Baiya International Group Inc F-1/A, filed Jan 28, 2026
Baiya International Group Inc. (BIYA)
As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 28, 2026.
Registration No. 333-292480
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Amendment No. 1 to
FORM F-1
REGISTRATION STATEMENT
UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933
Baiya International
Group Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
| Cayman Islands | 7361 | Not Applicable | ||
| (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |
(Primary Standard Industrial Classification Code Number) |
(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number) |
Room 18022, Floor 18
112 West 34th Street
New York, NY 10120
Tel: +1 838 900 8888
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code)
Copies to:
Pang Zhang-Whitaker, Esq. Guy Ben-Ami, Esq. Carter Ledyard & Milburn LLP 28 Liberty Street New York, NY 10005 +1 - 212 732 3200 |
Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: As soon as practicable after this Registration Statement becomes effective.
If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box. ☒
If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐
If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐
If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933.
Emerging growth company ☒
If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☐
The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 or until this Registration Statement shall become effective on such date as the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.
Explanatory Note
This Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement on Form F-1 is filed to reflect the reverser stock split (the “Reverse Stock Split”) that became effective on December 29, 2025. On December 29, 2025, we effected a reverse stock split of our class A ordinary shares, a par value of US$0.0001 each (the “Ordinary Shares”), at a ratio of 1-for-25, with the objective of meeting the minimum $1.00 per Ordinary Share bid requirement for maintaining the listing of the Ordinary Shares on The Nasdaq Capital Market. As a result of the Reverse Stock Split, every 25 Ordinary Shares held was automatically combined into one Ordinary Share.
The financial statements and historical financial data included in this registration statement do not give effect to the Reverse Stock Split. All share amounts and related prices reflected in the accompanying prospectus give effect to the Reverse Stock Split, however such amounts appearing in Item 7 of Part II of the accompanying registration statement does not give effect to the Reverse Stock Split.
Information contained herein is subject to completion or amendment. A registration statement relating to these securities has been filed with the SEC. These securities may not be sold nor may offers to buy be accepted prior to the time the registration statement becomes effective. This prospectus shall not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy nor shall there be any sale of these securities in any jurisdiction in which such offer, solicitation or sale would be unlawful.
| PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS | SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED JANUARY 28, 2026 |
BAIYA INTERNATIONAL GROUP INC.
Resale of up to 4,000,000 Ordinary Shares by the Selling Shareholders
This prospectus relates to resale from time to time of up to 4,000,000 (the “Shares”) of our class A ordinary shares par value $0.0025 per share (“Ordinary Shares”) by the selling shareholders named herein, together with any additional selling shareholders listed in a prospectus supplement (together with any of such shareholders’ transferees, pledgees, donees or successors)
See “Selling Shareholders” for additional information regarding the Selling Shareholders.
The Shares offered by the Selling Stockholder may be issued pursuant to the Standby Equity Subscription Agreements, dated November 5, 2025 that we entered into with Selling Shareholders (the “Subscription Agreements”). We are not selling any securities under this prospectus and will not receive any of the proceeds from the sale of our Ordinary Shares by the Selling Stockholders. However, we may receive up to $20,370,000 in aggregate gross proceeds from sales of our Ordinary Shares to the Selling Shareholders that we may make under the Subscription Agreement, from time to time after the date of this prospectus (the “Advance Shares”). The shares that may be offered pursuant to this prospectus would be purchased by the Selling Shareholders, pursuant to the Subscription Agreements, at the Subscription Price (as defined in the Subscription Agreements) commencing on the date that we direct the Selling Shareholders to purchase amounts of our Ordinary Shares under the Subscription Agreements that we specify in a written notice (an “Advance Notice”), subject to certain limitations.
See the sections titled “The Transaction” for a description of the transaction contemplated by the Subscription Agreements and “Selling Shareholders” for additional information regarding the Sellin Shareholders. The Selling Shareholders may sell the shares of the Shares included in this prospectus in a number of different ways and at varying prices. We provide more information about how the Selling Shareholders may sell the shares in the section entitled “Plan of Distribution.” The Selling Shareholders are each an “underwriter” within the meaning of Section 2(a)(11) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”).
The Selling Shareholders will pay all brokerage fees and commissions and similar expenses in connection with the offer and sale of the shares by the Selling Shareholders pursuant to this prospectus. We will pay the expenses (except brokerage fees and commissions and similar expenses) incurred in registering under the Securities Act the offer and sale of the shares included in this prospectus by the Selling Shareholders. See “Plan of Distribution.”
Our Ordinary Shares have been traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “BIYA” since our initial public offering on March 21, 2025. On January 27, 2026, the closing price of our Ordinary Shares was $3.99 per share.
We are not a Chinese operating company, but an offshore holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. As a holding company with no material operations of our own, we conduct all of our operations in China through a variable interest entity, or “VIE”, Shenzhen Gongwuyuan Network Technology Co., Ltd. (“Gongwuyuan”), and its subsidiaries, or collectively, the “PRC operating entities.” We entered into a series of agreements date December 29, 2021 (the “Contractual Arrangements”) with the VIE and certain shareholders of Gongwuyuan, and this structure involves unique risks to shareholders. Neither we nor our subsidiaries own any equity interests in the PRC operating entities under the VIE structure.
Baiya is an offshore holding company and our shareholders may never directly hold equity interests in the PRC operating entities. Neither we nor our subsidiaries own any share or equity interest in the PRC operating entities. Instead, we consolidate the financial results of the VIE as a primary beneficiary through the Contractual Arrangements between our wholly owned subsidiary entity, Shenzhen Pengze Future Technology Co., Ltd. (“Pengze WFOE”), Gongwuyuan, the VIE, and certain shareholders of Gongwuyuan. We are utilizing the VIE structure because some of the VIE’s businesses may be prohibited or restricted from direct foreign investment under Chinese law. As a result of Baiya’s indirect ownership in Pengze WFOE and the Contractual Arrangements, we treat the VIE and the VIE’s subsidiaries as our consolidated entities under U.S. GAAP, but we do not own equity interests in the VIE or its subsidiaries. We have consolidated the financial results of the VIE and the VIE’s subsidiaries in our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
As we chose such VIE structure, we are subject to certain unique risks and uncertainties that may not otherwise exist if we had direct equity ownership in the PRC operating entities. Because we do not directly hold equity interests in the VIE and its subsidiaries, our Contractual Arrangements may not be effective in providing control over Gongwuyuan. Further, we are subject to risks due to uncertainty of the interpretation and the application of the PRC laws and regulations, including but not limited to limitations on foreign ownership and regulatory review of overseas listing of PRC companies through a special purpose vehicle, and the validity and enforcement of the Contractual Arrangements. We are also subject to the risks of uncertainty about any future actions of the PRC government in this regard that could disallow the VIE structure, which would likely result in a material change in our operations and/or cause the value of our Ordinary Shares to decrease significantly or become worthless. As of the date of this prospectus, the agreements under the Contractual Arrangements have not been tested in any court of law.
We are subject to certain legal and operational risks associated with the VIE operations in China through the Contractual Arrangements. Additionally, PRC laws and regulations governing our current business operations are sometimes vague and uncertain, and therefore, these risks may result in a material change in our operations, significant depreciation of the value of our Ordinary Shares, or a complete hindrance of our ability to offer or continue to offer our securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless. The Chinese government may intervene or influence the operations of the PRC operating entities at any time and may exert more control over offerings conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers, which could result in a material change in the operations of the PRC operating entities and/or the value of our Ordinary Shares. Further, any actions by the Chinese government to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless.
Recent statements by the Chinese government have indicated an intent to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investments in China based issuers. Any future action by the Chinese government expanding the categories of industries and companies whose foreign securities offerings are subject to government review could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and could cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless. In addition, recently, the PRC government initiated a series of regulatory actions and made a number of public statements on the regulation of business operations in China with little advance notice, including cracking down on illegal activities in the securities market, enhancing supervision over overseas listing of domestic enterprises, adopting new measures to extend the scope of cybersecurity reviews, and expanding efforts in anti-monopoly enforcement. On December 28, 2021, the Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021 version) was promulgated and became effective on February 15, 2022, which iterates that any online platform operators controlling personal information of more than one million users which seeks to list in a foreign stock exchange should be subject to cybersecurity review. On July 7, 2022, the Measures for the Security Assessment of Outbound Data Transfers, or the Measures, was published and became effective on September 1, 2022, which requires security assessment of outbound data transfers in cases, among others, outbound transfer of personal information by a critical information infrastructure operator or a personal information processor who has processed the personal information of more than one million people. On September 24, 2024, the State Council promulgated the Regulations on the Network Data Security Management (the “Data Security Management Regulations”), which became effective on January 1, 2025. Pursuant to the Data Security Management Regulations, network data processing activities refer to activities such as the collection, storage, use, processing, transmission, provision, disclosure, and deletion of data. Network data processors refer to individuals or organizations that independently determine the purposes and methods of data processing activities. Network data processors conducting any data processing activities that affect or may affect national security shall undergo national security review in accordance with relevant national regulations. Where it is indeed necessary to transfer any important data collected and generated within the territory of the PRC to an overseas party, the security assessment of outbound data transfer organized by the national cyberspace administration department shall be passed. We currently do not have over one million users’ personal information and do not anticipate that we will be collecting over one million users’ personal information in the foreseeable future and the PRC operating entities do not conduct any data processing activities that affect or may affect national security. Further, the PRC operating entities’ business operations do not involve any critical information infrastructure, and neither we nor the PRC operating entities have received any notification from applicable PRC governmental authorities indicating that any of the PRC operating entities’ products or services are determined as critical information infrastructure. In light of the above, our PRC legal counsel, Jingtian & Gongcheng, is of the view that we are not subject to the cybersecurity review for this offering under the Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021 version), the Measures or the Data Security Management Regulations. As of the date of this prospectus, neither we nor the PRC operating entities have received any notification from applicable PRC governmental authorities indicating that we or our PRC operating entities shall file for a cybersecurity review. In addition, as of the date of this prospectus, neither we nor our PRC operating entities have been subject to any anti-monopoly investigation, penalty of litigation initiated by government authorities or third parties. Furthermore, we will continue to monitor for updates of applicable PRC anti-monopoly laws and regulations. Currently, these statements and regulatory actions have had no material impact on our daily business operations, the ability to accept foreign investments and list our securities on a U.S. or other foreign exchange. However, since these statements and regulatory actions are new, it is uncertain how soon legislative or administrative regulation making bodies will respond and what existing or new laws or regulations or detailed implementations and interpretations will be modified or promulgated, if any, and the potential impact such modified or new laws and regulations will have on our daily business operations, the ability to accept foreign investments and list our securities on a U.S. or other foreign exchange. We cannot assure you that relevant PRC government agencies would reach the same conclusion as we do or as advised by our PRC legal counsel. If we are subject to such a probe or if we are required to comply with stepped-up supervisory requirements, valuable time from our management and money may be expended in complying and/or responding to the probe and requirements, thus diverting valuable resources and attention away from our operations. This may, in turn, negatively impact our operations. See also “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Doing Business in China — The recent state government interference into business activities on U.S. listed Chinese companies may negatively impact our existing and future operations in China. The Chinese government may intervene in or influence our operations at any time, which could result in a material change in our operations and significantly and adversely impact the value of the Ordinary Shares, including potentially causing the value of the Ordinary Shares to decline or be worthless; — Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system, including uncertainties regarding the enforcement of laws, and sudden or unexpected changes of laws and regulations in China applicable to us could adversely affect us and limit the legal protections available to you and us; — The PRC legal system is evolving, and the resulting uncertainties could adversely affect us; — The approval of the China Securities Regulatory Commission or other PRC regulatory agencies may be required in connection with this registration under PRC law.”
On February 17, 2023, the China Securities Regulation Commission (the “CSRC”) issued the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (the “Trial Administrative Measures”) and relevant supporting guidelines (collectively, the “New Administrative Rules Regarding Overseas Listings”), which became effective on March 31, 2023. According to the New Administrative Rules Regarding Overseas Listings, among other things, a domestic company in the PRC that seeks to offer and list securities in overseas markets shall fulfill the filing procedure with the CSRC. When a domestic company seeks to directly offer and list securities in overseas markets, the issuer shall file with the CSRC. When a domestic company seeks to indirectly offer and list securities in overseas markets, the issuer shall designate a major domestic operating entity, which shall, as the domestic responsible entity, file with the CSRC. Initial public offerings or listings in overseas markets shall be filed with the CSRC within 3 working days after the relevant application is submitted overseas.
The required filing materials with the CSRC include (without limitation): (i) record-filing reports and related undertakings, (ii) compliance certificates, filing or approval documents from the primary regulators of applicants’ businesses (if applicable), (iii) security assessment opinions issued by related departments (if applicable), (iv) PRC legal opinions issued by domestic law firms (with related undertakings), and (v) prospectus or listing documents.
In addition, under the New Administrative Rules Regarding Overseas Listings, a domestic company is prohibited from overseas offering and listing if any of the following circumstances is involved: (1) where such securities offering and listing is explicitly prohibited by provisions in laws, administrative regulations and relevant state rules; (2) where the intended securities offering and listing may endanger national security as reviewed and determined by competent authorities under the State Council in accordance with law; (3) where the domestic company intending to make the securities offering and listing, or its controlling shareholders and the actual controller, have committed crimes such as corruption, bribery, embezzlement, misappropriation of property or undermining the order of the socialist market economy during the latest three years; (4) where the domestic company intending to make the securities offering and listing is suspected of committing crimes or major violations of laws and regulations, and is under investigation according to law, and no conclusion has yet been made thereof; and (5) where there are material ownership disputes over equity held by the domestic company’s controlling shareholder or by other shareholders that are controlled by the controlling shareholder and/or actual controller. Moreover, a domestic company that seeks to offer and list securities in overseas markets shall abide by certain other regulatory requirements as set out in the New Administrative Rules Regarding Overseas Listings, including without limitation to, compliance with national secrecy, foreign investment, cybersecurity, data security, cross-border investment and financing, foreign exchange, and other laws and relevant provisions. Pursuant to the New Administrative Rules Regarding Overseas Listings and the Notice on the Arrangement for Filing-based Administration of Overseas Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies issued by the CSRC on February 17, 2023, we have to file with the CSRC in accordance with the Trial Administrative Measures with respect to this offering before listing in the U.S. We completed such filing procedures on June 27, 2024, the completion of which was posted on the official website of the CSRC on June 28, 2024. However, we cannot assure you of whether there will be further regulatory requirements related to overseas securities offerings and other capital markets activities. Any failure on our part to fully comply with further regulatory requirements may significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer our Ordinary Shares.
On February 24, 2023, the CSRC promulgated the Provisions on Strengthening Confidentiality and Archives Administration of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (the “Confidentiality and Archives Administration Provisions”), which also became effective on March 31, 2023. According to the Confidentiality and Archives Administration Provisions, domestic companies that seek overseas offering and listing (either in direct or indirect means) and the securities companies and securities service (either incorporated domestically or overseas) providers that undertake relevant businesses shall institute a sound confidentiality and archives administration system, and take necessary measures to fulfill confidentiality and archives administration obligations. They shall not leak any state secret or working secret of government agencies, or harm national security and public interests. Furthermore, a domestic company that provides accounting archives or copies of accounting archives to any entities, including securities companies, securities service providers and overseas regulators and individuals, shall fulfill due procedures in compliance with applicable regulations. Working papers produced in the mainland China by securities companies and securities service providers in the process of undertaking businesses related to overseas offering and listing by domestic companies shall be retained in mainland China. Where such documents need to be transferred or transmitted to areas outside of mainland China, relevant approval procedures stipulated by regulations shall be followed. We believe that this offering does not involve the leaking of any state secret or working secret of government agencies, or the harming of national security and public interests. However, we may be required to perform additional procedures in connection with the provision of accounting archives. The specific requirements of the relevant procedures are currently unclear and we cannot be certain whether we will be able to perform the relevant procedures.
Any failure of us to fully comply with new regulatory requirements may significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer our Ordinary Shares, cause significant disruption to our business operations, severely damage our reputation, materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations and cause our Ordinary Shares to significantly decline in value or become worthless.
According to our PRC legal counsel, Jingtian & Gongcheng, under current effective PRC laws and regulations, apart from the filing procedure with the CSRC under the New Administrative Rules Regarding Overseas Listings, we and the PRC operating entities are currently not required to obtain permission from any of the PRC authorities to issue the Ordinary Shares to foreign investors. In addition, apart from the filing procedure with the CSRC under the New Administrative Rules Regarding Overseas Listings, we and the PRC operating entities are not required to obtain permission or approval from the PRC authorities including CSRC or CAC to issue the Ordinary Shares to foreign investors, nor have we, or the PRC operating entities, applied for or received any denial for registration. With regards to the filing procedure with the CSRC under the New Administrative Rules Regarding Overseas Listings, we completed such filing procedures on June 27, 2024, the completion of which was posted on the official website of the CSRC on June 28, 2024.
However, recently, the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council jointly issued the “Opinions on Severely Cracking Down on Illegal Securities Activities According to Law,” or the Opinions, which was made available to the public on July 6, 2021. The Opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities, and the need to strengthen the supervision over overseas listings by Chinese companies. Effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems will be taken to deal with the risks and incidents of China-concept overseas listed companies, and cybersecurity and data privacy protection requirements and similar matters. Further, we are still subject to the uncertainty of interpretation and enforcement of the rules and regulations in the PRC, which can change quickly with little advance notice, and any future actions of the PRC authorities. We cannot assure you that relevant PRC government agencies would reach the same conclusion as we do or as advised by our PRC legal counsel. However, (i) if we inadvertently concluded that such permissions or approvals are not required, or (ii) if the CAC or other regulatory PRC agencies later promulgate new rules requiring that we obtain their approvals to issue the Ordinary Shares to foreign investors, and we are unable to obtain such approval in a timely manner or obtain a waiver of such approval requirements. In addition, any uncertainties and/or negative publicity regarding such an approval requirement could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our securities.
Our Ordinary Shares may be prohibited to trade on an U.S. exchange or “over-the-counter” markets under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, as amended by the Consolidated Appropriation Act, 2023 (the “HFCA Act”) if the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (the “PCAOB”) is unable to inspect our auditors for two consecutive years. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, was signed into law on December 29, 2022, which amended the HFCA Act (i) to reduce the number of consecutive years that would trigger delisting from three years to two years, and (ii) so that any foreign jurisdiction could be the reason why the PCAOB does not to have complete access to inspect or investigate a company’s auditors. As it was originally enacted, the HFCA Act applied only if the PCAOB’s inability to inspect or investigate because of a position taken by an authority in the foreign jurisdiction where the relevant public accounting firm is located. As a result of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, the HFCA Act now also applies if the PCAOB’s inability to inspect or investigate the relevant accounting firm is due to a position taken by an authority in any foreign jurisdiction. The denying jurisdiction does not need to be where the accounting firm is located.
Pursuant to the HFCA Act, the PCAOB issued a Determination Report on December 16, 2021, which found that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in: (1) mainland China of the PRC, and (2) Hong Kong. In addition, the PCAOB’s report identified the specific registered public accounting firms which are subject to these determinations. On August 26, 2022, the PCAOB signed a Statement of Protocol with the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or the CSRC, and the Ministry of Finance of the PRC, taking the first step toward opening access for the PCAOB to inspect and investigate registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB announced that it “was able to secure complete access to inspect and investigate audit firms in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) for the first time in history, in 2022. Therefore, on December 15, 2022, the PCAOB Board voted to vacate previous determinations to the contrary.” Notwithstanding the foregoing, uncertainties exist with respect to the implementation of these provisions and there is no assurance that the PCAOB will be able to execute, in a timely manner, its future inspections and investigations in a manner that satisfies the Statement of Protocol. Our former auditor, Friedman LLP (“Friedman”), the independent registered public accounting firm that issued the audit report included in this prospectus, as an auditor of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the PCAOB, was subject to laws in the United States pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess Friedman’s compliance with applicable professional standards. Friedman was headquartered in Manhattan, New York with no branches or offices outside the United States and had been inspected by the PCAOB on a regular basis, with the last inspection in October 2020. Friedman LLP was merged with Marcum LLP on September 1, 2022 and filed its application to withdraw the PCAOB registration on December 30, 2022. On February 21, 2023, the Company engaged Kreit & Chiu CPA LLP (“Kreit & Chiu”) as its independent registered public accounting firm for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. Kreit & Chiu is located at New York, New York, and has been inspected by the PCAOB. On August 1, 2025, we dismissed Kreit & Chiu as our independent auditors and engaged Onestop Assurance PAC as our independent auditors. Our current independent auditors Onestop Assurance PAC is located at Singapore, and has been inspected by the PCAOB. The Company will not engage any independent public accounting firm headquartered in mainland China or Hong Kong or not subject to the PCAOB’s inspections. In the event that, in the future, either there is any regulatory change or step taken by PRC regulators that does not permit our auditor to provide audit documentations located in China or Hong Kong to the PCAOB for inspection or investigation or the PCAOB expands the scope of the Determination so that we are subject to the HFCA Act, as the same may be amended, you may be deprived of the benefits of such inspection which could result in limitation or restriction to our access to the U.S. capital markets and trading of our securities, including trading on an U.S. national securities exchange and trading on “over-the-counter” markets, may be prohibited under the HFCA Act.
As of the date of this prospectus, no cash transfer or transfer of other assets have occurred between Baiya, its subsidiaries, and the consolidated VIE as well as the subsidiaries of the VIE. As of the date of this prospectus, none of our subsidiaries, consolidated VIE or the subsidiaries of the VIE have made any dividends or distributions to Baiya. We intend to keep any future earnings to re-invest in and finance the expansion of the business of the PRC operating entities, and we do not anticipate that any cash dividends will be paid in the foreseeable future. Currently, we, including our consolidated VIE and the subsidiaries of the VIE, have not adopted or maintained any cash management policies and procedures to govern cash transfer between Baiya, its subsidiaries, and the consolidated VIE as well as the subsidiaries of the VIE, and each entity is required to comply with applicable law or regulations with respect to transfer of funds, dividends and distributions with other entities.
Under Cayman Islands law, a Cayman Islands company may pay a dividend on its shares out of either profit or share premium amount or a combination of both, provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in the company being unable to pay its debts due in the ordinary course of business. If we determine to pay dividends on any of our Ordinary Shares in the future, as a holding company, we will rely on payments made from Gongwuyuan to Pengze WFOE, pursuant to the Contractual Arrangements between them, and the distribution of such payments to Juxing Investment Group (Hong Kong) Limited (“Juxing HK”) as dividends from Pengze WFOE, unless we receive proceeds from future offerings. Certain payments from Gongwuyuan to Pengze WFOE are subject to PRC taxes, including value added tax, or VAT, and enterprise income tax.
INVESTING IN OUR SECURITIES INVOLVES A HIGH DEGREE OF RISK. SEE “RISK FACTORS” BEGINNING ON PAGE 8 OF THIS PROSPECTUS AND ANY SIMILAR SECTION CONTAINED IN THE APPLICABLE PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT CONCERNING FACTORS YOU SHOULD CONSIDER BEFORE INVESTING IN OUR SECURITIES.
Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
The date of this prospectus is [ ], 2025
TABLE OF CONTENTS
This prospectus describes the general manner in which the Selling Shareholders may offer, from time to time, up to 4,000,000 Ordinary Shares held by the Selling Shareholders as described in the cover page of this prospectus.
You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus and any free writing prospectus prepared by us. Neither we nor the Selling Shareholders have authorized anyone to provide you with information that is different, and neither we nor the Selling Shareholders take any responsibility for, and provide any assurance as to the reliability of, any information, other than the information in this prospectus and any free writing prospectus prepared by us.
This prospectus, any prospectus supplement or amendments thereto do not constitute an offer to sell, or a solicitation of an offer to purchase, the Ordinary Shares offered by this prospectus, any prospectus supplement or amendments thereto in any jurisdictions where, or under any circumstances under which, the offer, sale, or solicitation is not permitted. This prospectus is an offer to sell only the Ordinary Shares offered hereby, but only under circumstances and in jurisdictions where it is lawful to do so. For the avoidance of doubt, no offer or invitation to subscribe for Ordinary Shares is made to the public in the Cayman Islands.
The information in this prospectus and in any free writing prospectus prepared by us is accurate only as of the date on its respective cover, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or any free writing prospectus or the time of any sale of our Ordinary Shares. Our business, results of operations, financial condition, or prospects may have changed since those dates.
Before you invest in our Ordinary Shares, you should read the registration statement (including the exhibits thereto and the documents incorporated by reference therein) of which this prospectus forms a part.
If necessary, the specific manner in which the Shares may be offered and sold will be described in a supplement to this prospectus, which supplement may also add, update or change any of the information contained in this prospectus. To the extent there is a conflict between the information contained in this prospectus and any prospectus supplement, you should rely on the information in such prospectus supplement, provided that if any statement in one of these documents is inconsistent with a statement in another document having a later date, for example, a document incorporated by reference in this prospectus or any prospectus supplement, the statement in that document having the later date modifies or supersedes the earlier statement.
Neither the delivery of this prospectus nor any distribution of Shares pursuant to this prospectus shall, under any circumstances, create any implication that there has been no change in the information set forth or incorporated by reference into this prospectus or in our affairs since the date of this prospectus. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since such date.
i
CERTAIN DEFINED TERMS
Unless otherwise stated or unless the context otherwise requires, the terms “we,” “us,” “our,” “ours,” “Company,” or “Baiya” refer to Baiya International Group Inc. and its subsidiaries.
In this document:
“Baiya” means Baiya International Group Inc., a Cayman Islands corporation.
“Board” means the Board of Directors of Baiya International Group Inc.
“Exchange Act” means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
“GAAP” means United States generally accepted accounting principles.
“JOBS Act” means the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012.
“Nasdaq” means The Nasdaq Global Market.
“Ordinary Shares” means the class A ordinary shares, par value $0.0025 per share, of Baiya.
“Public Shareholders” means holders of Ordinary Shares held by the public.
“SEC” means the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
“Securities Act” means the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
“Selling Shareholder” means each of Victoria Harbour International Capital Management Limited, a company incorporated in Hong Kong and Yatian Investment Limited, a company incorporated in Hong Kong.
“U.S. dollars”, “$”, “USD” and “dollars” are to the legal currency of the United State
“we,” “us,” “our,” “our Company,” or “Baiya” are to Baiya International Group Inc., a Cayman Islands corporation and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis.
ii
This summary highlights selected information from this prospectus and does not contain all of the information that is important to you in making an investment decision. This summary is qualified in its entirety by the more detailed information included in this prospectus. Before making your investment decision with respect to our securities, you should carefully read this entire prospectus, including the information under “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and the financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.
Our Company
We are an offshore holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. As a holding company with no material operations of our own, we conduct all of our operations in China through a variable interest entity, or “VIE”, Shenzhen Gongwuyuan Network Technology Co., Ltd. (“Gongwuyuan”), and its subsidiaries, or collectively, the “PRC operating entities.” We entered into a series of agreements date December 29, 2021 (the “Contractual Arrangements”) with the VIE and certain shareholders of Gongwuyuan, and this structure involves unique risks to Selling Shareholders. Neither we nor our subsidiaries own any equity interests in the PRC operating entities under the VIE structure..
We conduct business operations through the VIE, Gongwuyuan, a PRC company, and its subsidiaries in China. Gongwuyuan was incorporated in China on October 23, 2017 and started to provide job matching services in 2017. The Gongwuyuan Platform was launched in November 2019 and has since expanded its flexible employment matching services in five (5) provinces and 30 cities.
Our principal executive offices are located at Room 18022, Floor 18, 112 W. 34th Street, New York, NY 10120, and our telephone number is +1 838 900 8888. We maintain a website at https://www.baiyainc.com. Our website or any other website does not constitute a part of this prospectus. Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is located at the office of Harneys Fiduciary (Cayman) Limited, 4th Floor, Harbour Place, 103 South Church Street, P.O. Box 10240, Grand Cayman KY1-1002, Cayman Islands.
Implications of Our Being an “Emerging Growth Company”
As a company with less than $1.235 billion in revenue during our last fiscal year, we qualify as an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the “JOBS Act.” An “emerging growth company” may take advantage of reduced reporting requirements that are otherwise applicable to larger public companies. In particular, as an emerging growth company, we:
| ● | may present only two years of audited financial statements and only two years of related Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations; |
| ● | are not required to provide a detailed narrative disclosure discussing our compensation principles, objectives and elements and analyzing how those elements fit with our principles and objectives, which is commonly referred to as “compensation discussion and analysis”; |
| ● | are not required to obtain an attestation and report from our auditors on our management’s assessment of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002; |
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| ● | are not required to obtain a non-binding advisory vote from our shareholders on executive compensation or golden parachute arrangements (commonly referred to as the “say-on-pay,” “say-on frequency,” and “say-on-golden-parachute” votes); |
| ● | are exempt from certain executive compensation disclosure provisions requiring a pay-for-performance graph and chief executive officer pay ratio disclosure; |
| ● | are eligible to claim longer phase-in periods for the adoption of new or revised financial accounting standards under §107 of the JOBS Act; and |
| ● | will not be required to conduct an evaluation of our internal control over financial reporting until our second annual report on Form 20-F following the effectiveness of our initial public offering. |
We intend to take advantage of all of these reduced reporting requirements and exemptions, including the longer phase-in periods for the adoption of new or revised financial accounting standards under §107 of the JOBS Act. Our election to use the phase-in periods may make it difficult to compare our financial statements to those of non-emerging growth companies and other emerging growth companies that have opted out of the phase-in periods under §107 of the JOBS Act.
Under the JOBS Act, we may take advantage of the above-described reduced reporting requirements and exemptions until we no longer meet the definition of an emerging growth company. The JOBS Act provides that we would cease to be an “emerging growth company” at the end of the fiscal year in which the fifth anniversary of our initial sale of common equity pursuant to a registration statement declared effective under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) occurred, if we have more than $1.235 billion in annual revenue, have more than $700 million in market value of our Ordinary Shares held by non-affiliates, or issue more than $1 billion in principal amount of non-convertible debt over a three-year period.
Foreign Private Issuer Status
We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). As such, we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to United States domestic public companies. For example:
| ● | we are not required to provide as many Exchange Act reports, or as frequently, as a domestic public company; |
| ● | for interim reporting, we are permitted to comply solely with our home country requirements, which are less rigorous than the rules that apply to domestic public companies; |
| ● | we are not required to provide the same level of disclosure on certain issues, such as executive compensation; |
| ● | we are not required to comply with the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents, or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act; and |
| ● | we are not required to comply with Section 16 of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their share ownership and trading activities and establishing insider liability for profits realized from any “short-swing” trading transaction. |
We are required to file an annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the end of each fiscal year. Press releases relating to financial results and material events will also be furnished to the SEC on Form 6-K. However, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC will be less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. As a result, you may not be afforded the same protections or information that would be made available to you were you investing in a U.S. domestic issuer.
The Nasdaq listing rules provide that a foreign private issuer may follow the practices of its home country, which for us is the Cayman Islands, rather than the Nasdaq rules as to certain corporate governance requirements, including the requirement that the issuer have a majority of independent directors, the audit committee, compensation committee, and nominating and corporate governance committee requirements, the requirement to disclose third-party director and nominee compensation, and the requirement to distribute annual and interim reports. A foreign private issuer that follows a home country practice in lieu of one or more of the listing rules is required to disclose in its annual reports filed with the SEC each requirement that it does not follow and describe the home country practice followed by the issuer in lieu of such requirements. We have elected to take advantage of these exceptions to the Nasdaq corporate governance rules.
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CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This prospectus contains forward-looking statements, including statements about the financial condition, results of operations, earnings outlook and prospects of Baiya. Forward-looking statements appear in a number of places in this prospectus, including, without limitation, in the sections entitled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and “Business.” In addition, any statements that refer to projections, forecasts or other characterizations of future events or circumstances, including any underlying assumptions, are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are typically identified by words such as “plan,” “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “outlook,” “estimate,” “forecast,” “project,” “continue,” “could,” “may,” “might,” “possible,” “potential,” “predict,” “should,” “would” and other similar words and expressions, but the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking.
The forward-looking statements are based on the current expectations of the management of Baiya and are inherently subject to uncertainties and changes in circumstances and their potential effects and speak only as of the date of such statement. There can be no assurance that future developments will be those that have been anticipated. These forward-looking statements involve a number of risks, uncertainties or other assumptions that may cause actual results or performance to be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, those factors discussed and identified in public filings made with the SEC by Baiya and the following:
| ● | changes in applicable laws or regulations; | |
| ● | limited liquidity and trading of our securities; | |
| ● | geopolitical risk and changes in applicable laws or regulations; | |
| ● | the possibility that Baiya may be adversely affected by other economic, business, or competitive factors; | |
| ● | operational risk; | |
| ● | the risk that any future pandemics, and responses to addressing pandemics may have an adverse effect on our business operations, as well as our financial condition and results of operations; | |
| ● | other factors detailed under the section entitled “Risk Factors.” |
The risks described under the heading “Risk Factors” are not exhaustive. Other sections of this prospectus describe additional factors that could adversely affect the business, financial condition or results of operations of Baiya. New risk factors emerge from time to time and it is not possible to predict all such risk factors, nor can we assess the impact of all such risk factors on our business, or the extent to which any factor or combination of factors may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of performance. You should not put undue reliance on these statements, which speak only as of the date hereof. All forward-looking statements attributable to Baiya or persons acting on their behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the foregoing cautionary statements. Baiya undertakes no obligations to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.
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Risk Factors
Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including those described in “Risk Factors” immediately following this Prospectus summary and elsewhere in this Prospectus. These risks represent challenges to the successful implementation of our strategy and to the growth and future profitability of our business. These risks include, but are not limited to, the following:
Risks Related to this Offering by the Selling Shareholders
| ● | The Chinese government may intervene or influence our operations at any time, which could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of the securities we are registering. Also, given recent statements by the Chinese government indicating an intent to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers, such action could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless. |
| ● | It is not possible to predict the actual number of the Offered Ordinary Shares we will sell under the Subscription Agreements to the Selling Shareholders, or the actual gross proceeds resulting from those sales. |
| ● | The sale and issuance of the Shares to the Selling Shareholders will cause dilution to our existing shareholders, and the sale of the Shares acquired by the Selling Shareholders, or the perception that such sales may occur, could cause the price of our Ordinary Shares to fall. |
| ● | Investors who buy the Shares from the Selling Shareholders at different times will likely pay different prices. |
| ● | Our management has broad discretion to determine how to use the funds received from the sale of the Offered Ordinary Shares under the Subscription Agreements and may use them in ways that may not enhance our results of operations or the price of our Ordinary Shares. |
| ● | If our Company ceases to qualify as a foreign private issuer it would become subject to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(d) and would have to obtain shareholder approval for the issuance of the Shares under the Subscription Agreements that exceed the limits set under this rule. |
Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry
| ● | Our PRC operating entities operate in the emerging, dynamic, and competitive flexible employment industry, which makes it difficult for Selling Shareholders to evaluate our PRC operating entities’ future prospects, and we cannot assure you that their current or future strategies will be successfully implemented or will generate sustainable profit. |
| ● | We have a limited operating history and are subject to the risks encountered by development-stage companies. We cannot assure you that the market for our services will develop as we expect or we will be able to maintain the growth rate that they have experienced to date. |
| ● | The proper functioning of our Gongwuyuan platform and its technology infrastructure is essential to our business. Any errors in or disruption to the PRC operating entities’ IT systems and infrastructure and those on which they rely could materially affect their ability to maintain the satisfactory performance of their platform and deliver consistent services to their clients. |
| ● | The PRC operating entities rely on cooperation with third party companies for aspects of their business, which could result in disruption, increased costs, reputation risks and may adversely affect their business and results of operations. |
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| ● | Our customers may raise objection to and claim for compensation for the outsourcing arrangement carried out by the PRC operating companies in completing relevant worker recruitment or labor assignments which could have a material adverse effect on our business operation and financial conditions. |
| ● | Due to seasonal variations in demand for blue-collar workers and human resource related services, the PRC operating entities experience material fluctuations in their revenue streams which affect their ability to predict their quarterly results and which may also cause quarterly results to vary from period to period. |
| ● | The PRC operating entities are dependent on their Internet service providers, and the PRC operating entities are vulnerable to failures of the Internet, telecommunications networks in China and the PRC operating entities’ technology platform. |
| ● | If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud. |
| ● | We (or a foreign investor) may become at risk of being taxed or imposed a penalty under Announcement 7 and may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with Announcement 7 or to establish that we (or such foreign investor) should not be taxed under Announcement 7, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations (or such foreign investor’s investment in us). |
Risks Relating to the Variable Interest Entity (VIE) Structure
| ● | The PRC government may find that the Contractual Arrangements (as defined below) with the VIE and its shareholders to operate our business in China do not comply with applicable PRC Laws, or if these applicable PRC Laws or the interpretation of existing applicable PRC Laws change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations. Additionally, such determination by the PRC government and changes or interpretations in PRC Laws, if occurred, may cause significant decline in the value of our shares, or even render our shares worthless. |
| ● | We rely on Contractual Arrangements with the VIE and certain shareholders of the VIE to consolidate financial results of the PRC operating entities. |
| ● | We may lose the ability to use and enjoy assets held by Gongwuyuan that are material to our business operations if Gongwuyuan or one of its subsidiaries declares bankruptcy or become subject to a dissolution or liquidation proceeding. |
| ● | Uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation and implementation of the newly enacted Foreign Investment Law, and how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance, business, financial condition and results of operations. |
Risks Relating to Doing Business in China
| ● | The recent state government interference into business activities on U.S. listed Chinese companies may negatively impact our existing and future operations in China. The Chinese government may intervene in or influence our operations at any time, which could result in a material change in our operations and significantly and adversely impact the value of the Ordinary Shares, including potentially causing the value of the Ordinary Shares to decline or be worthless. |
| ● | Adverse changes in economic and political policies of the PRC government could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of China, which could adversely affect our, and VIE’s business. |
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| ● | Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system, including uncertainties regarding the enforcement of laws, and sudden or unexpected changes in of laws and regulations in China applicable to us could adversely affect us and limit the legal protections available to you and us. |
| ● | The PRC operating entities may be liable for improper collection, use or appropriation of personal information provided by our customers and users. |
| ● | We rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiary to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiary to make payments to us could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business. |
| ● | Failure to obtain or renew relevant requisite licenses, permits, authorization, approvals or certificates from the relevant government authorities related to our business operation could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business and our financial conditions. |
| ● | It may be difficult to effect service of process upon our directors or officers named in this prospectus who reside in mainland China or enforce non-mainland China court judgements against us or them. |
Risks Relating to the Ordinary Shares
| ● | A recent joint statement by the SEC and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), or the “PCAOB,” proposed rule changes submitted by Nasdaq, and an act passed by the U.S. Senate all call for additional and more stringent criteria to be applied to emerging market companies upon assessing the qualification of their auditors, especially the non-U.S. auditors who are not inspected by the PCAOB. These developments could add uncertainties to our listing on Nasdaq in the future. |
| ● | Our Ordinary Share price may change significantly following our initial public offering regardless of our operating performance, and you may not be able to resell your Ordinary Shares at or above the initial public offering price. |
| ● | You may experience further dilution in the future. |
| ● | We are an exempted company with limited liability incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands, and you may have different protection of your shareholder rights than you would have under United States law. |
| ● | As an exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from Nasdaq’s corporate governance requirements; these practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with Nasdaq’s corporate governance requirements. |
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THE OFFERING
| Issuer | Baiya International Group Inc. | |
| Securities offered by the Selling Shareholder | Up to 4,000,000 Ordinary Shares issuable under the Subscription Agreements. | |
| Ordinary Shares outstanding prior to the completion of this offering | 1,209,609 Ordinary Shares | |
| Ordinary Shares outstanding immediately after the completion of this offering | 1,209,609 Ordinary Shares assuming the sale of a total 4,000,000 Ordinary Shares to the Selling Shareholders pursuant to the Subscription Agreements. | |
| Use of proceeds | All of the Shares offered by the Selling Shareholders will be sold by them for their respective accounts. We will not receive any of the proceeds from these sales.
The Selling Shareholders will pay any underwriting fees, discounts, selling commissions, stock transfer taxes and certain legal expenses incurred by such Selling Shareholder in disposing of their Shares, and we will bear all other costs, fees and expenses incurred in effecting the registration of such securities covered by this prospectus, including, without limitation, all registration and filing fees, Nasdaq listing fees and fees and expenses of our counsel and our independent registered public accountants.
We may receive up to an aggregate of approximately $20.37 million from the sales of the Shares that we elect to make to the Selling Shareholders pursuant to the Subscription Agreements, if any, from time to time in our sole discretion, assuming the per share purchase price is $5.0925. The actual amount of proceeds that we may receive cannot be determined at this time and will depend on the number of the Offered Ordinary shares we sell under the Subscription Agreements and market prices at the times of such sales. See “Use of Proceeds” on page 56 for more information. | |
| Risk Factors | Investing in our securities is highly speculative and involves a high degree of risk. See “Risk Factors” and other information appearing elsewhere in this prospectus for a discussion of factors you should carefully consider before deciding whether to invest in our Ordinary Shares. | |
| Transfer Agent | The transfer agent and registrar for our Ordinary Shares is Transhare Corporation. | |
| Market for the Ordinary Shares | Our Ordinary Shares are currently quoted on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbols “BIYA”. On January 27, 2026, the closing price of our Ordinary Shares was $3.99 per share. |
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We have identified the following risks and uncertainties that may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or reputation. The risks described below are not the only risks we face. Additional risks not presently known to us or that we currently believe are not material may also significantly affect our business, financial condition, results of operations or reputation. Our business could be harmed by any of these risks. The risk factors described below should be read together with the other information set forth in this Prospectus, including our consolidated financial statements and the related notes, as well as in other documents that we file with the SEC.
Risks Related to this Offering by the Selling Shareholders
The Chinese government may intervene or influence our operations at any time, which could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of the securities we are registering. Also, given recent statements by the Chinese government indicating an intent to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers, such action could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless.
The majority of our operations are based in China. We are and will be subject to PRC laws relating to, among others, restrictions over foreign investments and data security. The Chinese government has recently sought to exert more control and impose more restrictions on China-based companies raising capital offshore and such efforts may continue or intensify in the future. The Chinese government’s exertion of more control over overseas listing of, offerings conducted overseas by and/or foreign investment in China-based companies could retrospectively affect the Mergers and result in a material change in our operations, significantly limit or completely hinder our abilities to offer or continue to offer securities to foreign investors, and cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or be worthless.
The Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, adopted by six PRC regulatory agencies in 2006 and amended in 2009, requires an overseas special purpose vehicle formed for listing purposes through acquisitions of PRC domestic companies and controlled by PRC persons or entities to obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to the listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle’s securities on an overseas stock exchange. The interpretation and application of the regulations remain unclear, and the Mergers and the Transactions may ultimately require approval of the CSRC. If it is determined that the CSRC approval is required retrospectively for the Mergers or the Transactions, it is uncertain whether we can or how long we will take to obtain the approval and, even if such CSRC approval is obtained, the approval could be rescinded. Any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining the CSRC approval for the Mergers and the Transactions, or a rescission of such approval if obtained, could subject us to sanctions imposed by the CSRC or other PRC regulatory authorities, which could include fines and penalties on our operations, restrictions or limitations on our abilities to pay dividends outside of China, and other forms of sanctions that may materially and adversely affect their business, financial condition, and results of operations.
On July 6, 2021, the relevant PRC government authorities issued Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down Illegal Securities Activities in Accordance with the Law. These opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities and the supervision on overseas listings by China-based companies and proposed to take effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems to deal with the risks and incidents faced by China-based overseas-listed companies.
On February 17, 2023, the CSRC published the Overseas Listing Measures which took effect on March 31, 2023. Under the Overseas Listing Measures, a filing-based regulatory system applies to “indirect overseas offerings and listings” of companies in mainland China, which refers to securities offerings and listings in an overseas market made under the name of an offshore entity but based on the underlying equity, assets, earnings or other similar rights of a company in mainland China that operates its main business in mainland China. The Overseas Listing Measures states that, any post-listing follow-on offering by an issuer in an overseas market, including issuance of shares, convertible notes and other similar securities, shall be subject to filing requirement within three business days after the completion of the offering. Therefore, we are required to complete filing procedures with the CSRC in connection with this offering and may be subject to the filing requirements under the Overseas Listing Measures for our future offering and listing of our securities in an overseas market. In connection with the Overseas Listing Measures, on February 17, 2023 the CSRC also published the Notice on Overseas Listing Measures. According to the Notice on Overseas Listing Measures, issuers that have already been listed in an overseas market by March 31, 2023, the date the Overseas Listing Measures became effective, are not required to make any immediate filing and are only required to comply with the filing requirements under the Overseas Listing Measures when it subsequently seeks to conduct a follow-on offering.
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On December 27, 2021, the NDRC and the Ministry of Commerce (the “MOFCOM”), jointly issued the Special Administrative Measures (Negative List) for Foreign Investment Access (2021 Version), or the 2021 Negative List, which became effective on January 1, 2022. Pursuant to the 2021 Negative List, if a PRC domestic company, which engages in any prohibited business set out in the list, seeks an overseas offering or listing, it must first obtain the approval from the competent governmental authorities. In addition, the foreign investors in such company must not be involved in its operation or management, and their ownership interest should be subject to limitations imposed under regulations on investments in domestic securities by foreign investors. Because the 2021 Negative List is recently issued, there remain substantial uncertainties as to the interpretation and implementation of these new requirements, and it is unclear as to whether and to what extent we will be subject to these new requirements. If we are required to comply with these requirements but fail to do so on a timely basis if at all, our business operation, financial conditions and business prospect may be adversely and materially affected.
In addition, there is no assurance that new rules or regulations promulgated in the future will not impose additional requirements on us, including retrospectively with respect to the Mergers and the Transactions. If it is determined in the future that approval and filing from the CSRC or other regulatory authorities or other procedures, including the cybersecurity review under the 2022 Cybersecurity Review Measures and the Draft Administrative Regulations on Network Data Security, are required for the Mergers or Transactions, on a retrospective basis, it is uncertain whether such approval can be obtained or filing procedures completed, or how long it will take to obtain such approval or complete such filing procedures. Any failure to obtain such approval or complete such filing procedures or any delay in obtaining such approval or completing such filing procedures for the Mergers or Transactions, or a rescission of any such approval if obtained, would subject us to sanctions by the CSRC or other PRC regulatory authorities. These regulatory authorities may impose fines and penalties on our operations in China, limit our abilities to carry out business operations in China or pay dividends outside China, delay or restrict the repatriation of our offshore funds into China or take other actions that could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects, as well as the trading price of the our securities. The CSRC and other PRC regulatory authorities may also order us, or make it advisable for us, to unwind or reverse the Mergers and the Transactions. In addition, if the CSRC or other regulatory authorities in China subsequently promulgate new rules or issue directives requiring that we obtain additional approvals or complete additional filing or other regulatory procedures for our prior offerings overseas, there is no assurance that we will be able to comply with these requirements and may not be able to obtain any waiver of such requirements, if and when procedures are established to obtain such a waiver. Any of the foregoing could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, reputation, and the trading price of our listed securities.
It is not possible to predict the actual number of shares we will sell under the Subscription Agreements to the Selling Shareholders, or the actual gross proceeds resulting from those sales.
On November 5, 2025, we entered into the Subscription Agreements with each of the Selling Shareholders, pursuant to which each Selling Shareholder has committed, separately and not jointly, to purchase in aggregate of up to 4,000,000 Ordinary Shares, subject to certain limitations and conditions set forth in the Subscription Agreements. To date of this prospectus, we have not sold any Shares. The Shares that may be issued under the Subscription Agreements may be sold by us to the Selling Shareholders at our discretion from time to time over an approximately 36-month period commencing on the date of the Subscription Agreements.
We generally have the right to control the timing and amount of any sales of the Offered Ordinary Shares under the Subscription Agreements. Sales of our Offered Ordinary Shares, if any under the Subscription Agreements will depend upon market conditions and other factors. We may ultimately decide to sell to Selling Shareholders all, some or none of the Offered Ordinary Shares that may be available for us to sell pursuant to the Subscription Agreement.
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Because the purchase price per share to be paid for the Offered Ordinary Shares that we may elect to sell under the Subscription Agreements, if any, will fluctuate based on the market price of our Ordinary Shares during the applicable purchase valuation period for each purchase made pursuant to the Subscription Agreements, if any, it is not possible for us to predict, as of the date of this prospectus and prior to any such sales, the number of Shares that we will sell to the Selling Shareholders under Subscription Agreements, the purchase price per share, or the aggregate gross proceeds that we will receive from those purchases by the Investors under the Subscription Agreement, if any.
Each Ordinary Share to be issued to the Selling Shareholders from time to time under the Subscription Agreements will be issued at a per share purchase price equal to the lesser of (i) 70% of the average closing price of the Ordinary Shares during the three consecutive trading days commencing on the date the Company is deemed to have delivered, as defined in the Subscription Agreement, the written notice or (ii) $5.0925. As a result, the maximum principal amount available under each Subscription Agreement is $10,185,000 and, collectively under the two Subscription Agreements, $20,370,000.
The resale by Selling Shareholders of a significant number of shares registered for resale in this offering at any given time, or the perception that these sales may occur, could cause the market price of our Ordinary Shares to decline and to be highly volatile.
The sale and issuance of the Shares to the Selling Shareholders will cause dilution to our existing shareholders, and the sale of the Shares acquired by the Selling Shareholders, or the perception that such sales may occur, could cause the price of our Ordinary Shares to fall.
The purchase price for the shares that we may sell to the Selling Shareholders under the Subscription Agreements will fluctuate based on the price of our Ordinary Shares. Depending on a number of factors, including market liquidity, sales of such shares may cause the trading price of our Ordinary Shares to fall. If and when we do sell shares to the Selling Shareholders, the Selling Shareholders may resell all, some, or none of those shares at its discretion, subject to the terms of the Subscription Agreement. Therefore, sales to the Selling Shareholders by us could result in substantial dilution to the interests of other holders of our Ordinary Shares. Additionally, the sale of a substantial number of Ordinary Shares to the Selling Shareholders, or the anticipation of such sales, could make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a desirable time and price. The resale of the Offered Ordinary Shares by the Selling Shareholders in the public market or otherwise, including sales pursuant to this prospectus, or the perception that such sales could occur, could also harm the prevailing market price of our Ordinary Shares.
Following these issuances described above, the market price of our Ordinary Shares could decline if the holders of restricted shares sell them or are perceived by the market as intending to sell them. As such, sales of a substantial number of Ordinary Shares in the public market could occur at any time. These sales, or the perception in the market that the holders of a large number of shares intend to sell shares, could reduce the market price of our Ordinary Shares.
Investors who buy the Shares at different times will likely pay different prices.
Pursuant to the Subscription Agreements, we control the timing and amount of any sales of the Shares to the Selling Shareholders. If and when we elect to sell the Shares to the Selling Shareholders pursuant to the Subscription Agreements, the Selling Shareholders may resell all, some or none of such shares at its discretion and at different prices, subject to the terms of the Subscription Agreements. As a result, investors who purchase shares from the Selling Shareholders in this offering at different times will likely pay different prices for those shares, and so may experience different levels of dilution and in some cases substantial dilution and different outcomes in their investment results. The Selling Shareholders may experience a decline in the value of the shares they purchase from the Selling Shareholders in this offering as a result of future sales made by us to the Selling Shareholders Investors at prices lower than the prices such investors paid for their shares in this offering. In addition, if we sell a substantial number of shares to the Selling Shareholders under the Subscription Agreements, or if investors expect that we will do so, the actual sales of shares or the mere existence of our arrangement with the Selling Shareholders may make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a desirable time and price.
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Our management team will have broad discretion over the use of the net proceeds from our sale of the Shares to the Selling Shareholders, if any, and you may not agree with how we use the proceeds and the proceeds may not be invested successfully.
Our management team will have broad discretion as to the use of the net proceeds from our sale of the Shares to the Selling Shareholders, if any, and we could use such proceeds for purposes other than those contemplated at the time of commencement of this offering.
Accordingly, you will be relying on the judgment of our management team with regard to the use of those net proceeds, and you will not have the opportunity, as part of your investment decision, to assess whether the proceeds are being used appropriately. It is possible that, pending their use, we may invest those net proceeds in a way that does not yield a favorable, or any, return for us. The failure of our management team to use such funds effectively could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results and cash flows.
If we cease to qualify as a foreign private issuer it would become subject to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(d) and would have to obtain shareholder approval for the issuance of shares under the Subscription Agreements that exceed the limits set under this rule.
We have elected to be governed by home country rules, such that Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(d) will not apply to the Company. However, if at any time, the Company ceases to qualify as a foreign private issuer, the Company will be subject to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(d) which requires a company to obtain shareholder approval for any issuance of more than 20% of its common stock or voting power at a price below the “Minimum Price” as defined under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(d). If this occurs, the Company will have to obtain shareholder approval for the issuance of shares under the Subscription Agreements that exceed the limits set under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(d).
Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry
Our PRC operating entities operate in the emerging, dynamic, and competitive flexible employment industry, which makes it difficult for Selling Shareholders to evaluate our PRC operating entities’ future prospects, and we cannot assure you that their current or future strategies will be successfully implemented or will generate sustainable profit.
We primarily operate in China’s flexible employment industry through our PRC operating entities. The flexible employment industry is relatively new and rapidly evolving, business models continue to evolve, and the industry may not develop as we anticipate. The regulatory framework in China governing the flexible employment industry is also developing and may remain uncertain in the near future. As our PRC operating entities’ business develops and in response to the evolving client needs and market competition, our PRC operating entities need to continuously introduce new services, improve their existing services, or adjust and optimize their business model. In response to new regulatory requirements or industry standards, or in connection with the introduction of new services, our PRC operating entities may need to impose more rigorous risk management systems and policies, which may negatively affect manage the PRC operating entities’ the growth of their business. Any significant change to our PRC operating entities’ business model may not achieve expected results and may materially and adversely affect their financial condition and results of operations. It is therefore difficult to accurately predict the PRC operating entities’ future prospects.
You should consider the PRC operating entities’ business and prospects in light of the risks and challenges that they encounter or may encounter as an entrant in the newly emerging and rapidly evolving market in which they operate and their limited operating history. These risks and challenges include the PRC operating entities’ ability to, among other things:
| ● | build a well-recognized and respected brand; |
| ● | continue to develop and improve the Gongwuyuan Platform; |
| ● | establish and expand the PRC operating entities’ client base; |
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| ● | maintain and enhance the PRC operating entities’ relationships with their business partners; |
| ● | attract, retain, and motivate talented employees; |
| ● | anticipate and adapt to changing market conditions and competitive landscape; |
| ● | manage the PRC operating entities’ future growth; |
| ● | ensure that the performance of the Gongwuyuan Platform and services meets client expectations; |
| ● | maintain or improve the PRC operating entities’ operational efficiency; |
| ● | navigate a complex and evolving regulatory environment; |
| ● | defend ourselves in any legal or regulatory actions against the PRC operating entities; |
| ● | enhance the PRC operating entities’ technology infrastructure and maintain the security of their system and the confidentiality of the information provided and utilized across their system; |
| ● | avoid and remedy operating errors as a result of human or system errors; and |
| ● | identify and address conflicts of interest. |
If the PRC operating entities fail to address any or all of these risks and challenges, if the PRC operating entities fail to educate business partners and clients about the value of their platform and services, if the market for their products and services does not develop as they expect, if they fail to address the needs of their target clients, or if they are not able to effectively tackle other risks and challenges that they may encounter, the PRC operating entities’ business and results of operations may be adversely affected.
We have a limited operating history and are subject to the risks encountered by development-stage companies. We cannot assure you that the market for our services will develop as we expect or we will be able to maintain the growth rate that they have experienced to date.
We provide our services in the flexible employment industry through our PRC operating entities. We originally provided job matching services via traditional methods beginning in 2017, and have since launched our online Gongwuyuan Platform and expanded our services to include entrusted recruitment, project outsourcing, labor dispatch, and others, and have achieved rapid growth in terms of client base and revenue. However, the PRC operating entities’ limited operating history in the flexible employment industry may not be indicative of their future growth or financial results. There is no assurance that the PRC operating entities will be able to maintain their historical growth rates in future periods. The PRC operating entities’ growth prospects should be considered in light of the risks and uncertainties that fast-growing companies with a limited operating history and experience in their industry may encounter, including, among others, risks and uncertainties regarding the PRC operating entities’ ability to:
| ● | continue the development of and enrich our Gongwuyuan Platform; |
| ● | retain existing clients and attract new clients; |
| ● | offer customized and comprehensive services tailored to employers’ needs throughout the recruitment process; |
| ● | upgrade existing technology and infrastructure and develop new technologies to integrate our services into an ecosystem on our Gongwuyuan Platform; |
| ● | successfully compete with other companies that are currently in, or may in the future enter, the crowdsourcing recruitment industry, the flexible employment industry, or similar industries; and |
| ● | observe and strategize on the latest market trends in order to maintain growth and remain competitive. |
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All of these endeavors involve risks and will require significant allocation of management and employee resources. We cannot assure you that we will be able to effectively manage our growth or implement our business strategies effectively. If the market for our services does not develop as expected or if we fail to address the needs of the flexible employment industry, our business, results of operations, and financial condition will be materially and adversely affected.
The proper functioning of our Gongwuyuan platform and its technology infrastructure is essential to our business. Any errors in or disruption to the PRC operating entities’ IT systems and infrastructure and those on which they rely could materially affect their ability to maintain the satisfactory performance of their platform and deliver consistent services to their clients.
To grow our business, we are dependent on the ability of the IT systems of our PRC operating entities. The reliability, availability and satisfactory performance of these IT systems are critical to our success, our ability to attract and retain clients and their ability to maintain a satisfactory user experience and client service. The PRC operating entities’ servers may be vulnerable to computer viruses, traffic spike that exceeds the capacity of the PRC operating entities’ or their servers, electricity power interruptions, physical or electronic break-ins, and similar disruptions, which could lead to system interruptions, website slowdown and unavailability, delays in transaction processing, loss of data, and the inability to accept and fulfill client orders.
The software, hardware, and systems and those on which our PRC operating entities and our Gongwuyuan Platform rely upon may contain undetected errors that could have a material adverse effect on our business, particularly to the extent such errors are not detected and remedied quickly. Since clients use the PRC operating entities’ services for important aspects of their businesses, any errors, defects, disruptions in services, or other performance problems with the PRC operating entities’ services could hurt their reputation and damage their clients’ businesses. Software and system errors, or human error, could delay or inhibit posting of jobs or prevent the PRC operating entities from collecting transaction fees. We can provide no assurance that these systems will not experience unexpected human errors, system errors or interruptions in the future, or that their current security mechanisms will be sufficient to protect their IT systems and technology infrastructure from any third-party intrusions, electricity power interruptions, viruses and hacker attacks, information and data theft, and other similar activities. Any such future occurrences could damage their reputation and result in a material decrease in our operations and revenue.
Maintaining and upgrading the technology infrastructure on which we rely upon, especially our Gongwuyuan Platform, require significant investment of time and resources, including adding new hardware, updating software, and recruiting and training new engineering personnel. During updates, our Gongwuyuan Platform and other systems may experience interruptions, and the new technologies and infrastructures may not be fully integrated with the existing systems timely, or at all. Any failure to maintain and improve the technology infrastructure on which we and our Gongwuyuan Platform rely upon could result in unanticipated system disruptions, slower response times, impaired quality of user experience and delays in reporting accurate operating and financial information, which, in turn, could materially and adversely affect the PRC operating entities’ business, financial condition and results of operations.
Because the PRC operating entities face significant competition in all of their businesses, they may lose market share and our results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.
Our PRC operating entities face significant competition in all of their businesses. We face competition from traditional recruitment companies such as Career International, ManpowerGroup and Renrui Human Resources, platform based human resource service providers, and other crowdsourcing recruitment and HR management service providers in the flexible employment marketplace, including certain crowdsourcing recruiting companies that are also focused on blue-collar workers in China.
Some of these competitors have a longer operating history, strategic partnerships, and significantly greater financial resources, and may have greater financial, management, technological development, sales, marketing and other resources than we do, and in turn, may be able to attract and retain more clients, operate at a lower cost, and establish larger cooperative partnerships due to company scale. They may also be able to adopt our business model and intensify competition. As a result, we may experience reduced margins, loss of market share or decreased usage of our services by Customers, Employing Companies and HR Service Companies. We cannot assure you that existing or future competitors will not develop or offer services and products which provide significant performance, price, creative, technological or other advantages over the PRC operating entities’ services. If the PRC operating entities are unable to compete effectively with current or future competitors as a result of these or other factors, the PRC operating entities’ market share and their results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.
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New competitors face low entry barriers to flexible employment industry, and successful entry by new competitors may cause us to lose market share and materially and adversely affect our results of operations.
We face competition from new entrants in the flexible employment industry, especially in areas such as recruitment crowdsourcing, HR management services and other human resource related services industries where our PRC operating entities primarily operate. The PRC operating entities may face increased competition from companies focusing on flexible employment, dedicated human resource service providers, crowdsourcing companies, and other such recruitment companies focusing their services towards blue-collar workers. The PRC operating entities’ businesses are characterized by relatively low start-up and fixed costs, modest capital requirements, and short start-up lead times. As a result, potential market entrants face relatively low barriers to entry to all of our service markets, and could acquire significant numbers of clients, including corporate customers and human resource service providers, within a relatively short period of time. Increased competition could result in a loss of market share and revenues, and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
If the use of our Gongwuyuan Platform for our recruitment and human resource services do not grow in market acceptance, our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.
The business success of our PRC operating entities, in a large part, depends on the adoption and use of our Gongwuyuan Platform to provide their services to Customers, Employing Companies, HR Service Companies and blue-collar workers in China. The PRC operating entities face challenges in promoting adoption and usage of the Gongwuyuan Platform, which involves, among other things, how business enterprises, human resource and labor companies connect and interact regarding human resources, standardization of employment processes and human resource management structures, and the promotion of career development and improvement of welfare benefits for blue-collar workers. Even though the use of online platforms, such as our Gongwuyuan Platform, has become more prevalent in China, the use of such online platforms as a medium for flexible employment has a limited history. As such, if there are any negative perceptions as to the effectiveness of the Gongwuyuan Platform and the services available, or any significant failure of the Gongwuyuan Platform to gain broader acceptance and trust as a reliable medium, our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
The PRC operating entities rely on cooperation with third party companies for aspects of their business, which could result in disruption, increased costs, reputation risks and may adversely affect their business and results of operations.
The PRC operating entities are reliant on third party vendors for their business operations, such as partnerships with human resource companies in connection with job matching services, entrusted recruitment services and project outsourcing services, and cooperation with third party companies for various ongoing technical support of our Gongwuyuan Platform. This reliance exposes the PRC operating entities to other risks, including increased costs, supply chain interruptions, potential disruptions to our business operations and reputational risk. However, there can be no assurance that the PRC operating entities’ arrangements with these companies will be extended or renewed after their respective expiration or that the PRC operating entities will be able to extend or renew such arrangements on terms and conditions favorable to them. While we believe that these third-party companies provide greater efficiency and are imperative to the services that the PRC operating entities provide, our dependence on these third-party companies increases the risk that the PRC operating entities’ business and operations will be adversely affected if we are unable to timely provide our services through our third-party companies consistent with the needs of our clients. Similarly, the PRC operating entities’ profit margins could be adversely affected a third-party company needed to be replaced for performance or economic issues.
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The PRC operating entities’ operations also depend significantly upon the ability of these third party companies to protect client and worker data. While the PRC operating entities have implemented security measures during use of the Gongwuyuan Platform, we cannot guarantee that the third-party companies have implemented the same. The loss and/or theft of confidential, personally identifiable, or other sensitive data, including data about our clients, workers and/or associates, or the PRC operating entities’ human resources operations, or our human resources operations, could damage our reputation in the market, and our business and financial results could be materially and adversely affected.
Our Gongwuyuan Platform may rely on third parties for elements of the payment processing infrastructure underlying our platform. If these third-party elements become unavailable or unavailable on favorable terms, our business could be adversely affected.
As we continue to develop our platform to support relevant payment needs, Gongwuyuan Platform may rely on third parties payment providers for elements of our payment-processing infrastructure to support relevant payment needs such as wage payments from Employing Company to workers, and these third parties may refuse to enter or renew contracts with them on commercially reasonable terms or at all. If these companies become unwilling or unable to provide these services to us on acceptable terms or at all, our business may be disrupted.
The PRC operating entities are subject to potential legal liability from both employers and individual workers arising from disputes regarding recruitment process and employment relationships.
The PRC operating entities are exposed to potential claims associated with the recruitment process, including claims by clients seeking to hold the PRC operating entities liable for failures to properly fulfil contractual obligations to meet their employment and labor needs, claims by either employers and workers seeking damages due to failures of certain features made or to be made available on our Gongwuyuan Platform, claims alleging discrimination or other violations of employment law or other laws or regulations by blue-collar workers, claims by workers alleging failure to fulfill payroll and required social benefits under our labor dispatching service, or other such proceedings, investigations and claims incidental to the conduct of our crowdsourcing recruitment services. Any such claims, regardless of merit, may force us to participate in time-consuming, costly litigation or investigation, divert significant management and staff attention, and damage our reputation and brand names. The PRC operating entities do not maintain insurance coverage for liabilities arising from claims by employers, employees, candidates or third parties.
Our customers may raise objection to and claim for compensation for the outsourcing arrangement carried out by the PRC operating companies in completing relevant worker recruitment or labor assignments which could have a material adverse effect on our business operation and financial conditions.
In completing relevant worker recruitment or labor assignments for customers, the PRC operating entities may outsource the labor assignments to HR service companies or entrust/cooperate with HR service companies to recruit the required workers in their business operation. While the PRC operating entities believe most of the customers will not have any objection with this type of outsourcing arrangement, if any, there are no explicit provisions in the contracts between the PRC operating entities and the customers permitting such outsourcing arrangement. In the event that the customers raise objection to the outsourcing arrangement or claim for compensation against the PRC operating entities due to breach of contract or other reasons, we may not be able to complete the worker recruitment or labor assignments by ourselves on a timely basis or at all, and we may have to make compensation for our customers, the business cooperation between the customers and us may be interrupted or terminated, which could have a material adverse effect on our business operation and financial conditions.
Due to seasonal variations in demand for blue-collar workers and human resource related services, the PRC operating entities experience material fluctuations in their revenue streams which affect their ability to predict their quarterly results and which may also cause quarterly results to vary from period to period.
The PRC operating entities experience material fluctuations in their revenue streams which affect their ability to predict quarterly results. For example, in the period following the Chinese New Year holiday in the first quarter, the PRC operating entities’ industry historically experiences an increase in recruitment activity. During this peak period, demand for online recruitment and other human resource related services may or may not rise significantly depending on the needs of employers as well as their perceptions of the job market. In addition, the Chinese New Year holiday is based on the lunar calendar, which varies from year to year and affects the PRC operating entities’ first and second quarter results as well as their comparability to financial results of the same quarters in prior years. Due to these factors, the PRC operating entities’ revenues may vary materially from quarter to quarter and quarterly results may not be comparable to the corresponding periods of prior years. Such uncertainty makes it difficult for the PRC operating entities to predict revenues for a particular quarter. Therefore, actual results may differ significantly from the PRC operating entities’ targets or estimated quarterly results, which could negatively affect our cash flow for such periods.
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If we are not able to respond successfully to technological or industry developments, our business may be materially and adversely affected.
The use of online platforms for crowdsourcing recruitment services is characterized by rapid technological developments, frequent launches of new products and services, introductions of new business models, changes in customer needs and behavior, and evolving industry standards. If we fail to adapt our Gongwuyuan Platform to these developments, our PRC operating entities’ recruitment services may become less competitive or obsolete. For example, the number of people accessing the Internet through mobile devices, including smartphones, tablets and other hand-held devices, has increased in recent years, and the PRC operating entities expect this trend to continue as 5G and more advanced mobile communications technologies are broadly implemented. As our Gongwuyuan Platform is available across a variety of mobile operating systems and devices, we are dependent on the interoperability of their services with popular mobile devices and mobile operating systems that we do not control, such as Android and iOS. Any changes in such mobile operating systems or devices that degrade the functionality of the PRC operating entities’ services or give preferential treatment to competitive services could adversely affect usage of their services. In order to respond to new developments, we may be required to undertake substantial efforts and incur significant costs to ensure that our Gongwuyuan Platform is up-to-date with the latest technological developments. In the event that we do not successfully respond to such developments in a timely and cost-effective manner, our business may be materially and adversely affected.
If we or our PRC operating entities are unable to protect or promote our brand names and reputation, our business may be materially and adversely affected.
If we fail to successfully develop and enhance the perception of the our Gongwuyuan Platform as a leading crowdsourcing recruitment platform, undertake effective marketing and promotional activities, maintain cooperation and partnerships with human resources and recruitment companies, outsourcing companies and regional businesses, and generally provide high quality services, we or our PRC operating entities may not be successful in protecting or promoting our brand names and reputation in a cost-effective manner or at all. In addition, if job seeker profiles or recruitment advertisements on the Gongwuyuan Platform are found to contain inaccurate or false information, the value proposition of the use of our Gongwuyuan Platform as a leading online crowdsourcing recruitment platform in a developing industry may be weakened. Furthermore, the PRC operating entities may be subject to claims by its users seeking to hold them liable for such inaccurate or false information. Any claims, regardless of merit, may force the PRC operating entities to participate in time-consuming, costly litigation or investigation, divert significant management and staff attention, and damage the PRC operating entities’ reputation and brand names. The PRC operating entities may dedicate significantly greater resources in the future to advertising, marketing and other promotional efforts aimed at building awareness of the PRC operating entities’ brand names. Any significant damage to the PRC operating entities’ reputation, the perceived quality or awareness of the PRC operating entities’ brand names or services, or any significant failure on the PRC operating entities’ part to promote and protect their brand names and reputation could make it more difficult for them to successfully attract job seekers, compete for customers or retain qualified personnel, which may have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.
Negative publicity and allegations involving us, the PRC operating entities, the PRC operating entities’ shareholders, directors, officers, employees and business partners may affect our reputation and, as a result, our business may be negatively affected.
The PRC operating entities, the PRC operating entities’ shareholders, directors, officers, employees and business partners may be subject to negative media coverage and publicity from time to time. Such negative coverage and publicity could threaten the perception of the PRC operating entities’ brand names and damage their reputation. In addition, to the extent the PRC operating entities’ employees and business partners are subject to allegations of non-compliance, regardless of merit, with any relevant laws or regulations, the PRC operating entities may also suffer negative publicity or harm to their reputation. As a result, the PRC operating entities may be required to spend significant time and incur substantial costs in response to allegations and negative publicity, which could adversely affect our business and operational costs.
The PRC operating entities are dependent on their Internet service providers, and the PRC operating entities are vulnerable to failures of the Internet, telecommunications networks in China and the PRC operating entities’ technology platform.
The PRC operating entities’ online businesses, including the development of the Gongwuyuan Platform, are relying on the performance and reliability of China’s Internet infrastructure, the continual accessibility of bandwidth and servers to the PRC operating entities’ service providers’ networks, and the continuing performance, reliability and availability of the PRC operating entities’ technology platform. The PRC operating entities cannot assure you that the Internet infrastructure and telecommunications networks in China will be able to support the increased demands associated with the continued growth in Internet usage.
Almost all access to the Internet is maintained through state-owned telecommunications operators under the administrative control and regulatory supervision of the MIIT. In addition, the national networks in China connect to the Internet through a government-controlled international gateway. This international gateway is the only channel through which a domestic user can connect to the international Internet network.
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The PRC operating entities rely on a limited number of telecommunications service providers to provide them with data communications capacity through local telecommunications lines and data centers to host the PRC operating entities’ servers. The PRC operating entities are unlikely to have any access to alternative networks or services in the event of disruptions, failures or other problems with China’s Internet infrastructure or telecommunications networks. In addition, the PRC operating entities have no control over the costs of the services provided by the telecommunications service providers. If they fail to provide these services, the PRC operating entities would be required to seek other providers, and there is no assurance that the PRC operating entities will be able to find alternative providers willing or able to provide high quality services and there is no assurance that such providers will not charge them higher prices for their services. If the prices that the PRC operating entities are required to pay for Internet services rise significantly, the PRC operating entities’ results of operations could be adversely affected.
Our business generates and processes a large amount of data, and the improper use or disclosure of such data could harm our reputation as well as have a material adverse effect on our business and prospects.
Our Gongwuyuan Platform generates and processes a large quantity of business, financial, personal and transaction data. We face risks inherent in handling large volumes of data and in protecting the security of such data. In particular, we face a number of challenges relating to data from transactions and other activities on our platform, including:
| ● | ensuring the security of financial and transaction information of the users of our Gongwuyuan Platform; |
| ● | protecting the data in and hosted on our system, including against attacks on our system by outside parties or fraudulent behavior by our employees; |
| ● | addressing concerns related to privacy and sharing, safety, security and other factors; and |
| ● | complying with applicable laws, rules and regulations relating to the collection, use, disclosure or security of personal information, including any requests from regulatory and government authorities relating to such data. |
Any systems failure or security breach or lapse that results in the release of user data could harm our reputation and brand and, consequently, our business, in addition to exposing us to potential legal liability.
The PRC operating entities rely heavily on their information systems, and any failure to properly protect privacy and to maintain and secure the PRC operating entities’ systems could seriously damage the PRC operating entities’ reputation, disrupt the PRC operating entities’ operations and harm their business.
The Internet industry is facing significant challenges regarding information security and privacy. As the use of the Internet grows in everyday life, the general public is increasingly aware of the vulnerability of confidential and private information. Certain data and services collected, provided or used by the PRC operating entities in their systems or provided to and used by them, the PRC operating entities’ partners, the PRC operating entities’ customers or their job seekers contain confidential and private information, such as names, user IDs and passwords and payment or transaction related information. The PRC operating entities’ ability to store, retrieve, process, manage and protect substantial amounts of data and information, including the PRC operating entities’ client and candidate databases, is an important part of the PRC operating entities’ operations and a critical component of their success.
In recent years, PRC government authorities have enacted legislation on Internet use to protect personal information from unauthorized disclosure. In December 2012 and July 2013, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress and the MIIT issued new laws and regulations to enhance the legal protection of information security and privacy on the Internet, and also require Internet operators to take measures to ensure confidentiality of user information. The PRC Counter-Terrorism Law, which became effective on January 1, 2016 and amended in April 2018, requires Internet service providers to prevent the dissemination of information containing terrorist or extremist content and conduct identity verification of individuals. The PRC Cyber Security Law, which became effective on June 1, 2017, requires, among others, that network operators take security measures to protect the network from unauthorized interference, damage and unauthorized access and prevent data from being divulged, stolen or tampered with. Network operators are also required to collect and use personal information in compliance with the principles of legitimacy, properness and necessity, and strictly within the scope of authorization by the subject of personal information unless otherwise prescribed by laws or regulations. In May 2020, the PRC Civil Code, which became effective on January 1, 2021, was promulgated and also provides specific provisions regarding the protection of personal information. On August 20, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress promulgated Personal Information Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China, which became effective on November 1, 2021, to regulate activities of processing of personal information and promote a reasonable use of personal information. On September 24, 2024, the State Council promulgated the Regulations on the Network Data Security Management (the “Data Security Management Regulations”), which became effective on January 1, 2025. The Data Security Management Regulations clarifies the rules for processing personal information and the specific provisions that must be followed, requiring network data processors to provide convenient methods and channels to support individuals in exercising their rights, and not to set unreasonable conditions that limit individuals’ reasonable requests. At the same time, it specifies the protection obligations for collecting personal information using automated collection techniques, and refines the implementation pathways for personal information transfer requests. However, the interpretation and application of such laws in China are often uncertain and in flux.
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In addition, on December 18, 2020, the PRC Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, or the MOHRSS, issued the Regulations on the Administration of Online Recruitment Services, which became effective on March 1, 2021. These regulations require human resource service organizations engaged in online recruitment services to comply with the cybersecurity protection obligations requested by PRC laws and regulations, and adopt technical or other necessary measures to ensure the network, information system and user information security of recruitment services. At the same time, such regulations require human resource service organizations to comply with personal information protection obligations requested by PRC laws and regulations when collecting and using users’ personal information, and to establish user information protection systems for online recruitment service.
While the PRC operating entities have adopted measures and strive to comply with relevant data protection laws and regulations, any failure or perceived failure to comply may result in proceedings or actions against the PRC operating entities by government agencies or others, and could damage the PRC operating entities’ reputation. The PRC operating entities cannot guarantee the effectiveness of the measures they have undertaken, and such measures may still be determined as insufficient, improper or deficient by relevant authorities. Concerns about the PRC operating entities’ practices and systems with regard to the collection, use, disclosure, or security of personal information or other privacy related matters, and any negative publicity on the PRC operating entities’ information safety or privacy protection mechanism and policy, even if unfounded, could harm the PRC operating entities’ business. Any damage to the PRC operating entities’ reputation and brand names may adversely impact the size, engagement and loyalty of the PRC operating entities’ job seekers and employers, which could materially and adversely affect the PRC operating entities’ financial condition and results of operations. The PRC operating entities must further develop and enhance their information systems to compete effectively and ensure their compliance with relevant laws and regulations, which may require significant staff and financial resources. If the PRC operating entities’ online platforms are not properly maintained and secured, the PRC operating entities’ operations could be seriously disrupted and their business significantly harmed.
If we are unable to attract and retain qualified personnel, we may not be able to grow effectively and our business, financial condition, and results of operation may be materially and adversely affected.
Our success depends on our ability to keep pace with rapid technological changes in the development and implementation of our services and HR SaaS solutions. Additionally, our Gongwuyuan Platform is reliant on a variety of technologies, including those which support our “Yun Dan Bao” transaction system, intelligent HR management, payroll, and client data analytics. We face fierce competition for qualified personnel to continue the development of our Gongwuyuan Platform and improve our business and human resource services. If we are not able to compete effectively for highly qualified personnel or attract and retain top talent at reasonable costs, our technology development capabilities would be materially and adversely impacted. If we are unable to continue development of our Gongwuyuan Platform and to continue evolving our technologies in pace with industry developments, it could have a negative effect on our services and HR SaaS solutions and our ability to develop and maintain a competitive advantage, and our financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.
Our future success also depends upon our ability to attract and retain highly qualified management personnel. Expansion of our business and our management will require additional managers and employees with industry experience, and our success will be highly dependent on our ability to attract and retain skilled management personnel and other employees. We may not be able to attract or retain highly qualified personnel as competition for skilled management personnel is significant in China. This competition may make it more difficult and expensive to attract, hire and retain qualified managers and employees.
The PRC operating entities operate in an evolving market, and the PRC operating entities’ business and results of operations may suffer if they do not successfully manage their growth.
The PRC operating entities operate in a rapidly evolving market. While the PRC operating entities have grown significantly since their commenced operations in 2017, the PRC operating entities intend to continue to expand in size and increase the number of services they provide. The PRC operating entities’ success in managing this growth will depend to a significant degree on the ability of the members of their senior management to operate effectively both independently and as a group.
As a growing company, the PRC operating entities may encounter risks and difficulties including their potential failure to:
| ● | implement the PRC operating entities’ business model and strategy and adapt and modify them as needed; |
| ● | increase awareness of the PRC operating entities’ brand names, protect the PRC operating entities’ reputation and develop customer loyalty; |
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| ● | manage the PRC operating entities’ expanding operations and service offerings, including the integration of any acquisitions; |
| ● | maintain adequate control of the PRC operating entities’ expenses; |
| ● | improve and develop financial and management information systems, controls and procedures; and |
| ● | attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel. |
Although the PRC operating entities have achieved profitability for a period of time, the PRC operating entities expect that their ongoing expansion will increase their operating expenses. In addition, new business initiatives may expose the PRC operating entities to new challenges and uncertainties. The PRC operating entities’ historical results of operations should not be taken as indicative of the rate of growth, if any, or the level of profitability, if any, that can be expected in the future. If the PRC operating entities do not successfully manage their growth, the PRC operating entities’ business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.
If the PRC operating entities are unable to prevent others from using their intellectual property, the PRC operating entities’ business may be materially and adversely affected.
The PRC operating entities’ intellectual property may be subject to various forms of theft and misappropriation. Competitors may copy and distribute content from the PRC operating entities’ platforms and from the training materials that they use, and utilize misleadingly similar Internet domain names and URLs in an effort to divert Internet traffic away from the PRC operating entities’ websites. The PRC operating entities are also susceptible to others copying their business model and methods. The legal protection of trademarks, trade names, copyrighted material, domain names, trade secrets, know-how and other forms of intellectual property in the PRC is still developing and may afford the PRC operating entities little or no effective protection sometimes. Preventing unauthorized use of the PRC operating entities’ intellectual property is difficult, time consuming and expensive. Misappropriation of the PRC operating entities’ content, trademarks and other intellectual property could divert significant business to the PRC operating entities’ competitors, damage the PRC operating entities’ brand names and reputation, and require the PRC operating entities to initiate litigation that could be expensive and divert management resources from the operation of their businesses.
The PRC operating entities may be subject to liability for placing advertisements with content that is deemed inappropriate.
PRC laws and regulations, such as the PRC Advertising Law which became effective on February 1, 1995 and its amendment which became effective on April 29, 2021, the Measures for the Administration of Online Advertising promulgated the PRC State Administration for Market Regulation, or the SAMR, which became effective on May 1, 2023, the Circular on Launching a Special Program to Rectify Internet Advertisements, which was issued on February 9, 2018, and the PRC E-Commerce Law, which became effective on January 1, 2019, prohibit advertising companies from producing, distributing or publishing any advertisement that contains any content that violates laws and regulations, impairs the national dignity of the PRC, infringes upon personal and property safety, discloses privacy or state secrets, harms the physical and mental health of minors or the disabled, involves designs of the national flag, national emblem or national anthem or the music of the national anthem of the PRC, is reactionary, obscene, superstitious or absurd, is fraudulent, or disparages similar products. An Internet advertisement shall be identifiable and clearly identified as an “advertisement” so that consumers can tell it is an advertisement. Paid search advertisements shall be clearly distinguished from natural search results. Advertisements shall be published or distributed by means of the Internet without affecting the normal use of the network by users. Advertisements published on Internet pages in the form of pop-up or other forms shall be clearly marked with a “Close” sign to ensure a “Click to Close”. If the PRC operating entities are deemed to be in violation of such laws and regulations, the PRC operating entities may be subject to penalties including confiscation of the illegal revenues, levying of fines and suspension or revocation of the PRC operating entities’ business license, any of which may materially and adversely affect the PRC operating entities’ business.
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Hacking and computer viruses may cause delays or interruptions on the PRC operating entities’ systems and may reduce use of their services and damage their reputation and brand names.
Hacking and computer viruses may cause delays or other service interruptions on the PRC operating entities’ systems. Hacking involves efforts to gain unauthorized access to information or systems or to cause intentional malfunctions, loss or corruption of data, software, hardware or other computer equipment. In addition, the inadvertent transmission of computer viruses could expose the PRC operating entities to a material risk of loss or litigation and possible liability. Hacking and computer viruses could result in significant damage to the PRC operating entities’ hardware and software systems and databases, disruptions to the PRC operating entities’ business activities, including to the PRC operating entities’ e-mail and other communications systems, breaches of security and the inadvertent disclosure of confidential or sensitive information, interruptions in access to the PRC operating entities’ websites through the use of “denial of service” or similar attacks, and other material adverse effects on the PRC operating entities’ operations. Although to date the PRC operating entities have not been subject to significant targeted disruptions or hacking, the PRC operating entities may incur significant costs to continue to protect their systems and equipment against the threat of, and to repair any damage caused by, hacking and computer viruses. Moreover, if hacking or a computer virus affects the PRC operating entities’ systems and is highly publicized, the PRC operating entities’ reputation and brand names could be materially damaged and use of their services may decrease.
The considerable uncertainty in Chinese economic growth could hurt demand of the service products of the PRC operating entities.
While China has grown significantly over the past two decades, the growth rate may decrease due to uncertainties with respect to national structural control along with other factors. If China’s growth rate slows, or even declines, demand for the services of the PRC operating entities might be accordingly decreased. Therefore, the business of the PRC operating entities might be adversely affected by the slowdown in the economic conditions, which would negatively affect sales of their products, operations of our company and our financial condition.
The loss of any of the key customers of the PRC operating entities could reduce our revenues and our profitability.
We consider the major customers of the PRC operating entities in each period to be those customers that accounted for more than 10% of our revenue in such period. The PRC operating entities had four major customers, China Post Group Co., Ltd — Zhaoqing Branch, Nanchang Jiesite Environmental Protection Co., Ltd., China Post Group Co., Ltd — Zhaoqing Branch, Guangdong Yingwang Industrial Investment Co., Ltd. and China Post Group Co., Ltd — Zhongshan Branch, who accounted for approximately $4,393,353, or 34%, $3,055,082 or 24%, $2,542,167, or 20% and $1,479,155 or 12%, respectively, of total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2024. The PRC operating entities had three major customers, Nanchang Jiesite Environmental Protection Co., Ltd., China Post Group Co., Ltd and Guangdong Yingwang Industrial Investment Co., Ltd., who accounted for approximately $5,070,838, or 44%, $2,006,486 or 17%, and $1,277,408, or 11% of total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2023. The PRC operating entities had three major customers, Nanchang Jiesite Environmental Protection Co., Ltd., China Post Group Co., Ltd and Guangdong Yingwang Industrial Investment Co., Ltd., who accounted for approximately $3,422,005, or 26%, $2,895,543 or 22% and $2,369,080, or 18%, of total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2022. All of these major customers are new customers of the PRC operating entities but we consider that their relationship with them are stable and solid. However, there can be no assurance that the PRC operating entities will maintain or improve the relationships with customers who do not have long-term contracts with them. If the PRC operating entities cannot maintain long-term relationships with major customers or replace major customers from period to period with equivalent customers, the loss of such revenues could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
During any growth, the PRC operating entities may encounter problems related to their operational and financial systems and controls, including quality control and delivery and production capacities.
Any significant growth in the market for the services of the PRC operating entities or their entry into new markets may require additional employees for managerial, operational, financial and other purposes. Our PRC operating entities would also need to continue to expand, train and manage their employees. Continued future growth will impose significant added responsibilities upon their management to identify, recruit, maintain, integrate, and motivate new employees.
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We cannot assure you that the internal growth strategy of the PRC operating entities will be successful, which may result in a negative impact on our growth, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow.
One of the strategies of the PRC operating entities is to grow internally through increasing the development of new services and improving the quality of existing services. However, many obstacles to this expansion exist, including, but not limited to, increased competition from similar businesses, the PRC operating entities’ ability to improve their services to realize the benefits of their research and development efforts, new PRC regulations related to the flexible employment market, unexpected costs, and costs associated with marketing efforts. We cannot, therefore, assure you that the PRC operating entities will be able to successfully overcome such obstacles and establish their services in any additional markets. The inability of the PRC operating entities to implement this internal growth strategy successfully may have a negative impact on our growth, future financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
Our significant shareholders may have potential conflicts of interest with us, which may materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.
Because our significant shareholders have, either collectively or individually, considerable influence over our corporate matters, their interests may differ from the interests of our company as a whole. These shareholders could, for example, appoint directors and management without the requisite experience, relations or knowledge to steer our company properly because of their affiliations or loyalty, and such actions may materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition. Currently, we do not have any arrangements to address potential conflicts of interest between these shareholders and our company. If we cannot resolve any conflict of interest or dispute between us and the shareholders, we would have to rely on legal proceedings, which could disrupt our business and subject us to substantial uncertainty as to the outcome of any such legal proceedings.
The business of the PRC operating entities depends on the continued efforts of their senior management. If one or more of the key executives of the PRC operating entities were unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, the business of senior management may be severely disrupted.
The business operations of the PRC operating entities depend on the continued services of their senior management, particularly the executive officers named in this prospectus. While the PRC operating entities have provided different incentives to their management, we cannot assure you that the PRC operating entities can continue to retain their services. If one or more of their key executives were unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, the PRC operating entities may not be able to replace them easily, or at all, their future growth may be constrained, their business may be severely disrupted and our financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected, and the PRC operating entities may incur additional expenses to recruit, train and retain qualified personnel. In addition, although the PRC operating entities have entered into confidentiality and non-competition agreements with their management, there is no assurance that any member of their management team will not join the competitors of the PRC operating entities or form a competing business. If any dispute arises between the PRC operating entities and their current or former officers, the PRC operating entities may have to incur substantial costs and expenses in order to enforce such agreements in China or the PRC operating entities may be unable to enforce them at all.
Our financial and operating performance may be adversely affected by epidemics, natural disasters and other catastrophes.
The business of the PRC operating entities could be materially and adversely affected by the outbreak of epidemics including but not limited to the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19), swine influenza, avian influenza, middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV). Our financial and operating performance have been adversely affected by novel coronavirus (COVID-19), natural disasters and other catastrophes, which may affect the demand for human resources services and labor services within the industries that we service, as well as our anticipated expansion and operational plans. What may further impact our business and financial performance will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and largely beyond our control. There is no assurance that we will be able to adjust our business operations to adapt to these changes and the increasingly complex environment in which we operate.
Any prolonged restrictive measures in order to control the contagious disease or other adverse public health developments in China or our targeted markets may have a material and adverse effect on the PRC operating entities’ business operations.
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Similarly, natural disasters, wars (including the potential of war), terrorist activity (including threats of terrorist activity), social unrest and heightened travel security measures instituted in response, and travel-related accidents, as well as geopolitical uncertainty and international conflict, will affect travel volume and may in turn have a material adverse effect on the PRC operating entities’ business and results of operations. In addition, the PRC operating entities may not be adequately prepared in contingency planning or recovery capability in relation to a major incident or crisis, and as a result, their operational continuity may be adversely and materially affected, which in turn may harm their reputation.
If the PRC operating entities are not able to adapt to changes in their industry, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.
The shift for a flexible employment model in China is relatively new and the competitors of the PRC operating entities are constantly developing new services to recruit and provide services to employers. The PRC operating entities continue to invest significant resources in their infrastructure, research and development and other areas to enhance their existing services as well as to introduce new services that will attract more participants to their Gongwuyuan Platform. The changes and developments taking place in this industry may also require the PRC operating entities to re-evaluate their business model and adopt significant changes to their long-term strategies and business plan. The failure of the PRC operating entities to innovate and adapt to these changes would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
If the PRC operating entities fail to promote and maintain their brand in an effective and cost-efficient way, our business and results of operations may be harmed.
We believe that developing and maintaining awareness of the PRC operating entities’ brand effectively is critical to attracting new and retaining existing customers. Successful promotion of the PRC operating entities’ brand and their ability to attract customers depend largely on the effectiveness of their marketing efforts and the success of the channels they use to promote their services. It is likely that the PRC operating entities’ future marketing efforts will require them to incur significant additional expenses. These efforts may not result in increased revenues in the immediate future or at all and, even if they do, any increases in revenues may not offset the expenses incurred. If the PRC operating entities fail to successfully promote and maintain their brand while incurring substantial expenses, our results of operations and financial condition would be adversely affected, which may impair the PRC operating entities’ ability to grow their business.
New lines of business or new services may subject us to additional risks.
From time to time, the PRC operating entities may implement new lines of business or offer new services within existing lines of business. There are substantial risks and uncertainties associated with these efforts, particularly in instances where the markets are not fully developed. In developing and marketing new lines of business and/or new services, the PRC operating entities may invest significant time and resources. Initial timetables for the introduction and development of new lines of business and/or new services may not be achieved and price and profitability targets may not prove feasible. External factors, such as compliance with regulations, competitive alternatives and shifting market preferences, may also impact the successful implementation of a new line of business or a new service. Furthermore, any new line of business and/or new services could have a significant impact on the effectiveness of our system of internal controls. Failure to successfully manage these risks in the development and implementation of new lines of business or new services could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
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If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud.
We are subject to reporting obligations under the U.S. securities laws. The SEC, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, adopted rules requiring every public company to include a management report on such company’s internal controls over financial reporting in its annual report, which contains management’s assessment of the effectiveness of the company’s internal controls over financial reporting. As we are an “emerging growth company,” we are expected to first include a management report on our internal controls over financial reporting in our annual report in the second fiscal year end following the effectiveness of our initial public offering in March 2025. As such, these requirements are expected to first apply to our annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ending on December 31, 2025. Our management may conclude that our internal controls over our financial reporting are not effective. Moreover, even if our management concludes that our internal controls over financial reporting are effective, our independent registered public accounting firm may still decline to attest to our management’s assessment or may issue a report that is qualified if it is not satisfied with our internal controls or the level at which our controls are documented, designed, operated or reviewed, or if it interprets the relevant requirements differently from us. Our reporting obligations as a public company will place a significant strain on our management, operational and financial resources and systems for the foreseeable future.
Prior to the initial public offering of our Company in March 2025, we have been a private company with limited accounting personnel and other resources with which to address our internal controls and procedures. We planned to remedy our material weaknesses and other control deficiencies in time to meet the deadline imposed by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. If we fail to timely achieve or maintain the adequacy of our internal controls, we may not be able to conclude that we have effective internal controls over financial reporting. Moreover, effective internal controls over financial reporting are necessary for us to produce reliable financial reports and are important to help prevent fraud. As a result, our failure to achieve and maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting could result in the loss of investor confidence in the reliability of our financial statements, which in turn could harm our business and negatively impact the trading price of our Ordinary Shares. Furthermore, we anticipate that we will incur considerable costs and devote significant management time and efforts and other resources to comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
We may be exposed to liabilities under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, and any determination that we violated the foreign corrupt practices act could have a material adverse effect on our business.
We are subject to the Foreign Corrupt Practice Act, or FCPA, and other laws that prohibit improper payments or offers of payments to foreign governments and their officials and political parties by U.S. persons and issuers as defined by the statute for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. The existing business of the PRC operating entities in Asia creates the risk of unauthorized payments or offers of payments by one of the employees, consultants, or sales agents of our Company, because these parties are not always subject to the control of the PRC operating entities. It will be our policy to implement safeguards to discourage these practices by our employees. Also, our existing safeguards and any future improvements may prove to be less than effective, and the employees, consultants, or sales agents of our Company may engage in conduct for which we might be held responsible. Violations of the FCPA may result in severe criminal or civil sanctions, and we may be subject to other liabilities, which could negatively affect our business, operating results and financial condition. In addition, the government may seek to hold our Company liable for successor liability for FCPA violations committed by companies in which we invest or that we acquire.
We (or a foreign investor) may become at risk of being taxed or imposed a penalty under Announcement 7 and may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with Announcement 7 or to establish that we (or such foreign investor) should not be taxed under Announcement 7, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations (or such foreign investor’s investment in us).
On December 10, 2009, the State Administration of Taxation (“SAT”) released the Notice on Strengthening Administration of Enterprise Income Tax for Share Transfers by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises (“Circular 698”) that reinforces the taxation of non-listed equity transfers by non-resident enterprises through overseas holding vehicles. Circular 698 is retroactively effective from January 1, 2008. Subsequently SAT also released the Announcement on Several Issues Related to Enterprise Income Tax for Indirect Asset Transfer by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises (“Announcement 7”), effective from February 3, 2015, which in part supersedes Circular 698.
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Announcement 7 addresses indirect share transfer as well as other issues. According to Announcement 7, if a non-PRC resident enterprise transfers the equity interests of or similar rights or interests in overseas companies which directly or indirectly own PRC taxable assets through an arrangement without a reasonable commercial purpose, but rather to avoid PRC corporate income tax, the transaction will be re-characterized and treated as a direct transfer of PRC taxable assets subject to PRC corporate income tax. Announcement 7 specifies certain factors that should be considered in determining whether an indirect transfer has a reasonable commercial purpose. Since Announcement 7 has a short history, there is uncertainty as to its application, and in particular, the interpretation of the term “reasonable commercial purpose.”
Announcement 7 further provides that, the entity which has the obligation to pay the consideration for the transfer to the transferring shareholders has the obligation to withhold any PRC corporate income tax that is due. If the transferring shareholders do not pay corporate income tax that is due for a transfer and the entity which has the obligation to pay the consideration does not withhold the tax due, the PRC tax authorities may impose a penalty on the entity that so fails to withhold, which may be relieved or exempted from the withholding obligation and any resulting penalty under certain circumstances if it reports such transfer to the PRC tax authorities.
In October 2017, SAT issued the Announcement on Issues Relating to Withholding at Source of Income Tax of Non-resident Enterprises, or the SAT Circular 37, amended in June 2018. The SAT Circular 37 superseded Circular 698 as a whole and partially amended some provisions in Announcement 7. SAT Circular 37 purports to clarify certain issues in the implementation of the above regime, by providing, among others, the definition of equity transfer income and tax basis, the foreign exchange rate to be used in the calculation of withholding amount, and the date of occurrence of the withholding obligation. Specifically, SAT Circular 37 provides that where the transfer income subject to withholding at source is derived by a non-PRC resident enterprise in installments, the installments may first be treated as recovery of costs of previous investments. Upon recovery of all costs, the tax amount to be withheld must then be computed and withheld.
Risks Relating to the Variable Interest Entity (VIE) Structure
The PRC government may find that the Contractual Arrangements with the VIE and its shareholders to operate our business in China do not comply with applicable PRC Laws, or if these applicable PRC Laws or the interpretation of existing applicable PRC Laws change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations. Additionally, such determination by the PRC government and changes or interpretations in PRC Laws, if occurred, may cause significant decline in the value of our shares, or even render our shares worthless.
Current PRC Laws impose certain restrictions and prohibitions on foreign ownership of companies that engage in telecommunication and internet businesses. For example, foreign Selling Shareholders are generally not allowed to own more than 50% of the equity interests in a value-added telecommunications service provider (other than operating e-commerce, domestic multi-party communications, store-and-forward, and call center services).
To comply with PRC Laws, we conduct substantially all of our business in China through Contractual Arrangements with Gongwuyuan, or the VIE, and certain shareholders of the VIE which enable us to (i) receive ninety-five percent (95%) of the economic benefits of the VIE as the consideration for our services provided; (ii) have the power to appoint directors and vote on behalf of the shareholders on all matters regarding the VIE that require shareholders’ approval; (iii) hold a pledge on ninety-five percent (95%) equity interests in the VIE; and (iv) have an exclusive option to purchase or designate a third party to purchase all or part of the ninety-five percent (95%) equity interests in the VIE or purchase all or part of the ninety-five percent (95%) assets of Gongwuyuan when and to the extent permitted by the laws of the PRC. The PRC operating entities hold the licenses, approvals and key assets that are essential for our business operations.
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However, there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of PRC laws and regulations. The relevant PRC regulatory authorities have discretion in determining whether the VIE structure violates PRC laws and regulations. If we are found in violation of any PRC laws or regulations, or if the VIE structure is disallowed by the relevant governmental authorities, or if the VIE Agreements are determined as illegal or invalid by any PRC court, arbitral tribunal or regulatory authorities, the relevant governmental authorities would have discretion in dealing with such violations, including, without limitation:
| ● | revoking the agreements constituting the Contractual Arrangements; |
| ● | revoking the business licenses and/or operating licenses of such entities; |
| ● | discontinuing or placing restrictions or onerous conditions on our operations; |
| ● | requiring us to restructure the operations in such a way as to compel us to establish a new enterprise, re-apply for the necessary licenses or relocate our businesses, staff and assets related to our value-added telecommunications services business; |
| ● | imposing fines on us or confiscating any of our income that they deem to have been obtained through illegal operations; |
| ● | imposing conditions or requirements with which we or the VIE may not be able to comply; |
| ● | requiring us or the VIE to restructure the relevant ownership structure or operations; |
| ● | restricting or prohibiting our use of the proceeds from the initial public offering or other of our financing activities to finance the business and operations of the VIE; or |
| ● | taking other regulatory or enforcement actions that could be harmful to our business. |
The imposition of any of these penalties would result in a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct business via the VIE, and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Additionally, if the PRC government determines the Contractual Arrangements with the VIE and its shareholders to operate our business in China do not comply with applicable PRC Laws, or if these applicable PRC Laws or the interpretation of existing applicable PRC Laws change in the future, and as a result, we are unable to assert contractual control over the assets of our PRC subsidiaries or the VIE, our shares may significantly decline in value, or even lose all its value.
We rely on Contractual Arrangements with the VIE and certain shareholders of the VIE to consolidate financial results of the PRC operating entities.
We do not have an equity ownership in, direct foreign investment in, or control of, through such ownership or investment, the VIE.
Due to the PRC restrictions or prohibitions on foreign ownership of certain businesses in China, we operate the PRC operating entities’ business in China through the Contractual Arrangements in which we have no direct ownership interest. We have relied and expect to continue to rely on the Contractual Arrangements with the VIE and certain shareholders of the VIE to consolidate the financial results of the PRC operating entities’ business. These contractual arrangements are intended to enable us to (i) direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance, (ii) receive substantially all of the economic benefits of the VIE and its subsidiaries; and (iii) have an exclusive option to purchase all or part of the equity interests in and assets of the VIE and its subsidiaries when and to the extent permitted by PRC law.
The Contractual Arrangements may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing us control over the VIE. For example, the VIE and their shareholders could breach their contractual arrangements with us by, among other things, failing to conduct the operations of the VIE in an acceptable manner or taking other actions that are detrimental to our interests.
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If we had direct ownership of the VIE in China, we would be able to exercise our rights as a shareholder to effect changes in the board of directors of the VIE, which in turn could implement changes, subject to any applicable fiduciary obligations, at the management and operational level. However, under the current contractual arrangements, we rely on the performance by the VIE and their shareholders of their obligations under the contracts to exercise control over the VIE. The shareholders of the VIE may not act in the best interests of our company or may not perform their obligations under these contracts. If any dispute relating to these contracts remains unresolved, we will have to enforce our rights under these contracts through the operations of PRC law and arbitration, litigation and other legal proceedings and therefore will be subject to uncertainties in the PRC legal system.
Any failure by the VIE or their shareholders to perform their obligations under our contractual arrangements with them would have a material and adverse effect on our business.
If the VIE or their shareholders fail to perform their respective obligations under the contractual arrangements, we may have to incur substantial costs and expend additional resources to enforce such arrangements. We may also have to rely on legal remedies under PRC law, including seeking specific performance or injunctive relief, and contractual remedies, which we cannot assure you will be sufficient or effective under PRC law. For example, if the shareholders of the VIE were to refuse to transfer their equity interests in the VIE to us or our designee if we exercise the purchase option pursuant to these contractual arrangements, or if they were otherwise to act in bad faith toward us, then we may have to take legal actions to compel them to perform their contractual obligations. In addition, if any third parties claim any interest in such shareholders’ equity interests in the VIE, our ability to exercise shareholders’ rights or foreclose the share pledge according to the contractual arrangements may be impaired. If these or other disputes between the shareholders of the VIE and third parties were to impair our control over the VIE, our ability to consolidate the financial results of the VIE would be affected, which would in turn result in a material adverse effect on our business, operations and financial condition.
These Contractual Arrangements are governed by and interpreted in accordance with the laws of the PRC, and disputes arising from these Contractual Arrangements will be resolved through arbitration in China. The legal system in the PRC is still developing. As a result, uncertainties in the PRC legal system could limit our ability to enforce these contractual arrangements. Further, there are very few precedents and little formal guidance as to how contractual arrangements in the context of a consolidated VIE should be interpreted or enforced under PRC law. There remain significant uncertainties regarding the ultimate outcome of such arbitration should legal action become necessary. In addition, under PRC law, rulings by arbitrators are final and parties cannot appeal the arbitration results in courts, and if the losing parties fail to carry out the arbitration awards within a prescribed time limit, the prevailing parties may only enforce the arbitration awards in PRC courts through arbitration award recognition proceedings, which would require additional expenses and delay. In the event we are unable to enforce the Contractual Arrangements, or we experience significant delays or other obstacles in the process of enforcing these contractual arrangements, we may not be able to exert effective control over the VIE and may lose control over the assets owned by it. As a result, we may be unable to consolidate the consolidated financial statements of the PRC operating entities and our ability to conduct business may be negatively affected.
We may lose the ability to use and enjoy assets held by Gongwuyuan that are material to our business operations if Gongwuyuan or one of its subsidiaries declares bankruptcy or become subject to a dissolution or liquidation proceeding.
As part of our Contractual Arrangements, Gongwuyuan holds certain assets that are material for the PRC operating entities’ business operations, including permits, domain names and IP rights, among others. If Gongwuyuan or one of its subsidiaries goes bankrupt or all or part of its assets become subject to liens or rights of third-party creditors, we may be unable to continue some or all of the PRC operating entities’ business activities, which could materially and adversely affect our, and the VIE’s business, financial condition and results of operations. Under the Contractual Arrangements, Gongwuyuan may not enter into any transaction, except in the ordinary course of business, which substantially affect its assets, obligations, rights or operation without prior written consent from us. Further, if Gongwuyuan undergoes a voluntary or involuntary liquidation proceeding, independent third-party creditors may claim rights to some or all of its assets, thereby hindering our ability to operate our, and VIE’s business, which could materially and adversely affect our, and VIE’s business, financial condition and results of operations.
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If we exercise the option to acquire an equity ownership in Gongwuyuan, the ownership transfer may subject us to certain limitations and substantial costs.
Pursuant to the Regulations for the Administration of Foreign-Invested Telecommunications Enterprises (the “FITE Regulations”) promulgated by the State Council, foreign Selling Shareholders are not allowed to hold more than 50% of the equity interests of any company providing value-added telecommunications services, including Internet Content Provider (“ICP”) services. In addition, foreign-invested telecommunication enterprises should meet the requirements as prescribed in the relevant regulations. As there remain uncertainties regarding the review requirements of foreign-invested telecommunications enterprises in China, we cannot assure you that we could meet the requirements as prescribed and could pass the examination and approval of the competent telecommunications authorities.
Pursuant to the Contractual Arrangements, the Pengze WFOE, or its designated person has the exclusive right to purchase up to ninety-five percent (95%) of the equity interests in Gongwuyuan from the shareholders at the lowest price permitted by applicable PRC Law, when and if permitted by applicable PRC Law. The equity transfer may be subject to the approvals from, registrations with or report to the MIIT, the State Administration for Market Regulation, the MOFCOM of the PRC and/or their local competent branches. In addition, the equity transfer price may be subject to review and tax adjustment by the relevant tax authority. The shareholders will then pay the equity transfer price they receive to the Pengze WFOE or its designated person under the Contractual Arrangements. The amount to be received by the Pengze WFOE may also be subject to enterprise income tax. Such tax amounts could be substantial.
Uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation and implementation of the newly enacted Foreign Investment Law, and how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance, business, financial condition and results of operations.
On March 15, 2019, China’s National People’s Congress promulgated the Foreign Investment Law, which came into effect on January 1, 2020 and replaced the trio of previous laws regulating foreign investment in China, namely, the Sino-foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise Law, the Sino-foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Enterprise Law and the Wholly Foreign-invested Enterprise Law, together with their implementation rules and ancillary regulations. The Foreign Investment Law embodies an expected PRC regulatory trend to rationalize its foreign investment regulatory regime in line with prevailing international practice and the legislative efforts to unify the corporate legal requirements for both foreign and domestic investments. However, since it is relatively new, uncertainties still exist in relation to its interpretation and implementation, and failure to take timely and appropriate measures to cope with the regulatory-compliance challenges could result in material and adverse effect on us. For instance, though the Foreign Investment Law does not explicitly classify contractual arrangements as a form of foreign investment, it contains a catch-all provision under the definition of “foreign investment”, which includes investments made by foreign Selling Shareholders in China through means stipulated in laws or administrative regulations or other methods prescribed by the State Council of PRC. Therefore, it still leaves leeway for future laws, administrative regulations or provisions promulgated by the State Council to provide for contractual arrangements as a form of foreign investment, at which time it will be uncertain whether our contractual arrangements will be deemed to be in violation of the market access requirements for foreign investment in the PRC and how our Contractual Arrangements will be dealt with. In addition, if future laws, administrative regulations or provisions prescribed by the State Council mandate further actions to be taken by companies with respect to existing contractual arrangements, we may face substantial uncertainties as to whether we can complete such actions in a timely manner, or at all. We may be required to unwind our existing Contractual Arrangements and/or dispose of the relevant business operations, which could have a material and adverse effect on our current corporate structure, corporate governance, business, financial condition and results of operations.
On December 27, 2021, the Special Administrative Measures for Access of Foreign Investment (2021 Edition), or the Negative List (2021) were promulgated. The Negative List (2021) was then abolished by the Special Administrative Measures for Access of Foreign Investment (2024 Edition), or the Negative List (2024), which was promulgated on September 6, 2024 and became effective on November 1, 2024. The Negative List (2024) stipulates that if a domestic enterprise engaged in business in the prohibited investment field issues shares abroad and is listed for trading, it shall be examined and approved by the relevant competent authorities of the state. According to a press release issued by the National Development and Reform Commission (“NDRC”) in relation to the same provisions in the Negative List (2021), the above provisions are only applicable to the direct overseas listing of domestic enterprises engaged in the prohibited investment field. However, if relevant governmental authority determines or new future rules provides that we are required to obtain the approval, we would have to apply for such approval. There is no assurance that we will be able to obtain such approval in time or at all. If we fail to obtain the approve as required or in a timely manner, the VIE structure may be deemed illegal and ordered to be cancelled by relevant government authorities, and other administrative measures or penalties may be imposed on us, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and the value of our Ordinary Shares.
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Our Contractual Arrangements may be subject to scrutiny by the PRC tax authorities and who may determine that we owe additional taxes which could substantially reduce our consolidated net income.
Under PRC Laws, arrangements and transactions among related parties may be subject to audit or challenge by the PRC tax authorities. We could face material and adverse tax consequences if the PRC tax authorities determine that the Contractual Arrangements among the Pengze WFOE, Gongwuyuan and its shareholders do not represent an arms-length price and adjust the VIE’s income in the form of a transfer pricing adjustment. A transfer pricing adjustment could, among other things, result in a reduction, for PRC tax purposes, of expense deductions recorded by Gongwuyuan, which could in turn increase its tax liabilities. In addition, the PRC tax authorities may impose late payment fees and other penalties to Gongwuyuan for under-paid taxes. Our results of operations may be materially and adversely affected if our tax liabilities increase or if we are found to be subject to late payment fees or other penalties. Our financial conditions could be materially and adversely affected if our tax liabilities increase or Gongwuyuan is required to pay late payment fees and other penalties.
The shareholders of the VIE may have actual or potential conflicts of interest with us, which may materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.
The shareholders of the VIE in Baiya may breach, or refuse to renew, the existing Contractual Arrangements we have with them, which may have a material and adverse effect on our ability to effectively consolidate financial results of Gongwuyuan as primary beneficiary. We cannot assure you that when conflicts of interest arise any or all of these shareholders will act in the best interests of our company or such conflicts will be resolved in our favor. If we cannot resolve any conflict of interest or dispute between us and these shareholders, we would have to rely on legal proceedings, which could result in disruption of our business and subject us to substantial uncertainty as to the outcome of any such legal proceedings.
If the custodians or authorized users of our controlling non-tangible assets, including chops and seals of the VIE, fail to fulfill their responsibilities, or misappropriate or misuse these assets, our business and operations may be materially and adversely affected.
Under PRC law, legal documents for corporate transactions, including agreements and contracts that our business relies on, are executed using the chop or seal of the signing entity or with the signature of a legal representative whose designation is filed with the relevant local branch of the State Administration for Market Regulation (“SAMR”), formerly known as the State Administration for Industry and Commerce. We generally execute legal documents by affixing chops or seals, rather than having the designated legal representatives sign the documents.
We use three major types of chops: corporate chops, contract chops and finance chops. Chops are seals or stamps used by a PRC company to legally authorize documents, often in place of a signature. We use corporate chops generally for documents to be submitted to government agencies, such as applications for changing business scope, directors or company name, and for legal letters. We use contract chops generally for contracts and agreements. We use finance chops generally for making and collecting payments, including issuing invoices. Use of corporate chops must be approved by department manager and office of the president, use of contract chops must be approved by department manager or responsible personnel with higher authority, and use of finance chops must be approved by our finance department. The chops of our PRC subsidiary and consolidated VIE are generally held by the relevant entities so that documents can be executed locally. Although we usually utilize chops to execute contracts, the registered legal representatives of our PRC subsidiary and consolidated VIE have the apparent authority to enter into contracts on behalf of such entities without chops, unless such contracts set forth otherwise.
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In order to maintain the physical security of our chops, we generally have them stored in secured locations accessible only to the designated key employees of the office of the president or finance departments. Our designated legal representatives generally do not have access to the chops. Although we have approval procedures in place and monitor our key employees, including the designated legal representatives of our subsidiary and consolidated VIE, the procedures may not be sufficient to prevent all instances of abuse or negligence. There is a risk that our key employees or designated legal representatives could abuse their authority, for example, by binding our subsidiary and consolidated VIE with contracts against our interests, as we would be obligated to honor these contracts if the other contracting party acts in good faith in reliance on the apparent authority of our chops or signatures of our legal representatives. If any designated legal representative obtains control of the chop in an effort to obtain control over the relevant entity, we will need to have a shareholder or board resolution to designate a new legal representative to take legal action to seek the return of the chop, apply for a new chop with the relevant authorities, or otherwise seek legal remedies for the legal representative’s misconduct. If any of the designated legal representatives obtains and misuses or misappropriates our chops and seals or other controlling intangible assets for whatever reason, we could experience disruption to our normal business operations. We may have to take corporate or legal action, which could involve significant time and resources to resolve the matter, while distracting management from our operations, and our business operations may be materially and adversely affected.
Risks Relating to Doing Business in China
The recent state government interference into business activities on U.S. listed Chinese companies may negatively impact our existing and future operations in China. The Chinese government may intervene in or influence our operations at any time, which could result in a material change in our operations and significantly and adversely impact the value of the Ordinary Shares, including potentially causing the value of the Ordinary Shares to decline or be worthless.
The Chinese government has significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business and may intervene or influence our operations as the government deems appropriate to further regulatory, political and societal goals. To the extent that the cash and assets in our business are in the PRC operating entities, the funds or assets may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of the PRC due to intervention in or the imposition of restrictions and limitations on the ability of us or our subsidiaries by the Chinese government to transfer cash or assets. Any such intervention in or influence on our business operations or action to exert more oversight and control over the cash or assets of our subsidiaries, once taken by the Chinese government, could adversely affect our, and or VIE’s business, financial condition and results of operations and the value of the Ordinary Shares, or significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to Selling Shareholders and cause the value of the Ordinary Shares to significantly decline or in extreme cases, become worthless.
The Chinese government has recently published new policies that significantly affected certain industries such as the internet industries, and we cannot rule out the possibility that it will in the future release regulations or policies that could require us to seek other permission from Chinese authorities to continue to operate our business, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, recent statements made by the Chinese government have indicated an intent to increase the government’s oversight and control over offerings of companies with significant operations in China that are to be conducted in foreign markets, as well as foreign investment in China-based issuers like us. Any such action, if taken by the Chinese government, could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer the Ordinary Shares to our Selling Shareholders and could cause the value of the Ordinary Shares to significantly decline or become worthless.
Recently, the Chinese government announced that it would step up supervision of Chinese companies listed offshore. Under the new measures, China will improve regulation of cross-border data flows and security, crack down on illegal activity in the securities market and punish fraudulent securities issuance, market manipulation and insider trading, China will also check sources of funding for securities investment and control leverage ratios. The CAC has also opened a cybersecurity probe into several U.S.-listed tech giants focusing on anti-monopoly, financial technology regulation and more recently, with the passage of the Data Security Law, how companies collect, store, process and transfer data.
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Although Baiya is a Cayman Islands holding company, the PRC operating entities are headquartered and have operations in China. Because the PRC operating entities are in China and our major shareholders are located in China, there is always a risk that the Chinese government may in the future seek to intervene or influence operations of any company with any level of operations in China, including its ability to offer securities to Selling Shareholders, list its securities on a U.S. or other foreign exchange, conduct its business or accept foreign investment. In light of China’s recent announcements, there are risks and uncertainties which we cannot foresee for the time being, and rules and regulations in China can change quickly with little or no advance notice. The Chinese government may intervene or influence our PRC subsidiary’s current and future operations in China at any time, or may exert more control over offerings conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in issuers likes ourselves.
If any or all of the foregoing were to occur, this could lead to a material change in the PRC operating entities’ operations and/or the value of the Ordinary Shares and/or significantly limit or completely hinder its ability to offer or continue to offer securities to Selling Shareholders and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless.
On February 17, 2023, the CSRC issued the New Administrative Rules Regarding Overseas Listings, which became effective on March 31, 2023. According to the New Administrative Rules Regarding Overseas Listings, among other things, a domestic company in the PRC that seeks to offer and list securities in overseas markets shall fulfill the filing procedure with the CSRC. When a domestic company seeks to directly offer and list securities in overseas markets, the issuer shall file with the CSRC. When a domestic company seeks to indirectly offer and list securities in overseas markets, the issuer shall designate a major domestic operating entity, which shall, as the domestic responsible entity, file with the CSRC. Initial public offerings or listings in overseas markets shall be filed with the CSRC within 3 working days after the relevant application is submitted overseas. The required filing materials with the CSRC include (without limitation): (i) record-filing reports and related undertakings, (ii) compliance certificates, filing or approval documents from the primary regulators of applicants’ businesses (if applicable), (iii) security assessment opinions issued by related departments (if applicable), (iv) PRC legal opinions issued by domestic law firms (with related undertakings), and (v) prospectus or listing documents.
In addition, under the New Administrative Rules Regarding Overseas Listings, a domestic company is prohibited from overseas offering and listing if any of the following circumstances is involved: (1) where such securities offering and listing is explicitly prohibited by provisions in laws, administrative regulations and relevant state rules; (2) where the intended securities offering and listing may endanger national security as reviewed and determined by competent authorities under the State Council in accordance with law; (3) where the domestic company intending to make the securities offering and listing, or its controlling shareholders and the actual controller, have committed crimes such as corruption, bribery, embezzlement, misappropriation of property or undermining the order of the socialist market economy during the latest three years; (4) where the domestic company intending to make the securities offering and listing is suspected of committing crimes or major violations of laws and regulations, and is under investigation according to law, and no conclusion has yet been made thereof; and (5) where there are material ownership disputes over equity held by the domestic company’s controlling shareholder or by other shareholders that are controlled by the controlling shareholder and/or actual controller. Moreover, a domestic company that seeks to offer and list securities in overseas markets shall abide by certain other regulatory requirements as set out in the New Administrative Rules Regarding Overseas Listings, including without limitation to, compliance with national secrecy, foreign investment, cybersecurity, data security, cross-border investment and financing, foreign exchange, and other laws and relevant provisions.
Pursuant to the New Administrative Rules Regarding Overseas Listings, we filed with the CSRC in accordance with the Trial Administrative Measures with respect to our initial public offering in March 2025. We completed such filing procedures on June 27, 2024, the completion of which was posted on the official website of the CSRC on June 28, 2024. However, we cannot assure you of whether there will be further regulatory requirements related to overseas securities offerings and other capital markets activities. Any failure on our part to fully comply with further regulatory requirements may significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer our Ordinary Shares, cause significant disruption to our business operations, and severely damage our reputation, which would materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations and cause our Ordinary Shares to significantly decline in value or become worthless.
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On February 24, 2023, the CSRC promulgated the Confidentiality and Archives Administration Provisions, which also became effective on March 31, 2023. According to the Confidentiality and Archives Administration Provisions, domestic companies that seek overseas offering and listing (either in direct or indirect means) and the securities companies and securities service (either incorporated domestically or overseas) providers that undertake relevant businesses shall institute a sound confidentiality and archives administration system, and take necessary measures to fulfill confidentiality and archives administration obligations. They shall not leak any state secret or working secret of government agencies, or harm national security and public interests.
Furthermore, a domestic company that provides accounting archives or copies of accounting archives to any entities, including securities companies, securities service providers and overseas regulators and individuals, shall fulfill due procedures in compliance with applicable regulations. Working papers produced in the mainland China by securities companies and securities service providers in the process of undertaking businesses related to overseas offering and listing by domestic companies shall be retained in mainland China. Where such documents need to be transferred or transmitted to areas outside of mainland China, relevant approval procedures stipulated by regulations shall be followed. We believe that our initial public offering in March 2025 did not involve the leaking of any state secret or working secret of government agencies, or the harming of national security and public interests. However, we may be required to perform additional procedures in connection with the provision of accounting archives. The specific requirements of the relevant procedures are currently unclear and we cannot be certain whether we will be able to perform the relevant procedures.
Any failure of us to fully comply with new regulatory requirements may significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer our Ordinary Shares, cause significant disruption to our business operations, severely damage our reputation, materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations and cause our Ordinary Shares to significantly decline in value or become worthless.
Adverse changes in economic and political policies of the PRC government could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of China, which could adversely affect our, and VIE’s business.
Substantially all of our operations are located in China through the VIE and its subsidiaries. Accordingly, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be influenced to a significant degree by political, economic and social conditions in China generally. Although the Chinese economy is no longer a planned economy, the PRC government continues to exercise significant control over China’s economic growth through direct allocation of resources, monetary and tax policies, and a host of other government policies such as those that encourage or restrict investment in certain industries by foreign Selling Shareholders, control the exchange between RMB and foreign currencies, and regulate the growth of the general or specific market.
While the Chinese economy has experienced significant growth over the past decades, growth has been varied, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy, and the rate of growth has been slowing since 2012. Any adverse changes in economic conditions in China, in the policies of the Chinese government or in the laws and regulations in China could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of China. Such developments could adversely affect our, and VIE’s business and operating results, lead to reduction in demand for VIE’s services and adversely affect VIE’s competitive position. The Chinese government has implemented various measures to encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures may benefit the overall Chinese economy, but may have a negative effect on us. For example, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by government control over capital investments or changes in tax regulations.
In addition, in the past the Chinese government has implemented certain measures, including interest rate adjustment, to control the pace of economic growth. These measures may cause decreased economic activity in China, which may adversely affect our business and operating results.
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Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system, including uncertainties regarding the enforcement of laws, and sudden or unexpected changes in of laws and regulations in China applicable to us could adversely affect us and limit the legal protections available to you and us.
The PRC legal system is a civil law system based on written statutes. Prior court decisions are encouraged to be used for reference but it remains unclear to what extent the prior court decisions may impact the current court ruling as the encouragement policy is new and there is limited judicial practice in this regard. Since a large number of laws and regulations are relatively new and the PRC legal system continues to rapidly evolve, the interpretations of certain laws, regulations and rules are not always uniform and the enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules involves uncertainties.
In 1979, the PRC government began to promulgate a comprehensive system of laws and regulations governing economic matters in general. The overall effect of legislation over the past decades has significantly enhanced the protections afforded to various forms of foreign investments in China. However, Chinese legal system is still developing, and recently enacted laws and regulations may not sufficiently cover all aspects of economic activities in China. In particular, the interpretation and enforcement of these laws and regulations involve uncertainties. Since PRC administrative and court authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory provisions and contractual terms, it may be difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection we enjoy. These uncertainties may affect our judgement on the relevance of legal requirements and our ability to enforce our, or VIE’s contractual rights or tort claims.
In addition, the regulatory uncertainties may be exploited through unmerited or frivolous legal actions or threats in attempts to extract payments or benefits from us.
Furthermore, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules, some of which are not published on a timely basis or at all and may have retroactive effect. As a result, we may not be aware of our, or VIE’s violation of any of these policies and rules until sometime after the violation. In addition, any administrative and court proceedings in China may be protracted, resulting in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention.
From time to time, we may have to resort to administrative and court proceedings to enforce our legal rights. However, since PRC administrative and court authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory and contractual terms, it may be more difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection we enjoy than in more developed legal systems. Furthermore, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules (some of which are not published in a timely manner or at all) that may have retroactive effect. As a result, we may not be aware of our violation of these policies and rules until sometime after the violation. Such uncertainties, including uncertainty over the scope and effect of its contractual, property (including intellectual property) and procedural rights, and any failure to respond to changes in the regulatory environment in China could materially and adversely affect our business and impede our ability to continue our operations.
We are also subject to the legal and operational risks associated with being based in and having substantially all operations in China. These risks may result in material changes in operations, or a complete hindrance of our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to Selling Shareholders, and could cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or become worthless. Recently, the PRC government initiated a series of regulatory actions and statements to regulate business operations in China with little advance notice, including cracking down on illegal activities in the securities market, enhancing supervision over overseas listing of domestic enterprises, adopting new measures to extend the scope of cybersecurity reviews, and expanding the efforts in anti-monopoly enforcement. On July 6, 2021, the General Office of the Communist Party of China Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council jointly issued an announcement to crack down on illegal activities in the securities market and promote the high-quality development of the capital market, which, among other things, requires the relevant governmental authorities to strengthen cross-border oversight of law-enforcement and judicial cooperation, to enhance supervision over China-based companies listed overseas, and to establish and improve the system of extraterritorial application of the PRC securities laws. On December 28, 2021, Cybersecurity Review Measures (2021 version) was issued, which became effective on February 15, 2022. As of the date of this prospectus, the above regulations have not impacted our ability to conduct the business, accept foreign investments, or list on a U.S. or other foreign exchange; however, there are uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of these new laws and guidelines, which could materially and adversely impact our overall business and financial outlook.
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The PRC legal system is evolving, and the resulting uncertainties could adversely affect us.
We conduct our business in China through the PRC operating entities. The operations of the PRC operating entities in China are governed by PRC laws and regulations.
As the legislation in China and the PRC legal system has continued to evolve rapidly over the past decades and the PRC government has made significant progress in promulgating laws and regulations related to economic affairs and matters, for example, such laws and regulations have significantly enhanced the protections afforded to various forms of foreign investments in China. However, some of these laws and regulations are relatively new and there is a limited volume of published decisions and enactments. In particular, there exist uncertainties surrounding the evolvement, interpretation and enforcement of regulatory requirements of cybersecurity, data security, privacy protection as well as anti-monopoly, and we may need to take certain corresponding measures to maintain our regulatory compliance, such as adjusting the relevant business or transactions and introducing compliance experts and talents, which may incur additional related costs and adverse impact on our business. As a result, the interpretations of some laws, regulations and rules are not always uniform and enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules involves uncertainties, which may limit legal protections available to us. Therefore, there are uncertainties involved in their implementation and interpretation, and it may be difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection available to you and us. Such uncertainties, including uncertainty over the scope and effect of our contractual, property (including intellectual property) and procedural rights, and any failure to respond to changes in the regulatory environment in China could materially and adversely affect our business and impede our ability to continue our operations.
We, and the VIE may be adversely affected by the complexity, uncertainties and changes in PRC regulation related to the internet-related business and companies.
The PRC government extensively regulates the internet industry, including foreign ownership of, and the licensing and permit requirements pertaining to, companies in the internet industry. These internet-related laws and regulations are relatively new and evolving, and their interpretation and enforcement involve uncertainty. As a result, in certain circumstances it may be difficult to determine what actions or omissions may be deemed to be in violations of applicable laws and regulations. Issues, risks and uncertainties relating to PRC regulation of the internet business include, but are not limited to, the following:
| ● | We only have contractual arrangement over the PRC operating entities due to the restriction of foreign investment in businesses providing value-added telecommunication services in China. This may significantly disrupt our business, subject us to sanctions, compromise enforceability of related contractual arrangements, or have other harmful effects on us. |
| ● | There are uncertainties relating to the regulation of the internet business in China, including evolving licensing practices and the requirement for real-name registrations. This means that permits, licenses or operations at some of the PRC operating entities may be subject to challenge, or we may fail to obtain permits or licenses that may be deemed necessary for our operations or we may not be able to obtain or renew certain permits or licenses. If we fail to maintain any of these required licenses or approvals, we may be subject to various penalties, including fines and discontinuation of or restriction on our operations. Any such disruption in our business operations may have a material and adverse effect on our results of operations. |
| ● | New laws and regulations may be promulgated that will regulate internet activities, including online content provision and advertising businesses. If these new laws and regulations are promulgated, additional licenses may be required for our operations. If our operations do not comply with these new regulations after they become effective, or if we fail to obtain any licenses required under these new laws and regulations, we could be subject to penalties. |
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The interpretation and application of existing PRC laws, regulations and policies and possible new laws, regulations or policies relating to the internet industry have created substantial uncertainties regarding the legality of existing and future foreign investments in, and the businesses and activities of, internet businesses in China, including our business. For example, according to the Negative List (2024), our value-added telecommunication services are restricted industry. The Negative List (2024) also stipulates that if a domestic enterprise engaged in business in the prohibited investment field issues shares abroad and is listed for trading, it shall be examined and approved by the relevant competent authorities of the state. According to a press release issued by the NDRC in relation to the same provisions in the Negative List (2021), the above provisions are only applicable to the direct overseas listing of domestic enterprises engaged in business in the prohibited investment field. However, provisions on overseas indirect listing of domestic companies are still being formulated and there are no detailed rules in connection with relevant requirements or procedures to obtain approval from relevant competent departments of the state. If relevant governmental authority determines or new future rules provides that we are required to obtain the approval and/or abide by the management requirement, we would have to apply for such approval and/or adjust our current management mechanism. There is no assurance that we will be able to obtain such approval in time or at all.
Subject to interpretation by the relevant authorities, it may not be possible for us to determine in all cases the type of content that could result in liability for us, especially if the Chinese government continues to maintain or strengthen its heightened scrutiny on internet content in China. We may not be able to control or restrict all of the online content generated, transmitted or placed on our network or platform by our users, despite our attempt to monitor and filter such content. To the extent that regulatory authorities find any portion of our content on our network or platform objectionable or requiring any license or permit that we have not obtained, they may require us to limit or eliminate the dissemination of such information or otherwise curtail the nature of such content, and keep records and report to relevant authorities, which may reduce our user traffic. In addition, we may be subject to significant penalties for violations of those regulations arising from prohibited content displayed on, retrieved from or uploaded to our network or platform, including a suspension or shutdown of our operations. The enforcement activities may be intensified in connection with any ongoing government campaigns. In addition, while we maintain a regular internal monitoring and compliance protocol, we cannot ascertain that we would not fall foul of any changing or new government regulations or standards in the future. If we receive a public warning from the relevant government authorities or our licenses are revoked, our reputation would be harmed and if the operation of our online business is suspended or shut down entirely or in part, our revenues and results of operation may be materially and adversely affected. Furthermore, the internal compliance investigation and the removal of content may have a material impact on our network or platform operation, which in turn may lead to a decrease in users and have an adverse effect on our revenues and results of operations. To date, we have not been able to quantify the magnitude and extent of such impact.
The successful operations of our and VIE’s business and our growth depend upon the internet infrastructure and telecommunication networks in China.
Almost all access to the internet in China is maintained through state-owned telecommunication operators under the administrative control and regulatory supervision of the MIIT. Moreover, the VIE primarily relies on a limited number of telecommunication service providers to provide it with data communications capacity through local telecommunications lines. The VIE has limited access to alternative networks or services in the event of disruptions, failures or other problems with China’s internet infrastructure or telecommunications networks provided by telecommunication service providers. Internet traffic in China has experienced significant growth during the past few years. Effective bandwidth and server storage at internet data centers in large cities in China are limited. With the expansion of our, and VIE’s business, the VIE may be required to upgrade its technology and infrastructure to keep up with the increasing traffic on its mobile apps and websites. We cannot assure you that the internet infrastructure and telecommunications networks in China will be able to support the increased demands associated with the continued growth in internet usage. If the VIE is unable to increase our online content and service delivering capacity accordingly, the VIE may not be able to continuously grow its internet traffic and the adoption of its products and services may be hindered, which could adversely impact our, and VIE’s business and our Share price.
In addition, we, and the VIE have no control over the costs of the services provided by telecommunication service providers. If the prices the VIE pays for telecommunications and internet services rise significantly, our, and VIE’s results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.
Furthermore, if internet access fees or other charges to internet users increase, users may be discouraged or prevented from accessing the internet and thus cause the growth of internet users to decelerate. Such deceleration may adversely affect VIE’s ability to continue to expand its user base, which in turn could adversely affect the operation of our, and VIE’s business and growth.
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Regulation and censorship of information disseminated over the internet in China may adversely affect our business and reputation and subject the VIE to liability for information displayed on our websites.
The PRC government has adopted regulations governing internet access and the distribution of news and other information over the internet. Under these regulations, internet content providers and internet publishers are prohibited from posting or displaying over the internet content that, among other things, violates PRC Laws, impairs the national dignity of China, or is reactionary, obscene, superstitious, fraudulent or defamatory. Failure to comply with these requirements may result in the revocation of licenses to provide internet content and other licenses, and the closure of the concerned websites. In the past, failure to comply with such requirements has resulted in the closure of certain websites. The website operator may also be held liable for such censored information displayed on or linked to the websites. If any of VIE’s websites and teaching materials disseminated are found to be in violation of any such requirements, the VIE may be penalized by relevant authorities, and VIE’s operations or reputation could be adversely affected.
We may be subject to liability for placing advertisements with content that is deemed inappropriate or misleading under PRC laws.
According to Chinese law, if any advertisement issued by our PRC subsidiary infringes the rights and interests of a third party, contain contents prohibited by the relevant laws, or is otherwise in violation of relevant regulatory requirements, the PRC operating entities may bear the liability for compensation or be subject to investigations or penalties by governmental authorities, which may cause us financial loss.
The PRC operating entities may be liable for improper collection, use or appropriation of personal information provided by our customers and users.
The PRC operating entities collect and retains customer and user data, including personal information. The PRC operating entities also maintain information about various aspects of their operations as well as regarding their employees. The integrity and protection of the PRC operating entities’ customer, user, employee and company data is critical to our business. The PRC operating entities’ customers, users and employees expect that the PRC operating entities will adequately protect their personal information. The PRC operating entities are required by applicable laws to keep strictly confidential the personal information that we collect, and to take adequate security measures to safeguard such information.
According to the applicable PRC laws and regulations in relation to cybersecurity and data security, data processing includes, in a broad sense, among others, the collection or access, processing, transmission and related data activities.
The PRC Criminal Law, as amended by its Amendment 7 (effective on February 28, 2009), and Amendment 9 (effective on November 1, 2015), Amendment 10 (effective on November 4, 2017) and Amendment 11 (effective on March 1, 2021), prohibits institutions, companies and their employees from selling or otherwise illegally disclosing a citizen’s personal information obtained during the course of performing duties or providing services or obtaining such information through theft or other illegal ways. The Civil Code of the PRC (issued by the PRC National People’s Congress on May 28, 2020 and effective from January 1, 2021) provides main legal basis for privacy and personal information infringement claims under the Chinese civil laws. PRC regulators, including the CAC, MIIT, and the Ministry of Public Security have been increasingly focused on regulation in the areas of data security and data protection. The PRC regulatory requirements regarding cybersecurity are constantly evolving. For instance, various regulatory bodies in China, including the CAC, the Ministry of Public Security and the SAMR, have enforced data privacy and protection laws and regulations with varying and evolving standards and interpretations. The PRC governmental authorities have promulgated, among others, the Cyber Security Law of the PRC (《中华人民共和国网络安全法》), Personal Information Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China (《中华人民共和国个人信息保护法》), Data Security Law of the People’s Republic of China (《中华人民共和国数据安全法》), Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021) (《网络安全审查办法(2021)》), the Measures for the Security Assessment of Outbound Data Transfers, or the Measures (《数据出境安全评估办法》) and the Regulations on the Network Data Security Management (the “Data Security Management Regulations”) (《网络数据安全管理条例》) to ensure cyber security, data and personal information protection.
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The PRC operating entities attach great importance to data security, cyber security and personal information protection, and the evolvement of applicable PRC laws and regulations therewith, and we strive to comply with laws and regulations with respect to data security, cyber security and personal information protection. As of the date of this prospectus, The PRC operating entities have implemented comprehensive internal policies and measures on protection of cyber security, data privacy and personal information so as to comply with relevant PRC laws and regulations. The main internal policies and measures of are as follows: (i) for customer data processing, the PRC operating entities deploy the access control mechanism on the server side, adopts the principle of minimum authorization for the staff who may contact end users’ personal data; (ii) the PRC operating entities’ operating systems and database systems have password complexity requirements; (iii) the PRC operating entities have established Information Security Committee and appoints Bin Tan to be the head of the committee; (iv) the PRC operating entities have formulated a cybersecurity contingency plan and will conduct training and safety drills every year in preparation for any emergency cybersecurity incidents; (v) the PRC operating entities have established data privacy policies to ensure that its collection of data is conducted in accordance with applicable laws and regulations and that the collection is for legitimate purposes as set out in its agreements.
While the PRC operating entities take various measures to comply with applicable data privacy and protection laws and regulations, there is no guarantee that our current or past security measures and those of our third-party service providers may always be adequate for the protection of our customer, employee or company data, nor fully fulfil the requirements under relevant PRC laws and regulations; and like all companies, the PRC operating entities have experienced data incidents from time to time. In addition, given the size of our customer base and the types and volume of personal data on the PRC operating entities’ system, the PRC operating entities may be a particularly attractive target for computer hackers, foreign governments or cyber terrorists. Unauthorized access to the PRC operating entities’ proprietary internal and customer data may be obtained through break-ins, sabotage, breach of their secure network by an unauthorized party, computer viruses, computer denial-of-service attacks, employee theft or misuse, breach of the security of the networks of their third-party service providers, or other misconduct. Because the techniques used by computer programmers who may attempt to penetrate and sabotage the PRC operating entities’ proprietary internal and customer data change frequently and may not be recognized until launched against a target, the PRC operating entities may be unable to anticipate these techniques. Unauthorized access to the PRC operating entities’ proprietary internal and customer data may also be obtained through inadequate use of security controls. Any of such incidents may harm our and the VIE’s reputation and adversely affect our and the VIE’s business and results of operations. In addition, we and the VIE may be subject to negative publicity about our security and privacy policies, systems, or measurements from time to time.
Any failure to prevent or mitigate security breaches, cyber-attacks or other unauthorized access to the PRC operating entities’ systems or disclosure of our customers’ data, including their personal information, could result in loss or misuse of such data, interruptions to their service system, diminished customer experience, loss of customer confidence and trust, impairment of our technology infrastructure, and harm the PRC operating entities’ reputation and business, resulting in significant legal and financial exposure and potential lawsuits and could cause the value of the Ordinary Shares to significantly decline or be worthless. In addition, any violation of the provisions and requirements under relevant laws and regulations with respect to cyber security, data security and personal information protection may subject the PRC operating entities to rectifications, warnings, fines, confiscation of illegal gains, suspension of the related business, revocation of licenses, cancellation of qualifications being entered into the relevant credit record or even criminal liabilities.
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In April 2020, the Chinese government promulgated the Cybersecurity Review Measures, which came into effect on June 1, 2020. According to the Cybersecurity Review Measures, operators of critical information infrastructure must pass a cybersecurity review when purchasing network products and services which do or may affect national security. On December 28, 2021, the CAC published the Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021 version), which became effective on February 15, 2022 and replace the Measures for Cybersecurity Review promulgated on April 13, 2020. The Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021 version) specifies that the procurement of network products and services by operator of critical information infrastructure and the activities of data process carried out by Internet platform operator that raise or may raise “national security” concerns are subject to strict cyber security review by Cybersecurity Review Office established by the CAC. Before critical information infrastructure operator purchases internet products and services, it should assess the potential risk of national security that may be caused by the use of such products and services. If such use of products and services may give raise to national security concerns, it should apply for a cybersecurity review by the Cybersecurity Review Office and a report of analysis of the potential effect on national security shall be submitted when the application is made. In addition, Internet platform operators that possess the personal data of over one million users must apply for a review by the Cybersecurity Review Office, if they plan to list their companies in foreign countries. The CAC may voluntarily conduct cyber security review if any network products and services and activities of data process affects or may affect national security. It may take approximately 70 business days in maximum for the general cybersecurity review upon the delivery of their applications, which may be subject to extensions for a special review. On July 7, 2022, the Measures for the Security Assessment of Outbound Data Transfers, or the Measures was published and became effective on September 1, 2022, which requires security assessment of outbound data transfers in cases, among others, outbound transfer of important data, outbound transfer of personal information by a critical information infrastructure operator or a personal information processor who has processed the personal information of more than one million people.
On September 24, 2024, the State Council promulgated the Regulations on the Network Data Security Management (the “Data Security Management Regulations”), which became effective on January 1, 2025. Pursuant to the Data Security Management Regulations, network data processing activities refer to activities such as the collection, storage, use, processing, transmission, provision, disclosure, and deletion of data. Network data processors refer to individuals or organizations that independently determine the purposes and methods of data processing activities. Network data processors conducting any data processing activities that affect or may affect national security shall undergo national security review in accordance with relevant national regulations. Where it is indeed necessary to transfer any important data collected and generated within the territory of the PRC to an overseas party, the security assessment of outbound data transfer organized by the national cyberspace administration department shall be passed.
The PRC operating entities currently does not have over one million users’ personal information and does not anticipate that it will be collecting over one million users’ personal information in the foreseeable future and the PRC operating entities do not conduct any data processing activities that affect or may affect national security; further, the PRC operating entities’ business operations do not involve any Critical Information Infrastructure, and neither we nor the PRC operating entities have received any notification from applicable PRC governmental authorities indicating that any of the PRC operating entities’ products or services is determined as the Critical Information Infrastructure. As of the date of this prospectus, neither we nor the PRC operating entities have received any notification from applicable PRC governmental authorities indicating that we or the PRC operating entities shall file for a cybersecurity review.
However, as there remains uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of relevant PRC cybersecurity laws and regulations, we cannot assure you that the PRC regulators will reach the same conclusion as we and our PRC legal counsel. If in the future, the PRC regulators require us or the PRC operating entities to apply for a cybersecurity review, we cannot assure you that we or the PRC operating entities are able to pass such review. In addition, we and the PRC operating entities could become subject to enhanced cybersecurity review or investigations launched by PRC regulators in the future. Any failure or delay in the completion of the cybersecurity review procedures or any other non-compliance with the related laws and regulations may result in fines or other penalties, including suspension the PRC operating entities’ business, website closure, removal of our app from the relevant app stores, and revocation of prerequisite licenses, as well as reputational damage or legal proceedings or actions against us and the PRC operating entities, which may have material adverse effect on ours and the PRC operating entities’ business, financial condition or results of operations and cause the value of the Ordinary Shares to significantly decline or be worthless.
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We rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiary to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiary to make payments to us could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.
We are a holding company, and we rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiary for our cash and financing requirements, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders and service any debt we may incur. If our PRC subsidiary incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us. In addition, the PRC tax authorities may require our PRC subsidiary to adjust its taxable income, in a manner that would materially and adversely affect their ability to pay dividends and other distributions to us.
Under PRC laws and regulations, our PRC subsidiary, as wholly foreign-owned enterprise in China, may pay dividends only out of their respective accumulated after-tax profits as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, a wholly foreign-owned enterprise is required to set aside at least 10% of its accumulated after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund certain statutory reserve funds, until the aggregate amount of such funds reaches 50% of its registered capital. At the discretion of its shareholders, a wholly foreign-owned enterprise may allocate a portion of its after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to fund an optional reserve. These reserve funds and the discretionary funds are not distributable as cash dividends.
In response to the persistent capital outflow and the Renminbi’s depreciation against the U.S. dollar in the fourth quarter of 2016, the People’s Bank of China and SAFE have implemented a series of capital control measures, including stricter vetting procedures for China-based companies to remit foreign currency for overseas acquisitions, dividend payments and shareholder loan repayments. The PRC government may continue to strengthen its capital controls and our PRC subsidiary’s dividends and other distributions may be subjected to tighter scrutiny in the future. Any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiary to pay dividends or make other distributions to us could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our business, pay dividends, or otherwise fund and conduct our business.
There are significant uncertainties under the EIT Law relating to the withholding tax liabilities of our PRC subsidiary, and dividends payable by our PRC subsidiary to our offshore subsidiaries may not qualify to enjoy certain treaty benefits.
Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law (the “EIT Law”) and its implementation rules, the profits of a foreign invested enterprise generated through operations, which are distributed to its immediate holding company outside the PRC, will be subject to a withholding tax rate of 10%. Pursuant to a special arrangement between Hong Kong and the PRC, such rate may be reduced to 5% if a Hong Kong resident enterprise owns more than 25% of the equity interest in the PRC company. Our PRC subsidiary is wholly-owned by our Hong Kong subsidiary. Moreover, under the Notice of the State Administration of Taxation on Issues regarding the Administration of the Dividend Provision in Tax Treaties promulgated on February 20, 2009, the taxpayer needs to satisfy certain conditions to enjoy the benefits under a tax treaty. These beneficial owners of the relevant dividends and the corporate shareholder to receive dividends from the PRC subsidiary must have continuously met the direct ownership thresholds during the 12 consecutive months preceding the receipt of the dividends. Based on the Notice of the State Taxation Administration on the Recognition of Beneficial Owners in Tax Treaties, which was promulgated by STA on February 3, 2018 and came into effect on April 1, 2018, a comprehensive analysis will be used to determine beneficial ownership based on the actual situation of a specific case combined with certain principles, and if an applicant was obliged to pay more than 50% of its income to a third country (region) resident within 12 months of the receipt of the income, or the business activities undertaken by an applicant did not constitute substantive business activities including substantive manufacturing, distribution, management and other activities, the applicant was unlikely to be recognized as a beneficial owner to enjoy tax treaty benefits. In current practice, a Hong Kong enterprise must obtain a tax resident certificate from the relevant Hong Kong tax authority to apply for the 5% lower PRC withholding tax rate. As the Hong Kong tax authority will issue such a tax resident certificate on a case-by-case basis, we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain the tax resident certificate from the relevant Hong Kong tax authority. As of the date of this prospectus, we have not commenced the application process for a Hong Kong tax resident certificate from the relevant Hong Kong tax authority, and there is no assurance that we will be granted such a Hong Kong tax resident certificate. Even after we obtain the Hong Kong tax resident certificate, we are required by applicable tax laws and regulations to file required forms and materials with relevant PRC tax authorities to prove that we can enjoy 5% lower PRC withholding tax rate. We intend to obtain the required materials and file with the relevant tax authorities when it plans to declare and pay dividends, but there is no assurance that the PRC tax authorities will approve the 5% withholding tax rate on dividends received from Juxing HK, incorporated in Hong Kong.
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PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of our offshore offerings to make loans to or make additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiary and VIE which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.
Any funds we transfer to our PRC subsidiary the Pengze WFOE, either as a shareholder loan or as an increase in registered capital, are subject to approval by or registration or filing with relevant governmental authorities in China. According to the relevant PRC regulations on foreign-invested enterprises, or FIEs, in China, capital contributions to the Pengze WFOE are subject to registration with State Administration for Market Regulation in its local branches, report submission to the Ministry of Commerce in its local branches and registration with a local bank authorized by SAFE. In addition, any foreign loans by us to Pengze WFOE or the VIE cannot exceed a statutory limit and is required to be registered with the SAFE or its local branches. We may not obtain these government approvals or complete such registrations on a timely basis, if at all, with respect to future capital contributions or foreign loans by us to Pengze WFOE and VIE. If we fail to receive such approvals or complete such registration or filing, our ability to use the proceeds of our offshore offerings and to capitalize our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business. On March 30, 2015, the SAFE promulgated the Circular on Reforming the Management Approach Regarding the Foreign Exchange Capital Settlement of Foreign-Invested Enterprises or SAFE Circular 19. SAFE Circular 19 launched a nationwide reform of the administration of the settlement of the foreign exchange capitals of FIEs and allows FIEs to settle their foreign exchange capital at their discretion but prohibit FIEs from using the Renminbi fund converted from their foreign exchange capitals for expenditure beyond their business scopes, providing entrusted loans or repaying loans between non-financial enterprises. SAFE further promulgated Circular on Reforming and Regulating the Policies for the Administration of Foreign Exchange Settlement under the Capital Account or SAFE Circular 16, effective on June 9, 2016, it is stipulated that if the content of the SAFE Circular 16 is inconsistent with the content of SAFE Circular 19, the SAFE Circular 16 shall prevail. SAFE Circulars 19 and 16 both prohibit FIEs from using the Renminbi fund converted from their foreign exchange capitals for expenditure beyond their business scopes or for investment and financing other than equity investment or investment in guaranteed products issued by banks, and also prohibit FIEs from using such Renminbi fund to provide loans to persons other than affiliates or constructing or purchasing real estate not for self-use, unless otherwise permitted under its business scope. As a result, we are required to apply Renminbi funds converted from the net proceeds we received from our offshore offerings within the business scopes of our PRC subsidiary. SAFE Circular 19 and 16 may limit our ability to transfer to and use in China the net proceeds from our offshore offerings, which may affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Restrictions on currency exchange under PRC Laws may limit our ability to convert cash derived from our operating activities into foreign currencies and may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment.
The PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of Renminbi into foreign currencies. We receive substantially all of our revenue in Renminbi and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of China. Under our current corporate structure, our income is primarily derived from dividend payments from Pengze WFOE. Shortages in the availability of foreign currency may restrict the ability of Pengze WFOE to remit sufficient foreign currency to pay dividends or other payments to us, or otherwise satisfy their foreign currency denominated obligations, if any.
Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, conversion of Renminbi is permitted, without prior approval from the SAFE, for current account transactions, including profit distributions, interest payments and expenditures from trade-related transactions, as long as certain procedural requirements are complied with. However, approval from and registration with the SAFE, other PRC regulatory authorities or designated banks are required where Renminbi is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China for capital account transactions, which includes foreign direct investment and repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. The PRC government may also restrict access in the future to foreign currencies for current account transactions. Any existing and future restrictions on currency exchange in China may limit our ability to convert cash derived from our operating activities into foreign currencies to fund expenditures denominated in foreign currencies. If the foreign exchange restrictions in China prevent us from obtaining US dollars or other foreign currencies as required, we may not be able to pay dividends in US dollars or other foreign currencies to our shareholders, or pay to suppliers and contractors in currencies other than Renminbi.
Furthermore, foreign exchange control in respect of the capital account transactions could affect our PRC subsidiary’ ability to obtain foreign exchange or conversion into Renminbi through debt or equity financing, including by means of loans or capital contributions from us.
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Fluctuations in exchange rates could have a material and adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of your investment.
The value of Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies fluctuates, is subject to changes resulting from the PRC government’s policies and depends to a large extent on domestic and international economic and political developments as well as supply and demand in the local market. With the development of the foreign exchange market and progress toward interest rate liberalization and Renminbi internationalization, the PRC government may in the future announce further changes to the exchange rate system, and we cannot assure you that the Renminbi will not appreciate or depreciate significantly in value against the Hong Kong dollar or the U.S. dollar in the future.
Substantially all of our revenue and costs are denominated in Renminbi and most of our financial assets are also denominated in Renminbi. We rely entirely on dividends and other fees paid to us by our PRC subsidiary and the VIE. Our proceeds from our offshore offerings was denominated in dollars. Any significant change in the exchange rates of the dollar against Renminbi may materially and adversely affect the value of and any dividends payable on, our Shares in dollars. For example, a further appreciation of Renminbi against the dollar would make any new Renminbi-denominated investments or expenditures more costly to us, to the extent that we need to convert dollars into Renminbi for such purposes. An appreciation of Renminbi against the dollar would also result in foreign currency translation losses for financial reporting purposes when we translate our dollar denominated financial assets into Renminbi. Conversely, if we decide to convert our Renminbi into dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on our Shares or for other business purposes, appreciation of the dollar against Renminbi would have a negative effect on the dollar amount available to us.
Our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar while the functional currency for our PRC operating entities is RMB. Gains and losses from the re-measurement of assets and liabilities that are receivable or payable in RMB are included in our consolidated statements of operations. The re-measurement has caused the U.S. dollar value of our results of operations to vary with exchange rate fluctuations, and the U.S. dollar value of our results of operations will continue to vary with exchange rate fluctuations. A fluctuation in the value of RMB relative to the U.S. dollar could reduce our profits from operations and the translated value of our net assets when reported in U.S. dollars in our consolidated financial statements. This could have a negative impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations as reported in U.S. dollars. In addition, fluctuations in currencies relative to the periods in which the earnings are generated may make it more difficult to perform period-to-period comparisons of our reported results of operations.
Very limited hedging options in China are available to reduce our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations. To date, we have not entered into any material hedging transactions in an effort to reduce our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. While we may decide to enter into hedging transactions in the future, the availability and effectiveness of these hedges may be limited and we may not be able to adequately hedge our exposure or at all. In addition, our currency exchange losses may be magnified by PRC exchange control regulations that restrict our ability to convert Renminbi into foreign currency.
The enforcement of the PRC Labor Contract Law and other labor-related regulations in the PRC may adversely affect our, and VIE’s business and results of operations.
The Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress enacted the Labor Contract Law in 2008, and amended it on December 28, 2012. The Labor Contract Law introduced specific provisions related to fixed-term labor contracts, part-time employment, probationary periods, consultation with Labor unions and employee assemblies, employment without a written contract, dismissal of employees, severance, and collective bargaining to enhance previous PRC Labor Jaws. Under the Labor Contract Law, an employer is obligated to sign an unlimited-termLabor contract with any employee who has worked for the employer for ten consecutive years. Further, if an employee requests or agrees to renew a fixed-term Labor contract that has already been entered into twice consecutively, the resulting contract, with certain exceptions, must have an unlimited term, subject to certain exceptions. With certain exceptions, an employer must pay severance to an employee where a Labor contract is terminated or expires. In addition, the PRC governmental authorities have continued to introduce various new Labor-related regulations since the effectiveness of the Labor Contract Law.
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Under the PRC Social Insurance Law and the Administrative Measures on Housing Fund, employees are required to participate in pension insurance, work-related injury insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance, maternity insurance, and housing funds and employers are required, together with their employees or separately, to pay the social insurance premiums and housing funds for their employees. If the VIE fails to make adequate social insurance and housing fund contributions, the VIE may be subject to fines and legal sanctions, and our, and VIE’s business, financial conditions and results of operations may be adversely affected.
These laws designed to enhance labor protection tend to increase VIE’s labor costs. In addition, as the interpretation and implementation of these regulations are still evolving, VIE’s employment practices may not be at all times be deemed in compliance with the regulations. As a result, the VIE could be subject to penalties or incur significant liabilities in connection with labor disputes or investigations.
VIE’s failure to fully comply with PRC labor-related laws may expose it to potential penalties.
Companies operating in China are required to participate in various government sponsored employee benefit plans, including certain social insurance, housing funds and other welfare-oriented payment obligations, and contribute to the plans in amounts equal to certain percentages of salaries, including bonuses and allowances, of our employees up to a maximum amount specified by the local government from time to time at locations where the companies operate its businesses. The requirement of employee benefit plans has not been implemented consistently by the local governments in China given the different levels of economic development in different locations. The VIE and some of its subsidiaries have not paid social insurance and housing provident fund in strict compliance with the relevant PRC regulations for and on behalf of their employees and/or have not carried out social insurance registration and housing provident fund deposit registration as required by PRC laws as of the date of this prospectus The VIE and its subsidiaries may be subject to penalties for its failure to make payments in accordance with the applicable PRC laws and regulations, or rectification as required by the relevant governmental authorities. The VIE and its subsidiaries may be required to make up the contributions for social insurance and housing provident fund and/or to pay late fees and fines. We have not made any accruals for penalties that may be imposed by the relevant PRC governmental authorities in the financial statements. As of the date of this prospectus, the VIE and its subsidiaries have not received any notification from the PRC governmental authorities requiring us to pay any outstanding amount of the social insurance and housing provident fund contributions. Though our management considers the likelihood that we are required by the PRC governmental authorities to make additional payment for the above mentioned amount wholly is low. If the VIE or any of its subsidiaries is subject to fines in relation to the underpaid employee benefits, our, and the financial condition and results of operations of the VIE or its subsidiaries may be adversely affected.
Further, Pursuant to the PRC Labor Contract Law, or the Labor Contract Law, that became effective in January 2008 and was last amended in December 2012 and its implementing rules that became effective in September 2008, as well as other relevant labor laws and regulations, the VIE and its subsidiaries are subject to stricter requirements in terms of, among others, signing labor contracts, minimum wages, paying remuneration, determining the term of employees’ probation and unilaterally terminating labor contracts. As of the date of this prospectus, some employees signed labor contracts with several PRC operating entities but actually work for different PRC operating entities, it may be considered that the actual employers have failed to sign labor contracts with the employees. Under the PRC laws, if the employer fails to conclude a written labor contract with the employee within one month but less than one year from the date of employment, it shall pay twice the monthly salary to the employee. If the VIE or its subsidiaries are unable to comply with labor-related laws and regulations in China, it may be subject to compensations, liabilities, penalties, labor disputes or government investigations. If the VIE or its subsidiaries are deemed to have violated relevant labor laws and regulations, it could be required to provide additional compensation to the employees and subject to fines or any penalties, and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
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Failure to obtain or renew relevant requisite licenses, permits, authorization, approvals or certificates from the relevant government authorities related to our business operation could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business and our financial conditions.
Our business operation in the PRC is subject to various licenses, permits, authorization, approvals or certificates from or completion of relevant filings, registration with, or reports to the relevant governmental authorities, including, but not limited to, the Value-added telecommunications business license, Human resource services license, Labor dispatch business license, and Road transport business license.
Gongwuyuan started to operate the employment platform and published employment information as well as conducted other activities related to the operation of value-added telecommunication business from March 2019, but did not obtain the value-added telecommunication business operation license (“ICP License”) until February 2020. According to the Administrative Measures for Internet Information Services, to engage in commercial Internet information services, the operator shall apply for an ICP License, if such operator do not obtain an ICP License but engage in commercial Internet information services without authorization, the competent government authorizations may order corrections within a time limit, confiscate the illegal gains (if any), impose a fine and if the circumstances are serious, the website shall be ordered to close. As of the date of this annul report, Gongwuyuan has not been penalized nor inspected by relevant governmental authorities in connection with the abovementioned late acquisition of the ICP License. While under the Law of the PRC on Administrative Penalties, where an unlawful act is not discovered within two years of its commission, an administrative penalty shall not be imposed, the law further provides that in cases where citizens’ life and health security or financial security is involved and harmful consequences are caused, the above-mentioned two-year period shall be extended to five years. Therefore it remains uncertain whether the relevant governmental authority would initiate investigations on the late obtaining of ICP license by Gongwuyuan or impose penalties on this regard in the future, if so, our ability to conduct our business and our financial conditions could be adversely affected. In addition, Gongwuyuan started to provide human resources services from April 2020 without completion of relevant filings with the competent administrative authority for human resources, which was completed by Gongwuyuan in January 2021 by obtaining a filing certificate (updated into a human resource services license in April 2024). Under applicable PRC laws and regulations, Gongwuyuan could be ordered by the competent authorities to make corrections, impose fines and other penalties for failure to compete the filing procedures in relation to its human resources services in a timely manner.
Further, as of the date of this annul report, some subsidiaries of Gongwuyuan have not successfully completed the reporting procedures in writing to the local administrative authority for human resources for establishing branches that engaged in human resources services, and have not completed the reporting and filing procedures for establishing branches that engaged in labor dispatching services. Besides, some subsidiaries of Gongwuyuan, which no longer engaged in relevant business or has obtained relevant permissions as of the date of this annul report, had provided human resources services and labor dispatching services without completion of relevant permission and filing procedures. Under the PRC Laws, for failure to complete the reporting or filing procedures for establishing branches that engaged in human resources services or labor dispatching services, the relevant subsidiaries may be ordered by the competent authorities to make corrections, confiscate illegal income, impose fines, be closed or other penalties under the PRC laws. For any entity engages in employment agency activities without permission, such entity may be ordered by the competent authorities to make corrections, confiscate illegal income, impose fines or be closed; for any entity engaging in human resources service but failed to complete the filing procedures, it may be ordered to rectify and a fine would be imposed if the rectification is not made within the time limit. For any entity engages in labor dispatching services without permission, such entity may be ordered by the competent authorities to cease legal activities, confiscate illegal income and impose fines. One subsidiary of Gongwuyuan was engaged in road transport business after the expiration of its road transportation operation license, which no longer engaged in relevant business as of the date of this annul report. Any entity that engages in road transport business without obtaining a road transport business license may be ordered by the competent transportation department to stop the business operation, confiscate the illegal income and impose a fine and other penalties under the PRC laws. As of the date of this annul report, none of Gongwuyuan’s subsidiaries have been subject to penalties or investigations in connection with failure to obtain the abovementioned licenses or permits or complete the foregoing reporting or filing procedures. However, there is no assurance that the subsidiaries will not receive penalties or be subject to investigation in this connection in the future. Any penalty or investigation imposed by relevant governmental authority on such subsidiaries due to the aforementioned matter in the future could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business and our financial conditions. Further, if any of our PRC subsidiary, the VIE or its subsidiaries fails to obtain or renew any license, permit, authorization, approval or certificate related to its business operation, it could be subject to penalties or investigations from the relevant government authorities, which would materially and adversely affect our business operation and financial conditions.
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Failure by the VIE or its subsidiaries to comply with tax laws or regulations, or lose their favorable tax treatments could subject us supplemental tax payment, higher tax liabilities or even penalties.
Companies established in the PRC are subject to various tax liabilities, procedures and other requirements. In particular, PRC companies are required to complete tax registration after their incorporation and make tax declaration regularly or otherwise as stipulated by relevant laws and regulations. Some of the PRC operating companies failed to complete tax registration and tax declaration on time. According to Law of the PRC on the Administration of Tax Collection, each of the PRC operating entities that failed to complete tax registration and tax declaration may be ordered by the tax authorities to make corrections within a time limit and imposed a fine up to RMB10,000. If the VIE or its subsidiaries fail to comply with relevant tax laws or regulations, they may be subject to supplemental tax payment, late pay fees, fines or other penalties.
Moreover, some of the PRC operating companies enjoy preferential tax treatment under PRC tax laws and regulations. For example, the VIE’s subsidiaries Jiangxi Gongwuyuan Talent Service Co., Ltd and Huizhong Human Resources Co., Ltd (collectively, the “Jiangxi Companies”) enjoy the preferential policy of value-added tax. While Jiangxi Companies signed business contracts and gain incomes, services under the business contracts were actually provided by employees of other PRC operating companies for Jiangxi Company’s customers without entering into written contracts between Jiangxi Companies and other PRC operating companies. If the abovementioned arrangement is considered to enjoy tax benefits through transfer pricing by the PRC operating companies, the competent PRC government authority may make tax adjustments and ask for additional tax payment. Besides, if the PRC operating companies were to lose the benefit of the favorable tax treatment they currently enjoy in the future, we could see significant increases in the amount of taxes we pay, hence our operating results could be materially harmed, even in the absence of a decrease in our operations.
Uncertainties exist with respect to the enactment timetable, interpretation and implementation of the laws and regulations with respect to online platform business operation.
The VIE’s online recruitment and crowdsourcing application may be deemed an online platform. As such, the PRC operating entities may be subject to various internet-related laws and regulations. These internet-related laws and regulations are relatively new and involving, and their enactment timetable, interpretation and implementation involve uncertaities.
For example, On February 7, 2021, the State Administration for Market Regulation, or the SAMR, promulgated Guidelines to Anti-Monopoly in the Field of Platform Economy, or the Anti-Monopoly Guidelines for Platform Economy. The Anti-Monopoly Guidelines for Platform Economy provides operational standards and guidelines for identifying certain internet platforms’ abuse of market dominant position which are prohibited to restrict unfair competition and safeguard users’ interests, including without limitation, prohibiting personalized pricing using big data and analytics, selling products below cost without reasonable causes, actions or arrangements seen as exclusivity arrangements, using technology means to block competitors’ interface, using bundle services to sell services or products. In addition, internet platforms’ compulsory collection of user data may be viewed as abuse of dominant market position that may have the effect to eliminate or restrict competition. As of the date of this Prospectus, neither we nor the PRC operating entities have been subject to any anti-monopoly investigation, penalty of litigation initiated by government authorities or third parties. Furthermore, we will continue to attach attention to the updates of applicable PRC laws and regulations in relation to antimonopoly.
On August 31, 2018, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress promulgated the E-commerce Law, which came into effect on January 1, 2019. The E-commerce Law imposes a series of requirements on e-commerce operators including e-commerce platform operators, merchants operating on the platform and the individuals and entities carrying out business online. The governance measures our PRC subsidiary adopted in response to the enhanced regulatory requirements may fail to meet these requirements and may lead to penalties or our loss of merchants to those platforms, or to complaints or claims made against us by customers on our platforms.
In addition, the PRC operating entities may be subject to complex and evolving laws and regulations regarding privacy and data protection.
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The approval of the China Securities Regulatory Commission or other PRC regulatory agencies may be required in connection with our offshore offerings under PRC law.
The Regulations on Mergers of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Selling Shareholders, or the M&A Rules, purport to require offshore special purpose vehicles that are controlled by PRC companies or individuals and that have been formed for the purpose of seeking a public listing on an overseas stock exchange through acquisitions of PRC domestic companies or assets to obtain CSRC approval prior to publicly listing their securities on an overseas stock exchange. The interpretation and application of the regulations involve uncertainties. If CSRC approval is required, it is uncertain how long it will take for us to obtain such approval, and any failure to obtain or a delay in obtaining CSRC approval for this registration may subject us to sanctions imposed by the CSRC and other PRC regulatory agencies.
Based on its understanding of the PRC Laws and our corporate structure up to the date of this prospectus, it is of the opinion that we are not required to apply for the CSRC approval prescribed under the M&A Rules in connection with our offshore offerings. However, there remains uncertainty as to how the M&A Rules will be interpreted or implemented, and the opinions summarized above will be subject to any new PRC laws, rules and regulations or detailed implementations and interpretations in any form relating to an overseas listing of SPVs like the Company. We cannot assure you that relevant PRC government agencies, including the CSRC, would reach the same conclusion as our PRC legal counsel does. If it is determined that CSRC approval under the M&A Rules is required, or if we inadvertently conclude that such approval is not required when it is, we may face sanctions by the CSRC or other PRC regulatory agencies for failure to obtain or delay in obtaining CSRC approval for the sale of securities. These sanctions may include fines and penalties on our operations in China, limitations on our operating privileges in China, delays in or restrictions on the repatriation of the proceeds from our offshore offerings into the PRC, restrictions on or prohibition of the payments or remittance of dividends by our subsidiaries in China, or other actions that could have a material and adverse effect on our business financial condition, results of operations, reputation and prospects, as well as the trading price of our securities.
In addition, on February 17, 2023, the CSRC issued the New Administrative Rules Regarding Overseas Listings, which came into force on March 31, 2023. According to the New Administrative Rules Regarding Overseas Listings, among other things, a domestic company in the PRC that seeks to offer and list securities on overseas markets shall fulfill the filing procedures with the CSRC as per requirement of the Trial Administrative Measures. Where a domestic company seeks to directly offer and list securities on overseas markets, the issuer shall file with the CSRC. Where a domestic company seeks to indirectly offer and list securities on overseas markets, the issuer shall designate a major domestic operating entity, which shall, as the domestic responsible entity, file with the CSRC. Initial public offerings or listings on overseas markets shall be filed with the CSRC within 3 working days after the relevant application is submitted overseas. The required filing materials with the CSRC include (without limitation): (i) record-filing reports and related undertakings; (ii) compliance certificates, filing or approval documents from the primary regulators of applicants’ businesses (if applicable); (iii) security assessment opinions issued by related departments (if applicable); (iv) PRC legal opinions issued by domestic law firms (with related undertakings); and (v) prospectus or listing documents. Pursuant to the New Administrative Rules Regarding Overseas Listings, we have filed with the CSRC with respect to our initial public offering in March 2025. We completed such filing procedures on June 27, 2024, the completion of which was posted on the official website of the CSRC on June 28, 2024. However, we cannot assure you of whether there will be further regulatory requirements related to overseas securities offerings and other capital markets activities. Any failure on our part to fully comply with further regulatory requirements may significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer our Ordinary Shares.
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Furthermore, on July 6, 2021, the General Office of the Communist Party of China Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council jointly promulgated the Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down on Illegal Securities Activities in Accordance with the Law, pursuant to which PRC regulators are required to accelerate rulemaking related to overseas issuance and listing of securities, and improvement to the laws and regulations related to data security, cross-border data flow, and management of confidential information. Numerous regulations, guidelines and other measures have been or are expected to be adopted under the umbrella of or in addition to the Cybersecurity Law and Data Security Law, including (i) the Measures for the Security Assessment of Outbound Data Transfers, or the Measures published by the CAC, in July 2022, which requires security review before transferring personal information or important date out of China, and (ii) Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021) which provides that, among others, an application for cybersecurity review shall be made by an issuer who is a critical information infrastructure operator or a data processing operator as defined therein before such issuer’s listing in a foreign country if the issuer possesses personal information of more than one million users, and that the relevant governmental authorities in the PRC may initiate cybersecurity review if such governmental authorities determine an operator’s cyber products or services, data processing or potential listing in a foreign country affect or may affect national security. As there are still uncertainties regarding the interpretation and implementation of such regulatory guidance, we cannot assure you that we will be able to comply with new regulatory requirements relating to our future overseas capital raising activities and our PRC subsidiary may become subject to more stringent requirements with respect to matters including data privacy, and cross-border investigation and enforcement of legal claims.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, as of the date of prospectus and except for risk factors disclosed in our 2024 Annual Report, there are no PRC laws and regulations in force explicitly requiring that we or the VIE obtain any permission from PRC authorities to issue securities to foreign shareholders, and we have not received any inquiry, notice, warning, sanction or any regulatory objection to this registration from the CSRC, the CAC or any other PRC authorities that have jurisdiction over our operations. Based on the above and our understanding of the current PRC laws and regulations, as of the date of this prospectus, we are not required to submit an application to the CAC for the approval of our offshore offerings. However, our PRC legal counsel has further advised us that the enactment, interpretation and implementation of regulatory requirements related to overseas securities registration and other capital markets activities are still subject to change. If it is determined in the future that the CAC or other approval were required for our offshore offerings, our PRC subsidiary may face sanctions by the CAC or other PRC regulatory agencies. These regulatory agencies may impose fines and penalties on our operations in China, limit our ability to pay dividends outside of China, limit our operations in China, delay or restrict the repatriation of the proceeds from this registration into China or take other actions that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, as well as the trading price of the Stocks. The CAC or other PRC regulatory agencies also may take actions requiring us, or making it advisable for us, to halt this registration before settlement and delivery of the Stocks. Consequently, if you engage in market trading or other activities in anticipation of and prior to settlement and delivery, you do so at the risk that settlement and delivery may not occur. In addition, if the CAC or other regulatory agencies later promulgate new rules requiring that our PRC subsidiary obtaining their approvals for this registration, we may be unable to obtain a waiver of such approval requirements, if and when procedures are established to obtain such a waiver. Any uncertainties and/or negative publicity regarding such an approval requirement could have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.
As of the date of this prospectus, we or the PRC operating entities have not received any inquiry, notice, warning, sanctions or regulatory objection to our offshore offerings from the CSRC or any other PRC governmental authorities.
PRC regulations relating to the establishment of offshore special purpose companies by PRC residents may subject our PRC resident beneficial owners or our PRC subsidiary to liability or penalties, limit our ability to inject capital into our PRC subsidiary, limit our PRC subsidiary’s ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits to us, or may otherwise adversely affect us.
The Circular on Relevant Issues Relating to Domestic Resident’s Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles or SAFE Circular 37 was promulgated by the SAFE in July 2014 that requires PRC residents or entities to register with SAFE or its local branch, currently with local bank according to Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Further Simplifying and Improving Policies for the Foreign Exchange Administration of Direct Investment issued by SAFE on February 13, 2015, in connection with their establishment or control of an offshore entity established for the purpose of overseas investment or financing. In addition, any PRC resident who is a direct or indirect shareholder of an offshore company is required to update the previously filed registration with the local branch of the SAFE, with respect to that offshore company, to reflect any material change involving its round-trip investment, capital variation, such as an increase or decrease in capital, transfer or swap of shares, merger or division. These regulations apply to our shareholders who are PRC residents and may apply to any offshore acquisitions that we make in the future.
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We have requested PRC residents holding direct or indirect interest in us to make the necessary applications, filings and amendments as required by applicable foreign exchange regulations. We are committed to complying with and to ensuring that our shareholders known to us who are subject to such regulations will comply with the relevant SAFE rules and regulations. However, due to uncertainties in the implementation of the regulatory requirements by PRC authorities, such registration might not be always practically available in all circumstances as prescribed in those regulations. In addition, we may not always be able to compel shareholder to comply with SAFE Circular 37 or other related regulations. We cannot assure you that the SAFE or its local branches will release explicit requirements or interpret the relevant PRC Laws otherwise. Failure by any such shareholders to comply with SAFE Circular 37 may result in restrictions on the foreign exchange activities of the relevant PRC enterprise and may also subject the relevant PRC resident to penalties under the PRC foreign exchange administration regulations. To the best of our knowledge, as of the date of this prospectus, our shareholders who are being subject to SAFE regulations have completed all necessary registrations required by the SAFE Circular 37.
If we are classified as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders.
Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules, an enterprise established outside of the PRC with its “de facto management body” within the PRC is considered a “resident enterprise” and will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on its global income at the rate of 25%. The implementation rules define the term “de facto management body” as the body that exercises full and substantial control and overall management over the business, productions, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. In 2009, the State Administration of Taxation issued a circular, SAT Circular 82, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a PRC-controlled enterprise that is incorporated offshore is located in China. One of the criteria is that a company’s major assets, accounting books and minutes and files of its board and shareholders’ meetings are located or kept in the PRC. In addition, the State Administration of Taxation issued a bulletin on 3 August 2011, effective from September 1, 2011 and amended in June, 2018, providing more guidance on the implementation of the SAT Circular 82. This bulletin clarifies matters including residence status determination, post-determination administration and competent tax authorities. Although both the SAT Circular 82 and the bulletin only apply to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups, not those controlled by PRC individuals or foreigners, the criteria set forth in the circular may reflect the State Administration of Taxation’s general position on how the “de facto management body” text should be applied in determining the tax resident status of all offshore enterprises.
We believe none of our entities outside of China is a PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes. However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body”. As substantially all of our management members are based in China, it remains unclear how the tax residency rule will apply to our case. If the PRC tax authorities determine that our Company or any of our subsidiaries outside of China is a PRC resident enterprise for PRC enterprise income tax purposes, then our Company or such subsidiary could be subject to PRC tax at a rate of 25% on its world-wide income, which could materially reduce our net income. In addition, we will also be subject to PRC enterprise income tax reporting obligations. Furthermore, if the PRC tax authorities determine that we are a PRC resident enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes, gains realized on the sale or other disposition of our shares may be subject to PRC tax, at a rate of 10% in the case of non-PRC enterprises or 20% in the case of non-PRC individuals (in each case, subject to the provisions of any applicable tax treaty), if such gains are deemed to be from PRC sources. It is unclear whether non-PRC shareholders of our Company would be able to claim the benefits of any tax treaties between their country of tax residence and the PRC in the event that we are treated as a PRC resident enterprise. Any such tax may reduce the returns on your investment in our Shares.
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It may be difficult to effect service of process upon our Directors or officers named in this prospectus who reside in mainland China or enforce non-mainland China court judgements against us or them.
Substantially all of our assets are situated in mainland China, and most of our Directors and officers named in this prospectus reside in, and most of their respective assets are located in, mainland China. As a result, it may be difficult to effect service of process outside mainland China upon most of our Directors and officers, including with respect to matters arising under applicable securities laws.
In addition, there is uncertainty as to whether the courts of the Cayman Islands or the PRC, respectively, would recognize or enforce judgments of U.S. courts against us or such persons predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state. In addition, it is uncertain whether such Cayman Islands or PRC courts would entertain original actions brought in the courts of the Cayman Islands or the PRC against us or such persons predicated upon the securities laws of the United States or any state.
Specifically, regarding judgment enforcement in the PRC, the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments are provided for under the PRC Civil Procedures Law. PRC courts may recognize and enforce foreign judgments in accordance with the requirements of the PRC Civil Procedures Law based either on treaties between China and the country where the judgment is made or on principles of reciprocity between jurisdictions. China does not have any treaties or other forms of reciprocal arrangement with the United States that provide for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of foreign judgements. In addition, according to the PRC Civil Procedures Law, the PRC courts will not enforce a foreign judgements against us or our directors and officers if they decide that the judgment violates the basic principles of PRC laws or national sovereignty, security or public interest of the PRC. As a result, it is uncertain whether and how a PRC court would enforce a judgment rendered by a court in the U.S. or the Cayman Islands.
Failure to comply with relevant regulation regarding VIE’s leased premises may cause interruptions to VIE’s business operations.
As of the date of this prospectus, some of the lessors of properties leased by the VIE and its subsidiaries failed to provide the relevant building ownership certificates, as a result of which, there may be risks that this lease may be held invalid, and therefore the VIE or its subsidiaries may not be able to continue to occupy and use such property. The VIE or its subsidiaries may be forced to relocate. We cannot assure you that the VIE or its subsidiaries will be able to find suitable replacement site on terms acceptable to it on a timely basis.
In addition, some leased properties have not been registered with the relevant PRC governmental authorities as required by the relevant laws of the PRC. The failure to register leasehold interests will not affect the validity and enforceability of the lease agreement under the laws of the PRC and a maximum penalty of RMB10,000 may be imposed for non-registration of each leased property.
Risks Relating to the Ordinary Shares
A recent joint statement by the SEC and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), or the “PCAOB,” proposed rule changes submitted by Nasdaq, and an act passed by the U.S. Senate all call for additional and more stringent criteria to be applied to emerging market companies upon assessing the qualification of their auditors, especially the non-U.S. auditors who are not inspected by the PCAOB. These developments could add uncertainties to our listing on Nasdaq in the future.
On April 21, 2020, the SEC and PCAOB released a joint statement highlighting the risks associated with investing in companies based in or having substantial operations in emerging markets including China. The joint statement emphasized the risks associated with lack of access for the PCAOB to inspect auditors and audit work papers in China and higher risks of fraud in emerging markets.
On May 18, 2020, Nasdaq filed three proposals with the SEC to (i) apply a minimum offering size requirement for companies primarily operating in a “Restrictive Market,” (ii) adopt a new requirement relating to the qualification of management or the board of directors for Restrictive Market companies, and (iii) apply additional and more stringent criteria to an applicant or listed company based on the qualifications of the company’s auditor.
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On May 20, 2020, the U.S. Senate passed the HFCAA requiring a foreign company to certify it is not owned or manipulated by a foreign government if the PCAOB is unable to audit specified reports because the company uses a foreign auditor not subject to PCAOB inspection. If the PCAOB is unable to inspect the company’s auditor for two (2) consecutive “non-inspection” years, the issuer’s securities are prohibited to trade on an U.S. national securities exchange.
On June 4, 2020, the U.S. President issued a memorandum ordering the President’s working group on financial markets to submit a report to the President within 60 days of the date of the memorandum that should include recommendations for actions that can be taken by the executive branch and by the SEC or PCAOB to enforce U.S. regulatory requirements on Chinese companies listed on a U.S. national securities exchange and their audit firms. However, it remains unclear what further actions, if any, the U.S. executive branch, the SEC, and PCAOB will take to address the problem. The lack of access to the PCAOB inspection in China prevents the PCAOB from fully evaluating audits and quality control procedures of the auditors based in China. As a result, Selling Shareholders may be deprived of the benefits of such PCAOB inspections. The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of auditors in China makes it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of these accounting firm’s audit procedures or quality control procedures as compared to auditors outside of China that are subject to the PCAOB inspections, which could cause Selling Shareholders and potential Selling Shareholders in our Ordinary Shares to lose confidence in our audit procedures and reported financial information and the quality of our financial statements.
On March 24, 2021, the SEC announced that it adopted interim final amendments to implement congressionally mandated submission and disclosure requirements of the HFCAA. Under the new requirements, certain companies must establish that they are not owned or controlled by a foreign government entity and disclose any foreign government influence. These interim final amendments will apply to registrants that (i) the SEC identifies as having filed an prospectus on Forms 10-K, 20-F, 40-F, or N-CSR with an audit report issued by a registered public accounting firm that is located in a foreign jurisdiction where (ii) the PCAOB has determined that it is unable to inspect or investigate completely because of a position taken by an authority in that foreign jurisdiction. The interim final amendments define such registrants as “Commission-Identified Issuers” (CIIs). The interim final amendments will also apply to “Commission-Identified Foreign Issuers” (CIFIs), a subset of CIIs who are foreign issuers (as defined under the Exchange Act). CIFIs are subject to additional disclosure requirements under the HFCAA. The SEC will implement a process to identify which registrants and is assessing how to implement other requirements of the HFCAA, including the listing and trading prohibition requirements described above.
On August 26, 2022, the PCAOB signed a Statement of Protocol with the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or the CSRC, and the Ministry of Finance of the PRC, taking the first step toward opening access for the PCAOB to inspect and investigate registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB announced that it “was able to secure complete access to inspect and investigate audit firms in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) for the first time in history, in 2022. Therefore, on December 15, 2022, the PCAOB Board voted to vacate previous determinations to the contrary.” Notwithstanding the foregoing, uncertainties exist with respect to the implementation of these provisions and there is no assurance that the PCAOB will be able to execute, in a timely manner, its future inspections and investigations in a manner that satisfies the Statement of Protocol.
On December 29, 2022, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, was signed into law, which amended the HFCAA (i) to reduce the number of consecutive years that would trigger delisting from three years to two years, and (ii) so that any foreign jurisdiction could be the reason why the PCAOB does not to have complete access to inspect or investigate a company’s auditors. As it was originally enacted, the HFCAA applied only if the PCAOB’s inability to inspect or investigate because of a position taken by an authority in the foreign jurisdiction where the relevant public accounting firm is located. As a result of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, the HFCAA now also applies if the PCAOB’s inability to inspect or investigate the relevant accounting firm is due to a position taken by an authority in any foreign jurisdiction. The denying jurisdiction does not need to be where the accounting firm is located.
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Our former auditor, Friedman LLP, was an independent registered public accounting firm with the PCAOB, and as an auditor of publicly traded companies in the U.S., was subject to laws in the U.S. pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess its compliance with the applicable professional standards. Friedman LLP had been inspected by the PCAOB on a regular basis, with the last inspection in October 2020. Friedman LLP was merged with Marcum LLP on September 1, 2022 and filed its application to withdraw the PCAOB registration on December 30, 2022. On February 21, 2023, the Company engaged Kreit & Chiu CPA LLP (“Kreit & Chiu”) as its independent registered public accounting firm for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. Kreit & Chiu is located at New York, New York, and has been inspected by the PCAOB. On August 1, 2025, we dismissed Kreit & Chiu as our independent auditors and engaged Onestop Assurance PAC as our independent auditors. Our current independent auditors Onestop Assurance PAC is located at Singapore, and has been inspected by the PCAOB. We will will not engage any independent public accounting firm headquartered in mainland China or Hong Kong or not subject to the PCAOB’s inspections. However, the above recent developments have added uncertainties to our continued listing on Nasdaq in the future, to which Nasdaq may apply additional and more stringent criteria after considering the effectiveness of our auditor’s audit and quality control procedures, adequacy of personnel and training, sufficiency of resources, geographic reach, and experience as related to our audit.
We cannot assure you that we will not be identified by the SEC as an issuer whose audit report is prepared by auditors that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate. We cannot assure you that, once we have a “non-inspection” year, we will be able to take remedial measures in a timely manner.
As a result of the foregoing legislative and regulatory developments in the United States, and we cannot assure you that we will always be able to maintain the listing of our Ordinary Shares on a national stock exchange in the U.S., such as the Nasdaq Stock Market, or that you will always be allowed to trade our Ordinary Shares.
Recent statements by the SEC on the PRC’s guidance and restrictions on China-based companies seeking to raise capital in the United States may raise scrutiny as to our operations and SEC disclosures.
In light of the PRC providing new guidance to and restrictions on China-based companies raising capital offshore, including PRC government-led cybersecurity reviews, the Chairman of the SEC has requested his staff to review disclosures from offshore issuers associated with China-based operating companies. In particular the SEC Chairman was concerned about an investor’s understanding of a VIE contract structure. We currently conduct our business in China utilizing a VIE contract structure, and, as a result, the SEC may raise scrutiny as to our operations and as to the adequacy of our disclosure as to the risks of our operating our business in this legal structure.
You must rely on the judgment of our management as to the use of the net proceeds from our offshore offerings, and such use may not produce income or increase our share price.
We anticipate that we will use the net proceeds from our offshore offerings for working capital and other corporate purposes and business opportunities that complement or enhance our existing operations. However, our management will have significant discretion as to the use of the net proceeds to us from our offshore offerings and could spend the net proceeds of our offshore offerings for corporate purposes or in ways that do not improve our results of operations or maintain profitability or increase the market price of our Ordinary Shares. You will not have the opportunity, as part of your investment decision, to assess whether proceeds are being used appropriately.
Our Ordinary Share price may change significantly regardless of our operating performance.
The market price of our Ordinary Shares may be highly volatile and may fluctuate or decline substantially as a result of a variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control, including:
| ● | the performance and fluctuation of the market prices of other companies with business operations located mainly in China that have listed their securities in the United States; |
| ● | results of operations that vary from the expectations of securities analysts and Selling Shareholders; |
| ● | results of operations that vary from our competitors; |
| ● | changes in expectations as to our future financial performance, including financial estimates and investment recommendations by securities analysts and Selling Shareholders; |
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| ● | declines in the market prices of stocks generally; |
| ● | strategic actions by Gongwuyuan or its competitors; |
| ● | announcements by Gongwuyuan or its competitors of significant contracts, acquisitions, joint ventures, other strategic relationships or capital commitments; |
| ● | changes in general economic or market conditions or trends in Gongwuyuan’s industry or markets; |
| ● | changes in business or regulatory conditions, including new laws or regulations or new interpretations of existing laws or regulations applicable to Gongwuyuan’s business; |
| ● | additional shares of Baiya securities being sold or issued into the market by Baiya or any of the existing shareholders or the anticipation of such sales; |
| ● | investor perceptions of the investment opportunity associated with our Ordinary Shares relative to other investment alternatives; |
| ● | the public’s response to press releases or other public announcements by us or third parties, including our filings with the SEC; |
| ● | litigation involving Baiya, Gongwuyuan’s industry, or both, or investigations by regulators into Gongwuyuan’s operations or those of Gongwuyuan’s competitors; |
| ● | guidance, if any, that we provide to the public, any changes in this guidance or our failure to meet this guidance; |
| ● | the development and sustainability of an active trading market for our Ordinary Shares; |
| ● | actions by institutional or activist shareholders; |
| ● | developments in new legislation and pending lawsuits or regulatory actions, including interim or final rulings by judicial or regulatory bodies; |
| ● | changes in accounting standards, policies, guidelines, interpretations or principles; and |
| ● | other events or factors, including those resulting from pandemics, natural disasters, war, acts of terrorism or responses to these events. |
Furthermore, the stock market has experienced extreme volatility that in some cases has been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of particular companies. These and other factors may cause the market price and demand for our Ordinary Shares to fluctuate substantially, which may limit or prevent Selling Shareholders from readily selling their shares and may otherwise negatively affect the liquidity of our Ordinary Shares. In addition, in the past, when the market price of a stock has been volatile, holders of that stock have sometimes instituted securities class action litigation against the company that issued the stock. If any of our shareholders were to bring a lawsuit against us, we could incur substantial costs defending the lawsuit. Such a lawsuit could also divert the time and attention of our management from our business.
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Because we are a foreign private issuer and are exempt from certain Nasdaq corporate governance standards applicable to U.S. issuers, you will have less protection than you would have if we were a domestic issuer.
Nasdaq Listing Rules require listed companies to have, among other things, a majority of its board members be independent. As a foreign private issuer, however, we are permitted to, and we may follow home country practice in lieu of the above requirements, or we may choose to comply with the above requirement within one year of listing. The corporate governance practice in our home country, the Cayman Islands, does not require a majority of our board to consist of independent directors. Thus, although a director must act in the best interests of the Company, it is possible that fewer board members will be exercising independent judgment and the level of board oversight on the management of our company may decrease as a result. In addition, the Nasdaq Listing Rules also require U.S. domestic issuers to have a compensation committee, a nominating/corporate governance committee composed entirely of independent directors, and an audit committee with a minimum of three members. We, as a foreign private issuer, are not subject to these requirements. The Nasdaq Listing Rules may require shareholder approval for certain corporate matters, such as requiring that shareholders be given the opportunity to vote on all equity compensation plans and material revisions to those plans, certain ordinary share issuances. We have elected to follow home country practice in lieu of the requirements under Nasdaq Listing Rules with respect to certain corporate governance standards which affords less protection to our shareholders.
If we do not continue to satisfy the Nasdaq continued listing requirements, our Ordinary Shares could be delisted.
The listing of our Ordinary Shares on Nasdaq Capital Market is contingent on our compliance with Nasdaq’s conditions for continued listing. In the future, should we fail to meet Nasdaq’s listing rules, we may be subject to delisting. In the event our Ordinary Shares are no longer listed for trading on Nasdaq, our trading volume and share price may decrease and we may experience difficulties in raising capital which could materially affect our operations and financial results. Further, delisting from Nasdaq could also have other negative effects, including potential loss of confidence by partners, lenders, suppliers and employees. Finally, delisting could make it harder for us to raise capital and sell securities.
We may lose our foreign private issuer status in the future, which could result in significant additional costs and expenses.
In order for us to maintain our current status as a foreign private issuer, a majority of our Shares must be either directly or indirectly owned by non-residents of the United States, unless we also satisfy all of the additional requirements necessary to preserve this status including (i) a majority of our board of directors and management are located outside the United States; (ii) more than 50 percent of our assets are located outside the United States; and (iii) our business is administered principally outside of the United States. We may in the future lose our foreign private issuer status if a majority of our Shares is held in the United States and we fail to meet the additional requirements necessary to avoid loss of foreign private issuer status. The regulatory and compliance costs under U.S. federal securities laws as a U.S. domestic issuer may be significantly more than the costs incurred as a foreign private issuer. If we are no longer deemed to be a foreign private issuer, we will be required to file periodic and current reports and registration statements on U.S. domestic issuer forms with the SEC, which are more detailed and extensive than the forms available to a foreign private issuer. In addition, we may lose the ability to rely upon certain exemptions from Nasdaq’s corporate governance requirements that are available to foreign private issuers.
You may experience further dilution in the future.
If we issue additional Ordinary Shares in the future, purchasers of our Ordinary Shares in the offering may experience further dilution in their shareholding percentage.
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We are an exempted company with limited liability incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands, and you may have different protection of your shareholder rights than you would have under United States law.
Our corporate affairs are governed by our Memorandum and Articles of Association, as amended, the Companies Act (Revised) of the Cayman Islands, which we refer to as the Companies Act below and common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take legal action against our directors and us, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from English common law, which has persuasive, but not binding, authority on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors under Cayman Islands law may not be as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedents in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. Some jurisdictions in the United States, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States.
Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders of these companies (other than copies of our Memorandum and Articles of Association, as amended, and register of mortgages and charges). Under Cayman Islands law, the names of our current directors can be obtained from a search conducted at the Registrar of Companies. Our directors have discretion under our Memorandum and Articles of association, as amended, to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.
As a company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from the NASDAQ corporate governance requirements; these practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they otherwise would under rules and regulations applicable to United States domestic issuers.
As a result of all of the above, our Public Shareholders may encounter different issues in protecting their interests through actions against our management, directors or major shareholders compared to shareholders of a corporation incorporated in the United States.
Certain judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable.
We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. We conduct our operations in China and substantially all of our assets are located in China. In addition, our directors and executive officers, and some of the experts named in this prospectus, reside within China, and most of the assets of these persons are located within China. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to bring an action against us or against these individuals in the United States in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed under the U.S. federal securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands and of the PRC may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers.
Cayman Islands economic substance requirements may have an effect on our business and operations.
Pursuant to the International Tax Cooperation (Economic Substance) Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands, or the ES Act, that came into force on January 1, 2019, a “relevant entity” is required to satisfy the economic substance test set out in the ES Act. A “relevant entity” includes a company incorporated in the Cayman Islands as is our Company. Based on the current interpretation of the ES Act, we believe that our Company is a pure equity holding company since it only holds equity participation in other entities and only earns dividends and capital gains. Accordingly, for so long as our Company is a “pure equity holding company”, it is only subject to the minimum substance requirements, which require us to (i) comply with all applicable filing requirements under the Companies Act; and (ii) has adequate human resources and adequate premises in the Cayman Islands for holding and managing equity participations in other entities. However, there can be no assurance that we will not be subject to more requirements under the ES Act. Uncertainties over the interpretation and implementation of the ES Act may have an adverse impact on our business and operations.
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As an exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from Nasdaq’s corporate governance requirements; these practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with Nasdaq’s corporate governance requirements.
As a Cayman Islands company listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market, we are subject to Nasdaq’s corporate governance requirements. However, Nasdaq rules permit a foreign private issuer like us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country. Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, may differ significantly from Nasdaq’s corporate governance requirements. For example, the Companies Act does not require a majority of our directors to be independent and we could include non-independent directors as members of our compensation committee and nominating committee, and our independent directors would not necessarily hold regularly scheduled meetings at which only independent directors are present. We have elected to rely on home country practice with respect to our corporate governance. As such, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would under Nasdaq’s corporate governance requirements applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.
There can be no assurance that we will not be classified as a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes for any taxable year, which could subject U.S. Selling Shareholders in our Ordinary Shares to significant adverse U.S. income tax consequences.
We will be a “passive foreign investment company,” or “PFIC,” if, in any particular taxable year, either (a) 75% or more of our gross income for such year consists of certain types of “passive” income or (b) 50% or more of the average quarterly value of our assets (as determined on the basis of fair market value) during such year produce or are held for the production of passive income (the “asset test”). Although the law in this regard is unclear, we intend to treat the VIE (including their subsidiaries) as being owned by us for U.S. federal income tax purposes, not only because we exercise effective control over the operation of such entity but also because we are entitled to substantially all of its economic benefits, and, as a result, we consolidate its results of operations in our consolidated financial statements. Assuming that we are the owner of the VIE (including their subsidiaries) for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and based upon our current and expected income and assets, including goodwill, (taking into account the expected proceeds from this offering) and projections as to the market price of our Ordinary Shares following the offering, we do not presently expect to be a PFIC for the current taxable year or the foreseeable future.
While we do not expect to become a PFIC, the determination of whether we will be or become a PFIC will depend, in part, on the composition of our income and assets, which may be affected by how, and how quickly, we use our liquid assets and the cash raised in this offering. If we determine not to deploy significant amounts of cash for active purposes or if it were determined that we do not own the stock of the VIE for U.S. federal income tax purposes, our risk of being a PFIC may substantially increase. Because there are uncertainties in the application of the relevant rules and PFIC status is a factual determination made annually after the close of each taxable year, there can be no assurance that we will not be a PFIC for the current taxable year or any future taxable year.
If we are a PFIC in any taxable year, a U.S. holder may incur significantly increased U.S. income tax on gain recognized on the sale or other disposition of the Ordinary Shares and on the receipt of distributions on the Ordinary Shares to the extent such gain or distribution is treated as an “excess distribution” under the U.S. federal income tax rules and such holder may be subject to burdensome reporting requirements. Further, if we are a PFIC for any year during which a U.S. holder holds our Ordinary Shares, we generally will continue to be treated as a PFIC for all succeeding years during which such U.S. holder holds our Ordinary Shares.
We will continue to incur increased costs and are subject to additional rules and regulations as a result of being a public company.
As a public company, we incur significant accounting, legal and other expenses. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as well as rules subsequently implemented by the SEC and the Nasdaq Stock Market, have detailed requirements concerning corporate governance practices of public companies, including Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act relating to internal controls over financial reporting. Our management are required to devote substantial time and attention to our public company reporting obligations and other compliance matters. Our reporting and other compliance obligations as a public company may place a strain on our management, operational and financial resources and systems for the foreseeable future.
In the past, shareholders of a public company often brought securities class action suits against the company following periods of instability in the market price of that company’s securities. If we were involved in a class action suit, it could divert a significant amount of our management’s attention and other resources from our business and operations, which could harm our results of operations and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the suit. Any such class action suit, whether or not successful, could harm our reputation and restrict our ability to raise capital in the future. In addition, if a claim is successfully made against us, we may be required to pay significant damages, which could have a material and adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
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On November 5, 2025, we entered into the Subscription Agreements, pursuant to which each Selling Shareholders has committed to purchase up to 2.0 million of our Ordinary Shares (post Reverse Stock Split), at our direction from time to time after the date of this prospectus and during the Commitment Period, subject to certain limitations and the satisfaction of the conditions in the Subscription Agreement.
Under the terms and conditions of the Subscription Agreements, we have the right, but not the obligation, to sell to the Selling Shareholders, and the Shareholders are obligated to purchase, up to 2.0 million (each) of our Ordinary Shares. Such sales of Ordinary Shares, if any, will be subject to certain limitations, and may occur from time to time at our sole discretion, over the 36-month period commencing on the date of the Subscription Agreement; provided, that the registration statement that includes this prospectus covering the resale by the Selling Shareholders of Ordinary Shares that have been or may be issued under the Subscription Agreements is declared effective by the SEC and the other conditions set forth in the Subscription Agreements are satisfied.
Selling Shareholders have no right to require us to sell any shares to the Selling Shareholders, but Selling Shareholders are obligated to make purchases at our direction subject to certain limitations and the satisfaction of certain conditions. Actual sales of shares to Selling Shareholders from time to time will depend on a variety of factors, including, among others, market conditions, the trading price of our common stock, and determinations by us as to the appropriate sources of funding for us and our operations.
As of January 27, 2026, there were 1,209,609 ordinary shares outstanding. Since each Subscription Agreement provides that we may sell up to 2.0 million of our ordinary shares to each Selling Shareholder, 4,000,000 ordinary shares are being registered for resale by the Selling Stockholders under this prospectus, If all of the 4,000,000 shares offered by the Selling Shareholders under this prospectus were issued and outstanding as of the date hereof, such shares would represent approximately 337.32% of the total number of our outstanding ordinary shares.
Purchase of Shares Under each Subscription Agreement
We have the right, but not the obligation, from time to time at our sole discretion over the 36-month period (“Commitment Period”) from the date of the Subscription Agreement, to direct each Selling Shareholder to purchase amounts of our ordinary shares under the Subscription Agreement that we may specify in an Advance Notice delivered to the Selling Shareholder on any trading day. Subject to the satisfaction of the conditions under the Subscription Agreement, we may deliver Advance Notices from time to time, provided that we have delivered all shares related to all prior Advances.
Each Subscription Agreement provided for the sale of up to 2,000,000 of the Ordinary Shares (post Reverse Stock Split). Under the Subscription Agreements, our Company has the right, but not the obligation, to issue to the Selling Shareholders, and each Selling Shareholder has the obligation to subscribe for, up to 2,000,000 Ordinary Shares. Each Ordinary Share will be issued at a per share purchase price (the “Subscription Price”) equal to the lesser of (i) 70% of the average closing price of the Ordinary Shares during the three consecutive trading days commencing on the applicable advance notice date, as set forth in the Subscription Agreements, or (ii) $5.0925. As a result, the maximum principal amount available under each Subscription Agreement is $10,185,000 and, collectively under the two Subscription Agreements, $20,370,000 (post Reverse Stock Split).
Conditions to Delivery of Advance Notices
Our ability to deliver Advance Notices to each Selling Shareholder under the Subscription Agreement is subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, all of which are entirely outside of the each Selling Shareholder’s control, including, among other things, the following:
| ● | The accuracy in all material respects of our representations and warranties included in the Subscription Agreement; |
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| ● | The effectiveness of the registration statement that includes this prospectus (and any one or more additional registration statements filed with the SEC that include Ordinary Shares that may be issued and sold by us to the Selling Shareholders under the Subscription Agreement); |
| ● | Our receipt of all permits and qualifications required by any appliable state for the offer and sale of the Ordinary Shares issuable pursuant to such Advance Notice; |
| ● | No Material Outside Event (as defined in the Subscription Agreement) shall have occurred or be continuing; |
| ● | Our having performed, satisfied, and complied in all material respects with all covenants, agreements, and conditions required by the Purchase Agreement to be performed, satisfied, or complied with by us; |
| ● | The absence of any statute, regulation, order, decree, writ, ruling, or injunction by any court or governmental authority of competent jurisdiction which prohibits or directly, materially, and adversely affects any of the transactions contemplated by the Purchase Agreement; |
| ● | Trading in our Ordinary Shares shall not have been suspended by the SEC and we shall not have received any final and non-appealable notice that the listing shall be terminated; |
| ● | There shall be a sufficient number of authorized but unissued and otherwise unreserved Ordinary Shares for the issuance of all the Ordinary Shares issuable pursuant to such Advance Notice; |
| ● | The representations contained in the applicable Advance Notice shall be true and correct in all material respects; and |
| ● | The Pricing Period for all prior Advance Notices shall have been completed. |
Short-Selling the Selling Shareholder
Each Selling Shareholder has agreed that, during the term of the Subscription Agreement, neither it nor its affiliates will engage in any short sales with respect to the Ordinary Shares issued to the Selling Shareholder.
Termination of the Purchase Agreement
Unless earlier terminated as provided in the Subscription Agreement, each Subscription Agreement will automatically terminate upon the earliest of:
(i) November 5, 2028 or (ii) the date on which the Selling Shareholder shall have made payment for all 2,000,000 Ordinary Shares. Each Subscription Agreements may be also terminated at any time by the mutual written consent of the parties, effective as of the date of such mutual written consent unless otherwise provided in such written consent.
Effect of Performance of the Subscription Agreements on our Shareholders
All Ordinary Shares that have been or may be issued or sold by us to the Selling Shareholder under the Subscription Agreement that are being registered under the Securities Act for resale by the Selling Shareholder under this prospectus are expected to be freely tradeable. The Ordinary Shares being registered for resale in this offering may be issued and sold by us to the Selling Shareholder from time to time at our discretion over a period of up to 36 months commencing on the date of execution of the Purchase Agreement. The resale by the Selling Shareholder of a significant amount of shares registered for resale in this offering at any given time, or the perception that these sales may occur, could cause the market price of our Ordinary Shares to decline and to be highly volatile. Sales of our Ordinary Shares, if any, to the Selling Shareholders under the Subscription Agreements will depend on market conditions and other factors. We may ultimately decide to sell to the Selling Shareholders all, some, or none of the shares of our Ordinary Shares that may be available for us to sell to Selling Shareholders pursuant to the Subscription Agreement.
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This prospectus relates to the Shares that may be offered and sold from time to time by the Selling Shareholders. All of the Shares offered by the Selling Shareholders pursuant to this prospectus will be sold by the Selling Shareholder for its own account. We will not receive any of the proceeds from these sales.
Each Selling Shareholder will pay any underwriting fees, discounts, selling commissions, stock transfer taxes and certain legal expenses incurred by such Selling Shareholder in disposing of their Shares, and we will bear all other costs, fees and expenses incurred in effecting the registration of such securities covered by this prospectus, including, without limitation, all registration and filing fees, Nasdaq listing fees and fees and expenses of our counsel and our independent registered public accountants.
We may receive up to an aggregate of approximately $20,370,000 from the sale of the Shares that we elect to make to the Selling Shareholders pursuant to the Subscription Agreements, if any, from time to time in our sole discretion, assuming the per share purchase price is $5.0925. However, we are unable to estimate the actual amount of proceeds that we may receive, as it will depend on the number of shares that we choose to sell, our ability to meet the conditions to purchases set forth in Subscription Agreements, market conditions and the price of our Ordinary Shares, among other factors.
We expect to use any proceeds that we received for general corporate purpose. We cannot provide any assurance that we will be able to carry out any potential investments we may identify. As of the date of this prospectus, we cannot specify with certainty all of the particular uses, and the respective amounts we may allocate to those uses, for any net proceeds we receive.
We have never paid dividends on our Ordinary Shares. We currently intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings to support operations and to finance the growth and development of our business. As such, we do not intend to declare or pay cash dividends on our Ordinary Shares in the foreseeable future. Any future determination to pay dividends will be made at the discretion of our Board of Directors subject to applicable laws and will depend upon, among other factors, our earnings, operating results, financial condition and current and anticipated cash needs. Our future ability to pay cash dividends on our Ordinary Shares may be limited by the terms of any then-outstanding debt or preferred securities.
The following table sets forth our cash and cash equivalents and capitalization as of June 30, 2025:
| ● | on an actual basis as of June 30, 2025 | |
| ● | on a pro forma, as adjusted, to reflect the shares issued from June 30, 2025 through this report date | |
| ● | on a pro forma, as further adjusted, to give effect to the full issuance of the sales of 40 million Shares under the Subscription Agreements |
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You should read the following table in conjunction with the sections entitled “Use of Proceeds”, “Selected Consolidated Financial Information and Operating Data” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”, and our financial statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Prospectus.
On December 29, 2025, we effected the Reverse Stock Split at a ratio of 1-for-25 and the numbers below have been retroactively adjusted.
| As of June 30, 2025 (un-audited) | ||||||||||||
| Actual | Pro forma Adjusted | Pro forma further Adjusted | ||||||||||
| Cash | $ | 909,699 | $ | 909,699 | $ | 21,279,699 | ||||||
| Share capital, Class A Ordinary Shares – 799,940 shares, Class B Ordinary Shares – 1,600,000 shares issued and outstanding, actual; Class A Ordinary Shares – 1,209,609 shares, Class B Ordinary Shares – 3,600,000 shares issued and outstanding, as adjusted: and Class A Ordinary Shares – 5,209,609 shares, Class B Ordinary Shares – 3,600,000 shares issued and outstanding, as further adjusted, without over-allotment | 2,160 | 3,384 | 13,384 | |||||||||
| Additional paid in capital | 28,447,181 | 33,707,696 | 54,067,696 | |||||||||
| Statutory Reserve | 380,901 | 380,901 | 380,901 | |||||||||
| Accumulated retained earnings | (6,214,056 | ) | (9,451,762 | ) | (9,451,762 | ) | ||||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (203,635 | ) | (203,635 | ) | (203,635 | ) | ||||||
| Total shareholders’ equity | 22,412,549 | 24,436,584 | 44,806,584 | |||||||||
| Non-controlling interest | 76,017 | 76,017 | 76,017 | |||||||||
| Long-term liabilities | - | - | ||||||||||
| Total Capitalization | $ | 22,488,566 | $ | 24,512,601 | $ | 44,882,601 | ||||||
The number of Ordinary Shares to be outstanding after the offering is based on shares 1,209,609 outstanding on January 27, 2026 and the date of this prospectus plus 4,000,000 additional shares resulting from this offering.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION
AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
For our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2024 and for the six months ended June 30, 2025, please see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” in our annual report filed with the SEC on May 13, 2025 (the “2024 Annual Report”) and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis” in our Condensed Interim Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements as of June 30, 2025 and for the Six Months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 in our Form 6-K filed with the SEC on September 30, 2025, both of which are incorporated by reference herein.
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We, Baiya International Group Inc., are an offshore holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. As a holding company with no material operations of our own, we conduct all of our operations in China through the Contractual Arrangements with Gongwuyuan which is a variable interest entity, and its subsidiaries, or collectively, “PRC operating entities”. Neither we nor our direct and indirect subsidiaries own any equity interests in the PRC operating entities.
Through Gongwuyuan, the VIE, we are building a human resource (“HR”) technology company utilizing our cloud-based internet platform to provide one-stop crowdsourcing recruitment and SaaS-enabled HR solutions in the flexible employment marketplace (the “Gongwuyuan Platform”). Our business currently focuses on four (4) primary services: (i) job matching services; (ii) entrusted recruitment services; (iii) project outsourcing services; and (iv) labor dispatching services in the flexible employment market within China, primarily in the core manufacturing regions including the Pearl River Delta and Yangtze River Delta region. With respect to labor dispatching services, however, we are strategically reducing this service, considering the negative gross profit historically.
Prior to 2022, we primarily conducted these services offline, while we utilized Gongwuyuan Platform for lead generation. Gongwuyuan may, from time to time, also recruit freelancers and workers to outsourcing and dispatch requests, which may include postings of available jobs for fulfillment through various third-party platforms that Gongwuyuan cooperates with. Our services currently cover over 5 provinces and 30 cities.
The Gongwuyuan Platform was launched in November 2019 to expand its offline flexible employment matching services. We have been strategically building the Gongwuyuan Platform with innovative product features that work together to provide greater user experience and improve the job matching and HR related services in the flexible employment marketplace.
Gongwuyuan will continue to integrate digital technologies onto its platform, including crowdsourcing, big data and artificial intelligence, which we believe will enhance our capability to provide platform-based crowdsourcing recruitment and HR management services. The use of the crowdsourcing recruitment platform streamlines the process for efficient job matching and bulk recruitment of blue-collar workers for corporate businesses. In addition to its current focus on providing the four primary types of services in the flexible employment market, Gongwuyuan has further developed the Gongwuyuan Platform to include additional product features and services, such as human resource management, payroll and advances, electronic contracts and pay slips, and Yun Dan Bao, an optional feature that provides payment assurance for transactions through our Gongwuyuan Platform (“Yun Dan Bao”).
Through the Gongwuyuan Platform, we expect to provide effective solutions for employment matching of blue-collar workers with business enterprises and institutions, often as bulk transactions, through its innovative and intelligent crowdsourcing and HR management system. In addition, Gongwuyuan’s payment assurance service through Yun Dan Bao will be able to provide certain payment assurance for blue-collar workers, if Customers or Employing Companies opt in for this feature. Further, Gongwuyuan intends to provide a variety of other HR management and post-employment services through its Gongwuyuan Platform, including intelligent HR management, payroll and advances services, electronic contracts, electronic pay slips, direct deposit services and worker training programs. These integrated products and resources on a single platform will add business values to our customers by providing one-stop SaaS-enabled HR solutions in the flexible employment market, and to establish more standardized industry standards for blue-collar workers.
Current Business Models for Our Primary Services
The following is an overview of the business models for our four primary services:
Job Matching. For our job matching services, we act as an intermediary to connect Employing Companies with HR Service Companies to fulfill the labor needs of Employing Companies. The Employing Company will release employment and labor needs to Gongwuyuan, and Gongwuyuan will confirm such work information such as the number of workers, working hours and types of jobs with the services and resources that the HR Service Company are able to provide. The Employing Company has the discretion to select the HR Service Company to provide the requisite labor needs and Gongwuyuan acts as an agent in this service model. For our Job Matching services, Gongwuyuan receives a service fee from the Employing Company based on the total labor recruitment.
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Entrusted Recruitment. Our entrusted recruitment service is currently one of the main revenue drivers for Gongwuyuan. Our entrusted recruitment service helps to maintain a stable business relationship among Gongwuyuan, the Employing Company and HR Service Company, while benefiting from high customer stickiness and a large blue-collar labor base with high recruitment frequency and turnover of approximately twice a year. Under this service model, the Employing Company directly submits their labor recruitment requirements to Gongwuyuan for their labor needs, which typically include the number of workers they need, work hours, the preferred/required skill sets, etc. (the “Overall Work Arrangement”). Once the Overall Work Arrangement is established, Gongwuyuan will confirm the information regarding the labor needs of the Employing Company and enter into an entrustment recruitment agreement with the Employing Company. Subsequently, Gongwuyuan will negotiate with the HR Service Company to organize the needed blue-collar workers, which includes providing employment information to the workers and registering basic personal information of the workers.
Unlike our job matching service model, the identities of the Employing Companies and the HR Service Companies are mutually confidential, and the Employing Companies are not able to select the HR Service Company and also do not have direct contact with the HR Service Companies; instead, Gongwuyuan has the discretion to select suitable HR Service Companies to fulfill the labor needs of the Employing Companies.
During the effective duration of the entrustment service, Gongwuyuan will maintain regular communication with Employing Company to collect feedback on the performance and suitability of the contracted blue-collar workers during the service period and to resolve any issues. For example, if any previously contracted workers resign or were terminated during the service period, Gongwuyuan will coordinate with HR Services Companies to provide the Employing Companies affected with new workers to fulfill their recruitment needs during such service period. Gongwuyuan receives a service fee from the Employing Companying for utilizing its entrusted recruitment service.
Project Outsourcing. Under our project outsourcing service model, Gongwuyuan fulfills the outsourced labor assignments of the Customers. We enter into various contracts with Customers for their labor assignments (project-based) and outsource these assignments to HR Service Companies. The primary focus of this service is to complete and address the particular workload needs of the Customer. The Customer submits its required workload to Gongwuyuan, which includes but is not limited to the number of assignments to be completed and the timeframe for completion of the assignments etc. Once the work arrangement is finalized, Gongwuyuan makes arrangements with HR Service Companies for the organization of the needed workers for the completion of these project-based assignments. Gongwuyuan receives a service fee from the Customer based on an accumulation of assignments completed for the month.
Labor Dispatch. In this service model, we dispatch our workers directly to the Customers, and no third-party HR Service Companies are involved. The Customers submit their labor needs to Gongwuyuan, and we directly arrange for the dispatch of the needed workers to the Customer. Gongwuyuan is responsible for the payment of wages to our dispatched workers, and reserves a service fee from the Customer based upon the total number of working hours.
Services Through the Gongwuyuan Platform
We believe that the further development and adoption of our Gongwuyuan Platform will strengthen our business growth in our primary service areas.
As of October 15, 2023, the Gongwuyuan Platform includes features such as the Yun Dan Bao payment assurance, intelligent HR management system, electronic contracts management system, payroll and advance systems. The Gongwuyuan Platform is available as a mobile application, in both iOS and Android systems, with two versions: a) enterprise version, customized for institutional end-users, and b) individual version, customized for individual workers, available for download on certain major application stores, such as the Apple App Store (China), and android app store, integrated with leading applications, such as Tencent, WeChat, and Alipay. The Gongwuyuan Platform is also available as a web-based online platform through www.gwyapp.com.
Through its intelligent management transaction system and SaaS tools, the Gongwuyuan Platform connects HR and labor resource companies with business enterprises on a single platform, allowing an efficient matching of job-seeking blue-collar workers with the labor recruitment needs of businesses. The incorporation of Gongwuyuan’s innovative and intelligent management transaction system into the Gongwuyuan Platform enables Gongwuyuan to facilitate the cooperation among workers, enterprises and human resource and labor service companies. The Gongwuyuan Platform also integrates certain human resource management services for businesses and enterprises into the same platform, which allows businesses to easily review its employment situation conveniently on a single application. Further, departments within companies are able to access all human resources information across a single platform, which enables management conformity, improves manpower and efficacy, and increases efficiency of business resources. This promotes the standardization of the employment process for blue-collar workers in large businesses and enterprises, improving compliance with national and/or regional labor requirements, and help to create a more centralized and vertical human resource management structure.
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There are two different versions of the Gongwuyuan Platform. The enterprise version of the Gongwuyuan Platform tailored for businesses and institutions consists of (i) SaaS-enabled HR management services, (ii) business partnerships and cooperation resources, and (iii) job postings and labor supply resources sharing services, which includes access to its payment assurance feature (“Yun Dan Bao”). The personal version is customized for blue-collar individual job seekers with job search feature.
While our products can be used as separate modules and features, they are also integrated into the Gongwuyuan Platform system and function interactively among all our products and services available on the Gongwuyuan Platform.
The following is a description of the integrated products and services available as individual modules on the Gongwuyuan Platform:
| ● | Blue-Collar Recruitment. Gongwuyuan allows employers to post information about recruitment opportunities, manage their ongoing recruitment and view current interest in open positions, which allows companies to efficiently meet their employment needs at a low cost. |
| ● | “Yun Dan Bao” Payment Assurance Services. Yun Dan Bao is a recruitment transaction management system with opt-in feature made available on the Gongwuyuan Platform, that provides payment assurance for workers recruited through the system. Through this system, job-seeking workers, Customers, Employing Companies and HR Service Companies conduct transactions with a higher standard of trust, which promotes rapid and efficient job matching in the flexible employment market. The Yun Dan Bao system integrates and optimizes data for labor, skills, locations, and other employment requirements to match individual workers to the diverse needs to businesses and enterprises. |
| ● | Intelligent HR Management. A one-click integrated management system for recruitment, payroll, payroll advance, and electronic contract management system, which covers personnel management, personnel scheduling and adjustment of employee salaries within the labor industry. |
| ● | Payroll and Advances services. Gongwuyuan provides integrated payroll services which allows for salary advances, approval of advances and accounting of such advances. Employees can initiate applications for payroll advances through a one-click application on the Gongwuyuan Platform, and receive advances upon approval by their managing employer. The payroll advance process is online, real time, data-based and traceable, and each managing employer can review advances through the Gongwuyuan Platform. |
| ● | Electronic Contracts. Gongwuyuan provides electronic management of contracts through its Gongwuyuan Platform, which supports online automatic filing of contracts, permanent encrypted storage, multi-entry contracting and online entry into contracts, including through WeChat, Gongwuyuan app and through its website. |
| ● | Electronic Payslips and Direct Deposit Services. Gongwuyuan provides electronic payslips with itemized wages to registered workers through its Gongwuyuan Platform, which allows employers and workers to review the salary payments and maintain digital record of the salary history. In addition, Gongwuyuan provides integrated salary services through its cooperation with China Merchants Bank, Alipay, WeChat and other financial institutions, which allows employees to use different bank accounts and cards to receive their salaries through its 24/7 real-time batch payroll system. The Gongwuyuan Platform also provides smart-batch electronic salary services with no payroll template requirements. Each employer can upload their payroll information in Excel form to the system, and be provided a real-time view of its employees payroll status online through the app. |
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Market Opportunity and Growth Strategy
Gongwuyuan’s long-term objective is to expand its business coverage to include information technology services, online platforms to link schools and enterprises, and online training programs for workers. Gongwuyuan has begun to accumulate strategic resources and conduct market research in order to enhance its strategic position and future development in the field of blue-collar employments in the following areas:
| ● | Information technology services: Gongwuyuan intends to expand its products and services to provide and support information technology services to enhance the user experiences for personnel management systems and other HR SaaS services. |
| ● | Serving new participants such as schools and enterprises through online platforms: Gongwuyuan believes that absorbing new participants for its online platforms would be an important driving force for its business expansion and increase. Gongwuyuan has engaged in discussions with vocational colleges for potential strategic cooperation opportunities. As of October 31, 2022, Gongwuyuan has expanded cooperation plans to more than 230 vocational and technical colleges, primarily in the Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Shaanxi, and Jiangxi provinces. Gongwuyuan believes that its continued cooperative developments with these vocational and technical colleges are strong opportunities for its business growth, and would enable Gongwuyuan to enhance its strategic position in the field of blue-collar employment and within the flexible employment market. Gongwuyuan plans to attract more new participants for its online platforms in the future, and diversity the services provided for the platform participants. |
| ● | Provide online training programs for workers: Gongwuyuan has identified online training for blue-collar workers as a new service opportunity within the flexible employment industry, especially in online training for vocational skills. Gongwuyuan is currently conducting pilot programs for online vocational skills training on the Gongwuyuan Platform and is looking into cooperation opportunities with vocational and technical schools. Gongwuyuan’s initial market research suggests that there are substantial demand and opportunities for improving vocational skills, largely in part due to the national education reform and favorable policies for vocational education. We anticipate that Gongwuyuan’s strategic cooperation with vocational colleges to provide targeted vocational skills to facilitate job matching between blue-collar workers and Customers/Employing Companies, combined with the continued demand for vocational education will become a new growth point for its business in the future. |
Strategic Advantages
Gongwuyuan believes that it has the following strengths, which provide it with a competitive advantage and opportunity over its competitors:
| ● | Resources. Gongwuyuan currently has 8,182 company clients registered on the Gongwuyuan Platform and has established cooperation plans with more than 230 vocational and technical colleges. We have established over 25 subsidiaries/branches throughout China, and have operations over ten thousand HR online communities. We believe that we currently have the capacity to dispatch sufficient labor workers through HR services companies to meet the evolving market demand for blue-collar workers. We believe our resources will allow us to achieve our service standard guarantee “3-7-15” through our platform, which assures Customers and Employing Companies that we are able to fulfill their employment needs within 3 days if the selected workers are in the same city as the Customer and Employing Company, 7 days if within the same province, and 15 days if across provinces. This service standard allows us to remain competitive in fulfilling enterprises’ needs in an efficient and cost-effective manner. |
| ● | Commitment to Brand. Gongwuyuan is committed in building its brand, and we believe that we have the opportunity to continue to grow awareness of our brand through word of mouth, brand marketing and strategic partnerships. We focus on enhancing our technology infrastructure of the platform to build the “Gongwuyuan” brand. Gongwuyuan is the first recruitment crowdsourcing platform to provide a “payment assurance” feature to Employing Companies and workers. Gongwuyuan has twenty-eight (28) software copyright registrations and seven (7) trademark registrations in the PRC. |
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| ● | Innovative Platform. We believe Gongwuyuan’s innovative platform will significantly improve customer experience by increasing efficiency and transparency for job matching in the flexible employment market in different geographic regions. In addition, “Yun Dan Bao” provides an opt-in feature for payment assurance that encourages trust among workers and employers. Further, the platform also utilizes HR SaaS-enabled tools to provide human resources management services such as intelligent HR management, electronic contracts, payrolls and salary advances, direct deposits and electronic pay-slips to add business values to our customers. |
| ● | Efficient Performance. We believe that the Gongwuyuan Platform, when fully developed, will significantly improve the efficiency of bulk-recruitment in the flexible employment marketplace, by streamlining the recruitment process among Customers, Employing Companies, HR Service Companies and blue-collar workers in different geographic areas. Further, the platform will provide better employment management solutions to Employment Companies by utilizing HR SaaS-enabled tools on the platform. |
Competition
Gongwuyuan primarily competes with other recruitment crowdsourcing and HR management service providers in China. Our primary competitors include traditional integrated service providers (e.g. ManpowerGroup, Renrui Human Resources, Career International, and FSG), platform-based companies (e.g. Dianmi Network Technology and Joyowo), other flexible employment crowdsourcing platforms and labor management service providers.
Seasonality
We experience fluctuations due to seasonal variations in demand for blue-collar workers and human resource related services. Fluctuations in the level of recruitment activity for blue-collar workers and human resource needs occur due to changes in the overall economic, market and social conditions in China. Our operating results have fluctuated in the past and may continue to fluctuate depending upon a number of factors, many of which are out of our control. For example, recruitment numbers tend to be higher during holidays and at the end of the year, and the demand for human resource services is reliant on the needs of employers as well as their perceptions of the job market. Such uncertainty makes it difficult for us to predict operating results on a period-to-period basis.
Sales and Marketing
We believe the success of our business and continued expansion of our services requires building mutually beneficial long-term business relationships with our strategic partners, on both regional and national levels. Towards that goal, we have developed marketing strategies through diverse marketing channels, including social media, industry conferences, online advertising platforms, etc.
We have cultivated and maintained cooperation and partnerships with a number of agencies, labor recruitment and outsourcing companies in the provinces we conduct our business in. We have a dedicated sales and marketing team which focuses on developing our relationship with these companies over China. Our cooperation with these companies have significantly improved our marketing efforts, through direct recommendations to vocational colleges, other human resource companies and potential employers which require large scale of blue-collar worker recruitment and human resources management services. In addition, our cooperative initiatives with the local and national government agencies provide us with effective channels to promote and demonstrate our Gongwuyuan Platform and our crowdsourcing recruitment and human resource services to local businesses.
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We are actively seeking new and effective marketing channels in order to grow and promote our brand and our Gongwuyuan Platform. To facilitate our growth prospects, we are on track to form strategic partnerships with regional businesses nationwide to promote regional cooperation for our crowdsourcing recruitment and human resource services. We also actively participate in industry conferences and summits organized by industry associations and local government delegations to promote our Gongwuyuan Platform, its products and our services.
In addition to our marketing efforts described above, we also market our crowdsourcing recruitment services, HR management services and our Gongwuyuan Platform, through:
| ● | Social media, principally on WeChat where we have established a number of groups in the human resource community, where we promote our business, products and services; |
| ● | Online advertising platforms, such as TikTok, WeTV, Tencent Conference for new product launch announcements, customer service sharing sessions and other online promotional activities; and |
| ● | Recruitment and product meetings through our partners. |
Research and Development
Our Gongwuyuan Platform is a cloud-based internet platform to provide one-stop crowdsourcing recruitment and SaaS-enabled HR solutions in the flexible employment marketplace. Gongwuyuan Platform provides employment matching of blue-collar workers through HR service companies with business enterprises and institutions through its innovative and intelligent management transaction system. In addition, it also provides other crowdsourcing products and services related to employment recruitment, including our Yun Dan Bao payment assurance system.
We plan to continue investing in and improving our Gongwuyuan Platform to further increase user friendliness, functionality and efficiency. In addition, we intend to provide further information technology services and additional platforms in the flexible employment market throughout China. We intend to develop and expand our products in digitalization and SaaS services for human resources. In addition to providing more advanced HR SaaS products and creating a private domain traffic matrix for our enterprise users, we also plan to provide more products in big data analysis for our enterprise users to optimize decision making for their human resources needs. Further, we will also continue development of our information technology services for our Gongwuyuan Platform, including proposed aftermarket services, supply chain and financial services, and to continue building our Gongwuyuan Platform into a comprehensive ecosystem for HR services and products.
Intellectual Property
As of the date of prospectus, we own one (1) registered layout-design of Integrated Circuit in the PRC, one (1) registered patent in the PRC, seven (7) registered trademarks in the PRC and thirty (30) registered software copyrights in the PRC, relating to various aspects of our operations. These registered intellectual properties are crucial to our business. We also own three (3) domain names registered in the PRC, including gwyapp.cn, gwyapp.com and gwyapp.net.
The success of our business depends substantially upon our continued ability to use our brand and trademarks to increase brand awareness and to further develop our brand. The unauthorized reproduction of our trademarks could diminish the value of our brand and our market acceptance, competitive advantages or goodwill. In addition, our proprietary information for our Gongwuyuan Platform and associated applications, in which we own 1 registered patent, is a component of our competitive advantage and our growth strategy. To accomplish this, we rely on our trade secrets, including know-how, confidentiality clauses in standard labor agreements and third party nondisclosure agreements, copyright laws, trademarks, intellectual property licenses and other contractual rights to establish and protect our proprietary rights in our technology.
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Regulations
We are subject to a variety of PRC and foreign laws, rules and regulations across a number of aspects of our business. This section summarizes the principal PRC laws, rules and regulations relevant to our business and operations.
Regulation on Foreign Investment Restrictions
Investment activities in the PRC by foreign Selling Shareholders are principally governed by the Catalog of Industries for Encouraging Foreign Investment (2022 Edition), or the Catalog, as promulgated by the Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China (“MOFCOM”), and the National Development and Reform Commission (the “NDRC”) on December 27, 2020, and the Special Administrative Measures for Access of Foreign Investment (2024 Edition), or the Negative List (2024), as promulgated on September 6, 2024. According to the Negative List (2024), our value-added telecommunication services are restricted industry, while other businesses operated by us in PRC do not fall into the restricted or prohibited categories. The Negative List (2024) also stipulates that if a domestic enterprise engaged in business in the prohibited investment field issues shares abroad and is listed for trading, it shall be examined and approved by the relevant competent authorities of the state. According to a press release issued by the NDRC in relation to the same provisions in the Negative List (2021), the above provisions are only applicable to the direct overseas listing of domestic enterprises engaged in business in the prohibited investment field. However, provisions on overseas indirect listing of domestic companies are still being formulated and there are no detailed rules in connection with relevant requirements or procedures to obtain approval from relevant competent departments of the state. If relevant governmental authority determines or new future rules provides that we are required to obtain the approval and/or abide by the management requirement, we would have to apply for such approval and/or adjust our current management mechanism. There is no assurance that we will be able to obtain such approval in time or at all.
In addition, a foreign-invested enterprise in the PRC is required to comply with other regulations on its incorporation, operation and changes. On March 15, 2019, the National People’s Congress (“NPC”) adopted the Foreign Investment Law (the “FIL”), which became effective on January 1, 2020. Pursuant to the FIL, PRC will grant national treatment to foreign-invested entities, except for those foreign-invested entities that operate in industries that fall within “restricted” or “prohibited” categories as prescribed in the Negative List (2024) to be released or approved by the State Council.
On December 31, 2019, the State Council promulgated the Implementation Rules to the Foreign Investment Law, which became effective on January 1, 2020. The implementation rules further clarify that the state encourages and promotes foreign investment, protects the lawful rights and interests of foreign Selling Shareholders, regulates foreign investment administration, continues to optimize a foreign investment environment, and advances a higher-levelopening. On December 30, 2019, the MOFCOM and SAMR jointly promulgated the Measures for Information Reporting on Foreign Investment, which became effective on January 1, 2020. Pursuant to the Measures for Information Reporting on Foreign Investment, where a foreign investor carries out investment activities in PRC, directly or indirectly, the foreign investor or the foreign-invested enterprise shall submit the investment information to the competent commerce department.
Regulations Relating to Information Security and Censorship
Internet content in China is regulated and restricted from a state security standpoint. The Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress (“the SCNPC”) enacted the Decisions on the Maintenance of Internet Security on December 28, 2000, which was most recently amended on August 27, 2009, providing that the following activities conducted through the internet are subject to criminal liabilities: (i) gaining improper entry into any of the computer information networks relating to state affairs, national defensive affairs, or cutting-edge science and technology; (ii) violation of relevant provisions of the State in the form of unauthorized interruption of any computer network or communication service, as a result of which the computer network or communication system cannot function normally; (iii) spreading rumor, slander or other harmful information via the internet for the purpose of inciting subversion of the state political power; (iv) stealing or divulging state secrets, intelligence or military secrets via internet; (v) marketing fake and substandard products or carrying out false publicity for any commodity or service; or (vi) infringing on intellectual property.
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On November 7, 2016, the SCNPC promulgated the Cyber Security Law of the People’s Republic of China (the “Cyber Security Law”), which became effective on June 1, 2017, pursuant to which network operators shall comply with laws and regulations and fulfill their obligations to safeguard security of the network when conducting business and providing services. Those who provide services through networks including us shall take technical measures and other necessary measures pursuant to laws, regulations and compulsory national requirements to safeguard the safe and stable operation of the networks, respond to network security incidents effectively, prevent illegal and criminal activities, and maintain the integrity, confidentiality and usability of network data, and the network operator shall prevent network data from being divulged, stolen or falsified. In addition, any network operator that collects personal information shall follow the principles of legitimacy, rationality and necessity. Network operators shall neither gather personal information unrelated to the services they provide, nor gather or use personal information in violation of the provisions of laws and administrative regulations or the agreements arrived at. Network operators of key information infrastructure shall store within the territory of the PRC all the personal information and important data collected and produced within the territory of PRC.
On April 13, 2020, the CAC, the NDRC, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (the “MIIT”) and other nine promulgation authorities issued the Cybersecurity Review Measures (2020 Version), effective on June 1, 2020, which stipulate that the cybersecurity review shall focus on the evaluation of possible risks to national security caused by the purchase of the network product or service, also provide for more detailed rules regarding cybersecurity review requirements. On July 10, 2021, the CAC issued a revised draft of the Measures for Cybersecurity Review for public comments, which required that, in addition to the procurement of any network product or service by an operator of critical information infrastructure (the “CIIO”), any data processor carrying out data processing activities that affect or may affect national security should also be subject to cybersecurity review. On December 28, 2021, the Cybersecurity Review Measures (2021 Version) was promulgated and became effective on February 15, 2022 and the Cybersecurity Review Measures (2020 Version) was repealed at the same time. The Cybersecurity Review Measures (2021 Version) iterates that any online platform operators controlling personal information of more than 1 million users which seeks to list in a foreign stock exchange should also be subject to cybersecurity review. The Cybersecurity Review Measures (2021 Version) further elaborates the factors to be considered when assessing the national security risks of the relevant activities, including, among others, (i) the risk of core data, important data or a large amount of personal information being stolen, leaked, destroyed, and illegally used or exited the country; and (ii) the risk of critical information infrastructure, core data, important data or a large amount of personal information being affected, controlled, or maliciously used by foreign governments after listing abroad.
On June 10, 2021, the SCNPC promulgated the Data Security Law of the PRC (the “Data Security Law”), which took effect on September 1, 2021. The Data Security Law establishes a tiered system for data protection in terms of their importance, data categorized as “important data”, which will be determined by governmental authorities in the form of catalogs, shall be treated with higher level of protection. Specifically, the Data Security Law provides that processors of important data shall appoint a “data security officer” and a “management department” to take charge of data security. In addition, such processor shall evaluate the risk of its data activities periodically and file assessment reports with relevant regulatory authorities. Separately, data transaction intermediary services providers shall check the sources of the data, the identities of parties to the data transactions and shall keep records accordingly. Since the Data Security Law is relatively new, uncertainties still exist in relation to its interpretation and implementation.
On July 7, 2022, the CAC promulgated the Measures for the Security Assessment of Outbound Data Transfers, or the Measures, which became effective from September 1, 2022. The Measures shall apply to the security assessment of the provision of important data and personal information collected and generated by data processors in the course of their operations within the territory of the People’s Republic of China by such data processors to overseas recipients. The Measures stipulates the circumstances under which security assessment of outbound data transfers should be declared, including: (i) outbound transfer of important data by a data processor; (ii) outbound transfer of personal information by a critical information infrastructure operator or a personal information processor who has processed the personal information of more than 1,000,000 people; (iii) outbound transfer of personal information by a personal information processor who has made outbound transfers of the personal information of 100,000 people cumulatively or the sensitive personal information of 10,000 people cumulatively since 1 January of the previous year; or (iv) other circumstances where an application for the security assessment of an outbound data transfer is required as prescribed by the national cyberspace administration authority. Based on the relevant regulations relating to outbound data transfer in the Cybersecurity Law, the Data Security Law, and the Personal Information Protection Law, the measures provides the scope, conditions and procedures of security assessment of outbound data transfer and thereby provides specific guidelines for security assessment of outbound data transfers.
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On February 22, 2023, the CAC issued the Provisions on the Standard Contract for Outbound Cross-border Transfer of Personal Information, or the Provisions, which became effective on June 1, 2023. The CAC further promulgated on Provisions of Promoting and Regulating Cross-border Data Flow, effective on March 22, 2024, it is stipulated that if the content of the Provisions of Promoting and Regulating Cross-border Data Flow is inconsistent with the content of the Measures for the Security Assessment of Outbound Data Transfers and the Provisions on the Standard Contract for Outbound Cross-border Transfer of Personal Information, the Provisions of Promoting and Regulating Cross-border Data Flow shall prevail. According to the Personal Information Protection Law, the A personal information processor who intends to enter into a contract to provide personal information to an overseas recipient outside the territory of the PRC shall enter into a standard contract for outbound cross-border transfer of personal information. The Provisions provides the detailed requirements and guidelines for such standard contract.
On September 24, 2024, the State Council promulgated the Regulations on the Network Data Security Management (the “Data Security Management Regulations”), which will become effective on January 1, 2025. Pursuant to the Data Security Management Regulations, network data processing activities refer to activities such as the collection, storage, use, processing, transmission, provision, disclosure, and deletion of data. Network data processors refer to individuals or organizations that independently determine the purposes and methods of data processing activities. Network data processors conducting any data processing activities that affect or may affect national security shall undergo national security review in accordance with relevant national regulations. Where it is indeed necessary to transfer any important data collected and generated within the territory of the PRC to an overseas party, the security assessment of outbound data transfer organized by the national cyberspace administration department shall be passed.
Currently, the Cybersecurity Review Measures (2021 Version) the Measures were adopted and the Data Security Management Regulations will become effective on January 1, 2025, and their implementation provisions and anticipated adoption or effective date remains substantially uncertain and may be subject to change. If the CAC or other regulatory agencies promulgate new rules or explanations requiring that we obtain their approvals, we may become subject to enhanced cybersecurity review. Certain internet platforms in China have been reportedly subject to heightened regulatory scrutiny in relation to cybersecurity matters. As of the date of this prospectus, we have not been informed by any PRC governmental authority of any requirement that we file for a cybersecurity review. However, if we are deemed to be a CIIO or a company that is engaged in data processing and holds personal information of more than 1 million users, we could be subject to PRC cybersecurity review.
Regulations Relating to Privacy Protection
Pursuant to the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China (the “Civil Code”), the personal information of a natural person shall be protected by the law. Any organization or individual that need to obtain personal information of others shall obtain such information legally and ensure the safety of such information, and shall not illegally collect, use, process or transmit personal information of others, or illegally purchase or sell, provide or make public personal information of others.
On December 13, 2005, the Ministry of Public Security issued the Regulations on Technological Measures for Internet Security Protection, or the Internet Protection Measures, which took effect on March 1, 2006. The Internet Protection Measures require Internet service providers to take proper measures including anti-virus, data back-upand other related measures, and to keep records of certain information about their users (including user registration information, log-in and log-out time, IP address and log files of system maintenance) for at least 60 days, and detect illegal information, stop transmission of such information, and keep relevant records. Internet services providers are prohibited from unauthorized disclosure of users’ information to any third parties unless such disclosure is required by the laws and regulations. They are further required to establish management systems and take technological measures to safeguard the freedom and secrecy of the users’ correspondences.
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On December 28, 2012, the SCNPC promulgated the Decision on Strengthening Network Information Protection to enhance the legal protection of information security and privacy on the internet. On July 16, 2013, the MIIT promulgated the Provisions on Protection of Personal Information of Telecommunication and Internet Users to regulate the collection and use of users’ personal information in the provision of telecommunication services and Internet information services in China and the personal information includes a user’s name, birth date, identification card number, address, phone number, account name, password and other information that can be used for identifying a user. Telecommunication business operators and Internet service providers are required to constitute their own rules for the collecting and use of users’ information and they cannot collect or use of user’s information without users’ consent. Telecommunication business operators and Internet service providers must specify the purposes, manners and scopes of information collection and uses, obtain consent of the relevant citizens, and keep the collected personal information confidential. Telecommunication business operators and Internet service providers are prohibited from disclosing, tampering with, damaging, selling or illegally providing others with, collected personal information. Telecommunication business operators and Internet service providers are required to take technical and other measures to prevent the collected personal information from any unauthorized disclosure, damage or loss.
On December 29, 2011, the MIIT promulgated the Several Provisions on Regulation of the Order of Internet Information Service Market, which became effective on March 15, 2012. The Provisions stipulate that without the consent of users, Internet information service providers shall not collect information relevant to the users that can lead to the recognition of the identity of the users independently or in combination with other information (hereinafter referred to as “personal information of users”), nor shall they provide personal information of users to others, unless otherwise provided by laws and administrative regulations. The Provisions also requires that Internet information service providers shall properly keep the personal information of users; if the preserved personal information of users is divulged or may possibly be divulged, Internet information service providers shall immediately take remedial measures; where such incident causes or may cause serious consequences, they shall immediately report the same to the telecommunications administration authorities that grant them with the Internet information service license or filing and cooperate in the investigation and disposal carried out by relevant departments. Failure to comply with such requirements may result in a fine between RMB10,000 and RMB30,000 and an announcement to the public.
On May 8, 2017, the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate released the Interpretations of the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Law in the Handling of Criminal Cases Involving Infringement of Citizens’ Personal Information, or the Interpretations, effective from June 1, 2017. The Interpretations clarify several concepts regarding the crime of “infringement of citizens’ personal information” stipulated by Article 253A of the Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China, including “citizen’s personal information”, “provision”, and “unlawful acquisition”. Also, the Interpretations specify the standards for determining “serious circumstances” and “particularly serious circumstances” of this crime.
On August 20, 2021, the SCNPC promulgated Personal Information Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China (“The Personal Information Protection Law”), which became effective on November 1, 2021. According to The Personal Information Protection Law, personal information refers to any kind of information related to an identified or identifiable natural person as electronically or otherwise recorded, excluding information that has been anonymized. Processing of personal information includes the collection, storage, use, processing, transmission, provision, disclosure, and deletion of personal information. Processing of personal information shall be for a specified and reasonable purpose, and shall be conducted for a purpose directly relevant to the purpose of processing and in a way that has the least impact on personal rights and interests. Collection of personal information shall be limited to the minimum scope necessary for achieving the purpose of processing and shall not be excessive.
There remain uncertainties with respect to the interpretation and detailed application of such laws and regulations and PRC regulators are enhancing the protection of privacy rule-making and enforcement actions at central and local levels. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with privacy policies or related legal obligations could cause suspension of business for rectification, fines and other penalties.
Licenses for Value-Added Telecommunications Services
An extensive regulatory scheme governing telecommunication services, including value-added telecommunication services and infrastructure telecommunications services, is promulgated by the State Council, MIIT, and other relevant government authorities. Value-added telecommunication service operators may be required to obtain additional licenses and permits in addition to those that they currently have given new laws and regulations may be adopted from time to time. In addition, uncertainties exist regarding the interpretation and implementation of PRC laws and regulations applicable to the telecommunication activities.
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On September 25, 2000, the State Council issued the Regulations on Telecommunications of China, or the Telecommunications Regulations, which was lately amended on February 6, 2016, to regulate telecommunications activities in China. The Telecommunications Regulations divide the telecommunications services into two categories, namely “infrastructure telecommunications services” and “value-added telecommunications services.” Pursuant to the Telecommunications Regulations, operators of value-added telecommunications services must first obtain a Value-added Telecommunications Business Operating License, or VAT License, from the MIIT, or its provincial level counterparts. The MIIT promulgated the Administrative Measures on Telecommunications Business Operating Licenses on March 1, 2009 and most recently amended it on July 3, 2017, for the purpose of setting forth more specific provisions regarding the types of licenses required to operate value-added telecommunications services, the qualifications and procedures for obtaining such licenses and the administration and supervision of such licenses.
According to the Catalog of Classification of Telecommunications Businesses effective from April 1, 2003, internet information services, also called internet content services, or ICP services, are deemed as a type of value-added telecommunications services. On December 28, 2015 and June 6, 2019, the MIIT published revised editions of Catalog of Classification of Telecommunication Business. According to the latest 2019 MIIT Catalog, internet information services, which include information release and delivery services, information search and query services, information community platform services, information real-times interactive services, and information protection and processing services, continues to be classified as a category of value-added telecommunication services. The Administrative Measures on Internet Information Services, or ICP Measures, also promulgated by the PRC State Council on September 25, 2000 and amended on January 8, 2011, set forth more specific rules on the provision of ICP services. According to ICP Measures, any company that engages in the provision of commercial ICP services shall obtain a sub-category VAT License for Internet Information Services, or ICP license, from the relevant government authorities before providing any commercial internet content services within the PRC, and when the ICP services involve areas of news, publication, education, medical treatment, health, pharmaceuticals and medical equipment, and if required by law or relevant regulations, specific approval from the respective regulatory authorities must be obtained prior to applying for the ICP License from the MIIT or its provincial level counterpart.
Foreign Investment in Value-Added Telecommunication Services
The Regulations on Administration of Foreign-Invested Telecommunications Enterprises, or the FITE Regulations, which took effect on January 1, 2002 and lastly amended on May 1, 2022, are the key regulations that regulate foreign direct investment in telecommunications companies in China. The FITE Regulations stipulate that the foreign investor of a telecommunications enterprise is prohibited from holding more than 50% of the equity interest in a foreign-invested enterprise that provides value-added telecommunications services, unless otherwise stipulated by the State In addition, for a foreign investor to acquire any equity interest in a business providing value-added telecommunications services in China, the latest FITE Regulations no longer requires that such foreign investor must demonstrate a positive track record and experience in providing such services. Pursuant to the FITE Regulations, the registered capital of a foreign-invested telecom enterprise that operate value-added telecommunications services shall comply with the following requirements: (i) for operating business nationwide or across provinces, autonomous regions, or municipalities directly under the central government, the minimum registered capital shall be CNY10 million; and (ii) for operating business within a province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the central government, the minimum registered capital shall be CNY1 million. To operate telecommunications business, a foreign-invested telecom enterprise shall, in addition to meeting the requirements specified in the FITE Regulation, also meet the requirements specified in the Telecommunications Regulations, which was promulgated on February 6, 2016, for operating the business of value-added telecommunications services, including: (i) the operator shall be a legally established company; (ii) there are funds and specialized personnel commensurate with the business activities to be developed; (iii) the operator has the reputation or the capability to provide long term service to its subscribers; and (iv) other conditions specified by the State.
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On July 13, 2006, the MIIT issued the Circular on Strengthening the Administration of Foreign Investment in Value-added Telecommunications Services, or the MIIT Circular 2006, which requires that (i) foreign Selling Shareholders can only operate a telecommunications business in China through establishing a telecommunications enterprise with a valid telecommunications business operation license; (ii) domestic license holders are prohibited from leasing, transferring or selling telecommunications business operation licenses to foreign Selling Shareholders in any form, or providing any resource, sites or facilities to foreign Selling Shareholders to facilitate the unlicensed operation of telecommunications business in China; (iii) value-added telecommunications services providers or their shareholders must directly own the domain names and registered trademarks they use in their daily operations; (iv) each value-added telecommunications services provider must have the necessary facilities for its approved business operations and maintain such facilities in the geographic regions covered by its license; and (v) all value-added telecommunications services providers should improve network and information security, enact relevant information safety administration regulations and set up emergency plans to ensure network and information safety. Due to the lack of any additional interpretation from the regulatory authorities, it remains unclear what impact MIIT Circular 2006 will have on us or the other PRC internet companies with similar corporate and contractual structures. MIIT issued the Circular on Removing the Restrictions on Shareholding Ratio Held by Foreign Selling Shareholders in Online Data Processing and Transaction Processing (Operating E-commerce) Business on June 19, 2015, which began to allow foreign Selling Shareholders to own more than 50% of the equity interest in an operator of e-commerce business. However, foreign Selling Shareholders continue to be prohibited from holding more than 50% of the equity interest in a provider of other category of value-added telecommunication’s services except for e-commerce.
To comply with the above-mentioned foreign ownership restrictions, we operate our value-added telecommunication services in China through the VIE.
Regulations relating to Mobile Internet Applications Information Services
Mobile internet applications (the “APPs”) and the APP distribution platforms are subject to the Administrative Provisions on Mobile Internet Applications Information Services (the “APP Provisions”), which was promulgated by the CAC on June 14, 2022 and became effective from August 1, 2022. The APP Provisions regulate the APP providers and the APP distribution platforms. The CAC and local offices of cyberspace administration shall be responsible for the supervision and administration of nationwide or local APP information services, respectively.
Under the APP Provisions, the APP providers shall acquire relevant qualifications, implement the information security management responsibilities strictly and fulfil their obligations, including real-name system, protection of users’ information, examination and management of information content, etc. In addition, the APP providers shall enter into the service agreements with the APP users, clarifying the rights and obligations of both parties. The APP distribution platforms shall file a record with the related local offices of cyberspace administration within 30 days after such services have been rolled out online for operation. They shall fulfil the administrative responsibilities over the APP providers. For any App providers who violates the aforementioned provisions, the APP distribution platforms shall take such measures as warning, suspending the release or withdrawing the applications as the case may be, keep records and report such violation to the relevant competent authorities. In addition, the APP distribution platforms shall also enter into the service agreements with the APP providers, clarifying the rights and obligations of both parties.
Regulations relating to HR Services
HR services providers in China are mainly regulated by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security (the “MOHRSS”). The principal regulations applicable to HR services providers include (i) the Provisions on Employment Services and Employment Management promulgated on November 5, 2007 and latest amended on January 7, 2022 by the MOHRSS, (ii) the Provisions on Talent Market Administration jointly promulgated by the PRC Ministry of Personnel, the PRC State Administration for Industry and Commerce on September 11, 2001 and latest amended on December 31, 2019 by the MOHRSS and (iii) the Interim Regulation on Human Resources Market promulgated by the PRC State Council on June 29, 2018.
Under the Provisions on Employment Services and Employment Management, the Provisions on Talent Market Administration, the Notice on Further Strengthening Work Related to Human Resources Market Supervision, promulgated by the MOHRSS on January 29, 2010 and the Interim Regulation on Human Resources Market, any entity engaging in occupational intermediary activities in China must obtain a HR Services License from the administrative department of human resources and social security. Besides, the profit-making HR service organization shall file with the administrative department of human resources and social security 15 days from the date of carrying out services such as the collection and release of HR supply and demand information, employment and entrepreneurship guidance, human resource management consulting, human resource assessment, HR training, and HR service outsourcing. Where a profit-making HR service organization establishes a branch, it shall, within 15 days from the date of completion of the industrial and commercial registration, report in writing to the administrative department of human resources and social security where the branch office locates.
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In addition, according to the Provisions on Talent Market Administration, as a talent recruitment service provider, we are prohibited from providing fake information, making false promises and publishing fake recruitment advertisement. According to the Contract Law of PRC, which was implemented on October 1, 1999 and was replaced by the Civil Code on January 1, 2021, an intermediation contract is defined as a contract whereby an intermediary presents to its client an opportunity for entering into a contract or provides the client with other intermediary services in connection with the conclusion of a contract, and the client pays the intermediary service fees. Pursuant to the Contract Law and the Civil Code, an intermediary must provide authentic information relating to the proposed contract. If an intermediary intentionally conceals any material fact or provides false information in connection with the performance of the proposed contract, which results in harm to the client’s interests, the intermediary may not claim service fees and is liable for the damages caused.
Regulations relating to Labor Dispatching Services
Labor dispatching services providers in China are mainly regulated by the MOHRSS. The principal regulation applicable to labor dispatching services providers are the Measures for the Implementation of Administrative License for Labor Dispatch promulgated by the MOHRSS on June 20, 2013 and the Interim Provisions on Labor Dispatch promulgated by the MOHRSS on January 24, 2014.
Under the Measures for the Implementation of Administrative License for Labor Dispatch, the labor dispatching service provider shall apply to the human resources and social security administrative department at its domicile (hereinafter referred to as the licensing authority) for an administrative license according to law. Where a labor dispatching service provider establishes a subsidiary to operate the labor dispatching services, the subsidiary shall apply to the local licensing authority for an administrative license; if the labor dispatching service provider establishes a branch to operate the labor dispatching services, it shall report the licensing authority in writing, and the branch shall file with the local administrative department of human resources and social security.
Under the Interim Provisions on Labor Dispatch, the labor dispatching service provider shall: (i) truthfully inform the dispatched laborer of the provisions of Article 8 of the Labor Contract Law (as defined below), the rules and regulations to be observed, and the contents of the labor dispatch agreement; (ii) establish a training system to conduct onboarding knowledge and safety education training for dispatched workers; (iii) pay the labor remuneration and conduct the related treatment of the dispatched laborers in accordance with the state regulations and the labor dispatch agreement; (iv) in accordance with the provisions of the State and the labor dispatch agreement, pay social insurance premiums for the dispatched workers in accordance with the law, and handle the relevant procedures for social insurance; (v) urge the institutions that accept employment in the form of labor dispatch to provide labor protection and labor safety and sanitation conditions for the dispatched workers according to law; (vi) issue the relevant proof regarding dissolving or terminating the labor contract according to law; (vii) assist in handling disputes between dispatched laborers and the institutions that accept employment in the form of labor dispatch; (viii) conduct other matters as stipulated by laws, regulations and rules.
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In addition, according to the Labor Contract Law of the PRC (the “Labor Contract Law”), which was implemented on January 1, 2008 and amended on July 1, 2013, the labor dispatching service provider shall conclude a fixed-term labor contract with the dispatched laborer for more than two years, and pay the labor remuneration on a monthly basis; when the dispatched laborer has no work, the labor dispatching service provider shall pay to the dispatched laborers according to the minimum wage standard prescribed by the local people’s government monthly. The dispatched laborers of the labor dispatching service provider shall enter into labor dispatch agreements with the institutions that accept employment in the form of labor dispatch. The labor dispatch agreement shall stipulate the number of dispatched posts and personnel, the duration of dispatch, the amount of labor remuneration and social insurance premiums, the method of payment, and the liability for breach of agreement. In the event of a violation of any legal provisions of the Labor Contract Law, administrative penalties may be imposed on the dispatch service provider by the competent PRC government authority in charge of labor administration, including warning, rectification orders, fines, orders for payment of wages and compensation to labors, revocation of business licenses and other penalties. Any institution accepting dispatched laborers may be held jointly and severally liable together with the dispatch service provider in case harm is done to labors as a result of such institution’s violation of the Labor Contract Law.
Road Transportation Operation Permit
Pursuant to the Regulations on Road Transportation promulgated by the State Council in April 2004 and most recently amended in July 2023, and the Provisions on Administration of Road Freight Transportation and Stations (Sites) issued by the Ministry of Transport in June 2005 and most recently amended in November 2023 (the “Road Freight Provisions”), the business operations of road freight transportation refer to commercial road freight transportation activities that provide public services. The road freight transportation includes general road freight transportation, special road freight transportation, road transportation of large articles, and road transportation of hazardous cargos. The Road Freight Provisions set forth detailed requirements with respect to vehicles and drivers.
Under the Road Freight Provisions, anyone engaging in the business of operating road freight transportation must obtain a Road Transportation Operation Permit from the local county-level road transportation administrative bureau, and each vehicle used for road freight transportation must have a Road Transportation Certificate from the same authority. The incorporation of a subsidiary of road freight transportation operator that intends to engage in road transportation business is subject to the same approval procedure. If it intends to establish a branch, it should file with the local road transportation administrative bureau where the branch is to be established.
Regulation on Foreign Exchange Control
In 1996, China published The Foreign Currency Administration Regulations, and late on amended on January 14, 1997 and August 5, 2008. This Regulation has been the major one governing the foreign exchange activities in China. Under this Regulation, the Renminbi is convertible for foreign currency account items, including the distribution of dividends, interest payments and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions. Conversion of Renminbi into foreign currency for capital account items, such as, loans, investment in securities and repatriation of investments, however, is subject to the registration of the Sate Administration of Foreign Exchange (“SAFE”) or its local counterparts.
In recent years, China has become more open to foreign currency exchange. Individual persons are allowed to buy $50,000 each year, but for companies there are still control policies. Under the Regulation and relevant rules, foreign-invested enterprises may buy, sell and remit foreign currencies at banks authorized to conduct foreign exchange transactions for settlement of currency account transactions after providing valid commercial documents and, in the case of capital account item transactions, only after registration with the SAFE and, as the case may be, other relevant PRC government authorities as required by law.
According to the Overseas Investment Regulation which was issued in 2014, capital investments directed outside of China by domestic or foreign-invested enterprises are also subject to restrictions, which include registration filing with Ministry of Commerce, even though the Notice on Further Improving and Adjusting the Foreign Exchange Management Policy for Capital Account became effective in February of 2014 by SAFE has made domestic enterprises much easier releasing foreign currency overseas to foreign companies including connected companies.
The conversion of Renminbi into foreign currencies, including U.S. dollars, has been based on rates set by the People’s Bank of China. On July 21, 2005, the PRC government changed its policy of pegging the value of the Renminbi to the U.S. dollar. Under the new policy, the Renminbi will be permitted to fluctuate within a band against a basket of certain foreign currencies. We receive a significant portion of our revenue in Renminbi, which is not a freely convertible currency. Under our current structure, our income will be primarily derived from dividend payments from our subsidiaries in China. Even though we may remit the income from China to anywhere we want, the fluctuation of exchange rate may be a disadvantage to us if Renminbi depreciated.
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On January 26, 2017, the SAFE promulgated the Notice on Improving the Check of Authenticity and Compliance to Further Promote Foreign Exchange Control (the “SAFE Circular 3”), which stipulates several capital control measures with respect to the outbound remittance of profit from domestic entities to offshore entities, including (i) under the principle of genuine transaction, banks shall check board resolutions regarding profit distribution, the original version of tax filing records and audited financial statements; and (ii) domestic entities shall hold income to account for previous years’ losses before remitting the profits. Moreover, pursuant to the SAFE Circular 3, domestic entities shall make detailed explanations of the sources of capital and utilization arrangements, and provide board resolutions, contracts and other proof when completing the registration procedures in connection with an outbound investment.
The SAFE promulgated the Circular of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Further Promoting Cross-border Trade and Investment Facilitation on December 8, 2023, which expressly allows foreign-invested enterprises that do not have equity investments in their approved business scope to use their capital obtained from foreign exchange settlement to make domestic equity investments as long as there is a truthful investment and such investment is in compliance with the foreign investment-related laws and regulations.
Regulation on Foreign Exchange Registration of Offshore Investment by PRC Residents
In October of 2005, SAFE promulgated a Notification known as “Notification 75”, in which SAFE requires PRC residents to register their direct establishment or indirect control of an offshore entity (referred to in Notification as “special purpose vehicle.”), where such offshore entity are established for the purpose of overseas financing, provided that PRC residents contribute their legally owned assets or equity into such entity. In July of 2014, this Notification was replaced by Notification 37, “Notification on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Control on Domestic Residents’ Offshore Investment and Financing and Returning Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles”, which expanded SAFE oversight scope to include overseas investment registration as well. Meanwhile, Notification 37 also covers more areas such as PRC residents paying capital contribution with overseas assets or equity. Furthermore, Notification 37 requires amendment to the registration where any significant changes with respect to the special purpose vehicle capitalization or structure of the PRC resident itself (such as capital increase, capital reduction, share transfer or exchange, merger or spin off). On February 13, 2015, the SAFE promulgated a Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving Foreign Exchange Administration Policy on Direct Investment, or Notice 13, which became effective on June 1, 2015 and was amended on December 30, 2019. Under Notice 13, applications for foreign exchange registration of inbound foreign direct investments and outbound overseas direct investments, including those required under Notification 37, will be filed with qualified banks instead of SAFE. The qualified banks will directly examine the applications and accept registrations under the supervision of SAFE.
Regulation on Dividend Distributions
Our PRC subsidiary, Shenzhen Pengze Future Technology Co., Ltd., is wholly foreign-owned enterprises under the PRC law. The principal regulations governing the distribution of dividends paid by Shenzhen Pengze Future Technology Co., Ltd. include: Corporate Law (1993) as lastly amended in 2018; the Foreign Investment Law and its Implementing Regulations; and the Enterprise Income Tax Law (2007) as lastly amended in 2018 and its Implementation Regulations (2007) as lastly amended in 2019.
Under these requirements, foreign-invested enterprises may pay dividends only out of their accumulated profit, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. A PRC company is required to allocate at least 10% of their respective accumulated after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund certain capital reserve funds until the aggregate amount of these reserve funds have reached 50% of the registered capital of the enterprises. A PRC company is not permitted to distribute any profits until any losses from prior fiscal years have been offset. Profits retained from prior fiscal years may be distributed together with distributable profits from the current fiscal year.
On March 16, 2007, the NPC enacted the Enterprise Income Tax Law, and on December 6, 2007, the State Council issued the Implementation Regulations on the Enterprise Income Tax Law, both of which became effective on January 1, 2008. The Enterprise Income Tax Law was lately amended on December 29, 2018 and the Implementation Regulations on the Enterprise Income Tax Law was lately amended on April 23, 2019. Under this law and its implementation regulations, dividends payable by a foreign-invested enterprise in the PRC to its foreign investor who is a non-resident enterprise will be subject to a 10% (5% for Hong Kong residents) withholding tax, unless any such foreign investor’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with the PRC that provides for a lower withholding tax rate.
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M&A Rules and Regulation on Overseas Listings
On August 8, 2006, six PRC regulatory agencies, Ministry of Commerce, the State Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, the State Administration for Taxation, the State Administration for Industry and Commerce, CSRC and SAFE, jointly adopted the Regulation on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Selling Shareholders, or so called the M&A Rules and amended it on June 22, 2009. The M&A Rules purport, among other things, to require that offshore SPVs that are controlled by PRC companies or individuals and that have been formed for overseas listing purposes through acquisitions of PRC domestic interests held by such PRC companies or individuals, obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to publicly listing their securities on an overseas stock exchange. After the FIL and its implementation regulations became effective on January 1, 2020, the provisions of the M&A Rules remain effective to the extent they are not inconsistent with the FIL and its implementation regulations.
Furthermore, on July 6, 2021, the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council jointly promulgated the Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down on Illegal Securities Activities in Accordance with the Law, pursuant to which Chinese regulators are required to accelerate rulemaking related to the overseas issuance and listing of securities, and update the existing laws and regulations related to data security, cross-border data flow, and management of confidential information. Following the promulgation of the Cyber Security Law and Data Security Law, on February 17, 2023, the CSRC published the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies and became effective on March 31, 2023, which provided and revealed certain examination and filing mechanisms with respect to a Chinese domestic enterprise’s offering of securities overseas.
While the application of the M&A Rules remains unclear, the CSRC currently has not issued any definitive rule or interpretation concerning whether offerings such as our offering are subject to the CSRC approval procedures under the M&A Rules; and despite the lack of any definitive rule or interpretation from CSRC, the main purpose of the M&A rule is for national security and national industrial policy and so far none of the Chinese companies that have completed their public listing in the U.S. have obtained such approval.
On February 17, 2023, the CSRC issued the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (the “Trial Administrative Measures”) and relevant supporting guidelines (collectively, the “New Administrative Rules Regarding Overseas Listings”), which became effective on March31, 2023.
According to the New Administrative Rules Regarding Overseas Listings, among other things, a domestic company in the PRC that seeks to offer and list securities in overseas markets shall fulfill the filing procedure with the CSRC. When a domestic company seeks to directly offer and list securities in overseas markets, the issuer shall file with the CSRC. When a domestic company seeks to indirectly offer and list securities in overseas markets, the issuer shall designate a major domestic operating entity, which shall, as the domestic responsible entity, file with the CSRC. Initial public offerings or listings in overseas markets shall be filed with the CSRC within 3 working days after the relevant application is submitted overseas. The required filing materials with the CSRC include (without limitation): (i) record-filing reports and related undertakings, (ii) compliance certificates, filing or approval documents from the primary regulators of applicants’ businesses (if applicable), (iii) security assessment opinions issued by related departments (if applicable), (iv) PRC legal opinions issued by domestic law firms (with related undertakings), and (v) prospectus or listing documents.
In addition, under the New Administrative Rules Regarding Overseas Listings, a domestic company is prohibited from overseas offering and listing if any of the following circumstances is involved: (1) where such securities offering and listing is explicitly prohibited by provisions in laws, administrative regulations and relevant state rules; (2) where the intended securities offering and listing may endanger national security as reviewed and determined by competent authorities under the State Council in accordance with law; (3) where the domestic company intending to make the securities offering and listing, or its controlling shareholders and the actual controller, have committed crimes such as corruption, bribery, embezzlement, misappropriation of property or undermining the order of the socialist market economy during the latest three years; (4) where the domestic company intending to make the securities offering and listing is suspected of committing crimes or major violations of laws and regulations, and is under investigation according to law, and no conclusion has yet been made thereof; and (5) where there are material ownership disputes over equity held by the domestic company’s controlling shareholder or by other shareholders that are controlled by the controlling shareholder and/or actual controller. Moreover, a domestic company that seeks to offer and list securities in overseas markets shall abide by certain other regulatory requirements as set out in the New Administrative Rules Regarding Overseas Listings, including without limitation to, compliance with national secrecy, foreign investment, cybersecurity, data security, cross-border investment and financing, foreign exchange, and other laws and relevant provisions.
Pursuant to the New Administrative Rules Regarding Overseas Listings, we have to file with the CSRC in accordance with the Trial Administrative Measures with respect to our initial public offering. We completed such filing procedures on June 27, 2024, the completion of which was posted on the official website of the CSRC on June 28, 2024. However, we cannot assure you of whether there will be further regulatory requirements related to overseas securities offerings and other capital markets activities. Any failure on our part to fully comply with further regulatory requirements may significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer our Ordinary Shares.
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On February 24, 2023, the CSRC promulgated the Provisions on Strengthening Confidentiality and Archives Administration of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (the “Confidentiality and Archives Administration Provisions”), which also became effective on March 31, 2023. According to the Confidentiality and Archives Administration Provisions, domestic companies that seek overseas offering and listing (either in direct or indirect means) and the securities companies and securities service (either incorporated domestically or overseas) providers that undertake relevant businesses shall institute a sound confidentiality and archives administration system, and take necessary measures to fulfill confidentiality and archives administration obligations. They shall not leak any state secret or working secret of government agencies, or harm national security and public interests.
Regulations on Offshore Parent Holding Companies’ Direct Investment in and Loans to Their PRC subsidiary
China has been open to foreign direct and indirect investments. An offshore company may invest in a PRC company. Such investment is subject to the FIL. Under the FIL, foreign investments no longer need to be approved by Chinese government, but only need to register the investment with Chinese regulatory agency.
However, Chinese government still has foreign exchange control policy. The money transfer in or out of China is still under tight control. So, shareholder loans made by offshore parent holding companies to their PRC subsidiary are regarded as foreign debts in China for regulatory purposes, which debts are subject to a number of PRC laws and regulations, including the PRC Foreign Exchange Administration Regulations, Administration Rules on the Settlement, Sale and Payment of Foreign Exchange, Administration of Foreign Debts Tentative Procedures, the Statistical Monitoring of Foreign Debts Tentative Provisions, the Detailed Rules for the Implementation of Provisional Regulations on Statistics and Supervision of External Debt and the Provisional Measures on Administration of Foreign Debt.
Pursuant to the Provisional Measures on Administration of Foreign Debt (the “Foreign Debt Measures”) issued by the State Development Planning Commission (revised), Ministry of Finance and SAFE in January 2003 and last amended in September 2022, any loans provided by us to our PRC subsidiary in foreign currencies shall be classified as foreign debt under the Foreign Debt Measures. According to the Foreign Debt Measures, the sum of cumulative accrued amounts of medium-term to long-term foreign loans and balance amounts of short-termforeign loans taken by a foreign investment enterprise shall be limited to the difference between the total project investment amount approved by the government and the amount of registered capital. Foreign investment enterprises may take foreign loans freely within the scope of difference.
On January 12, 2017, the People’s Bank of China (the “PBOC”) issued the Notice of People’s Bank of China on Matters Concerning Macro-prudential Management on All-round Cross-border Financing (the “No. 9 Notice”), which improved the policy framework of the cross-border financing. The No. 9 Notice clarifies the new calculation methods of the upper limit of the risk-weighted balance for all types of cross-border financing, in particular, the upper limit for risk-weighted balance for cross-border financing equals to the capital or the net assets multiplied by the leverage rate of cross-border financing and the macro-prudential adjustment parameters. In the case of our PRC subsidiary, the capital or the net assets is calculated at the net assets of each subsidiary, the leverage rate for cross-border financing for an enterprise is 2, and the macro-prudential adjustment parameter is 1. The macro-prudential adjustment parameter set forth is then updated to 1.5 (which may be varied due to the change of PRC’s national macro-control policy). Currently, the implementation of the foregoing methodologies in cross-border financing have not been formally determined by the PBOC and the SAFE. In the practice, according to the Q&A on Macro-prudential Regulation Parameter for Full-Covered Cross-border Financing (Phase I) (the “Q&A”) issued by the SAFE on May 27, 2017, FIEs shall submit a written filing report to the local foreign exchange bureau when they handle the foreign debt signing filing (registration) for the first time after the issuance of the Q&A, so as to clarify the cross-border financing management mode they choose during the transition period. If the All-Round Mode is selected, the latest audited net assets data shall be reported at the same time. Once the cross-border financing management mode is determined, it shall not be changed. Alternatively, if we choose to use the All-Round Mode, the amount of loans we can make to our PRC subsidiary as calculated according to the No. 9 Notice and the Notice of PBC and SAFE on Adjusting the Macro-prudential Adjustment Parameter for Cross-border Financing of Companies will not be more than 3 times (which may be varied due to the change of PRC’s national macro-control policy) of the net assets of such entities.
Moreover, as the debtors of cross-border financing, our PRC subsidiary is also required to comply with certain registration formalities for execution of foreign debt contracts with the foreign exchange bureau at the locality within fifteen working days after signing the contracts according to the Notice of State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Promulgation of the Administrative Measures on Registration of Foreign Debt which was promulgated by the SAFE in April 2013 and revised in May 2015.
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Pursuant to the Circular of the National Development and Reform Commission on Promoting the Administrative Reform of the Record-filing and Registration System for the Issuance of Foreign Debts by Enterprises promulgated on September 14, 2015, which had been replaced by Measures for the Administration of Review and Registration of Medium and Long term External Debt of Enterprises from February 10, 2023. The term “foreign loan” shall mean RMB-denominated or foreign currency-denominated debt instruments with a maturity of one year or more which are issued overseas by domestic enterprises and their controlled overseas enterprises or branches and for which the principal and interest are repaid as agreed, including bonds issued overseas and long- and medium-term international commercial loans, and so forth. Enterprises should obtain a “Certificate of Registration of Enterprise Borrowing Foreign Debt” issued by NDRC before borrowing foreign debt, and complete the registration procedures. Those who have not been verified and registered are not allowed to borrow foreign debt. Enterprises shall, within 10 working days after borrowing each foreign debt, submit information on borrowing foreign debt to the review and registration authority through the online system, including the main business indicators and borrowing situation of the enterprise; and submit the corresponding external debt borrowing situation within 10 working days after the expiration of the validity period of the “Certificate of Registration of Enterprise Borrowing Foreign Debt”.
Regulations Relating to Employment and Social Welfare
Regulations on Employment
The major PRC laws and regulations that govern employment relationship are the PRC Labor Law, or the Labor Law. According to the aforementioned laws and regulations, labor relationships between employers and employees must be executed in written form. The laws and regulations above impose stringent requirements on the employers in relation to entering into fixed-term labor contracts, hiring of temporary employees and dismissal of employees. As prescribed under the laws and regulations, employers shall ensure its employees have the right to rest and the right to receive wages no lower than the local minimum wages. Employers must establish a system for labor safety and sanitation that strictly abide by state standards and provide relevant education to its employees. Violations of the Labor Contract Law and the Labor Law may result in the imposition of fines and other administrative liabilities and/or incur criminal liabilities in the case of serious violations.
Regulations on Social Insurance and Housing Provident Fund
According to the Social Insurance Law of PRC, enterprises and institutions in the PRC shall provide their employees with welfare schemes covering pension insurance, unemployment insurance, maternity insurance, work-related injury insurance, medical insurance and other welfare plans. The employer shall apply to the local social insurance agency for social insurance registration within 30 days from the date of its formation. And it shall, within 30 days from the date of employment, apply to the social insurance agency for social insurance registration for the employee. Any employer who violates the regulations above shall be ordered to make correction within a prescribed time limit; if the employer fails to rectify within the time limit, the employer and its directly liable person will be fined. Meanwhile, the Interim Regulation on the Collection and Payment of Social Insurance Premiums, issued by the State Council on January 22, 1999 and came into effect on the same day and was recently revised on March 24, 2019, prescribes the details concerning the social securities.
Apart from the general provisions about social insurance, specific provisions on various types of insurance are set out in the Regulation on Work-Related Injury Insurance, issued by the State Council on April 27, 2003, came into effect on January 1, 2004 and revised on December 20, 2010, the Regulations on Unemployment Insurance, issued by the State Council on January 22, 1999 and came into effect on the same day, the Trial Measures on Employee Maternity Insurance of Enterprises, issued by the Ministry of Labor on December 14, 1994 and came into effect on January 1, 1995. Enterprises subject to these regulations shall provide their employees with the corresponding insurance.
According to the Regulation Concerning the Administration of Housing Provident Fund, , any newly established entity shall make deposit registration at the housing accumulation fund management center within 30 days as of its establishment. After that, the entity shall open a housing accumulation fund account for its employees in an entrusted bank. Within 30 days as of the date an employee is recruited, the entity shall make deposit registration at the housing accumulation fund management center and seal up the employee’s housing accumulation fund account in the bank mentioned above within 30 days from termination of the employment relationship.
Any entity that fails to make deposit registration of the housing accumulation fund or fails to open a housing accumulation fund account for its employees shall be ordered to complete the relevant procedures within a prescribed time limit. Any entity failing to complete the relevant procedure within the time limit will be fined RMB10,000 to RMB50,000. Any entity fails to make payment of housing provident fund within the time limit or has shortfall in payment of housing provident fund will be ordered to make the payment or make up the shortfall within the prescribed time limit, otherwise, the housing provident management center is entitled to apply for compulsory enforcement with the People’s Court.
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Regulations Relating to Tax
Enterprise income tax
Under the Enterprise Income Tax (“EIT”) Law of the PRC, domestic enterprises and Foreign Investment Enterprises (the “FIE”) are usually subject to a unified 25% EIT rate while preferential tax rates, tax holidays, and even tax exemption may be granted on case-by-case basis. From January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2020, small and low-profit enterprises with annual taxable income not exceeding RMB 1 million, the actual income to be taxed will be 25% of annual taxable income, and the tax rate was 20%; small and low-profit enterprises with annual taxable income exceeding RMB 1 million but not more than RMB 3 million, the actual income to be taxed was 50% of annual taxable income, and the corporate income tax is paid at the rate of 20%. From January 1, 2021 to December 31, 2021, small and low-profit enterprises with annual taxable income not exceeding RMB 1 million, the actual income to be taxed was further lowered to 12.5% of annual taxable income, and the tax rate will be 20%; From January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2024, small and low-profit enterprises with annual taxable income exceeding RMB 1 million but not more than RMB 3 million, the actual income to be taxed will be further lowered at 25% of annual taxable income, and the corporate income tax is paid at the rate of 20%.A company recognized as a High-Tech Enterprise is eligible for a preferential enterprise income tax rate of 15%, reduced from the statutory rate of 25%, for a total of three years, including the year in which the High-Tech Enterprise Certificate is issued and the following two consecutive years, thereby benefiting from a 10% reduction in the applicable income tax rate.
The current PRC EIT Law imposes a 10% withholding income tax for dividends distributed by foreign invested enterprises to their immediate holding companies outside the PRC. A lower withholding tax rate will be applied if there is a tax treaty arrangement between the PRC and the jurisdiction of the foreign holding company. Distributions to holding companies in Hong Kong that satisfy certain requirements specified by the PRC tax authorities, for example, will be subject to a 5% withholding tax rate.
Value-added tax
According to Provisional Regulations on Value-added Tax of the PRC, which were promulgated by the State Council on December 13, 1993 and last amended on November 19, 2017, and the Implementing Rules for the Interim Regulations on Value-added Tax of the PRC promulgated by Ministry of Finance on December 25, 1993 and last amended on November 1, 2011, all enterprises and individuals that engage in the sale of goods, the provision of processing, repair and replacement services, the sale of services, intangible assets or immovable properties and the importation of goods within the territory of the PRC must pay value-added tax.
Dividends withholding tax
According to the EIT Law and the EITIR, dividends paid by foreign-invested companies to their foreign Selling Shareholders that are non-resident enterprises as defined under the law are subject to withholding tax at a rate of 10%, unless otherwise provided in the relevant tax agreements entered into with the central government of the PRC. Pursuant to the Arrangement Between the Mainland of China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the Avoidance of Double Taxation on Income (the “Double Tax Avoidance Arrangement”) promulgated on August 21, 2006, if a Hong Kong resident enterprise is determined by the competent PRC tax authority to have satisfied the relevant conditions and requirements under such Double Tax Avoidance Arrangement, the withholding tax rate on the dividends the Hong Kong resident enterprise receives from a PRC resident enterprise may be reduced to 5% from 10% applicable under the EIT Law and the EITIR. However, based on the Notice of the State Taxation Administration on Certain Issues with Respect to the Enforcement of Dividend Provisions in Tax Treaties promulgated and took into effect on February 20, 2009 by the State Taxation Administration (the “STA”), if the relevant PRC tax authorities determine, in their discretion, that a company benefits from such reduced income tax rate due to a structure or arrangement that is primarily tax-driven, such PRC tax authorities may adjust the preferential tax treatment. Based on the Notice of the State Taxation Administration on the Recognition of Beneficial Owners in Tax Treaties, which was promulgated by STA on February 3, 2018 and came into effect on April 1, 2018, a comprehensive analysis will be used to determine beneficial ownership based on the actual situation of a specific case combined with certain principles, and if an applicant was obliged to pay more than 50% of its income to a third country (region) resident within 12 months of the receipt of the income, or the business activities undertaken by an applicant did not constitute substantive business activities including substantive manufacturing, distribution, management and other activities, the applicant was unlikely to be recognized as a beneficial owner to enjoy tax treaty benefits.
Regulations on Intellectual Property
China joined WTO in 2001 and signed the treaty of TRIPS (Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights), therefore China’s IP laws are very much close to TRIPS.
Trademarks
Trademarks are protected by the PRC Trademark Law, as amended. Trademarks can be registered for a term of ten years and can be repeatedly extended for another ten-year term at the time of expiry. The PRC Trademark Law has adopted a “first-to-file” principle with respect to trademark registration. According to Chinese Trademark Law, if anyone has a dispute the officially registered trademarks, he can file a petition to the review board of the Trademark Office, requesting a comprehensive review that may result in the revoking the registered trademarks. So far, we have not received any such kind of petition and we strongly believe there will not be such petition because our trademarks are firstly used as well as firstly registered by us.
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Patents
According to the PRC Patent Law as amended, the National Intellectual Property Administration is responsible for administering patents in the PRC. Inventions, utility models, and designs with the features of novelty, inventiveness and practical applicability, are three kinds of patent defined and protected under China’s Patent Law. The State Intellectual Property Office is responsible for examining and approving patent applications. Once the application is approved, the applicants can have their patent under Chinese legal protection for a long term since its application date, which is 20 years for invention and ten years for utility models and designs.
Copyright
Pursuant to the PRC Copyright Law as amended, the PRC nationals, legal persons, and other organizations shall enjoy copyright in their works, whether published or not, which include, among others, works of literature, art, natural science, social science, engineering technology and computer software. Pursuant to the Regulations on the Protection of Computer Software promulgated by the State Council in December 2001 and most recently amended in January 2013, and the Rules for the Registration of Computer Software Copyright, which was promulgated by the China Copyright Office and came into effect in February 2002, anyone publishes, revises or translates computer software without obtaining the prior approval of the computer software copyright holders shall bear civil liability to the copyright owner because of harming the copyright. The corporate computer software copyright is valid for a term of 50 years until December 31 of the 50th year, starting from the date as of first publication. The computer software copyright owners shall register at the registration institution authorized by the PRC Copyright Office to obtain the computer software copyright registration certificates as preliminary evidence of the computer software copyright being registered.
Domain Names
Internet domain name registration and related matters are primarily regulated by the Measures on Administration of Internet Domain Names, as amended. Domain name owners are required to register their domain names and the MIIT is in charge of the administration of PRC internet domain names. The domain name services follow a “first come, first file” principle. The applicants will become the holders of such domain names upon the completion of the registration procedure.
Legal Proceedings
From time to time, we are subject to legal proceedings, investigations, and claims incidental to the conduct of our business. However, litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties and an adverse result in these or other matters may arise from time to time that may harm our business. Except for the arbitration proceeding and legal proceeding disclosed below, we are not currently a party to any legal or arbitration proceeding the outcome of which, if determined adversely to us, would individually or in the aggregate be reasonably expected to have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, cash flows, or financial condition.
On June 8, 2021, Gongwuyuan applied for arbitration in the Guangzhou Arbitration Commission Dongguan Branch in connection with a loan dispute with Guangdong Jingcheng Education Technology Co., Ltd and Wu Dengtao, pursuant to which Gongwuyuan is claiming that Guangdong Jingcheng Education Technology Co., Ltd and Wu Dengtao repay the loan principal and interest in the aggregate amount of RMB 451,000 and bear certain legal and arbitration expenses. On April 15, 2022, Guangzhou Arbitration Commission Dongguan Branch Gongwuyuan issued an award based on default judgement in favor of Gongwuyuan, ordering the respondents to repay Gongwuyuan the principal loan amount of RMB 300,000 and legal interests, as well as arbitration fee of RMB 16,991. The arbitral award is final and became effective on April 15, 2022. Respondents are ordered to make the award payment within 10 days of receiving the judgment award. We are currently in the process of enforcing the arbitration award against the respondents in accordance with applicable Chinese law and have not collected the award payment yet.
On September 27, 2023, the First People’s Court of Dongguan City, Guangdong Province, issued a judicial confirmation on a civil mediation settlement agreement in connection with certain service fees of RMB 750,000 owed by Dongguan Gongwuyuan Yifang Talent Service Co., Ltd. and Gongwuyuan to Dongguan Huidian Xinxi Jishu Co., Ltd, which shall be paid in two installments, with RMB 50,000 to be paid off by September 27, 2023 and the remaining RMB 700,000 to be paid off by April 30, 2024. The initial RMB 50,000 has been fully paid. On October 19, 2023, Dongguan Huidian Xinxi Jishu Co., Ltd. provided a notice of debt assignment to Dongguan Gongwuyuan Yifang Talent Service Co., Ltd. and Gongwuyuan that the debt related to the mediation settlement has been transferred to an individual, Deng Yongjin. The notice requests that the remaining payment of RMB 700,000 be made directly to the transferee’s designated account. As of the date of this prospectus, Deng Yongjin was then paid RMB 400,000 and the remaining payment of RMB 409,451 was performed by execution by the First People’s Court of Dongguan City on November 6, 2024. Therefore, there is no outstanding debt obligation for this proceeding.
On September 28, 2023, the Second People’s Court of Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province, issued a judicial confirmation on a civil mediation settlement agreement in connection with certain service fees of RMB 350,000 owed by Zhongshan Jushangyue to Dongguan Huidian Xinxi Jishu Co., Ltd, which shall be paid in two installments, with RMB 50,000 to be paid off by September 28, 2023 and the remaining RMB 300,000 to be paid off by April 30, 2024. The initial RMB 50,000 has been fully paid. On October 19, 2023, Dongguan Huidian Xinxi Jishu Co., Ltd. provided a notice of debt assignment to Zhongshan Jushangyue that the debt related to the mediation settlement has been transferred to an individual, Deng Yongjin. The notice requests that the remaining payment of RMB 300,000 be made directly to the transferee’s designated account. As of the date of this report, Deng Yongjin was then paid RMB 252,187 and the remaining payment is currently in the execution stage.
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On June 25, 2024, Dongguan Gongwuyuan Yifang Talent Service Co., Ltd. filed a lawsuit in connection with a contract dispute against Beijing Fengqi Tianxia Network Technology Co., Ltd., Yinglai Century (Jiangsu) Talent Service Co., Ltd., Wang Yang, Ran Yunfeng, Dai Jiongqiu, and Wang Hui in the Third People’s Court of Dongguan City, Guangdong Province. The court issued a Civil Judgment where the court ordered the defendants to jointly pay the plaintiff the principal sum of RMB 569,166.67, along with corresponding interest, penalty interest, and liquidated damages, as well as attorney’s fees of RMB 10,000. Due to the defendants’ failure to satisfy the obligations in the judgment, the court placed a seizure on two real estate properties located in Shunde District, Foshan City, registered under the name of defendant Wang Hui. In 2025, the court issued a Notice of Enforcement to terminate the enforcement proceedings and to enter a long-term supervision phase for judgment enforcement. The Pplaintiff retained the right to apply to the court for resumption of enforcement at any time upon discovery of new executable assets or property belonging to the defendants.
On July 8, 2025, the Second People’s Court of Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province issued a Civil Judgment in the labor dispute case of Huang Kuncheng v. Zhongshan Jushangyue Freight Forwarding Service Co., Ltd.. The court determined the existence of an employment relationship between the parties and ordered the defendant to pay the plaintiff the following amounts: economic compensation for termination of the labor relationship in the sum of RMB 17,880, calculated based on the plaintiff’s average wage and length of service; a double-wage penalty for failure to sign a written labor contract amounting to RMB 92,858, covering the period from April 1, 2023, to February 29, 2024; and high-temperature subsidies totaling RMB 2,400 for the statutory periods. The parties settled the claim for RMB 113,138 in full in September 2025.
There are no proceedings in which any of our directors, officers, or any beneficial shareholder of more than five percent (5%) of our voting securities is an adverse party or has a material interest adverse to us.
Organizational structure
Our Company was incorporated in the Cayman Islands as an exempted limited liability company on October 18, 2021. Baiya operates through its indirect wholly foreign-owned subsidiary, Shenzhen Pengze Future Technology Co., Ltd. (the “Pengze WFOE”), utilizing a variable interest entity (VIE) structure pursuant to various Contractual Arrangements. Baiya consolidates the financial results of its variable interest entity, Shenzhen Gongwuyuan Network Technology Co., Ltd. (“Gongwuyuan”), and its subsidiaries, collectively referred to as the “PRC Operating Entities.” It is important to note that neither Baiya nor its direct or indirect subsidiaries hold any equity interests in the PRC Operating Entities.
We are an offshore holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. As a holding company, we do not have any material operations and instead conduct our business activities in China through Contractual Arrangements with the variable interest entity (VIE) and its subsidiaries, collectively referred to as “the PRC operating entities.” Neither we nor our subsidiaries own any shares or equity interests in the PRC operating entities. Our financial results consolidate those of Gongwuyuan, as we are deemed the primary beneficiary through the Contractual Arrangements established between our indirectly wholly foreign-owned subsidiary, Shandong Shenzhen Pengze Future Technology Co., Ltd. (“Pengze WFOE”), and Gongwuyuan.
The following is a brief description of each of the Company’s subsidiaries and the VIE as of the date of this prospectus:
| ● | Ruifeng BVI. Ruifeng BVI is an exempted company incorporated on October 25, 2021, under the laws of the British Virgin Islands. Ruifeng BVI is authorized to issue 50,000 ordinary shares of which 100 ordinary shares are issued and outstanding. Ruifeng BVI is wholly owned by Baiya. |
| ● | Juxing HK. Juxing HK is a limited company incorporated on November 3, 2021, under the laws of Hong Kong. The total amount of share capital of Juxing HK is USD 10,000.00 with 10,000 authorized shares, of which 10,000 are issued and outstanding. Juxing HK is wholly owned by Ruifeng BVI. |
| ● | The Pengze WFOE. The Pengze WFOE is a wholly foreign-owned limited company incorporated on December 9, 2021, under the laws of the PRC, and is wholly owned by Juxing HK. The Pengze WFOE has been issued a business license (No. 91440300MA5H435M3C) by Shenzhen Administration For Market Regulation on December 9, 2021. |
| ● | Gongwuyuan. Gongwuyuan is a limited liability company incorporated under laws of PRC on October 23, 2017, and the current shareholders are: Shenzhen Jiajun Enterprise Management Partnership (LP), Dongguan Zhihe Enterprise Management Partnership (LP), Yangpu Ruiheng Enterprise Management Partnership (LP), Haikou Financial Investment Enterprise Management Partnership (LP), Zhang Weilai, Liang Wenhao, Fang Bendian, Shanghai Hezhuo Enterprise Management Center (LP) and Guangdong Yifang Investment Group Ltd. Gongwuyuan currently holds a business license (No. 91440300MA5ET5MM0Y) issued by Shenzhen Administration for Market Regulation. Through a series of contractual agreements, The Pengze WFOE consolidates the financial results of the VIE and its subsidiaries. |
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Directors and Executive Officers
The following table below sets forth information regarding our directors and executive officers as of the date of this prospectus. Our Board of Directors consists of five members divided into three groups (Group I, Group II, and Group III), with each group serving staggered three-year terms until successors are elected or until earlier death, retirement, resignation, or removal. There are no family relationships among any of the directors and executive officers, except as noted.
| Name | Age | Position | ||
| Siyu YANG | 46 | Chairman and Chief Executive Officer | ||
| Bin TAN | 46 | Chief Operating Officer | ||
| Dan Bin | 33 | Chief Financial Officer | ||
| Huashu YUAN | 28 | Director, Chair of Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee | ||
| Yankun Wang | 33 | Director, Chair of audit committee | ||
| Linxi Xie | 36 | Director, Chair of Compensation Committee | ||
| Luting Zhang | 24 | Director |
Siyu Yang is our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, responsible for our overall strategic development. Ms. Yang has been serving as the Chief Executive Officer and Director since October 2021. She was elected the Chairman of the Board of Directors on July 11, 2025. Before joining Baiya, Ms. Yang, was the founder of Sichuan Xinhaisheng Labor Service Co., Ltd., and served as its Chief Executive Officer. She also served as a senior executive of a cultural communication company, managing national vocational education promotion and former vocational skills retraining.
Bin Tan is our Chief Operating Officer, responsible for the overall operation of our Internet platform. Mr. Tan has been serving as the Chief Operating Officer since October 2021. He is also the vice president of our holding subsidiary Shenzhen Gongwuyuan Network Technology Co., Ltd. Before joining our company, Mr. Tan served as the general manager of the business unit in Shenzhen Diexun Technology Co., Ltd. from 2015 to 2018. Prior to that, he was the general manager of the business department in Shenzhen Huanan Chengwang E-Commerce Co., Ltd. from 2012 to 2015, and from 2007 to 2012, he was the Director of Product Operations in Shenzhen Penghaiyun Electronic Data Interchange Co., Ltd.
Dan Bin is our Chief Financial Officer. Ms. Bin is a seasoned finance professional with over 12 years of experience in corporate financial management across the manufacturing and technology sectors. Since March 2023, she has been serving as the Finance Director of Chengdu Jinkeyulu Technology Co., Ltd. In this position, she leads strategic planning, internal controls, budgeting, and financial risk management. From September 2019 to December 2022, Ms. Bin served as the Finance Manager at Chongqing Jinzhima Machinery Manufacturing Co., Ltd., where she developed a five-year finance strategy, optimized cost structures, and supported business expansion. From October 2014 to August 2019, she held financial leadership roles at Chongqing Tianxin Consulting Services Co., Ltd., and from March 2013 to January 2014, she worked at Chengdu Mingqing Machinery Co., Ltd. as a Finance Supervisor. Ms. Bin holds a bachelor’s degree in Accounting Information Systems from Sichuan Normal University and a master’s degree in Software Engineering from the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China.
Huashu Yuan Huashu Yuan serves as an Independent Director and Chair of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, appointed on March 6, 2025. Ms. Yuan has extensive professional knowledge in the media field, along with solid business practice experience and professional skills. Before joining as a director, Ms. Yuan worked for WG Empire in New York as a social media specialist. She holds a bachelor’s degree in communication and Rhetoric Studies from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and a master’s degree of Emerging Media Studies from Boston University.
Yankun Wang is a director and Chair of audit committee, serving as an independent director since July 21, 2025. Ms. Wang is a senior HR and administration professional with over a decade of experience in human resources management, organizational development, and corporate administration. From March 2023 to present, she worked as HR and Administration Manager at Jinke Yulv Technology Co., Ltd., where she focused on HR strategy and planning, talent supply chain development, and organizational effectiveness improvement. From March 2019 to March 2023, she served as Deputy Director of Administration at Sichuan Jiaotou Tianfu Real Estate Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of Sichuan Jiaotou, one of China’s leading state-owned enterprises. Ms. Wang holds a nationally accredited Economics Professional Qualification. She earned her bachelor’s degree in marketing from Sichuan Normal University.
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Linxi Xie is a Director, serving as an independent director since June 25, 2025. Ms. Xie has over ten years of experience in the financial industry, focusing on overseas IPOs and cross-border capital markets. Since May 2020, she has been serving as a Partner at Antelope Holdings (Chengdu) Co., Ltd., where she has led multiple overseas IPO projects and advised on listing strategy, M&A planning, and financing. From March 2013 to September 2016, Ms. Xie worked as Head of the Asset Management Department at Sichuan Xinglian’an Asset Management Co., Ltd., where she supported the company’s setup and later managed capital operations and business oversight. Ms. Xie holds a degree in Business Administration (Online Education Program) from the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China. She holds a Fund Practitioner Qualification Certificate and is a Certified Financial Planner (CFP).
Luting Zhang is a Director. Ms. Zhang has been serving as a director since July 11, 2025. Ms. Zhang is an accomplished legal professional specializing in capital markets and commercial law, holding a Class A Legal Professional Qualification and is known for her ability to integrate technological innovation into traditional legal practice. Her extensive experience spans over 200 judicial enforcement cases, where she implemented procedural innovations that became models for court operations, and private practice counsel on complex civil, commercial, and equity disputes. Ms. Zhang holds a Bachelor Degree of Laws from Fuzhou University of International Business and Economics.
Compensation
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, we did not compensate our directors for their services.
The following table sets forth certain information with respect to compensation for the fiscal year ended 2024 to our executive officers.
| Name and Principal Position | Salary ($) | Bonus ($) | Other ($) | Total ($) | ||||||||||||
| Siyu Yang, Chief Executive Officer(1) | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||
| Bin Tan, Chief Operating Officer and Vice President of Gongwuyuan(2) | 2,501.49 | - | - | 2,501.49 | ||||||||||||
| Dan Bin, Chief Financial Officer(3) | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||
| (1) | Ms. Yang was appointed as our Chief Executive Officer in October 2021. |
| (2) | Mr. Tan was appointed as our Chief Operating Officer in October 2021. |
| (3) | Ms. Bin was appointed as our Chief Financial Officer in June 2025. |
Our PRC subsidiary and consolidated variable interest entities are required by law to make contributions equal to certain percentages of each employee’s salary for his or her pension insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance and other statutory benefits and a housing provident fund. We have not set aside or accrued any amount to provide pension, retirement or other similar benefits to our executive officers and directors.
We do not have any profit sharing plan or similar plans for the benefit of our officers, directors or employees. However, we may establish such plan in the future.
Board Practices
Our board of directors, consisting of three members, has established the following committees: an Audit Committee, a Compensation Committee, and a Nomination and Corporate Governance Committee.
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Audit Committee.
Our audit committee consists of Yankun Wang, Linxi Xie and Huashu Yuan, and is chaired by Yankun Wang. We have determined that each of these three directors satisfies the “independence” requirements of the Nasdaq listing rules and meet the independence standards under Rule 10A-3 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. We have determined that Yankun Wang qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert.” The audit committee oversees our accounting and financial reporting processes and the audits of the financial statements of the Company. The audit committee is responsible for, among other things:
| ● | selecting the independent registered public accounting firm and pre-approving all auditing and non-auditing services permitted to be performed by the independent registered public accounting firm; |
| ● | reviewing with the independent registered public accounting firm any audit problems or difficulties and management’s response; |
| ● | reviewing and approving all related party transactions: |
| ● | discussing the annual audited financial statements with management and the independent registered public accounting firm; |
| ● | reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of our accounting and internal control policies and procedures and any special steps taken to monitor and control major financial risk exposures; |
| ● | annually reviewing and reassessing the adequacy of our audit committee charter; |
| ● | meeting separately and periodically with management and the independent registered public accounting firm; |
| ● | monitoring compliance with our code of business conduct and ethics, including reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of our procedures to ensure proper compliance; and |
| ● | reporting regularly to the board. |
Compensation Committee.
Our compensation committee consists of Yankun Wang, Linxi Xie and Huashu Yuan, and is chaired by Linxi Xie. We have determined that each of these directors satisfies the “independence” requirements of the Nasdaq listing rules. The compensation committee assists the board in reviewing and approving the compensation structure, including all forms of compensation, relating to our directors and executive officers. Our chief executive officer may not be present at any committee meeting during which their compensation is deliberated upon. The compensation committee is responsible for, among other things:
| ● | reviewing and approving, or recommending to the board for its approval, the compensation for our chief executive officer and other executive officers; |
| ● | reviewing and recommending to the board for determination with respect to the compensation of our non-employee directors; |
| ● | reviewing periodically and approving any incentive compensation or equity plans, programs or other similar arrangements; and |
| ● | selecting compensation consultant, legal counsel or other adviser only after taking into consideration all factors relevant to that person’s independence from management. |
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Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee.
Our nominating and corporate governance committee consists of Yankun Wang, Linxi Xie and Huashu Yuan, and is chaired by Huashu Yuan. We have determined that each of these directors satisfies the “independence” requirements of the Nasdaq listing rules. The nominating and corporate governance committee assists the board in selecting individuals qualified to become our directors and in determining the composition of the board and its committees. The nominating and corporate governance committee is responsible for, among other things:
| ● | recommending nominees to the board for election or re-election to the board, or for appointment to fill any vacancy on the board; |
| ● | reviewing annually with the board the current composition of the board with regards to characteristics such as independence, knowledge, skills, experience, expertise, diversity and availability of service to us; |
| ● | selecting and recommending to the board the names of directors to serve as members of the audit committee and the compensation committee, as well as of the nominating and corporate governance committee itself; |
| ● | developing and reviewing the corporate governance principles adopted by the board and advising the board with respect to significant developments in the law and practice of corporate governance and our compliance with such laws and practices; and |
| ● | evaluating the performance and effectiveness of the board as a whole. |
Employees
As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately 24 employees in management, operation, and research and development functions across Gongwuyuan and its subsidiaries, and we have approximately 15 labor outsourcing workers for China Post Zhongshan Branch services.
As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately 31 employees in management, operation, and research and development functions across Gongwuyuan and its subsidiaries, and we have approximately 33 labor outsourcing workers for China Post Zhongshan Branch services.
As of December 31, 2022, we had approximately 26 employees in management, operation, and research and development functions across Gongwuyuan and its subsidiaries, and we have approximately 91 labor outsourcing workers for China Post Zhongshan Branch services.
Gongwuyuan and its subsidiaries have signed written employment contracts with all of the employees in accordance with PRC Labor Law and PRC Labor Contract Law. None of our employees is covered by collective bargaining contracts. We signed standard labor, confidentiality and non-compete agreements with our employees.
SELLING SECURITYHOLDERS
This prospectus relates to the possible resale from time to time by the Selling Shareholders of any or all of the Shares that have been or may be issued by us to the Selling Shareholders under the Subscription Agreements.
Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with Rule 13d-3(d) promulgated by the SEC under the Exchange Act, and includes Ordinary Shares with respect to which each Selling Shareholder has voting and investment power. The number of shares that may actually be sold by us under the Subscription Agreement may be fewer than the number of shares being offered by this prospectus.
The Selling Shareholders may from time to time offer and sell any or all of the Shares set forth below pursuant to this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement. When we refer to the “Selling Shareholders” in this prospectus, we mean the persons listed in the table below, and the pledgees, donees, transferees, assignees, successors, designees and others who later come to hold any of the Selling Shareholder’ interest in the Shares other than through a public sale.
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The following table sets forth, as of the date of this filing, the names of the Selling Shareholders and the aggregate number of Shares that the Selling Shareholder may offer pursuant to this prospectus. This table is prepared based on information supplied to us by the Selling Shareholders. The Selling Shareholders may sell some, all or none of their shares in this offering. We do not know how long the Selling Shareholders will hold the shares before selling them, and we currently have no agreements, arrangements or understandings with the Selling Shareholders regarding the sale of any of the shares.
We cannot advise you as to whether each Selling Shareholder will in fact sell any or all of such Shares. In addition, each Selling Shareholder may sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of, at any time and from time to time, the Ordinary Shares in transactions exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act after the date of this prospectus. For purposes of this table, we have assumed that the Selling Shareholders will have sold all of the securities covered by this prospectus upon the completion of the offering.
| Number
of Class A Ordinary Shares Beneficially Owned Prior to this Offering(1) | Number
of Class B Ordinary Shares Beneficially Owned Prior to this Offering(1) | Approximate percentage of Voting Power Prior to this | Number of Class A Ordinary Shares Being | Approximate Percentage of Voting Power After Registration Assuming all Shares Are Issued but | Beneficial Ownership of Class A Ordinary Shares After Registration Assuming All Shares Are Sold | Beneficial Ownership of Class B Ordinary Shares After Registration Assuming All Shares Are Sold | Approximate Percentage of Voting Power Assuming All Shares | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Name of Selling Shareholders | Number | Percentage | Number | Percentage | Offering | Offered(2) | not Sold | Number | Percentage | Number | Percentage | Are Sold | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Victoria Harbour International(3) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2,000,000 | 2.59 | % | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yatian Investment Limited(4) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2,000,000 | 2.59 | % | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (1) | “Beneficial ownership” means that a person, directly or indirectly, has or shares voting or investment power with respect to a security or has the right to acquire such power within sixty (60) days. The number of Ordinary Shares beneficially owned is determined as of the date of this filing, and the percentage is based on 1,209,609Ordinary Shares outstanding as of the date of this filing. The Selling Shareholder’s information comes from questionnaire provided by the selling securityholder to the Company dated around the date of this prospectus, and such information may have changed from the date such information was provided until the date of this prospectus or after the date of this prospectus. |
| (2) | Assumes the sale of all shares offered herein. Based on 1,209,609Ordinary Shares outstanding. |
| (3) | Victoria Harbour International is a Hong Kong company. Ruoxi Shu is its sole director. It is owned by Ruoxi Shu (100%) respectively. The registered address for Victoria Harbour International is RM 509, 5/F The Cloud 111 Tung Chau St, Tai Kok Tsui, Hong Kong . |
| (4) | Yatian Investment Limited is a Hong Kong company. Jichao Yang is its sole director. It is owned by Jichao Yang (100%) respectively. The registered address for Yatian Investment Limited is Flat/RM602 6/F Kat Yue Commercial Building No.2C Argyle Street, KL, Hong Kong. |
Material Relationships with Selling Shareholders
Except for the transactions contemplated by the Subscription Agreements, the Selling Shareholders do not, and have not had, any material relationship with us.
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CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
Contractual Arrangements among Pengze WFOE, Gongwuyuan, and the Shareholders of the VIE
Pengze WFOE, an indirect wholly-foreign owned subsidiary of Baiya, and Gongwuyuan as well as certain shareholders of Gongwuyuan entered into a series of Contractual Arrangements in December 2021. The Contractual Arrangements are designed to allow Baiya to consolidate Gongwuyuan’s operations and financial results in Baiya’s financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP as the primary beneficiary. Gongwuyuan, the VIE, and its PRC subsidiary are the entities conducting the operation in the PRC. Neither Baiya nor its subsidiaries own any equity interests in the PRC operating entities.
Due to PRC legal restrictions on foreign ownership in certain sectors or other matters, such as value-added telecommunications services, or VATS, many China-based operating companies had to list on a U.S. exchange through Contractual Arrangements, or a VIE structure, without a direct ownership in main operating entities. Gongwuyuan’s operations involve in the VATS, which is classified as a sector that restricts foreign ownership. With the advice of our PRC counsel, Baiya has elected to utilize the VIE structure.
Recently, the PRC government initiated a series of regulatory actions and statements to regulate business operations in China with little advance notice, including cracking down on illegal activities in the securities market, enhancing supervision over overseas listing of domestic enterprises, adopting new measures to extend the scope of cybersecurity reviews, and expanding the efforts in anti-monopoly enforcement. As we chose such VIE structure, we understand that we are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that may not otherwise exist if we had direct equity ownership in the operating entities. The VIE structure has inherent risks that may affect your investment, including less effectiveness and certainties than direct ownership and potential substantial costs to enforce the terms of the Contractual Arrangements. We, as a Cayman Islands holding company, may have difficulty in enforcing any rights we may have under the Contractual Arrangements with Gongwuyuan, its shareholders, in PRC because all of our Contractual Arrangements are governed by the PRC laws and provide for the resolution of disputes through arbitration in the PRC, where the legal environment is still developing. Furthermore, these Contractual Arrangements may not be enforceable in China if PRC government authorities or courts take a view that such Contractual Arrangements contravene PRC laws and regulations or are otherwise not enforceable for public policy reasons. In the event we are unable to enforce these Contractual Arrangements, we may not be able to exert effective control over Gongwuyuan, and our ability to conduct our business may be materially and adversely affected.
The following is a brief description of the Contractual Arrangements (the “Contractual Arrangements”) entered into in December 2021, between Pengze WFOE, Gongwuyuan, and certain shareholders of the VIE, and the Spousal Consent Letter dated September 22, 2022:
Business Operation Agreement. The Pengze WFOE entered into a business operation agreement with Gongwuyuan and certain shareholders of the VIE on December 29, 2021, pursuant to which (1) Gongwuyuan shall not enter into any transaction which may materially affect its assets, businesses, employees, obligations, rights or operations without the written consent of the Pengze WFOE or any other party designated by the Pengze WFOE; (2) Gongwuyuan and certain shareholders agree to accept suggestions by the Pengze WFOE in respect of the employment and dismissal of Gongwuyuan’s employees, daily operations and financial management of Gongwuyuan; and (3) Gongwuyuan and the shareholders shall appoint the individuals designated by the Pengze WFOE as the directors (including the executive director) of Gongwuyuan, and shall appoint the persons recommended by the Pengze WFOE as the general manager, chief financial officer and other senior management members and officers of Gongwuyuan. The term of the business operation agreement shall be ten (10) years from the effective date unless terminated by the Pengze WFOE upon thirty (30) days advance notice to Gongwuyuan and the shareholders. Upon request by the Pengze WFOE, the parties shall extend the term of the business operation agreement by entering into a new business operation agreement or continue performing the existing business operation agreement.
Powers of Attorney. Each of the signing shareholders of Gongwuyuan executed a power of attorney on December 29, 2021 (the “Powers of Attorney”) to irrevocably appoint the Pengze WFOE or the person designated by the board of directors or the executive director of the Pengze WFOE as its agent to act on its behalf to exercise their shareholders’ and voting rights in the name of the shareholders in accordance with the applicable PRC laws and regulations and the articles of association of Gongwuyuan.
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Exclusive Consulting and Service Agreement. Under the exclusive consulting and service agreement dated December 29, 2021, entered into between the Pengze WFOE and Gongwuyuan, the Pengze WFOE shall have the exclusive right to provide Gongwuyuan with consulting and related services. Such services include:
| (a) | Research and development services of business-related software; |
| (b) | Providing business-related technical services, applications, and execution, including but not limited to design, installation, and testing of all systems; |
| (c) | Providing daily maintenance support, upgrade, maintenance, monitoring, and troubleshooting of computer network equipment and other technical services; |
| (d) | Pre-job, on-the-job, and technical training services for personnel; |
| (e) | Technology development and transfer services; |
| (f) | Public relations services; |
| (g) | Market research and consulting services (excluding market research services that are prohibited by the laws of the People’s Republic of China for foreign-invested enterprises); |
| (h) | Services for the formulation of medium and short-term market development and market plans; |
| (i) | Consulting services related to business compliance; |
| (j) | Organization and planning services related to marketing and customer activities; |
| (k) | Intellectual property licenses; |
| (l) | Equipment provision and rental; and |
| (m) | Management consulting services and other business and technical consulting services related to business operation. |
Without the Pengze WFOE’s prior written consent, Gongwuyuan may not accept services covered by the exclusive consulting and service agreement from any third party during the term of the agreement. In addition, the Pengze WFOE shall own all rights, titles, interests and intellectual property rights arising out of the performance of the exclusive consulting and service agreement, provided, however, that if the development of such intellectual property is based on the intellectual property rights of Gongwuyuan, Gongwuyuan shall ensure that such rights are free of any defect or Gongwuyuan shall bear the loss caused to the Pengze WFOE. As consideration, Gongwuyuan agrees to pay the ninety-five percent (95%) of its pre-tax profit, for each profitable fiscal year, and deducting any loss (if any) in the previous year, the necessary costs, expenses, taxes incurred in the year and the withdrawn statutory reserve fund that must be withdrawn according to law by the Pengze WFOE.
The exclusive consulting and service agreement shall remain effective for ten (10) years from the effective date unless terminated by mutual agreement between the Pengze WFOE and Gongwuyuan. or unilaterally terminated by the Pengze WFOE in advance. Upon request by the Pengze WFOE, the parties shall extend the term of the exclusive consulting and service agreement by entering into a new exclusive consulting and service agreement or continue performing the existing exclusive consulting and service agreement.
The Exclusive Consulting and Service Agreement between Penze WFOE and Gongwuyuan was supplemented on December 21, 2022 to clarify that no consulting service fees pertaining to the agreement need to be paid for the period December 29, 2021 to December 31, 2021.
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Equity Disposal Agreement. The Pengze WFOE entered into an equity disposal agreement with Gongwuyuan and certain shareholders of the VIE on December 29, 2021. Pursuant to the equity disposal agreement, the shareholders and Gongwuyuan have granted the Pengze WFOE (or its designee) an exclusive option to acquire all or a portion of the ninety-five percent (95%) equity held by the shareholders and all or a portion of the ninety-fivepercent (95%) assets of Gongwuyuan at the price equivalent to the lowest price then permitted under PRC law. The Pengze WFOE may, at its sole discretion, at any time exercise the option. Moreover, the Pengze WFOE may designate a third party to exercise the option on its behalf.
Under the equity disposal agreement, Gongwuyuan may not, among other obligations, sell, transfer, mortgage or otherwise dispose of any asset, business or income, or allow any other security interest to be created on them, enter into transactions that will materially and adversely affect its assets, responsibilities, operations, equity and other legitimate rights, distribute dividends and bonuses in any form to all shareholders, incur, inherit, guarantee or permit to subsist any debt except in the ordinary course of business unless otherwise expressly agreed to by the Pengze WFOE, enter into any material contracts except in the ordinary course of business, increase or decrease the registered capital of Gongwuyuan or otherwise change the structure of the registered capital, supplement, modify or amend the articles of association of Gongwuyuan in any way, or merge or associate with any person, or acquire any person or invest in any person. In addition, the shareholders may not, among other obligations, supplement, modify or amend the articles of association of Gongwuyuan that will materially and adversely affect Gongwuyuan’s assets, liabilities, operations, equity and other rights, cause Gongwuyuan to enter into transactions that will materially and adversely affect Gongwuyuan’s assets, responsibilities, operations, equity and other rights, adopt a resolution on the distribution of dividends and bonuses, sell, transfer, mortgage or dispose of their equity interest in any way, sell, transfer, mortgage or dispose of the rights of any equity and assets of Gongwuyuan, or allow any other security interest to be created on them, approve the merger or association or reorganization in any other form, and independently wind up, liquidate or dissolve Gongwuyuan.
The equity disposal agreement shall remain effective for ten (10) years from the effective date. Upon request by the Pengze WFOE, the parties shall extend the term of the equity disposal agreement by entering into a new equity disposal agreement or continue performing the existing equity disposal agreement.
Equity Pledge Agreement. The Pengze WFOE entered into an equity pledge agreement with certain shareholders of the VIE on December 29, 2021, pursuant to which the shareholders have pledged ninety-five percent (95%) of equity interests in Gongwuyuan held by them, and all current and future rights and interests based on such equity, as priority security guarantees in favor of the Pengze WFOE to secure the performance of Gongwuyuan and the shareholders’ performance of their obligations under, where applicable, (i) the Exclusive Consulting and Service Agreement, (ii) the Equity Disposal Agreements, and (iii) the Business Operation Agreement (collectively, the “Principal Agreements”). The Pengze WFOE is entitled to exercise its right for the priority of compensation obtained by the shareholders’ pledged interests in the equity of Gongwuyuan in the event that either the shareholders or Gongwuyuan fails to perform their respective obligations under the Principal Agreements. The Pengze WFOE may transfer all or any of its rights and obligations under the equity pledge agreement to any designated third party. The equity pledge agreement will remain in full force and effective until Gongwuyuan and the shareholders have satisfied their obligations under the Principal Agreements.
Agency Agreement. The Pengze WFOE entered into an agency agreement with certain shareholders of the VIE on December 29, 2021, pursuant to which the shareholders granted the Pengze WFOE an irrevocable right to exercise the voting rights of the shareholders in accordance with the laws of the PRC and the Articles of Association of Gongwuyuan, for the maximum period permitted by law. The shareholders shall authorize the person appointed by the Pengze WFOE to exercise all the voting rights held by them regardless of any change in the equity of Gongwuyuan. In addition, the shareholders shall not transfer any of their shareholders rights and interests in Gongwuyuan to any individual or other company other than the Pengze WFOE or any person or entity designated by the Pengze WFOE. The agency agreement shall come into effect upon its execution, and may be terminated by the unanimous consent of all parties or unilaterally by the Pengze WFOE with a thirty (30) days advance notice.
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Spousal Consent Letter. Each spouse of relevant individual shareholders of Gongwuyuan has signed a Spousal Consent Letter. Under the Spousal Consent Letter, agreeing that the signing spouse has unconditionally and irrevocably agreed that the disposition of the equity interest in Gongwuyuan which is held by and registered under the name of his or her spouse shall be made pursuant to the above-mentioned Business Operation Agreement and Powers of Attorney, Equity Disposal Agreement, Equity Pledge Agreement, and Agency Agreement, signed by his or her spouse, as amended from time to time. Each of the signing spouse undertakes to take necessary actions to ensure the performance of above-mentioned VIE agreements.
Based on the foregoing Contractual Arrangements, Baiya is allowed to consolidate Gongwuyuan’s operations and financial results in Baiya’s consolidated financial statements for the periods presented herein as if the current corporate structure had been in existence throughout the periods presented under common control in accordance with Regulation S-X-3A-02 promulgated by the SEC and Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 810-10, Consolidation.
As we chose such VIE structure, we are subject to certain unique risks and uncertainties that may not otherwise exist if we had direct equity ownership in the PRC operating entities. Because we do not directly hold equity interests in the VIE and its subsidiaries, our Contractual Arrangements may not be effective in providing control over Gongwuyuan, the VIE and their shareholders could breach their contractual arrangements with us by, among other things, failing to conduct the operations of the VIE in an acceptable manner or taking other actions that are detrimental to our interests. If we had direct ownership of the VIE in China, we would be able to exercise our rights as a shareholder to effect changes in the board of directors of the VIE, which in turn could implement changes, subject to any applicable fiduciary obligations, at the management and operational level. However, under the current contractual arrangements, we rely on the performance by the VIE and their shareholders of their obligations under the contracts to exercise control over the VIE. The shareholders of the VIE may not act in the best interests of our company or may not perform their obligations under these contracts. If any dispute relating to these contracts remains unresolved, we will have to enforce our rights under these contracts through the operations of PRC law and arbitration, litigation and other legal proceedings and therefore the Company may incur substantial costs to enforce the terms of the arrangements. Furthermore, if the VIE or their shareholders fail to perform their respective obligations under the contractual arrangements, we may have to incur substantial costs and expend additional resources to enforce such arrangements. We may also have to rely on legal remedies under PRC law, including seeking specific performance or injunctive relief, and contractual remedies, which we cannot assure you will be sufficient or effective under PRC law. For example, if the shareholders of the VIE were to refuse to transfer their equity interests in the VIE to us or our designee if we exercise the purchase option pursuant to these contractual arrangements, or if they were otherwise to act in bad faith toward us, then we may have to take legal actions to compel them to perform their contractual obligations. In addition, if any third parties claim any interest in such shareholders’ equity interests in the VIE, our ability to exercise shareholders’ rights or foreclose the share pledge according to the contractual arrangements may be impaired. Further, we are subject to risks due to uncertainty of the interpretation and the application of the PRC laws and regulations, including but not limited to limitations on foreign ownership and regulatory review of overseas listing of PRC companies through a special purpose vehicle, and the validity and enforcement of the Contractual Arrangements. We are also subject to the risks of uncertainty about any future actions of the PRC government in this regard that could disallow the VIE structure, which would likely result in a material change in our operations and/or cause the value of our Ordinary Shares to decrease significantly or become worthless. However, as of the date of this prospectus, the agreements under the Contractual Arrangements have not been tested in any courts of law.
Additionally, such determination by the PRC government and changes or interpretations in PRC Laws, if occurred, may cause significant decline in the value of our shares, or even render our shares worthless; — We rely on Contractual Arrangements with the VIE and certain shareholders of the VIE to consolidate financial results of the PRC operating entities. We do not have an equity ownership in, direct foreign investment in, or control of, through such ownership or investment.
According to our PRC legal counsel, under current effective PRC laws and regulations, apart from the filing procedure with the CSRC under the New Administrative Rules Regarding Overseas Listings, we and the PRC operating entities are not required to obtain permission or approval from the PRC authorities including CSRC or CAC to issue the Ordinary Shares to foreign Selling Shareholders, nor have we, or the PRC operating entities, applied for or received any denial for the Registration. However, recently, the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council jointly issued the “Opinions on Severely Cracking Down on Illegal Securities Activities According to Law,” or the Opinions, which was made available to the public on July 6, 2021. The Opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities, and the need to strengthen the supervision over overseas listings by Chinese companies. Effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems will be taken to deal with the risks and incidents of China-concept overseas listed companies, and cybersecurity and data privacy protection requirements and similar matters. The Opinions and any related implementing rules to be enacted may subject us to compliance requirement in the future. Further, we are still subject to the uncertainty of interpretation and enforcement of the rules and regulations in the PRC, which can change quickly with little advance notice, and any future actions of the PRC authorities. We cannot assure you that relevant PRC government agencies would reach the same conclusion as we do or as advised by our PRC legal counsel. However, (i) if we inadvertently concluded that such permissions or approvals are not required, or (ii) if the CSRC, the CAC or other regulatory PRC agencies later promulgate new rules requiring that we obtain their approvals to issue the Ordinary Shares to foreign Selling Shareholders, and we are unable to obtain a waiver of such approval requirements. In addition, any uncertainties and/or negative publicity regarding such an approval requirement could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our securities.
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Material Transactions with Related Parties
Due from related parties
We periodically loan funds to related parties for general business purposes. The balance due from related parties is typically interest-free and due upon demand. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had the total amounts due from related parties of $40,549 and $2,811,786, respectively, which were mainly due from a shareholder and the founder of the VIE, Mr. Daoning Xia (“Mr. Xia”), Ms. Guoping Xia (“Ms. Xia”) who is the sister of Mr. Xia, and their affiliated entities. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the amount due from Mr. Xia and his affiliated companies were $33,973 and $1,775,005, respectively. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the amount due from Ms. Xia and her affiliated companies were $nil and $926,450, respectively.
As of November 21, 2024, the total loan amount from Gongwuyuan Network and its subsidiaries to the related parties is $2,338,686 (RMB 17,070,773). After friendly negotiations between Gongwuyuan Network, its subsidiaries, and the related parties, it has been agreed that the related parties will use their debt of $ 1,812,949 (RMB 13,233,259) to settle an equivalent amount of debt, which will result in the full settlement of these obligations. The remaining debt of $ 525,737 (RMB 3,837,514) after the settlement will be assumed by Ms. Xia. Following this settlement, Gongwu Yuan Network will have a receivable from the related party, Ms. Xia, in the amount of $ 525,737 (RMB 3,837,514), and all other related party debts will be cleared.
Due to related parties
The amount due to related parties represents the funds provided by companies controlled by Mr. Zhang, Mr. Xia, and Mr. Xiaojun Wang, a director of VIE’s subsidiary, for the Company’s working capital needs and the payable balances for expenses and reimbursement in normal business courses. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had total amounts due to related parties of $170,855 and $1,040,009, respectively. As of the date of this prospectus, none of the balances as of December 31, 2024 have been repaid.
Related Party Transactions
During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, we provided entrust recruitment services to a related party company that is controlled by Mr. Xia and generated service revenue of $0 and $181,408 and $135,029, respectively.
During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, we entered several operating lease agreements with companies controlled by Mr. Xia, pursuant to which the rental expenses were $0 and $143,832 and $158,063, respectively.
As the lease agreement for our principal office premises expired and was not renewed, we are currently utilizing office space provided by a related party company. The office premises are located at 3rd Floor, Building A, Golden Life Science Park, No. 33 Gongye Avenue, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China. On July 1, 2024, the related party, Dongguan Massachusetts Industrial Park Investment Co., Ltd., provided the Company with the rent-free use of Rooms 301 and 302, located on the 3rd floor of Building A, No. 33 Pingshan Industrial Avenue, Tangxia Town, Dongguan City. The usage period is from July 1, 2024 to December 31, 2025. The ultimate controlling party of Dongguan Massachusetts Industrial Park Investment Co., Ltd. is Ms. Xia. Additionally, Baiya International Group Inc. has leased new office space at Room 18022, Floor 18, 112 W. 34th Street, New York, NY 10120, with a lease term from August 1, 2025 to July 31, 2026.
On November 21, 2024, we entered into a debt settlement agreement with its related parties, pursuant to which the related parties agreed to settle a total amount of $1,812,949 (RMB 13,233,259) of outstanding payables by offsetting an equivalent amount of receivables. Following the settlement, the remaining payable balance of $525,737 (RMB 3,837,515) was assumed by Ms. Xia.
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Guarantees by Related Parties
We had the following loans that are guaranteed by related parties at December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2025:
| Bank | Loan Agreement Date | Loan Amount | Interest Rate | Maturity Date | Guaranteed by | Balance at June 30, 2025 | Balance at December 31, 2024 | |||||||||||||||
| WeBank | 2023-03-03 | 98,560 | 14.26 | % | 2025-02-24 | *Peng Yao, the legal representative of Yifang | - | 9,133 | ||||||||||||||
| 2023-03-16 | 21,120 | 8.35 | % | 2025-03-24 | Peng Yao, the legal representative of Yifang | - | 2,569 | |||||||||||||||
| 2023-03-16 | 33,792 | 8.35 | % | 2025-03-24 | Peng Yao, the legal representative of Yifang | - | 5,137 | |||||||||||||||
| 2023-03-20 | 42,240 | 8.82 | % | 2025-03-24 | Peng Yao, the legal representative of Yifang | - | 4,110 | |||||||||||||||
| 2023-08-24 | 24,077 | 11.16 | % | 2025-08-24 | Peng Yao, the legal representative of Yifang | 1,989 | 7,809 | |||||||||||||||
| 2023-09-25 | 29,568 | 12.78 | % | 2025-09-22 | Xingbo Wang, the legal representative of Gongwuyuan | 3,665 | 10,789 | |||||||||||||||
| NanYue Bank | 2023-03-16 | 98,560 | 8.35 | % | 2025-03-24 | Peng Yao, the legal representative of Yifang | - | 11,987 | ||||||||||||||
| 2023-03-16 | 49,280 | 8.35 | % | 2025-03-24 | Peng Yao, the legal representative of Yifang | - | 5,994 | |||||||||||||||
| China Minsheng Bank | 2023-03-20 | 78,848 | 8.82 | % | 2025-03-24 | Peng Yao, the legal representative of Yifang | - | 9,590 | ||||||||||||||
| 2023-08-24 | 56,179 | 11.16 | % | 2025-08-24 | Peng Yao, the legal representative of Yifang | 4,642 | 18,221 | |||||||||||||||
| Xinwang Bank | 2024-01-17 | 56,163 | 18.00 | % | 2026-01-17 | NA | 18,343 | 32,006 | ||||||||||||||
| Total bank loan payables | $ | 28,639 | $ | 117,345 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Current portion of bank loan payables | $ | 28,639 | $ | 117,345 | ||||||||||||||||||
| * | Xingbo Wang, a related party of the Company, serves as the legal representative of Gongwuyuan. Peng Yao, a related party of the Company, serves as the legal representative of Yifang. |
For the six months ended June 30, 2025, the weighted average annual interest rate for the bank loans was approximately 8.19%. Interest expense for the above-mentioned loans amounted to $4,644 and $23,955 during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
As of June 30, 2025, the future minimum bank loan payments to be paid by year are as follows:
| Period Ending | Amount | |||
| June 30, 2026 | $ | 29,888 | ||
| Less: Imputed interest | (1,249 | ) | ||
| Total Bank loan payable | $ | 28,639 | ||
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SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
The following table sets forth information regarding the beneficial ownership of our Ordinary Shares as of January 27, 2025 by our officers, directors, and 5% or greater beneficial owners of our Ordinary Shares.
We have determined beneficial ownership in accordance with the rules of the SEC. These rules generally attribute beneficial ownership of securities to persons who possess sole or shared voting power or investment power with respect to those securities. Unless otherwise indicated, the person identified in this table has sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares shown as beneficially owned by him, subject to applicable community property laws.
The calculations in the table below are based on 1,209,609 Ordinary Shares outstanding as of January 27, 2026.
| Name of Shareholder(1)(2) | Class A Ordinary Shares Beneficially Owned Prior to This Offering | Class A Ordinary Shares Beneficially Owned After to This Offering | Class B Ordinary Shares Beneficially Owned Prior to This Offering | Class B Ordinary Shares Beneficially Owned After to This Offering | ||||||||||||
| Executive Officers and Directors | ||||||||||||||||
| Siyu Yang(3) | 2,335 | 2,335 | 1,000,000 | 1,000,000 | ||||||||||||
| Bin Tan | 6,964 | 6,964 | — | — | ||||||||||||
| Dan Bin | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||
| Huashu YUAN | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||
| Yankun Wang | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||
| Linxi Xie | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Luting Zhang | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Officers and Directors as a Group (7 persons) | 9,299 | 9,299 | 1,000,000 | 1,000,000 | ||||||||||||
| (1) | Unless otherwise indicated, the business address of each of our directors, executive officers and beneficial owners of more than 5% of our outstanding Ordinary Shares is c/o Baiya International Group Inc., Room 18022, Floor 18, 112 W. 34th Street, New York, NY 10120. |
| (2) | We do not have any beneficial owners of 5% or more of our Ordinary Shares as of the date of this prospectus. For each person and group included in this column, percentage ownership is calculated by dividing the number of shares beneficially owned by such person or group by the number of 1,209,609 Ordinary Shares outstanding as of January 27, 2025. |
| (3) | Ms. Yang is our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. Represents 2,335shares held by Baisheng International Group Ltd., of which Ms. Yang is its sole director and holds 13.3% of its equity interest. Ms. Yang disclaims beneficial ownership of the shares held by Baisheng International Group Ltd., except to the extent of her pecuniary interest therein. |
Listing on the NASDAQ Market
Our Ordinary Shares str listed on NASDAQ under the symbol “BIYA”.
Transfer Agent and Registrar
The transfer agent and registrar for our Ordinary Shares in the United States is Transhare Corporation.
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We are not selling any of our Ordinary Shares under this prospectus, and we will not receive any of the proceeds from the sale of the Shares by the Selling Shareholders. Each Selling Shareholder, which as used herein includes donees, pledgees, transferees, distributees or other successors-in-interest selling the Shares or interests in the Shares received after the date of this prospectus from the Selling Shareholder as a gift, pledge, partnership distribution or other transfer, may, from time to time, sell, transfer, distribute or otherwise dispose of certain of their Shares or interests in the Shares on any stock exchange, market or trading facility on which our Ordinary Shares are traded or in private transactions. These dispositions may be at fixed prices, at prevailing market prices at the time of sale, at prices related to the prevailing market price, at varying prices determined at the time of sale, or at negotiated prices.
The Selling Shareholders may use any one or more of the following methods when disposing of their Shares or interests therein:
| ● | ordinary brokerage transactions and transactions in which the broker-dealer solicits purchasers; | |
| ● | one or more underwritten offerings; |
| ● | block trades in which the broker-dealer will attempt to sell the Ordinary Shares as agent, but may position and resell a portion of the block as principal to facilitate the transaction; | |
| ● | purchases by a broker-dealer as principal and resale by the broker-dealer for its accounts; | |
| ● | an exchange distribution in accordance with the rules of the applicable exchange; |
| ● | privately negotiated transactions; | |
| ● | distributions to their members, partners or shareholders; | |
| ● | short sales effected after the date of the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part is declared effective by the SEC; | |
| ● | through the writing or settlement of options or other hedging transactions, whether through an options exchange or otherwise; |
| ● | in market transactions, including transactions on a national securities exchange or quotations service or over-the-counter market; | |
| ● | directly to one or more purchasers; | |
| ● | through agents; | |
| ● | broker-dealers may agree with the Selling Shareholder to sell a specified number of such Ordinary Shares at a stipulated price per share; and | |
| ● | a combination of any such methods of sale. |
The Selling Shareholders may, from time to time, pledge or grant a security interest in some Shares owned by them and, if any Selling Shareholder defaults in the performance of its secured obligations, the pledgees or secured parties may offer and sell such Shares, as applicable, from time to time, under this prospectus, or under an amendment or supplement to this prospectus amending the list of the Selling Shareholders to include the pledgee, transferee or other successors in interest as the Selling Shareholders under this prospectus. The Selling Shareholders also may transfer the Shares in other circumstances, in which case the transferees, pledgees or other successors in interest will be the selling beneficial owners for purposes of this prospectus.
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In connection with the sale of the Shares or interests therein, the Selling Shareholder may enter into hedging transactions with broker-dealers or other financial institutions, which may in turn engage in short sales of our Ordinary Shares in the course of hedging the positions they assume. The Selling Shareholder may also sell the Shares short and deliver these securities to close out their short positions, or loan or pledge Ordinary Shares to broker-dealers that in turn may sell these securities. The Selling Shareholder may also enter into option or other transactions with broker-dealers or other financial institutions or the creation of one or more derivative securities that require the delivery to such broker-dealer or other financial institution of the Shares offered by this prospectus, which shares such broker-dealer or other financial institution may resell pursuant to this prospectus (as supplemented or amended to reflect such transaction).
The aggregate proceeds to the Selling Shareholder from the sale of the Shares offered by them will be the purchase price of such Shares less discounts or commissions, if any. The Selling Shareholder reserve the right to accept and, together with their agents from time to time, to reject, in whole or in part, any proposed purchase of the Offered Ordinary Shares to be made directly or through agents. We will not receive any of the proceeds from any offering by the Selling Shareholder.
The Selling Shareholder also may in the future resell a portion of the Offered Ordinary Shares in open market transactions in reliance upon Rule 144 under the Securities Act; provided that they meet the criteria and conform to the requirements of that rule, or pursuant to other available exemptions from the registration requirements of the Securities Act.
With respect to the Share, each Selling Shareholder is an underwriter within the meaning of Section 2(a)(11) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
To the extent required by the Securities Act, any discounts, commissions, concessions or profit that the Selling Shareholder earns on any resale of the Shares may be underwriting discounts and commissions under the Securities Act. Any Selling Shareholder that is an underwriter within the meaning of Section 2(a)(11) of the Securities Act will be subject to the prospectus delivery requirements of the Securities Act. Underwriters and their controlling persons, dealers and agents may be entitled, under agreements entered into with us and the Selling Shareholder, to indemnification against and contribution toward specific civil liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act.
To the extent required, the Shares to be sold, the respective purchase prices and public offering prices, the names of any agent, dealer or underwriter, and any applicable discounts, commissions, concessions or other compensation with respect to a particular offer will be set forth in an accompanying prospectus supplement or, if appropriate, a post-effective amendment to the registration statement that includes this prospectus.
The Selling Shareholders may use this prospectus in connection with resales of the Shares. This prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement will identify the Selling Shareholders, the terms of the Shares and any material relationships between us and the Selling Shareholders. The Selling Shareholders will receive all the net proceeds from the resale of the Shares pursuant to this prospectus.
We do not know how long the Selling Shareholders will hold the Shares before selling them, and we currently have no agreements, arrangements or understandings with the Selling Shareholder regarding the sale of any of the Shares pursuant to this prospectus.
Each Selling Shareholder is an entity that may elect to make an in-kind distribution of the Shares to its members, partners or shareholders pursuant to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part by delivering a prospectus. To the extent that such members, partners or shareholders are not affiliates of ours, such members, partners or shareholders would thereby receive freely tradable Ordinary Shares pursuant to the distribution through a registration statement.
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The following description is not intended to constitute a complete analysis of all tax consequences relating to the ownership or disposition of our Ordinary Shares. You should consult your own tax advisor concerning the tax consequences of your particular situation, as well as any tax consequences that may arise under the laws of any local, state, foreign, or other taxing jurisdiction.
Cayman Islands Tax Considerations
The Cayman Islands currently levy no taxes on individuals or corporations based upon profits, income, gains or appreciations and there is no taxation in the nature of inheritance tax or estate duty. There are no other taxes likely to be material to our company levied by the Government of the Cayman Islands save for certain stamp duties which may be applicable on instruments executed in, or after execution brought within the jurisdiction of the Cayman Islands. No stamp duty is payable in the Cayman Islands on transfers of shares of Cayman Islands companies except those which hold interests in land in the Cayman Islands. The Cayman Islands is a party to a double tax treaty entered with the United Kingdom in 2010 but is otherwise is not party to any double tax treaty which are applicable to any payments made by or to our company. There are no exchange control regulations or currency restrictions in the Cayman Islands.
Payments of dividends and capital in respect of our Ordinary Shares will not be subject to taxation in the Cayman Islands and no withholding will be required on the payment of a dividend or capital to any holder of our Ordinary Shares, nor will gains derived from the disposal of our Ordinary Shares be subject to Cayman Islands income or corporation tax.
There is no income tax treaty or convention currently in effect between the United States and the Cayman Islands.
The Cayman Islands enacted the International Tax Co-operation (Economic Substance) Act (2021 Revision) together with the Guidance Notes published by the Cayman Islands Tax Information Authority from time to time. The Company is required to comply with the economic substance requirements from July 1, 2019 and make an annual report in the Cayman Islands as to whether or not it is carrying on any relevant activities and if it is, it must satisfy an economic substance test.
People’s Republic of China Taxation
Under the Enterprise Income Tax (“EIT”) Law of the PRC, domestic enterprises and Foreign Investment Enterprises (the “FIE”) are usually subject to a unified 25% EIT rate while preferential tax rates, tax holidays, and even tax exemption may be granted on case-by-case basis. From January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2020, small and low-profit enterprises with annual taxable income not exceeding RMB 1 million, the actual income to be taxed will be 25% of annual taxable income, and the tax rate was 20%; small and low-profit enterprises with annual taxable income exceeding RMB 1 million but not more than RMB 3 million, the actual income to be taxed was 50% of annual taxable income, and the corporate income tax is paid at the rate of 20%. From January 1, 2021 to December 31, 2021, small and low-profit enterprises with annual taxable income not exceeding RMB 1 million, the actual income to be taxed was further lowered to 12.5% of annual taxable income, and the tax rate will be 20%; From January 1, 2022 to December 31,
The current PRC EIT Law imposes a 10% withholding income tax for dividends distributed by foreign invested enterprises to their immediate holding companies outside the PRC. A lower withholding tax rate will be applied if there is a tax treaty arrangement between the PRC and the jurisdiction of the foreign holding company. Distributions to holding companies in Hong Kong that satisfy certain requirements specified by the PRC tax authorities, for example, will be subject to a 5% withholding tax rate.
We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands and we gain substantial income by way of dividends paid to us from our PRC subsidiary. The EIT Law and its implementation rules provide that China-sourced income of foreign enterprises, such as dividends paid by a PRC subsidiary to its equity holders that are non-resident enterprises, will normally be subject to PRC withholding tax at a rate of 10%, unless any such foreign investor’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with China that provides for a preferential tax rate or a tax exemption.
Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules, an enterprise established outside of the PRC with a “de facto management body” within the PRC is considered a resident enterprise and will be subject to the enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on its global income. The implementation rules define the term “de facto management body” as the body that exercises full and substantial control over and overall management of the business, productions, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. In April 2009, the State Administration of Taxation issued a circular, known as Circular 82, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a PRC-controlled enterprise that is incorporated offshore is located in China. Although this circular only applies to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups, not those controlled by PRC individuals or foreigners, the criteria set forth in the circular may reflect the State Administration of Taxation’s general position on how the “de facto management body” test should be applied in determining the tax resident status of all offshore enterprises. According to Circular 82, an offshore incorporated enterprise controlled by a PRC enterprise or a PRC enterprise group will be regarded as a PRC tax resident by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in China only if all of the following conditions are met: (i) the primary location of the day-to-day operational management is in the PRC; (ii) decisions relating to the enterprise’s financial and human resource matters are made or are subject to approval by organizations or personnel in the PRC; (iii) the enterprise’s primary assets, accounting books and records, company seals, and board and shareholder resolutions, are located or maintained in the PRC; and (iv) at least 50% of voting board members or senior executives habitually reside in the PRC.
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Currently, as resident enterprises in the PRC, Gongwuyuan and their PRC subsidiary, are subject to the enterprise income tax at the rate of 25%. The EIT is calculated based on the entity’s global income as determined under PRC tax laws and accounting standards.
Although Baiya does not have a PRC enterprise or enterprise group as our primary controlling shareholder and is therefore not a Chinese-controlled offshore incorporated enterprise within the meaning of Circular 82, in the absence of guidance specifically applicable to us, we have applied the guidance set forth in Circular 82 to evaluate the tax residence status of Baiya and its subsidiaries organized outside the PRC. We believe that we do not meet some of the conditions outlined in the immediately preceding paragraph. For example, as a holding company, the key assets and records of Baiya, including the resolutions and meeting minutes of our board of directors and the resolutions and meeting minutes of our shareholders, are located and maintained outside the PRC. In addition, we are not aware of any offshore holding companies with a corporate structure similar to ours that has been deemed a PRC “resident enterprise” by the PRC tax authorities. Accordingly, we believe that Baiya and its offshore subsidiaries should not be treated as a “resident enterprise” for PRC tax purposes if the criteria for “de facto management body” as set forth in Circular 82 were deemed applicable to us. However, as the tax residency status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body” as applicable to our offshore entities. If the PRC tax authorities determine that our Cayman Islands holding company is a PRC resident enterprise for PRC enterprise income tax purposes, a number of unfavorable PRC tax consequences could follow. We will continue to monitor our tax status.
As a Cayman Islands holding company, we may receive dividends from our PRC subsidiary through offshore subsidiaries. The EIT Law and its implementing rules provide that dividends paid by a PRC entity to a non-resident enterprise for income tax purposes is subject to PRC withholding tax at a rate of 10%, subject to reduction by an applicable tax treaty with China. Pursuant to the Arrangement between Mainland China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Tax Evasion on Income, the withholding tax rate in respect to the payment of dividends by a PRC enterprise to a Hong Kong enterprise may be reduced to 5% from a standard rate of 10% if the Hong Kong enterprise directly holds at least 25% of the PRC enterprise. Pursuant to the Notice of the State Administration of Taxation on the Issues concerning the Application of the Dividend Clauses of Tax Agreements, or SAT Circular 81, a Hong Kong resident enterprise must meet the following conditions, among others, in order to apply the reduced withholding tax rate: (i) it must be a company; (ii) it must directly own the required percentage of equity interests and voting rights in the PRC resident enterprise; and (iii) it must have directly owned such required percentage in the PRC resident enterprise throughout the 12 months prior to receiving the dividends. In October 2019, the SAT promulgated the Administrative Measures for Entitlement to Treaty Benefits for Non-resident Taxpayers, or SAT Circular 35, which became effective on January 1, 2020. SAT Circular 60 provides that non-resident enterprises are not required to obtain pre-approval from the relevant tax authority in order to enjoy the reduced withholding tax. Instead, non-resident enterprises and their withholding agents may, by self-assessment and on confirmation that the prescribed criteria to enjoy the tax treaty benefits are met, directly apply the reduced withholding tax rate, and file necessary forms and supporting documents when performing tax filings, which will be subject to post-tax filing examinations by the relevant tax authorities. Accordingly, Juxing HK may be able to benefit from the 5% withholding tax rate for the dividends it receives from the Pengze WFOE, if it satisfies the conditions prescribed under SAT Circular 82 and other relevant tax rules and regulations. However, according to SAT Circular 82 and SAT Circular 35, if the relevant tax authorities consider the transactions or arrangements we have are for the primary purpose of enjoying a favorable tax treatment, the relevant tax authorities may adjust the favorable withholding tax in the future.
WE URGE YOU TO CONSULT AND RELY UPON YOUR OWN TAX ADVISOR WITH RESPECT TO YOUR OWN TAX SITUATION, POTENTIAL CHANGES IN APPLICABLE LAWS AND REGULATIONS AND THE FEDERAL AND STATE CONSEQUENCES ARISING FROM AN INVESTMENT IN THE SHARES. THE COST OF THE CONSULTATION COULD, DEPENDING ON THE AMOUNT CHARGED TO YOU, DECREASE ANY RETURN ANTICIPATED ON YOUR INVESTMENT. NOTHING IN THIS PROSPECTUS IS OR SHOULD BE CONSTRUED AS LEGAL OR TAX ADVICE TO ANY SPECIFIC INVESTOR, AS INDIVIDUAL CIRCUMSTANCES MAY VARY. THIS FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES SECTION OF THIS PROSPECTUS ONLY PROVIDES THE CURRENT STATE OF TAX LAWS. YOU SHOULD BE AWARE THAT THE INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE MAY NOT AGREE WITH ALL TAX POSITIONS TAKEN BY US AND THAT LEGISLATIVE, ADMINISTRATIVE OR COURT DECISIONS MAY REDUCE OR ELIMINATE YOUR ANTICIPATED TAX BENEFITS.
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Ogier, Cayman Islands, has opined upon the validity of our Ordinary Shares offered by this prospectus and certain other legal matters related to this prospectus. We are being represented by Carter Ledyard & Milburn LLP with respect to certain legal matters as to United States federal securities and New York State law.
The consolidated financial statements of the Company as of and for the years ended December31, 2023 and 2024 included in this prospectus and elsewhere in the registration statement have been audited by Kreit & Chiu CPA LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report appearing herein. Such financial statements are included in reliance upon the report of such firm, given on their authority as experts in accounting and auditing. The offices of Kreit & Chiu CPA LLP are located at 733 Third Ave, Floor 16, Suite 1014, New York, NY 10017.
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION
This prospectus is part of the Registration Statement. This prospectus does not contain all of the information in the Registration Statement, including the exhibits filed with or incorporated by reference into the Registration Statement. The Registration Statement, its exhibits, and the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus and their exhibits, all contain information that is material to the offering of the securities hereby. Whenever a reference is made in this prospectus to any of our contracts or other documents, the reference may not be complete. You should refer to the exhibits that are a part of the Registration Statement in order to review a copy of the contract or documents. The Registration Statement and the exhibits are available through the SEC’s EDGAR website.
We file annual reports and other information with the SEC. Our SEC filings are available to the public over the internet at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov and on our website at www.gwyapp.com. The information found on, or that can be accessed from or that is hyperlinked to, our website is not part of this prospectus or any applicable prospectus supplement.
The information relating to us contained in this prospectus does not purport to be comprehensive and should be read together with the information contained in the documents incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference in this prospectus.
As you read the above documents, you may find inconsistencies in information from one document to another. If you find inconsistencies between the documents and this prospectus, you should rely on the statements made in the most recent document. All information appearing in this prospectus is qualified in its entirety by the information and financial statements, including the notes thereto, contained in the documents incorporated by reference herein.
We will provide to each person, including any beneficial owner, to whom this prospectus is delivered, a copy of these filings, at no cost, upon written or oral request to us at the following address:
Room 18022, Floor 18,
112 W. 34th Street,
New York, NY 10120
You should rely only on the information contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus. We have not authorized any other person to provide you with different information. If anyone provides you with different or inconsistent information, you should not rely on it. We are not making an offer to sell these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted. You should assume that the information appearing in this prospectus is accurate only as of the date on the front cover of this prospectus, or such earlier date, that is indicated in this prospectus. Our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects may have changed since that date.
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MATERIAL CHANGES
Except as otherwise described in the 2024 Annual Report, in our reports of foreign issuer on Form 6-K filed or submitted under the Exchange Act and incorporated by reference herein, and as disclosed in this prospectus or the applicable prospectus supplement, no reportable material changes have occurred since December 31, 2024.
INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN INFORMATION BY REFERENCE
We are allowed to incorporate by reference the information we file with the SEC, which means that we can disclose important information to you by referring to those documents. The information incorporated by reference is considered to be part of this prospectus. We incorporate by reference in this prospectus the documents listed below:
| ● | our 2024 Annual Report filed with the SEC on May 13, 2025; and |
| ● | our reports of foreign private issuer on Form 6-K filed with the SEC on June 9 (two reports), June 26, July 2, July 11 (as amended on November 20), July 21 (excluding Exhibit 99,1), July 30, August 8, August 11, September 26, September 30, October 23, December 1, December 23 (as amended on December 29) all in 2025. |
Any statement made in a document incorporated by reference into this prospectus will be deemed to be modified or superseded for purposes of this prospectus to the extent that a statement contained in this prospectus modifies or supersedes that statement. Any statement so modified or superseded will not be deemed, except as so modified or superseded, to constitute a part of this prospectus.
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PART II
INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS
ITEM 6. INDEMNIFICATION OF DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS.
Cayman Islands law does not limit the extent to which a company’s articles of association may provide for indemnification of officers and directors, except to the extent any such provision may be held by the Cayman Islands courts to be contrary to public policy, such as to provide indemnification against civil fraud or the consequences of committing a crime. Under our post-offering memorandum and articles of association, which will be in effect immediately prior to the completion of this offering, to the fullest extent permissible under Cayman Islands law every director and officer of our company shall be indemnified against all actions, costs, charges, losses, damages and expenses which they or any of them shall or may incur or sustain by or by reason of any act done, concurred in or omitted in or about the execution of their duty, or supposed duty, or in their respective offices or trusts, other than by reason of such person’s own dishonesty or fraud.
Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) may be permitted to directors, officers, or persons controlling us pursuant to the foregoing provisions, the registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer, or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.
ITEM 7. RECENT SALES OF UNREGISTERED SECURITIES
The following list sets forth information regarding all securities sold by the Company within the past three years which were not registered under the Securities Act. We believe that each of the following issuance was exempt from registration under the Securities Act in reliance on Regulation D under the Securities Act or pursuant to Section 4(2) of the Securities Act regarding transactions not involving a public offering or in reliance on Regulation S under the Securities Act regarding sales by an issuer in offshore transactions. No placement agents were involved in these issuances of securities. On December 29, 2025, we effected the Reverse Stock Split at a ratio of 1-for-25. All references to number of shares have been retroactively adjusted.
As part of our capital reorganization, on December 15, 2022, we issued an additional 396,000 ordinary shares to our current shareholders on a pro rata basis for an aggregate consideration of $990.00 in offshore transactions.
On March 21, 2025, we issued 800 Class A Ordinary Shares to certain IPO consulting institutions at a per share purchase price of $104.5 for consulting services.
On April 8, 2025, we issued 6,700 Class A Ordinary Shares to certain strategic consulting advisors for consulting services, of which 5,000 shares were issued at a per share purchase price of $85.75.
On May 9, 2025, we issued 200 Class A Ordinary Shares to a consulting advisor at a per share purchase price of $124.5 for consulting services.
On May 16, 2025, we issued 400 Class A Ordinary Shares to a strategic advisor during the IPO stage at a per share purchase price of $113 for consulting services.
On June 4, 2025, we issued 36,755 restricted Class A Ordinary Shares to certain investors at a per share purchase price of $66.85.
On June 9, 2025, we issued 4,687 restricted Class A Ordinary Shares to certain investors at a per share purchase price of $69.475.
On June 12, 2025, we issued 1,679 restricted Class A Ordinary Shares to certain investors at a per share purchase price of $69.475.
On June 18, 2025, we issued 757 restricted Class A Ordinary Shares to an investor at a per share purchase price of $69.475.
On June 20, 2025, we issued 36,600 restricted Class A Ordinary Shares to an institutional investor, which is also the Company’s financing advisory firm, at a per share purchase price of $13.56.
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On July 2, 2025, we issued 243 restricted Class A Ordinary Shares to an investor through a private sale at a per share purchase price of $12.525.
On September 4, 2025, we issued 61,239 restricted Class A Ordinary Shares to certain individuals at a per share price of $14.125 as performance awards.
On September 11, 2025, we issued 231 restricted Class A Ordinary Shares to an individual at a per share price of $14.125 as a performance award.
On September 19, 2025, we issued an aggregate of 160,000 new Class A Ordinary Shares in connection with two transactions: (i) 92,800 shares were issued as consideration for the acquisition of 100% equity interests in STARFISH TECHNOLOGY-FZE (“Starfish”), pursuant to a stock purchase agreement entered into on the same date; and (ii) 67,200 restricted shares were issued to two employees as equity incentives.
ITEM 8. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES.
(a) Exhibits
See Exhibit Index beginning on page II-4 of this registration statement.
(b) Financial Statement Schedules
Schedules have been omitted because the information required to be set forth therein is not applicable or is shown in the consolidated financial statements or the notes thereto.
ITEM 9. UNDERTAKINGS.
The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes:
| 1) | To file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement: |
| (i) | To include any prospectus required by section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act of 1933; | |
| (ii) | To reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in the registration statement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering range may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) (§230.424(b) of this chapter) if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume and price represent no more than 20% change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the “Calculation of Registration Fee” table in the effective registration statement; | |
| (iii) | To include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement or any material change to such information in the registration statement. |
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| 2) | That, for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof. |
| 3) | To remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering. |
| 4) | To file a post-effective amendment to the registration statement to include any financial statements required by Item 8.A of Form 20-F at the start of any delayed offering or throughout a continuous offering. Financial statements and information otherwise required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act need not be furnished, provided that the registrant includes in the prospectus, by means of a post-effective amendment, financial statements required pursuant to this paragraph and other information necessary to ensure that all other information in the prospectus is at least as current as the date of those financial statements. |
| 5) | That, for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser, each prospectus filed by the Registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b) as part of a registration statement relating to an offering, other than registration statements relying on Rule 430B or other than prospectuses filed in reliance on Rule 430A, shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement as of the date it is first used after effectiveness. Provided, however, that no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such first use, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such date of first use; |
| 6) | That, for the purpose of determining liability of the registrant under the Securities Act to any purchaser in the initial distribution of the securities: |
The undersigned registrant undertakes that in a primary offering of securities of the undersigned registrant pursuant to this registration statement, regardless of the placement method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, if the securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the following communications, the undersigned registrant will be a seller to the purchaser and will be considered to offer or sell such securities to such purchaser:
| (i) | Any preliminary prospectus or prospectus of the undersigned registrant relating to the offering required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424. | |
| (ii) | Any free writing prospectus relating to the offering prepared by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant or used or referred to by the undersigned registrant; | |
| (iii) | The portion of any other free writing prospectus relating to the offering containing material information about the undersigned registrant or its securities provided by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant; and | |
| (iv) | Any other communication that is an offer in the offering made by the undersigned registrant to the purchaser. |
| 7) | Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933 may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue. |
| 8) | That, for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, (i) the information omitted from the form of prospectus filed as part of this registration statement in reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in a form of prospectus filed by the registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b) (1) or (4) or 497(h) under the Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of this registration statement as of the time it was declared effective; and (ii) each post-effective amendment that contains a form of prospectus shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof. |
II-3
| * | Filed herewith |
| ** | Previously filed |
II-4
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form F-1 and has duly caused this registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on January 28, 2026.
| Baiya International Group Inc | ||
| By: | /s/ Siyu YANG | |
| Name: | Siyu YANG | |
| Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) | ||
POWERS OF ATTORNEY
Each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Siyu YANG and Dan BIN as attorneys-in-fact with full power of substitution, for him or her in any and all capacities, to do any and all acts and all things and to execute any and all instruments which said attorney and agent may deem necessary or desirable to enable the registrant to comply with the Securities Act, and any rules, regulations, and requirements of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission thereunder, in connection with the registration under the Securities Act of securities of the registrant, including, without limitation, the power and authority to sign the name of each of the undersigned in the capacities indicated below to the Registration Statement on Form F-1 (the “Registration Statement”) to be filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission with respect to such securities, to any and all amendments or supplements to such Registration Statement, whether such amendments or supplements are filed before or after the effective date of such Registration Statement, to any related Registration Statement filed pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, and to any and all instruments or documents filed as part of or in connection with such Registration Statement or any and all amendments thereto, whether such amendments are filed before or after the effective date of such Registration Statement; and each of the undersigned hereby ratifies and confirms all that such attorney and agent shall do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this registration statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
| Signature | Title | Date | ||
| /s/ Siyu YANG | Chairman and Chief Executive Officer | January 28, 2026 | ||
| Siyu YANG | (Principal Executive Officer) | |||
| /s/ Dan Bin | Chief Financial Offer | January 28, 2026 | ||
| Dan Bin | (Principal Accounting Officer and Principal Financial Officer) | |||
| /s/ Huashu YUAN | Director | January 28, 2026 | ||
| Huashu YUAN | ||||
| /s/ Yankun Wang | Director | January 28, 2026 | ||
| Yankun Wang | ||||
| /s/ Linxi Xie | Director | January 28, 2026 | ||
| Linxi Xie | ||||
| /s/ Luting Zhang | Director | January 28, 2026 | ||
| Luting Zhang |
II-5
SIGNATURE OF AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE IN THE UNITED STATES
Pursuant to the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the undersigned, the duly authorized representative in the United States of America, has signed this registration statement or amendment thereto on January 28, 2026.
| By: | /s/ Siyu YANG | |
| Name: | Siyu YANG | |
| Title: | Chairman and Chief Executive Officer |
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Exhibit 2.1
Description of Securities
The following description of the material terms of the share capital of Baiya International Group Inc. includes a summary of specified provisions of our Fifth Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association. References in this section to “we,” “us,” “our company,” “our”, and “Group” refer to Baiya International Group Inc., an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands.
Ordinary Shares
General. We are authorized to issue up to 64,000,000 Class A ordinary shares of par value US$0.0025 each (“Class A Ordinary Shares”), 100,000,000 Class B ordinary shares of par value US$0.0001 each (“Class B Ordinary Shares”, collectively, “Ordinary Shares”). . All of our outstanding Ordinary Shares are fully paid and non-assessable. Certificates representing the Ordinary Shares are issued in registered form. Our shareholders, whether or not they are non-residents of the Cayman Islands, may freely hold and transfer their Ordinary Shares in accordance with the Memorandum and Articles.
Dividends. The holders of our Ordinary Shares are entitled to such dividends as may be declared by our board of directors. Our Articles provide that our board of directors may declare and pay dividends if justified by our financial position and permitted by law.
Voting Rights. Holders of Class A Ordinary Shares and Class B Ordinary Shares have the right to receive notice of, attend, speak and vote at general meetings of the Company. Holders of shares of Class A Ordinary Shares and Class B Ordinary Shares shall, at all times, vote together as a single class on all matters submitted to a vote for Members’ consent. Each Class A Ordinary Share shall be entitled to one (1) vote on all matters subject to the vote at general meetings of the Company; whereas, each Class B Ordinary Share shall be entitled to twenty (20) votes on all matters subject to the vote at general meetings of the Company.
Conversion Right. A holder of Class B Ordinary Shares shall have the conversion right in respect of each Class B Ordinary Share in its holding. A holder of Class A Ordinary Shares shall have no rights to convert Class A Ordinary Shares into Class B Ordinary Shares or Preferred Shares under any circumstances.
Transfer of Ordinary Shares. Upon any sale, transfer, assignment or disposition of Class B Ordinary Shares by a holder thereof to any person or entity which is not an affiliate of such holder, such Class B Ordinary Shares validly transferred to the new holder shall be automatically and immediately converted into such conversion number of Class A Ordinary Shares calculated based on the Conversion Rate. Subject to the restrictions set out below, any of our shareholders may transfer all or any of his or her Ordinary Shares by an instrument of transfer in the usual or common form or any other form approved by our board of directors. Our board of directors may, in its absolute discretion, decline to register any transfer of any Ordinary Shares irrespective of whether the shares are fully paid or the Company has no lien over it. If our board of directors refuses to register a transfer, it shall, within two months after the date on which the transfer was lodged, send to each of the transferor and the transferee notice of such refusal. We intend to waive our right to refuse transfers of any Ordinary Shares. The registration of transfers may, after compliance with any notice required of the stock exchange on which our shares are listed, be suspended at such times and for such periods as our board of directors may determine, provided, however, that the registration of transfers shall not be suspended for more than 45 days in any year as our board of directors may determine.
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Calls on Ordinary Shares and Forfeiture of Ordinary Shares. Our board of directors may from time to time make calls upon shareholders for any amounts unpaid on their Ordinary Shares in a notice served to such shareholders at least 14 clear days prior to the specified time of payment. The Ordinary Shares that have been called upon and remain unpaid are subject to forfeiture.
Redemption of Ordinary Shares. The Companies Act and our Memorandum and Articles permit us to purchase our own shares. In accordance with our Articles provided the necessary shareholders or board approval have been obtained, we may issue shares on terms that are subject to redemption at our option on such terms and in such manner, provided the requirements under the Companies Act have been satisfied, including out of capital, as may be determined by our board of directors.
Inspection of Books and Records. Holders of our Ordinary Shares have no general right under our Articles or the Cayman Islands law to inspect or obtain copies of our list of shareholders or our corporate records (other than the memorandum and articles of association, our register of mortgages and charges and special resolutions of our shareholders). However, we will provide our shareholders with annual audited financial statements. See “Where You Can Find Additional Information.”
Issuance of Additional Shares. Our Memorandum authorizes our board of directors to issue additional Ordinary Shares from time to time as our board of directors shall determine, to the extent of available authorized but unissued shares. Issuance of these shares may dilute the voting power of holders of Ordinary Shares.
Anti-Takeover Provisions. Some provisions of our Memorandum and Articles may discourage, delay or prevent a change of control of our company or management that shareholders may consider favorable, including provisions limit the ability of shareholders to requisition and convene general meetings of shareholders. Our Memorandum and Articles provide that our board of directors is classified into three classes of directors with staggered three year terms. A third party may be discouraged from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us as it is more difficult and time consuming for shareholders to replace a majority of the directors on a classified board of directors. Our Memorandum and Articles allow our shareholders holding shares representing in aggregate not less than 10% of all votes attaching to all of our paid up share capital (as to the total consideration paid for such shares) in issue to requisition an extraordinary general meeting of our shareholders, in which case our directors are obliged to call such meeting and to put the resolutions so requisitioned to a vote at such meeting. Our authorized, but unissued Ordinary Shares are available for future issuance without shareholders’ approval and could be utilized for a variety of corporate purposes, including future offerings to raise additional capital, acquisitions and employee benefit plans. The existence of authorized but unissued and unreserved Ordinary Shares could render more difficult or discourage an attempt to obtain control by us by means of a proxy contest, tender offer, merger or otherwise.
Preferred Shares
We are authorized to issue 100,000,000 Preferred Shares of par value $0.0001 each.
The directors may fix, by resolution or resolutions, the designation of such series and the number of Preferred Shares to constitute such series, and the variations in the relative rights (including, without limitation, voting, dividend, return of capital, redemption, liquidation, and conversion rights), restrictions, preferences, privileges and payment obligations as between the different classes (if any) shall be fixed and determined by the directors.
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Differences in Corporate Law
The Companies Act is modeled after that of English law but does not follow many recent English law statutory enactments. In addition, the Companies Act differs from laws applicable to United States corporations and their shareholders. Set forth below is a summary of some of the significant differences between the provisions of the Companies Act applicable to us and the laws applicable to companies incorporated in the State of Delaware.
Mergers and Similar Arrangements.
The Companies Act permits mergers and consolidations between Cayman Islands companies and between Cayman Islands companies and non-Cayman Islands companies. For these purposes, a “merger” means the merging of two or more constituent companies and the vesting of their undertaking, property and liabilities in one of such companies as the surviving company, and a “consolidation” means the combination of two or more constituent companies into a consolidated company and the vesting of the undertaking, property and liabilities of such companies to the consolidated company.
In order to effect a merger or consolidation, the directors of each constituent company must approve a written plan of merger or consolidation, which must then be authorized by a special resolution of the shareholders of each constituent company, and such other authorization, if any, as may be specified in such constituent company’s articles of association. A merger between a Cayman Islands parent company and its Cayman Islands subsidiary or subsidiaries does not require authorization by a resolution of shareholders of that Cayman Islands subsidiary if a copy of the plan of merger is given to every member of that Cayman Islands subsidiary to be merged unless that member agrees otherwise. For this purpose, a subsidiary is a company of which at least ninety percent (90%) of the issued shares entitled to vote are owned by the parent company.
The plan of merger or consolidation must be filed with the Registrar of Companies of the Cayman Islands together with a declaration as to the solvency of the consolidated or surviving company, a list of the assets and liabilities of each constituent company and an undertaking that a copy of the certificate of merger or consolidation will be given to the members and creditors of each constituent company and that notification of the merger and consolidation will be published in the Cayman Islands Gazette. Dissenting shareholders have the right to be paid the fair value of their shares if they follow the required procedures under the Companies Act subject to certain exceptions. The fair value of the shares will be determined by the Cayman Islands court if it cannot be agreed among the parties. Court approval is not required for a merger or consolidation effected in compliance with these statutory procedures.
In addition, there are statutory provisions that facilitate the reconstruction and amalgamation of companies. Those provisions provide that if a majority in number representing 75% in value of the creditors or class of creditors (as the case may be) present and voting either in person or by proxy at the meeting, agree to any compromise or arrangement, the compromise or arrangement shall, if sanctioned by the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands, be binding on all the creditors or the class of creditors, as the case may be, and also on the company or, where a company is in the course of being wound up, on the liquidator and contributories of the company. Alternatively, if 75% in value of the members or class of members (as the case may be) present and voting either in person or by proxy at the meeting, agree to any compromise or arrangement, the compromise or arrangement shall, if sanctioned by the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands, be binding on all the members or the class of members, as the case may be, and also on the company or, where a company is in the course of being wound up, on the liquidator and contributories of the company.
While a dissenting shareholder has the right to express to the court the view that the transaction ought not to be approved, the court can be expected to approve the arrangement if it determines that:
| ● | the statutory provisions as to the required majority vote have been met; |
| ● | the shareholders have been fairly represented at the meeting in question; |
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| ● | the arrangement is such that an intelligent and honest man of that class acting in respect of his interest would reasonably approve; and |
| ● | the arrangement is not one that would more properly be sanctioned under some other provision of the Companies Act. |
When a take-over offer is made and accepted by holders of not less than 90% of the shares affected within four months, the offer may, within a two-month period commencing on the expiration of such four months period, give notice to require the holders of the remaining shares to transfer such shares on the terms of the offer. An objection can be made to the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands by a dissenting shareholder within one month from the date on which the notice was given but this is unlikely to succeed unless there is evidence of fraud, bad faith or collusion.
If the arrangement and reconstruction is thus approved, the dissenting shareholders would have no rights comparable to appraisal rights, which would otherwise ordinarily be available to dissenting shareholders of United States corporations, providing rights to receive payment in cash for the judicially determined value of the shares.
Shareholders’ Suits.
In principle, we will normally be the proper plaintiff to sue for a wrong done to us as a company and as a general rule a derivative action may not be brought by a minority shareholder. However, based on English authorities, which would in all likelihood be of persuasive authority in the Cayman Islands, there are exceptions to the foregoing principle, including when:
| ● | a company acts or proposes to act illegally or ultra vires and is therefore incapable of ratification by the shareholders; |
| ● | the act complained of, although not ultra vires, could only be duly effected if authorized by more than a simple majority vote that has not been obtained; and |
| ● | those who control the company are perpetrating a “fraud on the minority.” |
Indemnification of Directors and Executive Officers and Limitation of Liability.
The Companies Act does not limit the extent to which a company’s memorandum and articles of association may provide for indemnification of officers and directors, except to the extent any such provision may be held by the Cayman Islands courts to be contrary to public policy, such as to provide indemnification against civil fraud or the consequences of committing a crime. Our Memorandum and Articles permit, in the absence of fraud or willful default, indemnification of officers and directors for expenses, including legal fees, and against all judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement and reasonably incurred in connection with legal, administrative or investigative proceedings incurred in their capacities as such.
This standard of conduct is generally the same as permitted under the Delaware General Corporation Law for a Delaware corporation. Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to our directors, officers or persons controlling us under the foregoing provisions, we have been informed that, in the view of the SEC, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.
Directors’ Fiduciary Duties.
As a matter of Cayman Islands law, a director of a Cayman Islands company is in the position of a fiduciary with respect to the company and therefore it is considered that he or she owes the following duties to the company: a duty to act bona fide in the best interests of the company, a duty not to make a profit based on his or her position as director (unless the company permits him or her to do so) and a duty not to put himself or herself in a position where the interests of the company conflict with his or her personal interest or his or her duty to a third party. A director of a Cayman Islands company owes to the company a duty to act with skill and care. It was previously considered that a director need not exhibit in the performance of his or her duties a greater degree of skill than may reasonably be expected from a person of his or her knowledge and experience. However, English and Commonwealth courts are moving towards an objective standard with regard to the required skill and care and these authorities are likely to be followed in the Cayman Islands.
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Under Delaware corporate law, a director of a Delaware corporation has a fiduciary duty to the corporation and its shareholders. This duty has two components: the duty of care and the duty of loyalty. The duty of care requires that a director act in good faith, with the care that an ordinarily prudent person would exercise under similar circumstances. Under this duty, a director must inform himself of, and disclose to shareholders, all material information reasonably available regarding a significant transaction. The duty of loyalty requires that a director acts in a manner he reasonably believes to be in the best interests of the corporation. He must not use his corporate position for personal gain or advantage. This duty prohibits self-dealing by a director and mandates that the best interest of the corporation and its shareholders take precedence over any interest possessed by a director, officer or controlling shareholder and not shared by the shareholders generally. In general, actions of a director are presumed to have been made on an informed basis, in good faith and in the honest belief that the action taken was in the best interests of the corporation. However, this presumption may be rebutted by evidence of a breach of one of the fiduciary duties. Should such evidence be presented concerning a transaction by a director, the director must prove the procedural fairness of the transaction, and that the transaction was of fair value to the corporation.
Shareholder Action by Written Consent.
The Cayman Islands law and our Articles provide that shareholders may approve corporate matters by way of a unanimous written resolution signed by or on behalf of each shareholder who would have been entitled to vote on such matter at a general meeting without a meeting being held.
Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a corporation may eliminate the right of shareholders to act by written consent by an amendment to its certificate of incorporation.
Shareholder Proposals.
The Companies Act provides shareholders with only limited rights to requisition a general meeting and does not provide shareholders with any right to put any proposal before a general meeting. However, these rights may be provided in articles of association. Our Articles allow our shareholders holding not less than 10% of all voting power of our share capital in issue to requisition a shareholder’s meeting. Other than this right to requisition a shareholders’ meeting, our Articles do not provide our shareholders other right to put proposal before a meeting. As an exempted Cayman Islands company, we are not obliged by law to call shareholders’ annual general meetings.
Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a shareholder has the right to put any proposal before the annual meeting of shareholders, provided it complies with the notice provisions in the governing documents and rules promulgated by the SEC. A special meeting may be called by the board of directors or any other person authorized to do so in the governing documents, but shareholders may be precluded from calling special meetings.
Cumulative Voting.
There are no prohibitions in relation to cumulative voting under the Companies Act, but our Articles do not provide for cumulative voting.
Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, cumulative voting for elections of directors is not permitted unless the corporation’s certificate of incorporation specifically provides for it. Cumulative voting potentially facilitates the representation of minority shareholders on a board of directors since it permits the minority shareholder to cast all the votes to which the shareholder is entitled on a single director, which increases the shareholder’s voting power with respect to electing such director.
Removal of Directors.
Under our Memorandum and Articles, directors may be removed with or without cause, by an ordinary resolution of our shareholders. Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a director of a corporation with a may be removed with the approval of a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote.
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Transactions with Interested Shareholders.
The Delaware General Corporation Law contains a business combination statute applicable to Delaware corporations whereby, unless the corporation has specifically elected not to be governed by such statute by amendment to its certificate of incorporation, it is prohibited from engaging in certain business combinations with an “interested shareholder” for three years following the date that such person becomes an interested shareholder. An interested shareholder generally is a person or a group who or which owns or owned 15% or more of the target’s outstanding voting share within the past three years. This has the effect of limiting the ability of a potential acquirer to make a two-tiered bid for the target in which all shareholders would not be treated equally. The statute does not apply if, among other things, prior to the date on which such shareholder becomes an interested shareholder, the board of directors approves either the business combination or the transaction which resulted in the person becoming an interested shareholder. This encourages any potential acquirer of a Delaware corporation to negotiate the terms of any acquisition transaction with the target’s board of directors.
The Cayman Islands has no comparable statute. As a result, we cannot avail ourselves of the types of protections afforded by the Delaware business combination statute. However, although Cayman Islands law does not regulate transactions between a company and its significant shareholders, it does provide that such transactions must be entered into bona fide in the best interests of the company and for a proper corporate purpose and not with the effect of constituting a fraud on the minority shareholders.
Dissolution; Winding up.
Under the Companies Act, a company may be wound up by either an order of the courts of the Cayman Islands or by a special resolution of its members or, if the company is unable to pay its debts as they fall due, by an ordinary resolution of its members. The court has authority to order winding up in a number of specified circumstances including where it is, in the opinion of the court, just and equitable to do so. Under the Companies Act and our Articles, our company may be dissolved, liquidated or wound up by a special resolution of our shareholders.
Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, unless the board of directors approves the proposal to dissolve, dissolution must be approved by shareholders holding 100% of the total voting power of the corporation. Only if the dissolution is initiated by the board of directors may it be approved by a simple majority of the corporation’s outstanding shares. Delaware law allows a Delaware corporation to include in its certificate of incorporation a supermajority voting requirement in connection with dissolutions initiated by the board.
Variation of Rights of Shares.
Under the Companies Act and our Articles, if our share capital is divided into more than one class of shares, we may vary the rights attached to any class with the written consent of the holders of two-thirds of the issued shares of that class or with the sanction of a special resolution passed at a separate general meeting of the holders of the shares of that class.
Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a corporation may vary the rights of a class of shares with the approval of a majority of the outstanding shares of such class, unless the certificate of incorporation provides otherwise.
Amendment of Governing Documents.
As permitted by the Companies Act, our Memorandum and Articles may only be amended with a special resolution of our shareholders.
Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a corporation’s governing documents may be amended with the approval of a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote, unless the certificate of incorporation provides otherwise.
Rights of Non-Resident or Foreign Shareholders.
There are no limitations imposed by our Memorandum and Articles on the rights of non-resident or foreign shareholders to hold or exercise voting rights on our shares. In addition, there are no provisions in our Memorandum and Articles governing the ownership threshold above which shareholder ownership must be disclosed.
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Exhibit 5.1
| Baiya International Group Inc. | D +852 3656 6054 | |
| E nathan.powell@ogier.com | ||
| Reference: NMP/CLE/503451.00002 |
28 January 2026
Dear Sirs
Baiya International Group Inc. (the Company)
We have acted as Cayman Islands counsel to the Company in connection with the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1, including all amendments or supplements thereto (the Registration Statement), as filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the Commission) under the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the Act), on or about the date hereof. The Registration Statement relates to the resale by the selling shareholders of the Company as identified in the Registration Statement (the Selling Shareholders) of up to 4,000,000 Class A ordinary shares of par value US$0.0025 each (the Resale Shares).
We are furnishing this opinion as Exhibit 5.1 and Exhibit 23.3 to the Registration Statement.
Unless a contrary intention appears, all capitalised terms used in this opinion have the respective meanings set forth in the Documents. A reference to a Schedule is a reference to a schedule to this opinion and the headings herein are for convenience only and do not affect the construction of this opinion.
| 1 | Documents examined |
For the purposes of giving this opinion, we have examined originals, copies, or drafts of the following documents (the Documents):
| (a) | the certificate of incorporation of the Company dated 18 October 2021 issued by the Registrar of Companies of the Cayman Islands (the Registrar); |
| (b) | the fifth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association of the Company adopted by the special resolutions passed on 28 November 2025 (the Memorandum and Articles); |
| (c) | a certificate of good standing dated 19 January 2026 (the Good Standing Certificate) issued by the Registrar in respect of the Company; |
| (d) | the register of directors and officers of the Company (the Register); |
Ogier Providing advice on British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands and Guernsey laws
Floor 11 Central Tower 28 Queen's Road Central Central Hong Kong
T +852 3656 6000 F +852 3656 6001 ogier.com |
Partners Nicholas Plowman Nathan Powell Anthony Oakes Oliver Payne Kate Hodson David Nelson Justin Davis Joanne Collett Dennis Li Cecilia Li |
Yuki Yan David Lin Alan Wong Rachel Huang** Janice Chu** Zhao Rong Ooi† Florence Chan*‡ Richard Bennett**‡ James Bergstrom‡
|
* admitted in New Zealand ** admitted in England and Wales † admitted in Singapore ‡ not ordinarily resident in Hong Kong |
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| (e) | the written resolutions of all the directors of the Company dated 11 November 2025 and 23 January 2026 approving inter alia, the Company’s filing of the Registration Statement (the Board Resolutions); |
| (f) | a certificate dated on the date hereof as to certain matters of fact signed by a director of the Company in the form annexed hereto (the Director’s Certificate); and |
| (g) | the Registration Statement. |
| 2 | Assumptions |
In giving this opinion we have relied upon the assumptions set forth in this paragraph 2 without having carried out any independent investigation or verification in respect of those assumptions:
| (a) | all original documents examined by us are authentic and complete; |
| (b) | all copy documents examined by us (whether in facsimile, electronic or other form) conform to the originals and those originals are authentic and complete; |
| (c) | all signatures, seals, dates, stamps and markings (whether on original or copy documents) are genuine; |
| (d) | each of the Good Standing Certificate, the Register and the Director’s Certificate is accurate, complete and up-to-date (as the case may be) as at the date of this opinion; |
| (e) | the Memorandum and Articles provided to us are in full force and effect and have not been amended, varied, supplemented or revoked in any respect; |
| (f) | all copies of the Registration Statement are true and correct copies and the Registration Statement conform in every material respect to the latest drafts of the same produced to us and, where the Registration Statement has been provided to us in successive drafts marked-up to indicate changes to such documents, all such changes have been so indicated; |
| (g) | the Board Resolution remains in full force and effect and have not been, and will not be, rescinded or amended, and each of the directors of the Company has acted in good faith with a view to the best interests of the Company and has exercised the standard of care, diligence and skill that is required of him or her in approving the Registration Statement and the transactions set out in the Board Resolutions and no director has a financial interest in or other relationship to a party of the transactions contemplated by the Registration Statement and the Board Resolutions which has not been properly disclosed in the Board Resolutions; |
| (h) | neither the directors and shareholders of the Company have taken or will take any steps to wind up the Company or to appoint a liquidator or restructuring officer of the Company, and no receiver has been or will be appointed over any of the Company’s property or assets; |
| (i) | no invitation has been or will be made by or on behalf of the Company to the public in the Cayman Islands to subscribe for any Resale Shares and none of the Resale Shares have been offered or issued to residents of the Cayman Islands; |
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| (j) | no monies paid to or for the account of any party in connection with any Resale Shares issuable under the Documents or any property received or disposed of by any party to the Documents or in connection with the Resale Shares issuable under the Documents, or the consummation of the transactions contemplated thereby represent or will represent proceeds of criminal conduct or criminal property or terrorist property (as defined in the Proceeds of Crime Act (As Revised) and the Terrorism Act (As Revised), respectively); and |
| (k) | there is no provision of the law of any jurisdiction, other than the Cayman Islands, which would have any implication in relation to the opinions expressed herein. |
| 3 | Opinions |
On the basis of the examinations and assumptions referred to above and subject to the limitations and qualifications set forth in paragraph 4 below, we are of the opinion that:
Corporate status
| (a) | The Company has been duly incorporated as an exempted company with limited liability and is validly existing and in good standing with the Registrar under the laws of the Cayman Islands. |
Authorised Share capital
| (b) | Based solely on the Memorandum, the authorised share capital of the Company is US$180,000 divided into 64,000,000 Class A Ordinary Shares of par value US$0.0025 each (the Class A Ordinary Shares), 100,000,000 Class B Ordinary Shares of par value US$0.0001 each (the Class B Ordinary Shares) and 100,000,000 Preferred Shares of par value US$0.0001 each (the Preferred Shares). |
Valid issuance of Resale Shares
| (c) | The Resale Shares issued by the Company to the Selling Shareholders and being proposed for resale by the Selling Shareholders as contemplated by the Registration Statement have been duly authorised for issuance and when issued by the Company upon: |
| (i) | payment in full of the consideration as set out in the applicable subscription agreements and in accordance with the Board Resolutions and the then effective memorandum and articles of association of the Company; and |
| (ii) | the entry of the Resale Shares as fully paid on the register of members of the Company, |
shall be validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable.
| 4 | Limitations and Qualifications |
| 4.1 | We offer no opinion: |
| (a) | as to any laws other than the laws of the Cayman Islands, and we have not, for the purposes of this opinion, made any investigation of the laws of any other jurisdiction, and we express no opinion as to the meaning, validity, or effect of references in the Documents to statutes, rules, regulations, codes or judicial authority of any jurisdiction other than the Cayman Islands; |
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| (b) | except to the extent that this opinion expressly provides otherwise, as to the commercial terms of, or the validity, enforceability or effect of the Registration Statement, the accuracy of representations, the fulfilment of warranties or conditions, the occurrence of events of default or terminating events or the existence of any conflicts or inconsistencies among the Registration Statement and any other agreements into which the Company may have entered or any other documents; or |
| (c) | as to whether the acceptance, execution or performance of the Company’s obligations under the Registration Statement or the applicable definitive agreement will result in the breach of or infringe any other agreement, deed or document (other than the Company’s Memorandum and Articles of Association) entered into by or binding on the Company. |
| 4.2 | Under the Companies Act (Revised) (Companies Act) of the Cayman Islands annual returns in respect of the Company must be filed with the Registrar of Companies in the Cayman Islands, together with payment of annual filing fees. A failure to file annual returns and pay annual filing fees may result in the Company being struck off the Register of Companies, following which its assets will vest in the Financial Secretary of the Cayman Islands and will be subject to disposition or retention for the benefit of the public of the Cayman Islands. |
| 4.3 | In good standing means only that as of the date of the Good Standing Certificate the Company is up-to-date with the filing of its annual returns and payment of annual fees with the Registrar. We have made no enquiries into the Company’s good standing with respect to any filings or payment of fees, or both, that it may be required to make under the laws of the Cayman Islands other than the Companies Act. |
| 5 | Governing law of this opinion |
| 5.1 | This opinion is: |
| (a) | governed by, and shall be construed in accordance with, the laws of the Cayman Islands; |
| (b) | limited to the matters expressly stated in it; and |
| (c) | confined to, and given on the basis of, the laws and practice in the Cayman Islands at the date of this opinion. |
| 5.2 | Unless otherwise indicated, a reference to any specific Cayman Islands legislation is a reference to that legislation as amended to, and as in force at, the date of this opinion. |
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| 6 | Reliance |
We hereby consent to the filing of this opinion as an exhibit to the Registration Statement and to the reference to our firm under the headings “Enforceability of Civil Liabilities” and “Legal Matters” of the Registration Statement. In giving such consent, we do not thereby admit that we come within the category of persons whose consent is required under Section 7 of the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Rules and Regulations of the Commission thereunder.
This opinion may be used only in connection with the offer and resale of the Resale Shares while the Registration Statement is effective.
| Yours faithfully | |
| /s/ Ogier | |
| Ogier |
Exhibit 23.1
CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in this Registration Statement on Amendment No.1 to Form F-1 of Baiya International Group Inc., its subsidiaries, the variable interest entity (“VIE”), and VIE’s subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”) of our report dated May 13, 2025, relating to the consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 20-F as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024.
We also consent to the reference to our firm under the caption “Experts” in such Registration statement.
/s/ Kreit & Chiu CPA LLP
Los Angeles, California
January 28, 2026