Brand Engagement Network Inc 10-Q, filed Oct 14, 2025
Brand Engagement Network Inc. (BNAI)
About this 10-Q
Brand Engagement Network Inc filed this 10-Q on October 14, 2025, covering the quarter ended June 30, 2025.
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)
| ☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2025
OR
| ☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
For the transition period from ___________ to ___________
Commission file number 001-40130
Brand Engagement Network Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
| Delaware | 98-1574798 | |
| (State
or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |
(I.R.S.
Employer Identification No.) | |
300 Delaware Ave Suite 210 Wilmington, DE |
19801 | |
| (Address of Principal Executive Offices) | (Zip Code) |
(650) 714-2747
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
| Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered | ||
| Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share | BNAI | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC | ||
| Redeemable Warrants, each whole warrant exercisable for one share of Common Stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share | BNAIW | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC |
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
| Large accelerated filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer | ☐ |
| Non-accelerated filer | ☒ | Smaller reporting company | ☒ |
| Emerging growth company | ☒ |
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).
Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the registrant’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.
As of September 30, 2025, 44,880,795 shares of the Issuer’s common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, and 10,315,024 public warrants representing the right to acquire one share of the Issuer’s common stock for $11.50, were outstanding.
Brand Engagement Network, BEN, our logo and our other trademarks or service marks appearing in this report are the property of Brand Engagement Network Inc. Trade names, trademarks and service marks of other companies appearing in this report are the property of their respective owners. Solely for convenience, the trademarks, service marks and trade names included in this report are without the ®, ™ or other applicable symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights or the rights of the applicable licensors to these trademarks, service marks and trade names.
Unless otherwise indicated, “Brand Engagement Network,” “BEN,” “the Company,” “our,” “us,” or “we,” refer to Brand Engagement Network Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.
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Forward-Looking Statements
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including the Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, may contain forward-looking statements regarding future events and our future results that are subject to the safe harbors created under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, (the “Securities Act”) and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, (the “Exchange Act”). All statements other than statements of historical facts are statements that could be deemed to be forward-looking statements. These statements are based on current expectations, estimates, forecasts and projections about the industries in which we operate and the beliefs and assumptions of our management. Words such as “expects,” “anticipates,” “targets,” “goals,” “projects,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “seeks,” “estimates,” “continues,” “endeavors,” “strives,” “may” and “assumes,” variations of such words and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. In addition, any statements that refer to supply chain constraints, our strategy, competition, future operations and production capacity, future financial position, future revenues, projected costs, profitability, expected cost reductions, capital adequacy, expectations regarding demand and acceptance for our technologies, growth opportunities and trends in the markets in which we operate, prospects and plans, objectives of management, and other characterizations of future events or circumstances are forward-looking statements. Readers are cautioned that these forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties, and assumptions that are difficult to predict, including industry trends, inflation and interest rate trends and impacts and other macro-economic impacts on our business, results of operations and financial condition and governmental and our responses to such events, including those identified in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, in Part II, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2025, and that are otherwise described or updated from time to time in our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Therefore, actual results may differ materially and adversely from those expressed in any forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements for any reason.
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UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
| June 30, 2025 | December 31, 2024* | |||||||
| ASSETS | ||||||||
| Current assets: | ||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 20,356 | $ | 149,273 | ||||
| Accounts receivable, net of allowance | 9,000 | 30,888 | ||||||
| Due from Sponsor | - | 3,000 | ||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 1,922,645 | 1,042,398 | ||||||
| Total current assets | 1,952,001 | 1,225,559 | ||||||
| Property and equipment, net | 280,152 | 292,757 | ||||||
| Right of use asset - operating lease | 420,062 | 507,182 | ||||||
| Intangible assets, net | 14,369,717 | 16,124,370 | ||||||
| TOTAL ASSETS | $ | 17,021,932 | $ | 18,149,868 | ||||
| LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY | ||||||||
| Current liabilities: | ||||||||
| Accounts payable | $ | 4,611,776 | $ | 5,995,235 | ||||
| Accrued expenses | 2,709,576 | 4,593,712 | ||||||
| Due to related parties | - | 693,036 | ||||||
| Short-term debt | 2,354,306 | 1,655,080 | ||||||
| Convertible note | 760,000 | 1,140,000 | ||||||
| Operating lease liability | - | 173,497 | ||||||
| Total current liabilities | 10,435,658 | 14,250,560 | ||||||
| Operating lease liability | 366,255 | 335,766 | ||||||
| Warrant liabilities | 494,873 | 919,050 | ||||||
| Total liabilities | 11,296,786 | 15,505,376 | ||||||
| Commitments and contingencies (Note L) | ||||||||
| Stockholders’ equity: | ||||||||
| Preferred stock par value $0.0001 per share, 10,000,000 shares authorized, none designated. There are no shares issued or outstanding as of June 30, 2025 or December 31, 2024 | — | — | ||||||
| Common stock par value of $0.0001 per share, 750,000,000 shares authorized. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, 43,801,488 and 39,573,988 shares issued and outstanding | 4,381 | 3,957 | ||||||
| Additional paid-in capital | 55,443,064 | 49,657,684 | ||||||
| Accumulated deficit | (49,722,299 | ) | (47,017,149 | ) | ||||
| Total stockholders’ equity | 5,725,146 | 2,644,492 | ||||||
| TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY | 17,021,932 | $ | 18,149,868 | |||||
| * Derived from audited information | ||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
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UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
| Three Months Ended June 30, | Six Months Ended June 30, | |||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2025 | 2024 | |||||||||||||
| Revenues | $ | 5,000 | $ | — | $ | 15,000 | $ | 49,790 | ||||||||
| Cost of revenues | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||
| Gross profit | 5,000 | — | 15,000 | 49,790 | ||||||||||||
| Operating expenses: | ||||||||||||||||
| General and administrative | 1,848,021 | 5,255,136 | 5,062,210 | 11,765,671 | ||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 974,889 | 682,244 | 1,914,095 | 799,591 | ||||||||||||
| Research and development | 7,398 | 355,565 | 18,095 | 606,236 | ||||||||||||
| Total operating expenses | 2,770,308 | 6,292,945 | 6,994,400 | 13,171,498 | ||||||||||||
| Loss from operations | (2,825,308 | ) | (6,292,945 | ) | (6,979,400 | ) | (13,121,708 | ) | ||||||||
| Other income (expenses): | ||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | (21,609 | ) | (19,403 | ) | (146,651 | ) | (44,453 | ) | ||||||||
| Interest income | — | 114 | — | 3,232 | ||||||||||||
| Gain on debt extinguishment | 3,959,054 | 1,847,992 | 3,959,054 | 1,847,992 | ||||||||||||
| Change in fair value of warrant liabilities | (190,715 | ) | 1,456,661 | 424,177 | 1,395,838 | |||||||||||
| Other | (16,342 | ) | (42,123 | ) | 37,670 | (15,014 | ) | |||||||||
| Other income (expenses), net | 3,730,388 | 3,243,241 | 4,274,250 | 3,187,595 | ||||||||||||
| Income (loss) before income taxes | 905,080 | (3,049,704 | ) | (2,705,150 | ) | (9,934,113 | ) | |||||||||
| Income taxes | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | $ | 905,080 | $ | (3,049,704 | ) | $ | (2,705,150 | ) | $ | (9,934,113 | ) | |||||
| Net income (loss) per common share- basic and diluted | $ | 0.02 | $ | (0.09 | ) | $ | (0.07 | ) | $ | (0.34 | ) | |||||
| Weighted-average common shares - basic and diluted | 42,166,121 | 33,993,867 | 41,240,177 | 29,635,857 | ||||||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
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UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
| Preferred Stock | Common Stock | Additional Paid-in | Accumulated | Total Stockholders’ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares | Par Value | Shares | Par Value | Capital | Deficit | Equity | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2024 | — | $ | — | 38,168,988 | $ | 3,957 | $ | 49,657,684 | $ | (47,017,149 | ) | $ | 2,644,492 | |||||||||||||||
| Sale of common stock | — | — | 1,186,426 | 86 | 1,325,456 | — | 1,325,542 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock issued in conversion of convertible notes | — | — | 316,666 | 32 | 379,968 | — | 380,000 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock issued for Standby Equity Purchase Agreement liability | — | — | 643,574 | 64 | 432,418 | — | 432,482 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Warrant exercises | — | — | 787,132 | 79 | 1,499,471 | — | 1,499,550 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation, including vested restricted shares | — | — | 223,586 | 22 | 374,904 | — | 374,926 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock issued in settlement of liabilities | — | — | 588,026 | 59 | 265,435 | — | 265,494 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss | — | — | — | — | — | (3,610,230 | ) | (3,610,230 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at March 31, 2025 | — | — | 41,914,398 | 4,299 | 53,935,336 | (50,627,379 | ) | 3,312,256 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation, including vested restricted shares | — | — | — | — | 128,839 | — | 128,839 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Warrant exercises | — | — | 25,510 | 3 | 49,997 | — | 50,000 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common shares | — | — | 786,580 | 79 | 1,328,892 | — | 1,328,971 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | — | — | — | — | — | 905,080 | 905,080 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at June 30, 2025 | — | $ | — | 42,726,488 | $ | 4,381 | $ | 55,443,064 | $ | (49,722,299 | ) | $ | 5,725,146 | |||||||||||||||
| Preferred Stock | Common Stock | Additional Paid-in | Accumulated | Total Stockholders’ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares | Par Value | Shares | Par Value | Capital | Deficit | Equity | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2023 | — | $ | — | 23,270,404 | $ | 2,327 | $ | 30,993,846 | $ | (13,301,720 | ) | $ | 17,694,453 | |||||||||||||||
| Stock issued to DHC shareholders in reverse recapitalization | — | — | 7,885,220 | 789 | (10,722,277 | ) | — | (10,721,488 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock pursuant to Reseller Agreement | — | — | 1,750,000 | 175 | 13,474,825 | — | 13,475,000 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Sale of common stock | — | — | 645,917 | 65 | 6,324,935 | — | 6,325,000 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Warrant exercises | — | — | 40,514 | 4 | 15,260 | — | 15,264 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | — | — | — | — | 698,705 | — | 698,705 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss | — | — | — | — | — | (6,884,409 | ) | (6,884,409 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at March 31, 2024 | — | $ | — | 33,592,055 | $ | 3,360 | $ | 40,785,294 | $ | (20,186,129 | ) | $ | 20,602,525 | |||||||||||||||
| Stock issued in settlement of accounts payable and loans payable | — | — | 93,333 | 9 | 321,999 | — | 322,008 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Sale of common stock | — | — | 877,500 | 198 | 1,993,552 | — | 1,993,750 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Warrant exercises | — | — | 13,505 | 1 | 4,999 | — | 5,000 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation, including vested restricted shares | — | — | 381,915 | 42 | 768,497 | — | 768,539 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss | — | — | — | — | — | (3,049,704 | ) | (3,049,704 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at June 30, 2024 | — | — | 34,958,308 | 3,610 | 43,874,341 | (23,235,833 | ) | 20,642,118 | ||||||||||||||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
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UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
| Six Months Ended June 30, | ||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | |||||||
| Cash flows from operating activities: | ||||||||
| Net loss | $ | (2,705,150 | ) | $ | (9,934,113 | ) | ||
| Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: | ||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization expense | 1,914,095 | 799,591 | ||||||
| Allowance for uncollected receivables | 30,000 | 30,000 | ||||||
| Write off of deferred financing fees | — | 1,427,729 | ||||||
| Change in fair value of warrant liabilities | (424,177 | ) | (1,395,838 | ) | ||||
| Gain on debt extinguishment | (3,959,054 | ) | (1,847,992 | ) | ||||
| Stock based compensation, including the issuance of restricted shares | 498,440 | 1,262,090 | ||||||
| Non-cash interest expense | 86,042 | — | ||||||
| Reduction in right of use asset | 87,120 | — | ||||||
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities: | ||||||||
| Prepaid expense and other current assets | (877,247 | ) | (793,008 | ) | ||||
| Accounts receivable | (8,112 | ) | (20,000 | ) | ||||
| Accounts payable | 600,842 | 3,591,279 | ||||||
| Accrued expenses | (336,925 | ) | (1,730,320 | ) | ||||
| Deferred revenue | — | (2,290 | ) | |||||
| Operating lease liability | (143,008 | ) | — | |||||
| Net cash used in operating activities | (5,237,134 | ) | (8,612,872 | ) | ||||
| Cash flows from investing activities: | ||||||||
| Purchase of property and equipment | — | (26,316 | ) | |||||
| Capitalized internal-use software costs | (141,512 | ) | (73,414 | ) | ||||
| Net cash used in investing activities | (141,512 | ) | (99,730 | ) | ||||
| Cash flows from financing activities: | ||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents acquired in connection with the reverse recapitalization | — | 858,292 | ||||||
| Proceeds from the sale of common stock | 2,654,513 | 8,518,750 | ||||||
| Proceeds received from option and warrant exercises | 1,549,550 | 20,264 | ||||||
| Payment of financing costs | — | (858,292 | ) | |||||
| Proceeds from short term loans | 1,102,866 | — | ||||||
| Repayment of short term loans | (57,200 | ) | — | |||||
| Payment of related party note | — | (80,000 | ) | |||||
| Net cash provided by financing activities | 5,249,729 | 8,459,014 | ||||||
| Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents | (128,917 | ) | (253,588 | ) | ||||
| Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the period | 149,273 | 1,685,013 | ||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the period | $ | 20,356 | $ | 1,431,425 | ||||
| Six Months Ended June 30, | ||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | |||||||
| Supplemental Non-Cash Information | ||||||||
| Settlement of accounts payable and debt into common shares | $ | — | $ | 322,008 | ||||
| Issuance of common stock pursuant to Reseller Agreement | $ | — | $ | 13,475,000 | ||||
| Settlement of accounts payable into convertible note | — | 1,900,000 | ||||||
| Financing costs in accrued expenses | — | 200,000 | ||||||
| Issuance of common stock for Standby Equity Purchase Agreement liability | $ | 432,482 | $ | — | ||||
| Stock-based compensation capitalized as part of capitalized software costs | $ | 5,325 | $ | 205,154 | ||||
| Settlement of liabilities into common shares | $ | 265,494 | $ | — | ||||
| Conversion of convertible notes into common shares | $ | 380,000 | $ | — | ||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE A — NATURE OF OPERATIONS AND GOING CONCERN
Nature of Operations
Brand Engagement Network Inc. (formerly Blockchain Exchange Network Inc.) (together with its subsidiaries, “BEN” or “the Company”) was formed in Jackson, Wyoming on April 17, 2018, and was named in honor of the renowned Founding Father and inventor, Benjamin Franklin. In 2019, the Company became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Datum Point Labs (“DPL”), and then was spun out of DPL in May 2021. BEN acquired DPL in December 2021.
The Company is an innovative artificial intelligence (“AI”) platform provider, designed to interface with emerging technologies, including blockchain, internet of things, and cloud computing, that drives digital transformation across various industries and provides businesses with unparalleled competitive edge. BEN offers a suite of configured and customizable applications, including natural language processing, anomaly detection, encryption, recommendation engines, sentiment analysis, image recognition, personalization, and real-time decision-making. These applications help companies improve customer experiences, optimize cost drivers, mitigate risks, and enhance operational efficiency.
Liquidity and Going Concern
The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared as though the Company will continue as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. As of June 30, 2025, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $49,722,299, a net income of $905,080 and a net loss of $2,705,150 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, and net cash used in operating activities of $5,237,134 during the six months ended June 30, 2025. Management expects to continue to incur operating losses and negative cash flows from operations for at least the next 12 months. The Company has financed its operations to date from proceeds from the sale of Common Stock, exercises of warrants, the issuance of promissory notes and convertible debt, and its transactions with AFG Companies Inc. (“AFG”). On August 26, 2024, the Company entered into a Standby Equity Purchase Agreement (the “SEPA”) with YA II PN, Ltd. (“Yorkville”), whereby the Company has the right, but not the obligation, to sell up to $50,000,000 of its shares of Common Stock at the Company’s request any time during the 36 months following the execution of the SEPA, subject to certain conditions. However, the Company’s ability to access the proceeds from the SEPA is subject to market conditions, such as trading volume, the price of the Company’s Common Stock and other factors beyond the Company’s control. The Company’s current liquidity position raises substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.
The Company believes that its existing cash and cash equivalents and proceeds from the May SPA, August SPA, SEPA (Note I), and Yorkville Promissory Note (Note H) will be insufficient to meet its anticipated cash requirements for at least the next 12 months from the date the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are issued. The Company will need to raise additional capital to continue to fund operations and product research and development. The Company believes that it will be able to obtain additional working capital through equity financings, additional debt, or other arrangements to fund future operations, and it intends to raise capital through equity or debt investments in the Company by third parties, including through the SEPA, however, the Company’s cannot conclude these are probable of being implemented or, if probable of being implemented, being in sufficient enough amounts to satisfy the Company’s contractual amounts as they presently exist that are coming due over the next 12 months as of the date of such filing.
The assumptions upon which the Company has based its estimates are routinely evaluated and may be subject to change. The actual amount of the Company’s expenditures will vary depending upon several factors including but not limited to the design, timing, and the progress of the Company’s research and development programs, and the level of financial resources available. The Company can adjust its operating plan spending based on available financial resources.
The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.
NOTE B — SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Basis of Presentation and Consolidation
The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). The Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated
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financial statements include the accounts of the Company and the accounts of the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes have been prepared in accordance with the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) for unaudited condensed consolidated financial information. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America for complete consolidated financial statements. Certain information and footnote disclosure normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been omitted pursuant to instructions, rules, and regulations prescribed by the SEC.
Unaudited interim results
These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes should be read in conjunction with the Company’s annual audited financial statements and the notes thereto as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024 found in the Annual Report on Form 10-K. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements as of June 30, 2025 and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 are unaudited but have been prepared on the same basis as the annual audited financial statements and include all normal, recurring adjustments that management believes to be necessary for a fair presentation of the periods presented. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of results for a full year.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions about future events. These estimates and the underlying assumptions affect the amounts of assets and liabilities reported, disclosures about contingent assets and liabilities, and reported amounts of revenue and expenses. Actual results and outcomes could differ significantly from the Company’s estimates, judgments, and assumptions. Significant estimates in the Company’s consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, assumptions used to measure stock-based compensation, useful lives of intangible assets, warrant liabilities, and derivative liabilities.
These estimates and assumptions are based on management’s best estimates and judgment. Management evaluates its estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis using historical experience and other factors, including the current economic environment, which management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. The Company adjusts such estimates and assumptions when facts and circumstances dictate. Changes in those estimates resulting from continuing changes in the economic environment will be reflected in the financial statements in future periods. As future events and their effects cannot be determined with precision, actual results could materially differ from those estimates and assumptions.
Segment and geographic information
Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision maker, or decision-making group, in deciding how to allocate resources in assessing performance. The Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) is the Chief Executive Officer. The CODM manages the Company’s operations on a consolidated basis for the purpose of allocating resources. The Company views its operations as, and manages its business in, one operating segment.
The accounting policies of its segment are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies. The CODM assesses performance for its segment based on net loss, which is reported on the consolidated statements of operations. The measure of segment assets is reported on the balance sheet as total assets. The CODM uses cash forecast models in deciding how to invest into the segment. The CODM analyzes the Company’s net loss and monitors budget versus actual results to assess the performance of the Company. Significant expenses are not regularly available or reviewed by the CODM. Other segment expenses include other income (expenses), net, which were $3,730,388 and $3,243,241 during the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 and $4,274,250 and $3,187,959 during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.
The Company has an office in the Republic of Korea dedicated to research and development activities.
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Significant Risks and Uncertainties
There can be no assurance that the Company’s research and development will be successfully commercialized. Developing and commercializing goods and services require significant time and capital and is subject to regulatory review and approval as well as competition from other AI technology companies. The Company operates in an environment of rapid change and is dependent upon the continued services of its employees and consultants and obtaining and protecting intellectual property.
Revenue Recognition and Accounts Receivable
The Company accounts for revenue in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”) for all periods presented. The core principle of ASC 606 is to recognize revenue for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. This principle is achieved by applying the following five-step approach:
1)Identification of the Contract, or Contracts, with a Customer.
2)Identification of the Performance Obligations in the Contract.
3)Determination of the Transaction Price.
4)Allocation of the Transaction Price to the Performance Obligations in the Contract.
5)Recognition of Revenue when, or as, Performance Obligations are Satisfied.
Trade receivables represent amounts due from customers and are stated net of the allowance for doubtful accounts. The allowance for doubtful accounts is based on management’s assessment of the collectability of specific customer accounts, the aging of the accounts receivable, historical experience, and other currently available evidence. If there is a deterioration of a major customer’s credit worthiness or actual defaults are higher than the historical experience, management’s estimates of the recoverability of amounts due the Company could be adversely affected. Trade receivables of the Company as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are net of an allowance for expected credit losses amounting to $0 and $20,000, respectively.
Impairment of Definite Lived Intangible Assets
The Company reviews long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its estimated undiscounted net cash flows, before interest, the Company will recognize an impairment loss equal to the difference between its carrying amount and its estimated fair value. If impairment is recognized, the reduced carrying amount of the asset will be accounted for as its new cost. Generally, fair values are estimated using discounted cash flow, replacement cost or market comparison analyses. The process of evaluating for impairment requires estimates as to future events and conditions, which are subject to varying market and economic factors. Therefore, it is reasonably possible that a change in an estimate resulting from judgments as to future events could occur which would affect the recorded amounts of the asset. No impairment losses were recorded for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 or 2024.
In-Process Research and Development
The fair value of in-process research and development (“IPR&D”) acquired in an asset acquisition, that has been determined to have alternative future uses in accordance with ASC Topic 350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (“ASC 350”), is capitalized as an indefinite-lived intangible asset until the completion of the related research and development activities in accordance with ASC 350 or the determination that impairment is necessary. If the related research and development is completed, the asset is reclassified as a definite-lived asset at the time of completion and is amortized over its estimated useful life as research and development costs in accordance with ASC 730-10-25-2(c) and ASC 350. During the second quarter of 2024, the Company’s IPR&D was completed and reclassified as a definite-lived asset and began amortizing over its estimated useful life of 5 years.
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company did not recognize an impairment charge related to its indefinite-lived IPR&D.
| 10 |
Research and Development Costs
Costs incurred in connection with research and development activities are expensed as incurred. These costs include rent for facilities, hardware and software equipment costs, employee related costs, consulting fees for technical expertise, prototyping, and testing.
Stock-Based Compensation
The Company recognizes stock-based compensation for stock-based awards (including stock options, restricted stock units, and restricted stock awards) in accordance with ASC Topic 718, Compensation — Stock Compensation. Determining the appropriate fair value of stock-based awards requires numerous assumptions, some of which are highly complex and subjective. The Company estimates the fair value of its stock option and warrant awards on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The fair value of each restricted stock award is measured as the fair value per share of the Company’s Common Stock at the date of grant.
Stock-based awards generally vest subject to the satisfaction of service requirements, or the satisfaction of both service requirements and achievement of certain performance conditions or market and service conditions. For stock-based awards that vest subject to the satisfaction of service requirements or market and service conditions, stock-based compensation is measured based on the fair value of the award on the date of grant and is recognized as stock-based compensation on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. For stock-based awards that have a performance component, stock-based compensation is measured based on the fair value on the grant date and is recognized over the requisite service period as achievement of the performance objective becomes probable.
The Black-Scholes option-pricing model requires the use of judgments and assumptions, including fair value of its Common Stock, the option’s expected term, the expected price volatility of the underlying stock, risk free interest rates and the expected dividend yield.
The Black-Scholes model assumptions are further described below:
| ● | Common stock — the fair value of the Company’s Common Stock. | |
| ● | Expected Term — The expected term of employee options with service-based vesting is determined using the “simplified” method, as prescribed in the SEC’s Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 107, whereby the expected life equals the arithmetic average of the vesting term and the original contractual term of the option due to the Company’s lack of sufficient historical data. The expected term of nonemployee options is equal to the contractual term. | |
| ● | Expected Volatility — The Company lacks its own historical stock data. Therefore, it estimates its expected stock volatility based primarily on the historical volatility of a publicly traded set of peer companies. | |
| ● | Risk-Free Interest Rate — The Company bases the risk-free interest rate on the U.S. Treasury yield curve commensurate with the expected term of each option. | |
| ● | Expected Dividend —The Company has never declared or paid any cash dividends on its Common Stock and does not plan to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future, and, therefore, uses an expected dividend yield of zero in its valuation models. |
Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company considers all highly-liquid investments, readily convertible to cash, and which have a remaining maturity date of three months or less at the date of purchase, to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents are recorded at fair value and are held for the purpose of meeting short-term liquidity requirements, rather than for investment purposes. The Company maintains its cash and cash equivalent balances in the form of business checking accounts and money market accounts, the balances of which, at times, may exceed federally insured limits.
Capitalized Internal-Use Software Costs
Pursuant to ASC 350-40, Internal-Use Software, the Company capitalizes development costs for internal use software projects once the preliminary project stage is completed, management commits to funding the project, and it is probable that the project will be completed, and the software will be used to perform the function intended. The Company ceases capitalization at such time as the computer software project is substantially complete and ready for its intended use. The determination that a software project is eligible for capitalization and the ongoing assessment of recoverability of capitalized software development costs requires considerable judgment by management with respect to certain external factors, including, but not limited to, estimated economic life and changes in software and hardware technologies.
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The Company capitalizes costs for internal-use software once project approval, funding, and feasibility are confirmed. These costs primarily consist of external consulting fees and direct labor costs. When the internal-use software is ready for its intended use, the Company reclassifies the internal-use software to developed software intangible assets and amortizes the asset over an estimated useful life ranging from 3 to 5 years. No impairment losses were recorded for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025.
Leases
The Company determines whether an arrangement is or contains a lease, its classification, and its term at the lease commencement date. Leases with a term greater than one year will be recognized on the balance sheet as right-of-use (“ROU”) assets, current lease liabilities, and if applicable, long-term lease liabilities. The Company includes renewal options to extend the lease term where it is reasonably certain that it will exercise these options. Lease liabilities and the corresponding ROU assets are recorded based on the present values of lease payments over the lease term. The interest rate implicit in lease contracts is typically not readily determinable. As such, the Company utilizes the appropriate incremental borrowing rates, which are the rates that would be incurred to borrow on a collateralized basis, over similar terms, amounts equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment. Payments for non-lease components or that are variable in nature that do not depend on a rate or index are not included in the lease liability and are typically expensed as incurred. If significant events, changes in circumstances, or other events indicate that the lease term or other inputs have changed, the Company would reassess lease classification, remeasure the lease liability using revised inputs as of the reassessment date, and adjust the ROU assets. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the expected lease term for operating classified leases.
Foreign Currency Transactions
Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are a result of the effect of exchange rate changes on transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency. Gains and losses arising from foreign currency transactions and the effects of remeasurements are captured within the net loss within statement of operations. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses were not material for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.
Warrant Liabilities
The Company evaluates all of its financial instruments, including issued share purchase warrants, to determine if such instruments are derivatives or contain features that qualify as embedded derivatives, pursuant to ASC Topic 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, ASC Topic 505, Equity, and ASC Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging (“ASC 815”). The Company accounts for the public warrants, each representing the right to acquire one share of Common Stock for $11.50 (the “Public Warrants”) and the private placement warrants, each representing the right to acquire one share of Common Stock for $11.50 (the “Private Placement Warrants”), in accordance with the guidance contained in ASC 815 under which the warrants do not meet the criteria for equity treatment and must be recorded as liabilities. Accordingly, the Company classifies the Public Warrants and Private Placement Warrants as liabilities at their fair value and adjust the Public Warrants and Private Placement Warrants to fair value at each reporting period. This liability is subject to re-measurement at each balance sheet date until exercised, and any change in fair value is recognized in the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The Company accounts for financial instruments under ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements (“ASC 820”). This statement defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value in generally accepted accounting principles, and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. To increase consistency and comparability in fair value measurements, ASC 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three levels as follows:
Level 1 — quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;
Level 2 — observable inputs other than Level 1, quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active, and model-derived prices whose inputs are observable or whose significant value drivers are observable; and
Level 3 — assets and liabilities whose significant value drivers are unobservable.
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The following fair value hierarchy table presents information about the Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
| Fair value measurement at reporting date using | ||||||||||||
| June 30, 2025 | (Level 1) | (Level 2) | (Level 3) | |||||||||
| Liabilities: | ||||||||||||
| Warrant liabilities - Public Warrants | $ | — | $ | 310,480 | $ | — | ||||||
| Warrant liabilities - Private Placement Warrants | $ | — | $ | 184,393 | $ | — | ||||||
| Total Warrant Liabilities | $ | — | $ | 494,873 | $ | — | ||||||
| Fair value measurement at reporting date using | ||||||||||||
| December 31, 2024 | (Level 1) | (Level 2) | (Level 3) | |||||||||
| Liabilities: | ||||||||||||
| Warrant liabilities - Public Warrants | $ | — | $ | 576,606 | $ | — | ||||||
| Warrant liabilities - Private Placement Warrants | $ | — | $ | 342,444 | $ | — | ||||||
| Total Warrant Liabilities | $ | — | $ | 919,050 | $ | — | ||||||
The Public Warrants and Private Placement Warrants assumed in connection with the Business Combination were accounted for as liabilities in accordance with ASC 815 and are presented within warrant liabilities on the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. The warrant liabilities are initially measured at fair value at the day of the Business Combination and on a recurring basis, with changes in fair value presented within change in fair value of warrant liabilities in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations.
The fair value of the Public Warrants and Private Placement Warrants is estimated based on the closing price of the Public Warrants, an observable market quote but is classified as a Level 2 fair value measurement due to the lack of an active market.
Gain on debt extinguishment
Gain on extinguishment of debt for the six months ended June 30, 2025 was approximately $4.0 million, related to settlement of due to related parties (see note K), accounts payable and accrued expenses. through negotiated cash settlement. Gain on extinguishment of debt for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 was approximately $1.8 million, related to settlement of accounts payable through the issuance of 93,333 shares of Common Stock and negotiated cash settlement.
Net Loss per Share
Basic loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of Common Stock outstanding during the period. Diluted loss per share reflects the potential dilution, using the treasury stock method that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue Common Stock were exercised or converted into Common Stock or resulted in the issuance of Common Stock that then shared in the loss of the Company. In computing diluted loss per share, the treasury stock method assumes that outstanding instruments are exercised/converted, and the proceeds are used to purchase Common Stock at the average market price during the period. Instruments may have a dilutive effect under the treasury stock method only when the average market price of the Common Stock during the period exceeds the exercise price/conversion rate of the instruments. The Company accounts for stock issued in spin-out transactions and consummations of mergers of entities under common control retrospectively. For diluted net loss per share, the weighted-average number of shares of Common Stock is the same for basic net loss per share due to the fact that when a net loss exists, potentially dilutive securities are not included in the calculation when the impact is anti-dilutive.
The following potentially dilutive securities are excluded from the calculation of weighted average shares of Common Stock outstanding because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive:
| June 30, | ||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | |||||||
| Unvested restricted shares | 687,830 | 35,461 | ||||||
| Options | 1,386,400 | 2,508,553 | ||||||
| Warrants | 16,440,962 | 22,931,826 | ||||||
| Convertible note (as converted) | 633,334 | 1,583,334 | ||||||
| Total | 19,148,526 | 27,059,174 | ||||||
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Recently Issued but Not Yet Adopted Accounting Standards
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, which requires additional disclosure of certain amounts included in the expense captions presented on the Statement of Operations as well as disclosures about selling expenses. This ASU is effective on a prospective basis, with the option for retrospective application, for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued. The Company is currently evaluating the effect of this pronouncement on its disclosures.
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which expands the disclosures required for income taxes. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The amendment should be applied on a prospective basis while retrospective application is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the effect of this pronouncement on its disclosures.
NOTE C — MERGER WITH DHC
On March 14, 2024, the Company consummated its previously announced business combination (the “Closing”) pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement, dated September 7, 2023 (as amended, the “Business Combination Agreement”), by and among DHC Acquisition Corp., a Cayman Islands exempted company (“DHC”), Brand Engagement Network Inc., a Wyoming corporation (“Prior BEN”), BEN Merger Subsidiary Corp., a Delaware corporation and a direct, wholly-owned subsidiary of DHC (“Merger Sub”) and DHC Sponsor, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (the “Sponsor”). The transactions contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement, including the Domestication and the Merger (each as defined below) are collectively referred to herein as the “Business Combination.”
Prior to the Closing, as contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement, DHC became a Delaware corporation named “Brand Engagement Network Inc.” (the “Domestication”). Following the Domestication, on March 14, 2024, pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement, Merger Sub merged with and into Prior BEN (the “Merger”).
Except as otherwise indicated, references herein to “BEN,” the “Company,” or the “Combined Company,” refer to Brand Engagement Network Inc. Inc. on a post-Merger basis, and references to “Prior BEN” refer to the business of privately-held Brand Engagement Network Inc. prior to the completion of the Merger. References to “DHC” refer to DHC Acquisition Corp. prior to the completion of the Merger.
The Merger was accounted for as a reverse recapitalization under U.S. GAAP because the primary assets of DHC were cash and cash equivalents. For financial reporting purposes Prior BEN was determined to be the accounting acquirer based upon the terms of the Merger and other factors, including: (i) Prior BEN stockholders owned approximately 76% of the Combined Company and (ii) Prior BEN management held all key positions of management. Accordingly, the Merger was treated as the equivalent of Prior BEN issuing stock to assume the net liabilities of DHC. As a result of the Merger, the net liabilities of DHC were recorded at their historical cost in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported operating results prior to the Merger are those of Prior BEN. The following table summarizes the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as part of the reverse recapitalization:
| March 14, 2024 | ||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 858,292 | ||
| Due from Sponsor | 3,000 | |||
| Prepaid and other current assets | 16,824 | |||
| Accounts payable | (2,352,328 | ) | ||
| Accrued expenses | (5,782,211 | ) | ||
| Due to related parties | (693,036 | ) | ||
| Warrant liability | (1,913,737 | ) | ||
| Net liabilities assumed | $ | (9,863,196 | ) | |
Total transaction costs were $4,121,000, of which $858,292 were charged directly to additional paid-in capital to the extent of cash received.
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NOTE D — PREPAID EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT ASSETS
Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following:
| June 30, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | |||||||
| Security deposits | $ | 107,226 | $ | 108,441 | ||||
| Cataneo GmbH deposit | 550,000 | — | ||||||
| Prepaid VAT | 15,175 | 32,468 | ||||||
| Prepaid professional fees | 514,707 | 284,081 | ||||||
| Prepaid insurance | 648,064 | 567,977 | ||||||
| Prepaid other | 87,473 | 49,431 | ||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | $ | 1,922,645 | $ | 1,042,398 | ||||
NOTE E — PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET
Property and equipment include equipment, furniture, and capitalized software. Furniture and equipment are depreciated using the straight-line method over estimated useful lives of three years. Capitalized software costs are amortized straight-line over an estimated useful life ranging from 5 to 10 years.
Property and equipment consists of the following:
| June 30, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | |||||||
| Equipment | $ | 339,090 | $ | 337,856 | ||||
| Furniture | 351,286 | 348,754 | ||||||
| Capitalized software | 217,003 | 216,751 | ||||||
| Total | 907,379 | 903,361 | ||||||
| Accumulated depreciation and amortization | (627,227 | ) | (610,604 | ) | ||||
| Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization | $ | 280,152 | $ | 292,757 | ||||
For the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 depreciation and amortization of property and equipment totaled $8,328 and $55,792, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 depreciation and amortization of property and equipment totaled $16,623 and $138,078, respectively.
NOTE F — INTANGIBLE ASSETS
The following table summarizes intangible assets included on the consolidated balance sheet:
| June 30, 2025 | ||||||||||||
| Gross | Accumulated Amortization | Net | ||||||||||
| Amortizing intangible assets: | ||||||||||||
| Patent portfolio | $ | 1,259,864 | $ | (588,097 | ) | $ | 671,767 | |||||
| Developed technology | 17,941,538 | (4,243,588 | ) | 13,697,950 | ||||||||
| Total | $ | 19,201,402 | $ | (4,831,685 | ) | $ | 14,369,717 | |||||
| December 31, 2024 | ||||||||||||
| Gross | Accumulated Amortization | Net | ||||||||||
| Amortizing intangible assets: | ||||||||||||
| Patent portfolio | $ | 1,259,864 | $ | (517,960 | ) | $ | 741,904 | |||||
| In-process research and development | 17,755,347 | (2,372,881 | ) | 15,382,466 | ||||||||
| Total | $ | 19,015,211 | $ | (2,890,841 | ) | $ | 16,124,370 | |||||
Total amortization expense including amortization related to developed software was $966,561 and $626,452 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Total amortization expense including amortization related to developed software was $1,897,472 and $661,513 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
| 15 |
Future amortization of intangible assets are estimated to be as follows:
| Years Ending December 31: | ||||
| 2025 (remaining 6 months) | $ | 1,742,683 | ||
| 2026 | 3,824,905 | |||
| 2027 | 3,739,302 | |||
| 2028 | 3,696,501 | |||
| 2029 | 1,304,560 | |||
| Thereafter | 61,766 | |||
| $ | 14,369,717 | |||
NOTE G — ACCRUED EXPENSES
Accrued expenses consist of the following:
| June 30, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | |||||||
| Accrued professional fees | $ | — | $ | 2,747,211 | ||||
| Accrued compensation and related expenses | 1,396,126 | 1,730,043 | ||||||
| Due to related party | 1,147,472 | — | ||||||
| Accrued other | 65,500 | 116,458 | ||||||
| Accrued interest | 100,478 | — | ||||||
| Accrued expenses | $ | 2,709,576 | $ | 4,593,712 | ||||
NOTE H — DEBT
Promissory Note
On November 11, 2024, the Company issued a promissory note in the aggregate original principal amount of approximately $1,700,000 to Yorkville (the “Promissory Note”). The Promissory Note does not bear interest, subject to a potential increase of the interest rate to 18.0% per annum upon the occurrence of certain events of default as described in the Promissory Note. The Company was required to make monthly cash payments beginning on December 15, 2024, and continuing on the same day of each successive calendar month of principal in the amount of the sum of (i) $0.4 million of principal (or the outstanding principal amount if less than such amount), plus (ii) a payment premium in an amount equal to 5% of the principal amount being paid, if applicable, and (iii) any accrued and unpaid interest as of each Installment Date. The Company shall, at its own option, repay each Installment Amount either (i) in cash on or before each Installment Date, or (ii) by submitting one or more advance notice(s) under the SEPA (as defined below), on or before the applicable Installment Date, or any combination of (i) or (ii) as determined by the Company. If the Company repays the Installment Amount in cash, the cash payment shall include the Payment Premium. If the Company elects an Advance Repayment for all or a portion of an Installment Amount, then no Payment Premium will apply. In addition, for so long as the Promissory Note is outstanding, with respect to any advance notice submitted by the Company under the SEPA, the Company shall select an Option 2 Pricing Period (as defined in the SEPA), unless otherwise agreed by Yorkville. The Promissory Note matured on March 11, 2025, and was issued at an original issue discount of 10%. As of June 30, 2025, the Company is in default with the Promissory Note and recognized incremental default interest during the period ended June 30, 2025.
| 16 |
During the six months ended June 30, 2025, 643,574 shares of Common Stock were issued to Yorkville resulting in the reduction of the Promissory Note of $432,482. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company recognized $35,404 and $125,556 in interest expense related to the Promissory Note, respectively. As of June 30, 2025, the remaining balance of $416,667 was included within short-term debt in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. On May 28, 2025, the Company received a written notice of default from Yorkville. As of the date of this filing, Company management is in the process of negotiating with Yorkville and Yorkville has not initiated any further actions against the Company.
Convertible Notes
On April 12, 2024, the Company issued a convertible promissory note to J.V.B. Financial Group, LLC, acting through its Cohen & Company Capital Markets division (“CCM”) in the principal amount of $1,900,000 (the “Cohen Convertible Note”), to settle outstanding invoices totaling $1,900,000 related to investment banking services rendered to the Company in connection with the Business Combination. Beginning on October 14, 2024, interest will accrue at the fixed rate of 8% per annum on the outstanding principal amount until the Cohen Convertible Note is paid in full. Interest is payable monthly in cash or in-kind at the election of the Company. The Company may prepay the Cohen Convertible Note in whole or in part at any time or from time to time without penalty or premium. The Company may be required to prepay all or a portion of the Cohen Convertible Note upon the consummation of certain capital raising activities as described therein. The maturity date of the Cohen Convertible Note was March 14, 2025. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company recognized $16,193 and $33,075 in interest expense related to the Cohen Convertible Note. As of June 30, 2025, the Company was in default of the Cohen Convertible Note. As of the date of this filing, Company management is in the process of negotiating with Cohen and Cohen has not initiated any actions against the Company.
On December 14, 2024 (the “First Conversion Date”), $760,000 of the Cohen Convertible Note converted into 633,333 shares of Common Stock at $1.20 per share (the “Floor Price”). On the 14th day of each successive month commencing with January 14, 2025 (each such day, an “Additional Conversion Date” and together with the First Conversion Date, the “Conversion Dates”), CCM may convert a portion of Cohen Convertible Note to a number of shares equal to (i) up to 20% of the outstanding principal balance of the Cohen Convertible Note plus accrued interest due under the Cohen Convertible Note divided by (ii) a price per share (the “Conversion Purchase Price”) equal to 92.75% of the arithmetic average of the Daily Volume-Weighted Average Price (“VWAP”) for the five VWAP Trading Days (as defined therein) ending on the VWAP Trading Day immediately preceding the applicable Conversion Date (subject to the Floor Price). During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, $0 and $380,000 of the Cohen Convertible Note converted into 316,666 shares of Common Stock at $1.20 per share, respectively. As of June 30, 2025, the remaining balance of $760,000 was included within the convertible note in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
Short-term Debt Related to Acquisition of DM Lab
As of June 30, 2025, the Company had four loans outstanding that were assumed in the DM Lab transaction, totaling $891,974, a decrease of $252,601 from the acquisition date due to the amount converted to equity on May 25, 2023. The loans carry varying interest rates ranging from 4.667% to 6.69%. During the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 the Company incurred interest expense of $6,651 and $11,404, respectively, which is included in interest expense in the unaudited condensed consolidated statement of operations. During the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 the Company incurred interest expense of $21,243 and $27,020, respectively, which is included in interest expense in the unaudited condensed consolidated statement of operations. All loans are due within 12 months from the balance sheet date and have no optional or mandatory redemption or conversion features. These obligations have been classified as current liabilities on the balance sheet and the fair value of the loans approximates the carrying amount due to their short-term nature. Additionally, there are no associated restrictive covenants, third-party guarantees, or pledged collateral. As of the reporting date, there have been no defaults on these loans. In January 2025, the Company obtained a waiver to extend the due dates of $668,674 of its short-term debt to January 2026.
NOTE I — STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
In August 2023, the Company entered into the Reseller Agreement with AFG whereby AFG agreed to operate as the exclusive channel partner and reseller of the Company’s software as a service in the motor vehicle marketing and manufacturing industry for a term of five years. The Company issued a non-transferable warrant (“Reseller Warrant”) that entitles AFG to purchase up to 3,750,000 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $10.00 and a fair value of $2.52 per warrant. The 3,750,000 warrants were cancelled in January 2025, upon the termination of the Reseller Agreement.
On May 28, 2024, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “May SPA”) with certain investors (the “May Purchasers”), pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell to the May Purchasers an aggregate of 191,980,000 shares of Common Stock of the Company at a price per share of $2.50 and an aggregate of 3,960,000 warrants to purchase 3,960,000 shares of Common Stock, which was divided into two tranches consisting of (i) 1,980,000 warrants immediately exercisable for a term of one year from (the “May One-Year Warrants”) and (ii) 1,980,000 warrants immediately exercisable for a term of five years (the “May Five-Year Warrants,” together with the May One-Year Warrants, the “May Warrants”), each with an exercise price of $2.50 per share, subject to customary adjustments, for an aggregate purchase price of $4,950,000.
| 17 |
On May 30, 2024, the Company issued to the May Purchasers an aggregate of 200,000 Shares and 400,000 Warrants (consisting of 200,000 One-Year Warrants and 200,000 Five-Year Warrants) for an aggregate gross proceeds of $500,000. Upon the issuances of such shares of Common Stock, an aggregate of 1,260,000 May One-Year Warrants and 1,260,000 May Five-Year Warrants were issued to the May Purchasers and were immediately exercisable. The remaining shares were issued to an escrow account and such shares along with the May Warrants remain in escrow until the conditions in the May SPA are satisfied. The May Purchasers are required to pay to the Company monthly cash installments in the amounts and on the dates as determined in the May SPA ending on October 29, 2024. For every $2.50 paid to the Company, the Company will release one share of Common Stock and two May Warrants from escrow to the May Purchasers. If a May Purchaser fails to pay its required funding by the respective deadline, the May Purchaser’s entire commitment under the May SPA will become immediately due and payable. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company issued 330,000 shares of Common Stock to the May Purchasers for proceeds of approximately $750,000. As of June 30, 2025, 1,901,281 May One-Year Warrants and 1,251,587 May Five-Year Warrants are outstanding.
On July 1, 2024, the Company entered into a separate Securities Purchase Agreement (the “July SPA”) with The Williams Family Trust for the issuance and sale of 120,000 shares of Common Stock at a price per share of $2.50 and an aggregate of 240,000 warrants, consisting of (i) 120,000 warrants with a term of one year and (ii) 120,000 warrants with a term of five years for an aggregate purchase price of $300,000. The warrants are immediately exercisable for Common Stock at a price of $2.50 per share. As of June 30, 2025, all 240,000 warrants remain outstanding.
On August 26, 2024, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “August SPA”) with certain investors (the “August Purchasers”), pursuant to which the Company will issue and sell an aggregate of 1,185,000 shares of the Company’s Common Stock at a price per share of $5.00, for an aggregate purchase price of $5,925,000.
In connection with the August SPA, on August 26, 2024 (the “Assignment Effective Date”), the Company entered into that certain share assignment and lockup release agreement (the “Assignment Agreement”) with certain members of Sponsor and certain other existing stockholders and affiliates of the Company (collectively, the “Sponsor Members” and each a “Sponsor Member”) and the August Purchasers, pursuant to which, as an inducement to enter into the August SPA, the August Purchasers assumed, all of the Sponsor Members’ rights, title and interest in an aggregate of 1,185,000 shares of Common Stock (the “Sponsor Securities”) held by Sponsor on their behalf as of the Assignment Effective Date (the “Assignment”). In exchange for the Assignment by the Sponsor Members of the Sponsor Securities to the August Purchasers, the Company agreed to release 1,252,500 shares of Common Stock from certain restrictions on transfer contained in either a (i) prior letter agreement by and among the Company’s predecessor, DHC, Sponsor and the other signatories thereto or (ii) in certain lock-up agreements executed by certain of the Sponsor Members in connection with the consummation of the Company’s prior business combination. The Sponsor Members transferred an aggregate of 1,185,000 Sponsor Securities into an escrow account. The Sponsor Securities are released from the escrow account on a pro rata basis upon the making of the required fundings on the terms and conditions described in the August SPA. In the event an August Purchaser fails to make required funding contemplated by the August SPA, a pro rata portion of the Sponsor Securities shall be released from the escrow account to the Company and the Company will cancel such Sponsor Securities.
On August 30, 2024, in connection with the August SPA and the Assignment Agreement, the Company issued to the August Purchasers an aggregate of 100,000 shares for an aggregate gross proceeds of $500,000. The remaining shares were issued to an escrow account and such shares remain in escrow until the conditions in the August SPA are satisfied. The August Purchasers are required to pay to the Company monthly cash installments in the amounts and on the dates as determined in the August SPA ending on April 5, 2025.
For every $5.00 paid to the Company, the Company will release one share of Common Stock under the August SPA and one share of Common Stock under the Assignment Agreement to the August Purchasers. If an August Purchaser fails to pay its required funding by the respective deadline, the investor’s entire commitment under the August SPA will become immediately due and payable. As of June 30, 2025, the Company has experienced delays in funding, from one of the investors under the August SPA. in the aggregate amount of $0.2 million. The Company is uncertain and cannot guarantee whether such amounts or any future required fundings by investors will be made.
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On August 26, 2024, the Company entered into the SEPA with Yorkville. Pursuant to the SEPA, the Company shall have the right, but not the obligation, to sell to Yorkville up to $50,000,000 of the Company’s shares of Common Stock, at the Company’s request any time during the commitment period commencing on August 26, 2024 (the “SEPA Effective Date”) and terminating on the 36-month anniversary of the SEPA Effective Date. Each issuance and sale by the Company to Yorkville under the SEPA (an “Advance”) is subject to a maximum limit equal to an amount equal to 100% of the aggregate volume traded of the Company’s Common Stock on Nasdaq for the five trading days immediately preceding an Advance notice. The shares will be issued and sold to Yorkville at a per share price equal to, at the election of the Company as specified in the relevant Advance notice: (i) 96% of the Market Price (as defined below) for any period commencing on the receipt of the Advance notice by Yorkville and ending on 4:00 p.m. New York City time on the applicable Advance notice date (the “Option 1 Pricing Period”), and (ii) 97% of the Market Price for any three consecutive trading days commencing on the Advance notice date (the “Option 2 Pricing Period,” and each of the Option 1 Pricing Period and the Option 2 Pricing Period, a “Pricing Period”). “Market Price” is defined as, for any Option 1 Pricing Period, the daily VWAP of the Common Stock on Nasdaq, and for any Option 2 Pricing Period, the lowest VWAP of the Common Stock on Nasdaq during the Option 2 Pricing Period. The Advances are subject to certain limitations, including that Yorkville cannot purchase any shares that would result in it beneficially owning more than 4.99% of the Company’s outstanding Common Stock at the time of an Advance or acquiring since the SEPA Effective Date under the SEPA more than 19.99% of the Company’s issued and outstanding Common Stock, as of the SEPA Effective Date (the “Exchange Cap”). The Exchange Cap will not apply under certain circumstances, including, where the Company has obtained stockholder approval to issue in excess of the Exchange Cap in accordance with the rules of Nasdaq or such issuances do not require stockholder approval under Nasdaq’s “minimum price rule.” Additionally, if the total number of shares of Common Stock traded on Nasdaq during the applicable Pricing Period is less than the Volume Threshold (as defined below), then the number of shares of Common Stock issued and sold pursuant to such Advance notice will be reduced to the greater of (i) 30% of the trading volume of the Common Stock on Nasdaq during the relevant Pricing Period as reported by Bloomberg L.P., or (ii) the number of shares of Common Stock sold by Yorkville during such Pricing Period, but in each case not to exceed the amount requested in the Advance notice. “Volume Threshold” is defined as a number of shares of Common Stock equal to the quotient of (a) the number of shares in the Advance notice requested by the Company divided by (b) 0.30. As consideration for Yorkville’s commitment to purchase the shares of Common Stock pursuant to the SEPA, the Company paid Yorkville, (i) a structuring fee in the amount of $25,000 and (ii) a commitment fee (the “Commitment Fee”) of $500,000 by the issuance to Yorkville of an aggregate of 280,899 shares of Common Stock (“Commitment Shares”). During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company issued an aggregate of 1,500,000 shares of Common Stock to Yorkville.
The Company accounts for the SEPA as a derivative that grants the Company the right, but not the obligation, to issue additional shares of Common Stock. Due to certain settlement provisions, the SEPA is precluded from equity classification. The SEPA derivative is recognized at inception and accounted for on a fair value basis. The Company determined the fair value of the SEPA derivative at inception and as of June 30, 2025 to be de minimis.
On
January 13, 2025, the Company entered into the January Warrant Exercise Agreement with certain Purchasers. Pursuant to the August
SPA, the Purchasers previously purchased 110,000 shares of Common Stock, and the Company issued the Contribution Warrant to purchase
up to 960,000 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $5.00 per share in exchange for certain holders of Common Stock
contributing 1,185,000 shares of Common Stock into an escrow account maintained in connection with the August SPA, of which
1,075,000 shares of Common Stock remain in such escrow account as of June 30, 2025.
Under the January Warrant Exercise
Agreement, the exercise price of the Committed Warrants was reduced to $1.96 per share, until May 30, 2025, after which point the
exercise price for any unexercised Committed Warrants shall automatically revert back to $2.50 per share. Pursuant to the January
Warrant Exercise Agreement, the Purchasers agreed to exercise the Committed Warrants for cash on the Exercise Schedule. Upon each
Committed Warrant exercised in accordance with the Exercise Schedule, the Company shall issue the Reload Warrants. Upon a
Purchaser’s completion in full under the Warrant Exercise but no later than May 30, 2025, all remaining May Warrants issued
under the May SPA held by such Purchaser shall immediately upon completion of such exercise automatically be amended to become
exercisable for $1.96 per share for the remainder of their term. If a Purchaser exercises an Optional Warrant by June 30, 2025, the
Company shall issue the Optional Reload Warrants. In addition, under the January Warrant Exercise Agreement, for each share of
Common Stock for which a Purchaser exercises a Committed Warrant, one Escrow Share will be released from escrow and transferred to
such Purchaser, for an aggregate of up to 1,074,999 Escrow Shares among all Purchasers, rounded down to the nearest whole share.
Additionally, the exercise price of the Contribution Warrant was reduced to $1.71 per share.
During the three and six
months ending June 30, 2025, Purchasers exercised 25,510 and 812,642 Committed Warrants to purchase 25,510 and 812,642 shares of
Common Stock pursuant to the January Warrant Exercise Agreement for aggregate gross proceeds of $1.5 million, and such Purchasers
were or shall be issued 787,132 shares of Common Stock, 787,132 Escrow Shares, and 1,574,264 Reload Warrants. The August SPA has
been terminated with respect to such Purchasers. As of June 30, 2025, the Company has experienced delays in the exercise of warrants
of one Purchaser for the January 31, 2025 exercise date under the January Warrant Exercise Agreement. in an aggregate amount of $0.2
million. The Company is uncertain and cannot guarantee whether such exercises will be made. To the extent a Purchaser fails to
exercise its portion of the Committed Warrants, the obligations of such Purchaser under the August SPA and such obligations of any
investor under the August SPA who is not a Purchaser under the January Warrant Exercise Agreement, shall remain, and the August SPA
will only terminate as to the Purchasers who have completed their January 31, 2025 exercise pursuant to the terms of the January
Warrant Exercise Agreement.
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Common Stock Warrants
In connection with the Business Combination, the Company assumed 10,314,952 Public Warrants and 6,126,010 Private Placement Warrants, which are all outstanding as of June 30, 2025. Each whole Public Warrant and Private Placement Warrant entitles the holder to purchase one share of the Company’s Common Stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share. The Public Warrants and Private Placement Warrants were exercisable beginning on April 13, 2024 and expire on April 14, 2029.
The Private Placement Warrants are identical to the Public Warrants, except that (x) the Private Placement Warrants and the Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of the Private Placement Warrants were not transferable, assignable or salable until 30 days after the completion of a business combination, subject to certain limited exceptions. Additionally, the Private Placement Warrants will be exercisable on a cashless basis and be non-redeemable as described above so long as they are held by the initial purchasers or their permitted transferees. If the Private Placement Warrants are held by someone other than the initial purchasers or their permitted transferees, the Private Placement Warrants will be redeemable by the Company and exercisable by such holders on the same basis as the Public Warrants.
In connection with the May SPA, the Company also entered into a Letter Agreement to Exercise Warrants (“May Warrant Exercise Agreement”) with certain of the May Purchasers (the “Required Warrant Parties”). Under the May Warrant Exercise Agreement, if the Company uses commercially reasonable efforts to raise an additional $3,250,000 in capital (excluding amounts raised under the May SPA) but is unable to do so by October 31, 2024, the Required Warrant Parties will be required to exercise for cash certain of their May Warrants on a monthly basis in the amounts and on the dates as determined in the May Warrant Exercise Agreement. For each May Warrant so exercised, the Company will issue one new May one-Year Warrant and one new May five-Year Warrant (collectively, “May Reload Warrants”) each with an exercise price of $2.50 to the Required Warrant Party. A maximum of 2,600,000 May Reload Warrants may be issued pursuant to the May Warrant Exercise Agreement. Upon receipt of an aggregate of $3,250,000 of actual cash proceeds from the August SPA, the May Warrant Exercise Agreement will terminate automatically.
On August 26, 2024, in connection with the August SPA and the Assignment Agreement, the Company entered into a warrant purchase agreement (the “August Warrant Agreement”) with each of the warrantholders signatory thereto (the “Warrantholders”), pursuant to which the Company issued to the Warrantholders an aggregate of 960,000 warrants to purchase Common Stock (the “August Warrants”), with an exercise price of $5.00 per share with an expiration period of five years from the date of issuance.
Equity Compensation Plans
2021 Incentive Stock Option Plan
In May 2021, the Company adopted the 2021 Incentive Stock Option Plan (“2021 Option Plan”) that provides for the grant of the following types of stock awards: (i) incentive stock Options, (ii) non-statutory stock options, (iii) stock appreciation rights, (iv) restricted stock awards, (v) restricted stock unit awards, and (vi) other stock awards. The 2021 Option Plan was administered by the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board of Directors”). In connection with the Closing, all outstanding awards were assumed by BEN pursuant to the terms of the Business Combination Agreement and the Board of Directors declared that there will be no further issuances under the 2021 Option Plan. Forfeitures under the 2021 Option Plan are automatically added to shares available for issuance under the 2023 Plan.
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2023 Long-Term Incentive Plan
In connection with the Closing, the 2023 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the “2023 Plan”) became effective. The 2023 Plan provides for the grant of the following types of stock awards: (i) incentive stock options, (ii) nonqualified stock options, (iii) stock appreciation rights, (iv) restricted stock, (v) restricted stock units, (vi) performance awards, (vii) dividend equivalent rights, (viii) performance awards, (ix) performance goals, (x) tandem awards, (xi) prior plan awards, and (xii) other awards. The 2023 Plan is administered by the Board of Directors. The 2023 Plan awards are available to employees, officers and contractors. The option grants authorized for issuance under the 2023 Plan may total up to 2,942,245 shares of Common Stock. As of June 30, 2025, 3,332,115 shares remained available for grant under the 2023 Plan.
NOTE J — EQUITY-BASED COMPENSATION
Option Awards
2025 Activity
Generally, options have a service vesting condition of 25% cliff after 1 year and then monthly thereafter for 36 months (2.067% per month).
The following table provides the estimates included in the inputs to the Black-Scholes pricing model for the options granted:
| Three Months Ended March 31, | ||||
| 2024 | ||||
| Expected term | 5.0 years | |||
| Risk-free interest rate | 4.13 | % | ||
| Dividend yield | 0.00 | % | ||
| Volatility | 54.79 | % | ||
There were no stock options granted for the period ended June 30, 2025.
A summary of option activity for the six months ended June 30, 2025 is as follows:
| Number of Shares | Weighted Average Exercise Price | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years) | |||||||||||||
| Outstanding as of December 31, 2024 | 1,386,400 | $ | 4.90 | $ | 2.58 | 8.59 | ||||||||||
| Outstanding as of June 30, 2025 | 1,386,400 | $ | 4.90 | $ | 2.58 | 7.84 | ||||||||||
| Vested and expected to vest as of June 30, 2025 | 1,386,400 | $ | 4.90 | $ | 2.58 | 7.84 | ||||||||||
| Exercisable as of June 30, 2025 | 1,081,300 | $ | 4.44 | $ | 1.31 | 7.76 | ||||||||||
The aggregate intrinsic value of options outstanding and options exercisable as of June 30, 2025 was $9,285 and $302,645, respectively. At June 30, 2025, future stock-based compensation for options granted and outstanding of $1,016,182 will be recognized over a remaining weighted-average requisite service period of 0.86.
The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense related to options of $128,839 and $291,610 in the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, to the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense related to options of $413,346 and $698,590 in the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, to the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations.
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Common Stock Warrants
Compensatory Warrants
As of June 30, 2025, there were 955,359 warrants outstanding at a weighted average exercise price of $3.20 per share, with expiration dates ranging from 2028 to 2033. No compensatory warrants were issued during the period ended June 30, 2025.
The following table provides the estimates included in the inputs to the Black-Scholes pricing model for the AFG and compensatory warrants granted:
| Three Months Ended March 31, | ||||
| 2024 | ||||
| Expected term | 3 years | |||
| Risk-free interest rate | 4.46 | % | ||
| Dividend yield | 0.00 | % | ||
| Volatility | 55.14 | % | ||
The Company has recorded stock-based compensation related to its options, restricted share awards, and warrants in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations as follows:
| Three Months Ended June 30, | Six Months Ended June 30, | |||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2025 | 2024 | |||||||||||||
| General and administrative | $ | 71,221 | $ | 159,387 | $ | 406,623 | $ | 493,436 | ||||||||
| Research and development | 2,268 | $ | 132,223 | 6,723 | 205,154 | |||||||||||
| $ | 73,489 | $ | 291,610 | $ | 413,346 | $ | 698,590 | |||||||||
Stock-based compensation capitalized as part of capitalized software costs for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 was $5,731 and $205,154, respectively, which is in addition to amounts included in the table above.
Restricted share awards
During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company issued 223,586 restricted share awards to certain of its directors and officers. All of the restricted share awards granted vested immediately upon grant. The fair value of a restricted share award is equal to the fair market value price of the Company’s Common Stock on the date of grant. The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense of $228,987 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 related to these restricted share awards.
The following table summarizes activity related to restricted share awards:
| Number of Shares | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value | |||||||
| Nonvested at January 1, 2025 | — | $— | ||||||
| Granted | 223,586 | $ | 1.02 | |||||
| Vested | (223,586 | ) | $ | 1.02 | ||||
| Nonvested at June 30, 2025 | — | $ | — | |||||
NOTE K — RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
AFG Reseller Agreement
On August 19, 2023, the Company entered into the Reseller Agreement, providing for, among other things, AFG to act as the Company’s exclusive reseller of certain products on terms and conditions set forth therein and, as partial consideration to AFG for such services, the Company issued 1,750,000 shares of Common Stock with an aggregate fair value of $13,475,000 based on the closing stock price on the date of the Merger. Additionally, the Company issued AFG a warrant to purchase up to 3,750,000 shares of Common Stock, with each warrant exercisable for one share of Common Stock at an exercise price of $10.00 and a fair value of $2.52 per warrant (Note H). The Company terminated the Reseller Agreement in January 2025, resulting in the forfeiture of the 3,750,000 warrants.
Advances to Officers and Directors
Certain officers and directors advanced funds to or were advanced from the Company on an undocumented, non-interested bearing, due on demand basis. As of June 30, 2025, $0 and $56,682 of amounts owed to related parties were included within accrued expenses and accounts payable, respectively, in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet. As of December 31, 2024, $0 and $185,029 of amounts owed to related parties were included within accrued expenses and accounts payable, respectively, in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet. During the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company recorded professional and other fees and cost related to consulting services from related parties of $77,299 and $58,785, respectively, within general and administrative expenses in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Related Party Advance
The Company received non-interest bearing and payable upon demand related party advances from DHC’s Sponsor in connection with the Merger. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company wrote off the balance owed, which resulted in a gain on debt extinguishment of $693,036 in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statement of operations. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had $0 and $693,036 in related party advances in the accompanying unaudited consolidated balance sheets.
AFG Claims Assignment
In January 2025, the Company entered into a Claims Assignment Agreement with a related party that is also party to the May SPA. Pursuant to the Claims Assignment Agreement, the Company purchased the related party’s rights to damages related to the AFG litigation (Note L) for $525,000 which satisfied the related party’s obligations under the May SPA. The Company expensed the $525,000 within general and administrative expenses during the three months ended June 30, 2025.
NOTE L — COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
The Company is subject to various legal and regulatory proceedings, claims, and assessments, as well as other contingencies, that arise in the ordinary course of business. The Company accrues for these contingencies when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. The Company regularly reviews and updates its accruals for contingencies and makes adjustments as necessary based on changes in circumstances and the emergence of new information.
Leases
In September 2024, the Company entered into an operating lease for its office space in South Korea which expires in 2027. The Company’s operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) asset and related lease liability was initially measured at the present value of future lease payments over the lease term. The Company is responsible for payment of certain real estate taxes and other expenses on its lease. These amounts are generally considered to be variable and are not included in its measurement of the ROU asset and lease liability. The Company accounts for non-lease components, such as maintenance, separately from lease components.
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company’s operating lease costs were $53,051 and 106,102, respectively. As of June 30, 2025, the remaining term of the Company’s operating lease was 2.1 years and the discount rate was 8%.
Operating cash used in operating leases was $51,491 during the three months ended June 30, 2025. Operating cash used in operating leases was $102,981 during the six months ended June 30, 2025.
Future maturities of the operating lease liability was as follows as of June 30, 2025:
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| Years Ending December 31: | ||||
| 2025 (remaining six months) | $ | 105,041 | ||
| 2026 | 214,263 | |||
| 2027 | 145,671 | |||
| Total future minimum payments | 464,975 | |||
| Less imputed interest | (98,720 | ) | ||
| Present value of lease liabilities | $ | 366,255 | ||
Litigation
AFG Litigation
On January 16, 2025, the Company filed a lawsuit against AFG and its Chief Executive Officer, Ralph Wright Brewer III, in the Northern District of Texas, Dallas Division alleging fraudulent misrepresentation, breach of contract, and the concealment of a ransomware attack on its own network shortly before the Reseller Agreement was executed. Given that the litigation remains in its early stages, the Company is currently unable to estimate the potential range of recoverable damages or the potential loss or range of loss, if any, resulting from a favorable or unfavorable outcome.
Recoverables and liabilities for contingencies, arising from claims, assessments, litigation, fines, penalties, and other sources are recorded when it is probable that a recoverable or liability has been earned or incurred and the amount of the assessment and/or remediation can be reasonably estimated.
Related Party Investigation
The Company’s management team assigned an advisor to the Board to conduct an internal investigation of potential related party transactions with certain members of DHC Sponsor, LLC, prior to the merger with Brand Engagement Network, Inc. These matters are still under investigation.
Employment contracts
The Company has entered into employment contracts with its officers and certain employees that provide for severance and continuation benefits in the event of termination of employment either by the Company without cause or by the employee for good reason, both as defined in the agreements, along with any unpaid vested options, equity or earned bonuses. In addition, in the event of termination of employment following a change in control, as defined in each agreement the employee shall receive a prorated bonus payment and severance payments (as defined in each agreement).
NOTE M — SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
The Company evaluated subsequent events and transactions that occurred after the balance sheet date up to the date the financial statements are issued. The Company did not identify any subsequent events, other than the below, that would have required adjustment or disclosure in these unaudited financial statements.
As previously disclosed, on October 29, 2024, Brand Engagement Network Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”) entered into a Share Purchase and Transfer Agreement with Christian Unterseer, in his individual capacity (“Unterseer”), CUTV GmbH, a limited liability company incorporated under the laws of the Federal Republic of Germany (“CUTV”), and CUNEO AG, a stock corporation incorporated under the laws of the Federal Republic of Germany (“Cuneo” and together with Unterseer and CUTV, the “Sellers”) (the “Purchase Agreement”), pursuant to which, among other things, the Sellers agreed to sell all of the outstanding equity interests of Cataneo GmbH, a limited liability company incorporated under the laws of the Federal Republic of Germany (“Cataneo”) to the Company for an aggregate purchase price, in the form of cash and Company common stock, of $19.5 million, subject to certain adjustments. In addition, after signing, the parties executed amendments on February 6, 2025, May 26, 2025 and July 3, 2025 that, among other things, (i) provided for certain down-payments by BEN that would be non-refundable and applied as set-off against any Sellers’ claims in a pre-closing termination scenario (including reasonable professional fees/costs and a $350,000 penalty referenced in Section 12.4.2), and (ii) temporarily suspended and then re-instated the Sellers’ contractual withdrawal rights on the dates specified therein. On September 14, 2025, the parties terminated the Purchase Agreement. The termination was effected through a written notice from the Seller, which the Company acknowledged and accepted, in accordance with the terms of the Purchase Agreement.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our audited financial statements and the notes related thereto which are included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Report”). Unless the context otherwise requires, all references in this section to “we,” “us,” “our,” the “Company” or “BEN” refer to Brand Engagement Network Inc., a Delaware corporation. The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 (“2024 Annual Report”) and with the unaudited consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto presented in this Report.
Overview
We are an emerging provider of conversational artificial intelligence (“AI”) assistants, with the purpose of transforming engagement and analytics for businesses through our security-focused, multimodal communication and human-like AI assistants. Our AI assistants are built on proprietary natural language processing, anomaly detection, multisensory awareness, sentiment and environmental analysis, as well as real-time individuation and personalization capabilities. We believe these powerful tools will empower businesses to elevate customer experiences, optimize cost management and supercharge operational efficiency. Our platform is designed to configure, train and operate AI assistants that engage with professionals and consumers through multiple channels, boosting customer experience and providing instant personalized assistance for consumers in the automotive and healthcare markets.
We still hold significant intellectual property in the form of a patent portfolio that we believe will be a cornerstone of our artificial intelligence solutions for certain industries that we expect to target, including the automotive, healthcare, and financial services industries.
Recent Events
The Cataneo Purchase Agreement
As previously disclosed, on October 29, 2024, Brand Engagement Network Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”) entered into a Share Purchase and Transfer Agreement with Christian Unterseer, in his individual capacity (“Unterseer”), CUTV GmbH, a limited liability company incorporated under the laws of the Federal Republic of Germany (“CUTV”), and CUNEO AG, a stock corporation incorporated under the laws of the Federal Republic of Germany (“Cuneo” and together with Unterseer and CUTV, the “Sellers”) (the “Cataneo Purchase Agreement”), pursuant to which, among other things, the Sellers agreed to sell all of the outstanding equity interests of Cataneo GmbH, a limited liability company incorporated under the laws of the Federal Republic of Germany (“Cataneo”) to the Company for an aggregate purchase price, in the form of cash and Company common stock, of $19.5 million, subject to certain adjustments. In addition, after signing, the parties executed amendments on February 6, 2025, May 26, 2025 and July 3, 2025 that, among other things, (i) provided for certain down-payments by BEN that would be non-refundable and applied as set-off against any Sellers’ claims in a pre-closing termination scenario (including reasonable professional fees/costs and a $350,000 penalty referenced in Section 12.4.2), and (ii) temporarily suspended and then re-instated the Sellers’ contractual withdrawal rights on the dates specified therein. On September 14, 2025, the Company received a notice from the Sellers purporting to withdraw from the SPA pursuant to Section 12.4.2. The notice states that prior addenda temporarily suspending the Sellers’ withdrawal right expired on August 31, 2025, after which the Sellers exercised their withdrawal right with immediate effect. On September 14, 2025, the parties terminated the Cataneo Purchase Agreement. The termination was effected through a written notice from the Seller, which the Company acknowledged and accepted, in accordance with the terms of the Cataneo Purchase Agreement. In connection with the termination of the Cataneo Purchase Agreement, the Company will make a final payment to the Seller of $100,000 (the “Final Payment”). The Final Payment and all previously paid down-payments, which, including the Final Payment, total to approximately $650,000, are not refundable and are applied as a set-off against any of Sellers’ claims permitted by Section 12.4.2. The Company otherwise bears its own expenses. The parties’ confidentiality and similar obligations that expressly survive under the Cataneo Purchase Agreement continue in effect. Any interim exclusivity, no-shop, or similar undertakings expired by their terms in connection with the withdrawal and are no longer in effect.
Financing Registration Statements
The Company has primarily financed its operations through a series of securities purchase agreements, promissory notes, and other equity and debt financings with affiliates and non-affiliates (“Financing Arrangements”). Pursuant to the respective transaction documents, the Company filed multiple resale registration statements on Form S-1 (“Financing Registration Statements”) with respect to the Common Stock, warrants, and Common Stock underlying warrants sold or to be sold under certain of these Financing Arrangements. However, these Financing Registration Statements became stale on March 31, 2025, the date of the filing of our 2024 Annual Report, because the financial statements included in the Financing Registration Statements did not meet the SEC’s currency requirements as of March 31, 2025. Subsequent to March 31, 2025, and until we file post-effective amendments to the Financing Registration Statements with the SEC, in the event (i) the Company issues any warrants or Common Stock and (ii) any of the Company’s outstanding warrants are exercised, each under the applicable Financing Arrangement, the issuance and resale, respectively, of these securities would not be considered registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and instead any resale would be saleable under the provisions of Rule 144 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. See “Liquidity and Capital Resources—Capital Resources and Available Liquidity” for additional details on our Financing Arrangements.
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Yorkville Promissory Note
On November 11, 2024, the Company issued a non-convertible unsecured promissory note (the “Yorkville Promissory Note”) in the aggregate original principal amount of approximately $1.7 million to YA II PN, Ltd. (“Yorkville”). The Yorkville Promissory Note does not bear interest, subject to a potential increase of the interest rate to 18.0% per annum upon the occurrence of certain events of default as described in the Promissory Note. The Promissory Note matured on March 11, 2025, and was issued at an original issue discount of 10%. As of June 30, 2025, the Company is in default on the Yorkville Promissory Note and there remains an unpaid and outstanding balance of $416,667. On May 28, 2025, the Company received a written notice of default from Yorkville. As of the date of this filing, Company management is in the process of negotiating with Yorkville and Yorkville has not initiated any further actions against the Company.
Cohen Convertible Note
On April 12, 2024, the Company issued a convertible promissory note to J.V.B. Financial Group, LLC, acting through its Cohen & Company Capital Markets division in the principal amount of $1.9 million (the “Cohen Convertible Note”), to settle outstanding invoices totaling $1.9 million related to investment banking services rendered to the Company in connection with its merger with Prior BEN and DHC (as defined in Note C to our Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements) (the merger, the “Business Combination”). Beginning on October 14, 2024, interest began accruing at the fixed rate of 8% per annum on the outstanding principal amount until the Cohen Convertible Note is paid in full. Interest is payable monthly in cash or in-kind at the election of the Company. The Company may prepay the Cohen Convertible Note in whole or in part at any time or from time to time without penalty or premium. The Company may be required to prepay all or a portion of the Cohen Convertible Note upon the consummation of certain capital raising activities as described therein. During the six months ended June 30, 2025, $380,000 of the Cohen Convertible Note converted into, and the Company issued, 316,666 shares of Common Stock at $1.20 per share. The Cohen Convertible Note matured on March 14, 2025. As of June 30, 2025, the Company is in default on the Cohen Convertible Note and there remains an unpaid and outstanding balance of $760,000. As of the date of this filing, Company management is in the process of negotiating with Cohen and Cohen has not initiated any actions against the Company.
Warrant Exercise and Reload Agreement
On January 13, 2025, the Company entered into that certain Warrant Exercise and Reload Agreement (the “January Warrant Exercise Agreement”) with certain investors (the “Purchasers”). Pursuant to the August SPA (as defined below), the Purchasers previously purchased 110,000 shares of Common Stock, and the Company issued the contribution warrant (the “Contribution Warrant”) to purchase up to 960,000 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $5.00 per share in exchange for certain holders of Common Stock contributing 1,185,000 shares of Common Stock into an escrow account maintained in connection with the August SPA, of which 1,075,000 shares of Common Stock remain in such escrow account (the “Escrow Shares”).
Under the January Warrant Exercise Agreement, the exercise price of 1,074,999 May Warrants (as defined below) (the “Committed Warrants”) was reduced to $1.96 per share, until May 30, 2025, after which point the exercise price for any unexercised Committed Warrants shall automatically revert back to $2.50 per share. Pursuant to the January Warrant Exercise Agreement, the Purchasers agreed to exercise the Committed Warrants for cash on a schedule set forth in the January Warrant Exercise Agreement (the “Exercise Schedule”). Upon each Committed Warrant exercised in accordance with the Exercise Schedule, the Company shall issue (i) one new warrant to purchase one share of Common Stock exercisable for a term of two years and (ii) one new warrant to purchase one share of Common Stock exercisable for a term of five years, each with an exercise price of $1.71 per share (together, the “Reload Warrants”). Upon a Purchaser’s completion in full under the Warrant Exercise but no later than May 30, 2025, all remaining May Warrants issued under the May SPA held by such Purchaser shall immediately upon completion of such exercise automatically be amended to become exercisable for $1.96 per share for the remainder of their term (the “Optional Warrants”). If a Purchaser exercises an Optional Warrant by June 30, 2025, the Company shall issue to such Purchaser (i) one new warrant to purchase one share of Common Stock with an exercise price of $1.71 per share with a term of two years and (ii) one new warrant to purchase one share of Common Stock with an exercise price of $1.71 with a term of five years (the “Optional Reload Warrants”). In addition, under the January Warrant Exercise Agreement, for each share of Common Stock for which a Purchaser exercises a Committed Warrant, one Escrow Share will be released from escrow and transferred to such Purchaser, for an aggregate of up to 1,074,999 Escrow Shares among all Purchasers, rounded down to the nearest whole share. Additionally, the exercise price of the Contribution Warrant was reduced to $1.71 per share.
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During the six months ended June 30, 2025, Purchasers exercised 812,642 Committed Warrants to purchase 812,642 shares of Common Stock pursuant to the January Warrant Exercise Agreement for aggregate gross proceeds of $1.5 million, and such Purchasers were or shall be issued 812,642 shares of Common Stock, 812,642 Escrow Shares, and 1,574,264 Reload Warrants. The August SPA has been terminated with respect to such Purchasers. As of June 30 2025, the Company has experienced delays in the exercise of warrants of one Purchaser for the January 31, 2025 exercise date under the January Warrant Exercise Agreement. in an aggregate amount of $0.2 million. The Company is uncertain and cannot guarantee whether such exercises will be made. To the extent a Purchaser fails to exercise its portion of the Committed Warrants, the obligations of such Purchaser under the August SPA and such obligations of any investor under the August SPA who is not a Purchaser under the January Warrant Exercise Agreement, shall remain, and the August SPA will only terminate as to the Purchasers who have completed their January 31, 2025 exercise pursuant to the terms of the January Warrant Exercise Agreement.
AFG Subscription Agreement; Termination of Reseller Agreement
On August 19, 2023, the Company and AFG Companies Inc. (“AFG”) entered into a Reseller Agreement (the “Reseller Agreement”) providing for, among other things, AFG to act as BEN’s exclusive reseller of certain products in a designated territory on certain terms and conditions. As partial consideration to AFG for such services to BEN, (i) Prior BEN issued to AFG a number of shares of Prior BEN common stock which converted into 1,750,000 shares of Common Stock and (ii) a non-transferable warrant to purchase up to 3,750,000 shares of Common Stock at a price of $10.00 per share, with AFG’s right to exercise such warrant vesting based upon revenues earned from the sales of BEN products paid by AFG to BEN pursuant to the Reseller Agreement (the “Reseller Warrant”).
On September 7, 2023, the Company and AFG entered into a Subscription Agreement (the “AFG Subscription Agreement”) providing for (i) the purchase of shares of Prior BEN Common Stock in a private placement by the AFG and certain of its affiliates (the “AFG Investors”) as of immediately prior to the Closing Date, which converted into the right to receive 650,000 shares of Common Stock with an aggregate initial value of $6.5 million and (ii) the purchase of shares Common Stock in four installments commencing on March 14, 2025, with an aggregate purchase price of $26.0 million, at a purchase price per share prior to the installment purchase date that is the lesser of $10.00 and the average of the last reported sales prices of Common Stock for the twenty (20) trading days immediately preceding the applicable installment purchase date, subject to a floor price of $2.11 (the “AFG Installment Shares”).
On January 16, 2025, the Company filed a lawsuit against AFG and its Chief Executive Officer, Ralph Wright Brewer III, in the Northern District of Texas, Dallas Division alleging fraudulent misrepresentation, breach of contract, and the concealment of a ransomware attack on its own network shortly before the Reseller Agreement was executed (the “AFG Lawsuit”).
On January 17, 2025, the Company delivered a notice of termination (“Notice”) to AFG Companies, Inc. (“AFG”) terminating the Reseller Agreement. The Notice only applies to the Reseller Agreement and does not affect AFG’s obligations under the Subscription Agreement; however, in light of the Notice and the AFG Lawsuit, the Company is uncertain whether AFG will fulfill its obligations under the Subscription Agreement. Accordingly, none of the information presented in this Report assumes that either the Reseller Warrant will become exercisable or that any AFG Installment Shares will be issued.
The Company remains committed to, and intends to continue developing, its automotive vertical. The Company intends to utilize additional channel partners and grow its sales team to further expand its customer base and drive revenues. The Company is finalizing preparations to launch its Automotive AI Agent, a solution that integrates with major automotive data and service platform providers and supports over 13,000 dealerships nationwide. Additionally, the Company plans to expand its efforts through pilot programs in the Midwest, stronger reseller partnerships in Mexico, and collaborations with Canadian dealership groups. Recently, the Company has secured automotive pilots using its AI agent, which the Company believes will improve lead conversions, automates scheduling tools, enhances service efficiency, and enables advanced analytics to streamline operations.
Key Factors and Trends Affecting our Business
Productions and Operations
We expect to continue to incur significant operating costs that will impact our future profitability, including research and development expenses as we introduce new products and improves existing offerings; capital expenditures for the expansion of our development and sales capacities and driving brand awareness; additional operating costs and expenses for production ramp-up; general and administrative expenses as we scale our operations; interest expense from debt financing activities; and selling and distribution expenses as we build our brand and market our products. To date, we have not yet sold any of our products beyond their pilot stage. As a result, we will require substantial additional capital to develop products and fund operations for the foreseeable future.
Revenues
We are a development stage company and have not generated any significant revenue to date.
Public Company Costs
We expect to hire additional staff and implement new processes and procedures to address public company requirements, particularly with respect to internal controls compliance and public company reporting obligations. We also expect to incur substantial additional expenses for, among other things, directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, director compensation and fees, listing fees, SEC registration fees, and additional costs for investor relations, accounting, audit, legal and other functions.
If we cease to become an emerging growth company, we will become subject to the provisions and requirements under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which will require us to undergo audits of our internal controls over financial reporting as part of our yearly financial statement audits, resulting in a significant increase in consultant and audit costs over previous levels going forward.
Components of Results of Operations
Operating expenses
General and administrative expenses
General and administrative expenses consist of employee-related expenses including salaries, benefits, and stock-based compensation as well as fees paid for legal, accounting and tax services, consulting fees and facilities costs not otherwise included in research and development expense. We have and expect to further incur significant expenses as a result of becoming a public company, including expenses related to compliance with the rules and regulations of the SEC and Nasdaq, additional insurance, investor relations and other administrative expenses and professional services.
Depreciation and amortization
Depreciation expense relates to property and equipment which consists of equipment, furniture and capitalized software. Amortization expense relates to intangible assets.
Research and development cost
Costs incurred in connection with research and development activities are expensed as incurred. These costs include rent for facilities, hardware and software equipment costs, consulting fees for technical expertise, prototyping, and testing.
Interest expense
Interest expense consists of interest on our related party note payable and short-term debt.
Interest income
Interest income consists of interest earned on our excess cash.
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities reflected the non-cash charge for changes in the fair value of the warrant liability that is subject to re-measurement at each balance sheet date.
Other expenses
Other expenses primarily consists of foreign currency gains or losses as a result of exchange rate fluctuations on transactions denominated in Korean won.
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Results of Operations
Comparison of the Three Months Ended June 30, 2025 and 2024
| Three Months Ended June 30, | Increase | |||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | (Decrease) | ||||||||||
| Revenues | $ | 5,000 | $ | - | $ | 5,000 | ||||||
| Operating expenses: | ||||||||||||
| General and administrative | 1,848,021 | 5,255,136 | (3,407,115 | ) | ||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 974,889 | 682,244 | 292,645 | |||||||||
| Research and development | 7,398 | 355,565 | (348,167 | ) | ||||||||
| Total operating expenses | 2,830,308 | 6,292,945 | (3,462,637 | ) | ||||||||
| Loss from operations | (2,825,308 | ) | (6,292,945 | ) | 3,467,637 | |||||||
| Other income (expenses): | ||||||||||||
| Interest expense | (21,609 | ) | (19,289 | ) | (2,320 | ) | ||||||
| Interest income | - | |||||||||||
| Change in fair value of warrant liabilities | (190,715 | ) | 1,456,661 | (1,647,376 | ) | |||||||
| Gain (loss) on debt extinguishment | 3,959,054 | 1,847,992 | 2,111,062 | |||||||||
| Other | (16,342 | ) | (42,123 | ) | 25,781 | |||||||
| Other income (expenses), net | 3,730,388 | 3,243,241 | 487,147 | |||||||||
| Net loss | $ | 905,080 | $ | (3,049,704 | ) | $ | 3,954,784 | |||||
Revenues
During the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, revenue was immaterial.
General and administrative expenses
General and administrative expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2025 were approximately $1.8 million, decrease of approximately $3.4 million, compared to the three months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease was primarily due transaction costs of $3.1 million incurred in connection with the Business Combination in the prior period, decreases in employee related costs of $0.8 million, partially offset by a increase in insurance of $0.2 million and $0.5 million associated with the AFG claims assignment. We have only recently begun to raise proceeds through the offering of our Common Stock and convertible notes to investors and therefore expect, in the near term at a minimum, to continue to utilize the issuance of equity based instruments as compensation to reduce our cash outlays.
Depreciation and amortization expenses
Depreciation and amortization expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2025 were approximately $1.0 million, an increase of approximately $0.3 million, compared to the three months ended June 30, 2024. The increase was primarily due to the amortization expense associated with the developed technology placed into service in the second quarter of 2024.
Research and development expenses
Research and development expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2025 were approximately $7,000, a decrease of approximately $0.3 million, compared to the three months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease in research and development expenses was primarily due to the sponsorship agreement with Korea University no longer being active and a decrease in stock compensation expense.
Gain on debt extinguishment
Gain on extinguishment of debt for the three months ended June 30, 2025 was approximately $4.0 million, related to settlement of accounts payable through the negotiated cash settlement. Gain on extinguishment of debt for the three months ended June 30, 2024 was approximately $1.8 million, related to settlement of accounts payable through the issuance of 93,333 shares of Common Stock and negotiated cash settlement.
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities
Change in fair value of the warrant liabilities for the three months ended June 30, 2025 was approximately $0.2 million loss associated with the non-cash charge for changes in the fair value of the warrant liabilities that is subject to re-measurement at each balance sheet date. The change in the fair value of the warrant liabilities during the three months ended June 30, 2024 was $1.5 million associated with the non-cash charge for changes in the fair value of the warrant liabilities that is subject to re-measurement at each balance sheet date.
Comparison of the Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 and 2024
| Six Months Ended June 30, | Increase | |||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | (Decrease) | ||||||||||
| Revenues | $ | 15,000 | $ | 49,790 | $ | (34,790 | ) | |||||
| Operating expenses: | ||||||||||||
| General and administrative | 5,062,210 | 11,765,671 | (6,703,461 | ) | ||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 1,914,095 | 799,591 | 1,114,504 | |||||||||
| Research and development | 18,095 | 606,236 | (588,141 | ) | ||||||||
| Total operating expenses | 6,994,400 | 13,171,498 | (6,177,098 | ) | ||||||||
| Loss from operations | (6,979,400 | ) | (13,121,708 | ) | 6,142,308 | |||||||
| Other income (expenses): | ||||||||||||
| Interest expense | (146,651 | ) | (41,221 | ) | (105,430 | ) | ||||||
| Change in fair value of warrant liabilities | 424,177 | 1,395,838 | (971,661 | ) | ||||||||
| Gain (loss) on debt extinguishment | 3,959,054 | 1,847,992 | 2,111,062 | |||||||||
| Other | 37,670 | (15,014 | ) | 52,684 | ||||||||
| Other income (expenses), net | 4,274,250 | 3,187,595 | 1,086,655 | |||||||||
| Net loss | $ | (2,705,150 | ) | $ | (9,934,113 | ) | $ | 7,228,963 | ||||
Revenues
During the six months ended June 30, 2025, revenue was immaterial. During the six months ended June 30, 2024, we earned $0.05 million in revenue through proof of concept and revenue sharing.
General and administrative expenses
General and administrative expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2025 were approximately $5.0 million, decrease of approximately $6.7 million, compared to the six months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease was primarily due transaction costs of $3.1 million incurred in connection with the Business Combination in the prior period, decreases in employee related costs of $0.8 million, partially offset by a increase in insurance of $0.2 million and $0.5 million associated with the AFG claims assignment. We have only recently begun to raise proceeds through the offering of our Common Stock and convertible notes to investors and therefore expect, in the near term at a minimum, to continue to utilize the issuance of equity based instruments as compensation to reduce our cash outlays.
Depreciation and amortization expenses
Depreciation and amortization expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2025 were approximately $1.9 million, an increase of approximately $1.1 million, compared to the six months ended June 30, 2024. The increase was primarily due to the amortization expense associated with the developed technology placed into service in the second quarter of 2024.
Research and development expenses
Research and development expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2025 were approximately $18,000, a decrease of approximately $0.6 million, compared to the six months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease in research and development expenses was primarily due to the sponsorship agreement with Korea University no longer being active and a decrease in stock compensation expense.
Gain on debt extinguishment
Gain on extinguishment of debt for the six months ended June 30, 2025 was approximately $4.0 million, related to settlement of accounts payable through the negotiated cash settlement. Gain on extinguishment of debt for the six months ended June 30, 2024 was approximately $1.8 million, related to settlement of accounts payable through the issuance of 93,333 shares of Common Stock and negotiated cash settlement.
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities
Change in fair value of the warrant liabilities for the six months ended June 30, 2025 was approximately $0.4 million associated with the non-cash charge for changes in the fair value of the warrant liabilities that is subject to re-measurement at each balance sheet date. Change in fair value of the warrant liabilities for the six months ended June 30, 2024 was approximately $1.4 million associated with the non-cash charge for changes in the fair value of the warrant liabilities that is subject to re-measurement at each balance sheet date.
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
Capital Resources and Available Liquidity
As of June 30, 2025, our principal source of liquidity was cash of approximately $20,000. We have financed operations to date with proceeds from the Yorkville Promissory Note, transactions with AFG, sales of our Common Stock, the SEPA (as defined below), warrant exercises and debt issuances to related and non-related parties. As described in Note A of our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, we have incurred recurring losses and negative cash flows from operations since inception and had an accumulated deficit of approximately $49.7 million at June 30, 2025. We expect losses and negative cash flows to continue for the foreseeable future, primarily as a result of increased general and administrative expenses, continued product research and development and marketing efforts. Management anticipates that significant additional expenditures will be necessary to develop and expand our business, including through stock and asset acquisitions, before significant positive operating cash flows can be achieved. Our ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon our ability to raise additional capital and to ultimately achieve sustainable revenues and profitable operations. Current available funds are insufficient to complete our business plan and as a consequence, we will need to seek additional funds, primarily through the issuance of debt or equity securities for cash to operate our business. No assurance can be given that any future financing will be available or, if available, that it will be on terms that are satisfactory to us. Even if we are able to obtain additional financing, it may contain undue restrictions on our operations, in the case of debt financing or cause substantial dilution for our stockholders, in the case of equity financing. Our history of losses, our negative cash flow from operations, our limited cash resources on hand and our dependence on our ability to obtain additional financing to fund our operations after the current cash resources are exhausted raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. Our management concluded that our recurring losses from operations, and the fact that we have not generated significant revenue or positive cash flows from operations, raised substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern for the next 12 months after issuance of our financial statements. Our auditors also included an explanatory paragraph in their report to our consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024 with respect to this uncertainty.
The Company will need to raise additional capital to continue to fund operations and product research and development. The Company believes that it will be able to obtain additional working capital through equity financings, additional debt, or other arrangements to fund future operations, and it intends to raise capital through equity or debt investments in the Company by third parties, including through the SEPA or other public offerings or private placements. However, the Company’s cannot conclude these are probable of being implemented or, if probable of being implemented, being in sufficient enough amounts to satisfy our contractual amounts as they presently exist that are coming due over the next 12 months as of the date of such filing.
Cohen Convertible Note
On April 12, 2024, we issued the Cohen Convertible Note, to settle outstanding invoices totaling $1.9 million related to investment banking services rendered to the Company in connection the Business Combination. Beginning on October 14, 2024, interest began accruing at the fixed rate of 8% per annum on the outstanding principal amount until the Cohen Convertible Note is paid in full. Interest is payable monthly in cash or in-kind at the election of the Company. The Company may prepay the Cohen Convertible Note in whole or in part at any time or from time to time without penalty or premium. The Company may be required to prepay all or a portion of the Cohen Convertible Note upon the consummation of certain capital raising activities as described therein. On the 14th day of each successive month commencing with January 14, 2025, the holder may convert a portion of Cohen Convertible Note to a number of shares equal to (i) up to 20% of the outstanding principal balance of the Cohen Convertible Note plus accrued interest due under the Cohen Convertible Note divided by (ii) a price per share equal to 92.75% of the arithmetic average of the Daily Volume-Weighted Average Price (“VWAP”) for the five VWAP Trading Days (as defined therein) ending on the VWAP Trading Day immediately preceding the applicable conversion date (subject to the Floor Price, as defined therein). The Cohen Convertible Note matured on March 14, 2025. As of June 30, 2025, the Company is in default on the Cohen Convertible Note and there remains an unpaid and outstanding balance of $0.8 million. As of the date of this filing, Company management is in the process of negotiating with Cohen and Cohen has not initiated any actions against the Company.
May Private Placement
On May 28, 2024, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “May SPA”) with certain investors (the “May Purchasers”), pursuant to which the Company sold to the May Purchasers an aggregate of 1,980,000 shares of Common Stock and 3,960,000 warrants, consisting of 1,980,000 warrants with a term of one year (the “May One-Year Warrants”) and 1,980,000 warrants with a term of five years (the “May Five-Year Warrants” together with the May One-Year Warrants, the “May Warrants”), for aggregate proceeds consisting of $4.4 million in cash and $0.5 million through the offset of an obligation of the Company to the May Purchasers. All May Warrants were originally exercisable for shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $2.50 per share, which was later amended under the January Warrant Exercise Agreement (described below.) Pursuant to the May SPA, 1,780,000 shares of Common Stock and May Warrants to purchase 3,560,000 shares of Common Stock were put in escrow until each May Purchaser deposited certain amounts on a monthly basis with the Company. Upon payment of each required funding, a pro rata portion of the shares of Common Stock and May Warrants in escrow are to be issued and released to the May Purchasers. During the quarter ending March 31, 2025, a total of 330,000 shares of Common Stock were issued to the May Purchasers for an aggregate gross proceeds of $750,000, As of June 30, 2025, 1,901,281 May One-Year Warrants and 1,251,587 May Five-Year Warrants are outstanding.
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July Private Placement
On July 1, 2024, the Company entered into a July Securities Purchase Agreement with The Williams Family Trust (the “July SPA”) for the issuance and sale of 120,000 shares of Common Stock and 240,000 warrants, consisting of 120,000 warrants with a term of one year (the “July One-Year Warrants”) and 120,000 warrants with a term of five years (the ‘July Five-Year Warrants,” together with the July One-Year Warrants, the “July Warrants”) to The Williams Family Trust for an aggregate purchase price of $0.3 million. The July Warrants are exercisable for Common Stock at a price of $2.50 per share and were immediately issued upon the closing date of July 1, 2024. As of June 30, 2025, all 240,000 warrants remain outstanding.
August Private Placement
On August 26, 2024, we consummated a series of transactions (the “August Financing”) whereby we (i) agreed to issue 1,185,000 shares of our Common Stock at a price per share of $5.00 pursuant to that certain Securities Purchase Agreement, dated August 26, 2024 (the “August SPA”) by and among the Company and certain investors signatory thereto (the “August Purchasers”), (ii) issued 960,000 warrants to purchase our Common Stock at an exercise price of $5.00 (the “August Warrants”) pursuant to that certain Warrant Purchase Agreement, dated August 26, 2024 (the “Warrant Purchase Agreement”) by and among the Company and certain purchasers signatory thereto, and (iii) facilitated the transfer of 1,185,000 shares held by DHC Sponsor, LLC (“Sponsor”) issued in connection with the Company’s predecessor, DHC Acquisition Corp.’s (“DHC”) initial public offering to the August Purchasers, pursuant to that certain share assignment and lockup release agreement (the “Assignment Agreement”) with certain members of Sponsor and certain other existing stockholders and affiliates of the Company and the August Purchasers in exchange for releases from certain restrictions on transfer.
On August 30, 2024, the Company issued to the August Purchasers an aggregate of 100,000 shares of Common Stock and 960,000 August Warrants, and the August Purchasers paid an aggregate of $0.5 million in connection with the closing of the August Financing.
The remaining shares were issued to an escrow account and such shares remain in escrow until the conditions in the August SPA are satisfied. The August Purchasers are required to pay to the Company monthly cash installments in the amounts and on the dates as determined in the August SPA ending on April 5, 2025. Upon payment of each required funding, a pro rata portion of the shares of Common Stock and August Warrants in escrow are to be issued and released to the August Purchasers. If an investor fails to pay its required funding by the respective deadline, the investor’s entire commitment under the August SPA will become immediately due and payable. As of June 30, 2025, the August SPA has been terminated with respect to certain August Purchasers who have exercised their portion of the Committed Warrants under the January Warrant Exercise Agreement. As of June 30, 2025, the Company has experienced delays in the exercise of warrants of one August Purchaser for the January 31, 2025 exercise date under the January Warrant Exercise Agreement. The Company is uncertain and cannot guarantee whether such exercises will be made. To the extent an August Purchaser fails to exercise its portion of the Committed Warrants, the obligations of such August Purchaser under the August SPA and such obligations of any investor under the August SPA who is not an August Purchaser under the January Warrant Exercise Agreement, shall remain, and the August SPA will only terminate as to the August Purchasers who have completed their January 31, 2025 exercise pursuant to the terms of the January Warrant Exercise Agreement. For additional information, please see “Warrant Exercise and Reload Agreement” below.
Standby Equity Purchase Agreement
On August 26, 2024 (the “SEPA Effective Date”), the Company entered into a Standby Equity Purchase Agreement (the “SEPA”) with Yorkville. Pursuant to the SEPA, the Company shall have the right, but not the obligation, to sell to Yorkville up to $50.0 million of the Company’s shares of Common Stock, at the Company’s request any time during the commitment period commencing on the SEPA Effective Date and terminating on the 36-month anniversary of the SEPA Effective Date. The shares will be issued and sold to Yorkville at a per share price equal to, at the election of the Company as specified in the relevant notice: (i) 96% of the Market Price (as defined therein) for any period commencing on the receipt of the notice by Yorkville and ending on 4:00 p.m. New York City time on the applicable notice date, and (ii) 97% of the Market Price for any three consecutive trading days commencing on the notice date. Issuances are subject to certain limitations, including that Yorkville cannot purchase any shares that would result in it beneficially owning more than 4.99% of the Company’s outstanding Common Stock at the time of an issuance or acquiring since the SEPA Effective Date under the SEPA more than 19.99% of the Company’s issued and outstanding Common Stock, as of the SEPA Effective Date. Additionally, if the total number of shares of Common Stock traded on Nasdaq during the applicable period is less than the Volume Threshold (as defined therein), then the number of shares of Common Stock issued and sold pursuant to such notice will be reduced as prescribed in the SEPA. As consideration for Yorkville’s commitment to purchase the shares of Common Stock pursuant to the SEPA, the Company paid Yorkville, (i) a structuring fee in the amount of $25,000 and (ii) a commitment fee of $0.5 million by the issuance to Yorkville of an aggregate of 280,899 shares of Common Stock. During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company issued an aggregate of 1,500,000 shares of Common Stock to Yorkville pursuant to the SEPA.
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Yorkville Promissory Note
On November 11, 2024, the Company issued the Yorkville Promissory Note in the aggregate original principal amount of approximately $1.7 million to Yorkville. The Yorkville Promissory Note does not bear interest, subject to a potential increase of the interest rate to 18.0% per annum upon the occurrence of certain events of default as described in the Yorkville Promissory Note. The Yorkville Promissory Note matured on March 11, 2025, and was issued at an original issue discount of 10%. As of June 30, 2025, the Company is in default on the Yorkville Promissory Note and there remains an unpaid and outstanding balance of $0.4 million. On May 28, 2025, the Company received a written notice of default from Yorkville. As of the date of this filing, Company management is in the process of negotiating with Yorkville and Yorkville has not initiated any further actions against the Company.
Warrant Exercise and Reload Agreement
On January 13, 2025, the Company entered into the January Warrant Exercise Agreement with certain Purchasers. Pursuant to the August SPA, the Purchasers previously purchased 110,000 shares of Common Stock, and the Company issued the Contribution Warrant to purchase up to 960,000 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $5.00 per share in exchange for certain holders of Common Stock contributing 1,185,000 shares of Common Stock into an escrow account maintained in connection with the August SPA, of which 1,075,000 shares of Common Stock remain in such escrow account as of June 30, 2025.
Under the January Warrant Exercise Agreement, the exercise price of the Committed Warrants was reduced to $1.96 per share, until May 30, 2025, after which point the exercise price for any unexercised Committed Warrants shall automatically revert back to $2.50 per share. Pursuant to the January Warrant Exercise Agreement, the Purchasers agreed to exercise the Committed Warrants for cash on the Exercise Schedule. Upon each Committed Warrant exercised in accordance with the Exercise Schedule, the Company shall issue the Reload Warrants. Upon a Purchaser’s completion in full under the Warrant Exercise but no later than May 30, 2025, all remaining May Warrants issued under the May SPA held by such Purchaser shall immediately upon completion of such exercise automatically be amended to become exercisable for $1.96 per share for the remainder of their term. If a Purchaser exercises an Optional Warrant by June 30, 2025, the Company shall issue the Optional Reload Warrants. In addition, under the January Warrant Exercise Agreement, for each share of Common Stock for which a Purchaser exercises a Committed Warrant, one Escrow Share will be released from escrow and transferred to such Purchaser, for an aggregate of up to 1,074,999 Escrow Shares among all Purchasers, rounded down to the nearest whole share. Additionally, the exercise price of the Contribution Warrant was reduced to $1.71 per share.
During the six months ended June 30, 2025, Purchasers exercised 812,642 Committed Warrants to purchase 812,642 shares of Common Stock pursuant to the January Warrant Exercise Agreement for aggregate gross proceeds of $1.5 million, and such Purchasers were or shall be issued 812,642 shares of Common Stock, 812,642 Escrow Shares, and 1,574,264 Reload Warrants. The August SPA has been terminated with respect to such Purchasers. As of June 30, 2025, the Company has experienced delays in the exercise of warrants of one Purchaser for the January 31, 2025 exercise date under the January Warrant Exercise Agreement. in an aggregate amount of $0.2 million. The Company is uncertain and cannot guarantee whether such exercises will be made. To the extent a Purchaser fails to exercise its portion of the Committed Warrants, the obligations of such Purchaser under the August SPA and such obligations of any investor under the August SPA who is not a Purchaser under the January Warrant Exercise Agreement, shall remain, and the August SPA will only terminate as to the Purchasers who have completed their January 31, 2025 exercise pursuant to the terms of the January Warrant Exercise Agreement.
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AFG Subscription Agreement; Termination of Reseller Agreement
On August 19, 2023, the Company and AFG entered into the Reseller Agreement providing for, among other things, AFG to act as BEN’s exclusive reseller of certain products in a designated territory on certain terms and conditions. As partial consideration to AFG for such services to BEN, (i) Prior BEN issued to AFG a number of shares of Prior BEN common stock which converted into 1,750,000 shares of Common Stock and (ii) the Reseller Warrant.
On September 7, 2023, the Company and AFG entered into the AFG Subscription Agreement providing for (i) the purchase of shares of Prior BEN Common Stock in a private placement by the AFG Investors as of immediately prior to the Closing Date, which converted into the right to receive 650,000 shares of Common Stock with an aggregate initial value of $6.5 million and (ii) the purchase of shares Common Stock in four installments commencing on March 14, 2025, with an aggregate purchase price of $26.0 million, at a purchase price per share prior to the installment purchase date that is the lesser of $10.00 and the average of the last reported sales prices of Common Stock for the twenty (20) trading days immediately preceding the applicable installment purchase date, subject to a floor price of $2.11 (the “AFG Installment Shares”).
On January 17, 2025, the Company delivered the Notice to AFG terminating the Reseller Agreement. The Notice only applies to the Reseller Agreement and does not affect AFG’s obligations under the Subscription Agreement; however, in light of the Notice and the AFG Lawsuit, the Company is uncertain whether AFG will fulfill its obligations under the Subscription Agreement. Accordingly, none of the information presented in this Report assumes that either the Reseller Warrant will become exercisable or that any AFG Installment Shares will be issued.
Cash Exercise of Warrants
There is no assurance that the holders of our warrants described under this section will elect to exercise for cash any or all of such warrants, especially when the trading price of our Common Stock is less than the exercise price per share of such warrants. We believe the likelihood that warrantholders will exercise their respective warrants, and therefore the amount of cash proceeds that we would receive, is dependent upon the trading price of our Common Stock. If the trading price for our Common Stock is less than the exercise price per share of a warrant, we expect that a warrantholder would not exercise their warrants. To the extent that any warrants are exercised on a “cashless basis” under certain conditions, we would not receive any proceeds from the exercise of such warrants.
As of the date of this filing, we have neither included nor intend to include any potential cash proceeds from the exercise of our warrants in our short-term or long-term liquidity sources or capital resource planning. Instead, we intend to seek additional funds, primarily through the issuance of debt or equity securities for cash to operate our business, including through the business development activities discussed above to continue to support our operations. Therefore, the availability or unavailability of any proceeds from the exercise of our warrants is not expected to affect our ability to fund our operations. We will continue to evaluate the probability of warrant exercise over the life of our warrants and the merit of including potential cash proceeds from the exercise thereof in our liquidity sources and capital resources planning.
To the extent such warrants are exercised, additional Common Stock will be issued, which will result in dilution to the holders of our Common Stock and increase the number of shares of Common Stock eligible for resale in the public market. Sales of substantial numbers of such shares in the public market could adversely affect the market price of our Common Stock, which increases the likelihood of periods when our Warrants will not be in the money prior to their expiration.
Material Cash Requirements
Our material cash requirements include the following potential and expected obligations:
Bank Loans
As of June 30, 2025, we had four loans outstanding, all of which were assumed in the acquisition of DM Lab in May 2023, totaling approximately $0.9 million. The loans carry varying interest rates ranging from 4.667% to 6.69% and have varying maturity dates ranging from January to March 2025. The loans do not have optional or mandatory redemption or conversion features. In January 2025, we obtained a waiver to extend the due dates of the short-term debt to January 2026.
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We enter into agreements in the normal course of business with various vendors, which are generally cancellable upon notice. Payments due upon cancellation typically consist only of payments for services provided or expenses incurred, including non-cancellable obligations of service providers, up to the date of cancellation.
The Cataneo Purchase Agreement
In connection with the termination of the Cataneo Purchase Agreement, the Company will make a final payment to the Seller of $100,000 (the “Final Payment”). The Final Payment and all previously paid down-payments, which, including the Final Payment, total to approximately $650,000, are not refundable and are applied as a set-off against any of Sellers’ claims permitted by Section 12.4.2. The Company otherwise bears its own expenses.
Cash Flows
The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods presented:
| Six Months Ended June 30, | ||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | |||||||
| Cash used in operating activities | $ | (5,237,134 | ) | $ | (8,612,872 | ) | ||
| Cash used in investing activities | (141,512 | ) | (99,730 | ) | ||||
| Cash provided by financing activities | 5,249,729 | 8,459,014 | ||||||
| Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents | $ | (128,917 | ) | $ | (253,588 | ) | ||
Operating activities
Cash used in operating activities was approximately $526 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025 primarily due to our net loss of approximately $2.7 million. The net loss included non-cash charges of approximately $1.8 million, which consisted of approximately $1.9 million of depreciation and amortization expense, $0.5 million in equity-based compensation expense, including the issuance of restricted shares, and non-cash interest expense, offset by $0.4 million gain due to the change in fair value of warrant liabilities and a gain on forgiveness of debt of $4.0 million. The net cash outflow of approximately $2.8 million from changes in our operating assets and liabilities was primarily due to an decrease in accrued expenses of $0.8 million, an increase in prepaid expense and other current assets of $0.8 million and a decrease in operating lease liability of $0.1 million.
Cash used in operating activities was approximately $8.6 million during the six months ended June 30, 2024 primarily due to our net loss of approximately $9.9 million. The net loss included non-cash charges of approximately $0.3 million, which consisted of approximately $1.4 million of write offs of deferred financing fees, $1.3 million in equity-based compensation expense, including the issuance of restricted shares, $0.8 million of depreciation and amortization expense, partially offset by $1.8 million in gains on debt extinguishment and $1.4 million in changes in fair value of the warrant liabilities. The net cash inflow of approximately $1.0 million from changes in our operating assets and liabilities was primarily due to an increase in accounts payable of $3.6 million, partially offset by a decrease of accrued expenses of $1.7 million, an increase in prepaid expense and other current assets of $0.8 million.
Investing activities
Cash used in investing activities during the six months ended June 30, 2025 was approximately $0.1 million, which consisted primarily of capitalized internal-use software costs.
Cash used in investing activities during the six months ended June 30, 2024 was approximately $0.1 million, which consisted primarily of capitalized internal-use software costs.
Financing activities
Cash provided financing activities during the six months ended June 30, 2025 was approximately $5.2 million, which consisted of proceeds received from the sale of Common Stock and proceeds from warrant exercises and short term loans.
Cash provided by financing activities during the six months ended June 30, 2024 was approximately $8.5 million, consisted primarily of proceeds received from the sale of Common Stock of $8.5 million.
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Critical Accounting Policies
Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reported period. We base our estimates on historical experience, known trends and events and various other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions and conditions.
During the six months ended June 30, 2025, there were no material changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates from those described under the heading “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of BEN”, found in our 2024 Annual Report.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See Note B to our consolidated financial statements, found in our 2024 Annual Report for a description of recent accounting pronouncements applicable to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
Off-Balance Sheet Financing Arrangements
We have no obligations, assets or liabilities that would be considered off-balance sheet arrangements as of June 30, 2025. We do not participate in transactions that create relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, often referred to as variable interest entities, which would have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements. We have not entered into any off-balance sheet financing arrangements, established any special purpose entities, guaranteed any debt or commitments of other entities, or purchased any non-financial assets.
Emerging Growth Company Status
We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (“JOBS Act”). Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards issued subsequent to the enactment of the JOBS Act until such time as those standards apply to private companies.
We expect to elect to use this extended transition period to enable us to comply with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies until the earlier of the date that we (i) are no longer an emerging growth company or (ii) affirmatively and irrevocably opts out of the extended transition period provided in the JOBS Act. As a result, our financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with new or revised accounting pronouncements as of public company effective dates.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
As a “smaller reporting company” as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, (the “Exchange Act”) and pursuant to Item 305 of Regulation S-K, we are not required to disclose information under this section.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2025, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act.
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Disclosure controls and procedures are controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based upon the evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls were not effective as of June 30, 2025, based on the material weaknesses identified below.
Material Weakness in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
As discussed elsewhere in this Report, the Company completed the Merger on March 14, 2024. Prior to the Merger, DHC disclosed in the Risk Factors of its Form S-4/A filed on February 12, 2024, a material weakness in internal controls over financial reporting. Management has concluded this material weakness has not been remediated as an internal control deficiency was identified relating to the lack in investment of resources into accounting and reporting functions to properly account for and prepare U.S. GAAP compliant financial statements on a timely basis and to properly document risks affecting financial statements and controls in place to mitigate those risks in accordance with the requirements for a functioning internal control system, the accounting for the merger with DPL, the accounting for the extinguishment of certain liabilities through the issuance of common stock or through the exercise of warrants, the improper classification of the acquired developed technology from DM Lab as an in-process research and development asset, and the delay in obtaining valuation reports as it relates to valuing equity grants. Notwithstanding this material weakness, management has concluded that our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Report are fairly stated in all material respects in accordance with U.S. GAAP for each of the periods presented herein.
This material weakness could result in a misstatement of account balances or disclosures that would result in a material misstatement of our annual or interim consolidated financial statements that may not be detected.
Plan for Remediation of the Material Weakness in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
In response, the Company’s management has continued implementation of a plan to remediate this material weakness. These remediation measures are ongoing and include the following; hiring a Chief Financial Officer, which was completed in the fourth quarter of 2024, and adding additional review procedures by qualified personnel over complex accounting matters, which include engaging third-party professionals with whom to consult regarding complex accounting applications.
The material weaknesses will be considered remediated once management completes the design and implementation of the measures described above and the controls operate for a sufficient period of time, and management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are effective. We believe we are making progress toward achieving the effectiveness of our internal controls and disclosure controls; however, we cannot provide any assurance that these remediation efforts will be successful or that our internal control over financial reporting will be effective as a result of these efforts.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Other than the changes made to the material weakness described above, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rules 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Limitations on the Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and implemented, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues within a company are detected. The inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of simple errors or mistakes. Controls can also be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the controls. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and may not be detected. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
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AFG Litigation
On January 16, 2025, the Company filed a lawsuit against AFG and its Chief Executive Officer, Ralph Wright Brewer III, in the Northern District of Texas, Dallas Division alleging fraudulent misrepresentation, breach of contract, and the concealment of a ransomware attack on its own network shortly before the Reseller Agreement was executed. Given that the litigation remains in its early stages, the Company is currently unable to estimate the potential range of recoverable damages or the potential loss or range of loss, if any, resulting from a favorable or unfavorable outcome.
On March 26, 2025, the Company filed a First Amended Complaint against AFG in the Southern District of New York alleging breach of contract against AFG with respect to the AFG Subscription Agreement. Specifically, the Company alleges that AFG failed to fund its required March 13, 2025 payment in the amount of $6,500,000. In the lawsuit, the Company seeks actual damages in the amount of the missed payment, pre- and post-judgment interest, consequential damages and attorneys’ fees and costs. It also seeks a declaration from the court that AFG was and is obligated to purchase an aggregate of $6.5 million of additional shares of the Company’s Common Stock on each of the first four anniversaries of the Initial Offering Closing Date and Business Combination Closing (as defined in the AFG Subscription Agreement) pursuant to the AFG Subscription Agreement. On May 12, 2025, AFG filed an Answer and Counterclaims in which it denies the allegations of the lawsuit and asserts counterclaims for an unspecified amount of damages against the Company. Given that the litigation remains in its early stages, the Company is currently unable to estimate the potential range of recoverable damages or the potential loss or range of loss, if any, resulting from a favorable or unfavorable outcome.
Related Party Investigation
The Company’s management team assigned an advisor to the Board to conduct an internal investigation of potential related party transactions with certain members of DHC Sponsor, LLC, prior to the merger with Brand Engagement Network, Inc. These matters are still under investigation.
From time to time, we may become involved in legal proceedings or be subject to claims arising in the ordinary course of our business. Apart from the foregoing, we are not presently a party to any other legal proceedings that we believe, if determined adversely to us, would individually or taken together have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, cash flows or financial condition. Defending such proceedings is costly and can impose a significant burden on management and employees. The results of any current or future litigation cannot be predicted with certainty, and regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.
As of the date of this Report, there have been no material changes from the risk factors disclosed in our 2024 Annual Report. Any of these factors could result in a significant or material adverse effect on our result of operations or financial conditions. Additional risk factors not presently known to us may also impair our business or results of operations. We may disclose changes to such factors or disclose additional factors from time to time in our future filings with the SEC.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
None.
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
None.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders
The Board has designated November 26, 2025 as the date of the Company’s 2025 annual meeting of shareholders (the “2025 Annual Meeting”). The Company intends to set the record date for determining the shareholders of record who will be entitled to vote at the 2025 Annual Meeting as the close of business on November 3, 2025. The time and location of the 2025 Annual Meeting will be as set forth in the Company’s definitive proxy statement for the 2025 Annual Meeting to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
A shareholder who, in accordance with Rule 14a-8 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), intends to present a proposal to be included in the proxy statement for the 2025 Annual Meeting must submit the proposal to the Company, 300 Delaware Avenue, Suite 210, Wilmington, DE 19801, Attention: Legal Department - Shareholder Mail, with a copy sent by e-mail to legal@beninc.ai, and we must receive the proposal by no later than a reasonable time before we begin to print and mail the proxy materials for the 2025 Annual Meeting. Accordingly, the Board has fixed the new deadline for the submission of proposals to be included in the proxy statement for the 2025 Annual Meeting as October 20, 2025. In addition, we may omit any proposal from our proxy materials that does not comply with Securities and Exchange Commission rules.
Pursuant to the Company’s bylaws, if a shareholder intends to present certain matters, including nominations for the election of directors, at the 2025 Annual Meeting without inclusion in our proxy materials, the notice must also be delivered to our principal executive offices, at the address and email set forth above, no later than October 20, 2025. The proposal or nomination must also contain the information and follow the procedures required by our bylaws.
Director and Officer Trading Arrangements
None of our directors or officers adopted or terminated a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or a non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement (as such terms are defined in Items 408(a) and 408(c) of Regulation S-K, respectively) during the quarterly period covered by this Report.
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The exhibits listed below are filed as part of this Report or incorporated herein by reference.
| 101.CAL* | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. | |
| 101.DEF* | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. | |
| 101.LAB* | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document. | |
| 101.PRE* | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. | |
| 104* | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101). |
________________
* Filed herewith
** The certifications as Exhibit 32.1 and Exhibit 32.2 are not deemed “filed” with the Securities and Exchange Commission and are not to be incorporated by the reference into any filing of Brand Engagement Network Inc. under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act, whether made before or after the date of this Report, irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing.
# Schedules to this exhibit have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(2) of Registration S-K. The registrant hereby agrees to furnish a copy of any omitted schedules to the Commission upon request.
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Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
| Brand Engagement Network Inc. (Registrant) | ||
| Date: October 10, 2025 | By: | /s/ Tyler Luck |
| Name: | Tyler Luck | |
| Title: | Acting Chief Executive Officer | |
| (Duly Authorized Officer and Principal Executive Officer) | ||
| Date: October 10, 2025 | By: | /s/ Walid Khiari |
| Name: | Walid Khiari | |
| Title: | Chief Financial Officer | |
| (Principal Financial Officer) | ||
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EXHIBIT 31.1
CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER
IN ACCORDANCE WITH 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED BY SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
I, Tyler Luck, certify that:
| 1. | I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Brand Engagement Network Inc. for the period ended June 30, 2025; | |
| 2. | Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; | |
| 3. | Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; | |
| 4. | The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: |
| a. | Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; | ||
| b. | Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; | ||
| c. | Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and | ||
| d. | Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and |
| 5. | The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): |
| a. | All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal controls over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and | ||
| b. | Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. |
Date: October 10, 2025
| /s/ Tyler Luck | |
| Tyler Luck | |
| Acting Chief Executive Officer |
EXHIBIT 31.2
CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER
IN ACCORDANCE WITH 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED BY SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
I, Walid Khiari, certify that:
| 1. | I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Brand Engagement Network Inc. for the period ended June 30, 2025; | |
| 2. | Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; | |
| 3. | Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; | |
| 4. | The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: |
| a. | Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; | ||
| b. | Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; | ||
| c. | Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and | ||
| d. | Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and |
| 5. | The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): |
| a. | All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal controls over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and | ||
| b. | Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. |
Date: October 10, 2025
| /s/ Walid Khiari | |
| Walid Khiari | |
| Chief Financial Officer |
EXHIBIT 32.1
CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER
IN ACCORDANCE WITH 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED BY SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
In connection with the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Brand Engagement Network Inc. (the “Company”) for the period ended June 30, 2025 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Tyler Luck, in my capacity as Chief Executive Officer of the Company and not in my individual capacity, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to my knowledge:
| 1. | The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and | |
| 2. | The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company as of, and for, the periods presented in the Report. |
Date: October 10, 2025
| /s/ Tyler Luck | |
| Tyler Luck | |
| Acting Chief Executive Officer |
The foregoing certification is being furnished as an exhibit to the Report pursuant to Item 601(b)(32) of Regulation S-K and Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (subsections (a) and (b) of Section 1350, Chapter 63 of Title 18, United States Code) and, accordingly, is not being filed as part of the Report for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and is not incorporated by reference into any filing of the Company, whether made before or after the date hereof, regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing.
EXHIBIT 32.2
CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER
IN ACCORDANCE WITH 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED BY SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
In connection with the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Brand Engagement Network Inc. (the “Company”) for the period ended June 30, 2025 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Walid Khiari, in my capacity as Chief Financial Officer of the Company and not in my individual capacity, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to my knowledge:
| 1. | The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and | |
| 2. | The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company as of, and for, the periods presented in the Report. |
Date: October 10, 2025
| /s/ Walid Khiari | |
| Walid Khiari | |
| Chief Financial Officer |
The foregoing certification is being furnished as an exhibit to the Report pursuant to Item 601(b)(32) of Regulation S-K and Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (subsections (a) and (b) of Section 1350, Chapter 63 of Title 18, United States Code) and, accordingly, is not being filed as part of the Report for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and is not incorporated by reference into any filing of the Company, whether made before or after the date hereof, regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing.