior to the exercise of an award, an award holder has no rights in respect of any shares.
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In the event of a reorganization, vesting conditions may be adjusted by our Board, subject to an auditors’ confirmation that the adjustment is fair and reasonable and notice to the award holder.
An award may not vest or be exercised until our Board is satisfied that the award holder will be able to pay for any tax or social security liability that is owed by the holder.
When permitted by SEC rules, we intend to file with the SEC a registration statement on Form S-8 covering the Ordinary Shares issuable under the Equity Incentive Plan.
Grants of awards under the Equity Incentive Plan are subject to the discretion of the plan administrator. Therefore, it is not possible to determine the future benefits that will be received by participants under the Equity Incentive Plan.
Director Compensation
The following table presents the total compensation for each person who served as a non-employee director of the Board during fiscal year 2024.
| Name | Fees earned or paid in cash ($) | Total ($) | ||||||
| Franco Cassar | $ | 40,000 | $ | 40,000 | ||||
| James Lasry | $ | 40,000 | $ | 40,000 | ||||
| Paul Packer | $ | 40,000 | $ | 40,000 | ||||
| Ira Greenstein | $ | 40,000 | $ | 40,000 | ||||
| Rachel Bitan | $ | 40,000 | $ | 40,000 | ||||
We have a Director Service Agreement with each of our directors (the “Director Agreements”). The Director Agreements lay out the terms and conditions of each person’s directorship and also sets forth each director’s compensation. Each director will be compensated with $40,000 per annum, payable quarterly in advance and shall receive that number of shares of the Company’s common stock equal to $25,000, based on the market price of the Common Stock on the date such director starts his/her directorship (the “Commencement Date”). Directors shall also receive an equivalent amount of stock on each anniversary of his/her Commencement Date, based on the market price of the Common Stock on such corresponding anniversary date.
In addition to the compensation above, directors are entitled to $1,500 for each board meeting they attend, an additional $2,500 shall be paid to the director serving as chairperson of the Audit committee and an additional $1,500 shall be paid to the director serving as chairperson of the Compensation committee and the Nominating and Corporate Governance committee. The Company shall reimburse (or procure the reimbursement of) all reasonable expenses wholly, properly and necessarily incurred by the Director in the course of his/her term, subject to production of receipts or other appropriate evidence of payment. The Directors Agreements contain customary confidentiality and indemnification provisions.
C. Board Practices
Our Board of Directors currently consists of seven members, all of whom were elected pursuant to our current Memorandum and Articles. Our nominating and governance committee and board of directors will consider a broad range of factors relating to the qualifications and background of nominees, which may include diversity and is not limited to race, gender or national origin. We have no formal policy regarding board diversity. Our nominating and governance committee’s and board of directors’ priority in selecting board members is identification of persons who will further the interests of our shareholders through his or her established record of professional accomplishment, the ability to contribute positively to the collaborative culture among board members, knowledge of our business, understanding of the competitive landscape and professional and personal experiences and expertise relevant to our growth strategy.
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Board Leadership Structure
The Company believes that the structure of the Company Board and its committees provide strong overall management of the Company.
Committees of the Company Board
The Company Board has an audit committee, compensation committee and nominating and corporate governance committee. The composition and responsibilities of each of the committees of the Company Board is described below. Members serve on these committees until their resignation or until as otherwise determined by the Company Board.
Audit Committee
Franco Cassar, Ira Greenstein and Rachel Bitan serve as members of our Audit Committee. Under the Nasdaq rules and applicable SEC rules, all the directors on the Audit Committee must be independent; our board of directors has determined that each of Franco Cassar, Ira Greenstein and Rachel Bitan are independent under the Nasdaq rules and applicable SEC rules. Franco Cassar serves as the Chairman of the Audit Committee. Each member of the Audit Committee is financially literate and our board of directors has determined that Franco Cassar qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert” as defined in applicable SEC rules. the Company’s Audit Committee is responsible for, among other things:
| ● | selecting a qualified firm to serve as the independent registered public accounting firm to audit the Company’s financial statements; | |
| ● | helping to ensure the independence and performance of the independent registered public accounting firm; | |
| ● | discussing the scope and results of the audit with the independent registered public accounting firm and reviewing, with management and the independent registered public accounting firm, the Company’s interim and year-end financial statements; | |
| ● | developing procedures for employees to submit concerns anonymously about questionable accounting or audit matters; | |
| ● | reviewing and overseeing the Company’s policies on risk assessment and risk management, including enterprise risk management; | |
| ● | reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of internal control policies and procedures and the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures; and | |
| ● | approving or, as required, pre-approving, all audit and all permissible non-audit services, other than de minimis non-audit services, to be performed by the independent registered public accounting firm. |
The Board has adopted a written charter for the Audit Committee which is available on the Company’s website.
Remuneration Committee
Franco Cassar, Ira Greenstein and Rachel Bitan serve as members of our Remuneration Committee. Under the Nasdaq rules, we are required to have a Remuneration Committee composed entirely of independent directors; our Board of Directors has determined that each of Franco Cassar, Ira Greenstein and Rachel Bitan are independent. Rachel Bitan serves as Chairman of the Remuneration Committee. The Company’s Remuneration Committee is responsible for, among other things:
| ● | reviewing, approving and determining the compensation of the Company’s officers and key employees; |
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| ● | reviewing, approving and determining compensation and benefits, including equity awards, to directors for service on the Company Board or any committee thereof; | |
| ● | administering the Company’s equity compensation plans; | |
| ● | reviewing, approving and making recommendations to the Company Board regarding incentive compensation and equity compensation plans; and | |
| ● | establishing and reviewing general policies relating to compensation and benefits of the Company’s employees. |
The Board adopted a written charter for the Remuneration Committee, which is available on its website.
Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee
The nominating and corporate governance committee is responsible for making recommendations to the Company’s board of directors regarding candidates for directorships and the size and composition of the Company’s board of directors. In addition, the nominating and corporate governance committee is responsible for overseeing the Company’s corporate governance policies and reporting and making recommendations to the Company’s board of directors concerning governance matters.
The initial members of the Company’s nominating and corporate governance committee are James Lasry, Franco Cassar, Ira Greenstein and Rachel Bitan, with James Lasry serving as the chair of the committee. Each of the members of the Company nominating and corporate governance committee is an independent director as defined in the listings standards. Our board of directors adopted a written charter for the nominating and corporate governance committee, which is available on our corporate website. The information on our website is not part of this Report.
Code of Ethics
Following the Business Combination, the Company posted its Code of Conduct and Ethics and intends to post any amendments to or any waivers from a provision of its Code of Conduct and Ethics on its website, and also intends to disclose any amendments to or waivers of certain provisions of its Code of Conduct and Ethics in a manner required by applicable rules or regulations of the SEC or securities exchange.
Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation
None of the Company’s officers currently serves, and in the past year has not served, (i) as a member of the compensation committee or the board of directors of another entity, one of whose officers served on the Company’s compensation committee, or (ii) as a member of the compensation committee of another entity, one of whose officers served on the Company Board.
Related Person Policy of the Company
The Company adopted a formal written policy that became effective upon the Business Combination that sets forth the following policies and procedures for the review and approval or ratification of related person transactions.
A “Related Person Transaction” is a transaction, arrangement or relationship in which the Company or any of its subsidiaries was, is or will be a participant, the amount of which involved exceeds $120,000, and in which any related person had, has or will have a direct or indirect material interest. A “Related Person” means:
| ● | any person who is, or at any time during the applicable period was, one of the Company’s officers or one of the Company’s directors; |
| ● | any person who is known by the Company to be the beneficial owner of more than five percent (5%) of its voting stock; |
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| ● | any immediate family member of any of the foregoing persons, which means any child, stepchild, parent, stepparent, spouse, sibling, mother-in-law, father-in-law, daughter-in-law, brother-in-law or sister-in-law of a director, officer or a beneficial owner of more than five percent (5%) of its voting stock, and any person (other than a tenant or employee) sharing the household of such director, officer or beneficial owner of more than five percent (5%) of its voting stock; and | |
| ● | any firm, corporation or other entity in which any of the foregoing persons is a partner or principal or in a similar position or in which such person has a ten percent (10%) or greater beneficial ownership interest. |
It is also anticipated that the Company will enact policies and procedures designed to minimize potential conflicts of interest arising from any dealings it may have with its affiliates and to provide appropriate procedures for the disclosure of any real or potential conflicts of interest that may exist from time to time. Specifically, pursuant to its charter, the Audit Committee will have the responsibility to review related person transaction.
Family Relationships
There is no family relationship among any of our directors or executive officers.
Duties of Directors
Under Gibraltar law, our directors have a duty to act honestly, in good faith and bona fide with a view to our best interests. Our directors also have a duty to exercise the care, diligence and skills that a reasonably diligent person would exercise in comparable circumstances. In fulfilling their duty of care to us, our directors must ensure compliance with our Memorandum and Articles. We have the right to seek damages if a duty owed by our directors is breached.
The functions and powers of our Board of Directors include, among others:
| ● | appointing officers and determining the term of office of the officers; | |
| ● | authorizing the payment of donations to religious, charitable, public or other bodies, clubs, funds or associations as deemed advisable; | |
| ● | exercising the borrowing powers of the company and mortgaging the property of the company; | |
| ● | executing checks, promissory notes and other negotiable instruments on behalf of the company; and | |
| ● | maintaining or registering a register of mortgages, charges or other encumbrances of the company. |
Terms of Directors and Officers
There is no Gibraltar law requirement that a director must hold office for a certain term and stand for re-election unless the resolutions appointing the director impose a term on the appointment. The Memorandum and Articles provide that directors of the Company are generally appointed for periods of three calendar years, save as provided below. At every annual general meeting of the Company, any director who has at the start of the annual general meeting been in office for three calendar years or more since his last appointment or re-appointment shall retire at that annual general meeting but he may offer himself for reappointment by the shareholders. We do not have any age limit requirements relating to our director’s term of office.
Our Memorandum and Articles also provide that our directors may be removed by the directors or ordinary resolution or special resolution of the shareholders, and that any vacancy on our Board of Directors, including a vacancy resulting from an enlargement of our Board of Directors (which shall not exceed any maximum number stated therein), may be filled by ordinary resolution or by vote of a majority of our directors then in office.
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D. Employees
As of December 31, 2024, our subsidiaries had approximately 600 employees, located in 4 countries. None of our employees are represented by labor unions. In general, we consider our employee relations to be good. Our international workforce naturally results in a diversity of cultural, national and religious representation. We care about our people, and seek to promote their welfare, development and personal growth. The Company is dedicated to creating incentive programs to encourage and reward innovation and dedication.
E. Share Ownership
The following table sets forth information with respect to the beneficial ownership, within the meaning of Rule 13d-3 under the Exchange Act, of our Ordinary Shares as of the date of this annual report.
| ● | each of our directors and executive officers who beneficially own our Ordinary Shares; and | |
| ● | each person known to us to own beneficially more than 5.0% of our Ordinary Shares. |
Beneficial ownership includes voting or investment power with respect to the securities. Except as indicated below, and subject to applicable community property laws, the persons named in the table have sole voting and investment power with respect to all Ordinary Shares shown as beneficially owned by them. Percentage of beneficial ownership of each listed person is based on 26,901,592 Ordinary Shares outstanding as of the date of this annual report.
Information with respect to beneficial ownership has been furnished by each director, officer or beneficial owner of 5% or more of our Ordinary Shares. Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC and generally requires that such person have voting or investment power with respect to securities. In computing the number of Ordinary Shares beneficially owned by a person listed below and the percentage ownership of such person, Ordinary Shares underlying options, warrants or convertible securities held by each such person that are exercisable or convertible within 60 days of the date of this annual report are deemed outstanding, but are not deemed outstanding for computing the percentage ownership of any other person. Except as otherwise indicated in the footnotes to this table, or as required by applicable community property laws, all persons listed have sole voting and investment power for all Ordinary Shares shown as beneficially owned by them. As of the date of the annual report, we have 3 shareholders of record holding beneficial ownership of 5% or more, none of which are located in the United States.
Unless otherwise indicated, the business address of each of the individuals is Forafric Global PLC, Unit 5.3, Madison Building, Midtown, Queensway, Gibraltar, GX11 1AA.
| Name of Beneficial Owners | Number of Ordinary Share Beneficially Owned | Percentage of Outstanding Ordinary Share | ||||||
| 5% Stockholders: | ||||||||
| Lighthouse Settlement | 19,250,483 | (1) | 71.62 | % | ||||
| Executive Officers and Directors: | ||||||||
| Paul Packer | 2,173,876 | (2) | 8.1 | % | ||||
| Khalid Assari | - | - | ||||||
| Julien Benitah | - | - | ||||||
| Franco Cassar | 7,118 | * | ||||||
| James Lasry | 7,118 | * | ||||||
| Ira Greenstein | 7,118 | * | ||||||
| Rachel Bitan | 7,118 | * | ||||||
| All directors and executive officers as a group (7 individuals) | 2,202,348 | 8.11 | % | |||||
* Less than 1% of total outstanding Ordinary Shares on an as converted basis.
(1) Consists of 18,618,869 shares owned by Lighthouse Capital Limited and 631,614 shares owned by Lighthouse Settlement. Lighthouse Settlement is the sole shareholder of Lighthouse Capital Limited. Lighthouse Settlement is a discretionary trust of which Yariv Elbaz and his family are the named potential beneficiaries. Lighthouse Corporation PTC, as trustee of Lighthouse Settlement, may be deemed to be the beneficial owner of the securities held by Lighthouse Settlement as trustee. Lighthouse Corporation PTC Limited is controlled by its three directors, Michael Elbaz, Joseph Levy Cazes and Moses Nahon Cohen. Lighthouse Corporation PTC Limited, Michael Elbaz, Joseph Levy Cazes and Moses Nahon Cohen each disclaim beneficial ownership over these securities except to the extent of their respective pecuniary interest therein.
(2) Based solely upon, and qualified in its entirety with reference to, Schedule 13G filed with the SEC on February 14, 2024. Based on such Schedule 13G, Mr. Paul Packer may be deemed to beneficially own 2,173,876 shares of the Company, individually and as managing member of (a) Globis Capital Advisors, L.L.C, for itself and as the general partner of Globis Capital Partners, L.P., and (b) Globis Capital, L.L.C. for itself and as the general partner of Globis Capital Management, L.P., the Investment Manager of Globis Capital Partners, L.P. With respect to such shares, Mr. Packer has shared voting power and shared dispositive power.
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| A. | Disclosure of a registrant’s action to recover erroneously awarded compensation |
Not Applicable
Item 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
A. Major Shareholders
Please refer to “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—E. Share Ownership.”
B. Related Party Transactions
Business Combination
On June 9, 2022 (the “Closing Date”), the Company consummated the transaction contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement, which provides for the Business Combination between Globis and FAHL.
In accordance with the Business Combination Agreement, the consummation of the following series of separate transactions took place: (i) Globis formed a new holding company, Globis NV Merger Corp., a Nevada corporation (“Globis Nevada”), which changed its jurisdiction of incorporation by transferring by way of a redomiciliation and domesticating as a Gibraltar private limited company known as “Forafric Global Limited” (the “Redomiciliation”) and, following the Redomiciliation, altered its authorized and issued share capital and thereafter re-registering as a Gibraltar public company limited by shares and changed its name to “Forafric Global PLC”; (ii) the Company formed a new wholly-owned subsidiary, Globis NV Merger 2 Corp., a Nevada corporation (“Merger Sub”); (iii) Globis merged with and into Merger Sub, with Merger Sub surviving (the “Merger”); (iv) an agent was appointed to act on behalf of Globis stockholders such that, subject to and immediately following the completion of the Merger, the agent entered into a contribution and subscription agreement with the Company (the “Contribution Agreement”) pursuant to which the issued and outstanding shares of common stock of Merger Sub issued pursuant to the Merger will be exchanged (the “Exchange”), on a one-for-one basis, for ordinary shares, nominal value $0.001 per share, of the Company (the “Ordinary Shares”); and (v) on June 9, 2022, the Company acquired 100% of the equity interests in FAHL from Lighthouse Capital Limited (“Seller”) and FAHL became a direct subsidiary of the Company.
As a result of the Business Combination, the Seller received (i) 17,004,762 Ordinary Shares on the Closing Date, (ii) 1,550,000 Ordinary shares pursuant to a subscription agreement dated 9 September 2022, and (iii) will be paid the principal sum of $8,000,000 together with interest on the outstanding amount from the Closing Date up to the date of payment (computed on the basis of a 360-day year consisting of twelve (12) months of thirty (30) days) accrued but unpaid thereon at the fixed per annum rate of 8%.
In addition, on September 9, 2022, the Company entered into a Warrant Agreement (the “Warrant Agreement”) with the Seller, pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue 516,666 warrants to the Seller, each of which entitles the holder to purchase one ordinary share of the Company, par value $0.001, at an exercise price of $11.50 per share in cash for a period of 5 years.
In addition to the foregoing consideration, the Seller is entitled to receive, as additional consideration, and without any action on behalf of the Company or the Company’s shareholders, additional Ordinary Shares (the “Earnout Shares”), to be issued as follows during the period from and after the Closing until the end of calendar year 2024 (A) 500,000 Earnout Shares, if, during calendar year 2022, Adjusted EBITDA (as defined in the Business Combination Agreement) of the Company is equal to or greater than $27 million, (B) 500,000 Earnout Shares, if, during calendar year 2023, Adjusted EBITDA of the Company is equal to or greater than $33 million, and (C) 1,000,000 Earnout Shares, if, during calendar year 2024, the Buyer Trading Price (as defined in the Business Combination Agreement) during the standard market trading hours of a trading day is greater than or equal to $16.50 for any 20 trading days within any period of 30 consecutive trading days.
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Related Agreements
This section describes the material provisions of certain additional agreements entered into pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement (the “Related Agreements”) but does not purport to describe all of the terms thereof. The following summary is qualified in its entirety by reference to the complete text of each of the Related Agreements, and you are urged to read such Related Agreements in their entirety.
FAHL Related Party Loans
As previously disclosed, certain parties affiliated with FAHL held outstanding loans issued to FAHL (the “FAHL Related Party Loans”), which, in the aggregate, equaled approximately $15.1 million as of the Closing of the Business Combination. The FAHL Related Party Loans were interest-free loans with no maturity date. Upon consummation of the Business Combination, all FAHL Related Party Loans were paid off or novated to the Company and converted into 1,445,164 Ordinary Shares of the Company at a price of $10.50 per share (the “Loan Shares”).
Lock-Up Agreement
At the Closing, Seller and the Sponsors executed and delivered to the Company the Lock-Up Agreement, pursuant to which, among other things, the Seller and Sponsors will agree not to, subject to certain exceptions set forth in the Lock-Up Agreement, during the period commencing from the Closing and through the date that is the earlier of: (i) 180 days following the Closing Date; (ii) the date on which the sales price of the Ordinary Shares equals or exceeds $11.50 per share (as the same may be adjusted for share splits, share dividends, reorganizations, recapitalizations, and the like) during the standard market trading hours for any 20 trading days within any 30-trading-day period commencing after the Closing Date; and (iii) the date that Company consummates a liquidation, merger, stock exchange, or other similar transaction that results in all of the holders of Ordinary Shares having the right to exchange their Ordinary Shares for cash, securities, or other property (the “Lock-Up Period”): (i) sell, offer to sell, contract, or agree to sell, hypothecate, pledge, grant any option to purchase, or otherwise transfer or dispose of or agree to transfer or dispose of, directly or indirectly, or establish or increase a put equivalent position or liquidate or decrease a call equivalent position within the meaning of Section 16 of the Exchange Act with respect to, any portion of Ordinary Shares, or (ii) enter into any swap or other contract that transfers to another, in whole or in part, any of the economic consequences of ownership of any of the Ordinary Shares, whether any such transaction is to be settled by delivery of Ordinary Shares or such other equity securities, in cash or otherwise, or (iii) publicly announce any intention to effect any transaction specified in clause (i) or (ii). Any waiver by the Company of the provisions of the Lock-Up Agreement requires the approval of a committee consisting of (a) Paul Packer and another individual designated by Paul Packer, and (b) two “independent” directors of the Company as of after the Closing, who shall be agreed to by each of Globis and FAHL before the Closing.
Forward Share Purchase Agreements
On June 8, 2022, Globis and the Forward Purchase Investors entered into Forward Share Purchase Agreements pursuant to which, on the three month anniversary of the date of the Closing, the Forward Purchase Investors may elect to sell and transfer to the Company, and the Company will purchase, in the aggregate up to 1,500,000 Ordinary Shares, or the Forward Investor Shares, consisting of (i) Ordinary Shares then held by the Forward Purchase Investors and/or (ii) any additional Ordinary Shares that the Forward Purchase Investors may acquire prior to the closing of the Business Combination. The Company will acquire the Forward Investor Shares at a price of $10.80 per share, or the Forward Shares Purchase Price
On September 9, 2022, the Company entered into three Buy Back Contracts with the Forward Purchase Investors: (i) a Buy Back Contract by and among the Company, NOMIS BAY LTD and BPY LIMITED, pursuant to which the Company bought back up to 500,000 ordinary shares, par value $0.001 per share; (ii) a Buy Back Contract by and between the Company and K2 PRINCIPAL FUND L.P., pursuant to which the Company bought back 448,651 ordinary shares, par value $0.001 per share; and (iii) a Buy Back Contract by and between the Company and POLAR MULTI-STRATEGY MASTER FUND, pursuant to which the Company bought back 231,071 ordinary shares, par value $0.001 per share (together “Buy Back Contracts”). As a result of the Buy Back Contracts, 1,179,722 ordinary shares were bought by the company and cancelled in full satisfaction of the Forward Purchase Agreements.
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FAHL Related Person Transactions
Lease agreement
In 2015, FAHL entered into a building lease agreement for the headquarters of Forafric Maroc, a wholly owned subsidiary, with a lease term through 2024. The Seller owns 100% of the company that owns the building. Total rent is approximately $420,000 per year. This lease has ended on December 31, 2024.
Exclusive Supply Agreement
Pursuant to Framework Contract for Delegation of Purchases and Terms of Application, between Forafric Maroc and Millcorp, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Seller, FAHL is obligated to obtain at least 80% of its annual requirements of common wheat, durum wheat, or any other cereal, for the five year period which began on April 1, 2018 and ended on March 31, 2023. The agreement was subsequently extended 3 years through March 31, 2026 as agreed upon by the parties. Millcorp is currently providing 100% of the imported grain to FAHL. The purchases incurred were $67,042 million and $147,284 million, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Other Related Party Transactions
As a result of the Business Combination, the Seller was paid the principal sum of $8,000,000 together with interest on the outstanding amount from the Closing Date up to the date of payment (computed on the basis of a 360-day year consisting of twelve (12) months of thirty (30) days) accrued but unpaid thereon at the fixed per annum rate of 8%.
The Company’s amounts due from related parties were $1.2 million and $1.4 million as of December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively.
The Company’s loans due to related parties were $7.7 million and $1.5 million as of December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively.
C. Interests of Experts and Counsel
Not applicable.
Item 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information
We have appended consolidated financial statements filed as part of this annual report.
Legal Proceedings
From time to time, we are subject to legal proceedings, investigations and claims incidental to the conduct of our business. We are not currently a party to any legal proceeding or investigation which, in the opinion of our management, is likely to have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Dividend Policy
The Company did not declare any dividend in the past and the Board will consider whether or not to institute a divided policy in the future. The payment of future dividends on the Ordinary Shares will depend on the financial condition of the Company after the completion of the Business Combination subject to the discretion of the Board.
B. Significant Changes
Except as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we have not experienced any significant changes since the date of our audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.
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Item 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING
A. Offering and Listing Details.
Our Ordinary Shares and Warrants are currently listed on Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol “AFRI” and “AFRIW,” respectively.
B. Plan of Distribution
Not applicable.
C. Markets
Our Ordinary Shares and Warrants are currently listed on Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol “AFRI” and “AFRIW,” respectively.
D. Selling Shareholders
Not applicable.
E. Dilution
Not applicable.
F. Expenses of the Issue
Not applicable.
Item 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
A. Share Capital
Not applicable.
B. Memorandum and Articles of Association
Copies of our Memorandum and Articles of Association are attached as Exhibit 1.1 to this Annual Report. Other than as disclosed below, the information called for by this Item is set forth in Exhibit 2.2 to this Annual Report and is incorporated by reference into this Annual Report.
C. Material Contracts
We have not entered into any material contracts other than in the ordinary course of business and other than those described in “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions – B. Related Party Transactions” or elsewhere in this annual report.
D. Exchange Controls
There are currently no currency control restrictions on remittances of dividends on Ordinary Shares, proceeds from the sale of the shares or interest or other payments to non-residents of Gibraltar.
E. Taxation
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CERTAIN MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS
The following is an analysis of the material U.S. federal income tax consequences of the ownership and disposition of the Company Ordinary Shares and the Company Warrants. This analysis applies only to the Ordinary Shares and the Company Warrants, as the case may be, that are held as “capital assets” within the meaning of Section 1221 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) (generally, property held for investment).
The following does not purport to be a complete analysis of all potential tax effects arising in connection with the ownership and disposition of the Company Ordinary Shares and the Company Warrants. The effects of other U.S. federal tax laws, such as estate and gift tax laws, and any applicable state, local, or non-U.S. tax laws are not analyzed. This analysis is based on the Code, Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder, judicial decisions, and published rulings and administrative pronouncements of the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”), in each case in effect as of the date hereof. These authorities may change or be subject to differing interpretations. Any such change or differing interpretation may be applied retroactively in a manner that could adversely affect the tax consequences analyzed below. The Company has not sought and will not seek any rulings from the IRS regarding the matters analyzed below. There can be no assurance the IRS will not take, or a court will not sustain, a contrary position regarding the tax consequences analyzed below.
This analysis does not address all U.S. federal income tax consequences relevant to a holder’s particular circumstances, including the impact of the Medicare contribution tax on net investment income and the alternative minimum tax. In addition, it does not address consequences relevant to holders subject to special rules, including, without limitation:
| ● | banks, insurance companies, and certain other financial institutions; | |
| ● | regulated investment companies and real estate investment trusts; | |
| ● | brokers, dealers, or traders in securities; | |
| ● | traders in securities that elect to mark to market; | |
| ● | tax-exempt organizations or governmental organizations; | |
| ● | U.S. expatriates and former citizens or long-term residents of the U.S.; |
| ● | persons holding the Company Ordinary Shares and/or the Company Warrants, as the case may be, as part of a hedge, straddle, constructive sale, or other risk reduction strategy or as part of a conversion transaction or other integrated or similar transaction; | |
| ● | persons subject to special tax accounting rules as a result of any item of gross income with respect to the Company Ordinary Shares and/or the Company Warrants, as the case may be, being taken into account in an applicable financial statement; | |
| ● | persons that actually or constructively own 5% or more (by vote or value) of the outstanding Ordinary Shares; | |
| ● | founders, sponsors, officers or directors of the Company or holders of private placement warrants; | |
| ● | “controlled foreign corporations,” “passive foreign investment companies,” and corporations that accumulate earnings to avoid U.S. federal income tax (and their shareholders); | |
| ● | S corporations, partnerships, or other entities or arrangements treated as partnerships or other flow-through entities for U.S. federal income tax purposes (and investors therein); | |
| ● | U.S. Holders having a functional currency other than the U.S. dollar; | |
| ● | persons who hold or received the Company Ordinary Shares and/or the Company Warrants, as the case may be, pursuant to the exercise of any employee stock option or otherwise as compensation; and | |
| ● | tax-qualified retirement plans. |
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In addition, this analysis does not address any tax consequences to investors that directly or indirectly held equity interests in FAHL prior to the Business Combination, including holders of the Company Ordinary Shares and/or the Company Warrants that also held, directly or indirectly, equity interests in FAHL.
If an entity or arrangement treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes held or holds the Company Ordinary Shares and/or the Company Warrants, the tax treatment of an owner of such entity will depend on the status of the owner or participant in the arrangement, the activities of the entity or arrangement, and certain determinations made at the owner or participant level. Accordingly, entities or arrangements treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes and the partners in such partnerships should consult their tax advisors regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences to them.
For purposes of this analysis, a “U.S. Holder” is any beneficial owner of shares of Globis securities, the Company Ordinary Shares and/or the Company Warrants, as the case may be, that is for U.S. federal income tax purposes:
| ● | an individual who is a citizen or resident of the U.S.; | |
| ● | a corporation (or other entity taxable as a corporation) created or organized in, or under the laws of, the U.S., any state thereof, or the District of Columbia; | |
| ● | an estate, the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income tax regardless of its source; or | |
| ● | a trust that (1) is subject to the primary supervision of a U.S. court and the control of one or more “United States persons” (within the meaning of Section 7701(a)(30) of the Code) or (2) has a valid election in effect to be treated as a United States person for U.S. federal income tax purposes. |
THE U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX TREATMENT OF THE BUSINESS COMBINATION AND THE U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX TREATMENT TO HOLDERS OF Globis UNITS OR Globis SECURITIES DEPEND IN SOME INSTANCES ON DETERMINATIONS OF FACT AND INTERPRETATIONS OF COMPLEX PROVISIONS OF U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX LAW FOR WHICH NO CLEAR PRECEDENT OR AUTHORITY MAY BE AVAILABLE. IN ADDITION, THE U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX TREATMENT OF THE BUSINESS COMBINATION, THE EXERCISE OF REDEMPTION RIGHTS WITH RESPECT TO Globis COMMON STOCK, AND THE OWNERSHIP AND DISPOSITION OF THE COMPANY ORDINARY SHARES AND/OR THE COMPANY WARRANTS TO ANY PARTICULAR HOLDER WILL DEPEND ON THE HOLDER’S PARTICULAR TAX CIRCUMSTANCES. YOU ARE URGED TO CONSULT YOUR TAX ADVISOR REGARDING THE U.S. FEDERAL, STATE, LOCAL, AND NON-U.S. INCOME AND OTHER TAX CONSEQUENCES TO YOU, IN LIGHT OF YOUR PARTICULAR INVESTMENT OR TAX CIRCUMSTANCES, OF THE BUSINESS COMBINATION, THE EXERCISE OF YOUR REDEMPTION RIGHTS WITH RESPECT TO Globis COMMON STOCK, AND THE OWNERSHIP AND DISPOSITION OF THE COMPANY ORDINARY SHARES AND/OR THE COMPANY WARRANTS.
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U.S. Federal Income Tax Treatment of The Company
Tax Residence of The Company for U.S. Federal Income Tax Purposes.
Although the Company is incorporated and tax resident in Gibraltar, following the closing of the Business Combination the IRS may assert that it should be treated as a U.S. corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes pursuant to Section 7874 of the Code. For U.S. federal income tax purposes, a corporation is generally considered a U.S. “domestic” corporation if it is created or organized in or under the laws of the U.S., any state thereof, or the District of Columbia. Because the Company is not so created or organized (but is instead incorporated only in Gibraltar), it would generally be classified as a foreign corporation (that is, a corporation other than a U.S. “domestic” corporation) under these rules. Section 7874 of the Code provides an exception under which a corporation created or organized only under foreign law may, in certain circumstances, be treated as a U.S. corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The Section 7874 rules are complex and require analysis of all relevant facts, and there is limited guidance and significant uncertainties as to their application.
Under Code Section 7874, a corporation created or organized outside the U.S. (i.e., a foreign corporation) will nevertheless be treated as a U.S. corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes when (i) the foreign corporation directly or indirectly acquires substantially all of the assets held directly or indirectly by a U.S. corporation (including the indirect acquisition of assets of the U.S. corporation by acquiring the outstanding shares of the U.S. corporation), (ii) the shareholders of the acquired U.S. corporation hold, by vote or value, at least 80% of the shares of the foreign acquiring corporation after the acquisition by reason of holding shares in the U.S. acquired corporation (the “Section 7874 Percentage”), and (iii) the foreign corporation’s “expanded affiliated group” does not have substantial business activities in the foreign corporation’s country of creation or organization relative to such expanded affiliated group’s worldwide activities (the “Substantial Business Activities Exception”). In order to satisfy the Substantial Business Activities Exception, at least 25% of the employees (by headcount and compensation), real and tangible assets, and gross income of the foreign acquiring corporation’s “expanded affiliated group” must be based, incurred, located, and derived, respectively, in the country in which the foreign acquiring corporation is created or organized. The Section 7874 Regulations further provide for a number of special rules that aggregate multiple acquisitions of U.S. corporations for purposes of Code Section 7874 that are made as part of a plan or made over a 36-month period, making it more likely that Code Section 7874 will apply to a foreign acquiring corporation.
The Company acquired substantially all of the assets of Globis through the Business Combination. As a result, Section 7874 of the Code may apply to cause the Company to be treated as a U.S. corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes following the Business Combination depending on whether the Section 7874 Percentage equals or exceeds 80%, subject to the applicability of the Substantial Business Activities Exception.
Based upon the terms of the Business Combination, the rules for determining share ownership under Code Section 7874 and the Section 7874 Regulations, and certain factual assumptions, the Section 7874 Percentage of Globis stockholders in the Company should be less than 80% after the Business Combination. Accordingly, the Company is not expected to be treated as a U.S. corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes under Section 7874 of the Code. The calculation of the Section 7874 Percentage is complex, is subject to detailed regulations (the application of which is uncertain in various respects and could be impacted by changes in U.S. tax laws and regulations with possible retroactive effect), and is subject to certain factual uncertainties. Moreover, former holders of Globis Common Stock may be deemed to own an amount of the Company Ordinary Shares in respect to certain redemptions by former holders of Globis Common Stock prior to the Business Combination for purposes of determining the ownership percentage of former holders of Globis Common Stock under Section 7874 of the Code. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the IRS will not challenge the status of the Company as a foreign corporation under Code Section 7874 or that such challenge would not be sustained by a court.
If the IRS were to successfully challenge under Code Section 7874 the Company’s status as a foreign corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the Company and certain the Company shareholders could be subject to significant adverse tax consequences, including a higher effective corporate income tax rate on the Company and future withholding taxes on certain the Company shareholders. In particular, holders of the Company Ordinary Shares and/or the Company Warrants would be treated as holders of stock and warrants of a U.S. corporation.
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However, even if the Section 7874 Percentage were such that the Company were still respected as a foreign corporation under Code Section 7874, the Company may be limited in using its equity to engage in future acquisitions of U.S. corporations over the 36-month period following the Business Combination. If the Company were to be treated as acquiring substantially all of the assets of a U.S. corporation within the 36-month period after the Business Combination, the Section 7874 Regulations would exclude certain shares of the Company attributable to the Business Combination for purposes of determining the Section 7874 Percentage of that subsequent acquisition, making it more likely that Code Section 7874 would apply to such subsequent acquisition.
The remainder of this analysis assumes that the Company will not be treated as a U.S. corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes under Section 7874 of the Code.
Utilization of Globis’ Tax Attributes and Certain Other Adverse Tax Consequences to The Company and The Company’s Shareholders.
Following the acquisition of a U.S. corporation by a foreign corporation, Code Section 7874 can limit the ability of the acquired U.S. corporation and its U.S. affiliates to use U.S. tax attributes (including net operating losses and certain tax credits) to offset U.S. taxable income resulting from certain transactions, as well as result in certain other adverse tax consequences, even if the acquiring foreign corporation is respected as a foreign corporation for purposes of Code Section 7874. Specifically, Code Section 7874 can apply in this manner if (i) the foreign corporation acquires, directly or indirectly, substantially all of the properties held directly or indirectly by a U.S. corporation, (ii) after the acquisition, the former shareholders of the acquired U.S. corporation hold at least 60% (by either vote or value) but less than 80% (by vote and value) of the shares of the foreign acquiring corporation by reason of holding shares in the acquired U.S. corporation, and (iii) the foreign corporation’s “expanded affiliated group” does not meet the Substantial Business Activities Exception.
Based upon the terms of the Business Combination, the rules for determining share ownership under Section 7874 of the Code and the Section 7874 Regulations, and certain factual assumptions, the Section 7874 Percentage should be less than 60% after the Business Combination. Accordingly, the limitations and other rules described above are not expected to apply to the Company or Globis after the Business Combination.
If the Section 7874 Percentage applicable to the Business Combination were at least 60% but less than 80%, the Company and certain of the Company’s shareholders may be subject to adverse tax consequences including, but not limited to, restrictions on the use of tax attributes with respect to “inversion gain” recognized over a 10-year period following the transaction, disqualification of dividends paid from preferential “qualified dividend income” rates, and the requirement that any U.S. corporation owned by the Company include as “base erosion payments” that may be subject to a minimum U.S. federal income tax any amounts treated as reductions in gross income paid to certain related foreign persons. Furthermore, certain “disqualified individuals” (including officers and directors of a U.S. corporation) may be subject to an excise tax on certain stock-based compensation at a rate of 20%. However, as a blank check company whose assets are primarily comprised of cash and cash equivalents, it is not expected that Globis will have a significant amount of inversion gain as a result of the Business Combination.
The determination that the Section 7874 Percentage should be less than 60% after the Business Combination is subject to detailed regulations (the application of which is uncertain in various respects and would be impacted by future changes in tax laws and regulations, with possible retroactive effect) and is subject to certain factual uncertainties. There can be no assurance that the IRS will not challenge whether the Company is subject to the above rules or that such a challenge would not be sustained by a court. If the IRS successfully applied these rules to the Company, significant adverse tax consequences could result for the Company and for certain the Company shareholders, including a higher effective corporate tax rate on the Company U.S. Holders.
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U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences of the Ownership and Disposition of The Company Ordinary Shares and The Company Warrants to U.S. Holders.
Distributions on The Company Ordinary Shares
Subject to the analysis below under “— Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules,” if the Company makes distributions of cash or property on the Company Ordinary Shares, such distributions will be treated first as a dividend to the extent of the Company’s current and accumulated earnings and profits (as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes), and then as a tax-free return of capital to the extent of the U.S. Holder’s tax basis, with any excess treated as gain from the sale or exchange of the shares. The amount of any such distribution will include any amounts withheld by the Company (or another applicable withholding agent). If the Company does not provide calculations of its earnings and profits under U.S. federal income tax principles, a U.S. Holder should expect all cash distributions to be reported as dividends for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Any dividend will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction allowed to corporations in respect of dividends received from U.S. corporations.
Subject to the analysis above under “— Utilization of Globis’ Tax Attributes and Certain Other Adverse Tax Consequences to the Company and the Company’s Shareholders” and below under “— Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules,” dividends received by certain non-corporate U.S. Holders (including individuals) may be “qualified dividend income,” which is taxed at the lower applicable capital gains rate, provided that:
| ● | either (a) the shares are readily tradable on an established securities market in the U.S. or (b) the Company is eligible for the benefits of a qualifying income tax treaty with the U.S. that includes an exchange of information program; | |
| ● | the Company is neither a PFIC (as analyzed below under below under “— Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules”) nor treated as such with respect to the U.S. Holder for the Company’s taxable year in which the dividend is paid or the preceding taxable year; | |
| ● | the U.S. Holder satisfies certain holding period requirements; | |
| ● | the U.S. Holder is not under an obligation to make related payments with respect to positions in substantially similar or related property; and | |
| ● | the taxpayer does not take the dividends into account as investment income under Code Section 163(d)(4)(B). |
There is no comprehensive income tax treaty between the U.S. and Gibraltar, thus the Company will not be eligible for benefits of an applicable comprehensive income tax treaty. In addition, there can be no assurance that the Company Ordinary Shares will be considered “readily tradable” on an established securities market in accordance with applicable legal authorities. Furthermore, the Company will not constitute a qualified foreign corporation for purposes of these rules if it is a PFIC for the taxable year in which it pays a dividend or for the preceding taxable year. See “— Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules.” U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the availability of the lower rate for dividends paid with respect to the Company Ordinary Shares.
The amount of any dividend distribution paid in foreign currency will be the U.S. dollar amount calculated by reference to the applicable exchange rate in effect on the date of actual or constructive receipt, regardless of whether the payment is in fact converted into U.S. dollars at that time. A U.S. Holder may have foreign currency gain or loss if the dividend is converted into U.S. dollars after the date of receipt.
Subject to certain exceptions, dividends on the Company Ordinary Shares will constitute foreign source income for foreign tax credit limitation purposes. If the dividends are qualified dividend income (as analyzed above), the amount of the dividend taken into account for purposes of calculating the foreign tax credit limitation will be limited to the gross amount of the dividend, multiplied by a fraction, the numerator of which is the reduced rate applicable to qualified dividend income and the denominator of which is the highest rate of tax normally applicable to dividends. The limitation on foreign taxes eligible for credit is calculated separately with respect to specific classes of income. For this purpose, dividends distributed by the Company with respect to the Company Ordinary Shares generally will constitute “passive category income” but could, in the case of certain U.S. Holders, constitute “general category income.” The rules governing foreign tax credits are complex and U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the creditability of foreign taxes in their particular circumstances. In lieu of claiming a foreign tax credit, a U.S. Holder may, in certain circumstances, deduct foreign taxes in computing the holder’s taxable income, subject to generally applicable limitations under U.S. law. Generally, an election to deduct foreign taxes instead of claiming foreign tax credits applies to all foreign taxes paid or accrued in the taxable year.
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Sale, Exchange, Redemption or Other Taxable Disposition of The Company Ordinary Shares and The Company Warrants
Subject to the analysis below under “— Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules,” a U.S. Holder generally will recognize gain or loss on any sale, exchange, redemption or other taxable disposition of the Company Ordinary Shares or the Company Warrants in an amount equal to the difference between (i) the amount realized on the disposition and (ii) such U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in such shares and/or warrants. Any gain or loss recognized by a U.S. Holder on a taxable disposition of the Company Ordinary Shares or the Company Warrants generally will be capital gain or loss. A non-corporate U.S. Holder, including an individual, who has held the Company Ordinary Shares and/or the Company Warrants for more than one year generally will be eligible for reduced tax rates for such long-term capital gains. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations.
Any such gain or loss recognized generally will be treated as U.S. source income or loss. Accordingly, in the event any Gibraltar tax (including withholding tax) is imposed upon such sale or other disposition, a U.S. Holder may not be able to utilize foreign tax credits unless such holder has foreign source income or gain in the same category from other sources. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisor regarding the ability to claim a foreign tax credit.
Exercise, Lapse, or Redemption of a The Company Warrant
Subject to the PFIC rules discussed below, a U.S. Holder generally will not recognize gain or loss upon the acquisition of a Company Ordinary Share on the exercise of a Company Warrant for cash. A U.S. Holder’s tax basis in a Company Ordinary Shares received upon exercise of the Company Warrant generally should be an amount equal to the sum of the U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the Globis Warrant exchanged therefor (assuming the Business Combination is not a taxable transaction, as discussed above) and the exercise price. The U.S. Holder’s holding period for a Company Ordinary Share received upon exercise of the Company Warrant will begin on the date following the date of exercise (or possibly the date of exercise) of the Company Warrant and will not include the period during which the U.S. Holder held the Company Warrant. If a Company Warrant is allowed to lapse unexercised, a U.S. Holder generally will recognize a capital loss equal to such holder’s tax basis in the Company Warrant.
The tax consequences of a cashless exercise of a Company Warrant are not clear under current tax law. Subject to the PFIC rules discussed below, a cashless exercise may be tax-deferred, either because the exercise is not a gain realization event or because the exercise is treated as a recapitalization for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In either tax-deferred situation, a U.S. Holder’s basis in The Company Ordinary Shares received generally would equal the U.S. Holder’s basis in The Company Warrants exercised therefor. If the cashless exercise is not treated as a gain realization event, a U.S. Holder’s holding period in The Company Ordinary Shares would be treated as commencing on the date following the date of exercise (or possibly the date of exercise) of The Company Warrants and will not include the period during which the U.S. Holder held The Company Warrants. If the cashless exercise were treated as a recapitalization, the holding period of The Company Ordinary Shares would include the holding period of The Company Warrants exercised therefor.
It is also possible that a cashless exercise of a Company Warrant could be treated in part as a taxable exchange in which gain or loss would be recognized in the manner set forth above under “— Sale, Exchange, Redemption or Other Taxable Disposition of The Company Ordinary Shares and The Company Warrants.” In such event, a U.S. Holder could be deemed to have surrendered warrants equal to the number of the Company Ordinary Shares having an aggregate fair market value equal to the exercise price for the total number of warrants to be exercised. Subject to the PFIC rules discussed below, the U.S. Holder would recognize capital gain or loss with respect to the Company Warrants deemed surrendered in an amount generally equal to the difference between (i) the fair market value of the Company Ordinary Shares that would have been received in a regular exercise of the Company Warrants deemed surrendered, net of the aggregate exercise price of such the Company Warrants and (ii) the U.S. Holder’s tax basis in such the Company Warrants. In this case, a U.S. Holder’s aggregate tax basis in the Company Ordinary Shares received would equal the sum of (i) U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the Company Warrants deemed exercised and (ii) the aggregate exercise price of such the Company Warrants. A U.S. Holder’s holding period for the Company Ordinary Shares received in such case generally would commence on the date following the date of exercise (or possibly the date of exercise) of the Company Warrants and will not include the period during which the U.S. Holder held the Company Warrants.
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Due to the absence of authority on the U.S. federal income tax treatment of a cashless exercise of warrants, including when a U.S. Holder’s holding period would commence with respect to the Company Ordinary Share received, there can be no assurance regarding which, if any, of the alternative tax consequences and holding periods described above would be adopted by the IRS or a court of law. Accordingly, U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the tax consequences of a cashless exercise of the Company Warrants.
Subject to the PFIC rules described below, if the Company redeems the Company Warrants for cash pursuant to the redemption provisions described in the section of this registration statement entitled “— Exercise, Lapse, or Redemption of a The Company Warrant” or if the Company purchases the Company Warrants in an open market transaction, such redemption or purchase generally will be treated as a taxable disposition to the U.S. Holder, taxed as described above under “— Sale, Exchange, Redemption or Other Taxable Disposition of the Company Ordinary Shares and the Company Warrants.”
Possible Constructive Distributions
The terms of each the Company Warrant provide for an adjustment to the number of the Company Ordinary Shares for which the Company Warrant may be exercised or to the exercise price of the Company Warrant in certain events. An adjustment which has the effect of preventing dilution generally is not taxable. A U.S. Holder of a Company Warrant would, however, be treated as receiving a constructive distribution from the Company if, for example, the adjustment increases the holder’s proportionate interest in the Company’s assets or earnings and profits (for instance, through an increase in the number of the Company Ordinary Shares that would be obtained upon exercise of such warrant) as a result of a distribution of cash or other property such as other securities to the holders of the Company Ordinary Shares which is taxable to the U.S. Holders of such shares as described under “— Distributions on The Company Ordinary Shares” above. Such constructive distribution would be subject to tax as described under that section in the same manner as if the U.S. Holder of such The Company Warrant received a cash distribution from the Company equal to the fair market value of such increase in interest.
Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules
The treatment of U.S. Holders of the Company Ordinary Shares and the Company Warrants could be materially different from that described above, if the Company is treated as a “passive foreign investment company,” or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes. An entity treated as a foreign corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes generally will be a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes for any taxable year if either:
| ● | at least 75% of its gross income for such year is passive income (such as interest, dividends, rents and royalties (other than rents or royalties derived from the active conduct of a trade or business) and gains from the disposition of assets giving rise to passive income); or | |
| ● | at least 50% of the value of its assets (based on an average of the quarterly values of the assets) during such year is attributable to assets that produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income. |
For this purpose, the Company will be treated as owning its proportionate share of the assets and earning its proportionate share of the income of any other entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes in which the Company own, directly or indirectly, 25% or more (by value) of the stock.
Based on the current and anticipated composition of the income, assets and operations of the Company and its subsidiaries, the Company does not believe it is a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes for its current taxable year, which includes the Business Combination, and does not expect to become one for U.S. federal income tax purposes in the near future.
Nevertheless, whether the Company is treated as a PFIC is determined on an annual basis. The determination of whether a non-U.S. corporation is a PFIC is a factual determination that depends on, among other things, the composition of the Company’s income and assets, and the market value of its shares and assets, including the composition of income and assets and the market value of shares and assets of its subsidiaries, from time to time, and thus the determination can only be made annually after the close of each taxable year. Thus, no assurance can be given as to whether the Company will be a PFIC in 2024 or for any future taxable year.
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Under the PFIC rules, if the Company were considered a PFIC at any time that a U.S. Holder owns the Company Ordinary Shares or the Company Warrants, the Company would generally continue to be treated as a PFIC with respect to such holder in a particular year unless (i) the Company has ceased to be a PFIC and (ii) (a) the U.S. Holder has made a valid “QEF election” (as described below) for the first taxable year in which the holder owned such holder’s the Company Ordinary Shares in which the Company was a PFIC, (b) a valid mark-to-market election (as described below) is in effect for the particular year, or (c) the U.S. Holder has made a “deemed sale” election under the PFIC rules. If such a “deemed sale” election is made, a U.S. Holder will be deemed to have sold its the Company Ordinary Shares at their fair market value on the last day of the last taxable year in which the Company is classified as a PFIC, and any gain from such deemed sale would be subject to the consequences described below. After the “deemed sale” election, the Company Ordinary Shares with respect to which the “deemed sale” election was made will not be treated as shares in a PFIC unless the Company subsequently becomes a PFIC.
For each taxable year that the Company is treated as a PFIC with respect to a U.S. Holder’s the Company Ordinary Shares or the Company Warrants, the U.S. Holder will be subject to special tax rules with respect to any “excess distribution” (as defined below) received and any gain realized from a sale or disposition (including a pledge of the Company Ordinary Shares and under proposed regulations transfers of the Company Warrants and certain transfers of the Company Ordinary Shares that would otherwise qualify as nonrecognition transactions for U.S. federal income tax purposes) of its the Company Ordinary Shares or the Company Warrants (collectively the “excess distribution rules”), unless, with respect to the Company Ordinary Shares, the U.S. Holder makes a valid QEF or mark-to-market election as discussed below. Generally, distributions received by a U.S. Holder in a taxable year that are greater than 125% of the average annual distributions received by such U.S. Holder during the shorter of the three preceding taxable years or the portion of such U.S. Holder’s holding period for the Company Ordinary Shares or the Company Warrants that preceded the taxable year of the distribution will be treated as excess distributions. Under these special tax rules:
| ● | the excess distribution or gain will be allocated ratably over the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the Company Ordinary Shares or the Company Warrants; | |
| ● | the amount allocated to the U.S. Holder’s taxable year in which the U.S. Holder recognized the gain or received the excess distribution or to the period in the U.S. Holder’s holding period before the first day of the Company’s first taxable year in which the Company is a PFIC, will be treated as ordinary income; and | |
| ● | the amount allocated to each other taxable year (or portions thereof) of the U.S. Holder and included in such holder’s holding period will be subject to the highest tax rate in effect for individuals or corporations, as applicable, for each such year without regard to the U.S. Holder’s other items of income and loss for such year; and | |
| ● | the interest charge generally applicable to underpayments of tax will be imposed on the U.S. Holder with respect to the resulting tax attributable to each such year. |
Under the excess distribution rules, the tax liability for amounts allocated to taxable years prior to the year of disposition or excess distribution cannot be offset by any net operating losses, and gains (but not losses) realized on the sale of the Company Ordinary Shares or the Company Warrants cannot be treated as capital gains, even though the U.S. Holder holds the Company Ordinary Shares or the Company Warrants as capital assets.
Certain of the PFIC rules may impact U.S. Holders with respect to equity interests in subsidiaries and other entities which the Company may hold, directly or indirectly, that are PFICs (collectively, “Lower-Tier PFICs”). There can be no assurance, however, that the Company does not own, or will not in the future acquire, an interest in a subsidiary or other entity that is or would be treated as a Lower-Tier PFIC. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the application of the PFIC rules to any of the Company’s subsidiaries.
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If the Company is a PFIC, a U.S. Holder of shares in the Company may avoid taxation under the excess distribution rules described above in respect to the Company Ordinary Shares by making a timely and valid “qualified electing fund” (“QEF”) election (if eligible to do so). However, a U.S. Holder may make a QEF election with respect to its the Company Ordinary Shares only if the Company provides U.S. Holders on an annual basis with certain financial information specified under applicable U.S. Treasury regulations, including the information provided in a PFIC Annual Information Statement. There can be no assurance, however, that the Company will have timely knowledge of its status as a PFIC in the future or that the Company will timely provide such information for such years. The failure to provide such information on an annual basis could prevent a U.S. Holder from making a QEF election or result in the invalidation or termination of a U.S. Holder’s prior QEF election.
A U.S. Holder that makes a QEF election with respect to its the Company Ordinary Shares would generally be required to include in income for each year that the Company is treated as a PFIC the U.S. Holder’s pro rata share of the Company’s ordinary earnings for the year (which would be subject to tax as ordinary income) and net capital gains for the year (which would be subject to tax at the rates applicable to long-term capital gains), without regard to the amount of any distributions made in respect of the Company Ordinary Shares. Any net deficits or net capital losses of the Company for a taxable year, however, would not be passed through and included on the tax return of the U.S. Holder. A U.S. Holder’s basis in the Company Ordinary Shares would be increased by the amount of income inclusions under the QEF rules. Dividends actually paid on the Company Ordinary Shares generally would not be subject to U.S. federal income tax to the extent of prior income inclusions and would reduce the U.S. Holder’s basis in the Company Ordinary Shares by a corresponding amount. If the Company owns any interests in a Lower-Tier PFIC, a U.S. Holder generally must make a separate QEF election for each Lower-Tier PFIC, subject to the Company’s providing the relevant tax information for each Lower-Tier PFIC on an annual basis. There can be no assurance that the Company will have timely knowledge of the status of any such Lower-Tier PFIC. In addition, the Company may not hold a controlling interest in any such Lower-Tier PFIC and thus there can be no assurance the Company will be able to cause the Lower-Tier PFIC to provide such required information.
If a U.S. Holder does not make a QEF election effective from the first taxable year of a U.S. Holder’s holding period for the Company Ordinary Shares in which the Company is a PFIC (or a mark-to-market election, as discussed below), then the U.S. Holder generally will remain subject to the excess distribution rules. A U.S. Holder that first makes a QEF election in a later year may avoid the continued application of the excess distribution rules to its the Company Ordinary Shares by making a “deemed sale” election. In that case, the U.S. Holder will be deemed to have sold the Company Ordinary Shares at their fair market value on the first day of the taxable year in which the QEF election becomes effective, and any gain from such deemed sale would be subject to the excess distribution rules described above. As a result of the “deemed sale” election, the U.S. Holder will have additional basis (to the extent of any gain recognized on the deemed sale) and, solely for purposes of the PFIC rules, a new holding period in the Company Ordinary Shares.
It is not entirely clear how various aspects of the PFIC rules apply to the Company Warrants. However, a U.S. Holder may not be eligible to make a QEF election with respect to its the Company Warrants. As a result, if a U.S. Holder sells or otherwise disposes of such warrants (other than upon exercise of such warrants) and the Company was a PFIC at any time during the U.S. Holder’s holding period of such warrants, any gain recognized generally will be treated as an excess distribution, taxed as described above.
If a U.S. Holder that exercises such warrants properly makes and maintains a QEF election with respect to the newly acquired the Company Ordinary Shares (or has previously made a QEF election with respect to the Company Ordinary Shares), the QEF election will apply to the newly acquired the Company Ordinary Shares. Notwithstanding such QEF election, the rules relating to “excess distributions” discussed above, adjusted to take into account the current income inclusions resulting from the QEF election, will continue to apply with respect to such newly acquired the Company Ordinary Shares (which under proposed regulations will be deemed to have a holding period for purposes of the PFIC rules that includes the period the U.S. Holder held the Company Warrants), unless the U.S. Holder makes a “deemed sale” election under the PFIC rules. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors as to the application of the rules governing “deemed sale” elections to their particular circumstances.
The QEF election is made on a shareholder-by-shareholder basis and, once made, can be revoked only with the consent of the IRS. A U.S. Holder that is eligible to make a QEF election with respect to its the Company Ordinary Shares generally may do so by providing the appropriate information to the IRS in the U.S. Holder’s timely filed tax return for the year in which the election becomes effective. Retroactive QEF elections generally may be made only by filing a protective statement with such return and if certain other conditions are met or with the consent of the IRS. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the availability and tax consequences of a retroactive QEF election under their particular circumstances.
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Alternatively, if the Company is a PFIC and the Company Ordinary Shares constitute “marketable stock” (as defined below), a U.S. Holder may make a mark-to-market election for such holder’s the Company Ordinary Shares with respect to such shares for the first taxable year in which it holds (or is deemed to hold) the Company Ordinary Shares and each subsequent taxable year to elect out of the excess distribution rules discussed above. If a U.S. Holder makes a mark-to-market election with respect to its the Company Ordinary Shares, such U.S. Holder generally will include in income for each year that the Company is treated as a PFIC with respect to such the Company Ordinary Shares an amount equal to the excess, if any, of the fair market value of The Company Ordinary Shares as of the close of the U.S. Holder’s taxable year over the adjusted basis in The Company Ordinary Shares as of the beginning of such taxable year. A U.S. Holder will be allowed a deduction for the excess, if any, of the adjusted basis of the Company Ordinary Shares over their fair market value as of the close of the taxable year. However, deductions will be allowed only to the extent of any net mark-to-market gains on the Company Ordinary Shares included in the U.S. Holder’s income for prior taxable years. Amounts included in income under a mark-to-market election, as well as gain on the actual sale or other disposition of the Company Ordinary Shares, will be treated as ordinary income. Ordinary loss treatment will also apply to the deductible portion of any mark-to-market loss on the Company Ordinary Shares, as well as to any loss realized on the actual sale or disposition of the Company Ordinary Shares, to the extent the amount of such loss does not exceed the net mark-to-market gains for such the Company Ordinary Shares previously included in income. A U.S. Holder’s basis in the Company Ordinary Shares will be adjusted to reflect any mark-to-market gain or loss. If a U.S. Holder makes a mark-to-market election, any distributions the Company makes would generally be subject to the rules discussed above under “— Distributions on The Company Ordinary Shares,” except the lower rates applicable to qualified dividend income would not apply. Currently, U.S. Holders of the Company Warrants may not be able to make a mark-to-market election with respect to their the Company Warrants.
The mark-to-market election is available only for “marketable stock,” which is stock that is regularly traded on a qualified exchange or other market, as defined in applicable U.S. Treasury regulations. The Company Ordinary Shares, which are expected to be listed on Nasdaq, are expected to qualify as marketable stock for purposes of the PFIC rules, but there can be no assurance that The Company Ordinary Shares will be “regularly traded” for purposes of these rules. If made, a mark-to-market election would be effective for the taxable year for which the election was made and for all subsequent taxable years unless The Company Ordinary Shares cease to qualify as “marketable stock” for purposes of the PFIC rules or the IRS consents to the revocation of the election. Because a mark-to-market election cannot be made for equity interests in any Lower-Tier PFICs, a U.S. Holder that does not make the applicable QEF elections generally will continue to be subject to the excess distribution rules with respect to its indirect interest in any Lower-Tier PFICs as described above, even if a mark-to-market election is made for The Company Ordinary Shares.
If a U.S. Holder does not make a mark-to-market election (or a QEF election, as discussed above) effective from the first taxable year of a U.S. Holder’s holding period for The Company Ordinary Shares in which The Company is a PFIC, then the U.S. Holder generally will remain subject to the excess distribution rules. A U.S. Holder that first makes a mark-to-market election with respect to The Company Ordinary Shares in a later year will continue to be subject to the excess distribution rules during the taxable year for which the mark-to-market election becomes effective, including with respect to any mark-to-market gain recognized at the end of that year. In subsequent years for which a valid mark-to-mark election remains in effect, the excess distribution rules generally will not apply. A U.S. Holder that is eligible to make a mark-to-market with respect to such holder’s The Company Ordinary Shares may do so by providing the appropriate information on IRS Form 8621 and timely filing that form with the U.S. Holder’s tax return for the year in which the election becomes effective.
U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors as to the availability and desirability of a mark-to-market election, as well as the impact of such election on interests in any Lower-Tier PFICs.
A U.S. Holder of a PFIC may be required to file an IRS Form 8621 on an annual basis and to provide such other information as may be required by the U.S. Treasury Department. Failure to do so, if required, will extend the statute of limitations applicable to such U.S. Holder until such required information is furnished to the IRS. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding any reporting requirements that may apply to them if the Company is a PFIC.
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The rules dealing with PFICs and with the QEF, “deemed sale,” and mark-to-market elections are very complex and are affected by various factors in addition to those described above. U.S. Holders are strongly encouraged to consult their tax advisors regarding the application of the PFIC rules to their particular circumstances.
Non-U.S. Holders
The section applies to Non-U.S. Holders of the Company Ordinary Shares and the Company Warrants. For purposes of this analysis, a Non-U.S. Holder means a beneficial owner (other than a partnership or an entity or arrangement so characterized for U.S. federal income tax purposes) of the Company Ordinary Shares or the Company Warrants that is for U.S. federal income tax purposes not a U.S. Holder, including:
| ● | a nonresident alien individual, other than certain former citizens and residents of the U.S. subject to U.S. tax as expatriates; | |
| ● | a foreign corporation; or | |
| ● | a foreign estate or trust; |
but generally does not include a beneficial owner who has been or is engaged in the conduct of a trade or business within the U.S. or an individual who is present in the U.S. for 183 days or more in the taxable year of the disposition of the Company Ordinary Shares or the Company Warrants (except to the extent analyzed below). If you are such an individual, you should consult your tax advisor regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences of exercising redemption rights with respect to Globis Common Stock or the ownership and disposition of the Company Ordinary Shares or the Company Warrants.
Non-U.S. Holders Exercising Redemption Rights with Respect to Globis Common Stock
The characterization for U.S. federal income tax purposes of the redemption of a Non-U.S. Holder’s Globis Common Stock generally will correspond to the U.S. federal income tax characterization of such a redemption of a U.S. Holder’s Globis Common Stock, as described above under “— U.S. Holders Exercising Redemption Rights with Respect to Globis Common Stock.”
Subject to the analysis below concerning backup withholding, if such a redemption qualifies as a sale of the Globis Common Stock, any redeeming Non-U.S. Holder will generally not be subject to U.S. federal income tax or withholding tax on any gain recognized as a result of the redemption or be able to utilize a loss in computing U.S. federal income tax liability unless one of the exceptions described below under “— U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences of the Ownership and Disposition of the Company Ordinary Shares and the Company Warrants to Non-U.S. Holders” applies in respect of gain from the disposition of Globis Common Stock. Moreover, redeeming Non-U.S. Holders may be subject to U.S. federal income tax on any gain recognized as a result of the redemption if Globis Common Stock constitutes a U.S. real property interest by reason of Globis’ status as a U.S. real property holding corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Globis believes that it is not and has not been at any time since its formation a U.S. real property holding corporation.
If a Non-U.S. Holder receives cash for Globis Common Stock, and the redemption is treated as a corporate distribution (rather than a sale of stock under Section 302 of the Code), the Non-U.S. Holder will be subject to a 30% withholding tax (unless otherwise reduced by an applicable income tax treaty and the Non-U.S. Holder provides a proper certificate of its eligibility for such reduced rate (usually on an IRS Form W-8BEN or W-8BEN-E, as applicable)) on the gross amount of the distribution to the extent the distribution is paid from current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles, and treated as dividends, provided such dividends are not effectively connected with such Non-U.S. Holder’s conduct of a trade or business within the U.S. Any distribution not constituting a dividend will be treated first as reducing (but not below zero) the Non-U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in its Globis Common Stock and then, to the extent such distribution exceeds the Non-U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis, as gain realized from the sale or other disposition of such Globis Common Stock, which will be treated as described in the paragraph immediately above. A redemption treated as a dividend by Globis to a Non-U.S. Holder that is effectively connected with such Non-U.S. Holder’s conduct of a trade or business within the United States (and if an income tax treaty applies, are attributable to a U.S. permanent establishment or fixed base maintained by the Non-U.S. Holder in the U.S.) will generally not be subject to U.S. withholding tax, provided such Non-U.S. Holder complies with certain certification and disclosure requirements (usually by providing an IRS Form W-8ECI). Instead, such dividends will generally be subject to U.S. federal income tax, net of certain deductions, at the same corporate or graduated individual rates applicable to U.S. Holders (together with branch profits tax, at a 30% rate, or such lower rate specified by an applicable tax treaty, as adjusted for certain items, if such Non-U.S. Holder is a corporation).
IF YOU ARE A NON-U.S. HOLDER OF Globis COMMON STOCK CONTEMPLATING EXERCISE OF YOUR REDEMPTION RIGHTS, WE URGE YOU TO CONSULT YOUR TAX ADVISOR CONCERNING THE U.S. FEDERAL, STATE, LOCAL, AND FOREIGN INCOME AND OTHER TAX CONSEQUENCES THEREOF.
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U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences of the Ownership and Disposition of the Company Ordinary Shares and the Company Warrants to Non-U.S. Holders
Subject to the analysis below concerning backup withholding, any (i) dividends of cash or property (including constructive distributions treated as dividends as further described under the heading “U.S. Holders — U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences of the Ownership and Disposition of the Company Ordinary Shares and the Company Warrants to U.S. Holders — Possible Constructive Distributions”) paid or deemed paid to a Non-U.S. Holder in respect of the Company Ordinary Shares or (ii) gain realized upon the sale or other taxable disposition of the Company Ordinary Shares and/or the Company Warrants by a Non-U.S. Holder generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxation or withholding tax unless:
| ● | the gain or dividend is effectively connected with the Non-U.S. Holder’s conduct of a trade or business within the United States (and, if required by an applicable income tax treaty, the Non-U.S. Holder maintains a permanent establishment or a “fixed base” in the United States to which such gain is attributable); or | |
| ● | in the case of any gain, the Non-U.S. Holder is a nonresident alien individual present in the United States for 183 days or more during the taxable year of the disposition and certain other requirements are met. |
Gain or distributions described in the first bullet point above generally will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on a net income basis at the regular rates. A Non-U.S. Holder that is a corporation also may be subject to a branch profits tax at a rate of 30% (or such lower rate specified by an applicable income tax treaty) on such effectively connected gain, as adjusted for certain items.
Gain described in the second bullet point above will be subject to U.S. federal income tax at a rate of 30% (or such lower rate specified by an applicable income tax treaty), which may be offset by U.S. source capital losses of the Non-U.S. Holder (even though the individual is not considered a resident of the United States), provided the Non-U.S. Holder has timely filed U.S. federal income tax returns with respect to such losses.
The U.S. federal income tax treatment of a Non-U.S. Holder’s exercise of the Company Warrant, or the lapse of the Company Warrant held by a Non-U.S. Holder, generally will correspond to the U.S. federal income tax treatment of the exercise or lapse of the Company Warrant by a U.S. Holder, as described under “U.S. Holders — U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences of the Ownership and Disposition of the Company Ordinary Shares and the Company Warrants to U.S. Holders — Exercise, Lapse or Redemption of the Company Warrant” above, although to the extent a cashless exercise or lapse results in a taxable exchange, the consequences would be similar to those described in the preceding paragraphs above for a Non-U.S. Holder’s gain on the sale or other disposition of the Company Ordinary Shares and the Company Warrants.
The characterization for U.S. federal income tax purposes of the redemption of the Non-U.S. Holder’s The Company Warrants generally will correspond to the U.S. federal income tax treatment of such a redemption of a U.S. Holder’s warrants, as described under “U.S. Holders — U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences of the Ownership and Disposition of The Company Ordinary Shares and The Company Warrants to U.S. Holders — Exercise, Lapse or Redemption of a Company Warrant” above, and the consequences of the redemption to the Non-U.S. Holder will be as described in the first paragraph above under the heading “— U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences of the Ownership and Disposition of The Company Ordinary Shares and The Company Warrants to Non-U.S. Holders” based on such characterization.
Non-U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding potentially applicable income tax treaties that may provide for different rules.
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Information Reporting and Backup Withholding
Information reporting requirements may apply to cash received in redemption of Globis Common Stock, dividends received by U.S. Holders of the Company Ordinary Shares, and the proceeds received on the disposition of the Company Ordinary Shares effected within the U.S. (and, in certain cases, outside the U.S.), in each case other than U.S. Holders that are exempt recipients (such as corporations). Backup withholding (currently at a rate of 24%) may apply to such amounts if the U.S. Holder fails to provide an accurate taxpayer identification number (generally on an IRS Form W-9 provided to the paying agent of the U.S. Holder’s broker) or is otherwise subject to backup withholding. Any redemptions treated as dividend payments with respect to Globis Common Stock or the Company Ordinary Shares and proceeds from the sale, exchange, redemption or other disposition of the Company Ordinary Shares may be subject to information reporting to the IRS and possible U.S. backup withholding. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the application of the U.S. information reporting and backup withholding rules.
Information returns may be required to be filed with the IRS in connection with, and Non-U.S. Holders may be subject to backup withholding on amounts received in respect of, a Non-U.S. Holder’s disposition of Globis securities or their The Company Ordinary Shares, unless the Non-U.S. Holder furnishes to the applicable withholding agent the required certification as to its non-U.S. status, such as by providing a valid IRS Form W-8BEN, IRS Form W-8BEN-E or IRS Form W-8ECI, as applicable, or the Non-U.S. Holder otherwise establishes an exemption. Dividends paid with respect to the Company Ordinary Shares and proceeds from the sale of other disposition of the Company Ordinary Shares received in the U.S. by a Non-U.S. Holder through certain U.S.-related financial intermediaries may be subject to information reporting and backup withholding unless such Non-U.S. Holder provides proof of an applicable exemption or complies with certain certification procedures described above, and otherwise complies with the applicable requirements of the backup withholding rules.
Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Amounts withheld as backup withholding may be credited against the taxpayer’s U.S. federal income tax liability, and a taxpayer may obtain a refund of any excess amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules by timely filing the appropriate claim for a refund with the IRS and furnishing any required information.
THE U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX ANALYSIS SET FORTH ABOVE IS INCLUDED FOR GENERAL INFORMATION ONLY AND MAY NOT BE APPLICABLE TO YOU DEPENDING UPON YOUR PARTICULAR SITUATION. YOU ARE URGED TO CONSULT YOUR OWN TAX ADVISOR WITH RESPECT TO THE TAX CONSEQUENCES TO YOU OF THE BUSINESS COMBINATION, THE EXERCISE OF YOUR REDEMPTION RIGHTS WITH RESPECT TO Globis COMMON STOCK, AND OF THE OWNERSHIP AND DISPOSITION OF THE COMPANY ORDINARY SHARES AND THE COMPANY WARRANTS, AS APPLICABLE, INCLUDING THE TAX CONSEQUENCES UNDER STATE, LOCAL, FOREIGN AND OTHER TAX LAWS AND TAX TREATIES AND THE POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN U.S. OR OTHER TAX LAWS.
F. Dividends and Paying Agents
Not applicable.
G. Statement by Experts
Not applicable.
H. Documents on Display
We are subject to the periodic reporting and other informational requirements of the Exchange Act. Under the Exchange Act, we are required to file reports and other information with the SEC. Specifically, we are required to file annually a Form 20-F within four months after the end of each fiscal year. Copies of reports and other information, when so filed, may be inspected without charge and may be obtained at prescribed rates at the public reference facilities maintained by the SEC at Judiciary Plaza, 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. The public may obtain information regarding the Washington, D.C. Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC also maintains a web site at http://www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding registrants that make electronic filings with the SEC using its EDGAR system. As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules of the Exchange Act prescribing, among other things, the furnishing and content of proxy statements to shareholders, and our executive officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act.
We also maintain a corporate website at https://www.forafric.com. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website does not constitute a part of this report.
I. Subsidiary Information
Not applicable.
J. Annual Report to Security Holders
Not applicable.
| 69 |
Item 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Foreign Exchange Risk
The Company’s functional currency is the Moroccan dirham (“MAD”), and its presentation currency is the United States Dollar (“USD”). Our global operations require active participation in foreign exchange markets. Our primary foreign currency exposures are the Moroccan Dirham, US Dollar and Euro. To reduce the risk arising from foreign exchange rate fluctuations, we may enter into derivative instruments, such as foreign currency forward contracts, swaps, and options. The changes in market value of such contracts have a high correlation to the price changes in the related currency exposures. Our results of operations and cash flows are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, particularly changes in the Moroccan Dirham to the U.S. dollar and Euro. Substantial changes in the exchange rate could have a material effect on our clients, our business and our profitability. From the beginning of 2023, the Company entered into foreign currency forward contracts to reduce the risk arising from foreign exchange rate fluctuations.
Credit Risk
Through our normal business activities, we are subject to significant credit and counterparty risks that arise through commercial sales and purchases. We define credit and counterparty risk as a potential financial loss due to the failure of a counterparty to honor its obligations. The exposure is measured based upon several factors, including unpaid accounts receivable from counterparties. Credit and counterparty risk also includes sovereign credit risk. We actively monitor credit and counterparty risk through a regular review of exposures and credit analysis by regional credit teams, as well as a review by corporate committees that monitor counterparty performance. We record provisions for counterparty losses from time to time as a result of our credit and counterparty analysis.
During periods of tight conditions in global credit markets, downturns in regional or global economic conditions, and/or significant price volatility, credit and counterparty risks are heightened. This increased risk is monitored through, among other things, exposure reporting, increased communication with key counterparties, management reviews, and specific focus on counterparties or groups of counterparties that we may determine as high risk.
Commodities Risk
We operate in many areas of the food industry, from agricultural raw materials to the production and sale of branded food products. As a result, we purchase and produce various materials, many of which are agricultural commodities, including: Flour, Semolina, Pasta and Couscous.
Agricultural commodities are subject to price fluctuations due to a number of unpredictable factors that may create price risk.
Interest Rate Risk
Inflationary factors generally affect us by increasing our labor and overhead costs, as well as costs related to those items associated with certain risks identified above, which may adversely affect our results of operations and financial position. We have historically been able to recover the impacts of inflation through sales price increases, however we cannot reasonably estimate our ability to successfully recover any impact of inflation through price increases in the future. Our inability to do so could harm our results of operations and financial position.
Inflation Risk
In recent years, inflation has not had a material impact on our results of operations.
Item 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES
A. Debt Securities.
Not applicable.
B. Warrants and rights.
Not applicable.
C. Other Securities.
Not applicable.
D. American Depositary Shares
Not applicable.
| 70 |
Part II
Item 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES
None.
Item 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS
See “Item 10. Additional Information” for a description of the rights of securities holders, which remain unchanged.
Use of Proceeds
Not applicable.
Item 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
(a) Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer, we carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, which is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) of the Exchange Act, as of December 31, 2024. Based on that evaluation, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures, as of December 31, 2024, were effective.
(b) Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act. Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework and criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) as of December 31, 2024. Based on that evaluation, our management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2024. As all internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations, our internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements.
(c) Attestation Report of the Company’s Registered Public Accounting Firm
This Annual Report does not include an attestation report of the company’s registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting due to a transition period established by rules of the SEC for emerging growth companies.
(d) Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by this annual report on Form 20-F that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Item 16. [RESERVED]
Item 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT
We have one financial expert as of the date of this report. Our Board of Directors has determined that Franco Cassar, chair of our audit committee, qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert” as defined in the SEC rules and satisfies the financial sophistication requirements of The NASDAQ Global Market. Mr. Cassar is “independent” as that term is defined in the rules of the SEC and the applicable rules of the NASDAQ Global Market.
Item 16B. CODE OF ETHICS
Following the Business Combination, the Company posted its Code of Conduct and Ethics and intends to post any amendments to or any waivers from a provision of its Code of Conduct and Ethics on its website, and also intends to disclose any amendments to or waivers of certain provisions of its Code of Conduct and Ethics in a manner required by applicable rules or regulations of the SEC or securities exchange.
| 71 |
Item 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
The following table sets forth the aggregate fees by categories specified below in connection with certain professional services rendered by our principal external auditors, for the periods indicated.
| For the years ended December 31, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| Audit fees | $ | 675,000 | $ | 645,000 | ||||
| Audit-related fees | - | - | ||||||
| Tax fees | - | - | ||||||
| All other fees | - | - | ||||||
| Total | $ | 675,000 | $ | 645,000 | ||||
“Audit fees” represents the aggregate fees billed or to be billed for each of the fiscal years listed for professional services rendered by our principal auditor for the audit of our annual financial statements and review of our semi-annual financial statements.
“Audit-related fees” are the aggregate fees billed for assurance and related services that are reasonably related to the performance of the audit and are not reported under audit fees. These fees primarily include review of documents filed with the SEC.
“Tax fees” include fees for professional services rendered by our principal auditor for tax compliance and tax advice on actual or contemplated transactions.
“Other fees” include fees for services rendered by our independent registered public accounting firm with respect to other matters not reported under “Audit fees”, “Audit-related fees” and “Tax fees”.
The policy of our audit committee is to pre-approve all audit and non-audit services provided by our principal auditor including audit services, audit-related services, tax services and other services.
Item 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES
Not applicable.
Item 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS
Not applicable.
Item 16F. CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT
Not applicable.
Item 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Under the Companies Act, all companies incorporated under the laws of Gibraltar, including companies whose shares whose shares are publicly traded and listed on the Nasdaq Global Market, are required to comply with various corporate governance requirements under Gibraltar law and the Articles of Association of such company. The requirements relate to such matters as the composition of the board of directors, the convening of board and shareholder meetings, proceedings at the same, and the issuance of shares. These requirements are in addition to the corporate governance requirements imposed by the Nasdaq Listing Rules, and other applicable provisions of U.S. securities laws to which we are subject as a foreign private issuer due to the listing of our ordinary shares on the Nasdaq Global Market.
Certain corporate governance practices in Gibraltar, which is our home country, differ significantly from requirements for companies incorporated in other jurisdictions such as the United States.
As a foreign private issuer whose securities are listed on the NASDAQ, we are permitted to follow certain home country corporate governance practices in lieu of the comparable requirements of the NASDAQ Rules pursuant to NASDAQ Rule 5615(a)(3), which provides for such exemption to compliance with the NASDAQ Rule 5600 Series, except for certain matters including (among others) the composition and responsibilities of the audit committee and the independence of its members within the meaning of the rules and regulations of the SEC.
By way of example, we have relied on this exemption in respect of the following:
| ● | an exemption from the rule that a majority of our board of directors must be independent directors: There is no requirement in the Companies Act that the board of directors of the Company must be comprised of Independent Directors as defined in Rule 5605(a)(2). | |
| ● | an exemption from the rule that director nominees must be selected or recommended solely by independent directors: There is no such restriction in the Company’s Act or the Articles of Association of the Company. Therefore, director nominees do not have to be selected by or recommended solely by Independent Directors. |
| 72 |
| ● | composition of the Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee and the Remuneration Committee: There is no requirement in the Companies Act that the members of the Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee and the Remuneration Committee be Independent Directors. As such, even though not an Independent Director, James Lasry was appointed as a member of the Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee and the Remuneration Committee. | |
| ● | notice, quorum, all procedural requirements in respect of each EGM and the Company’s AGM: As permitted, the Company has elected to follow the notice, quorum and procedural requirements in respect of each EGM and AGM stipulated in the Companies Act. | |
| ● | adoption of the ESOP: There is no requirement in the Companies Act for a share scheme to require the approval of the shareholders. The ESOP was therefore adopted by the board of directors of the Company in accordance with home country practice and the Company’s Articles of Association. | |
| ● | Issuance of Shares: Under the Companies Act, there is no restriction on the Company’s directors from allotting shares to the non-executive directors on the terms of the Directors Services Agreements, in accordance with the powers granted to them for 5 years under the Articles of Association. |
To the extent we choose to follow home country practice with respect to additional corporate governance matters, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would under rules and regulations applicable to U.S. domestic issuers. As a result of all of the above, our shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of the board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States.
Item 16H. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Not applicable.
Item 16I. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS
Not applicable.
ITEM 16J. INSIDER TRADING POLICIES
We have
ITEM 16K. CYBERSECURITY
We have not, to our knowledge, experienced any material IT system failures or any material cybersecurity attacks to date. See “Item 3.D — Risk Factors Risks Related to Data Security and Intellectual Property — Our business and operations would suffer in the event of IT system failures, cybersecurity attacks, data breaches, or vulnerabilities in our or our third-party vendors’ information security program or defenses.”
| 73 |
Part III
Item 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
We have elected to provide financial statements pursuant to Item 18.
Item 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The consolidated financial statements of Forafric Global, PLC, and its subsidiaries are included at the end of this annual report.
Item 19. EXHIBITS
EXHIBIT INDEX
| 74 |
| * | Filed herewith. |
| ## | Management contract or compensatory plan. |
| 75 |
SIGNATURES
The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.
| Forafric Global, PLC | ||
| Date: April 30, 2025 | By: | /s/ Khalid Assari |
| Khalid Assari | ||
| Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board | ||
| (Principal Executive Officer) | ||
| /s/ Julien Benitah | ||
| Julien Benitah | ||
| Chief Financial Officer | ||
| (Principal Accounting and Financial Officer) | ||
| 76 |
FORAFRIC GLOBAL PLC AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024, 2023 AND 2022
| F-1 |
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors of
Forafric Global PLC
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
Substantial Doubt Regarding the Company’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern
The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, the Company has suffered recurring losses from operations, has an accumulated deficit and does not believe that its current level of cash and cash equivalents is sufficient to fund continuing operations. These factors raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 2. The Consolidated Financial Statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.
Basis for Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
These Consolidated Financial Statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the Consolidated Financial Statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal controls over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal controls over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the Consolidated Financial Statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the Consolidated Financial Statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the Consolidated Financial Statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
/s/
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2021.
April 30, 2025
| F-2 |
FORAFRIC GLOBAL PLC AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, except share and per share data)
| December 31, | December 31, | |||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| ASSETS | ||||||||
| Current assets: | ||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | $ | ||||||
| Accounts receivable, net | ||||||||
| Amount due from related parties | ||||||||
| Other receivables | ||||||||
| Inventories | ||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | ||||||||
| Assets held for sale, current | ||||||||
| Total current assets | ||||||||
| Property, plant, and equipment, net | ||||||||
| Right-of-use assets | ||||||||
| Goodwill | ||||||||
| Intangible assets, net | ||||||||
| Other assets, noncurrent | ||||||||
| Assets held for sale, noncurrent | ||||||||
| Total assets | $ | $ | ||||||
| LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY | ||||||||
| Current liabilities: | ||||||||
| Lines of credit – working capital | $ | $ | ||||||
| Lines of credit – wheat inventories | ||||||||
| Accounts payable | ||||||||
| Accrued expenses | ||||||||
| Contract liabilities | ||||||||
| Current portion of long-term debt | ||||||||
| Contingent consideration liability | ||||||||
| Other liabilities, current | ||||||||
| Liabilities held-for-sale, current | ||||||||
| Total current liabilities | ||||||||
| Long-term debt | ||||||||
| Loan from related party | ||||||||
| Deferred tax liabilities, net | ||||||||
| Other liabilities, noncurrent | ||||||||
| Liabilities held for sale, noncurrent | ||||||||
| Total liabilities | ||||||||
| Commitments and contingencies (Note 20) | ||||||||
| Stockholders’ equity: | ||||||||
| Preferred shares; $ par value; authorized, and issued and outstanding, at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively | $ | $ | ||||||
| Ordinary shares, $ par value; authorized; and issued and outstanding, at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively | ||||||||
| Additional paid-in capital | ||||||||
| Accumulated deficit | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Non-controlling interest | ||||||||
| Total Stockholders’ equity | ||||||||
| Total liabilities and Stockholders’ equity | $ | $ | ||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
| F-3 |
FORAFRIC GLOBAL PLC AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
(In thousands, except share and per share data)
| 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| Revenues | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Cost of sales | ||||||||||||
| Gross profit | ||||||||||||
| Operating expenses: | ||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative expenses | ||||||||||||
| Total operating expenses | ||||||||||||
| Operating (loss) profit from continuing operations | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Other expense (income): | ||||||||||||
| Interest income | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Interest expense | ||||||||||||
| Change in fair value of derivatives and contingent consideration | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Foreign Exchange loss (gain) | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Other non-operating expenses | ||||||||||||
| Total other expense | ||||||||||||
| Loss before taxes from continuing operations | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Income tax expense (benefit) | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Loss from continuing operations | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Discontinued operations: | ||||||||||||
| Profit (loss) before taxes from discontinued operations | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Income tax expense (benefit) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| (Loss) profit from discontinued operations | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Net loss | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Net loss attributable to the Company | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | |||
| Loss from continuing operations per ordinary shares outstanding – basic and diluted | $ | ) | $ | ) | $ | ) | ||||||
| Loss from discontinued operations per ordinary shares outstanding – basic and diluted | $ | ) | $ | $ | ) | |||||||
| Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding - basic and diluted | ||||||||||||
| Net loss | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Other comprehensive loss net of tax: | ||||||||||||
| Foreign currency translation adjustments | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Total other comprehensive loss | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Comprehensive loss | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| less: Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Comprehensive loss attributable to the Company | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | |||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
| F-4 |
FORAFRIC GLOBAL PLC AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(In thousands, except share and per share data)
| Accumulated | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Additional | Other | Non- | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ordinary shares | Class Z Ordinary Shares |
Paid-in | Accumulated | Comprehensive | Controlling | Stockholders’ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares | Amount | Shares | Amount | Capital | Deficit | Income (Loss) | Interest | Equity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, December 31, 2021 - issued | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | $ | | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Retroactive adjustment to reflect recapitalization | ( | ) | ( | ) | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, December 31, 2021 - adjusted | $ | - | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Merger and recapitalization | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Transaction costs | - | - | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Derivative liability for forward purchase agreement | - | - | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Contingent consideration liability | - | - | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares issued upon exercise of warrants | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Settlement of forward share purchase agreement derivative liability | ( | ) | ( | ) | - | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss | - | - | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign exchange loss | - | - | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, December 31, 2022 | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares repurchased and retired | - | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares issued upon exercise of warrants | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Acquisition of non-controlling interest | - | - | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Redeemable noncontrolling interest | - | - | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net (loss) income | - | - | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign exchange (loss) gain | - | - | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, December 31, 2023 | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net (loss) income | - | - | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign exchange loss | - | - | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, December 31, 2024 | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
| F-5 |
FORAFRIC GLOBAL PLC AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands, except share and per share data)
| 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| Cash flows from operating activities: | ||||||||||||
| Net loss | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | |||
| Less: Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Net loss from continuing operations | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Adjustments to reconcile net loss from continuing operations to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities from continuing operations: | ||||||||||||
| Depreciation of property, plant and equipment | ||||||||||||
| Amortization of intangible assets | ||||||||||||
| Amortization of right-of-use assets | ||||||||||||
| Bad debt expense | ||||||||||||
| Impairment of other assets | ||||||||||||
| Change in fair value of derivatives and contingent consideration | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Non-cash accretion of interest expense | ||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation | ||||||||||||
| Deferred income taxes | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities: | ||||||||||||
| Accounts receivable | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Other receivables | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Inventories | ||||||||||||
| Other assets, noncurrent | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Accounts payable | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Lease liabilities | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Other payables and liabilities | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities from continuing operations | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities from discontinued operations | ||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Cash flows from investing activities: | ||||||||||||
| Acquisition of businesses and assets, net of cash acquired | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Purchases of property, plant, and equipment | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Sales of property, plant, and equipment | ||||||||||||
| Additions to intangible assets | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Net cash used in investing activities from continuing operations | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Net cash used in investing activities from discontinued operations | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Net cash used in investing activities | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Cash flows from financing activities: | ||||||||||||
| Cash acquired in merger and recapitalization | ||||||||||||
| Proceeds from forward share purchase agreement | ||||||||||||
| Proceeds from convertible bonds issued | ||||||||||||
| Proceeds from exercise of warrants | ||||||||||||
| Transaction costs | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Loans from related parties | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Borrowings on working capital facilities, net | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Borrowings on lines of credit – Wheat inventories | ||||||||||||
| Repayments on lines of credit – Wheat inventories | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Borrowings on loans | ||||||||||||
| Repayments on loans | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities from continuing operations | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities from discontinued operations | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year | ||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents, end of year | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Non-cash activities: | ||||||||||||
| Non-cash acquisition of non-controlling interest | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Shares repurchased and retired | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Forward share purchase agreements | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Contingent consideration liability | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Conversion of convertible bonds into ordinary shares | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Consideration and accrued interest paid to selling stockholder in ordinary shares | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Supplemental cash flow disclosures: | ||||||||||||
| Interest paid | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Net income taxes paid | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
| F-6 |
FORAFRIC GLOBAL PLC AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022
(In thousands, except share and per share data)
1. NATURE OF OPERATIONS AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION
Nature of Operations - Forafric Global PLC and Subsidiaries (the “Company”, “we”, “us” or “our”), formerly known as Forafric Agro Holdings Limited, through its subsidiaries is a market leader in the milling industry. The Company operates in Morocco and West Africa and has a complete offering of flours and semolina, as well secondary processing products including pasta and couscous, rice, and starches.
These consolidated financial statements are the consolidated financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries, each of which is controlled, and is based on the financial position and results of operations of the Company as a standalone company. Intercompany balances and transactions between consolidated entities have been eliminated. Refer to Note 22 — Related Parties for further information regarding the Company’s related party transactions.
Unless otherwise noted, discussion in these Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements refers to our continuing operations. Refer to Note 23, Assets and liabilities held for sale and discontinued operations, for additional information.
Basis of Presentation - These consolidated financial statements reflect the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Company and have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Use of Estimates - The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to use judgment to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of net sales and expenses during the reporting period. Significant accounting policy elections, estimates and assumptions include, among others, allowance for credit losses, valuation assumptions of goodwill and intangible assets, useful lives of long-lived assets, and measurement of income tax assets. Given the uncertainty of the global economic environment, our estimates could be significantly different than future performance. Actual results could differ from these estimates. Historically, the aggregate differences, if any, between our estimates and actual amounts in any year have not had a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.
Principles of Consolidation – The accompanying consolidated financial statements include all entities controlled by the Company. Intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated.
Control exists when the Company has the power, directly or indirectly, to govern the financial and operating policies of an entity that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive the benefits from its activities that could potentially be significant to the entity. In assessing control, potential voting rights that are currently exercisable or convertible are considered. The accounts of subsidiaries are included in the consolidated financial statements from the date that control commences until the date that control ceases.
Cash Equivalents - We consider temporary cash investments with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents.
Accounts Receivable and Allowances for Credit Losses – We provide credit terms to customers in-line with industry standards, perform ongoing credit evaluations of our customers, and maintain allowances for potential credit losses based on historical experience recorded. We analyze the aging of customer accounts, customer concentrations, customer creditworthiness, current economic trends and changes in our customer payment patterns when evaluating the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses. Customer balances are written off after all collection efforts are exhausted. Estimated product returns, which have not been material, are deducted from sales at the time of shipment.
Inventories - Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The Company’s inventory is valued using the weighted average cost method. The costs of finished goods inventories include raw materials, labor, and overhead costs.
| F-7 |
FORAFRIC GLOBAL PLC AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Continued)
Other
Receivables – Other receivables include government subsidies for the production and sale of flour. The Moroccan government
provides a fixed subsidy based on production and customer. Subsidies are paid by the Moroccan government twice a year based on sales
of flour for the previous six months. The Company records the flour subsidies as a credit against the related costs that the subsidies
were intended to offset in the same periods that the costs were incurred within the consolidated statement of operations. During the
year ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, the Company received $
Property, Plant, and Equipment - Property, plant, and equipment are stated at acquisition cost, plus capitalized interest on borrowings during the actual construction period of major capital projects. Depreciation and amortization are calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets as follows:
SCHEDULE OF ESTIMATED USEFUL LIFE OF PROPERTY PLANT AND EQUIPMENT
| Assets | Useful Lives | |
| Buildings | ||
| Machinery and equipment (technical installations) | ||
| Other assets |
Building improvements are depreciated over the shorter of the estimated useful life of the assets or the remaining useful life. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of their useful life or remaining lease term. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance, which do not improve or extend the life of the assets, are expensed as incurred.
We perform impairment tests when circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. Indicators of impairment include deteriorations in operating cash flows, the anticipated sale or disposal of an asset group, and other significant changes in business conditions. Property, plant and equipment are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. The Company’s assessment of recoverability of property, plant and equipment is performed on a reporting unit level. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of such asset to its estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount of such asset exceeds its estimated undiscounted future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized by the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. Assets to be disposed of by sale are reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value, less estimated costs to sell.
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets - Identifiable intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives as follows:
SCHEDULE OF ESTIMATED USEFUL LIFE OF GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS
| Assets | Useful Lives | |
| Trademarks | ||
| Customer relationships | ||
| Patents and licenses | ||
| Computer software | ||
| Other intangible assets |
Recognized intangible assets, exclusive of goodwill, are amortized over the useful lives of the assets unless that life is determined to be indefinite. All of our intangible assets, exclusive of goodwill and trademarks, are finite lived. All amortization expense related to intangible assets is recorded in Selling, general, and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of operations. Intangible assets with finite lives are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. If an evaluation of the undiscounted cash flows indicates impairment, the asset is written down to its estimated fair value, which is generally based on discounted future cash flows.
Goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets are evaluated for impairment annually, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Our annual impairment evaluation is conducted during our fiscal fourth quarter.
| F-8 |
FORAFRIC GLOBAL PLC AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Continued)
In accordance with the accounting standards, an entity has the option first to assess qualitative factors to determine whether events and circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that goodwill or an indefinite-lived intangible asset is impaired. If after such assessment an entity concludes that the asset is not impaired, then the entity is not required to take further action. However, if an entity concludes otherwise, then it is required to determine the fair value of the asset using a quantitative impairment test, and if impaired, the associated assets must be written down to fair value.
The quantitative impairment test for goodwill compares the fair value of a reporting unit with the carrying value of its net assets, including goodwill. If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than the carrying value of the reporting unit, an impairment charge would be recorded to the Company’s operations, for the amount in which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. We determine fair values for each reporting unit using the market approach, when available and appropriate, the income approach, or a combination of both. The income approach involves forecasting projected financial information (such as revenue growth rates, profit margins, tax rates, and capital expenditures) and selecting a discount rate that reflects the risk inherent in estimated future cash flows. Under the market approach, the fair value is based on observed market data. If multiple valuation methodologies are used, the results are weighted appropriately.
Segment Reporting - The Company reports segment information based on the “management” approach. The management approach designates the internal reporting used by management for making decisions and assessing performance as the source of the Company’s reportable segments. Management has identified Soft Wheat, Durum Wheat, and Couscous and Pasta as separate operating segments. Refer to Note 21 for further information regarding the Company’s segment information.
Advertising
- The Company has elected to expense all advertising costs as incurred. The Company expenses advertising costs as incurred and such
expenses totaled $
Leases - We determine if an arrangement is or contains a lease at inception. Our assessment is based on (1) whether the contract involves the use of a distinct identified asset, (2) whether we obtain the right to substantially all the economic benefit from the use of the asset throughout the period and (3) whether we have the right to direct the use of the asset. Leases are classified as either finance leases or operating leases. A lease is classified as a finance lease if any one of the following criteria are met: the lease transfers ownership of the asset by the end of the lease term, the lease contains an option to purchase the asset that is reasonably certain to be exercised, the lease term is for a major part of the remaining useful life of the asset or the present value of the lease payments equals or exceeds substantially all of the fair value of the asset. A lease is classified as an operating lease if it does not meet any one of these criteria. The lease classification affects the expense recognition in the income statement. Operating lease costs are recorded entirely in operating expenses. Finance lease costs are split, where amortization of the ROU asset is recorded in operating expenses and an implied interest component is recorded in interest expense.
The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the grant date fair value of its stock options and phantom options, respectively, as well as the fair value at each reporting period for liability classified awards. This model requires the Company to estimate the expected volatility and the expected term of the stock options, which are highly complex and subjective variables. The Company uses an expected volatility of its stock price during the expected life of the options that is based on the historical performance of the Company’s stock price as well as including an estimate using similar companies. The expected term is computed using the simplified method as the Company’s best estimate given its lack of actual exercise history. The Company has selected a risk-free rate based on the implied yield available on U.S. Treasury securities with a maturity equivalent to the expected exercise term of the stock option. The inputs to the valuation of phantom options are observable in the market, and as such are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. The Company accounts for forfeitures of share-based awards as they occur.
| F-9 |
FORAFRIC GLOBAL PLC AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Continued)
Business Combinations and Asset Acquisitions – The Company accounts for acquisitions that qualify as business combinations by applying the acquisition method according to Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 805, Business Combinations (“ASC 805”). Transaction costs related to the acquisition of a business are expensed as incurred and excluded from the fair value of consideration transferred. The identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and noncontrolling interests in an acquired entity are recognized and measured at their estimated fair values. The excess of the fair value of consideration transferred over the fair values of identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and noncontrolling interests in an acquired entity, net of the fair value of any previously held interest in the acquired entity, is recorded as goodwill. Such valuations require management to make significant estimates and assumptions.
The Company evaluates acquisitions of assets and other similar transactions to assess whether the transaction should be accounted for as a business combination or asset acquisition by first applying a screen test to determine whether substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or group of similar identifiable assets. If so, the transaction is accounted for as an asset acquisition. If not, further determination is required as to whether the Company has acquired inputs and processes that can create outputs that would meet the definition of a business. When applying the screen test, significant judgment is required to determine whether an acquisition is a business combination or an acquisition of assets. Accounting for asset acquisitions falls under the guidance of Topic 805, Business Combinations, specifically Subtopic 805-50. A cost accumulation model is used to determine an asset acquisition’s cost. Assets acquired are based on their cost, generally allocated to them on a relative fair value basis. Direct acquisition-related costs are included in the cost of the acquired assets.
Foreign Currency Translation and Transactions - The Company’s reporting currency is the US dollar (“USD”). The functional currency of the Company’s operating subsidiaries is generally the same as the corresponding local currency. Assets and liabilities of the operating subsidiaries are translated at the spot rate in effect at the applicable reporting date. Revenues and expenses of the operating subsidiaries are translated at the average exchange rates in effect during the applicable period. The resulting foreign currency translation adjustment is recorded as Accumulated other comprehensive loss, which is reflected as a separate component of Stockholders’ equity. The functional currency is translated into U.S. dollars for balance sheet accounts using currency exchange rates in effect as of the balance sheet date, and for revenue and expense accounts using a weighted-average exchange rate during the fiscal year. The transactions in foreign currency (that is a different currency than the functional currency of the entity) are converted at the exchange rate prevailing to the date of the transaction. The assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are evaluated in the current period on the date of the closing or at the opening rate, when applicable. The translation adjustments are deferred as a separate component of equity in “Accumulated other comprehensive income”. Gains or losses resulting from transactions denominated in foreign currencies and intercompany debt that is not of a long-term investment nature are included in (Gain) loss on foreign currency exchange in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.
Credit Risk – Financial instruments potentially subject to concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and trade accounts receivable. At times during the periods presented, the Company had funds in excess of Deposit Insurance programs in Morocco, on deposit at various financial institutions. Management believes the Company is not exposed to significant credit risk due to the financial position of the depository institutions in which those deposits are held.
Revenue Recognition – The Company follows a policy of recognizing revenue at a single point in time when it satisfies its performance obligation by transferring control over a product or service to a customer. The majority of the Company’s contracts with customers have one performance obligation and a contract duration of one year or less. The Company applies the practical expedient in AASC paragraph 10-50-14 of ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers and does not disclose information about remaining performance obligations that have original expected durations of one year or less. Trade discounts or volume rebates are recognized as a deduction in revenue. No payment terms beyond one year are granted at contract inception.
Revenue related to the sale of goods is measured based on consideration specified in a contract with a customer. The Company recognizes revenue from these contracts at a point in time when it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring control of a product to a customer, generally when legal title and risks and rewards transfer to the customer. Sales terms typically provide for transfer of title at the time and point of delivery and acceptance of the product being sold.
| F-10 |
FORAFRIC GLOBAL PLC AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Continued)
Amounts received from customers prior to revenue recognition on a contract are recorded as contract liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.
Amounts paid to suppliers prior to purchase recognition are recorded within prepaid expenses and other current assets on the consolidated balance sheets.
Shipping and Handling Costs – Shipping and handling costs related to contracts with customers for the sale of goods are accounted for as a fulfillment activity and are included in cost of sales. Accordingly, amounts billed to customers for such costs are included as a component of revenues.
Taxes Collected from Customers and Remitted to Governmental Authorities – The Company does not include taxes assessed by governmental authorities that are (i) imposed on and concurrent with a specific revenue-producing transaction and (ii) collected from customers, in the measurement of transactions prices or as a component of revenues and cost of sales.
Income Taxes – The provision for income taxes includes income taxes currently payable in Morocco and local jurisdictions, and those deferred because of temporary differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets or liabilities are computed based on the difference between the financial statement and income tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates. Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will not be realized. Deferred income tax expenses or credits are based on the changes in the asset or liability from period to period. We account for uncertain tax positions using a “more-likely-than-not” threshold. A tax benefit from an uncertain tax position is recognized if it is more-likely-than-not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position, or the statute of limitations concerning such issues lapses.
Accounting for Warrants – The Company accounts for warrants as either equity-classified or liability-classified instruments based on an assessment of the instruments’ specific terms and applicable authoritative guidance in ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (“ASC 480”) and ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging (“ASC 815”). The assessment considers whether the instruments are free standing financial instruments pursuant to ASC 480, meet the definition of a liability pursuant to ASC 480, and whether the instruments all of the requirements for equity classification under ASC 815, including whether the instruments are indexed to the Company’s own ordinary shares and whether the instrument holders could potentially require “net cash settlement” in a circumstance outside of the Company’s control, among other conditions for equity classification. This assessment, which requires the use of professional judgment, is conducted at the time of warrant issuance and as of each subsequent period end date while the instruments are outstanding. Management has concluded that the Public Warrants and Private Placement Warrants issued pursuant to the Business Combination qualify for equity accounting treatment. For further detail on the Company’s Warrants (Public and Private), refer to Note 17 - Stockholders’ Equity.
Foreign Currency Forward Contracts –The Company is exposed to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations in the normal course of its business, which the Company at times manages through the use of foreign currency forward contracts. The Company has entered into foreign currency forward contracts and accounts for these instruments in accordance with ASC Topic 815, “Derivatives and Hedging,” which establishes accounting and reporting standards requiring that derivative instruments be recorded on the balance sheet as either an asset or liability measured at fair value. The Company’s foreign currency contracts are not designated as hedging instruments under ASC 815; accordingly, changes in the fair value are recorded in current period earnings. For more information, refer to Note 13 - Foreign currency forward contracts.
Fair Value Measurements – The Company follows the guidance in ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurement,” for its financial assets and liabilities that are re-measured and reported at fair value at each reporting period. The fair value of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities reflects management’s estimate of amounts that the Company would have received in connection with the sale of the assets or paid in connection with the transfer of the liabilities in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. In connection with measuring the fair value of its assets and liabilities, the Company seeks to maximize the use of observable inputs (market data obtained from independent sources) and to minimize the use of unobservable inputs (internal assumptions about how market participants would price assets and liabilities).
| F-11 |
FORAFRIC GLOBAL PLC AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Continued)
The following fair value hierarchy is used to classify assets and liabilities based on the observable inputs and unobservable inputs used to value the assets and liabilities:
| - | Level 1: Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. An active market for an asset or liability is a market in which transactions for the asset or liability occur with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis. |
| - | Level 2: Observable inputs other than Level 1 inputs. Examples of Level 2 inputs include quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities and quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in markets that are not active. |
| - | Level 3: Unobservable inputs based on our assessment of the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. |
The Company’s financial instruments include cash equivalents, accounts receivable from customers, other receivables, prepaid expenses and other current assets, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, all of which are typically short-term in nature. The Company believes that the carrying amounts of these financial instruments reasonably approximate their fair values due to their short-term nature.
The Company measures the derivative liability / asset related to foreign currency forward contracts at fair value on a recurring basis. Refer to Note 13 – Foreign currency forward contracts.
The Company measures the contingent consideration liability at fair value on a recurring basis on each reporting date. Refer to Note 14 — Contingent Consideration Liability for further information.
Non-Controlling Interests – Non-controlling interests on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss represent the portion of a majority-owned subsidiary’s net income or loss that is attributed by non-controlling stockholders. Non-controlling interests on the consolidated balance sheets represent the portion of equity in a consolidated subsidiary owned by non-controlling stockholders.
Assets and liabilities held for sale and discontinued operations – The Company classifies disposal groups as held for sale if their carrying amounts will be recovered principally through a sale transaction rather than through continuing use. Disposal groups classified as held for sale are measured at the lower of their carrying amount and fair value less costs to sell.
The criteria for held for sale classification is regarded as met only when the sale is highly probable, and the asset or disposal group is available for immediate sale in its present condition. Actions required to complete the sale should indicate that it is unlikely that significant changes to the sale will be made or that the decision to sell will be withdrawn. Management must be committed to the plan to sell the asset, and the sale expected to be completed within one year from the date of the classification.
Assets and liabilities classified as held for sale are presented separately in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Discontinued operations are excluded from the results of continuing operations and are presented as a single amount as profit or loss after tax from discontinued operations in the statement of profit or loss only if they represent a strategic shift. The revenue and expenses included in the results of discontinued operations are the revenue and direct operating expenses incurred by the discontinued component that may be reasonably segregated from the revenue and costs of the ongoing operations of the Company. Refer to Note 23 for further information.
Emerging Growth Company Status – the Company is an emerging growth company (“EGC”), as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (“JOBS Act”). Under the JOBS Act, EGCs can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards issued until such time as those standards apply to private companies. The Company has elected to use this extended transition period. In providing this relief, the JOBS Act does not preclude the Company from adopting a new or revised accounting standard earlier than the time that such standard applies to private companies. The Company will continue to use this relief until the earlier of the date that it (a) is no longer an emerging growth company or (b) affirmatively and irrevocably opts out of the extended transition period provided in the JOBS Act.
Reclassifications – Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation and following the classification assets and liabilities held for sale and discontinued operations.
Liquidity and going concern - In connection with the preparation of the consolidated financial statements for the year ending December 31, 2024, management has evaluated the company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Based on current financial conditions, the company has incurred significant operating losses in recent periods, and its cash flow projections indicate that it may not have sufficient liquidity to meet its obligations over the next twelve months.
| F-12 |
FORAFRIC GLOBAL PLC AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Continued)
As
of April 30, 2025, management is actively pursuing several potential sources of additional financing, including negotiations with investors
and financial institutions, as well as exploring cost-reduction initiatives and the potential sale of non-core assets. These plans have
not been finalized but management is confident on the closing of the sale of a wholly owned subsidiary operating in logistics activities
and the sale of long-term assets belonging to a durum wheat mill for total estimated proceeds of $
These conditions, among others, raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The financial statements have been prepared assuming the Company will continue as a going concern, but if the Company is unable to secure additional financing or otherwise resolve these uncertainties, it may be unable to realize its assets and discharge its liabilities in the normal course of business.
3. RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, requiring public entities to disclose information about their reportable segments’ significant expenses and other segment items on an interim and annual basis. Public entities with a single reportable segment are required to apply the disclosure requirements in ASU 2023-07, as well as all existing segment disclosures and reconciliation requirements in ASC 280 on an interim and annual basis. The Company adopted ASU 2023-07 during the year ended December 31, 2024. See Note 21, Segment Information in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements for further detail.
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (“ASU 2023-09”), which enhances the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures by requiring; (1) consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation and (2) income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. It also includes certain other amendments to improve the effectiveness of income tax disclosures. For public business entities, the standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. The Company is determining the impact of the ASU 2023-09 on its consolidated financial statements.
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, requiring public entities to disclose additional information about specific expense categories in the notes to the financial statements on an interim and annual basis. ASU 2024-03 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and for interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2024-03.
Other than as described above, no accounting pronouncements issued or effective during the year ended December 31, 2024, has had or is expected to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.
4. LEASES
The Company has operating leases for real estate and vehicles. The Company has finance leases for equipment and construction land space. Leases are classified as finance leases because ownership of the underlying assets transfers at the end the lease term. Remaining lease terms for these leases range from less than one year to six years.
| F-13 |
FORAFRIC GLOBAL PLC AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Continued)
The Company does not record leases with a term of 12 months or less on the balance sheet.
Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows:
SCHEDULE OF BALANCE SHEET CLASSIFICATION
| Balance Sheet | December 31, | |||||||||
| Classification | 2024 | 2023 | ||||||||
| Assets | (in thousands) | |||||||||
| Operating leases | $ | $ | ||||||||
| Finance leases | ||||||||||
| Total assets | $ | $ | ||||||||
| Liabilities | ||||||||||
| Current liabilities | ||||||||||
| Operating leases | $ | $ | ||||||||
| Finance leases | ||||||||||
| Total current liabilities | ||||||||||
| Noncurrent liabilities | ||||||||||
| Operating leases | ||||||||||
| Finance leases | ||||||||||
| Total noncurrent liabilities | ||||||||||
| Total liabilities | $ | $ | ||||||||
Right-of-use assets and their corresponding lease liabilities are measured and recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at the commencement date.
Discount Rates
For the majority of its leases, the Company uses the rate implicit in the lease. For leases without an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of future payments for those leases.
The weighted-average discount rates for the Company’s leases were as follows:
SCHEDULE OF WEIGHTED AVERAGE DISCOUNT RATES OF LEASES
| December 31, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| Operating leases | % | % | ||||||
| Finance leases | % | % | ||||||
Lease Payments
The Company includes lease payments under options to extend or terminate the lease in the measurement of the right-of-use asset and lease liability when it is reasonably certain that it will exercise such options. Fixed lease costs represent the explicitly quantified lease payments prescribed by the lease agreement and are included in the measurement of the right-of-use asset and corresponding lease liability.
The weighted-average remaining lease term of the Company’s leases were as follows:
SCHEDULE OF WEIGHTED AVERAGE REMAINING LEASE TERM
| December 31, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| Operating leases | ||||||||
| Finance leases | ||||||||
The components of lease expense for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 were as follows:
SCHEDULE OF LEASE EXPENSE
| 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||||||
| Operating lease cost | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Finance lease cost: | ||||||||||||
| Amortization of right-of-use assets | ||||||||||||
| Interest on lease liabilities | ||||||||||||
| Total lease cost | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| F-14 |
FORAFRIC GLOBAL PLC AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Continued)
As of December 31, 2024, future maturities of lease liabilities were as follows:
SCHEDULE OF FUTURE OF LEASE LIABILITIES
| Operating Leases | Finance Leases | |||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||
| 2025 | $ | $ | ||||||
| 2026 | ||||||||
| 2027 | ||||||||
| 2028 | ||||||||
| 2029 | ||||||||
| Thereafter | ||||||||
| Total lease payments | ||||||||
| Less: Interest | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Present value of lease liabilities | $ | $ | ||||||
Other information related to leases for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 were as follows:
SCHEDULE OF OTHER INFORMATION RELATED TO LEASES
| 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||||||
| Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement | ||||||||||||
| of lease liabilities: | ||||||||||||
| Operating cash flows used for operating leases | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Operating cash flows used for finance leases | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Financing cash flows used for finance leases | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
5. ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE
The gross and realizable value of accounts receivable are detailed as follows:
SCHEDULE OF ACCOUNT RECEIVABLES
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| December 31, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||
| Accounts receivable | $ | $ | ||||||
| Allowance for credit losses | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Total | $ | $ | ||||||
Changes in allowances for credit losses consisted of:
SCHEDULE OF CHANGES IN ALLOWANCES FOR CREDIT LOSSES
| Allowance for | ||||
| Estimated Credit Losses | ||||
| (in thousands) | ||||
| Balance at December 31, 2022 | $ | ( | ) | |
| Current period provision for expected credit losses | ( | ) | ||
| Foreign currency exchange adjustments | ( | ) | ||
| Balance at December 31, 2023 | $ | ( | ) | |
| Current period provision for expected credit losses | ( | ) | ||
| Foreign currency exchange adjustments | ||||
| Balance at December 31, 2024 | $ | ( | ) | |
| F-15 |
FORAFRIC GLOBAL PLC AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Continued)
6. PREPAID EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT ASSETS
Prepaid expenses and other current assets consist of:
SCHEDULE OF PREPAID EXPENSE AND OTHER CURRENT ASSETS
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| December 31, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||
| Value-added tax receivable | $ | $ | ||||||
| Prepaid income taxes | ||||||||
| Advances to suppliers | ||||||||
| Prepaid expenses | ||||||||
| Insurance recoveries | ||||||||
| Other current assets | ||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | ||||||
7. INVENTORIES
Inventories are detailed as follows:
SCHEDULE OF INVENTORIES
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| December 31, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||
| Merchandise | $ | $ | ||||||
| Raw materials and consumable supplies | ||||||||
| Finished Goods | ||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | ||||||
The
Company has
8. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT, NET
SCHEDULE OF PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT, NET
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| December 31, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||
| Land | $ | $ | ||||||
| Buildings | ||||||||
| Machinery and equipment | ||||||||
| Assets in progress | ||||||||
| Others | ||||||||
| Total | ||||||||
| Less accumulated depreciation | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Total | $ | $ | ||||||
Depreciation
expense was $
| F-16 |
FORAFRIC GLOBAL PLC AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Continued)
9. GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS
Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill allocated to its reporting units for the year ended December 31, 2024, and 2023 are as follows:
SCHEDULE OF GOODWILL
| Soft | Durum | Couscous | ||||||||||||||
| Wheat | Wheat | and Pasta | Total | |||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2022 | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||
| Foreign currency exchange adjustments | ||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2023 | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||
| Foreign currency exchange adjustments | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2024 | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||
The Company performed the annual impairment assessment as of December 31, 2024, and 2023, which did not result in impairment losses.
Changes in the carrying amount of intangible assets for the year ended December 31, 2024, and 2023 are as follows:
SCHEDULE OF INTANGIBLE ASSETS
| Trade | Customer | Other | Intangible | |||||||||||||
| names | relationships | intangibles | Assets | |||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2022 | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||
| Acquisitions | ||||||||||||||||
| Amortization | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Foreign currency exchange adjustments | ||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2023 | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||
| Beginning balance | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||
| Acquisitions | ||||||||||||||||
| Amortization | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Foreign currency exchange adjustments | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2024 | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||
| Ending balance | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||
As of December 31, 2024, the weighted-average remaining amortization period for intangibles other than goodwill is 8.3 years and future intangible amortization is expected to total the following:
SCHEDULE OF FUTURE INTANGIBLE AMORTIZATION
| (in thousands) | ||||
| 2025 | $ | |||
| 2026 | ||||
| 2027 | ||||
| 2028 | ||||
| 2029 | ||||
| Thereafter | ||||
| Total amortization | $ | |||
10. ACCRUED EXPENSES
Accrued expenses consist of:
SCHEDULE OF ACCRUED EXPENSES
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| December 31, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||
| Consideration payable to selling stockholder | $ | $ | ||||||
| Accrued government taxes | ||||||||
| Accrued interest | ||||||||
| Accrued salaries and benefits | ||||||||
| Accruals to social agencies | ||||||||
| Other accrued expenses | ||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | ||||||
| F-17 |
FORAFRIC GLOBAL PLC AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Continued)
11. LINES OF CREDIT
Lines of Credit – working capital
The
Company has entered into unsecured revolving credit agreements with several financial institutions to fund working capital requirements
(“WC Lines of Credit”). The WC Lines of Credit provide the Company with the ability to borrow funds under consolidated lines
of credit of up to approximately $
Lines of Credit – wheat inventories
The
Company has entered into credit agreements with several financial institutions for asset-based credit facilities in order to fund wheat
raw material purchases (“Wheat Credit Facilities”). The Wheat Credit Facilities provide the ability to borrow funds under
consolidated lines of credit of up to approximately $
In December 2024, the Company received a demand letter from a lender requesting immediate repayment of two outstanding loan facilities. The demand was issued as a result of a shortfall in the level of inventory pledged as collateral under the terms of the loan agreements. A review performed by the lender determined that the pledged inventory had fallen below the required threshold.
The outstanding balance of the loan facilities subject to the demand is $42,000. The Company is currently in active discussions with the lender to resolve the matter, which may include reinstating compliance through the provision of additional collateral or refinancing the facility under revised terms.
At this time, no assurance can be given regarding the outcome of these negotiations. The Company is evaluating the financial and operational implications of this demand and will take all necessary measures to protect its interests and ensure continuity of operations. Management has assessed the implications of this event and has included the related borrowings as current liabilities as of December 31, 2024.
12. LONG-TERM DEBT
The long-term debt of is presented as follows:
SCHEDULE OF LONG TERM DEBT
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| December 31, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||
| Loans | $ | $ | ||||||
| Leases | ||||||||
| Total outstanding debt | ||||||||
| Less current portion | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Total long-term debt | $ | $ | ||||||
The term loans and other financial liabilities are evaluated according to the amortized cost method using the effective interest rate of the loan. The loan issuance costs and premiums, if any, are determined at inception and are amortized over the useful life of the loan via the effective interest rate.
Term Loans
The
Company maintains term loans with several financial institutions (the “Term Loans”). The Term Loans are unsecured and have
fixed monthly payments ranging from approximately $
Lease Obligations
The
Company owes $
| F-18 |
FORAFRIC GLOBAL PLC AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Continued)
The scheduled maturities of outstanding debt As of December 31, 2024 are as follows:
SCHEDULE OF MATURITIES OF OUTSTANDING DEBT
| (in thousands) | ||||
| 2025 | $ | |||
| 2026 | ||||
| 2027 | ||||
| 2028 | ||||
| 2029 | ||||
| Thereafter | ||||
| Total outstanding debt | $ | |||
13. FOREIGN CURRENCY FORWARD CONTRACTS
Our global operations require active participation in foreign exchange markets. From the beginning of 2023, the Company entered into foreign currency forward contracts to reduce the risk arising from foreign exchange rate fluctuations.
We do not utilize hedge accounting and as such value open foreign currency forward contracts at fair value with the change in unrealized gain or loss recorded in “Change in fair value of derivatives and contingent consideration” on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
The
Company had 8 foreign currency forward contracts outstanding as of December 31, 2024, with a notional value of $
Foreign currency forward contracts are marked-to-market based on the difference between the forward rate and the exchange rate as of the reporting period; thus, the Company measures the fair value of these contracts under a Level 2 input.
The
foreign currency forward contract assets totaled $
14. CONTINGENT CONSIDERATION LIABILITY
In accordance with the terms of the Business Combination Agreement, the Company will pay to the Seller 20% of any cash proceeds received by Company before the five-year anniversary of the Closing resulting from the exercise of Company Warrants outstanding as of June 9, 2022.
The contingent consideration liability is included in “Contingent consideration liability” on the consolidated balance sheet. Changes in the fair value of the liability are included in “Change in fair value of derivatives and contingent consideration” on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
The
Company utilized a probability weighted scenario-based model under a level 3 input to determine the fair value of the contingent consideration.
Based on this valuation model, the Company determined the fair value of the contingent consideration to be $ and $
As
of December 31, 2023, the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the contingent consideration liability
are measures of the estimated payouts over a five-year period based on internally generated financial projections on a probability-weighted
basis and a discount rate which was in a range of
As of December 31, 2024, the contingent consideration liability has been valued at nil based on the management’s assessment that the probability that any contingent consideration will be paid is remote based on the terms and conditions of the Business Combination Agreement and remaining time left until the five-year anniversary of the closing.
| F-19 |
FORAFRIC GLOBAL PLC AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Continued)
The following table presents a summary of the changes in the fair value of the contingent consideration liability:
SCHEDULE OF FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT OF CONTINGENT CONSIDERATION LIABILITY
| (in thousands) | ||||
| December 31, 2022 | $ | |||
| Change in fair value | ||||
| December 31, 2023 | $ | |||
| Change in fair value | ( | ) | ||
| December 31, 2024 | $ | |||
15. INCOME TAXES
The following table presents the components of the December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 provision for income taxes:
SCHEDULE OF COMPONENTS OF PROVISION FOR INCOME TAX
| 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||||||
| Current | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Deferred | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Total income tax expense | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | |||||||
The
Company’s effective tax rate was -
The current tax expense corresponds to the amounts paid or pending of payment in short-term to the Moroccan tax authorities for the period, according to the Law and Regulations of Morocco. The Company’s filed tax returns from the 2021 through 2024 tax years remain open for examination by the tax authorities under the normal statute of limitations.
According to tax legislation in Morocco, companies are taxed on the difference between their trading income and expenditure. Business expenses incurred in the operation of the business are generally deductible unless specifically excluded. The Moroccan 2023 Tax Code enacted a tax reform by fixing two target rates as follows:
| - | ||
| - |
All
the group’s entities in Morocco will be progressively subject to the
Companies
in Mali and Burkina are subject to an income tax of
The following is a reconciliation of income tax expense computed at the Moroccan statutory tax rate to the income tax expense reported in the consolidated statements of operations:
SCHEDULE OF RECONCILIATION OF INCOME TAX EXPENSE
| 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||||||
| Net loss | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | |||
| Income tax benefit for the period | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Loss before tax | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Effective tax rate | - | % | - | % | % | |||||||
| Permanent differences not deductible (taxable) for tax purposes | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Unrecognised tax losses | ||||||||||||
| Other | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Recalculated tax benefit | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | |||
| Statutory tax rate in Morocco | % | % | % | |||||||||
| F-20 |
FORAFRIC GLOBAL PLC AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Continued)
The tax effects of temporary differences giving rise to deferred income tax assets (liabilities) were:
SCHEDULE OF DEFERRED INCOME TAX ASSETS
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| December 31, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||
| Fixed assets and intangible assets | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
| Loss carryforward | ||||||||
| Leases | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Others | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Less: valuation allowance | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Deferred tax liabilities, net | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
During
the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, the Company has $
In assessing the realizability of these deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more-likely-than-not that some portion or all the deferred tax assets will be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income in those periods in which temporary differences become deductible and/or net operating loss carryforwards can be utilized. The Company considers the level of historical taxable income, scheduled reversal of temporary differences, tax planning strategies, and projected future taxable income in determining whether a valuation allowance is warranted.
The Company maintains a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets that may not be realizable in the future. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company reassessed its deferred tax assets and liabilities, including the valuation allowance, in accordance with ASC 740, “Income Taxes.”
As
of each reporting date, we consider existing evidence, both positive and negative, that could impact our view with regard to future realization
of deferred tax assets. Following the release of the aforementioned valuation allowance, we continue to believe it is more likely than
not that the benefit for certain net operating loss carryforwards will not be realized. In recognition of this risk, we continue to provide
a partial valuation allowance on the deferred tax assets relating to these carryforwards in the amount of $
16. VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES AND ACQUISITIONS
Asset acquisitions
On
July 26, 2023, Forafric acquired
The transaction met the screen test and was accounted for as an acquisition of assets under U.S. GAAP. Accordingly, the acquisition cost was allocated on a relative fair value basis.
| F-21 |
FORAFRIC GLOBAL PLC AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Continued)
The following table represents the final purchase cost allocation:
SCHEDULE OF BUSINESS COMBINATION ASSETS AND LIABILITIES
| Allocated cost | ||||
| Property, plant, and equipment | $ | |||
| Intangible assets | ||||
| Right-of-use assets | ||||
| Inventories | ||||
| Accounts receivable | ||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | ||||
| Other liabilities, noncurrent | ( | ) | ||
| Accounts payable | ( | ) | ||
| Other payables | ( | ) | ||
| Total net assets acquired | $ | |||
Changes in non-controlling interest
Acquisition of additional interest in Sanabil
During
2023, the Company increased its ownership in Sanabil SA from
17. STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Capital stock
Preferred Shares - The Company is authorized to issue Preferred Shares with a par value of $ per share. The authorized Preferred Shares will be available for issuance by the Board upon the passing of an ordinary resolution of the holders of the ordinary shares. The ordinary resolutions of the stockholders of the Company will stipulate the powers, preferences and relative, participating, optional and other rights or special rights, including voting rights, dividend rights, conversion rights, redemption privileges and liquidation preferences, as well as any restrictions, of the class of preferred shares as a whole, which has not yet been determined.
Ordinary Shares - The Company is authorized to issue Ordinary Shares with a par value of $ per share. As of December 31, 2024, a total of ordinary shares were issued and outstanding. In the event of the liquidation of the Company, after satisfaction of liabilities to creditors, the assets of the Company will be distributed to the holders of the ordinary shares in the Company in proportion to their respective shareholdings. This right, as well as the right to receive dividends, may be affected by the grant of preferential dividend or distribution rights to the holders of a class of preferred shares with preferential rights that may be authorized by ordinary resolution in the future. The holders of ordinary shares have no preemptive or conversion rights or other subscription rights. There are no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to the ordinary shares. The rights, preferences and privileges of holders of the ordinary shares may be subject to those of the holders of any preferred shares the Company may issue in the future.
Class Z non-redeemable and non-convertible ordinary shares - The Company is authorized to issue Class Z non-redeemable and non-convertible ordinary shares (“Class Z Ordinary Shares”) with a par value of $ per share. As of December 31, 2024, and 2023, the Company had Class Z Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding, respectively. All outstanding Class Z non-redeemable and non-convertible ordinary shares were repurchased and retired during 2023.
Warrants
Public
Warrants - There were
| - | at any time while the warrants are exercisable; | |
| - | upon not less than 30 days’ prior written notice of redemption to each warrant holder; | |
| - | if,
and only if, the reported last sale price of the Ordinary Share equals or exceeds $ | |
| - | if, and only if, there is a current registration statement in effect with respect to the Ordinary Share underlying such warrants at the time of redemption and for the entire 30-day trading period referred to above and continuing each day thereafter until the date of redemption. |
| F-22 |
FORAFRIC GLOBAL PLC AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Continued)
If and when the warrants become redeemable by the Company, the Company may exercise its redemption right even if it is unable to register or qualify the underlying securities for sale under all applicable state securities laws. If the Company calls the Public Warrants for redemption, management will have the option to require all holders that wish to exercise the Public Warrants to do so on a “cashless basis,” as described in the warrant agreement.
Private
Warrants - At December 31, 2024, and 2023, there were
Stockholder Earn-Out Rights
As
a part of the Business Combination consideration, the selling stockholder shall be entitled to receive, as additional consideration,
and without any action on behalf of the Company or the Company’s stockholders, additional ordinary shares (the “Earnout Shares”),
to be issued as follows during the period from and after the Closing until the end of calendar year 2024 (A) Earnout Shares,
if, during calendar year 2022, Adjusted EBITDA (as defined in the Business Combination Agreement) of the Company is equal to or greater
than $
The Earnout have been deemed financial instruments to be issued upon the occurrence of contingent earn out provisions. The Earnout Shares are accounted for under ASC Topic 815-40, “Derivatives and Hedging”, pursuant to which the Earnout Shares are considered to be indexed to the Company’s own stock and therefore will be classified as equity instruments.
In connection with the Business Combination, the Stockholders of the Company considered and approved the Forafric 2022 Long Term Employee Share Incentive Plan (the “Equity Incentive Plan”) which provides for the grant of awards, consisting of nominal cost options or phantom options to employees, directors and consultants of the Company or any of its subsidiaries. The maximum number of shares which may be the subject of awards under the Equity Incentive Plan may not exceed 10% of the issued share capital of the Company from time to time and the maximum number of shares reserved and available for issuance shall not exceed . No award can be exercised after the tenth anniversary of the date of grant. With the exception of certain special circumstances, an award can only be exercised while the award holder is employed or engaged by the Company or any of its subsidiaries. Subject to certain provisions, a vested award may be exercised in whole or in part at any time after its date of grant.
SCHEDULE OF STOCK OPTION ACTIVITY
| Stock Options | Weighted Average Exercise Price | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (years) | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (thousands) | |||||||||||||
| Outstanding at December 31, 2023 | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Granted | - | - | ||||||||||||||
| Exercised | - | - | ||||||||||||||
| Forfeited/Expired | - | - | ||||||||||||||
| Outstanding at December 31, 2024 | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Exercisable at December 31, 2024 | $ | - | $ | |||||||||||||
The weighted-average grant-date fair value of options was $.
As of December 31, 2024, the unrecognized compensation expense associated with the stock options is $ and it will be recognized over months from the end of December 31, 2024.
| F-23 |
FORAFRIC GLOBAL PLC AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Continued)
SCHEDULE OF STOCK OPTIONS VALUATION ASSUMPTIONS
| Expected term | years | |||
| Volatility | % | |||
| Expected dividend yield | % | |||
| Annual Risk Free Rate | % | |||
SCHEDULE OF STOCK OPTION ACTIVITY
| Phantom Options | Weighted Average Exercise Price | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (years) | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (thousands) | |||||||||||||
| Outstanding at December 31, 2023 | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Granted | ||||||||||||||||
| Exercised | - | - | ||||||||||||||
| Forfeited/Expired | - | - | ||||||||||||||
| Outstanding at December 31, 2024 | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Exercisable at December 31, 2024 | $ | - | $ | |||||||||||||
The
weighted-average fair value of the phantom stock options for the year ended December 31, 2024, was $. The liability for outstanding
phantom stock options as of December 31, 2024 was $
As of December 31, 2024, the unrecognized compensation expense associated with the phantom options is $ and it will be recognized over months from the end of December 31, 2024.
SCHEDULE OF STOCK OPTIONS VALUATION ASSUMPTIONS
| Expected term | years | |||
| Volatility | % | |||
| Expected dividend yield | % | |||
| Annual Risk Free Rate | % | |||
In addition to the equity incentive plan discussed above, the Company entered into a Director Service Agreement, on November 2, 2022 (the “Director Agreements”).
Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the number of weighted average ordinary shares outstanding during the reporting period. The Company’s weighted average number of shares outstanding used in calculating earnings per share are and and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Because there was no activity to cause dilution in the weighted average ordinary shares, basic and diluted earnings per share are disclosed together in each of the reporting periods.
The computation of diluted loss per share excludes the effect of earnout and option shares and warrants to purchase the Company’s shares because their inclusion would be anti-dilutive.
| F-24 |
FORAFRIC GLOBAL PLC AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Continued)
20. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Since February 2022, the quantity of soft wheat available on the international market has decreased by 35% due to the ongoing war in Ukraine, causing the price of raw materials to increase. Despite this situation, we have not had any shortages on raw materials, and do not project to have any issuing fulfilling future orders. We have no firm and irrevocable commitments that will be affected by the war in Ukraine, and we will continue to assess the impact the war may have on our business.
The
Company entered into a five-year supply agreement with Millcorp Geneva SA (“Millcorp”), pursuant to which the Company is
obligated to obtain at least 80% of the Company’s annual requirements of common wheat, durum wheat, or any other cereal, from Millcorp.
The agreement expired on March 31, 2023 and was subsequently amended to extend through March 2026. The purchases incurred were $
The
Company has commitments with banks to finance its operating activities. The Company has provided collateral and mortgages to banks of
$
From time to time the Company is involved in litigation incidental to the conduct of its business. These matters may relate to employment and labor claims, patent and intellectual property claims, claims of alleged non-compliance with contract provisions and claims related to alleged violations of laws and regulations. When applicable, the Company records accruals for contingencies when it is probable that a liability will be incurred, and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. Defense costs are expensed as incurred and are included in professional fees. While the outcome of lawsuits and other proceedings against the Company cannot be predicted with certainty, in the opinion of management, individually or in the aggregate, no such lawsuits and other proceedings had or are expected to have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements at December 31, 2024.
21. SEGMENT INFORMATION
The Company manages operations on a company-wide basis, thereby making determinations as to the allocation of resources in total rather than on a segment-level basis. The Company has designated reportable segments based on how management views its business. The Company does not segregate assets between segments for internal reporting. Therefore, asset-related information has not been presented. The reportable segments, as presented below, are consistent with the way the Company reports its results to the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”). Management determined that the Company’s CEO, is ultimately responsible for allocating resources and assessing the performance of the Company. As such, the CEO is the CODM in accordance with ASC 280-10-50-5.
The principal products that comprise each segment are as follows:
Soft Wheat – The Soft Wheat segment includes the production and sale of soft wheat yielding flour that is used to make desserts and sauces.
Durum Wheat - The Durum Wheat segment includes the production and sale of hard wheat yielding flour that is used to make pasta.
Couscous and Pasta – The Couscous and Pasta segment includes the secondary processing of products including couscous and pasta sold to end customers.
The “all other” category includes activities and items not allocated to reportable segments, such as non-operating entities, non-significant activities and centrally incurred corporate overhead expenses.
The Company evaluates the performance of its segments based on sales, cost of sales and operating income. Operating income (loss) is defined as gross profit less sales & marketing costs, direct selling, general, and administrative expenses, and other operating expenses. The amounts in the following tables are obtained from reports used by senior management and do not include income taxes.
| F-25 |
FORAFRIC GLOBAL PLC AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Continued)
Financial information relating to the Company’s reportable segments is as follows:
SCHEDULE OF COMPANY REPORTABLE SEGMENTS
| 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||||||
| Sales to external customers: | ||||||||||||
| Soft Wheat | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Durum Wheat | ||||||||||||
| Couscous & Pasta | ||||||||||||
| All other | ||||||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Sales to external customers, Total | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Cost of sales (1) | ||||||||||||
| Soft Wheat(1) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | |||
| Durum Wheat(1) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Couscous & Pasta(1) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| All other(1) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Total(1) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | |||
| Cost of sales, Total (1) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | |||
| Gross profit | ||||||||||||
| Soft Wheat | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Durum Wheat | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Couscous & Pasta | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| All other | ||||||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Gross profit, Total | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Selling, general, and administrative expenses (2) | ||||||||||||
| Soft Wheat(2) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | |||
| Durum Wheat(2) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Couscous & Pasta(2) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| All other(2) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Total(2) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | |||
| Selling, general, and administrative expenses, Total(2) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | |||
| Operating income (loss) | ||||||||||||
| Soft Wheat | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | |||||||
| Durum Wheat | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Couscous & Pasta | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| All other | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Total | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | |||||||
| Operating income (loss), Total | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | |||||||
| (1) | ||
| (2) | ||
| administrative costs. |
Geographic
Information — The Company had net sales from customers outside of Morocco of approximately
Long-lived assets consist of net property, plant, and equipment. The geographic location of long-lived assets is as follows:
SCHEDULE OF LONG-LIVED ASSETS NET PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT
| December 31, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||
| Morocco | $ | $ | ||||||
| Burkina | ||||||||
| Mali | ||||||||
| Angola | ||||||||
| Other | ||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | ||||||
| F-26 |
FORAFRIC GLOBAL PLC AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Continued)
22. RELATED PARTIES
The following discussion summarizes activity between the Company and related parties.
In
2015, the Company entered into a building lease agreement for the headquarters of Forafric Maroc, a wholly owned subsidiary. The Company’s
Parent owns
Millcorp
provides significant part of the imported grain to the Company. The purchases incurred were $
The Company grants share-based payments to non-executive members of its board of directors in exchange for directors’ services. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the share-based compensation expense recognized was $.
The
Company’s amounts due from related parties were $
The
Company’s loans from related parties were $
Moreover,
the Company owed the Lighthouse Capital Limited $
The Company has not entered into any significant transactions with other related parties.
23. ASSETS AND LIABILITIES HELD FOR SALE AND DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS
As part of its new strategy with a Morocco and soft wheat focus, the Company initiated in November 2024 a plan for the potential disposal of several assets and businesses. As of December 31, 2024, the Company concluded that the following pending sale transactions met the criteria of classification as held for sale in accordance with Subtopic 205-20 and 360-10:
| - | All long-term assets belonging to a durum wheat mill with a capacity of 240 tons per day, located in Casablanca, |
| - | A wholly owned subsidiary operating in logistic activities. |
In
January 2025, the Company entered into an agreement for the sale of these two items for total consideration of $
| F-27 |
FORAFRIC GLOBAL PLC AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Continued)
The following table presents a summary of the carrying amounts of major classes of assets and liabilities classified as held for sale:
SCHEDULE OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES CLASSIFIED AS HELD FOR SALE
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| December 31, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||
| Carrying amounts of major classes of assets included as part of discontinued operations: | ||||||||
| Property, plant, and equipment, net | $ | $ | ||||||
| Goodwill | ||||||||
| Total assets held for sale, current assets | $ | $ | ||||||
| Carrying amounts of major classes of assets not included as part of discontinued operations: | ||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | $ | ||||||
| Accounts receivable, net | ||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | ||||||||
| Property, plant, and equipment, net | ||||||||
| Right-of-use assets | ||||||||
| Other assets, noncurrent | ||||||||
| Total assets held for sale, current assets | $ | $ | ||||||
| Total assets held for sale | $ | $ | ||||||
| Carrying amounts of major classes of liabilities included as part of discontinued operations: | ||||||||
| Deferred tax liabilities | $ | $ | ||||||
| Total liabilities held for sale, current liabilities | $ | $ | ||||||
| Carrying amounts of major classes of liabilities not included as part of discontinued operations: | ||||||||
| Lines of credit – working capital | $ | $ | ||||||
| Accounts payable | ||||||||
| Accrued expenses | ||||||||
| Current portion of long-term debt | ||||||||
| Long-term debt | ||||||||
| Deferred tax liabilities, net | ||||||||
| Total liabilities held for sale, current liabilities | $ | $ | ||||||
| Total liabilities held for sale | $ | $ | ||||||
The following table presents the major line items constituting pretax profit (loss) of discontinued operations:
| 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||||||
| Revenues | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Cost of sales | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Selling, general and administrative expenses | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Interest expense | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Foreign Exchange loss | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Total pretax profit (loss) of discontinued operations | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | |||||
| F-28 |
FORAFRIC GLOBAL PLC AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Continued)
Cash and cash equivalents, as reported in the consolidated statements of cash flows, are reconciled to the balance sheet as follows:
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| December 31, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | $ | ||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents in held-for-sale assets | ||||||||
| Amounts reported in the consolidated statements of cash flows | $ | $ | ||||||
24. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
In preparing the consolidated financial statements through the December 31, 2024, the Company has evaluated subsequent events for recognition and disclosure through April 30, 2025, the date that these consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes were available for issuance.
In
January 2025, the Company entered into agreements for the sale of all long-term assets belonging to a durum wheat mill, for a total consideration
of $
| F-29 |
Exhibit 2.2
Description of Securities
Section 12 of the Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
The descriptions of the securities contained herein summarize the material terms and provisions of the securities of Forafric Global PLC (the “Company”), registered under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
As of December 31, 2024, Forafric had the following series of securities registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended:
| Title of Each Class | Trading Symbol | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered | ||
| Ordinary Shares, par value $0.001 | AFRI | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC | ||
| Warrants, each warrant exercisable for one Ordinary Share at an exercise price of $11.50 per share | AFRIW | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC |
Capitalized terms used but not defined herein have the meanings given to them in Forafric’s annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024.
DESCRIPTION OF ORDINARY SHARES
The following is a description of our Ordinary Shares and the material terms of our articles and memorandum of association, as amended. The following description may not contain all of the information that is important to you and we therefore refer you to our articles and memorandum of association, as amended, copies of which are filed as exhibits to our annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024.
We were registered as a public company limited by shares in Gibraltar on May 26, 2022 pursuant to the Companies Act. Uur affairs are governed by our Memorandum and Articles, the Companies Act 2014 of the Laws of Gibraltar, as amended or re-enacted from time to time, the common law of Gibraltar, our corporate governance documents and rules and regulations of the stock exchange on which are shares are traded.
Ordinary Shares
As of the date hereof, the authorized share capital of the Company is USD 131,000 divided into: (i) 100,000,000 ordinary shares of USD 0.001 each; (ii) 1,000,000 preferred shares of USD 0.001 each; and (iii) and 30,000,000 Class Z non-redeemable and non-convertible ordinary shares of USD 0.001 each, each conferring those rights, entitlements, obligations and restrictions as more particularly set out in the Memorandum and Articles of Association.
The Nasdaq Capital Market
Our ordinary shares are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “AFRI”.
Memorandum and Articles of Association
Voting rights
Each holder of Ordinary Shares is entitled to one vote for each Ordinary Share held of record by such holder on all matters on which shareholders generally are entitled to vote. Holders of Ordinary Shares will vote together as a single class on all matters presented to the Company’s shareholders for their vote or approval. Generally, all matters to be voted on by shareholders must be approved by a majority (or, in the case of election of directors, by a plurality) of the votes entitled to be cast by all shareholders present in person or represented by proxy, voting together as a single class.
Dividend Rights.
the Company may declare an interim or final dividend to be paid to the holders of its ordinary shares in proportion to their respective shareholdings. Under the Companies Act and the Memorandum and Articles of Association, final dividend distributions are recommended by the Board and approved by an ordinary resolution of the shareholders. The amount of such final dividend may not exceed the amount recommended by the directors. Dividends may not be paid otherwise than out of the Company’s distributable reserves.
Rights upon liquidation.
In the event of the liquidation of the Company, after satisfaction of liabilities to creditors, the assets of the Company will be distributed to the holders of the Ordinary Shares in the Company in proportion to their respective shareholdings. This right, as well as the right to receive dividends, may be affected by the grant of preferential dividend or distribution rights to the holders of a class of Preferred Shares with preferential rights that may be authorized by ordinary resolution in the future.
Other rights.
The holders of Ordinary Shares have no preemptive or conversion rights or other subscription rights. There are no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to the Ordinary Shares. The rights, preferences and privileges of holders of the Ordinary Shares may be subject to those of the holders of any Preferred Shares the Company may issue in the future.
Director meetings
Any director may call a directors’ meeting. The Company secretary must call a directors’ meeting if a director so requests. The quorum for directors’ meetings shall be half of the number of directors appointed to the board from time to time, rounded up to the nearest whole number. In the event that there is only one director, the quorum shall be one. Each director participating in a directors’ meeting has one vote. If a directors’ meeting, or part of a directors’ meeting, is concerned with an actual or proposed transaction or arrangement with the Company in which a director is interested, that director is not to be counted as participating in that meeting, or part of a meeting, for quorum or voting purposes. An interest of a person who is connected with a director shall be treated as an interest of the director and, in relation to an alternate director, an interest of his appointor shall be treated as an interest of the alternate director without prejudice to any interest which the alternate director has otherwise.
However, a director who is interested in an actual or proposed transaction or arrangement with the Company is to be counted as participating in a decision at a directors’ meeting, or part of a directors’ meeting, relating to it for quorum and voting purposes, when (i) the Company by ordinary resolution disapplies the provision of the M&A which would otherwise prevent a director from being counted as participating in, or voting at, a directors’ meeting; (ii) the director’s interest cannot reasonably be regarded as likely to give rise to a conflict of interest; or (iii) the director’s conflict of interest arises from a permitted cause as set forth in the M&A.
At every annual general meeting any director who has at the start of the annual general meeting been in office for three calendar years or more since his last appointment or re-appointment shall retire at that annual general meeting, but he may offer himself for reappointment by the members.
Shareholder Meetings
The Company will call annual general meetings pursuant to the provisions of the Memorandum and Articles of Association in accordance with the Companies Act. The Board may call extraordinary general meetings whenever they see fit in accordance with the provisions of the Companies Act and the Memorandum and Articles of Association. A general meeting of the Company, other than a meeting for the passing of a special resolution, may be called by 7 days’ prior written notice. A general meeting of the Company for the passing of a special resolution may be called by giving at least 21 days’ prior written notice and specifying in the notice the resolution that will be proposed as a special resolution.
Subject to the provisions of the Companies Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder, shareholders entitled to participate and vote at general meetings are the shareholders of record on a date to be decided by the board of directors, which may be between four and forty days prior to the date of the meeting.
Appointment of Directors, Election of Directors and Vacancies
Any person who is willing to act as a director, is permitted by law to do so may be appointed to be a director of the Company by ordinary resolution, or by a decision of the Board.
Directors of the Company are generally appointed for periods of three calendar years, save as provided below. At every annual general meeting of the Company, any director who has at the start of the annual general meeting been in office for three calendar years or more since his last appointment or re-appointment shall retire at that annual general meeting but he may offer himself for reappointment by the shareholders. If the Company does not fill the vacancy in the Board at the meeting at which a director retires by rotation or otherwise, the retiring director shall, if willing to act, be deemed to have been re-appointed unless at the meeting it is resolved not to fill the vacancy or unless a resolution for the re-appointment of the director is put to the meeting and lost. The appointment of any person proposed as a director shall be effected by a separate resolution.
No person other than a director retiring by rotation shall be appointed a director at any general meeting unless he is recommended by the Board or, not less than three nor more than forty-two days before the date appointed for the general meeting, a notice executed by any shareholder qualified to vote at the meeting (not being the person to be proposed) has been received by the Company of the intention to propose that person for appointment stating the particulars of that nominee, together with confirmation in writing executed by that person of his willingness to be appointed.
Save as provided above, the Company may by ordinary resolution appoint a person who is willing to act to be a director either to fill a vacancy or as an additional director and may also determine the rotation in which any additional directors are to retire. The appointment of a person to fill a vacancy or as an additional director shall take effect from the end of the meeting. The Board may also appoint a person who is willing to act to be a director, either to fill a vacancy or as an additional director and in either case whether or not for a fixed term. Irrespective of the terms of his appointment, a director appointed by the Board shall hold office only until the next annual general meeting and shall be taken into account in determining the directors who are to retire by rotation at the meeting. If not re-appointed at such annual general meeting, he shall vacate office at its conclusion. A director who retires at an annual general meeting may, if willing to act, be re-appointed. If he is not re-appointed, he shall retain office until the meeting appoints someone in his place, or if it does not do so, until the end of the meeting.
Directors of the Company are not required to hold any shares in the capital of the Company by way of qualification.
Subject to the following paragraph, the Company may by ordinary resolution of which special notice has been given, or by special resolution, remove from office a director appointed by ordinary resolution or by a decision of the directors, notwithstanding any provisions of the articles of association or of any agreement between the Company and such director, but without prejudice to any claim the director may make for damages for breach of such agreement. The Company may, by ordinary resolution, appoint another person to be a director in the place of a director so removed from office. In default of such appointment the vacancy so arising may be filled by the Board as a casual vacancy.
During the first three calendar years commencing from the date of adoption of the articles of association of The Company, the company may only by special resolution or extraordinary resolution, remove from office a director appointed by ordinary resolution or by a decision of the directors, notwithstanding any provisions of the articles of association or of any agreement between The Company and such director, but without prejudice to any claim such director may make for damages for breach of such agreement.
Quorum
The Memorandum and Articles of Association provide that the holders of 33 1/3% of the issued and outstanding share capital of the Company present in person or by proxy and entitled to vote on the business to be transacted, shall be a quorum.
Vote Requirements
An ordinary resolution of the shareholders (or of a class of shareholders) of the Company means a resolution that is passed by members representing a simple majority (more than 50%) of the total voting rights of the shareholders or, as the case may be, of the class of shareholders. An extraordinary resolution of the shareholders means a resolution that is passed by shareholders representing a majority of not less than 75% of those shareholders at a general meeting of which notice specifying the terms of the resolution and the intention to propose the resolution as an extraordinary resolution has been given.
Rights of Non-Resident or Foreign Shareholders
There are no limitations imposed by our memorandum and articles on the rights of non-resident or foreign shareholders to hold or exercise voting rights on our shares. In addition, there are no provisions in our memorandum and articles governing the ownership threshold above which shareholder ownership must be disclosed.
Changes in Share Capital
The Company may by ordinary resolution (i) increase its share capital by such sum to be divided into shares of such amount as the resolution prescribes; (ii) consolidate and divide all or any of its share capital into shares of larger amount than its existing shares; (iii) sub-divide its shares, or any of them, into shares of smaller amount than is fixed by the Company’s memorandum of association and the resolution may determine that, as between the shares resulting from the sub-division, any of them may have any preference or advantage as compared with the others; and (iv) cancel shares which, at the date of the passing of the resolution, have not been taken or agreed to be taken by any person and diminish the amount of its share capital by the amount of the shares so cancelled. The Company may by special resolution reduce its share capital, capital redemption reserve and share premium account in any way.
Anti-Takeover Measures; Regulation of Takeovers of Gibraltar Companies
Companies (Cross-Border Mergers) Regulations 2010
The Company is incorporated in Gibraltar and it is governed by Gibraltar legislation which regulates the takeover of Gibraltar registered companies. The Companies (Cross-Border Mergers) Regulations 2010, or the Regulations, transpose Directive 2005/56/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 October 2005 on cross border mergers of limited liability companies into the law of Gibraltar. This EC Directive has been incorporated into the laws of other EC member states, including in the United Kingdom by the Companies (Cross-Border Mergers) Regulations 2007. The Regulations in force in Gibraltar, or the Regulations, in effect, are broadly similar but not identical to those in place in the United Kingdom. These Regulations are designed to facilitate cross-border mergers of limited liability companies registered in European Member States and to thereby allow for cross-border merger of a national limited liability company of one Member State with a limited liability company of another Member State. Under the Regulations, a Gibraltar merging company has to make an application to the court to obtain a pre-merger certificate prior to any merger taking place (“Pre-Merger Certificate”). In order to obtain such a certificate, the Gibraltar company must provide the court, inter alia, with the following:
● draft terms of the proposed merger (indicating, inter alia, details for the companies involved, share exchange ratios, effects of the merger on employees, rights or restrictions on shares, articles of association, employee participation rights, assets and liabilities transferred and account dates) (the “Draft Terms”). The Draft Terms must be approved by 75% of the members of the company;
● a directors’ report (indicating, inter alia, the effects of a cross-border merger for members, creditors and employees, legal and economic grounds for the Draft Terms and any material interests of the directors). The report must be delivered to the employees of the company; and
● an independent expert’s report (indicating, inter alia, details of share exchange ratios and valuation difficulties). Employees of the Gibraltar company must be able to inspect and make copies of these documents.
The courts of Gibraltar may make an order approving the completion of a cross-border merger on the joint application of all the merging companies if:
● an order for a Pre-Merger Certificate (either granted by the courts in Gibraltar or another competent authority in another member state) has been made within 6 months;
● the Draft Terms presented for acquiring the Pre-Merger Certificate have not been amended; and
● there are appropriate arrangements for employee participation in the transferee company in accordance with part 4 of the Regulations. Such an order will specify the date on which the consequences of the cross-border merger are to have effect. A copy of this order must be provided to the Registrar of Companies of Gibraltar within 7 days of the order if this has been made in Gibraltar or within 14 days if this has been made in another Member State.
The Companies (Cross-Border Mergers) Regulations 2010 only apply to mergers between companies in different European Member States. More commonly, takeovers of a Gibraltar registered company can also take place via a scheme of arrangement pursuant to the Companies Act.
The Gibraltar Companies Act 2014
The takeover of a Gibraltar registered company can take place via a scheme of arrangement under the Companies Act. The relevant sections of the Companies Act provide, inter alia, that an application must be made to court in order to convene a meeting of members of such company where such an arrangement can be proposed between a company and its members. Draft terms of the merger as well as other reports and accounting statements would need to be prepared, filed with the Companies Registrar and published prior to such a meeting being convened. At such meeting, at least 75% of the members present in person or by proxy must approve the arrangement in order for a court to thereafter be able to sanction the same. If sanctioned, the court may also order the transfer of undertaking, property and/or liabilities of the transferor company in accordance with the terms of the scheme.
In addition to the above, another mechanism exists under s.208 of the Gibraltar Companies Act 1930 and s.352(A) of the Companies Act (commonly referred to as the “Squeeze Out provisions”) which provides for the situation where a bidder proposes a scheme or contract to take over the shares of a Gibraltar registered company and certain shareholders do not consent to the proposal. If within four months from making such a proposal more than 90% of shareholders of a target company agree to the terms of such a scheme or contract, then the bidding company may within two months after the expiration of said four months give notice to the dissenting members of the target company that it will acquire the shares and certain shareholders do not consent to the proposal on the same terms of the scheme or contract. A Gibraltar scheme of arrangement, therefore, eliminates the risk that a minority of less than 10% of the target company’s shareholders may resist the transfer of their shares to the bidder. It should be noted, however, that such a scheme can be subject to the sanction of the court as any dissenting members may apply to court for an order seeking relief from such a scheme or contract.
Financial Services Act 2019 – Part 20 Acquisitions
Part 20 of the Financial Services Act 2019 applies to takeover bids for the securities of companies governed by the law of Gibraltar, where all or some of those securities are admitted to trading on a regulated market in Gibraltar. However, Gibraltar does not, as yet, have a regulated market. The Gibraltar Financial Services Commission is designated as the competent authority for the purposes of Part 20. Part 20 contains provisions on the conduct of bids, squeeze outs and sell outs, and applicable offences.
Preferred Shares
No Preferred Shares were issued or outstanding immediately after the completion of the Business Combination. The Memorandum and Articles of Association of the Company allow the board of directors of the Company to issue Preferred Shares following the passing of an ordinary resolution. Unless required by law or any stock exchange, the authorized Preferred Shares will be available for issuance by the Board upon the passing of an ordinary resolution of the holders of the Ordinary Shares. The ordinary resolutions of the shareholders of the Company would stipulate the powers, preferences and relative, participating, optional and other rights or special rights, including voting rights, dividend rights, conversion rights, redemption privileges and liquidation preferences, as well as any restrictions, of the class of Preferred Shares as a whole.
Class Z non-redeemable and non-convertible ordinary shares
Following the Redomiciliation, Forafric Global Limited undertook the PLC Re-registration in order to alter its authorized and issued share capital to facilitate its re-registration as a Gibraltar public company limited by shares. In order not to affect the rights of the Ordinary Shares, the then existing shares in issue in the authorised share capital of Forafric Global Limited was re-classified and re-designated into Class Z non-redeemable and non-convertible ordinary shares, and the class of Ordinary Shares was created. A Gibraltar public company must have a paid-up share capital in nominal value terms of at least £20,500 (or currency equivalent) and as such, 29,999,990 Class Z non-redeemable and non-convertible ordinary shares were allotted and issued as fully paid-up shares to the Hamer Limited for the payment by Hamer Limited to Forafric Global Limited of the par value of those shares. Hamer Limited was the sole shareholder of Forafric Global Limited at that time. The Class Z non-redeemable and non-convertible ordinary shares were intended to become deferred shares as soon as any Ordinary Shares are allotted and issued. Once the Class Z non-redeemable and non-convertible ordinary shares were issued and the minimum paid-up capital of the company was at least £20,500 or currency equivalent), Forafric Global Limited applied to re-register as a public company.
Voting rights. The holder of Class Z non-redeemable and non-convertible ordinary shares was, prior to the allotment and issue of any Ordinary Shares, entitled to one vote for each Ordinary Share held of record by such holder on all matters on which shareholders generally are entitled to vote. Following the allotment and issue of any Ordinary Shares, the holder of Class Z non-redeemable and non-convertible ordinary shares shall not be entitled to receive notice or to attend and speak or vote at any general meeting of the Company.
Dividend Rights. The holder of Class Z non-redeemable and non-convertible ordinary shares was, prior to the allotment and issue of any Ordinary Shares, entitled to share in the profits of the Company that are available for distribution. Following the allotment and issue of any Ordinary Shares, the holder of Class Z non-redeemable and non-convertible ordinary shares shall not be entitled to share in the profits of the Company that are available for distribution.
Rights upon liquidation. In the event of the liquidation of the Company, after satisfaction of liabilities to creditors, the assets of the Company will be distributed to the holders of the all classes of issued shares in the Company pari passu in proportion to their respective shareholdings. Prior to the allotment and issue of any Ordinary Shares, the holder of Class Z non-redeemable and non-convertible ordinary shares shall be entitled to the surplus assets of the Company that are available for distribution. Following the allotment and issue of any Ordinary Shares, the holder of Class Z non-redeemable and non-convertible ordinary shares shall only be entitled, on a pro rata basis and pari passu with the holders of all other shares in the Company, only the paid-up capital on the Class Z non-redeemable and non-convertible ordinary shares and shall not be entitled to any surplus assets of the Company available for distribution.
Other rights. The holders of Class Z non-redeemable and non-convertible ordinary shares have no preemptive or conversion rights or other subscription rights. There are no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to the Class Z non-redeemable and non-convertible ordinary shares. The rights, preferences and privileges of holders of the Class Z non-redeemable and non-convertible ordinary shares may be subject to those of the holders of any Preferred Shares the Company may issue in the future.
The issuance of Preferred Shares may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of the Company without further action by the shareholders. Additionally, the issuance of Preferred Shares may adversely affect the holders of Ordinary Shares by restricting dividends on the Ordinary Shares, diluting the voting power of the Ordinary Shares or subordinating the liquidation rights of the Ordinary Shares. As a result of these or other factors, the issuance of Preferred Shares could have an adverse impact on the market price of the Ordinary Shares. At present, the Company has no plans to issue any Preferred Shares.
DESCRIPTION OF REDEEMABLE WARRANTS
Warrants to purchase up to 15,789,722 Ordinary Shares became exercisable in 2022 in accordance with the terms of the warrant agreement made as of December 10, 2020, by and between Globis, and VStock Transfer, LLC (as warrant agent), which agreement was assigned and novated by Globis to the Company (the “Warrant Agreement”) governing those securities. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had a total of 15,750,842 Warrants outstanding.
At December 31, 2024 there were 4,289,722 Private Warrants outstanding. Each Private Warrant entitles the registered holder to purchase one ordinary share at a price of $11.50 per share.
At December 31, 2024 there were 11,461,120 Public Warrants outstanding. Each Public Warrant entitles the registered holder to purchase one ordinary share at a price of $11.50 per share.
As a result of the Business Combination, on June 10, 2022, the Public Warrants commenced trading on the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC under the symbol of “AFRIW”.
Public Warrants
Each redeemable warrant entitles the registered holder to purchase one Ordinary Share at a price of $11.50 per share, subject to adjustment as discussed below, at any time commencing on June 9, 2022. Except as set forth below, no warrants will be exercisable for cash unless we have an effective and current registration statement covering the Ordinary Shares issuable upon exercise of the warrants and a current prospectus relating to such Ordinary Share. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if a registration statement covering the Ordinary Share issuable upon exercise of the warrants is not effective within 90 days from the consummation of our initial business combination, warrant holders may, until such time as there is an effective registration statement and during any period when we shall have failed to maintain an effective registration statement, exercise warrants on a cashless basis pursuant to the exemption from registration provided by Section 3(a)(9) of the Securities Act provided that such exemption is available. In such event, each holder would pay the exercise price by surrendering the warrants for that number of Ordinary Share equal to the quotient obtained by dividing (x) the product of the number of Ordinary Share underlying the warrants, multiplied by the difference between the exercise price of the warrants and the “fair market value” (defined below) by (y) the fair market value. The “fair market value” shall mean the average reported last sale price of the Ordinary Share for the 10 trading days ending on the third trading day prior to the date of exercise. For example, if a holder held 150 warrants to purchase 150 shares and the fair market value on the date prior to exercise was $15.00, that holder would receive 35 shares without the payment of any additional cash consideration. If an exemption from registration is not available, holders will not be able to exercise their warrants on a cashless basis. The warrants will expire five years from the consummation of a business combination at 5:00 p.m., Eastern Standard Time.
We may call the outstanding warrants for redemption (excluding the private warrants and warrants underlying the units that may be issued upon conversion of working capital loans), in whole and not in part, at a price of $0.01 per warrant:
| ● | at any time while the warrants are exercisable; | |
| ● | upon not less than 30 days’ prior written notice of redemption to each warrant holder; | |
| ● | if, and only if, the reported last sale price of the Ordinary Share equals or exceeds $16.50 per share (as adjusted for stock splits, stock dividends, reorganizations and recapitalizations), for any 20 trading days within a 30-day trading period ending on the third business day prior to the notice of redemption to warrant holders (the “Force-Call Provision”), and | |
| ● | if, and only if, there is a current registration statement in effect with respect to the Ordinary Share underlying such warrants at the time of redemption and for the entire 30-day trading period referred to above and continuing each day thereafter until the date of redemption. |
The right to exercise will be forfeited unless the warrants are exercised prior to the date specified in the notice of redemption. On and after the redemption date, a record holder of a warrant will have no further rights except to receive the redemption price for such holder’s warrant upon surrender of such warrant.
The redemption criteria for our warrants have been established at a price which is intended to provide warrant holders a reasonable premium to the initial exercise price and provide a sufficient differential between the then-prevailing share price and the warrant exercise price so that if the share price declines as a result of our redemption call, the redemption will not cause the share price to drop below the exercise price of the warrants.
If we call the warrants for redemption as described above, our management will have the option to require all holders that wish to exercise warrants to do so on a “cashless basis.” In such event, each holder would pay the exercise price by surrendering the warrants for that number of Ordinary Share equal to the quotient obtained by dividing (x) the product of the number of Ordinary Share underlying the warrants, multiplied by the difference between the exercise price of the warrants and the “fair market value” (defined below) by (y) the fair market value. The “fair market value” shall mean the average reported last sale price of our Ordinary Share for the 10 trading days ending on the third trading day prior to the date on which the notice of redemption is sent to the holders of warrants. Whether we will exercise our option to require all holders to exercise their warrants on a “cashless basis” will depend on a variety of factors including the price of our common shares at the time the warrants are called for redemption, our cash needs at such time and concerns regarding dilutive share issuances.
In the event we elect to redeem all of the Public Warrants, the Company Board shall fix a date for the redemption (the “Redemption Date”). Notice of redemption shall be mailed by first class mail, postage prepaid, not less than 30 days prior to the Redemption Date to the registered holders of the Public Warrants to be redeemed at their last addresses as they shall appear on the warrant register.
The warrants will be issued in registered form under a warrant agreement between VStock Transfer, LLC, as warrant agent, and us. The warrant agreement provides that the terms of the warrants may be amended without the consent of any holder to cure any ambiguity or correct any defective provision, but requires the approval, by written consent or vote, of the holders of a majority of the then outstanding warrants in order to make any change that adversely affects the interests of the registered holders.
The exercise price and number of Ordinary Share issuable on exercise of the warrants may be adjusted in certain circumstances including in the event of a share dividend, extraordinary dividend or our recapitalization, reorganization, merger or consolidation. However, the warrants will not be adjusted for issuances of Ordinary Share at a price below their respective exercise prices.
The warrants may be exercised upon surrender of the warrant certificate on or prior to the expiration date at the offices of the warrant agent, with the exercise form on the reverse side of the warrant certificate completed and executed as indicated, accompanied by full payment of the exercise price, by certified or official bank check payable to us, for the number of warrants being exercised. The warrant holders do not have the rights or privileges of holders of Ordinary Share and any voting rights until they exercise their warrants and receive Ordinary Shares. After the issuance of Ordinary Shares upon exercise of the warrants, each holder will be entitled to one vote for each share held of record on all matters to be voted on by stockholders.
Except as described above, no Public Warrants will be exercisable for cash and we will not be obligated to issue Ordinary Share unless at the time a holder seeks to exercise such warrant, a prospectus relating to the Ordinary Share issuable upon exercise of the warrants is current and the Ordinary Share have been registered or qualified or deemed to be exempt under the securities laws of the state of residence of the holder of the warrants. Under the terms of the warrant agreement, we have agreed to use our best efforts to meet these conditions and to maintain a current prospectus relating to the Ordinary Share issuable upon exercise of the warrants until the expiration of the warrants. However, we cannot assure you that we will be able to do so and, if we do not maintain a current prospectus relating to the Ordinary Share issuable upon exercise of the warrants, holders will be unable to exercise their warrants and we will not be required to settle any such warrant exercise. If the prospectus relating to the Ordinary Share issuable upon the exercise of the warrants is not current or if the Ordinary Share is not qualified or exempt from qualification in the jurisdictions in which the holders of the warrants reside, we will not be required to net cash settle or cash settle the warrant exercise, the warrants may have no value, the market for the warrants may be limited and the warrants may expire worthless.
Warrant holders may elect to be subject to a restriction on the exercise of their warrants such that an electing warrant holder would not be able to exercise their warrants to the extent that, after giving effect to such exercise, such holder would beneficially own in excess of 9.9% of the Ordinary Share outstanding. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any person who acquires a warrant with the purpose or effect of changing or influencing the control of our company, or in connection with or as a participant in any transaction having such purpose or effect, immediately upon such acquisition will be deemed to be the beneficial owner of the underlying Ordinary Share and not be able to take advantage of this provision.
No fractional shares will be issued upon exercise of the warrants. If, upon exercise of the warrants, a holder would be entitled to receive a fractional interest in a share, we will, upon exercise, round down to the nearest whole number the number of Ordinary Share to be issued to the warrant holder.
An exchange offer made to both the publicly traded warrants and the warrants held by our sponsors on the same terms will not constitute an amendment requiring consent of any warrant holder.
Exercisability
The Public Warrants are exercisable, at the option of each holder, in whole or in part, by delivering to us a duly executed exercise notice accompanied by payment in full for the number of ordinary shares purchased upon such exercise (except in the case of a cashless exercise as discussed below). A holder (together with its affiliates) may not exercise any portion of the Seller Warrant to the extent that the holder would own more than 9.99% of the outstanding ordinary shares immediately after exercise.
Cashless Exercise
No Public Warrants will be exercisable for cash unless the Company calls all the outstanding Public Warrants for redemption. Fractional Shares
No fractional ordinary shares are issuable upon the exercise of the Public Warrants.
Transferability
Subject to applicable laws, a Public Warrant may be transferred at the option of the holder upon surrender of the Public Warrant to us together with the appropriate instruments of transfer.
Warrant Agreement
The Public Warrants were issued in registered form pursuant to the Warrant Agreement between VStock Transfer, LLC and Globis Acquisition Corp, as assigned to us on June 9, 2022. You should review a copy of the warrant agreement and the form of Public Warrant, as publicly disclosed, for a complete description of the terms and conditions of the Public Warrants and the Warrant Agreement.
Transfer Agent, Registrar and Warrant Agent
The transfer agent and registrar for our ordinary shares and the warrant agent for the Public Warrants is VStock Transfer, LLC. Its address is 18 Lafayette Place, Woodmere, NY 11598, and its telephone number is (212) 828-8436.
Private Warrants
We have agreed that we will not redeem the Private Warrants and we will allow the holders to exercise such warrants on a cashless basis (even if a registration statement covering the Ordinary Shares issuable upon exercise of such warrants is not effective). In the event that a holder of Private Warrants elects to exercise such warrants on a cashless basis, each holder would pay the exercise price by surrendering the warrants for that number of shares of common stock equal to the quotient obtained by dividing (x) the product of the number of Ordinary Shares underlying the warrants, multiplied by the difference between the exercise price of the warrants and the “fair market value” (defined below) by (y) the fair market value. With respect to the Private Warrants, the “fair market value” shall mean, at the discretion of the holder, either (x) the last reported sale price of the Ordinary Share for the trading day prior to the date of exercise or (y) the average reported last sale price of the Ordinary Share for the 10 trading days ending on the third trading day prior to the date of exercise.
Additionally, the representative of the underwriters has agreed that it will not be permitted to exercise any Private Warrants issued to it and/or its designees after December 10, 2025. Furthermore, because the Private Warrants will be issued in private transactions, the holders and their transferees will be allowed to exercise the Private Warrants on a cashless basis or for cash even if a registration statement covering the Ordinary Shares issuable upon exercise of such warrants is not effective and receive unregistered Ordinary Shares.
Seller Warrants
On September 9, 2022, the Company entered into a warrant agreement with the Seller, pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue 516,666 warrants to the Seller (the “Seller Warrants”). Each Seller Warrant entitles the Seller to purchase one ordinary share of the Company, par value $0.001, at an exercise price of $11.50 per share in cash for a period of 5 years
Because the Seller Warrants will be issued in private transactions, the holders and their transferees will be allowed to exercise the Seller Warrants on a cashless basis or for cash even if a registration statement covering the Ordinary Shares issuable upon exercise of such warrants is not effective and receive unregistered Ordinary Shares.
Exhibit 12.1
CERTIFICATION OF THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE
SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
I, Khalid Assari, certify that:
1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of Forafric Global, PLC (the “Company”);
2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows of the Company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4. The Company’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the Company and have:
(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5. The Company’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Company’s auditors and the audit committee of the Company’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
| Date: | April 30, 2025 | |
| By: | /s/ Khalid Assari | |
| Name: | Khalid Assari | |
| Title: | Chief Executive Officer |
Exhibit 12.2
CERTIFICATION OF THE CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE
SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
I, Julien Benitah, certify that:
1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of Forafric Global, PLC (the “Company”);
2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows of the Company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4. The Company’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the Company and have:
(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5. The Company’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Company’s auditors and the audit committee of the Company’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent function):
(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
| Date: | April 30, 2025 | |
| By: | /s/ Julien Benitah | |
| Name: | Julien Benitah | |
| Title: | Chief Financial Officer |
Exhibit 13.1
CERTIFICATION OF THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF
THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
In connection with the Annual Report of Forafric Global, PLC (the “Company”) on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Khalid Assari, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to my knowledge:
(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and
(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.
| Date: | April 30, 2025 | |
| By: | /s/ Khalid Assari | |
| Name: | Khalid Assari | |
| Title: | Chief Executive Officer |
Exhibit 13.2
CERTIFICATION OF THE CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF
THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
In connection with the Annual Report of Forafric Global, PLC (the “Company”) on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Julien Benitah, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to my knowledge:
(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and
(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.
| Date: | April 30, 2025 | |
| By: | /s/ Julien Benitah | |
| Name: | Julien Benitah | |
| Title: | Chief Financial Officer |
Exhibit 11.1
INSIDER TRADING POLICY
This policy determines acceptable transactions in the securities of Forafric Global PLC (the “Company”) by our employees and directors. During the course of your employment or directorship with the Company, you may receive important information that is not yet publicly available (“inside information”), about the Company or about other publicly-traded companies with which the Company has business dealings. Because of your access to this inside information, you may be in a position to profit financially by buying or selling, or in some other way dealing, in the Company’s stock, or stock of another publicly-traded company, or to disclose such information to a third party who does so profit from the inside information you provided (“tip provider”).
Securities Transactions
Use of inside information by someone for personal gain, or to pass on, or “tip,” the inside information to someone who uses it for personal gain, is illegal, regardless of the quantity of shares, and is therefore prohibited. You can be held liable both for your own transactions and for transactions effected by a tip provider, or even a tip provider who obtained the information from another tip provider. Furthermore, it is important that the appearance of insider trading in securities be avoided. The only exception is that transactions directly with the Company, e.g., option exercises for cash or purchases under an employee stock purchase plan, are permitted. However, the subsequent sale (including the sale of shares in a cashless exercise program) or other disposition of such stock is fully subject to these restrictions.
Inside Information
As a practical matter, it is sometimes difficult to determine whether you possess inside information. The key to determining whether non-public information you possess about a public company is inside information is whether dissemination of the information would likely affect the market price of the company’s stock or would likely be considered important, or “material,” by investors who are considering trading in that company’s stock. Certainly, if the information makes you want to trade, it would probably have the same effect on others. Remember, both positive and negative information can be material. If you possess inside information, you may not trade in a company’s stock, advise anyone else to do so or communicate the information to anyone else until you know that the information has been publicly disseminated. This means that in some circumstances, you may have to forego a proposed transaction in a company’s securities even if you planned to execute the transaction prior to learning of the inside information and even though you believe you may suffer an economic loss or sacrifice an anticipated profit by waiting. “Trading” includes engaging in short sales, transactions in put or call options, hedging transactions and other inherently speculative transactions.
Inside information can be either positive or negative information.
For information to be considered publicly disseminated, it must be widely disclosed through a press release or SEC filing, and a sufficient amount of time must have passed to allow the information to be fully disclosed. Generally speaking, information will be considered publicly disseminated after two full trading days have elapsed since the date of public disclosure of the information. For example, if an announcement of inside information of which you were aware was made prior to trading on Monday, then you may execute a transaction in the Company’s securities on Wednesday.
Exhibit 15.1
INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM’S CONSENT
We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statement on Form S-8 (No. 333-266075) of our report dated April 30, 2025, with respect to the Consolidated Financial Statements of Forafric Global PLC and subsidiaries, which appears in this annual report on Form 20-F.
| /s/ UHY LLP | |
| UHY LLP | |
| Melville, NY | |
| April 30, 2025 |
A member of UHY international, a network of independent accounting and consulting firms