C21 Investments Inc 6-K, filed Jun 24, 2025
C21 Investments Inc. (CWLXF)
About this 6-K
C21 Investments Inc filed this 6-K on June 24, 2025.
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 6-K
REPORT OF FOREIGN PRIVATE ISSUER PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-16 OR 15d-16
UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the month of June, 2025
Commission File Number: 000-55982
C21 Investments Inc.
(Translation of registrant's name into English)
Suite 1900-855 West Georgia St., Vancouver, BC, V6C 3H4
(Address of principal executive offices)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant files or will file annual reports under cover Form 20-F or Form 40-F.
[ x ] Form 20-F [ ] Form 40-F
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is submitting the Form 6-K in paper as permitted by Regulation S-T Rule 101(b)(1): [ ]
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is submitting the Form 6-K in paper as permitted by Regulation S-T Rule 101(b)(7): [ ]
SUBMITTED HEREWITH
Exhibits
| 99.1 | Audited Financial Statements for the year ended March 31, 2025 |
| 99.2 | Management Discussion and Analysis for the year ended March 31, 2025 |
| 99.3 | CEO Certification |
| 99.4 | CEO Certification |
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
| C21 Investments Inc. | ||
| (Registrant) | ||
| Date: June 23, 2025 | By: | /s/ Michael Kidd |
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| Michael Kidd | ||
| Title: | CFO | |
 |
Consolidated Financial Statements For the year ended March 31, 2025, the two months ended March 31, 2024 and the year ended January 31, 2024 (Expressed in U.S. Dollars) |
(1) See note 2(d) regarding change in financial year.
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Shareholders and Directors of C21 Investments Inc.
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of C21 Investments Inc. (the "Company") as of March 31, 2025, March 31, 2024, and January 31, 2024 and the related consolidated statements of loss and comprehensive loss, changes in shareholders' equity, and cash flows for the year ended March 31, 2025, two months ended March 31, 2024, and year ended January 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of March 31, 2025, March 31, 2024 and January 31, 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year ended March 31, 2025, two months ended March 31, 2024 and year ended January 31, 2024 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatements of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2024.
| /s/ DAVIDSON & COMPANY LLP | |
| Vancouver, Canada | Chartered Professional Accountants |
June 23, 2025
C21 INVESTMENTS INC.
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(Expressed in U.S. dollars)
| March 31, 2025 |
March 31, 2024 |
January 31, 2024 |
|||||||
| $ | $ | $ | |||||||
| ASSETS | |||||||||
| Current assets | |||||||||
| Cash | 2,625,461 | 3,260,568 | 2,408,526 | ||||||
| Receivables | 176,695 | 254,391 | 203,021 | ||||||
| Inventory | 4,051,425 | 2,866,054 | 2,708,721 | ||||||
| Prepaid expenses and deposits | 645,809 | 592,613 | 751,139 | ||||||
| Assets classified as held for sale | 4,725 | 1,164,696 | 1,170,947 | ||||||
| 7,504,115 | 8,138,322 | 7,242,354 | |||||||
| Non-current assets | |||||||||
| Property and equipment | 2,665,600 | 3,390,933 | 3,433,094 | ||||||
| Right-of-use assets | 9,393,282 | 8,746,825 | 8,829,298 | ||||||
| Intangible assets | 8,092,663 | 6,286,590 | 6,482,865 | ||||||
| Goodwill | 28,541,323 | 28,541,323 | 28,541,323 | ||||||
| Note receivable | 802,766 | - | - | ||||||
| Deferred tax asset | - | 121,843 | - | ||||||
| Total assets | 56,999,749 | 55,225,836 | 54,528,934 | ||||||
| LIABILITIES | |||||||||
| Current liabilities | |||||||||
| Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | 2,148,153 | 2,593,195 | 2,215,956 | ||||||
| Convertible promissory notes | 1,156,259 | 1,156,259 | 1,156,259 | ||||||
| Convertible debentures - current portion | 977,817 | - | - | ||||||
| Income taxes payable | 2,833,991 | 10,230,423 | 9,719,872 | ||||||
| Deferred revenue | 309,892 | 287,560 | 301,562 | ||||||
| Lease liabilities - current portion | 530,931 | 387,400 | 374,548 | ||||||
| Liabilities classified as held for sale | - | 392,320 | 396,943 | ||||||
| 7,957,043 | 15,047,157 | 14,165,140 | |||||||
| Non-current liabilities | |||||||||
| Convertible debentures | 710,367 | - | - | ||||||
| Lease liabilities | 9,771,124 | 9,120,396 | 9,192,588 | ||||||
| Uncertain tax position | 9,822,797 | - | - | ||||||
| Derivative liability | 27,824 | 84,871 | 108,233 | ||||||
| Deferred tax liability | 34,817 | - | 15,965 | ||||||
| Total liabilities | 28,323,972 | 24,252,424 | 23,481,926 | ||||||
| SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY | |||||||||
| Common stock, no par value; unlimited shares authorized; 117,996,814, 120,047,814 and 120,047,814 shares issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2025, March 31, 2024 and January 31, 2024, respectively | 107,006,777 | 105,467,920 | 105,467,920 | ||||||
| Commitment to issue shares | 628,141 | 628,141 | 628,141 | ||||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (2,138,198 | ) | (2,271,248 | ) | (2,272,056 | ) | |||
| Deficit | (76,820,943 | ) | (72,851,401 | ) | (72,776,997 | ) | |||
| Total shareholders' equity | 28,675,777 | 30,973,412 | 31,047,008 | ||||||
| Total liabilities and shareholders' equity | 56,999,749 | 55,225,836 | 54,528,934 |
Commitments (Note 19)
Contingencies (Note 22)
Subsequent event (Note 25)
| Approved and authorized for issue on behalf of the Board of Directors: | |||
| /s/ "Bruce Macdonald" | Director | /s/ "Michael Kidd" | Director |
C21 INVESTMENTS INC.
Consolidated Statements of Loss and Comprehensive Loss
(Expressed in U.S. dollars, except number of shares)
| Year ended | Two months ended | Year ended | |||||||
| March 31, 2025 | March 31, 2024 | January 31, 2024 | |||||||
| $ | $ | $ | |||||||
| Revenue | 30,117,880 | 4,464,950 | 28,285,200 | ||||||
| Cost of sales | 17,558,940 | 2,688,650 | 17,135,434 | ||||||
| Gross profit | 12,558,940 | 1,776,300 | 11,149,766 | ||||||
| Selling, general and administrative expenses | 11,277,284 | 1,486,394 | 9,677,738 | ||||||
| Income from operations | 1,281,656 | 289,906 | 1,472,028 | ||||||
| Gain (loss) on change in fair value of derivative liabilities | 52,257 | 22,189 | (451,372 | ) | |||||
| Gain on termination of sales-type lease | - | - | 503,544 | ||||||
| Accretion expense | (509,871 | ) | - | - | |||||
| Loss on disposal of assets | (155,692 | ) | - | (11,655 | ) | ||||
| Impairment loss | - | - | (1,202,227 | ) | |||||
| Interest expense | (293,675 | ) | - | (35,210 | ) | ||||
| Other income | 20,246 | 9,209 | (16,451 | ) | |||||
| Net income from continuing operations before income tax expense | 394,921 | 321,304 | 258,657 | ||||||
| Income tax expense | (4,151,650 | ) | (372,743 | ) | (3,482,125 | ) | |||
| Net loss from continuing operations after income tax expense | (3,756,729 | ) | (51,439 | ) | (3,223,468 | ) | |||
| Net loss from discontinued operations after income tax expense | (212,813 | ) | (22,965 | ) | (81,817 | ) | |||
| Net loss | (3,969,542 | ) | (74,404 | ) | (3,305,285 | ) | |||
| Other comprehensive income: | |||||||||
| Cumulative translation adjustment | 133,050 | 808 | 15,089 | ||||||
| Comprehensive loss | (3,836,492 | ) | (73,596 | ) | (3,290,196 | ) | |||
| Basic and diluted loss per share from continuing operations | (0.03 | ) | (0.00 | ) | (0.03 | ) | |||
| Basic and diluted loss per share from discontinued operations | (0.00 | ) | (0.00 | ) | (0.00 | ) | |||
| Basic and diluted loss per share | (0.03 | ) | (0.00 | ) | (0.03 | ) | |||
| Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - basic | 119,794,951 | 120,047,814 | 120,047,814 | ||||||
| Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - diluted | 120,588,044 | 122,880,907 | 122,880,907 |
C21 INVESTMENTS INC.
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity
(Expressed in U.S. dollars, except number of shares)
| Number of shares |
Common stock and reserves |
Commitment to issue shares |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |
Deficit | Total shareholders' equity |
|||||||||||||
| # | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||
| Balance, January 31, 2023 | 120,047,814 | 105,445,792 | 628,141 | (2,287,145 | ) | (69,471,712 | ) | 34,315,076 | ||||||||||
| Share-based compensation | - | 22,128 | - | - | - | 22,128 | ||||||||||||
| Net loss and comprehensive income for the year | - | - | - | 15,089 | (3,305,285 | ) | (3,290,196 | ) | ||||||||||
| Balance, January 31, 2024 | 120,047,814 | 105,467,920 | 628,141 | (2,272,056 | ) | (72,776,997 | ) | 31,047,008 | ||||||||||
| Net loss and comprehensive income for the year | - | - | - | 808 | (74,404 | ) | (73,596 | ) | ||||||||||
| Balance, March 31, 2024 | 120,047,814 | 105,467,920 | 628,141 | (2,271,248 | ) | (72,851,401 | ) | 30,973,412 | ||||||||||
| Warrants issued in private placement | - | 966,028 | - | - | - | 966,028 | ||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation | - | 849,559 | - | - | - | 849,559 | ||||||||||||
| Cancellation of shares | (2,051,000 | ) | (276,730 | ) | - | - | - | (276,730 | ) | |||||||||
| Net loss and comprehensive income for the year | - | - | - | 133,050 | (3,969,542 | ) | (3,836,492 | ) | ||||||||||
| Balance, March 31, 2025 | 117,996,814 | 107,006,777 | 628,141 | (2,138,198 | ) | (76,820,943 | ) | 28,675,777 |
C21 INVESTMENTS INC.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(Expressed in U.S. dollars)
| Year ended | Two months ended | Year ended | |||||||
| March 31, 2025 | March 31, 2024 | January 31, 2024 | |||||||
| $ | $ | $ | |||||||
| OPERATING ACTIVITIES | |||||||||
| Net loss from continuing operations after income tax expense | (3,756,729 | ) | (51,439 | ) | (3,223,468 | ) | |||
| Adjustments to reconcile net loss to cash provided by operating activities: | |||||||||
| Accretion expense | 509,871 | - | - | ||||||
| Amortization of right-of-use assets | 574,686 | 82,473 | 480,340 | ||||||
| Deferred income tax recovery | 156,660 | (137,807 | ) | 249,071 | |||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 1,706,012 | 207,225 | 1,408,976 | ||||||
| Foreign exchange gain | - | - | (5,788 | ) | |||||
| Share-based compensation | 849,559 | - | 22,128 | ||||||
| (Gain) loss on change in fair value of derivative liabilities | (52,257 | ) | (22,189 | ) | 451,372 | ||||
| Gain on termination of sales-type lease | - | - | (503,544 | ) | |||||
| Loss on disposal of assets | 155,692 | - | 11,655 | ||||||
| Impairment loss | - | - | 1,202,227 | ||||||
| Interest expense | 293,675 | - | 35,210 | ||||||
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities: | |||||||||
| Receivables | 77,696 | (51,370 | ) | 209,289 | |||||
| Inventory | (698,690 | ) | (74,639 | ) | 1,948,095 | ||||
| Prepaid expenses and deposits | (53,196 | ) | 158,526 | 130,489 | |||||
| Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | (419,139 | ) | 356,631 | (1,034,911 | ) | ||||
| Income taxes payable | (7,396,432 | ) | 510,551 | 1,983,014 | |||||
| Uncertain tax position | 9,822,797 | - | - | ||||||
| Deferred revenue | 22,332 | (14,002 | ) | 207,494 | |||||
| Lease liabilities | (426,884 | ) | (59,340 | ) | (310,394 | ) | |||
| Cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations | 1,365,653 | 904,620 | 3,261,255 | ||||||
| Cash (used in) provided by operating activities of discontinued operations | (176,487 | ) | 6,861 | 68,599 | |||||
| INVESTING ACTIVITIES | |||||||||
| Purchases of property and equipment | (406,733 | ) | (51,483 | ) | (521,579 | ) | |||
| Proceeds from termination of sales-type lease and disposal of licenses | - | - | 400,000 | ||||||
| Purchases of licenses as part of Deep Roots acquisition | (3,413,647 | ) | - | - | |||||
| Proceeds from disposal of property and equipment | 367,229 | - | - | ||||||
| Cash used in investing activities of continuing operations | (3,453,151 | ) | (51,483 | ) | (121,579 | ) | |||
| Cash provided by investing activities of discontinued operations | 331,936 | - | - | ||||||
| FINANCING ACTIVITIES | |||||||||
| Settlement of earn out shares | - | - | (575,136 | ) | |||||
| Proceeds from issuance of debenture units | 2,920,562 | - | - | ||||||
| Principal repayments on promissory note payable | - | - | (2,026,667 | ) | |||||
| Principal repayments on convertible debentures | (677,732 | ) | - | - | |||||
| Interest paid in cash | (293,675 | ) | - | (51,562 | ) | ||||
| Cancellation of shares | (276,730 | ) | - | - | |||||
| Cash provided by (used in) financing activities of continuing operations | 1,672,425 | - | (2,653,365 | ) | |||||
| Cash used in financing activities of discontinued operations | (405,253 | ) | (7,591 | ) | (45,551 | ) | |||
| Effect of foreign exchange on cash | 29,770 | (365 | ) | 7,395 | |||||
| Change in cash during the year | (635,107 | ) | 852,042 | 516,754 | |||||
| Cash, beginning of year | 3,260,568 | 2,408,526 | 1,891,772 | ||||||
| Cash, end of year | 2,625,461 | 3,260,568 | 2,408,526 | ||||||
| Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: | |||||||||
| Income tax paid in cash | 1,500,000 | - | 1,250,150 | ||||||
| Interest paid in cash | 293,675 | - | 51,562 | ||||||
| Addition in right -of-use assets and lease liabilities | 1,221,143 | - | 924,105 |
| C21 INVESTMENTS INC. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements For the year ended March 31, 2025, the two months ended March 31, 2024, and the year ended January 31, 2024 (Expressed in U.S. dollars, except as noted) |
1. NATURE OF OPERATIONS
C21 Investments Inc. (the "Company" or "C21") was incorporated January 15, 1987, under the Company Act of British Columbia. The Company is a publicly traded company with its registered office is 170-601 West Cordova Street, Vancouver, BC, V6B 1G1. The Company is listed on the Canadian Securities Exchange under the symbol CXXI and on the OTCQB® Venture Market under the symbol CXXIF.
The Company is a cannabis operator in Nevada, USA and is engaged in the cultivation of and manufacturing of cannabis flower products, vape products and extract products for wholesale and retail sales. The Company initially also had operations in the state of Oregon. During the year ended January 31, 2022, the Company made a strategic decision to cease operations in Oregon. The results of the Company's Oregon operations are presented as discontinued operations.
As at March 31, 2025, the Company had a working capital deficiency of $452,928 (March 31, 2024 - $6,908,835 and January 31, 2024 - $6,922,786) and an accumulated deficit of $76,820,943 (two months ended March 31, 2024 - $72,851,401 and year ended January 31, 2024 - $72,776,997). During the year ended March 31, 2025, the Company generated $1,365,653 of cash from operating activities, while during the two months ended March 31, 2024 and year ended January 31, 2024, operating activities generated cash of $904,620 and $3,261,255, respectively.
At the federal level, cannabis currently remains a Schedule I controlled substance under the Federal Controlled Substances Act of 1970. Under U.S. federal law, a Schedule I drug or substance has a high potential for abuse, no accepted medical use in the United States, and a lack of accepted safety for the use of the drug under medical supervision. As such, even in those states in which marijuana is legalized under state law, the manufacture, importation, possession, use or distribution of cannabis remains illegal under U.S. federal law. This has created a dichotomy between state and federal law, whereby many states have elected to regulate and remove state-level penalties regarding a substance which is still illegal at the federal level. There remains uncertainty about the US federal government's position on cannabis with respect to cannabis-legal status. A change in its enforcement policies could impact the ability of the Company to continue as a going concern.
2. BASIS OF PREPARATION
a) Basis of presentation
These consolidated financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2025, the two months ended March 31, 2024 and the year ended January 31, 2024 ("consolidated financial statements") are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP"). These consolidated financial statements have been prepared on an accrual basis and are based on historical costs, except for certain financial instruments classified as fair value through profit or loss.
These consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which assumes that the Company will continue in operation for the foreseeable future and, accordingly, will be able to realize its assets and discharge its liabilities in the normal course of operations as they come due.
Failure to arrange adequate financing on acceptable terms and/or achieve profitability may have an adverse effect on the financial position, results of operations, cash flows and prospects of the Company. These consolidated financial statements do not give effect to adjustments to assets or liabilities that would be necessary should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern. Such adjustments could be material.
b) Functional and reporting currency
The functional currency of the Company is Canadian dollars ("C$"), and the functional currency of the Company's subsidiaries is U.S. dollars ("US$"). C21 has determined that the US$ is the most relevant and appropriate reporting currency as the Company's operations are conducted in US$ and its financial results are prepared and reviewed internally by management in US$. The consolidated financial statements are presented in US$ unless otherwise noted.
c) Basis of consolidation
The consolidated financial statements incorporate the accounts of the Company and all the entities in which the Company has a controlling voting interest and is deemed to be the primary beneficiary. All consolidated entities were under common control during the entirety of the periods for which their respective results of operations were included in the consolidated statements from the date of acquisition. All intercompany balances and transactions are eliminated upon consolidation.
| C21 INVESTMENTS INC. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements For the year ended March 31, 2025, the two months ended March 31, 2024, and the year ended January 31, 2024 (Expressed in U.S. dollars, except as noted) |
2. BASIS OF PREPARATION (continued)
A summary of the Company's subsidiaries included in these consolidated financial statements as at March 31, 2025 is as follows:
| Name of subsidiary (1) | Principal activity |
| 320204 US Holdings Corp. | Holding Company |
| 320204 Oregon Holdings Corp. | Holding Company |
| 320204 Nevada Holdings Corp. | Holding Company |
| 320204 Re Holdings, LLC | Holding Company |
| Eco Firma Farms LLC ("EFF") (2) | Cannabis producer |
| Silver State Cultivation LLC | Cannabis producer |
| Silver State Relief LLC | Cannabis retailer |
| Phantom Brands, LLC (2) | Holding Company |
| Phantom Distribution, LLC (2) | Cannabis distributor |
| Workforce Concepts 21, Inc. | Payroll and benefits services |
(1) All subsidiaries of the Company were incorporated in the USA, are wholly owned and have US$ as their functional currency.
(2) Operations have been discontinued and results are included in discontinued operations.
d) Change in financial year
In May 2024, the Company changed its financial year end from January 31 to March 31 as approved by the Canadian Securities Exchange. The change will allow more capacity to complete annual financial statements in a timely and cost-efficient manner. The Company elected to have a transition year of two months from February 1, 2024 to March 31, 2024. The Company's first full financial year under the new schedule covers the twelve months ended March 31, 2025.
In accordance with Section 4.8 of National Instrument 51-102 Continuous Disclosure Obligations, the comparative annual periods presented in these consolidated financial statements are the two months ended March 31, 2024 and twelve months ended January 31, 2024.
3. ACCOUNTING POLICIES
a) Significant accounting judgement, estimates and assumptions
The preparation of the Company's consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Estimates and assumptions are continuously evaluated and are based on management's experience and other factors, including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from those estimates and judgments.
Areas requiring a significant degree of judgement and estimation relate to the assessment of the transactions as business combinations or asset acquisitions, the determination of recoverability of goodwill, recoverability of intangible assets, fair value less costs to sell of assets classified as held for sale, estimates used in valuation and costing of inventory, impairment of long-lived assets and inventory, fair value measurements, useful lives, depreciation and amortization of property, equipment and intangible assets, the recoverability and measurement of deferred tax assets and liabilities, share-based compensation, and fair value of derivative liability.
b) Recently issued accounting pronouncements
In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued ASU 2023-07, Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (Topic 280). The Company adopted ASU 2023-07 as of April 1, 2024. This update enhances the disclosure requirements for reportable segments, including significant segment expenses and interim period disclosures. The Company have disclosed the title and position of our Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM) to provide clarity on who is responsible for making operating decisions. These disclosures aim to enhance transparency and provide more decision-useful information to investors and other stakeholders.
| C21 INVESTMENTS INC. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements For the year ended March 31, 2025, the two months ended March 31, 2024, and the year ended January 31, 2024 (Expressed in U.S. dollars, except as noted) |
3. ACCOUNTING POLICIES (continued)
The Company has implemented all new accounting pronouncements that are in effect and that may impact its financial statements and does not believe that there are any other new pronouncements that have been issued that might have a material impact on its financial position or results of operations.
Recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet effective
In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Accounting Standards Update 2023-09 ("ASU 2023-09"), Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, requiring entities to disclose more detailed information about income tax expense (benefit), significant components of income tax expense (benefit), separate disclosure of income tax expense (benefit) for domestic and foreign jurisdictions and by major jurisdictions. The Company will adopt ASU 2023-09 as of April 1, 2025. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU 2023-09 to have a material impact on its financial statements and disclosures.
In November 2024, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Accounting Standards Update 2024-03 ("ASU 2024-03"), Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosure (Subtopic 220-40): update required disclosure of specified information about certain costs and expenses. ASU 2024-03 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026. The Company has not early adopted this standard. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this amendment.
c) Cash
Cash is held in financial institutions and at retail locations. The carrying value of cash approximates its fair value.
The failure of any bank in which C21 deposits funds may reduce the amount of cash available for operations or delay the ability to access such funds. C21 does not currently have a commercial relationship with a bank that has failed or has shown indications of experiencing operational distress, nor has C21 experienced delays or other issues in meeting its financial obligations. If banks and financial institutions where C21's cash is held enter receivership or become insolvent in response to financial conditions affecting the banking system and financial markets, its ability to access cash may be threatened and could have a material adverse effect on operations and financial condition of the Company.
As at March 31, 2025, the Company had FDIC coverage over $1,877,092 (two months ended March 31, 2024 - $876,783 and year ended January 31, 2024 - $965,157) of its cash balance.
d) Foreign currency translation
Foreign currency transactions are translated into U.S. dollars at exchange rates in effect on the date of the transactions. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the functional currency spot rate at the reporting date. All differences are recorded in the consolidated statements of loss and comprehensive loss. Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rate at the date of the initial transaction. Non-monetary items measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair value is determined.
Assets and liabilities of foreign operations are translated into U.S. dollars at year-end exchange rates and any revenue and expenses are translated at the average exchange rate for the year. The resulting exchange differences are recognized in other comprehensive income.
e) Inventory
Inventory consists of raw materials, consumables and packaging supplies used in the process to prepare inventory for sale; work in process consisting of pre-harvested cannabis plants, by-products to be extracted, oils and terpenes; and finished goods.
Inventory is valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value, with cost determined using the weighted average cost method. Net realizable value is calculated as the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less any estimated costs to complete and sell the goods. Costs are capitalized to inventory, until substantially ready for sale. Costs include direct and indirect labor, raw materials, consumables, packaging supplies, utilities, facility costs, quality and testing costs, production related depreciation and other overhead costs. The Company records inventory reserves for obsolete and slow-moving inventory.
Inventory reserves are based on inventory obsolescence trends, and the historical and professional experience of management. The Company classifies cannabis inventory as a current asset, although, due to the duration of the cultivation, drying, and conversion process, certain inventory items may not be realized in cost of sales within one year.
| C21 INVESTMENTS INC. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements For the year ended March 31, 2025, the two months ended March 31, 2024, and the year ended January 31, 2024 (Expressed in U.S. dollars, except as noted) |
3. ACCOUNTING POLICIES (continued)
f) Property and equipment
Property and equipment is measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and losses on impairment.
Depreciation is provided on the straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets as follows:
| Buildings | 45 years |
| Furniture & fixtures | 5 years |
| Computer equipment | 3 years |
| Machinery & equipment | 2-7 years |
| Leasehold improvements | shorter of the life of the improvement or the remaining life of the lease |
g) Intangible assets
Intangible assets are recorded at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses, if any. Intangible assets acquired in a business combination are measured at fair value at the acquisition date.
Intangible assets with finite useful lives are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. Amortization of intangible assets begins when the asset becomes available for use. Brands, licenses, and customer relationships are amortized over 10 years, which reflect the estimated useful lives of the intangible assets.
h) Goodwill
Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price paid for the acquisition of subsidiaries over the fair value of the net intangible and tangible assets acquired. Following the initial recognition, goodwill is measured at cost less any accumulated impairment losses. Goodwill is allocated to the reporting unit in which the business that created the goodwill resides. A reporting unit is an operating segment, or a business unit one level below that operating segment, for which discrete financial information is prepared and regularly reviewed by segment management. The Company's goodwill is part of the Nevada reporting unit.
Goodwill is tested annually for any impairment, or more frequently in the case that events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of a reporting unit may not be recoverable. The Company may elect to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If factors indicate this is the case, then a quantitative test is performed and impairment is recorded for any excess carrying value above the reporting unit's fair value, not to exceed the amount of goodwill.
For the years ended March 31, 2025, the two months ended March 31, 2024 and the year ended January 31, 2024, the recoverable amount of goodwill allocated to the Nevada reporting unit exceeded the carrying amount and no impairment was noted.
i) Impairment of long-lived assets
Long-lived assets include property and equipment, right-of-use assets, and intangible assets with finite useful lives.
At the end of each fiscal year, the Company reviews the intangible assets estimated useful lives and amortization methods, with the effect of any changes in estimates accounted for on a prospective basis.
Long-lived assets are reviewed for indicators of impairment at each statement of balance sheet date or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that a potential impairment has occurred. The Company groups assets at the lowest level for which cash flows are separately identifiable, referred to as an asset group. When indicators of potential impairment are present the Company prepares a projected undiscounted cash flow analysis to determine the recoverable amount for the respective asset or asset group. An impairment loss is recognized whenever the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its recoverable amount and is recorded as in profit or loss equal to the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value.
j) Assets and liabilities held for sale
Non-current assets, or disposal groups comprising assets and liabilities, are classified as held for sale if it is highly probable that they will be recovered primarily through sale rather than through continuing use. Such assets, or disposal groups, are measured at the lower of their carrying amount and fair value less costs to sell. The comparative consolidated balance sheet is re-presented to classify assets as held for sale in the period that the respective assets are classified as held for sale.
| C21 INVESTMENTS INC. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements For the year ended March 31, 2025, the two months ended March 31, 2024, and the year ended January 31, 2024 (Expressed in U.S. dollars, except as noted) |
3. ACCOUNTING POLICIES (continued)
k) Convertible instruments
The Company accounts for convertible debt as a single unit of account, unless the conversion feature requires bifurcation and recognition as a derivative. Additionally, the Company uses the if-converted method for all convertible instruments in the diluted earnings per share calculation and includes the effect of potential share settlement for instruments that may be settled in cash or shares.
l) Leases
Upon commencement of a contract containing a lease, the Company classifies leases other than short-term leases as either an operating lease or a finance lease according to the criteria prescribed by ASU 2016-02, Leases ("ASC 842"). The lease classification is reassessed only when: (a) the contract is modified and the modification is not accounted for as a separate contract, and (b) there is a change in the lease term or the assessment of whether the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise an option to purchase the underlying asset. The Company has elected not to recognize right-of-use assets and liabilities for short-term leases that have a term of 12 months or less.
For both finance leases and operating leases, right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are initially measured as the present value of future lease payments and initial direct costs discounted at the interest rate implicit in the lease, or if that rate is not readily determinable, the Company's incremental borrowing rate. Subsequent measurement of lease liabilities classified as finance leases is at amortized cost using the effective interest rate method. Subsequent measurement of right-of-use assets classified as finance leases is at carrying amount less accumulated amortization, where amortization is recorded straight-line over the lease term. Subsequent measurement of lease liabilities classified as operating leases is at the present value of the unpaid lease payments discounted at the discount rate for the lease established at the commencement date. Subsequent measurement of right-of-use assets classified as operating leases is carrying amount less accumulated amortization where amortization is calculated as the difference between straight-line lease cost for the period, including amortization of initial direct costs, and the periodic accretion of the lease liability.
m) Financial instruments
Financial instruments are contracts that give rise to a financial asset of one party and a financial liability or equity instrument of another party. Financial instruments are recorded initially at fair value, which is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Subsequent measurement depends on how the financial instrument has been classified and may be at fair value or amortized cost. For financial instruments subsequently measured at fair value, the Company determines the fair value of financial instruments using quoted market prices whenever available. When quoted market prices are not available, the Company uses standard pricing models including the Black-Scholes option pricing model.
Financial instruments measured at fair value are classified into one of three levels in the fair value hierarchy according to the relative reliability of the inputs used to estimate the fair values. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are:
Level 1 - Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;
Level 2 - Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability either directly (i.e. as prices) or indirectly (i.e. derived from prices); and
Level 3 - Inputs that are not based on observable market data.
There have been no transfers between fair value hierarchy levels during the years ended March 31, 2025, the two months ended March 31, 2024 and the year ended January 31, 2024.
The Company's cash, receivables, accounts payable and accrued liabilities are recorded at cost. The carrying values of these financial instruments approximate their fair value due to their short-term maturities. The Company's note receivable is valued at amortized cost using the effective interest rate method. Unless otherwise noted, it is management's opinion that the Company is not exposed to significant interest risks arising from these financial instruments.
| C21 INVESTMENTS INC. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements For the year ended March 31, 2025, the two months ended March 31, 2024, and the year ended January 31, 2024 (Expressed in U.S. dollars, except as noted) |
3. ACCOUNTING POLICIES (continued)
Credit risk is the risk of potential loss to the Company if the counterparty to a financial instrument fails to meet its contractual obligations. The financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to a significant concentration of credit risk consist of cash, trade receivables and note receivable. The Company mitigates its exposure to credit loss associated with cash by placing its cash in major financial institutions. As at March 31, 2025, the Company had cash of $2,625,461 (two months ended March 31, 2024 - $3,260,568 and year ended January 31, 2024 - $2,408,526). The counterparties to the trade receivables and note receivable have a strong credit profile, and as such, the Company has assessed the associated credit risk as low.
Financial instruments subsequently measured at amortized cost include note receivable, convertible promissory notes and convertible debentures.
Liquidity risk is the risk that the Company will not be able to meet its financial obligations as they come due. As at March 31, 2025, the Company had a working capital deficiency of $452,928 (two months ended March 31, 2024 - $6,908,835 and year ended January 31, 2024 - $6,922,786). Working capital deficiency includes a convertible promissory note with a carrying amount of $1,156,259, which is currently in dispute with a vendor, and the outcome of this dispute is yet to be determined (Note 22). Additionally, as at March 31, 2025, the Company had an income tax payable of $2,833,991 and an uncertain tax position of $9,822,797. These items include an estimated income tax for the current year from its U.S. subsidiaries of $4,151,650. To manage liquidity risk, the Company endeavours to ensure it has sufficient cash resources to meet its financial obligations. The Company has a thorough planning process to determine the funds required to sustain its operations. Currently, the Company primarily relies on cash generated from its cannabis operations to fulfil its financial commitments. The Company's ability to service its debt depends on sustaining the profitability of its operations and obtaining sufficient financing on acceptable terms.
Foreign currency risk is the risk that the fair values of future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because they are denominated in currencies that differ from the respective functional currency. The Company is not exposed to significant foreign currency risk as its operations and cash flows are all denominated in US$. The Canadian parent has a functional currency of Canadian dollars but does not routinely engage in financing activities in alternate currencies and during the years ended March 31, 2025, the two months ended March 31, 2024 and the year ended January 31, 2024 had no exposure to foreign currency risk.
n) Share-based compensation
The Company measures equity settled share-based payments based on their fair value at their grant date and recognizes share-based compensation expense over the vesting period based on the Company's estimate of equity instruments that will eventually vest. Consideration paid to the Company on the exercise of stock options is recorded as common stock.
o) Income taxes
The Company uses the asset and liability method to account for income taxes. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined based on enacted tax rates and laws for the years in which the differences are expected to reverse.
Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.
The Company recognizes uncertain income tax positions at the largest amount that is more-likely-than-not to be sustained upon examination by the relevant taxing authority. An uncertain income tax position will not be recognized if it has less than a 50% likelihood of being sustained. Recognition or measurement is reflected in the period in which the likelihood changes. Any interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax liabilities are presented within income tax expense in the consolidated statements of loss and comprehensive loss.
p) Loss per share
The Company presents basic and diluted loss per share data for its common shares. Basic loss per share is calculated using the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the respective years. Diluted loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average shares outstanding adjusted for additional shares from the assumed exercise of stock options, restricted share units, or warrants, if dilutive.
| C21 INVESTMENTS INC. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements For the year ended March 31, 2025, the two months ended March 31, 2024, and the year ended January 31, 2024 (Expressed in U.S. dollars, except as noted) |
3. ACCOUNTING POLICIES (continued)
The number of additional shares is calculated by assuming the outstanding dilutive convertible instruments, options, and warrants are exercised and that the assumed proceeds are used to acquire common shares at the average market price during the year. Diluted loss per share figures for the years presented are equal to those of basic loss per share for the years since the effects of convertible instruments, stock options and warrants are anti-dilutive.
q) Revenue recognition
Revenue is recognized by the Company in accordance with ASC 606 - Revenue From Contracts With Customers ("ASC 606"). Through application of the standard, the Company recognizes revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to the customer in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.
In order to recognize revenue under ASC 606, the Company applies the following five steps:
1. Identify a customer along with a corresponding contract
2. Identify the performance obligation(s) in the contract to transfer goods or provide distinct services to a customer
3. Determine the transaction price that the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to a customer
4. Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligation(s) in the contract
5. Recognize revenue when or as the Company satisfies the performance obligation(s) in the contract
The Company's contracts with customers for the sale of dried cannabis and other products derived from cannabis consist of one performance obligation, being the transfer of control of the goods to the customer at the point of sale. The Company transfers control and satisfies its performance obligation when collection has taken place, compliant documentation has been signed, and the product was accepted by the buyer. The Company does not have performance obligations subsequent to delivery on the sale of goods to customers and revenues from sale of goods are recognized at a "point in time", which is upon passing of control to the customer.
Provisions for expected credit losses on accounts receivable are based on the Company's assessment of the collectability of specific customer balances, which is based upon a review of the customer's creditworthiness and past collection history. For trade receivables deemed to be uncollectible, and arose from the sale of goods, the Company will write off the specific balance against the allowance for doubtful accounts when it is known that a provided amount will not be collected.
The Company disaggregates its revenues based on sales to its retail customers where cash is received immediately versus wholesale customers to whom the Company extends credit terms. For the year ended March 31, 2025, revenue from retail sales from continuing operations totaled $28,671,773 (two months ended March 31, 2024 - $4,163,292 and year ended January 31, 2024 - $25,314,672) and revenue from wholesale from continuing operations totaled $1,446,107 (two months ended March 31, 2024 - $301,658 and year ended January 31, 2024 - $2,970,528).
r) Loyalty program
The Company offers a loyalty reward program to its dispensary customers that allows customers to earn reward credits that can be applied to future purchases. Loyalty reward credits issued as part of a sales transaction result in revenue being deferred until the loyalty reward is redeemed by the customer. The loyalty rewards are shown as reductions to the 'Revenue' line within the accompanying consolidated statements of loss and comprehensive loss and included as deferred revenue on the consolidated balance sheets. A portion of the revenue generated in a sale must be allocated to the loyalty points earned. The amount allocated to the points earned is deferred until the loyalty points are redeemed or expire. The loyalty program expiration policy is six months. As of March 31, 2025, March 31, 2024 and January 31, 2024, the loyalty liability totaled $309,892 and $287,560 and $301,562, respectively, and is included in deferred revenue on the consolidated balance sheets.
| C21 INVESTMENTS INC. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements For the year ended March 31, 2025, the two months ended March 31, 2024, and the year ended January 31, 2024 (Expressed in U.S. dollars, except as noted) |
4. ACQUISITION
On June 7, 2024, the Company completed the acquisition of a 6,500 square-foot, purpose-built, operational retail cannabis dispensary located in South Reno, Nevada. The dispensary acquisition was completed pursuant to the terms of an asset purchase agreement with Deep Roots Harvest, Inc. The acquisition involved the purchase of certain assets including applicable licenses. The purchase price in connection with the dispensary acquisition was $3,500,000 paid in cash to Deep Roots Harvest, Inc. on June 7, 2024. On June 26, 2024, the South Reno dispensary opened for business under the Silver State branding.
The acquisition of the new dispensary is accounted for as an asset acquisition due to the absence of identifiable processes and the inability of the acquired assets alone to operate as a business. The allocation of the purchase price to the acquired assets is as follows:
| $ | |||
| Total consideration transferred | 3,500,000 | ||
| Assets acquired: | |||
| Property and equipment | 86,353 | ||
| Licenses | 3,413,647 | ||
| 3,500,000 |
Acquired property and equipment consisted of fixtures and leasehold improvements and have an assessed useful life of 5 years. Licenses consist of two licenses which permit the Company to sell retail cannabis products in the State of Nevada and City of Reno, respectively. The licenses each have a useful life of 10 years.
5. DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS
a) Sales-type lease and disposal of licenses
In January 2022, the Company entered into a lease-to-own arrangement with a lessee for certain licenses, land and equipment in Oregon, USA, representing its outdoor growing operation. The Company determined that the arrangement should be accounted for as a sales-type lease and concluded that it is not probable that all required payments will be made such that title will transfer at the end of the term. As such, in accordance with ASC 842, the land and equipment were not derecognized, and payments received are recorded as a deposit liability until such time that collectability becomes probable.
During the year ended January 31, 2024, the Company executed a settlement agreement to terminate its lease-to-own arrangement. Prior to the settlement, the Company had collected a cumulative $100,000 related to the lease-to-own arrangement, recorded as a deposit liability. Under the settlement agreement, the Company transferred certain licenses with a carrying value of $32,250 in exchange for $400,000, which was paid by the lessee. The Company retained the cumulative $100,000 in lease-to-own payments collected to date. As a result, the Company recognized a gain on the termination of the sales-type lease of $467,750.
Additionally, the Company sold three licenses in Bend, Oregon, with a carrying value of $39,206, to the same lessee. The titles of these licenses were fully transferred. The Company derecognized the related intangible assets and the $75,000 deposit liability, resulting in a gain on the disposal of licenses of $35,794.
a) Oregon reporting unit
As a result of non-profitable operations in the Oregon reporting unit, the Company began to wind down operations in Oregon beginning in the year ended January 31, 2021. By January 31, 2022, the Company made the decision to cease all growing, manufacturing, and processing activities in Bend, Oregon. As the Oregon reporting unit comprises the assets of multiple components in distinct geographic locations, management anticipates completing the sale on a piecemeal basis. Management is engaged in an active program to seek buyers for the major classes of assets and liabilities in Oregon in order to complete a sale.
During April 2023, the Company had terminated all operating lease agreements in Oregon and paid a settlement payment of $151,350. As a result, security deposits with a carrying amount of $43,796 were written off and the Company recognized a loss on lease termination of $13,419.
| C21 INVESTMENTS INC. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements For the year ended March 31, 2025, the two months ended March 31, 2024, and the year ended January 31, 2024 (Expressed in U.S. dollars, except as noted) |
5. DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS (continued)
Property and equipment include a building and fixtures previously used for cannabis operations. The long-term debt at March 31, 2024 consisted of a mortgage on the building held for sale, secured on February 1, 2015, with a maturity date of January 1, 2025. The mortgage carried a fixed interest rate of 4.5% and required monthly payments. For the year ended March 31, 2025, interest expense on long-term debt was $12,933 (two months ended March 31, 2024 - $2,968 and year ended January 31, 2024 - $18,526). During the year ended March 31, 2025, repayments of $45,551 was made towards the mortgage (two months ended March 31, 2024 - $7,591 and year ended January 31, 2024 - $45,551). On December 10, 2024, the Company paid out the remaining mortgage balance of $371,089.
On March 28, 2025, the Company completed the sale of its Canby building for total consideration of $1,255,485. The building had been classified as held for sale and included in discontinued operations since 2022, and, accordingly, no depreciation had been recorded since that time. At the date of sale, the carrying value of the building was $1,139,517. The sale consideration included a promissory note with a face value of $850,000, bearing interest at a fixed annual rate of 4%, maturing 18 months from the date of issuance (Note 8). The note was initially recognized at its present value of $802,766, based on a market discount rate of 8%. The transaction resulted in a gain on sale of $63,250, which is recognized within income from discontinued operations for the year ended March 31, 2025.
A summary of major classes of assets and liabilities of the discontinued Oregon operation that are classified as held for sale in the consolidated balance sheets is as follows:
| March 31, 2025 |
March 31, 2024 |
January 31, 2024 |
|||||||
| $ | $ | $ | |||||||
| Carrying amounts of the major classes of assets included in discontinued operations: | |||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and deposits | 4,725 | 25,179 | 31,430 | ||||||
| Property and equipment | - | 1,139,517 | 1,139,517 | ||||||
| Total assets classified as held for sale | 4,725 | 1,164,696 | 1,170,947 | ||||||
| Carrying amounts of the major classes of liabilities included in discontinued operations: | |||||||||
| Long-term debt | - | 392,320 | 396,943 | ||||||
| Total liabilities classified as held for sale | - | 392,320 | 396,943 |
A summary of the Company's net loss from discontinued operations is as follows:
| Year ended | Two months ended |
Year ended | |||||||
| March 31, 2025 |
March 31, 2024 |
January 31, 2024 |
|||||||
| $ | $ | $ | |||||||
| Expenses | |||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative expenses | 331,754 | 19,997 | 116,728 | ||||||
| Loss on lease termination | - | - | 13,419 | ||||||
| Other expenses | (50,316 | ) | 2,968 | 18,526 | |||||
| Net loss from discontinued operations before income tax expense | (281,438 | ) | (22,965 | ) | (148,673 | ) | |||
| Income tax expense | 68,625 | - | 66,856 | ||||||
| Net loss from discontinued operations after income tax expense | (212,813 | ) | (22,965 | ) | (81,817 | ) |
A summary of the Company's cash flows from discontinued operations is as follows:
| Year ended | Two months ended |
Year ended | |||||||
| March 31, 2025 |
March 31, 2024 |
January 31, 2024 | |||||||
| $ | $ | $ | |||||||
| Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities of discontinued operations | (176,487 | ) | 6,861 | 68,599 | |||||
| Net cash provided by investing activities of discontinued operations | 331,936 | - | - | ||||||
| Net cash used in financing activities of discontinued operations | (405,253 | ) | (7,591 | ) | (45,551 | ) |
| C21 INVESTMENTS INC. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements For the year ended March 31, 2025, the two months ended March 31, 2024, and the year ended January 31, 2024 (Expressed in U.S. dollars, except as noted) |
6. RECEIVABLES
A summary of the Company's receivables is as follows:
| March 31, 2025 |
March 31, 2024 |
January 31, 2024 |
|||||||
| $ | $ | $ | |||||||
| Taxes receivable | 51,868 | 16,368 | 13,829 | ||||||
| Trade receivables | 124,827 | 238,023 | 189,192 | ||||||
| 176,695 | 254,391 | 203,021 |
There was no provision for expected credit losses on trade receivables as at March 31, 2025, March 31, 2024 and January 31, 2024.
7. INVENTORY
A summary of the Company's inventory is as follows:
| March 31, 2025 |
March 31, 2024 |
January 31, 2024 |
|||||||
| $ | $ | $ | |||||||
| Finished goods | 2,227,294 | 1,549,425 | 1,421,541 | ||||||
| Work in process | 1,558,428 | 1,136,096 | 1,139,116 | ||||||
| Raw materials | 265,703 | 180,533 | 148,064 | ||||||
| 4,051,425 | 2,866,054 | 2,708,721 |
8. NOTE RECEIVABLE
As of March 31, 2025, the Company had a single note receivable totaling $802,766, representing the present value of a note issued in connection with the sale of a held-for-sale building (Note 5). The note has a principal balance of $850,000, bears interest at a fixed rate of 4% per annum, and has a term of 18 months from the date of issuance. The note receivable was discounted to its present value using a discount rate of 8%, reflecting the Company's assessment of market conditions and credit risk at the time of the sale.
The Company evaluates the collectability of the note receivable based on the borrower's financial condition and compliance with the note terms. The note receivable is expected to mature in September 2026, at which point the Company anticipates receiving the full principal of $850,000 plus accrued interest.
9. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT AND RIGHT-OF-USE ASSETS
a) Property and equipment
A summary of the Company's property and equipment is as follows:
| March 31, 2025 |
March 31, 2024 |
January 31, 2024 |
|||||||
| $ | $ | $ | |||||||
| Land | - | 500,000 | 500,000 | ||||||
| Leasehold improvements | 2,194,128 | 2,057,964 | 2,027,182 | ||||||
| Furniture and fixtures | 367,024 | 361,580 | 361,580 | ||||||
| Computer equipment | 6,659 | 6,659 | 6,659 | ||||||
| Machinery and equipment | 2,309,689 | 2,419,927 | 2,399,226 | ||||||
| 4,877,500 | 5,346,130 | 5,294,647 | |||||||
| Less: Accumulated depreciation | (2,211,900 | ) | (1,955,197 | ) | (1,861,553 | ) | |||
| 2,665,600 | 3,390,933 | 3,433,094 |
In June 2024, as part of the acquisition of the new dispensary store (Note 4), the Company acquired furniture and fixtures as well as leasehold improvements with a fair value of $86,353 and estimated useful life of 5 years.
| C21 INVESTMENTS INC. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements For the year ended March 31, 2025, the two months ended March 31, 2024, and the year ended January 31, 2024 (Expressed in U.S. dollars, except as noted) |
9. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT AND RIGHT-OF-USE ASSETS (continued)
Total depreciation of property and equipment for the year ended March 31, 2025 was $585,120 (two months ended March 31, 2024 - $93,644 and year ended January 31, 2024 - $559,712). During the year ended March 31, 2025 - $477,591 (two months ended March 31, 2024 - $81,301 and year ended January 31, 2024 - $474,172) of the total depreciation was allocated to inventory.
During the year ended March 31, 2025, the Company disposed of equipment with total cost of $375,363 and accumulated depreciation of $328,417, receiving $6,278 in cash and land with total cost of $500,000 for cash of $360,951 and incurred transfer fees of $24,025. As a result, during the year ended March 31, 2025, the Company recorded a loss on disposal of assets of $155,692 (two months ended March 31, 2024 - $nil and year ended January 31, 2024 - $11,655).
b) Right-of-use assets
The Company's right-of-use assets result from its operating leases and consist of land and buildings used in the cultivation, processing, and warehousing of its products. During the year ended March 31, 2025, the Company recognized additional right-of-use assets of $1,221,143, related to the lease of the new dispensary store in South Reno, Nevada (Note 14).
10. INTANGIBLE ASSETS AND GOODWILL
a) Intangible assets
A summary of the Company's intangible assets subject to amortization is as follows:
| March 31, 2025 |
March 31, 2024 |
January 31, 2024 |
|||||||
| $ | $ | $ | |||||||
| Licenses | 15,423,921 | 12,010,274 | 12,010,274 | ||||||
| Brands | 644,800 | 644,800 | 644,800 | ||||||
| Customer relationships | 1,540,447 | 1,540,447 | 1,540,447 | ||||||
| 17,609,168 | 14,195,521 | 14,195,521 | |||||||
| Less: accumulated amortization | (9,516,505 | ) | (7,908,931 | ) | (7,712,656 | ) | |||
| 8,092,663 | 6,286,590 | 6,482,865 |
In June 2024, as part of the acquisition of the new dispensary store (Note 4), the Company acquired two licenses with total fair value of $3,413,647 and estimated useful life of 10 years.
During the year ended March 31, 2025, the Company recognized amortization expense on intangible assets of $1,607,574 (two months ended March 31, 2024 - $196,275 and year ended January 31, 2024 - $1,332,507). Of the total amortization expense, $9,091 (two months ended March 31, 2024 - $1,393 and year ended January 31, 2024 - $9,071) was allocated to inventory.
b) Goodwill
For the year ended March 31, 2025, the Company had goodwill of $28,541,323 (two months ended March 31, 2024 - $28,541,323 and year ended January 31, 2024 - $28,541,323), which was allocated to the Nevada reporting unit. There was no impairment on goodwill identified during the year ended March 31, 2025.
11. ACCOUNTS PAYABLE AND ACCRUED LIABILITIES
A summary of the Company's accounts payable and accrued liabilities is as follows:
| March 31, 2025 |
March 31, 2024 |
January 31, 2024 |
|||||||
| $ | $ | $ | |||||||
| Accounts payable | 1,049,610 | 1,456,637 | 1,188,133 | ||||||
| Accrued liabilities | 486,043 | 524,058 | 415,323 | ||||||
| EFF settlement accrual (Note 22) | 612,500 | 612,500 | 612,500 | ||||||
| 2,148,153 | 2,593,195 | 2,215,956 |
| C21 INVESTMENTS INC. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements For the year ended March 31, 2025, the two months ended March 31, 2024, and the year ended January 31, 2024 (Expressed in U.S. dollars, except as noted) |
12. CONVERTIBLE PROMISSORY NOTES
A summary of the Company's convertible promissory notes denominated in US$ is as follows:
| $ | |||
| Balance, January 31, 2022 | 1,281,442 | ||
| Payment | (41,600 | ) | |
| Interest expense | 1,600 | ||
| Effect of foreign exchange | (85,183 | ) | |
| Balance, March 31, 2025 and 2024, January 31, 2024 and 2023 | 1,156,259 |
On June 13, 2018, the Company issued convertible promissory notes to the vendors that sold Eco Firma Farms, LLC ("EFF") to the Company in the aggregate principal amount of $2,000,000. The convertible promissory notes were convertible at $1.00 per common stock. The convertible promissory notes accrue interest at a rate of 4% per annum, compounded annually, and were fully due and payable on June 13, 2021. The Company is engaged in an ongoing dispute with the vendors over repayment (Note 22). On issuance, the Company determined the conversion feature was a derivative liability as the convertible promissory notes were exercisable in US$ while the functional currency of the Company is Canadian dollars. On June 13, 2021, the conversion feature expired and as a result the fair value of the conversion feature is $nil.
13. CONVERTIBLE DEBENTURES
On May 6, 2024, the Company closed a non-brokered private placement, issuing 4,000 debenture units for aggregate proceeds of $2,920,562 (C$4,000,000). Each unit contains one convertible debenture and 1,000 common share purchase warrants. Each convertible debenture has a principal of C$1,000, maturing 30 months from the issue date, with interest accruing at 12% per annum, payable quarterly in cash. The principal and accrued interest may be converted into common shares at a price of C$0.45 per share at the holder's option any time before maturity.
The proceeds from the private placement were allocated to convertible debentures and warrants using the relative fair value method. Accordingly, $1,954,534 was allocated to convertible debentures and $966,028 to warrants. The Company accounts for the convertible debenture as a financial liability in its entirety, as the conversion feature does not require bifurcation and recognition as derivative liability.
A summary of the Company's convertible debentures is as follows:
| $ | |||
| Balance, March 31, 2024 | - | ||
| Additions from private placement | 1,954,534 | ||
| Accretion | 509,871 | ||
| Interest | 293,675 | ||
| Payment of interest | (293,675 | ) | |
| Repayment of principal | (677,732 | ) | |
| Effect of foreign exchange | (98,489 | ) | |
| Balance, March 31, 2025 | 1,688,184 | ||
| Current portion | 977,817 | ||
| Non-current portion | 710,367 |
| C21 INVESTMENTS INC. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements For the year ended March 31, 2025, the two months ended March 31, 2024, and the year ended January 31, 2024 (Expressed in U.S. dollars, except as noted) |
14. LEASE LIABILITIES
The Company's leases consist of land and buildings used in the cultivation, dispensary, processing, and warehousing of its products. All leases were classified as operating leases in accordance with ASC 842 Leases. A summary of the Company's active leases under contract as at March 31, 2025 is as follows:
| Lessee | Asset | Remaining lease term (years) |
Type |
| Silver State Cultivation LLC | Land and building | 7.68 | Operating lease |
| Silver State Relief LLC (Sparks) | Land and building | 11.68 | Operating lease |
| Silver State Relief LLC (Fernley) | Land and building | 11.68 | Operating lease |
| Silver State Relief LLC (Reno) | Land and building | 9.25 | Operating lease |
On February 1, 2023, the Company entered into amended agreements for the Sparks and Fernley leases, extending the lease terms from their original end date in 2025 to 2029, with three renewal periods of seven years each. The Company opted for one renewal term under the amended contracts, extending the lease terms until December 31, 2036. Accordingly, during the year ended January 31, 2024, the carrying amounts of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities were remeasured, resulting in an increase of $528,067 in the right-of-use asset and lease liabilities for the Sparks lease, and $396,038 for the Fernley lease.
On June 11, 2024, the Company entered into a lease agreement for the new dispensary store in South Reno, Nevada. The lease commenced on July 1, 2024, and will expire on June 30, 2034. Monthly payments are required at the beginning of each calendar month, with the first payment of $14,300 made on the lease commencement date. The base rent will increase by 3% annually. The lease is classified as an operating lease with an implicit interest rate of 10%. Accordingly, the Company recognized a lease liability valued at $1,221,143.
For the year ended March 31, 2025, the Company incurred operating lease costs of $1,597,609 (two months ended March 31, 2024 - $241,678 and year ended January 31, 2024 - $1,446,208). Of these amounts, during the year ended March 31, 2025 - $812,368 were allocated to inventory (two months ended March 31, 2024 - $135,395 and year ended January 31, 2024 - $812,368).
A summary of the Company's weighted average discount rate used in calculating lease liabilities and weighted average remaining lease term is as follows:
| March 31, 2025 |
March 31, 2024 |
January 31, 2024 |
|||||||
| Weighted average discount rate | 10% | 10% | 10% | ||||||
| Weighted average remaining lease term (years) | 9.60 | 10.61 | 10.77 |
A summary of the maturity of contractual undiscounted liabilities associated with the Company's operating leases as at March 31, 2025 is as follows:
| Year ending March 31, | $ | ||
| 2026 | 1,536,201 | ||
| 2027 | 1,582,287 | ||
| 2028 | 1,629,756 | ||
| 2029 | 1,678,649 | ||
| Thereafter | 10,090,378 | ||
| Total undiscounted lease liabilities | 16,517,271 | ||
| Effects of discounting | (6,215,216 | ) | |
| Total present value of minimum lease payments | 10,302,055 | ||
| Current portion of lease liability | 530,931 | ||
| Lease liabilities | 9,771,124 |
As at March 31, 2025, the Company had total undiscounted lease liabilities of $16,517,271 (two months ended March 31, 2024 - $15,999,875 and year ended January 31, 2024 - $16,218,421) pertaining to lease liabilities.
| C21 INVESTMENTS INC. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements For the year ended March 31, 2025, the two months ended March 31, 2024, and the year ended January 31, 2024 (Expressed in U.S. dollars, except as noted) |
15. DERIVATIVE LIABILITY
A summary of the Company's derivative liability is as follows:
| Earn out shares |
|||
| $ | |||
| Balance, January 31, 2023 | 239,700 | ||
| Gain on change in fair value of derivative liability | 451,372 | ||
| Settlement | (575,136 | ) | |
| Effect of foreign exchange | (7,703 | ) | |
| Balance, January 31, 2024 | 108,233 | ||
| Gain on change in fair value of derivative liability | (22,189 | ) | |
| Effect of foreign exchange | (1,173 | ) | |
| Balance, March 31, 2024 | 84,871 | ||
| Gain on change in fair value of derivative liability | (52,257 | ) | |
| Effect of foreign exchange | (4,790 | ) | |
| Balance, March 31, 2025 | 27,824 |
Upon the May 24, 2019 acquisition of Swell Companies, the vendors can earn up to 6,000,000 'earn out' shares over a period of seven years. The conditions were based on the Company's common shares exceeding certain share prices during the period. Additionally, 50% of the earn out shares are earned upon a change of control of the Company. The fair value of the derivative liability is derived using a Monte Carlo simulation.
In February 2023, the Company settled the obligation to issue 4,792,800 common shares by making cash payments of $575,136. As at March 31, 2025, March 31, 2024 and January 31, 2024, the total number of remaining earn out shares is 1,207,200.
16. SHARE CAPITAL
Share capital consists of one class of fully paid common shares, with no par value. The Company is authorized to issue an unlimited number of common shares. All shares are equally eligible to receive dividends and repayment of capital and represent one vote at the Company's shareholders' meetings.
A summary of the Company's share capital is as follows:
| Number of shares |
Common stock |
|||||
| # | $ | |||||
| Balance, January 31, 2023 | 120,047,814 | 105,445,792 | ||||
| Share-based compensation | - | 22,128 | ||||
| Balance, January 31, 2024 and March 31, 2024 | 120,047,814 | 105,467,920 | ||||
| Warrants issued in private placement | - | 966,028 | ||||
| Share-based compensation | - | 849,559 | ||||
| Cancellation of shares | (2,051,000 | ) | (276,730 | ) | ||
| Balance, March 31, 2025 | 117,996,814 | 107,006,777 |
On February 2025, the Company repurchased 2,051,000 common shares in a private transaction for a total cost of $256,375 (CAD $363,181). The repurchased shares were subsequently cancelled.
a) Commitment to issue shares
In connection with the acquisition of EFF on June 13, 2018, the Company issued a promissory note payable to deliver 1,977,500 shares to the vendors of EFF in the amount of $1,905,635, without interest, any time after October 15, 2018. As at, March 31, 2025, and March 31, 2024, shares issued pursuant to this commitment total 1,184,407 shares.
| C21 INVESTMENTS INC. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements For the year ended March 31, 2025, the two months ended March 31, 2024, and the year ended January 31, 2024 (Expressed in U.S. dollars, except as noted) |
16. SHARE CAPITAL (continued)
b) Warrants
A summary of the Company's warrant activity is as follows:
| Number of warrants |
Weighted average exercise price |
Weighted average remaining life |
|||||||
| # | C$ | Years | |||||||
| Balance, January 31, 2023 | 3,240,000 | 1.18 | 1.10 | ||||||
| Expired | (2,040,000 | ) | 1.00 | - | |||||
| Balance, January 31, 2024 | 1,200,000 | 1.50 | 0.31 | ||||||
| Balance, March 31, 2024 | 1,200,000 | 1.50 | 0.15 | ||||||
| Issuance from private placement | 4,000,000 | 0.55 | 1.60 | ||||||
| Expired | (1,200,000 | ) | 1.50 | - | |||||
| Balance, March 31, 2025 | 4,000,000 | 0.55 | 1.60 |
On May 6, 2024, the Company closed its debenture unit private placement and issued 4,000,000 warrants. Each warrant is exercisable for one common share at a price of C$0.55 per share for a period of 30 months from the issuance date. The allocated value of these warrants is $966,028.
A summary of the Company's outstanding and exercisable warrants as at March 31, 2025, is as follows:
| Expiry date | Exercise price | Number of warrants outstanding |
||||
| C$ | # | |||||
| November 6, 2026 | 0.55 | 4,000,000 |
As at March 31, 2025, March 31, 2024 and January 31, 2024, outstanding and exercisable warrants had intrinsic values of $nil, $nil and $nil, respectively.
c) Stock options
The Company is authorized to grant options to executive officers and directors, employees, and consultants, enabling them to acquire up to 10% of the issued and outstanding common shares of the Company. The exercise price of each option equals the market price of the Company's shares as calculated on the date of grant. The options can be granted for a maximum term of 10 years. Vesting is determined by the Board of Directors.
A summary of the Company's stock option activity is as follows:
| Number of options |
Weighted average exercise price |
Weighted average remaining life |
|||||||
| # | C$ | Years | |||||||
| Balance, January 31, 2023 | 4,810,000 | 0.75 | 0.86 | ||||||
| Expired/forfeited | (3,710,000 | ) | 0.73 | - | |||||
| Balance, January 31, 2024 | 1,100,000 | 0.84 | 0.88 | ||||||
| Balance, March 31, 2024 | 1,100,000 | 0.84 | 0.71 | ||||||
| Granted | 5,425,000 | 0.53 | 2.12 | ||||||
| Expired | (1,100,000 | ) | - | - | |||||
| Balance, March 31, 2025 | 5,425,000 | 0.53 | 2.12 |
On May 13, 2024, the Company granted 5,425,000 stock options to certain officers, directors, and employees. Each stock option entitles the holder to acquire one common share of the Company at an exercise price of C$0.53, expiring on May 13, 2027. Of the options granted, one-third vests immediately, with the remaining two-thirds vesting in equal parts every twelve months thereafter. The fair value of these options was $1,129,810 (C$1,544,676).
| C21 INVESTMENTS INC. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements For the year ended March 31, 2025, the two months ended March 31, 2024, and the year ended January 31, 2024 (Expressed in U.S. dollars, except as noted) |
16. SHARE CAPITAL (continued)
A summary of the Company's stock options outstanding and exercisable as at March 31, 2025, is as follows:
| Expiry date | Exercise price | Number of options outstanding |
Number of options exercisable |
||||||
| C$ | # | # | |||||||
| May 13, 2027 | 0.53 | 5,425,000 | 1,808,333 | ||||||
| 0.53 | 5,425,000 | 1,808,333 |
As at March 31, 2025, March 31, 2024 and January 31, 2024, outstanding and exercisable stock options had intrinsic values of $nil, $nil and $nil, respectively.
During the year ended March 31, 2025, the Company recorded share-based compensation expense on vesting of stock options of $849,559 (two months ended March 31, 2024 - $nil and year ended January 31, 2024 - $22,128).
The Company used the following inputs in the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of options granted during the year ended March 31, 2025:
| Stock price | C$0.53 |
| Exercise price | C$0.53 |
| Risk-free interest rate | 4.37% |
| Expected life | 2.00 years |
| Expected volatility | 100.09% |
| Expected annual dividend yield | 0.00% |
For non-employee options, the expected term is the contractual life, while for employees and directors, it is the estimated period the options are expected to be outstanding, using the 'simplified' method for 'plain vanilla' employee options. Expected volatility is based on historical volatilities of similarly positioned public companies over a period equivalent to the expected life of the options. The risk-free interest rate is derived from the Treasury zero-coupon bond yields with a term matching the expected life of the options.
17. SELLING, GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES
A summary of the Company's selling, general and administration expenses is as follows:
| Year ended | Two months ended |
Year ended | |||||||
| March 31, 2025 |
March 31, 2024 |
January 31, 2024 |
|||||||
| $ | $ | $ | |||||||
| Accounting and legal | 486,228 | 110,240 | 892,733 | ||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 1,706,012 | 207,225 | 1,408,976 | ||||||
| License fees, taxes, and insurance | 1,522,962 | 241,436 | 1,603,921 | ||||||
| Office facilities and administrative | 447,826 | 79,579 | 384,585 | ||||||
| Operating lease costs | 785,241 | 106,283 | 633,840 | ||||||
| Other expenses | 329,852 | 45,664 | 907,918 | ||||||
| Professional fees and consulting | 727,510 | 65,174 | 522,899 | ||||||
| Salaries and wages | 4,138,075 | 594,569 | 3,156,440 | ||||||
| Sales, marketing, and promotion | 207,634 | 21,581 | 75,561 | ||||||
| Share-based compensation | 849,559 | - | 22,128 | ||||||
| Shareholder communications | 19,071 | 2,465 | 16,523 | ||||||
| Travel and entertainment expense | 57,314 | 12,178 | 52,214 | ||||||
| 11,277,284 | 1,486,394 | 9,677,738 |
| C21 INVESTMENTS INC. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements For the year ended March 31, 2025, the two months ended March 31, 2024, and the year ended January 31, 2024 (Expressed in U.S. dollars, except as noted) |
18. SEGMENTED INFORMATION
The Company defines its major geographic operating segments as Oregon and Nevada. Due to the ever-present jurisdictional cannabis compliance issues in the industry, each state operation is by nature operationally segmented.
The Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM") is the Company's CEO, Sonny Newman. The CODM's review consists of revenue, cost of sales, and gross profit as the primary indicators of segment performance. The CODM also reviews key categories of operating expenses including General and administration expenses, sales, marketing, and promotion expenses, and operating lease costs. The Corporate segment does not conduct income generating activities and its results are reviewed for cost management. As the Company continues to expand via acquisition, the segmented information will expand based on management's agreed upon allocation of costs beyond gross margin.
A summary of the Company's segmented operational activity and balances from continuing operations for the year ended March 31, 2025 is as follows:
| Nevada | Corporate | Total | |||||||
| $ | $ | $ | |||||||
| Total revenue | 30,117,880 | - | 30,117,880 | ||||||
| Gross profit | 12,558,940 | - | 12,558,940 | ||||||
| Operating expenses: | |||||||||
| General and administration | (5,164,126 | ) | (2,564,712 | ) | (7,728,838 | ) | |||
| Sales, marketing, and promotion | (207,634 | ) | - | (207,634 | ) | ||||
| Operating lease cost | (785,241 | ) | - | (785,241 | ) | ||||
| Depreciation and amortization | (1,613,898 | ) | (92,114 | ) | (1,706,012 | ) | |||
| Share-based compensation | - | (849,559 | ) | (849,559 | ) | ||||
| Interest expense and others | (1,138 | ) | (885,597 | ) | (886,735 | ) | |||
| Net income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax expense | 4,786,903 | (4,391,982 | ) | 394,921 |
Segmented information pertaining to discontinued operations (Oregon) is contained within Note 5.
A summary of the Company's segmented operational activity and balances from continuing operations for two months ended March 31, 2024 is as follows:
| Nevada | Corporate | Total | |||||||
| $ | $ | $ | |||||||
| Total revenue | 4,464,950 | - | 4,464,950 | ||||||
| Gross profit | 1,776,300 | - | 1,776,300 | ||||||
| Operating expenses: | |||||||||
| General and administration | (745,101 | ) | (406,204 | ) | (1,151,305 | ) | |||
| Sales, marketing, and promotion | (21,581 | ) | - | (21,581 | ) | ||||
| Operating lease cost | (106,283 | ) | - | (106,283 | ) | ||||
| Depreciation and amortization | (191,873 | ) | (15,352 | ) | (207,225 | ) | |||
| Share-based compensation | - | - | - | ||||||
| Interest expense and others | 9,207 | 22,191 | 31,398 | ||||||
| Net income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax expense | 720,669 | (399,365 | ) | 321,304 |
| C21 INVESTMENTS INC. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements For the year ended March 31, 2025, the two months ended March 31, 2024, and the year ended January 31, 2024 (Expressed in U.S. dollars, except as noted) |
18. SEGMENTED INFORMATION (continued)
A summary of the Company's segmented operational activity and balances from continuing operations for the year ended January 31, 2024 is as follows:
| Nevada | Corporate | Total | |||||||
| $ | $ | $ | |||||||
| Total revenue | 28,285,200 | - | 28,285,200 | ||||||
| Gross profit | 11,149,766 | - | 11,149,766 | ||||||
| Operating expenses: | |||||||||
| General and administration | (4,773,840 | ) | (2,763,393 | ) | (7,537,233 | ) | |||
| Sales, marketing, and promotion | (75,561 | ) | - | (75,561 | ) | ||||
| Operating lease cost | (633,840 | ) | - | (633,840 | ) | ||||
| Depreciation and amortization | (1,316,170 | ) | (92,806 | ) | (1,408,976 | ) | |||
| Impairment loss | (1,202,227 | ) | - | (1,202,227 | ) | ||||
| Gain on termination of sales-type lease | - | 503,544 | 503,544 | ||||||
| Share-based compensation | - | (22,128 | ) | (22,128 | ) | ||||
| Interest expense and others | (29,387 | ) | (485,301 | ) | (514,688 | ) | |||
| Net income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax expense | 3,118,741 | (2,860,084 | ) | (258,657 | ) |
Segmented information pertaining to discontinued operations (Oregon) is contained within Note 5.
Entity-wide disclosures
All revenue for the year ended March 31, 2025, March 31, 2024 and January 31, 2024 was earned in the United States.
For the year ended March 31, 2025, two months ended March 31, 2024, and the year ended January 31, 2024, no customer represented more than 10% of the Company's net revenue. As at March 31, 2025, March 31, 2024 and January 31, 2024, no customer represented more than 10% of the Company's receivables.
A summary of the Company's the long-lived tangible assets disaggregation by geographic area is as follows:
| Year ended | Two months ended |
Year ended | |||||||
| March 31, 2025 |
March 31, 2024 |
January 31, 2024 |
|||||||
| $ | $ | $ | |||||||
| Nevada | 12,058,882 | 11,637,758 | 11,762,392 | ||||||
| Discontinued operations (Oregon) | - | 500,000 | 500,000 | ||||||
| 12,058,882 | 12,137,758 | 12,262,392 |
19. COMMITMENTS
The Company and its subsidiaries are committed under lease agreements with third parties and related parties, for land, office space, and equipment in Nevada. A summary of the Company's future minimum payments as at March 31, 2025 is as follows:
| Year ending March 31, | Third parties |
Related parties |
Total | ||||||
| $ | $ | $ | |||||||
| 2026 | 746,972 | 789,229 | 1,536,201 | ||||||
| 2027 | 769,381 | 812,906 | 1,582,287 | ||||||
| 2028 | 792,462 | 837,293 | 1,629,755 | ||||||
| 2029 | 816,236 | 862,412 | 1,678,648 | ||||||
| 2030 | 840,723 | 888,285 | 1,729,008 | ||||||
| Thereafter | 5,781,487 | 2,579,885 | 8,361,372 | ||||||
| 9,747,261 | 6,770,010 | 16,517,271 |
| C21 INVESTMENTS INC. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements For the year ended March 31, 2025, the two months ended March 31, 2024, and the year ended January 31, 2024 (Expressed in U.S. dollars, except as noted) |
20. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
A summary of the Company's related balances included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities, and promissory note payable is as follows:
| March 31, 2025 |
March 31, 2024 |
January 31, 2024 |
|||||||
| $ | $ | $ | |||||||
| Lease liabilities due to a company controlled by the Chief Executive Officer ("CEO") | 4,630,273 | 4,917,482 | 4,961,727 | ||||||
| Due to the Chief Financial Officer ("CFO") | 557 | 770 | 561 | ||||||
| 4,630,830 | 4,918,252 | 4,962,288 |
Due to the CFO consists of reimbursable expenses incurred in the normal course of business.
A summary of the Company's transactions with related parties including key management personnel is as follows:
| Year ended | Two months ended |
Year ended | |||||||
| March 31, 2025 |
March 31, 2024 |
January 31, 2024 | |||||||
| $ | $ | $ | |||||||
| Consulting fees paid to a director | 60,000 | 30,000 | 65,000 | ||||||
| Amounts paid to CEO or companies controlled by CEO for leases | 768,143 | 126,756 | 1,001,214 | ||||||
| Amounts paid to CEO or companies controlled by CEO for repayments of promissory note | - | - | 2,078,229 | ||||||
| Amounts paid to CEO or companies controlled by CEO for remuneration | 200,000 | 38,462 | 200,000 | ||||||
| Salary paid to directors and officers | 489,042 | 92,420 | 438,162 | ||||||
| Share-based compensation | 513,735 | - | 22,128 | ||||||
| 2,030,920 | 287,638 | 3,804,733 |
On June 5, 2023, a company controlled by the CEO sold its interest in the Silver State Relief LLC (Sparks) property. The Company continues to lease this facility from a third party.
On August 19, 2023, a company controlled by the CEO sold its interest in the Silver State Relief LLC (Fernley) property. The Company continues to lease this facility from a third party.
21. EARNINGS PER SHARE
A summary of the Company's calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share is as follows:
| Year ended | Two months ended |
Year ended | |||||||
| March 31, 2025 |
March 31, 2024 |
January 31, 2024 |
|||||||
| $ | $ | $ | |||||||
| Net loss from continuing operations after income taxes | (3,756,729 | ) | (51,439 | ) | (3,223,468 | ) | |||
| Net loss from discontinued operations after income taxes | (212,813 | ) | (22,965 | ) | (81,817 | ) | |||
| Net loss | (3,969,542 | ) | (74,404 | ) | (3,305,285 | ) | |||
| Weighted average number of common shares outstanding | 119,794,951 | 120,047,814 | 120,047,814 | ||||||
| Dilutive effect of warrants and stock options outstanding | 793,093 | 2,833,093 | 2,833,093 | ||||||
| Diluted weighted average number of common shares outstanding | 120,588,044 | 122,880,907 | 122,880,907 | ||||||
| Basic and diluted loss per share, continuing operations | (0.03 | ) | (0.00 | ) | (0.03 | ) | |||
| Basic and diluted loss per share, discontinued operations | (0.00 | ) | (0.00 | ) | (0.00 | ) | |||
| Basic and diluted loss per share | (0.03 | ) | (0.00 | ) | (0.03 | ) |
| C21 INVESTMENTS INC. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements For the year ended March 31, 2025, the two months ended March 31, 2024, and the year ended January 31, 2024 (Expressed in U.S. dollars, except as noted) |
21. EARNINGS PER SHARE (continued)
The computation of diluted earnings per share excludes the effect of the potential exercise of warrants and stock options when the average market price of the common stock is lower than the exercise price of the respective warrant or stock option and when inclusion of these amounts would be anti-dilutive. For the year ended March 31, 2025, two months ended March 31, 2024, and the year ended January 31, 2024, the number of warrants excluded from the computation was 4,000,000, 1,200,000 and 1,200,000, respectively. For the year ended March 31, 2025, two months ended March 31, 2024, and the year ended January 31, 2024, the number of stock options excluded from the computation was 1,803,333, 1,100,000 and 899,999, respectively. In addition, for the year ended March 31, 2025, two months ended March 31, 2024 and the year ended January 31, 2024, the computation of diluted earnings per share excludes the potential issuance of 1,207,200 remaining earn out shares (Note 15) as the market price of the common shares has not been high enough to trigger an earn out event.
22. CONTINGENCIES
From time to time, the Company is involved in various litigation matters arising in the ordinary course of its business. Management is of the opinion that disposition of any current matter will not have a material adverse impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations, or the ability to carry on any of its business activities.
Legal proceedings
Oregon Action: A complaint was filed in the Oregon State Circuit Court for Clackamas County, on April 29, 2019, by two current owners of Proudest Monkey Holdings, LLC (the former sole member of EFF) (the "Plaintiffs"), alleging contract, employment, and statutory claims, alleging $612,500 in damages (as amended), against the Company, its wholly-owned subsidiaries 320204 US Holdings Corp, EFF, Swell Companies Limited, and Phantom Brands LLC, in addition to three directors, two officers, and one former employee (the "Oregon Action"). The Company and the other defendants wholly denied the allegations and claims made in the lawsuit and is defending the lawsuit. On June 21, 2019, the Company filed Oregon Rule of Civil Procedure ("ORCP") 21 motions to dismiss all of the Plaintiffs' claims against it, its wholly owned subsidiaries, and other defendants. On December 30, 2019, the Plaintiffs filed an amended complaint dismissing the Company (and some of its directors and subsidiaries) from the case and reducing the amount in controversy in the Oregon Action. On May 6, 2020, the court granted the Company's ORCP 21 motions in its entirety to dismiss all of Plaintiffs' claims against the remaining defendants. The judgment of dismissal was entered by the Clackamas County court on or about October 14, 2020.
On October 22, 2020, the Company submitted a petition to recover the costs and attorney fees incurred by the Company as the prevailing party in the Oregon Action. On January 20, 2021, the Court ruled in the Company's favor, awarding the Company and its subsidiaries $68,195 in attorney's fees, $1,252 in costs, and a statutory prevailing party fee of $640, through a supplemental judgment, entered on February 2, 2021. The judgment in favor of the Company remains unpaid and continues to collect interest at the statutory rate of 9% per annum.
On November 12, 2020, the Plaintiffs appealed the order dismissing the claims alleged in their amended complaint. On March 2, 2021, the Plaintiffs amended their appeal to appeal the award of attorney fees and costs.
On October 26, 2022, the Court of Appeals issued its decision, reversing the general and supplemental judgments in favor of the Company and remanding the case to the trial court for further proceedings. The Company filed a petition for reconsideration of the Court of Appeals decision on December 7, 2022, which was denied. On April 19, 2023, the Company filed a petition for review in the Oregon Supreme Court, which was denied. On November 1, 2023, the Court of Appeals issued the appellate judgement that reversed the October 2023 dismissal as well as the judgement for attorney fees and remanded the case against Phantom Brands, LLC, Swell Companies Limited, and two former employees. On December 21, 2023, the Plaintiffs filed a second amended complaint.
On April 2, 2024, the court confirmed dismissal of the Company and other defendants no longer named. The Company has filed a motion for costs and attorney fees totaling $108,876. By court order on September 8, 2024, the Company's motion was granted in full, awarding the Company $107,622.50 in attorney's fees, and $1,252 in costs. On October 8, 2024, the parties stipulated, and the Court granted, abatement of the matter until April 9, 2025. On October 30, 2024, the plaintiffs appealed the order, which is pending before the court. The Company's collection efforts are ongoing through garnishment procedures.
British Columbia Action: On or about September 13, 2019, the Company delivered a notice to the above-mentioned Plaintiffs of alleged breach and default under the EFF purchase and sale agreement, due to alleged unlawful, intentional acts and material misrepresentations by the Plaintiffs before and after the completion of the purchase. As a result of such breach, the Company denied the Plaintiffs' tender of their share payment notes in connection with the agreement. On or about October 14, 2019, Proudest Monkey Holdings, LLC and one of its current owners, sued the Company in the Supreme Court of British Columbia to compel the issuance and delivery of the subject shares, including interests and costs (the "British Columbia Action").
| C21 INVESTMENTS INC. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements For the year ended March 31, 2025, the two months ended March 31, 2024, and the year ended January 31, 2024 (Expressed in U.S. dollars, except as noted) |
22. CONTINGENCIES (continued)
On November 8, 2019, the Company responded and counterclaimed for general, special and punitive damages, including interest and costs, related to breach of contract, repudiation of contract, breach of indemnity and fraudulent and negligent misrepresentation by the Plaintiffs. The Plaintiffs filed a response to the Company's counterclaims on or about June 5, 2020, and the parties stipulated to a form of amended pleading which included the joinder of additional parties, an owner of Proudest Monkey Holdings, LLC and EFF, and additional contract and equitable claims and damages, partially duplicative to those alleged by the Plaintiffs in the Oregon Action (breach of contract, indemnity, unjust enrichment and wrongful termination claims). Plaintiffs allege $2,774,177 in damages (as amended), plus unquantified additional damages, interest and costs, of which amounts are partially duplicative of the Oregon Action. This action remains in the discovery stage. The current trial date is scheduled for three weeks in September 2025. It is too early to predict the resolution of the claims and counterclaims.
23. INCOME TAXES
The Company is a Canadian resident company, as defined in the Income Tax Act (Canada) (the "ITA"), for Canadian income tax purposes. However, it has subsidiaries that are treated as United States corporations for US federal income tax purposes per the Internal Revenue Code (US) ("IRC") and are thereby subject to federal income tax on their worldwide income. As a result, the Company is subject to taxation both in Canada and the United States.
A summary of the Company's components of the income tax expense for continuing operations is as follows:
| Year ended | Two months ended |
Year ended | |||||||
| March 31, 2025 |
March 31, 2024 |
January 31, 2024 |
|||||||
| $ | $ | $ | |||||||
| Current | |||||||||
| Canadian | - | - | - | ||||||
| US Federal and State | 4,054,018 | 510,550 | 3,233,053 | ||||||
| Total current income tax expense | 4,054,018 | 510,550 | 3,233,053 | ||||||
| Deferred | |||||||||
| Canadian | - | - | - | ||||||
| US Federal and State | 97,632 | (137,807 | ) | 249,072 | |||||
| Total deferred income tax expense (recovery) | 97,632 | (137,807 | ) | 249,072 | |||||
| Total income tax expense | 4,151,650 | 372,743 | 3,482,125 |
A summary of the Company's domestic and foreign components of income (loss) before income taxes for continuing operations were as follows:
| Year ended | Two months ended |
Year ended | |||||||
| March 31, 2025 |
March 31, 2024 |
January 31, 2024 |
|||||||
| $ | $ | $ | |||||||
| Canadian | (2,758,921 | ) | (197,486 | ) | (2,141,166 | ) | |||
| United States | 3,153,842 | 518,790 | 2,399,823 | ||||||
| Income before income taxes | 394,921 | 321,304 | 258,657 |
Section 280E of the Internal Revenue Code ("IRC") prohibits taxpayers engaged in the trafficking of Schedule I or Schedule II controlled substances from deducting ordinary and necessary business expenses (excluding cost of goods sold) from gross income. While Section 280E was originally enacted to address criminal market participants, its application has been extended by the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") to include state-legal cannabis businesses, as cannabis remains classified as a Schedule I controlled substance under federal law. As a result, cannabis businesses operating in states that conform to the IRC are similarly disallowed from deducting ordinary business expenses for state tax purposes.
Management asserts, based on a legal opinion, that Section 280E should not apply to the Company's operations. This constitutes an uncertain tax position. In accordance with ASC 740, this position does not meet the "more likely than not" recognition threshold, but management believes it is supported by a reasonable basis standard.
| C21 INVESTMENTS INC. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements For the year ended March 31, 2025, the two months ended March 31, 2024, and the year ended January 31, 2024 (Expressed in U.S. dollars, except as noted) |
23. INCOME TAXES (continued)
A summary of the Company's reconciliation of the statutory income tax rate percentage to the effective tax is as follows:
| Year ended | Two months ended |
Year ended | |||||||
| March 31, 2025 |
March 31, 2024 |
January 31, 2024 |
|||||||
| $ | $ | $ | |||||||
| Income for the year | 394,921 | 321,304 | 258,657 | ||||||
| Statutory rate | 27% | 27% | 27% | ||||||
| Income tax expense (recovery) at statutory rate | (82,602 | ) | 57,498 | (74,152 | ) | ||||
| IRC section 280E disallowance | 230,890 | 265,584 | 1,954,392 | ||||||
| Foreign tax rate differential | 606 | 5,526 | 16,068 | ||||||
| Change in foreign exchange rates and other | 145,186 | 55,019 | 21,188 | ||||||
| Uncertain tax position, inclusive of interest and penalties | 3,630,467 | 48,080 | (354,637 | ) | |||||
| Change in valuation allowance | 413,213 | (671 | ) | (50,016 | ) | ||||
| Payable adjustment to provision versus statutory tax returns | (146,592 | ) | 78,204 | 1,153,756 | |||||
| Deferred adjustment to provision versus statutory tax returns | (39,518 | ) | (136,497 | ) | 824,220 | ||||
| Other | - | - | (8,694 | ) | |||||
| 4,151,650 | 372,743 | 3,482,125 |
A summary of the Company's deferred tax asset (liability) significant components is as follows:
| March 31, 2025 |
March 31, 2024 |
January 31, 2024 |
|||||||
| $ | $ | $ | |||||||
| Deferred tax assets | |||||||||
| Share issuance costs and financing fees | - | 268 | 1,610 | ||||||
| Allowable capital losses | 127,977 | 131,019 | 132,394 | ||||||
| Non-capital losses | 5,623,310 | 5,180,776 | 5,170,743 | ||||||
| Intangible assets | 83,871 | 80,636 | 82,004 | ||||||
| Goodwill | 749 | - | 6,606 | ||||||
| Lease liabilities | 831,988 | 1,032,671 | 1,048,101 | ||||||
| Derivative liability | 7,513 | 22,915 | 29,223 | ||||||
| Property and equipment | 2,688 | 4,013 | 3,686 | ||||||
| ARO and other | 3 | 14,008 | 14,187 | ||||||
| Total deferred tax assets | 6,678,099 | 6,466,306 | 6,488,554 | ||||||
| Valuation allowance | (5,839,472 | ) | (5,260,681 | ) | (5,261,352 | ) | |||
| Total net deferred tax assets | 838,627 | 1,205,625 | 1,227,202 | ||||||
| Deferred tax liabilities | |||||||||
| Right-of-use assets | (873,444 | ) | (942,784 | ) | (959,509 | ) | |||
| IRC 481(a) adjustments | - | (140,998 | ) | (283,658 | ) | ||||
| Total deferred tax liabilities | (873,444 | ) | (1,083,782 | ) | (1,243,167 | ) | |||
| Net deferred tax asset (liability) | (34,817 | ) | 121,843 | (15,965 | ) |
There are no deferred tax assets and liabilities included in the carrying amount of the disposal group classified as held for sale as of March 31, 2025. Amounts classified as part of the disposal group as of March 31, 2023 have been reclassified to continuing operations under ASC 360-10-20.
| C21 INVESTMENTS INC. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements For the year ended March 31, 2025, the two months ended March 31, 2024, and the year ended January 31, 2024 (Expressed in U.S. dollars, except as noted) |
23. INCOME TAXES (continued)
As the Company operates in the cannabis industry, the Company is subject to the limits of Internal Revenue Code ("IRC") Section 280E for US federal income tax purposes as well as state income tax purposes. Under IRC Section 280E, the Company is only allowed to deduct expenses directly related to costs of goods sold. This results in permanent differences between ordinary and necessary business expenses deemed non-allowable under IRC Section 280E. However, based on a legal opinion, management has concluded that Section 280E should not apply to the Company's operations. This represents an uncertain tax position that, while supported by a reasonable basis, does not meet the "more likely than not" threshold for recognition under ASC 740.
Management regularly assesses the ability to realize deferred tax assets recorded based upon the weight of available evidence, including such factors as recent earnings history and expected future taxable income on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis. In the event that the Company changes its determination as to the amount of realizable deferred tax assets, the Company will adjust its valuation allowance with a corresponding impact to the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made. The Company's management believes that, based on a number of factors, it is more likely than not, that all or some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized; and accordingly, for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2025, the Company has provided a valuation allowance against the Company's Canadian net deferred tax assets. The net change in the valuation allowance for the year ended March 31, 2025 was an increase of $409,860.
The Company had net operating loss ("NOL") carryforwards for Canada, U.S. federal and state income tax purposes of approximately $20,204,090 and $2,227,032, respectively, as of March 31, 2025. Canada NOLs will begin to expire in 2026 and state NOLs will begin to expire in 2034.
As of March 31, 2025, the Company had Canadian capital losses of approximately $473,989 with no expiry date. The Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, imposes restrictions on the utilization of net operating losses in the event of an "ownership change" of a corporation. Accordingly, a company's ability to use net operating losses may be limited as prescribed under Internal Revenue Code Section 382 ("IRC Section 382"). Events which may cause limitations in the amount of the net operating losses that the Company may use in any one year include, but are not limited to, a cumulative ownership change of more than 50% over a three-year period. Utilization of the federal and state net operating losses may be subject to substantial annual limitation due to the ownership change limitations provided by the IRC Section 382 and similar state provisions. The Company may, in the future, experience one or more additional Section 382 "ownership changes." If so, the Company may not be able to utilize some of its carryforwards or other tax attributes, even if the Company achieves profitability in the jurisdiction of the carryforwards or other tax attributes. The Company has not completed a study to assess whether a change of ownership has occurred, or whether there have been multiple ownership changes since its formation, due to the significant cost and complexity associated with such a study. Any limitation may result in expiration of a portion of the NOL carryforwards before utilization. Further, until a study is completed by the Company and any limitation is known, no amounts are being presented as an uncertain tax position.
The uncertain tax position arises from management's position that Section 280E does not apply to the Company. As a result, the Company has claimed deductions-including those for selling, general and administrative expenses -that would otherwise be disallowed under Section 280E.
As of March 31, 2025, the total amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits was $11,608,606, which includes interest and penalties. As of March 31, 2025, $nil of the total unrecognized tax benefits, if recognized, would have an impact on the Company's effective tax rate.
The Company estimates that approximately $1,662,683 of unrecognized tax benefits, including penalties and interest, may be recognized in the next 12 months.
During the year ended March 31, 2025, the Company recorded interest of $940,269 and penalties of $498,294 on uncertain tax liabilities within the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The Company files income tax returns in Canada, the U.S. federal jurisdiction and Oregon. The Company's tax years for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2022 and forward are subject to examination by the U.S. tax authorities. The Company's tax years for January 31, 2022 and forward are subject to examination for state purposes. The tax return for the 2021 fiscal year is also subject to examination by tax authorities in Canada.
| C21 INVESTMENTS INC. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements For the year ended March 31, 2025, the two months ended March 31, 2024, and the year ended January 31, 2024 (Expressed in U.S. dollars, except as noted) |
23. INCOME TAXES (continued)
The aggregate change in the balance of gross unrecognized tax (benefits) liabilities, excluding penalties and interest, is as follows:
| March 31, 2025 |
March 31, 2024 |
January 31, 2024 |
|||||||
| $ | $ | $ | |||||||
| Beginning balance | (94,883 | ) | (91,186 | ) | 789,112 | ||||
| Increase due to tax positions taken during current year | 2,482,136 | - | 5,059 | ||||||
| Decrease in balance as a result of lapse of the applicable statute of limitations | - | - | (171,314 | ) | |||||
| Increase in balance due to tax positions taken during prior years | 7,687,908 | - | - | ||||||
| Decrease in balance due to tax positions taken during prior years | 94,883 | (3,697 | ) | (714,043 | ) | ||||
| Ending balance | 10,170,044 | (94,883 | ) | (91,186 | ) |
Beginning on January 1, 2022, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ("the Act"), enacted in December 2017, eliminated the option to deduct research and development expenditures in the current period and requires taxpayers to capitalize and amortize U.S.-based and non-U.S. based research and development expenditures over five and fifteen years, respectively. There is no impact to our current income tax provision as a result of this tax legislation.
24. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
A summary of the Company's financial instruments classified as fair value through profit or loss and their classification in the fair value hierarchy is as follows:
| Fair value measurements at March 31, 2025 using: | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | ||||||||
| $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Financial liabilities: | ||||||||||||
| Earn out shares (Note 15) | - | - | 27,824 | 27,824 |
| Fair value measurements at March 31, 2024 using: | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | ||||||||
| $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Financial liabilities: | ||||||||||||
| Earn out shares (Note 15) | - | - | 84,871 | 84,871 |
| Fair value measurements at January 31, 2024 using: | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | ||||||||
| $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Financial liabilities: | ||||||||||||
| Earn out shares (Note 15) | - | - | 108,233 | 108,233 |
The fair value of the derivative liability associated with the earn out shares was derived using a Monte Carlo simulation using non-observable inputs and therefore represents a Level 3 measurement.
25. SUBSEQUENT EVENT
During April and May 2025, the Company repurchased 134,500 common shares under its Normal Course Issuer Bid (NCIB) program through open market transactions. The shares were acquired at an average price of $0.14 (CAD $0.20) per share, for a total cost of $18,959 (CAD $26,881). The repurchased shares were subsequently cancelled. The NCIB program, as authorized under Form 17A, allows the Company to repurchase up to 6,002,390 common shares, and as of May 31, 2025, 5,867,890 shares remain available for repurchase under the program.
C21 INVESTMENTS INC.
 |
Management's Discussion and Analysis For the Year Ended March 31, 2025 (Expressed in U.S. Dollars) |
GENERAL
C21 Investments Inc. (the "Company", "C21", "we", "us", "it" and "our") was incorporated in the Province of British Columbia under the Company Act (British Columbia) on January 15, 1987 as Empire Creek Mines Inc. On May 11, 1987, the Company changed its name to Curlew Lake Resources Inc. Effective November 24, 2017, the Company changed its name to C21 Investments Inc. On June 15, 2018, the Company's common shares (the "Common Shares") were delisted from the TSX Venture Exchange and on June 18, 2018, the Common Shares commenced trading on the Canadian Securities Exchange ("CSE") under the symbol CXXI. The Company registered its Common Shares in the United States ("U.S.") and on May 6, 2019, its Common Shares were cleared by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority for trading on the OTC Markets platform under the U.S. trading symbol CXXIF. On August 23, 2019 the Company announced it had been approved for trading on the OTCQB Venture Market, and on September 28, 2020 the Company upgraded to trading on the OTCQX Best Market.
This Management's Discussion and Analysis ("MD&A") covers the operations of the Company for the year ended March 31, 2025. The MD&A should be read in conjunction with the Company's audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes for the year ended March 31, 2025. All inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated upon consolidation. The Company's financial statements are prepared in accordance accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP"). Financial information presented in this MD&A is presented in United States dollars ("$" or "US$"), unless otherwise indicated.
The Company's audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2025, the two months ended March 31, 2024, and the year ended January 31, 2024, were authorized for issuance on June 23, 2025 by the Board.
Additional information related to the Company is available for viewing on SEDAR at www.sedar.com or the Company website at www.cxxi.ca.
DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS
The Company is a vertically integrated cannabis company that cultivates, processes, distributes and sells quality cannabis and hemp-derived consumer products in Nevada, U.S.A. The Company is focused on value creation through the disciplined acquisition and integration of core retail, manufacturing, and distribution assets in strategic markets, leveraging industry-leading retail revenues together with high-growth potential and multi-market branded consumer packaged goods ("CPG").
The Company focuses on scalable opportunities in key markets that take advantage of its core competencies, including: (i) retail operational excellence and expanding its retail footprint through value-add acquisitions in existing markets, and (ii) branded CPG expansion through both captive retail and wholesale channels. The Company focuses on acquiring businesses that provide immediate contribution to overall profitability, or have a path to profitability within twelve months, where it can leverage existing assets, brands, and domain expertise.
The Company currently holds licenses in Nevada spanning the entire cannabis supply chain. The Company presents its Oregon operations as 'held for sale' on the Balance Sheet and as 'discontinued operations' in the Income Statement.
The Company's management team has significant professional experience, including deep experience both within the cannabis industry and other fast-paced growth industries like technology and venture capital. Management also includes experts from more traditional industries like forestry, manufacturing, real estate, and capital markets.
Strategic Focus and Growth
Our operations in Reno, Nevada under the Silver State Relief brand continues its strong financial performance generating healthy cash flow and satisfied customers. Building around this strong core we have accomplished much since the beginning of the Company's fiscal year 2025:
- Subsequent to March 31, 2025 to the date of this report, the Company repurchased and cancelled 134,500 of its own common shares in the open market pursuant to the NCIB (see below November 26, 2024) announced by the company on November 26, 2024.
- The Company has taken the position that it does not owe taxes attributable to the application of Section 280E of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, including the planned refiling of amended U.S. federal income tax returns in the next few months. The refiling of tax returns will be for the years ended January 31, 2022, January 31, 2023, January 31, 2024, and the two months ended March 31, 2024, based on legal interpretations that challenge its tax liability under Section 280E of the Code. Management exercises significant judgment when assessing the probability of successfully sustaining the Company's tax filing positions, and in determining whether a contingent tax liability should be recorded and, if so, estimating the amount. See disclosure of Risks Factors later in this document.
- On February 19, 2025 the Company announced that it has completed a repurchase for cancellation of 2,051,000 of its common shares (the "Purchased Shares"), representing approximately 1.7% of the outstanding common shares ("Common Shares") of the Company, in a private transaction (the "Transaction"). The Purchased Shares were repurchased at a discount to the closing price of the Company's shares on the Canadian Securities Exchange (the "CSE") on February 14, 2025. The transaction was unanimously approved by the Board of Directors of the Company. "We are pleased to announce the purchase for cancellation of over 2 million outstanding Common Shares of C21 as we believe our current market valuation does not reflect the inherent value of our company given our growth trend, and proven track record of generating free cashflow over the last 5 years. Consistent with our strategy, this transaction represents the Company once again taking advantage of an opportunity that we believe will be accretive to our shareholders, " said Sonny Newman, Chief Executive Officer. "We continue to strive to be thoughtful stewards of capital and remain focused on pursuing additional accretive growth opportunities."
- On November 26, 2024 the Company announced that it intends to commence a normal course issuer bid ("NCIB") under which it may purchase up to 6,002,390 common shares of the Company representing approximately 5% of the issued and outstanding shares of the Company. The Company may purchase common shares for a period of 12 months ending on December 2, 2025. All shares will be purchased on the open market at the prevailing market prices. The Company has not repurchased any shares to date.
- On June 26, 2024, the Company's third Silver State Relief retail dispensary opened in South Reno, Nevada.
- On June 7, 2024, the Company closed the acquisition of a cannabis dispensary in Reno, Nevada from Deep Roots Harvest. The Company acquired all the assets related to the operation of its 6,500 square foot, purpose-built, operational retail cannabis dispensary located in South Reno Nevada (the "South Reno Dispensary"). This acquisition allows C21 to expand its retail footprint in Nevada, a pivotable step in its growth strategy. This store was integrated and rebranded under the Silver State Relief banner. President and CEO of C21, Sonny Newman commented: "With the dispensary's desirable location in a high traffic, flourishing area of South Reno, we anticipate strong revenue growth from this acquisition, along with the added benefit of allowing us to expand the portion of our cultivation capacity sold through our retail channel."
- On May 6, 2024, the Company closed a private placement of C$4 million from the issuance of convertible debentures units (the "May 2024 Private Placement"). The proceeds will be used to fund the acquisition of the South Reno Dispensary. The convertible debenture units are comprised of a "Convertible Debenture" convertible into common shares at C$0.45, and a "Warrant" entitling the holder to exercise into common shares at C$0.55. The maximum shares issuable from the Convertible Debenture is 8,888,889 common shares, and from the Warrant, 4,000,000 common shares. The outstanding principal amount owing under the Convertible Debenture will accrue interest from the issue date at 12% per annum payable quarterly in cash. Repayment of the Convertible Debenture will be made in 25 equal monthly installments beginning on the last day of the 6th month from issuance. The Convertible Debenture matures 30 months after issuance. See the news release and public filings of this issuance for further information.
- On March 15, 2024, the Company announced the acquisition of the South Reno Dispensary, subject to regulatory approval and May 2024 Private Placement, with proceeds of up to C$4 million. See above and the Company news releases and public filings for further information.
The Company's strategic Initiatives over the next 12 months include: (i) extending our Nevada retail footprint where we have a proven track record of success and (ii) continuing our disciplined approach to growth and financing.
NEVADA
The Company acquired Silver State Relief and Silver State Cultivation ("Silver State") on January 1, 2019. The Nevada business operates in Sparks, and Fernley, Nevada.
Cultivation, Processing and Wholesale
Through Silver State in Nevada, the Company operates its indoor cultivation and processing out of a 104,000 square foot facility now with 37,000 square feet of cultivation and 1,200 square feet dedicated to volatile extraction. Silver State completed a $3 million expansion of its grow facility in April 2022, more than doubling capacity to 11,500 pounds of biomass with 8,100 pounds of cannabis flower and 3,300 pounds of trim annually. An additional 30,000 sq ft of cultivation can be built out on future expansion of Nevada retail footprint, which should produce an additional 6,000 pounds per annum of high-quality cannabis flower.
The Company's extraction processing supports branded CPG in both captive retail and wholesale channels. Silver State manufactures Hood Oil cartridges, Phantom Farms pre-rolls, and cannabis flower strains, together with the Silver State branded products which include cannabis flower, pre-rolls, and concentrates. These in-house brands make up 26% of sales in the dispensaries. With the addition of our third dispensary, wholesale sales fell to $1.4 million for the year ended March 31, 2025 ($3.0 million in year ended January 31, 2024).
Retail
The Company now owns and operates three dispensaries with the acquisition of the third, the South Reno Dispensary, finalized on June 7, 2024. Its grand opening was on June 26, 2024. It is a 6,500 square foot, purpose-built, retail cannabis dispensary. With the dispensary's desirable location in a high traffic, flourishing area of Southern Reno, the Company has seen strong revenue growth from this acquisition, along with the added benefit of allowing it to expand the portion of our cultivation capacity sell through.
Our two established stores are an 8,000-square foot retail dispensary, located in Sparks, Nevada, and a 6,000-square foot dispensary located in Fernley, Nevada. Silver State Relief had total retail sales of $28.7 million during the year ended March 31, 2025 as compared to $25.3 million in the year ended January 31, 2024. The three stores now collectively service a total of more than 174,000 recreational and medical cannabis customers per quarter, with over 700 SKUs in each store.
| Silver State Relief - quarterly customer transactions Year ended Mar 31, 2025 and year ended Jan 31, 2024 |
||||||||||||
| Store location: | ||||||||||||
| Quarter | South Reno | Fernley | Sparks | Total | ||||||||
| Q1-2024 | - | 44,981 | 75,101 | 120,082 | ||||||||
| Q2 | - | 47,439 | 80,199 | 127,638 | ||||||||
| Q3 | - | 49,158 | 81,232 | 130,390 | ||||||||
| Q4 | - | 48,545 | 75,684 | 124,229 | ||||||||
| Q1-2025 | 857 | 49,796 | 75,796 | 126,449 | ||||||||
| Q2 | 25,319 | 53,767 | 75,825 | 154,911 | ||||||||
| Q3 | 34,987 | 54,277 | 79,193 | 168,457 | ||||||||
| Q4 | 39,535 | 54,459 | 80,617 | 174,611 | ||||||||
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Summary derived from the Company's consolidated financial statements:
| Two months | |||||||||
| C21 Investments Inc., PROFIT AND LOSS | Year ended | ended | Year ended | ||||||
| 31-Mar-25 | 31-Mar-24 | 31-Jan-24 | |||||||
| Revenue | 30,117,880 | 4,464,950 | 28,285,200 | ||||||
| Inventory expensed to cost of sales | 17,558,940 | 2,688,650 | 17,135,434 | ||||||
| Gross profit | 12,558,940 | 1,776,300 | 11,149,766 | ||||||
| Gross Margin% | 41.7% | 39.8% | 39.4% | ||||||
| Expenses | |||||||||
| General and administration | 7,728,838 | 1,151,305 | 7,537,233 | ||||||
| Sales, marketing, and promotion | 207,634 | 21,581 | 75,561 | ||||||
| Operating lease cost | 785,241 | 106,283 | 633,840 | ||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 1,706,012 | 207,225 | 1,408,976 | ||||||
| Share based compensation | 849,559 | - | 22,128 | ||||||
| Total expenses | 11,277,284 | 1,486,394 | 9,677,738 | ||||||
| 1,281,656 | 289,906 | 1,472,028 | |||||||
| Income from operations | |||||||||
| Other items | |||||||||
| Interest expense | (293,675 | ) | - | (35,210 | ) | ||||
| Accretion expense | (509,871 | ) | - | - | |||||
| Other Income (loss) | (135,446 | ) | 9,209 | (726,789 | ) | ||||
| Gain on change in fair value of derivative liabilities | 52,257 | 22,189 | (451,372 | ) | |||||
| Net income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes | 394,921 | 321,304 | 258,657 | ||||||
| Income tax expense | (4,151,650 | ) | (372,743 | ) | (3,482,125 | ) | |||
| Net income (loss) from continuing operations after income taxes | (3,756,729 | ) | (51,439 | ) | (3,223,468 | ) | |||
| Net loss from discontinued operations | (212,813 | ) | (22,965 | ) | (81,817 | ) | |||
| Net income (loss) | (3,969,542 | ) | (74,404 | ) | (3,305,285 | ) | |||
| (0.03 | ) | (0.00 | ) | (0.03 | ) | ||||
| Income (loss) from continuing operations per share, basic and diluted | |||||||||
| Basic and diluted income (loss) per share | (0.03 | ) | (0.00 | ) | (0.03 | ) | |||
| Distributions or cash dividends | n/a | n/a | n/a | ||||||
| Weighted average number of shares outstanding - basic | 119,794,951 | 120,047,814 | 120,047,814 | ||||||
| Weighted average number of shares outstanding - diluted | 120,588,044 | 122,880,907 | 122,880,907 |
"Revenue" includes retail revenues from our three stores and wholesale revenue from our cultivation operations. Financial Year ("FY") and the year ended March 31, 2025 ("FY2025") and the year ended January 31, 2024 ("FY2024") are defined here. The two month fiscal year ended March 31,2024 is not used for comparison in this discussion due to it is only two months. FY 2025 revenues increased versus FY 2024 by 6.5% to $30.1 million. This increase is mainly due to the opening of our third store in June 2024, offset by a fall in wholesale revenues.
"Cost of Sales" includes the costs directly attributable to cultivating and processing cannabis plus the cost of product purchases from third parties, for sale in our stores. With the expansion of our cultivation facility our cost of production has come down due to economies of scale. We use an average costing model which captures and averages costs over several quarters.
"Gross profit" increased by $1.41 million in FY 2025 to $12.56 million (41.7% of Revenue) versus FY 2024 of $11.15 million (39.4% of Revenue), mainly due to economies of scale with the added third store.
"Income from operations" despite the increase in gross profit above, Income from operations for FY 2025 fell to $1.3 million, down 13% versus FY 2024 of $1.5 million. This result is due to increased share-based compensation expense (a non-cash expense) and smaller increases in other costs due to the opening of the third store and general inflation.
Expenses
"General and administration" includes all overhead costs that have not otherwise been allocated to cost of sales. These include salaries and wages, professional fees including legal and accounting, insurance and some local taxes. FY 2025 costs were $7,728,838 versus $7,537,233 (FY2024), an increase of $191,605 (2.5%) due to increased salaries, wages and professional fees.
"Operating lease cost" is the cost of our facility leases not included in cost of sales and were $785,241 in FY 2025 versus $633,840 in FY 2024. The increase is due to the addition of our third store.
"Depreciation and amortization" include provisions for fixed assets and intangibles not included in cost of sales. The total depreciation and amortization in FY2025 was $1,706,012 versus $1,408,976 in FY 2024. This increase is due to the amortization of intangibles and fixed assets of our third store which opened in Q1.
"Share based compensation" is a non-cash item and reflects the issuance of stock options to employees, officers, and directors. The increase of $827,431 in FY 2025 is due to the issuance of stock options in Q1.
Other Items
"Interest expense" in FY2025 increased to $293,675 versus $35,210 in FY 2024 due to issuance of the 12% convertible debentures in Q1.
"Other income (loss)" in FY2025 is a loss of $135,446 versus a loss of $726,789 in FY 2024, which included a $830,000 write-down of the book value of a property held in Oregon.
"Change in fair value of derivative liabilities" is a periodic revaluation of the earn out shares outstanding to vendors of businesses purchased by the Company. These earn-out shares are revalued using a Monte Carlo simulation. The fair value of this liability will increase with an increase in the stock price of the Company and vice versa. The change in fair value must be recorded through the Company's profit or loss statement. As a result, a share price increase period-over-period will result in a reduction in net income and vice versa. In February and March 2023, the Company entered into cancelation agreements with the majority of the Swell Vendors who had rights to Swell Earn-Out shares, canceling those rights for a one-time cash payment. Of the 6.0 million original Swell Earn-Out shares 1.2 million remain outstanding. Of the original 10.5 million of earn out shares to both Phantom and Swell, 1.2 million remain. The Swell Earn-Out shares expire May 24, 2026.
"Provision for income taxes" for FY 2025 of $4,151,650 is up from $3,482,125 in FY2024 due to penalties and interest on unpaid taxes.
"Other comprehensive income (loss)," specifically the cumulative translation adjustment, comes about in GAAP when translating the balances between the parent company (recorded in C$) and the US subsidiaries (US$). These foreign exchange gains or losses at each reporting date result from the translation of C$ amounts to US$ (which is our reporting currency).
"Net income (loss) from discontinued operations" the Company has classified all of its Oregon operations to 'discontinued operations'. The revenues and expenses pertaining to the Oregon operations are shown in this line item. We have had no active business in Oregon since early 2022. There is no effect of this treatment on our revenues (FY2025 -nil, FY2024-$nil) and our gross profit (FY2025-nil, FY2024-nil) and an increase to our income from operations and net income of (FY 2025-$281,438, FY2024-$81,817). There is no effect of discontinuing the Oregon operations on our Nevada operations as the cannabis business in each state is unique and separate, which is due to the regulation of the cannabis industry. Our remaining two properties in Oregon were both sold to third parties in FY 2025.
FOURTH QUARTER
| 2 months | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| LAST EIGHT QUARTERS, except as noted (000's unless noted) | ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 31-Mar-25 | 31-Dec-24 | 30-Sep-24 | 30-Jun-24 | 31-Mar-24 | 31-Jan-24 | 31-Oct-23 | 31-Jul-23 | |||||||||||||||||
| Inventory | 4,051 | 3,885 | 3,975 | 3,300 | 2,866 | 2,709 | 2,839 | 3,038 | ||||||||||||||||
| Revenues | 8,106 | 7,908 | 7,509 | 6,596 | 4,465 | 6,549 | 6,882 | 7,162 | ||||||||||||||||
| Income (loss) from operations, adding back share based compensation | 974 | 1,122 | 454 | (418 | ) | 290 | 493 | 226 | 217 | |||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | 1,692 | 1,568 | 1,295 | 311 | 633 | 1,055 | 943 | 972 | ||||||||||||||||
| Income (loss) from continuing operations | (1,530 | ) | (81 | ) | (759 | ) | (1,386 | ) | (51 | ) | (2,082 | ) | (357 | ) | (397 | ) | ||||||||
| *per common share, basic & diluted | (0.01 | ) | (0.00 | ) | (0.01 | ) | (0.01 | ) | (0.00 | ) | (0.02 | ) | (0.00 | ) | (0.00 | ) | ||||||||
| Profit (loss) attributable to owners | (1,563 | ) | (1 | ) | (845 | ) | (1,412 | ) | (74 | ) | (2,042 | ) | (376 | ) | (416 | ) | ||||||||
| *per common share basic & diluted | (0.01 | ) | (0.00 | ) | (0.01 | ) | (0.01 | ) | (0.00 | ) | (0.02 | ) | (0.00 | ) | (0.00 | ) | ||||||||
Revenues continued to grow in the last 12 months with the opening of our third store in South Reno on June 26, 2024. Inventory balance at March 31, 2025, increased by $1.2 million since March 31, 2024 due to the opening of our third store.
Adjusted EBITDA for quarter-ended March 31, 2025, was up slightly from the quarter-ended Dec 31, 2024, mainly due to the increase in sales and continued economies of scale from the addition of our third store. See non-GAAP financial measures below.
Federal corporate income taxes are very high in the cannabis industry due to the restrictions of Section 280E of the U.S Internal Revenue Code. Share- based compensation is a large non-cash expense in the current year. Therefore, the measure of income from operations (before taxes), adding back share-based compensation is a useful measure.
Adjusted EBITDA for the full year ended March 31, 2025 (FY 2025) is $4.87 million, an increase of $335,336 from FY 2024 of $4.53 million. See explanation of Non-GAAP financial measures below.
| Adjusted EBITDA | |||||||||
| Year ended | 2 months ended | Year ended | |||||||
| March 31, 2025 | March 31, 2024 | Jan 31, 2024 | |||||||
| Net Income (loss) | $ | (3,969,542 | ) | $ | (74,404 | ) | $ | (3,305,285 | ) |
| Interest, accretion expenses, net | 803,546 | - | 35,210 | ||||||
| Provision for income taxes | 4,151,650 | 372,743 | 3,482,125 | ||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 1,706,012 | 207,225 | 1,408,976 | ||||||
| Depreciation and interest in cost of sales | 812,366 | 135,395 | 812,368 | ||||||
| EBITDA | 3,504,032 | 640,959 | 2,433,394 | ||||||
| Change in fair value of derivative liabilities | (52,257 | ) | (22,189 | ) | 451,372 | ||||
| Share based compensation | 849,559 | - | 22,128 | ||||||
| Loss from discontinued operations | 212,813 | 22,965 | 81,817 | ||||||
| One-time special project costs | 187,543 | - | 159,000 | ||||||
| Production curtailment, inventory adjustments | 28,700 | - | 656,000 | ||||||
| Other gain/loss | 135,446 | (9,209 | ) | 726,789 | |||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 4,865,836 | $ | 632,526 | $ | 4,530,500 |
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
"Adjusted EBITDA" is supplemental, non-GAAP financial measures. The Company defines EBITDA as earnings before depreciation and amortization, depreciation and interest in cost of sales, income taxes, and interest. Additionally, the Company's Adjusted EBITDA presented above excludes accretion, loss from discontinued operations, one-time transaction costs and all other non-cash items. The Company has presented "Adjusted EBITDA" because its management believes it is a useful measure for investors when assessing and considering the Company's continuing operations and prospects for the future. Furthermore, "Adjusted EBITDA" is a commonly used measurement in the financial community when evaluating the market value of similar companies. "Adjusted EBITDA" is not a measure of performance calculated in accordance with GAAP, and these metrics should not be considered in isolation of, or as a substitute for, the measurement of the Company's performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. "Adjusted EBITDA," as calculated and reconciled in the table above, may not be comparable to similarly titled measurements used by other issuers and is not necessarily a measure of the Company's ability to fund its cash needs. Figures have been restated to match the current presentation.
"Free Cash Flow" is defined as Cash Provided by Operating Activities from Continuing Operations in a period minus capital expenses of property and equipment. Management believes that Free Cash Flow, which measures our ability to generate additional cash from our continuing business operations, is an important financial measure for use in evaluating the Company's financial performance. Free Cash Flow should be considered in addition to, rather than as a substitute for, consolidated net income as a measure of our performance and net cash provided by operating activities as a measure of our liquidity.
| FREE CASH FLOW | |||||||||
| Year ended | 2 months ended | Year ended | |||||||
| Mar 31, 2025 | Mar 31, 2024 | Jan 31, 2024 | |||||||
| Cash provided by operating activities before taxes and changes in working capital (continuing | $ | 4,432,159 | $ | 588,813 | $ | 3,367,021 | |||
| operations) | |||||||||
| Purchases of property and equipment | (406,733 | ) | (51,483 | ) | (521,579 | ) | |||
| Free Cash Flow | $ | 4,025,426 | $ | 537,330 | $ | 2,845,442 |
SELECTED ANNUAL INFORMATION
The following table summarizes selected information for the most recent three fiscal year ends.
| Selected Balance Sheet (000's) | as at: | ||||||||
| 31-Mar-25 | 31-Mar-24 | 31-Jan-24 | |||||||
| Assets | |||||||||
| Cash and other | 3,453 | 5,272 | 4,534 | ||||||
| Inventory | 4,051 | 2,866 | 2,709 | ||||||
| current | 7,504 | 8,138 | 7,243 | ||||||
| Property and equipment | 2,666 | 3,391 | 3,433 | ||||||
| Goodwill, Intangibles, Right of use | 46,830 | 43,697 | 43,853 | ||||||
| Total assets | 57,000 | 55,226 | 54,529 | ||||||
| Liabilities | |||||||||
| Accounts payable | 2,148 | 2,593 | 2,216 | ||||||
| Convertible debentures and other | 2,134 | 1,156 | 1,156 | ||||||
| Income taxes payable | 2,834 | 10,230 | 9,720 | ||||||
| Deferred tax , other | 841 | 1,067 | 1,073 | ||||||
| current | 7,957 | 15,047 | 14,165 | ||||||
| Lease liabilities | 9,771 | 9,120 | 9,193 | ||||||
| Uncertain tax position | 9,823 | - | - | ||||||
| Convertible debentures | 710 | - | - | ||||||
| Derivative liability | 28 | 85 | 108 | ||||||
| other | 35 | - | 16 | ||||||
| Non-current financial liabilities | 20,367 | 9,205 | 9,317 | ||||||
| Equity | 28,676 | 30,973 | 31,047 | ||||||
| Total liabilities and equity | 57,000 | 55,226 | 54,529 |
"Total Assets" increased in the past year due to the effects of the purchase of our third dispensary in June 2024 for consideration of $3.5 million. This acquisition reduced our cash balance, increased inventory to stock the new store, and increased intangibles.
"Current liabilities" has decreased mainly due to the change in our position on the 280E income taxes. This change in position has moved much of the income tax payable balance to long term included in Uncertain tax position. The convertible debenture balance increased with the issuance of 12% convertible debentures to assist in funding the acquisition of the third dispensary.
"Non-current financial liabilities" has increased in the past year with the change in our position on 280E income taxes. Uncertain tax position is $9.8 million versus nil at prior balance sheet dates. Smaller increases in lease liabilities and convertible debentures both arose from the acquisition of the third dispensary.
RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
A summary of the Company's related balances included in accounts payable, accrued liabilities, and promissory note payable is as follows:
| March 31, 2025 |
March 31, 2024 |
January 31, 2024 |
|||||||
| $ | $ | $ | |||||||
| Lease liabilities due to a company controlled by the Chief Executive Officer ("CEO") | 4,630,273 | 4,917,482 | 4,961,727 | ||||||
| Due to the Chief Financial Officer ("CFO") | 557 | 770 | 561 | ||||||
| 4,630,830 | 4,918,252 | 4,962,288 |
"Lease liabilities due to the CEO" consists of the lease on one of our buildings.
A summary of the Company's transactions with related parties including key management personnel for the year ended March 31, 2025, two months ended March 31, 2024 and year ended January 31, 2024 is as follows:
| Year ended | Two months ended |
Year ended | |||||||
| March 31, 2025 |
March 31, 2024 |
January 31, 2024 |
|||||||
| $ | $ | $ | |||||||
| Consulting fees paid to a director | 60,000 | 30,000 | 65,000 | ||||||
| Amounts paid to CEO or companies controlled by CEO for leases | 768,143 | 126,756 | 1,001,214 | ||||||
| Amounts paid to CEO or companies controlled by CEO for repayments of promissory note | - | - | 2,078,229 | ||||||
| Amounts paid to CEO or companies controlled by CEO for remuneration | 200,000 | 38,462 | 200,000 | ||||||
| Salary paid to directors and officers | 489,042 | 92,420 | 438,162 | ||||||
| Share-based compensation | 513,735 | - | 22,128 | ||||||
| 2,030,920 | 287,638 | 3,804,733 |
SHARE CAPITAL
The Company is authorized to issue an unlimited number of Common Shares.
As of March 31, 2025, there were:
- 117,996,814 Common Shares issued and outstanding;
- 5,425,000 options outstanding to purchase Common Shares, of which 1,808,333 options had vested;
- 4,000,000 warrants outstanding to purchase Common Shares; and
- no restricted share units ("RSUs") outstanding to purchase Common Shares.
- 793,093 acquisition shares to EFF vendors, yet to be issued. See 'Legal Proceedings' later in this MD&A.
As of June 23, 2025 (the date of this MD&A) the Company had the following securities outstanding:
| Type of Security | Number outstanding |
| Common Shares | 117,862,314 |
| Stock Options | 5,425,000 |
| Warrants | 4,000,000 |
| Acquisition shares | 793,093 |
| 128,080,407 |
OVERALL PERFORMANCE
FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE:
EMPLOYEES
The Company's employees are highly talented individuals who have educational achievements ranging from Ph.D., Masters, and undergraduate degrees in a wide range of disciplines, as well as staff who have been trained on the job to uphold the highest standards as set by the Company. The Company hires and promotes individuals who are best qualified for each position, priding itself on using a process that identifies people who are trainable, cooperative and share the Company's core values.
The Company takes all reasonable steps to ensure staff are appropriately informed and trained to ensure a culture of health, safety, and continuous improvement. Wherever possible, the Company will continue to adopt generally accepted health and safety best practices from non-cannabis-related industries and follows all health and safety guidelines issued by the United States Centers for Disease Control ("CDC") and all orders from relevant provincial, state and local jurisdictions and authorities.
BRANDING AND MARKETING
The Company utilizes consistent branding and messaging across its retail and wholesale channels under Phantom Farms, Hood Oil, and Silver State Relief. The Company currently sells over 700 distinct SKUs, including the following product categories: CO2 vaporizer pens, live resin vaporizer pens, distillate vaporizer pens, live resin extract, cured resin extract, wholesale cannabis flower, packaged cannabis flower, pre-rolls, CBD cured resin vaporizer pens, CBD CO2 vaporizer pens, and CBD cured resin extracts.
BANKING AND PROCESSING
In Nevada, the Company deposits funds from its operations into its credit union accounts held Greater Nevada Credit Union (Nevada) and at Partner Colorado Credit Union through Safe Harbor Private Banking services (Colorado). The Company is fully transparent with its credit union partners regarding the nature of its business.
PRODUCT SELECTION AND OFFERINGS
Product selection decisions are currently made by the Company's buyers, who negotiate with potential vendors across all product categories including packaged and wholesale cannabis flower, vaporizer pens, cured extracts, edibles and pre-rolls. The Company bases its product selection decisions on product quality, margin potential, and scalability.
The Company's branded CPG and flower-based products are sold primarily through captive retail and wholesale channels in Nevada. The Company's retail locations in Nevada also offer third party branded CPG and flower-based products including a wide variety of THC and CBD based products, including vaporizer pens, cured resin extracts, wholesale cannabis flower, packaged cannabis flower, pre-rolls, edibles, tinctures, and topicals.
IN-STORE PICKUP, CURBSIDE DELIVERY AND DELIVERY
In addition to traditional point-of-sale retail, the Company's Nevada retail locations offer in-store pickup, curbside delivery and delivery utilizing the leading third-party service providers, a leading cannabis sales and fulfillment web-based application. The Company actively monitors the continued growth of a number of cannabis web-based sales and fulfillment platforms and is well poised to utilize strategic third-party service providers.
INVENTORY MANAGEMENT
The Company has comprehensive inventory management procedures, which are compliant with all applicable state and local laws, regulations, ordinances, and other requirements. These procedures ensure strict controls over the Company's cannabis flower and CPG inventory from its production, processing and distribution licensees through to ultimate sale to end consumers (or rare cases disposal as cannabis waste). Such inventory management procedures also include strong quality control and quality assurance measures to prevent in-process contamination and maintain the safety and quality of the products. The Company is committed to supplying safe, consistent, and high-quality cannabis flower and CPG products at a value-oriented price.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Through its research and development activities, the Company expects to create proprietary genetics, processes, technologies, and products from its existing Nevada operations, as well as from future expansion in new markets. The Company may license these genetics, processes, technologies, and products as part of its future business. The Company may also seek appropriate federal patent, trademark, copyright, and other customary intellectual property protections when the same become available and/or are appropriate.
COMPETITION
Across a modified and strategic cannabis value chain, the Company expects to continue to vigorously compete with other licensees in Nevada. Nevada is a "limited" license state, therefore competition to date has been less challenging and the broader market dynamics are more favorable. While many of the Company's direct competitors continue to be small-scale local operators, market rationalization through consolidation is increasingly a trend. Of note is the increased participation of multi-state operators with national growth aspirations in the Nevada marketplace. As more U.S. jurisdictions pass state legislation allowing the recreational use and sale of cannabis, the Company is assured an increased level of competition in U.S. markets. These increasingly competitive U.S. markets may adversely affect the financial condition and operations of the Company.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
The Company has developed numerous proprietary genetics, processes, technologies and products. These assets include genetics, ERP and other software applications, cultivation and extraction technologies, as well as consumer brands. Whenever available and appropriate, the Company undertakes reasonable intellectual property protections to secure these assets.
To date, absent the availability of customary federal patent, trademark, and copyright protections for cannabis applications, the Company has relied on non-disclosure/confidentiality arrangements, common law trade secrets, and state-based trademark protections. The Company actively monitors and responds to all potentially material intellectual property infringements and maintains strict standards and controls regarding the use and dissemination of its intellectual property.
In addition, the Company owns nine (9) website domains including: www.cxxi.ca, www.phantom-farms.com, www.silverstaterelief.com, and c21supply.co, along with numerous social media accounts across all major platforms.
CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS
The following table includes the Company's obligations to make future payments for each of the next five years that represent contracts and other commitments that are known and committed:
| CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS | ||||||||||||||||||
| Carrying amount |
Contractual cash flows |
Under 1 year | 1-3 years | 3-5 years | More than 5 years |
|||||||||||||
| As at March 31, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Trade and other payables | $ | 2,148,153 | $ | 2,148,153 | $ | 2,148,153 | $ | - | $ | - | $ | - | ||||||
| Finance lease payments (1) | 10,302,055 | 16,517,270 | 1,536,201 | 3,212,042 | 3,407,656 | 8,361,371 | ||||||||||||
| Convertible debt (2) | 2,844,443 | 3,481,936 | 2,671,873 | 1,520,431 | - | - | ||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 15,294,651 | $ | 22,147,359 | $ | 6,356,227 | $ | 4,732,473 | $ | 3,407,656 | $ | 8,361,371 |
(1) Amounts in the table reflect minimum payments due for the Company's leased facilities and certain leased equipment under various lease agreements and purchase agreements.
(2) Amounts in the table reflect the contractually required principal payments payable under various convertible note and convertible debenture agreements.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Oregon Action: A complaint was filed in the Oregon State Circuit Court for Clackamas County, on April 29, 2019, by two current owners of Proudest Monkey Holdings, LLC (the former sole member of EFF) (the "Plaintiffs"), alleging contract, employment, and statutory claims, alleging $612,500 in damages (as amended), against the Company, its wholly-owned subsidiaries 320204 US Holdings Corp, EFF, Swell Companies Limited, and Phantom Brands LLC, in addition to three directors, two officers, and one former employee (the "Oregon Action"). The Company and the other defendants wholly denied the allegations and claims made in the lawsuit and are defending the lawsuit. On June 21, 2019, the Company filed Oregon Rule of Civil Procedure ("ORCP") 21 motions to dismiss all of the Plaintiffs' claims against it, its wholly owned subsidiaries, and other defendants. On December 30, 2019, plaintiffs filed an amended complaint dismissing the Company (and some of its directors and subsidiaries) from the case and reducing the amount in controversy in the Oregon Action. On May 6, 2020, the court granted the Company's ORCP 21 motions in its entirety to dismiss all of Plaintiffs' claims against the remaining defendants. The judgment of dismissal was entered by the Clackamas County court on or about October 14, 2020.
On October 22, 2020, the Company submitted a petition to recover the costs and attorney fees incurred by the Company as the prevailing party in the Oregon Action. On January 20, 2021, the Court ruled in the Company's favor, awarding the Company and its subsidiaries $68,195.00 in attorney's fees, $1,252 in costs, and a statutory prevailing party fee of $640, through a supplemental judgment, entered on February 2, 2021. The judgment in favor of the Company remains unpaid and continues to collect interest at the statutory rate of 9% per annum.
On November 12, 2020, the plaintiffs appealed the order dismissing the claims alleged in their amended complaint. On March 2, 2021, the plaintiffs amended their appeal to also appeal the award of attorney fees and costs.
On October 26, 2022, the Court of Appeals issued its decision, reversing the general and supplemental judgments in favor of the Company and remanding the case to the trial court for further proceedings. The Company filed a petition for reconsideration of the Court of Appeals decision on December 7, 2022, which was denied.
On April 19, 2023, the Company filed a petition for review in the Oregon Supreme Court which was also denied.
On November 1, 2023, the Court of Appeals issued an appellate judgment and supplemental judgment that reversed the October 14, 2020, general judgment of dismissal and remanded the case back to the trial court as to Phantom Brands, LLC, Swell Companies Limited, and two former Company employees. By operation of law, the February 2, 2021, supplemental judgment for attorney fees in favor of the Company was also automatically reversed.
On December 21, 2023, the plaintiffs filed their second amended complaint, which the Company answered and denied.
On April 2, 2024, the court confirmed dismissal of the Company and other defendants no longer named. The Company has filed a motion for costs and attorney fees totaling $108,876. By court order on September 8, 2024, the Company's motion was granted in full, awarding the Company $107,622 in attorney's fees, and $1,252 in costs. On October 8, 2024, the parties stipulated, and the Court granted, abatement of the matter until April 9, 2025. On October 30, 2024, the plaintiffs appealed the order, which is pending before the court. The Company's collection efforts are ongoing through garnishment procedures.
British Columbia Action: On or about September 13, 2019, the Company delivered a notice to the above-mentioned Plaintiffs of alleged breach and default under the EFF purchase and sale agreement, due to alleged unlawful, intentional acts and material misrepresentations by the Plaintiffs before and after the completion of the purchase. As a result of such breach, the Company denied the Plaintiffs' tender of their share payment notes in connection with the agreement. On or about October 14, 2019, Proudest Monkey Holdings, LLC and one of its current owners, sued the Company in the Supreme Court of British Columbia to compel the issuance and delivery of the subject shares, including interests and costs (the "British Columbia Action").
On November 8, 2019, the Company responded and counterclaimed for general, special and punitive damages, including interest and costs, related to breach of contract, repudiation of contract, breach of indemnity and fraudulent and negligent misrepresentation by the Plaintiffs. The Plaintiffs filed a response to the Company's counterclaims on or about June 5, 2020, and the parties stipulated to a form of amended pleading which included the joinder of additional parties, an owner of Proudest Monkey Holdings, LLC and EFF, and additional contract and equitable claims and damages, partially duplicative to those alleged by the Plaintiffs in the Oregon Action (breach of contract, indemnity, unjust enrichment and wrongful termination claims). Plaintiffs allege $2,774,176 in damages (as amended), plus unquantified additional damages, interest and costs, of which amounts are partially duplicative of the Oregon Action. This action remains in the discovery stage. The current trial date is scheduled for three weeks in September 2025. It is too early to predict the resolution of the claims and counterclaims.
OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS
As of the date of this MD&A, the Company has not entered into any off-balance sheet arrangements.
MANAGEMENT'S RESPONSIBILITY FOR FINANCIAL INFORMATION
The Company's financial statements and the other financial information included in this MD&A are the responsibility of the Company's management and have been examined and approved by the Board. The accompanying audited financial statements are prepared by management in accordance with GAAP, and include certain amounts based on management's best estimates using careful judgment. The selection of accounting principles and methods is management's responsibility.
Management recognizes its responsibility for conducting the Company's affairs in a manner that complies with the requirements of applicable laws and established financial standards and principles and maintains proper standards of conduct in its activities. The Board supervises the financial statements and other financial information through its audit committee, which is comprised of a majority of non-management directors.
The audit committee's role is to examine the financial statements and recommend that the Board approve them, to examine the internal control and information protection systems, and all other matters relating to the Company's accounting and finances. To do so, the Audit Committee meets annually with the external auditors, with or without the Company's management, to review their respective audit plans and discuss the results of their examination. The Audit Committee is responsible for recommending the appointment of the external auditors or the renewal of their engagement.
Recently issued accounting pronouncements
Please refer to the discussion of recently adopted/issued accounting pronouncements in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Note 2 - Basis of Presentation.
PROPOSED TRANSACTIONS
There are no proposed transactions for the current fiscal year
FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND OTHER INSTRUMENTS
A summary of the Company's financial instruments classified as fair value through profit or loss and their classification in the fair value hierarchy is as follows:
| Fair value measurements at March 31, 2025 using: | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | ||||||||
| $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Financial liabilities: | ||||||||||||
| Earn out shares (Note 15) | - | - | 27,824 | 27,824 |
| Fair value measurements at March 31, 2024 using: | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | ||||||||
| $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Financial liabilities: | ||||||||||||
| Earn out shares (Note 15) | - | - | 84,871 | 84,871 |
| Fair value measurements at January 31, 2024 using: | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | ||||||||
| $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Financial liabilities: | ||||||||||||
| Earn out shares (Note 15) | - | - | 108,233 | 108,233 |
The fair value of the derivative liability associated with the earn out shares was derived using a Monte Carlo simulation using non-observable inputs and therefore represents a Level 3 measurement.
ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES
FINANCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT
The Board approves and monitors the risk management processes of the Company, inclusive of documented investment policies, counterparty limits, and controlling and reporting structures. The type of risk exposure and the way in which such exposure is managed is provided as follows:
CREDIT RISK
Credit risk is the risk that one party to a financial instrument will fail to discharge an obligation and cause the other party to incur a financial loss. The Company's primary exposure to credit risk is on its cash held in bank accounts. The Company's cash is deposited in bank accounts held with a major bank in Canada, a credit union in Washington, Nevada and Colorado.
LIQUIDITY RISK
Liquidity risk is the risk that the Company will not be able to meet its obligations as they become due. The Company manages its liquidity risk by forecasting cash flows from operations and anticipating any investing and financing activities. Management of the Company and the Board are actively involved in the review, planning and approval of significant expenditures and commitments.
The Company's consolidated financial statements for year ended March 31, 2025 have been prepared on a going concern basis, which assumes that the Company will be able to continue its operations and realize its assets and discharge its liabilities in the normal course of business for the foreseeable future.
At March 31, 2025, the Company had cash of $2,625,461, a working capital deficit of $452,928.
The Company has generated significant positive cash flow for the year ended March 31, 2025, and the fiscal year ended March 31, 2024. The Statement of Cash Flows for the year ended March 31, 2025, shows cash provided by continuing operations of $1.4 million ($3.3 million - year ended January 31, 2024). This cash flow includes the cash costs of opening a new dispensary during the year ended March 31, 2025 such as inventory build.
The promissory note owing to the President and CEO was fully repaid as of June 1, 2023, for which the monthly payments were $0.5 million plus interest. The Company closed on the purchase of the South Reno Dispensary on June 7, 2024, which was paid for from cash on hand and the May 2024 Private Placement.
The Company acquired, for $3.5 million, a third retail dispensary as of June 7, 2024. This store located in South Reno, Nevada opened for business on June 26, 2024. The acquisition was paid for with cash on hand generated by the Company and a C$4.0 million financing completed in May 2024. The Company has commenced repaying C$160,000 per month plus interest on this debt. The Company is also making periodic payments against its corporate income tax payable.
The Company does not have any other significant capital expenditure plans in the next 12 months. While operations' cash flow has slowed as our local markets in general have slowed, we expect to continue to generate positive operations cash flow, and the addition of the third dispensary has improved our cash flow. The repayment of the promissory note gives the Company flexibility to pursue its strategic growth plans as demonstrated with the recent purchase of a retail dispensary operation.
Working capital deficiency includes a convertible promissory note with a carrying amount of $1,156,259, which is currently in dispute with a vendor, which is noted in 'Legal Proceedings' above. Additionally, as at March 31, 2025, the Company had current income tax payable of $2,833,991, and an uncertain tax position of $9,822,797. See income tax discussion below. To manage liquidity risk, the Company endeavors to ensure it has sufficient cash resources to meet its financial obligations. The Company's ability to service its debt depends on sustaining the profitability of its operations and obtaining sufficient financing on acceptable terms.
There remains uncertainty about the U.S. federal government's position on cannabis with respect to cannabis-legal states. A change in its enforcement policies could impact the ability of the Company to continue as a going concern and have a material adverse impact on the business. See more complete discussion in Risk factors below.
INTEREST RATE RISK
Interest rate risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market interest rates. The Company is not subject to any interest rate volatility as its long-term debt instruments and convertible notes are carried at a fixed interest rate throughout their term.
CAPITAL MANAGEMENT
The Company's objectives when managing its capital are to ensure there are enough capital resources to continue operating as a going concern and maintain the Company's ability to ensure sufficient levels of funding to support its ongoing operations and development. The purpose of these objectives is to provide continued returns and benefits to the Company's shareholders. The Company's capital structure includes items classified in debt and shareholders' equity.
The Board does not establish quantitative return on capital criteria for management, but rather relies on the expertise of the Company's management to sustain future development of the business considering changes in economic conditions and the risk characteristics of the Company's underlying asset.
The Company works with its capital advisors, CB1 Capital based in New York, to identify the best strategic options to execute our corporate growth plans, as well as increasing financial flexibility in managing our debt.
U.S. INDUSTRY BACKGROUND AND REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT
INDUSTRY BACKGROUND AND TRENDS
The emergence of the legal cannabis sector in the United States, both for medical and adult use, has been rapid as more states adopt regulations for its production and sale. Today 73% of Americans live in a state where cannabis is legal in some form and 48% of the population lives in states where it is fully legalized for adult use.
The use of cannabis and cannabis derivatives to treat or alleviate the symptoms of a wide variety of chronic conditions has been generally accepted by a majority of citizens with a growing acceptance by the medical community as well. A review of the research, published in 2015 in the Journal of the American Medical Association, found evidence that cannabis can treat pain and muscle spasms. The pain component is particularly important, because other studies have suggested that cannabis can replace patients' use of highly addictive, potentially deadly opiates - meaning cannabis legalization literally improves lives.
Polls throughout the United States consistently show overwhelming support for the legalization of medical cannabis, together with strong majority support for the full legalization of recreational adult-use cannabis. According to an October 2022 Pew Research Center survey, around nine-in-ten Americans favor some form of cannabis legalization, with roughly 10% saying cannabis should not be legal in any form. In that survey, 88% of U.S. adults support legalizing cannabis either for medical and recreational use (59%) or medical use only (30%). These views have held steady since April 2021 polling from the Pew Research Center. These are large increases in public support over the past 40 years in favor of legalized cannabis use.
Notwithstanding that 40 states and the District of Columbia have now legalized adult-use and/or medical cannabis (with 21 states and the District of Columbia allowing adult-use cannabis), cannabis remains illegal under U.S. federal law with cannabis listed as a Schedule I drug under the U.S. Federal Controlled Substances Act of 1970 ("CSA").
Currently the Company only operates in the state of Nevada. The Company may expand into other states within the United States that have legalized cannabis use either medicinally or recreationally.
FEDERAL REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT
Under U.S. federal law, marijuana is currently a Schedule I drug. The CSA has five different tiers or schedules. A Schedule I drug means the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency ("DEA") considers it to have a high potential for abuse, no accepted medical treatment, and lack of accepted safety for the use of it even under medical supervision. Other Schedule I drugs are heroin, LSD and ecstasy. The Company believes the CSA categorization as a Schedule I drug is not reflective of the medicinal properties of marijuana or the public perception thereof, and numerous studies show cannabis is not able to be abused in the same way as other Schedule I drugs, has medicinal properties, and can be safely administered. Additionally, while some studies show cannabis is less harmful than alcohol, alcohol is not classified under the CSA.
Forty (40) states and the District of Columbia have now legalized adult-use and/or medical marijuana. The federal government sought to provide guidance to enforcement agencies and banking institutions with the introduction of the U.S. Department of Justice Memorandum drafted by former Deputy Attorney General James Michael Cole in 2013 (the "Cole Memo") and U.S. Department of the Treasury Financial Crimes Enforcement Network ("FinCEN") guidance in 2014.
The Cole Memo offered guidance to federal enforcement agencies as to how to prioritize civil enforcement, criminal investigations and prosecutions regarding marijuana in all states. The memo put forth eight prosecution priorities:
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preventing the distribution of marijuana to minors;
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preventing revenue from the sale of marijuana from going to criminal enterprises, gangs and cartels;
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preventing the diversion of marijuana from states where it is legal under state law in some form to other states;
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preventing the state-authorized marijuana activity from being used as a cover or pretext for the trafficking of other illegal drugs or other illegal activity;
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preventing the violence and the use of firearms in the cultivation and distribution of marijuana;
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preventing the drugged driving and the exacerbation of other adverse public health consequences associated with marijuana use;
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preventing the growing of marijuana on public lands and the attendant public safety and environmental dangers posed by marijuana production on public lands; and,
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preventing marijuana possession or use on federal property.
In January 2018, the then United States Attorney General, Jeff Sessions, by way of issuance of a new U.S. Department of Justice Memorandum (the "Sessions Memo"), rescinded the Cole Memo and thereby created a vacuum of guidance for U.S. enforcement agencies and the U.S. Department of Justice ("DOJ"). Rather than establish national enforcement priorities particular to marijuana-related crimes in jurisdictions where certain marijuana activity was legal under State law, the Sessions Memo instructs that "[i]n deciding which marijuana activities to prosecute... with the [DOJ's] finite resources, prosecutors should follow the well-established principles that govern all federal prosecutions." Namely, these include the seriousness of the offense, history of criminal activity, deterrent effect of prosecution, the interests of victims, and other principles.
Former United States Attorney General Sessions resigned on November 7, 2018 and was replaced by William Barr on February 14, 2019. On December 14, 2020, former President Trump announced that Mr. Barr would be resigning from his post as Attorney General, effective December 23, 2020. Merrick Garland, President Biden's nominee to succeed Mr. Barr, was sworn in as the current United States Attorney General on March 11, 2021. During his campaign, President Biden stated a policy goal to decriminalize possession of cannabis at the federal level, but he has not publicly supported the full legalization of cannabis. In response to questions posed by Senator Cory Booker, Merrick Garland stated during February 2021 congressional testimony that he would reinstitute a version of the Cole Memo. He reiterated the statement that the Justice Department under his leadership would not pursue cases against Americans "complying with the laws in states that have legalized and are effectively regulating marijuana", in written responses to the Senate Judiciary Committee provided around March 1. It is not yet known whether the Department of Justice under President Biden and Attorney General Garland, will re-adopt the Cole Memo or announce a substantive marijuana enforcement policy. Justice Garland indicated at a confirmation hearing before the United States Senate that it did not seem to him to be a useful use of limited resources to pursue prosecutions in states that have legalized and that are regulating the use of marijuana, either medically or otherwise. It is unclear what specific impact the new Biden administration will have on U.S. federal government enforcement policy. There is no guarantee that state laws legalizing and regulating the sale and use of cannabis will not be repealed or overturned, or that local governmental authorities will not limit the applicability of state laws within their respective jurisdictions. Unless and until the United States Congress amends the CSA with respect to cannabis (and as to the timing or scope of any such potential amendments there can be no assurance), there is a risk that federal authorities may enforce current U.S. federal law.
Due to the CSA categorization of marijuana as a Schedule I drug, U.S. federal law makes it illegal for financial institutions that depend on the Federal Reserve's money transfer system to take any proceeds from marijuana sales as deposits. Banks and other financial institutions could be prosecuted and possibly convicted of money laundering for providing services to cannabis businesses under the Bank Secrecy Act (as defined herein). Under U.S. federal law, banks or other financial institutions that provide a cannabis business with a checking account, debit or credit card, small business loan, or any other service could be found guilty of money laundering or conspiracy.
While there has been no change in U.S. federal banking laws to account for the trend towards legalizing medical and recreational marijuana by U.S. states, FinCEN has issued guidance advising prosecutors of money laundering and other financial crimes not to focus their enforcement efforts on banks and other financial institutions that serve marijuana-related businesses, so long as that business is legal in their state and none of the federal enforcement priorities are being violated (such as keeping marijuana away from children and out of the hands of organized crime). The "FinCEN Guidance" also clarifies how financial institutions can provide services to marijuana-related businesses consistent with the Bank Secrecy Act obligations, including thorough customer due diligence, but makes it clear that they are doing so at their own risk.
The customer due diligence steps include:
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verifying with the appropriate state authorities whether the business is duly licensed and registered;
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reviewing the license application (and related documentation) submitted by the business for obtaining a state license to operate its marijuana-related business;
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requesting from state licensing and enforcement authorities available information about the business and related parties;
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developing an understanding of the normal and expected activity for the business, including the types of products to be sold and the type of customers to be served (e.g., medical versus recreational customers);
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ongoing monitoring of publicly available sources for adverse information about the business and related parties;
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ongoing monitoring for suspicious activity, including for any of the red flags described in this guidance; and
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refreshing information obtained as part of customer due diligence on a periodic basis and commensurate with the risk. With respect to information regarding state licensure obtained in connection with such customer due diligence, a financial institution may reasonably rely on the accuracy of information provided by state licensing authorities, where states make such information available.
Due to the fear by financial institutions of being implicated in or prosecuted for money laundering, cannabis businesses are often forced into becoming "cash-only" businesses. As banks and other financial institutions in the U.S. are generally unwilling to risk a potential violation of federal law without guaranteed immunity from prosecution, most refuse to provide any kind of services to cannabis businesses. Despite the attempt by FinCEN to legitimize cannabis banking, in practice its guidance has not made banks much more willing to provide services to cannabis businesses. This is because, as described above, the current law does not guarantee banks immunity from prosecution, and it also requires banks and other financial institutions to undertake time-consuming and costly due diligence on each cannabis business they take on as a customer. Recently, some banks that have been servicing cannabis businesses have been closing accounts operated by cannabis businesses and are now refusing to open accounts for new cannabis businesses for the reasons enumerated above.
The few credit unions who have agreed to work with cannabis businesses are limiting those accounts to no more than 5% of their total deposits to avoid creating a liquidity risk. Since the federal government could change the banking laws as it relates to cannabis businesses at any time and without notice, these credit unions must keep sufficient cash on hand to be able to return the full value of all deposits from cannabis businesses in a single day, while also servicing the need of their other customers. Those state-chartered banks and credit unions that do have customers in the cannabis industry charge marijuana businesses high fees to pass on the added cost of ensuring compliance with the FinCEN Guidance. Unlike the Cole Memo, however, the FinCEN Guidance from 2014 has not been rescinded.
The U.S. Treasury Department has publicly stated they were not informed of the then Attorney General Jeff Sessions' desire to rescind the Cole Memo and do not have a desire to rescind the FinCEN Guidance for financial institutions. The former Secretary of the U.S. Department of the Treasury, Stephen Mnuchin, publicly stated that he did not have a desire to rescind the FinCEN Guidance. The newly appointed Secretary of the Treasury, Janet Yellen, has not yet articulated an official Treasury Department position with regard to the FinCEN Guidance and thus as an industry best practice and consistent with its standard operating procedures, the Company adheres to all customer due diligence steps in the FinCEN Guidance.
Because the DOJ memorandums serve as discretionary agency guidance and do not constitute a force of law, cannabis related businesses have worked to continually renew the Rohrabacher-Blumenauer Amendment (originally the Rohrabacher-Farr Amendment) that has been included in federal annual spending bills since 2014. This amendment restricts the DOJ from using federals funds to prevent states with medical cannabis regulations from implementing laws that authorize the use, distribution, possession, or cultivation of medical cannabis. In 2017, Senator Patrick Leahy (D-Vermont) introduced a parity amendment to H.R.1625 - a vehicle for the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2018, preventing federal prosecutors from using federal funds to impede the implementation of medical cannabis laws enacted at the state level, subject to Congress restoring such funding.
An additional challenge to cannabis-related businesses is that the provisions of Section 280E of the Code are being applied by the United States Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") to businesses operating in the medical and adult use cannabis industry. Section 280E of the Code prohibits cannabis businesses from deducting their ordinary and necessary business expenses, forcing them to pay higher effective federal tax rates than similar companies in other industries. The effective tax rate on a cannabis business depends on how large its ratio of non-deductible expenses is to its total revenues. Therefore, businesses in the legal cannabis industry may be less profitable than they would otherwise be.
Another aspect of federal law is that it provides that cannabis and cannabis products may not be transported across state lines in the United States. As a result, all cannabis consumed in a state must be grown and produced in that same state. This dynamic could make it more difficult for the Company, in the short term, to maintain a balance between supply and demand. If excess cultivation and production capacity is created in any given state and this is not matched by increased demand in that state, then this could exert downward pressure on the retail price for the products the Company sells. If too many retail licenses are offered by state authorities in any given state, then this could result in increased competition and exert downward pressure on the retail price for the products the Company sells. On the other hand, if cultivation and production in a state fails to match growing demand then, in the short term, there could be insufficient supply of product in a state to meet demand and while the Company may be able to raise its prices there could be inadequate product availability in the short term, causing the Company's revenue in that state to fall.
Progressive federal legislation has been both introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives ("U.S. House") and received positive votes in recent years. On September 26, 2019, the U.S. House passed the Secure and Fair Enforcement Banking Act of 2019 (commonly known as the "SAFE Banking Act"), which aims to provide safe harbor and guidance to financial institutions that work with legal U.S. cannabis businesses. On May 11, 2020, the U.S. House introduced the Health and Economic Recovery Omnibus Emergency Solutions Act (the "HEROES Act"), an economic stimulus package which included the language of the SAFE Banking Act. On September 28, 2020, the House introduced a revised version of the HEROES Act, including the text of the SAFE Act for a second time. The revised bill was passed by the U.S. House on October 1, 2020, before going to the Senate. On December 21, 2020, Congress reached a deal for a different $900 billion stimulus package. On April 19, 2021, the U.S. House again passed the SAFE Banking Act, but the Senate did not. Most recently, on July 14, 2022, the U.S. House voted to include the SAFE Banking Act in the must pass fiscal year 2023 defense budget bill (the 2023 National Defense Authorization Act - "NDAA"), but again, the U.S. Senate required the SAFE Act's removal from the NDAA. On April 23, 2023, Sen. Jeff Merkley (D-OR) and Sen. Steve Daines (R-MT), along with Rep. Dave Joyce (R-OH) and Rep. Earl Blumenauer (D-OR), reintroduced the SAFE Banking Act of 2023. All told, the SAFE Banking Act has passed the House six times but has yet to pass the Senate. A new version of the SAFE Banking Act known as the Secure and Fair Enforcement Regulation ("SAFER Banking Act") was introduced in the Senate on September 21, 2023, and subsequently approved by the Senate Committee on Banking. The SAFER Banking Act is still pending passage in the U.S. Senate and, if passed, will move on to the House where it faces an uncertain future. While Congress may introduce and consider this and other legislation in the future that may address issues that are important to the Company, there can be no assurance of the content of any proposed legislation or that any pending legislation will ever be passed.
Further, the Marijuana Opportunity Reinvestment and Expungement Act, also known as the "MORE Act", is a proposal to legalize cannabis and expunge prior cannabis related convictions. On November 20th, 2019, the MORE Act was passed by the House Judiciary Committee, and although the U.S. House voted to pass the MORE Act on December 4, 2020, it failed to pass in the Senate prior to the end of the 2020 legislative session. There can be no assurance that it will be passed in its current form or at all.
The Joseph R. Biden ("Biden") Administration and balance of power in U.S. Congress could still impact the likelihood of any legal developments regarding cannabis at the national level, including the passage of the SAFE Banking Act and the MORE Act, as well as potential executive action to clarify federal policy toward the industry, although it is uncertain whether and in what manner any such federal changes will occur. On a federal level, President Biden campaigned on a platform that included cannabis decriminalization. Democrats, who are generally more supportive of federal cannabis reform than Republicans, maintained their majority in the U.S. House, although at a smaller margin than initially expected, and have gained sufficient seats in the Senate to control a majority by a single vote. As of this writing, both the SAFE Banking and MORE Acts have yet to receive action in the U.S. Senate, however, in late 2020, incoming Senate Majority Leader Charles Schumer made comments on multipole occasions suggesting that passage of these bills and potential additional favorable federal legislation are on his agenda. The Company continues to monitor U.S. federal law and the law in all jurisdictions where it is active, with respect to (a) compliance with applicable state regulatory frameworks, and (b) potential exposure and implications arising from U.S. federal law.
On July 21, 2022, U.S. Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer (D-NY), Senate Finance Committee Chairman Ron Wyden (D-OR) and Sen. Cory Booker (D-NJ) formally filed the Cannabis Administration and Opportunity Act ("CAOA"), a much-anticipated bill to federally legalize marijuana and promote social equity. On July 22, 2022, Assistant Democratic Leader Patty Murray (D-WA) and Sen. Gary Peters (D-MI) signed onto the CAOA. The CAOA would have legalized cannabis nationwide, ending federal prohibition and expunging records of some cannabis offenders, and it also lays out a framework to establish a federal cannabis tax and Federal Drug Administration ("FDA") regulations for cannabis products. The bill did not pass the U.S. Senate during the 2022 legislative session (i.e., the 117th Congress).
On January 17, 2023, U.S. Representative Gregory Steube (R-FL) introduced H.R. 610, the Marijuana 1-to-3 Act of 2023 ("1-to-3 Act"), which would direct the DEA to transfer marijuana from Schedule I to Schedule III. A Schedule III controlled substance is a drug, substance, or chemical that has less potential for abuse than a Schedule I or II substance; that has a currently accepted medical use; and that has low or moderate risk of dependence if abused. The 1-to-3 Act bill was referred to the Committee on Energy and Commerce, and the Committee on the Judiciary, for further consideration.
On October 6, 2022, President Biden requested that the Secretary of Health and Human Services ("HHS") and the Attorney General initiate a review of cannabis scheduling pursuant to the Controlled Substances Act and federal law. On August 29, 2023, following a review by the FDA, the Assistant Secretary of HHS, Anne Milgram, issued a letter recommendation to the DEA that cannabis be rescheduled under the Controlled Substances Act to Schedule III. In December 2023, the DEA confirmed it was conducting its review.
On May 21, 2024, the DOJ published a "Notice of Proposed Rulemaking" to reschedule cannabis from Schedule I to Schedule III of the CSA in the Federal Register. In-person testimony in the DEA's upcoming hearing on marijuana rescheduling would not begin until January or February 2025, and it was later scheduled for January 21, 2025. On January 13, 2025, the hearing was canceled by Chief Administrative Law Judge ("ALJ") John Mulrooney, and the proceedings were stayed indefinitely pending an interlocutory appeal brought by two private movants who sought to remove the DEA from its role as proponent of the proposed rescheduling through a motion which was denied. The future of the rescheduling process remains uncertain under the new Donald J. Trump administration. If the rule is finalized, cannabis would be considered a drug with "moderate to low potential for physical and psychological dependence" and would be available for medical use only, not legalized at the federal level.
The following sections describe the legal and regulatory landscape in Nevada, where the Company operates. The Company believes that its operations are in full compliance with all applicable state laws, regulations and licensing requirements. Nonetheless, for the reasons described above and the risks further described under the heading "Risk Factors" herein, there are significant risks associated with the business of the Company. Readers are strongly encouraged to carefully read all of the risk factors contained under the heading "Risk Factors" herein.
NEVADA REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT
Nevada Summary
Nevada has a medical marijuana program and passed an adult-use (21 and older) legalization through the ballot box in November 2016. In 2000, Nevada voters passed a medical marijuana initiative allowing physicians to recommend cannabis for an inclusive set of qualifying conditions, including severe pain and created a limited non-commercial medical marijuana patient/caregiver system. Senate Bill 374, which passed the legislature and was signed by the Governor in 2013, expanded this program and established a for-profit regulated medical marijuana industry.
The Nevada Division of Public and Behavioral Health licensed medical marijuana establishments up until July 1, 2017 when the state's medical marijuana program merged with adult-use marijuana enforcement under the Nevada Department of Taxation ("NDOT"). In 2014, Nevada accepted medical marijuana business applications and a few months later the Division approved 182 cultivation licenses, 118 licenses for the production of edibles and infused products, 17 independent testing laboratories, and 55 medical marijuana dispensary licenses. The number of dispensary licenses was then increased to 66 by legislative action in 2015. The application process is merit-based, competitive, and is currently closed. Nevada residency is not required to own or invest in a Nevada medical cannabis business. In addition, vertical integration is neither required nor prohibited. Nevada's medical law includes patient reciprocity, which permits medical patients from certain other states to purchase medical marijuana from Nevada dispensaries. Nevada also allows for dispensaries to deliver medical marijuana to patients.
Under Nevada's adult-use marijuana law, the NDOT licensed marijuana cultivation facilities, product manufacturing facilities, distributors, retail stores and testing facilities. After merging medical and adult-use marijuana regulation and enforcement, the single regulatory agency is now known as the Marijuana Enforcement Division of the NDOT. Until November 2018, applications to the NDOT for adult-use establishment licenses were being accepted from existing medical marijuana establishments and existing liquor distributors for the adult-use distribution license.
In February 2017, the NDOT announced plans to issue "early start" adult use marijuana establishment licenses in the summer of 2017. These licenses, beginning on July 1, 2017, allowed marijuana establishments holding both a retail marijuana store and dispensary license to sell their existing medical marijuana inventory as either medical or adult-use marijuana, and expired 90 days after January 1, 2018 (per Sec. 24 of LCB File No. T002-17). Starting July 1, 2017, medical and adult-use marijuana have incurred a 15% excise tax on the first wholesale sale (calculated on the fair market value) and adult-use cannabis have incurred an additional 10% special retail marijuana sales tax in addition to any general state and local sales and use taxes.
On January 16, 2018, the Marijuana Enforcement Division of the NDOT issued final rules governing its adult-use marijuana program, pursuant to which up to sixty-six (66) permanent adult-use marijuana dispensary licenses will be issued. Existing adult-use marijuana licensees under the "early start" regulations must re-apply for licensure under the permanent rules in order to continue adult-use sales.
In May of 2019, Governor Steve Sisolak signed into law Senate Bill 32, that increased transparency in the licensing process by releasing certain information about license applicants, as well as methods used to issue licenses. In June 2019, Governor Sisolak approved Assembly Bill 132 making Nevada the first state to ban employers from refusing to hire job applicants who test positive for marijuana during the hiring process.
As of August 23, 2019, as a result of discrepancies discovered in the application process by the State of Nevada, a court issued a partial preliminary injunction against the State of Nevada from moving forward with the numerous holders of provisional licenses awarded under the December 5, 2018, provisional license awards. In addition to the preliminary injunction, the State of Nevada and various intervenors remain subject to ongoing litigation.
In early 2019, Nevada legislature passed Nevada Assembly Bill 533 ("AB 533"), which authorized the formation of the Cannabis Compliance Board (the "CCB") to be vested with the authority to license and regulate persons and establishments engaged in cannabis activities within Nevada. The CCB consists of an executive director and five board members appointed by the Governor Steve Sisolak. Board members must have expertise in a range of fields, including financial and accounting, law enforcement, medicine, regulatory and legal compliance, and cannabis. AB 533 also established the Cannabis Advisory Commission (the "CAC") which serves to study cannabis-related issues and make recommendations to the CCB. The CAC consists of 12-members appointed by the governor representing relevant state agencies and members of the cannabis industry and the public. Pursuant to AB 533, the CCB is mandated with studying the feasibility and safe implementation of licensing for lounges, in addition to their general authority and oversight of cannabis operations in Nevada. The CCB held its first meeting in July 2021, and regularly meets regarding public health and safety, license suspensions and held public workshops regarding, and moved forward with licensing, a limited number of cannabis consumption lounges.
Nevada Regulatory Framework
Nevada Revised Statues 678C and 678D regulate the Medical and Adult Use of cannabis in Nevada. Nevada Administrative Code 453D provides a regulatory framework that outlines the function of the CCB Marijuana program. Subsections of this chapter outline licensing and enforcement guidelines which guide the CCB.
Nevada Licensing Requirements
Licenses issued by CCB can be renewed annually so long as the licensee continues to demonstrate compliance with local and state law and pays the renewal fee. Dispensary/Retail store licenses have a set statutory "cap" (per NRS 453D.210 & NRS 453A.324), other license types do not. Moreover, statutory license caps can only be changed by the Nevada legislature, which meets bi-annually. Marijuana businesses in Nevada may also be governed by local ordinances, which can include caps on the number of marijuana businesses, zoning limitations, and additional screening of business owners and investors. Applicants must demonstrate (and license holders must maintain) that: (i) they are registered with the Nevada Secretary of State to do business in Nevada, (ii) they have contributed to the advancement of the State of Nevada via regular tax payments, (iii) they do not have interests in the Casino or Alcohol industries, (iv) they have the operational expertise required by the individual license type, demonstrated by submission of an operation plan, (v) they have the ability to secure the premises, resources, and personnel necessary to operate the license, (vi) they have the ability to maintain accountability of all cannabis and cannabinoid products and by-products via the state mandated "seed-to-sale" CTS to prevent diversion or unlawful access to these materials, (vii) they have the financial ability to maintain operations for the duration of the license, (viii) all owners have passed background screening, inclusive of fingerprinting, and (ix) all local land use, zoning, and planning notices have been followed in the development of the licensed site.
Nevada Security Requirements
A licensee must maintain a fully operational alarm and video monitoring system at all times. The alarm system must secure all points of ingress and egress and be equipped with motion detectors. The 24-hour video surveillance system must record at a high-resolution format approved by the CCB and have camera coverage which covers all areas of the facility without any blind spots. Video footage must be backed-up for a minimum of 30 days in hard-form. Cultivation and product manufacturing sites are not open to the public.
Nevada Transportation and Storage Requirements
Cannabis and cannabis goods must be stored in a lockable safe or vault at any time that employees are not on location. Any storage container that is large enough to allow an employee to walk into it must have cameras placed inside. Goods to be transported to another licensee must be fully manifested via the state mandated "seed-to-sale" CTS prior to being transported.
Nevada CCB Inspections
The CCB conducts announced and unannounced inspections of all licensed facilities to determine compliance with laws and rules. The CCB will inspect a licensee in the event of a complaint indicating that the licensee has or is actively violating existing statute. The CCB will also inspect at the time of any modification, as well as at the time of annual renewal. As of June 13, 2023, the CCB is no longer allowed to bill a licensee for time and effort related to oversight of a cannabis establishment, including for inspections and audits.
Nevada Product Testing and Packaging Requirements
Both medical and adult-use marijuana and marijuana products are subject to stringent testing and packaging requirements. Before usable marijuana, concentrated marijuana, or marijuana products may be packaged for further processing or for transfer to a dispensary or retail store, an independent testing laboratory licensed by the CCB must collect samples from each homogenized lot or production run for testing. These samples are tested by the independent testing laboratory for compliance with specified limits on contaminants such as yeast and mold, heavy metals and pesticides, and microbes. Testing is also done to determine the potency of the sample. Cultivation and product manufacturing facilities are also subject to random quality assurance compliance testing at the discretion of the CCB. Generally, if a sample fails any of the tests conducted by the testing laboratory, the entire lot or production run must be destroyed.
All marijuana or marijuana products intended to be sold to consumers must be individually packaged, sealed, and labeled. Edible products must be packaged in opaque, child-resistant containers. Depending on the type of marijuana product, the CCB places limit on the amount of THC that a single package of marijuana may contain or the number of ounces of product a package may contain. All packages of marijuana or marijuana product sold to consumers must have detailed labels that include, inter alia, various warnings about the effects and risks of marijuana use; the name, license number, and contact information of the dispensary or retail store conducting the sale; the name and license number of the cultivation or product manufacturing facility that harvested or produced the marijuana or marijuana product; the potency levels of the marijuana or marijuana product; and the date the marijuana or marijuana product was harvested or produced.
PUBLIC OPINION
The increase in state legalization of cannabis use is largely a result of changing public opinion in the United States. According to an April 2017 Quinnipiac University Poll, 94% of U.S. voters support the medical use of cannabis if recommended by a physician. https://poll.qu.edu/poll-results/ An April 2021 Pew Research Center poll found that 91% of U.S. voters support legal marijuana for either medical or recreational use; only 8% of U.S. voters say marijuana should not be legal for use by adults. https://www.pewresearch.org/ As of July 21, 2022, by a margin of more than 2 to 1, Americans favor a federal mandate legalizing the adult use of marijuana nationwide, according to polling data compiled by The Economist and YouGov.com. https://today.yougov.com/topics/politics/explore/topic/The_Economist_YouGov_polls Based on a Pew Research Center survey conducted Oct 16-22, 2022, 88% of U.S. adults say either that marijuana should be legal for medical and recreational use by adults (59%) or that it should be legal for medical use only (30%). Based on a Pew Research Center survey conducted January 16-20, 2024, an overwhelming share of U.S. adults (88%) maintain that marijuana should be legal for medical or recreational use. Nearly six-in-ten Americans (57%) say that marijuana should be legal for medical and recreational purposes, while roughly a third (32%) say that marijuana should be legal for medical use only. Further Pew Research Center analysis finds: (a) 54% of Americans live in a state where the recreational use of marijuana is legal, (b) 74% of Americans live in a state where marijuana is legal for either recreational or medical use, and (c)79% of Americans live in a county with at least one cannabis dispensary.
INDUSTRY OUTLOOK
Due to increases in state legalization and shifting public opinion, state-legal cannabis industry sales have grown substantially in recent years. According to an April 2023 study by MJBizDaily Research, a leading business-to-business industry resource, legal sales of marijuana are expected to reach $38 billion by the end of 2024, a 12% increase over 2023's total of $34 billion. By 2027, MJBizDaily Factbook estimates retail cannabis sales are projected to be upwards of $53.5 billion..
https://insights.mjbizdaily.com/factbook-2024/
RISK FACTORS
The following are certain factors relating to the business and securities of the Company. The Company may face a few challenges and significant risks in the development of its business due to the nature of and present stage of its business. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to the Company or currently deemed immaterial by the Company, may also impair the operations of or materially adversely affect the securities of the Company. If any such risks occur, the Company's shareholders could lose all or part of their investment and the business, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations and prospects of the Company could be materially adversely affected. Some of the risk factors described herein are interrelated and, consequently, readers should carefully review such risk factors together with other information in this MD&A. In addition to the risks described in the MD&A, refer to the "Risk Factors" section in the Company's Annual Report on Form 20-F.
The acquisition of any of the securities of the Company is speculative, involving a high degree of risk and should be undertaken only by persons whose financial resources are enough to enable them to assume such risks and who have no need for immediate liquidity in their investment. An investment in the securities of the Company should not constitute a major portion of a person's investment portfolio and should only be made by persons who can afford a total loss of their investment.
While certain U.S. states have enacted medical and/or adult-use cannabis legislation, cannabis continues to be illegal under U.S. federal law, which may subject us to regulatory or legal enforcement, litigation, increased costs and reputational harm.
Eighty percent (80%) of the U.S. states have enacted legislation to regulate the sale and use of cannabis on either a medical or adult- use level. However, notwithstanding the permissive regulatory environment of cannabis at the state level, cannabis continues to be categorized as a controlled substance under the CSA, and as such, activities within the cannabis industry are illegal under U.S. federal law. It is also illegal to aid or abet such activities or to conspire to attempt to engage in such activities. Financing businesses in the cannabis industry may be deemed aiding and abetting an illegal activity under federal law. If such an action were brought, the Company may be forced to cease operations and our investors could lose their entire investment. Such an action would have a material negative effect on our business and operations.
Individual U.S. state laws do not always conform to U.S. federal regulatory standards, or to other U.S. state laws. A number of states have decriminalized marijuana to varying degrees, other states have created exemptions specifically for medical cannabis, and several have both decriminalized and/or created medical marijuana exemptions. Several states have also legalized the recreational use of cannabis. Variations exist among states that have legalized, decriminalized or created medical marijuana exemptions. For example, Oregon and Colorado have limits on the number of marijuana plants that can be home grown. In most states, the cultivation of marijuana for personal use continues to be prohibited except for those states that allow small-scale cultivation by the individual in possession of a medical marijuana license or that person's caregiver. Even in those states in which the use and commercialization of marijuana has been legalized, its use remains a violation of U.S. federal law.
The Company is currently aware of 40 states of the United States, the District of Columbia, and four out of five U.S. territories, that have laws and/or regulations that recognize, in one form or another, legitimate medical uses for cannabis and consumer use of cannabis in connection with medical treatment. Many other states are considering similar legislation. Additionally, the sale and adult-use of recreational cannabis is legal in 24 U.S. states and the District of Columbia, and 38 U.S. states and the District of Columbia, for medical use. At the federal level, however, cannabis currently remains a Schedule I controlled substance under the CSA. Under U.S. federal law, a Schedule I drug or substance has a high potential for abuse, no accepted medical use in the United States, and a lack of accepted safety for the use of the drug under medical supervision. As such, absent passage of the 1-to-3 Act, or equivalent bill into law, even in those states in which marijuana is legalized under state law, the manufacture, importation, possession, use or distribution of cannabis remains illegal under U.S. federal law.
Although the Company's activities are in compliance with applicable state and local law, strict compliance with state and local laws with respect to cannabis may neither absolve the Company of liability under U.S. federal law, nor may it provide a defense to any federal proceeding which may be brought against the Company. Any such proceedings brought against the Company may adversely affect the Company's operations and financial performance.
Proceeds from the Company's financings could be considered proceeds of crime which may restrict the Company's ability to pay dividends or effect other distributions to its shareholders.
Currently, the Company engages in the manufacture, distribution, possession and sale of cannabis in the U.S. medical and recreational cannabis markets, and therefore the enforcement of U.S. federal laws is a significant risk to the Company. Unless and until the U.S. Congress amends the CSA through the 1-to-3 Act, or otherwise, (or the DEA reschedules or de-schedules cannabis), there is a risk that U.S. federal authorities, including the United States Attorney's Office for the District of Nevada, may enforce current federal law, and the Company may be deemed to be possessing, manufacturing, and trafficking marijuana in violation of U.S. federal law. Such activities also may serve as the basis for the prosecution of other crimes, such as those prohibited by the money laundering statutes, the unlicensed money transmitter statute, and the Bank Secrecy Act. Additionally, the Company may be deemed to be facilitating the sale or distribution of drug paraphernalia in violation of U.S. federal law with respect to the Company's current or proposed business operations. As to the timing or scope of any such potential amendments to the CSA, there can be no assurances to when or if any potential amendments will be enacted. Active enforcement of the current federal statutory laws and regulatory rules regarding cannabis may thus directly and/or indirectly and adversely affect the Company's future operations, cash flows, earnings, and financial condition.
The Company could face (i) seizure of its cash and other assets used to support or derived from its cannabis subsidiaries; and (ii) the arrest of its employees, directors, officers, managers and investors, who could face charges of ancillary criminal violations of the CSA for aiding and abetting and conspiring to violate the CSA by virtue of providing financial support to state-licensed or permitted cultivators, processors, distributors, and/or retailers of cannabis. Additionally, as has recently been affirmed by U.S. Customs and Border Protection, employees, directors, officers, managers and investors of the Company who are not U.S. citizens face the risk of being barred from entry into the United States for life.
Management may not be able to predict all new emerging risks or how such risks may impact actual results of the Company in the highly regulated, highly competitive and rapidly evolving U.S. cannabis industry.
As a result of the conflicting views between individual state governments and the U.S. federal government regarding cannabis, investments in U.S. cannabis businesses are subject to inconsistent legislation and regulation. The response to this inconsistency was addressed in August 2013 when then U.S. Deputy Attorney General, James Cole, authorized the Cole Memo addressed to all United States Attorneys acknowledging that, notwithstanding the designation of cannabis as a controlled substance at the federal level in the U.S., several U.S. states have enacted laws relating to cannabis for medical purposes. The Cole Memo outlined certain priorities for the U.S. Department of Justice relating to the prosecution of cannabis offenses. In particular, the Cole Memo noted that in jurisdictions that have enacted laws legalizing cannabis in some form, and that have also implemented strong and effective regulatory and enforcement systems to control the cultivation, distribution, sale and possession of cannabis, that conduct in compliance with those laws and regulations is less likely to be a priority at the federal level.
On January 4, 2018, Jeff Sessions, the U.S. Attorney General at the time, issued the Sessions Memo to all United States Attorneys, which rescinded the Cole Memo in its entirety. The Sessions Memo provided that in deciding which marijuana activities to prosecute under U.S. federal laws, prosecutors should follow the same well-established principles that govern all U.S. federal prosecutions. Following the release of the Sessions Memo, the fate of state-legal cannabis is uncertain, and the risk of prosecution varies from state to state based on the posture, priorities and resources of each United States Attorney's Office for each applicable state.
Although the Cole Memo was rescinded, one legislative safeguard for the medical cannabis industry, appended to federal appropriations legislation, remains in place. Currently referred to as the "Rohrabacher-Blumenauer Amendment", this so-called "rider" provision has been appended to the Consolidated Appropriations Acts every year since fiscal year 2015. Under the terms of the Rohrabacher-Blumenauer rider, the federal government is prohibited from using congressionally appropriated funds to enforce federal cannabis laws against regulated medical cannabis actors operating in compliance with state and local law. On December 20, 2019, then President Donald Trump signed the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020 which included the Rohrabacher-Blumenauer Amendment, which prohibits the funding of federal prosecutions with respect to medical cannabis activities that are legal under state law. On December 27, 2020, the omnibus spending bill passed including the Rohrabacher-Blumenauer Amendment, extending its application until September 30, 2021. The Amendment was then renewed through a series of stopgap spending bills on September 30, 2021, December 3, 2021, February 18, 2022, and March 11, 2022. On March 15, 2022, the Amendment was renewed through the signing of the fiscal year 2022 omnibus spending bill, extending previous funding levels and riders, including the Rohrabacher-Blumenauer Amendment. There can be no assurances that the Rohrabacher-Blumenauer Amendment will be included in future appropriations bills to prevent the federal government from using congressionally appropriated funds to enforce federal cannabis laws against regulated medical cannabis actors operating in compliance with state and local law.
On March 11, 2021, Merrick Garland was sworn in as the U.S. Attorney General. During his campaign, President Biden stated a policy goal to decriminalize possession of cannabis at the federal level, but he has not publicly supported the full legalization of cannabis. In response to questions posed by Senator Cory Booker, Merrick Garland stated during a February 2021 congressional testimony that he would reinstitute a version of the Cole Memo. He reiterated the statement that the Justice Department under his leadership would not pursue cases against Americans "complying with the laws in states that have legalized and are effectively regulating marijuana", in written responses to the Senate Judiciary Committee provided around March 1. It is not yet known whether the Department of Justice under President Biden and Attorney General Garland, will re-adopt the Cole Memo or announce a substantive marijuana enforcement policy. Justice Garland indicated at a confirmation hearing before the United States Senate that it did not seem to him to be a useful use of limited resources to pursue prosecutions in states that have legalized and that are regulating the use of marijuana, either medically or otherwise. It is unclear what impact, if any, the current administration will have on U.S. federal government enforcement policy on cannabis.
In October 2021, in a letter from U.S. Senators Corey Booker and Elizabeth Warren to Attorney General Garland, the Senators advocated the federal decriminalization of cannabis by removing cannabis from the CSA's list of controlled substances. To date, Attorney General Garland and the Department of Justice have not publicly responded to the Senators' letter. Further, there is no guarantee that state laws legalizing and regulating the sale and use of cannabis will not be repealed or overturned, or that local governmental authorities will not limit the applicability of state laws within their respective jurisdictions. Unless and until the United States Congress amends the CSA with respect to cannabis (and as to the timing or scope of any such potential amendments there can be no assurance), there is a risk that federal authorities may enforce current U.S. federal law.
Given the conflict of laws and regulations, there is no certainty as to how the DOJ, Federal Bureau of Investigation and other government agencies will handle cannabis matters in the future. There can be no assurance that the Biden Administration would not change the current enforcement policies, priorities and resources and choose to enforce the subject federal laws. The Company regularly monitors ongoing developments in this regard.
Violations of any laws and regulations could result in significant fines, penalties, administrative sanctions, forfeiture, convictions or settlements arising from civil proceedings conducted by either the federal government or private citizens, or criminal charges, including, but not limited to, disgorgement of profits, cessation of business activities or divestiture. This could have a material adverse effect on the Company, including its reputation and ability to conduct business, its title (directly or indirectly) to cannabis licenses in the United States, the listing of its securities on various stock exchanges, its financial position, its operating results, and profitability or liquidity or the market price of its publicly traded shares. In addition, it is difficult for the Company to estimate the time or resources that would be needed for the investigation of any such matters or the final resolution of such matters because, in part, the time and resources that may be needed are dependent on the nature and extent of any information requested and degree of enforcement by the applicable authorities involved, and such time or resources could be substantial.
As a company listed on the CSE, the Company accesses the Canadian capital markets on a public and private basis, and any capital raised may be utilized for the ongoing operations of its U.S. holdings that operate in the U.S. cannabis industry. There is no assurance that the Company will be successful, in whole or in part, in raising funds, particularly if the U.S. federal authorities change their position toward enforcing the CSA. Further, access to funding from residents, citizens, venture capital, private equity and banks in the United States may be limited due to their unwillingness to be associated with activities that violate U.S. federal laws. Notwithstanding the above, the SAFER Banking Act would be a positive development for the industry and access to move affordable banking and lending.
Changes to current laws and regulation may impose substantial costs on the Company.
Local, state and federal cannabis laws and regulations in the United States are broad in scope and subject to evolving interpretations, which could require the Company to incur substantial costs associated with compliance or alter certain aspects of its business plan. In addition, violations of these laws, or allegations of such violations, could disrupt certain aspects of the Company's business plan and result in a material adverse effect on certain aspects of the Company's planned operations. Furthermore, it is possible that regulations may be enacted in the future that will be directly applicable to certain aspects of the Company's cannabis business. The Company cannot predict the nature of any future laws, rules, regulations, resolutions, declarations, policy positions, interpretations or applications, nor can it determine what affect additional governmental regulations or administrative policies and procedures, when and if promulgated, could have on the Company's business.
Further, there is no guarantee that state laws legalizing and regulating the sale and use of cannabis will not be repealed or overturned, or that local governmental authorities will not limit the applicability of state laws within their respective jurisdictions. If the federal government begins to enforce federal laws relating to cannabis in states where the sale and use of cannabis is currently legal, or if existing applicable state laws are repealed or curtailed, the Company's business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects would be materially adversely affected.
The Company is aware that multiple states are considering special taxes or fees on businesses in the marijuana industry. It is a potential yet unknown risk at this time that other states are in the process of reviewing such additional fees and taxation. This could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.
Beginning in September 2019, the United States media began reporting on potential vape related illnesses and death based on conditions resembling pneumonia, that consumers of flavored nicotine and flavored THC vaping products were experiencing. Vaping product sales are a material source of revenue for the Company. Although there has been no conclusive medical or scientific determination as to the cause of the subject conditions, management believes that the Company's products do not contain any of the components or chemicals, including but not limited to vitamin E acetate, which were implicated as possible sources of the condition, and which were identified by the CDC based on laboratory findings released on November 8, 2019. Out of an abundance of caution, governors of certain US states took precautionary, short-term actions until a more conclusive link between vaping products and the condition is determined; as mentioned in the Company's previous filings, Oregon was one of those states until the State was forced to lift its ban by court order on January 16, 2020.
The cannabis industry is subject to extensive controls and regulations, which may significantly affect the financial condition of market participants, including the Company.
The Company operates in a new industry which is highly regulated, highly competitive and evolving rapidly. As such, new risks may emerge, and management may not be able to predict all such risks. The Company incurs ongoing costs and obligations related to regulatory compliance. Failure to comply with regulations may result in additional costs for corrective measures, penalties or in restrictions of operations. In addition, changes in regulations, more vigorous enforcement thereof or other unanticipated events could require extensive changes to operations, increased compliance costs or give rise to material liabilities, which could have a material adverse effect on the business, results of operations and financial condition of the Company.
Further, the Company may be subject to a variety of claims and lawsuits. Adverse outcomes in some or all of these claims may result in significant monetary damages or injunctive relief that could adversely affect its ability to conduct its business.
Litigation and other claims are subject to inherent uncertainties and management's view of these matters may change in the future. A material adverse impact on the Company's financial statements could also occur for the period in which the effect of an unfavorable outcome becomes probable and reasonably estimable.
The cannabis industry is subject to extensive controls and regulations, which may significantly affect the financial condition of market participants. The marketability of any product may be affected by numerous factors that are beyond the control of the Company and which cannot be predicted, such as changes to government regulations, including those relating to taxes and other government levies which may be imposed. Changes in government levies, including taxes, could reduce the Company's earnings on investments and could make future capital investments or the Company's operations uneconomic.
The cannabis industry is also subject to numerous legal challenges, which may significantly affect the financial condition of market participants in the industry, such as the Company, which cannot be readily predicted.
Regulatory scrutiny of the Company's industry may negatively impact its ability to raise additional capital.
The Company's business activities rely on newly established and/or developing laws and regulations. These laws and regulations are rapidly evolving and subject to change with minimal notice. Regulatory changes may adversely affect the Company's profitability or cause it to cease operations entirely. The cannabis industry may come under the scrutiny or further scrutiny by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Securities and Exchange Commission, the DOJ, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority or other federal, applicable state or nongovernmental regulatory authorities or self-regulatory organizations that supervise or regulate the production, distribution, sale or use of cannabis for medical or nonmedical purposes in the United States.
It is impossible to determine the extent of the impact of any new laws, regulations or initiatives that may be proposed, or whether any proposals will become law. The regulatory uncertainty surrounding the Company's industry may adversely affect the business and operations of the Company, including without limitation, the costs to remain compliant with applicable laws and the impairment of its ability to raise additional capital, which could reduce, delay or eliminate any return on investment in the Company.
The Company's operations in the U.S. are subject to applicable anti-money laundering laws and regulations.
The Company is subject to a variety of laws and regulations domestically and in the United States that involve money laundering, financial record keeping and proceeds of crime, including the U.S. Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act of 1970 ("Bank Secrecy Act"), as amended by Title III of the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001, the Proceeds of Crime (Money Laundering) and Terrorist Financing Act (Canada), as amended and the rules and regulations thereunder, and any related or similar rules, regulations or guidelines, issued, administered or enforced by governmental authorities in the United States and Canada.
In the event that any of the Company's operations, or any proceeds thereof, any dividends or distributions therefrom, or any profits or revenues accruing from such operations in the United States were found to be in violation of money laundering legislation or otherwise, such transactions may be viewed as proceeds of crime under one or more of the statutes noted above or any other applicable legislation. This could restrict or otherwise jeopardize the ability of the Company to declare or pay dividends, effect other distributions or subsequently repatriate such funds back to Canada. Furthermore, while there are no current intentions to declare or pay dividends on C21's Common Shares in the foreseeable future, in the event that a determination was made that the Company's proceeds from operations (or any future operations or investments in the United States) could reasonably be shown to constitute proceeds of crime, the Company may decide or be required to suspend declaring or paying dividends without advance notice and for an indefinite period of time.
The Company's operations and any proceeds thereof may be considered proceeds of crime since cannabis remains illegal federally in the United States. This restricts the ability of the Company to declare or pay dividends, effect other distributions or subsequently repatriate such funds back to Canada. Furthermore, while the Company has no current intention to declare or pay dividends on its shares in the foreseeable future, the Company may decide or be required to suspend declaring or paying dividends without advance notice and for an indefinite period of time in response to factors outside of the Company's control.
The Company may have difficulty accessing the services of banks and processing credit card payments in the future, which may make it difficult to operate. To mitigate this risk, the Company has maintained banking relations with three private credit unions in states where cannabis has been legalized at the state level, including Partners Colorado Credit Union (Colorado), Salal (Washington State) and Greater Nevada Credit Union (Nevada). Through these private credit unions, the Company is able to access bank services to support its Nevada cannabis operations and handle any remaining Oregon-based accounts payable or receivable.
Losing access to traditional banking, including bank-specific liquidity risks, could have a significant effect on our ability to operate, conclude financings and achieve returns.
Since the use of cannabis is illegal under U.S. federal law, there is a strong argument that banks cannot accept for deposit funds from businesses involved with the cannabis industry. Consequently, businesses involved in the cannabis industry often have difficulty finding a bank willing to accept their business. The inability to open or maintain traditional bank accounts may make it difficult to operate the Company's cannabis business. To mitigate this risk, the Company has maintained banking relations with three private credit unions in states where cannabis has been legalized at the state level, including Partners Colorado Credit Union (Colorado), Salal (Washington State) and Greater Nevada Credit Union (Nevada). Through these private credit union banks, the Company can access comprehensive banking services including cash management checking accounts, ACH transfer processing, cash pick-up and delivery services, debit card and credit card processing, online banking, and processing of bank wires and transfers.
The recent closures of Silicon Valley Bank, Signature Bank and First Republic Bank and their placement into receivership with the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC") have identified bank-specific liquidity risks and concerns. Although the Department of the Treasury, the Federal Reserve, and the FDIC jointly released a statement that depositors at Silicon Valley Band Bank and Signature Bank would have access to their funds, even deposit amounts that exceed FDIC deposit insurance limits, future adverse developments with respect to specific financial institutions or the broader financial services industry may lead to market-wide liquidity shortages.
The FinCEN Guidance sets forth certain circumstances whereby it is permissible for banks to provide services to cannabis-related businesses without risking prosecution for violation of federal money laundering laws. However, as discussed above, most banks and other financial institutions do not feel comfortable providing banking services to cannabis-related businesses, or relying on the FinCEN Guidance which could be revoked at any time by the Biden Administration. In addition to the foregoing, banks may refuse to process debit card payments and credit card companies generally refuse to process credit card payments for cannabis-related businesses.
Accordingly, the Company may have limited or no access to banking or other financial services in the U.S. in the future and may have to operate the Company's U.S. business on a cash-only basis. In addition, federal money laundering statutes and Bank Secrecy Act regulations discourage financial institutions from working with any organization that sells a controlled substance, regardless of whether the state it resides in permits cannabis sales. While the U.S. House passed the SAFE Banking Act, which would permit commercial banks to offer services to cannabis companies that are in compliance with state law, it remains under consideration by the Senate, and if Congress fails to pass the SAFE Banking Act, the Company's inability, or limitations on the Company's ability, to open or maintain bank accounts, obtain other banking services and/or accept credit card and debit card payments, may make it difficult for the Company to operate and conduct its business as planned or to operate efficiently. The prospects of the SAFER Banking Act, or some permutation thereof, becoming law is uncertain as of the date of this MD&A.
The Company's operations in the United States may be subject to heightened scrutiny.
The Company's existing operations in the United States cannabis market, and any future interests, may become the subject of heightened scrutiny by regulators, stock exchanges, clearing agencies or other authorities in Canada. As a result, the Company may be subject to significant direct and indirect interaction with public officials. There can be no assurance that this heightened scrutiny will not in turn lead to the imposition of certain restrictions on the Company's ability to invest in the United States or any other jurisdiction.
Given the heightened risk profile associated with cannabis in the United States, it was previously reported by certain publications in Canada that the Canadian Depository for Securities Limited may implement policies that would see its subsidiary, CDS Clearing and Depository Services Inc. ("CDS"), refuse to settle trades for cannabis issuers that have investments in the United States. The TMX Group, the owner and operator of CDS, subsequently issued a statement on August 17, 2017, reaffirming that there is no CDS ban on the clearing of securities of issuers with cannabis-related activities in the United States, despite media reports to the contrary, and that the TMX Group was working with regulators to arrive at a solution that will clarify this matter, which would be communicated at a later time.
On February 8, 2018, following discussions with the Canadian Securities Administrators and recognized Canadian securities exchanges, the TMX Group announced the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding (the "TMX MOU") with Aequitas NEO Exchange Inc., the CSE, the Toronto Stock Exchange and the TSX Venture Exchange (the "TSXV"). The TMX MOU outlines the parties' understanding of Canada's regulatory framework applicable to the rules, procedures and regulatory oversight of the exchanges and CDS as it relates to issuers with cannabis-related activities in the United States.
The TMX MOU confirms, with respect to the clearing of listed securities, that CDS relies on the exchanges to review the conduct of listed issuers. As a result, there is no CDS ban on the clearing of securities of issuers with cannabis-related activities in the United States. However, there can be no guarantee that this approach to regulation will continue in the future. If such a ban were to be implemented, it would have a material adverse effect on the ability of holders of Common Shares to make and settle trades. In particular, the Common Shares would become highly illiquid and until an alternative was implemented investors would have no ability to affect a trade of Common Shares through the facilities of a stock exchange.
Through its subsidiaries, the Company is licensed by the State of Nevada Department of Taxation to cultivate and distribute wholesale and retail recreational and medicinal cannabis products in Nevada.
The following table is a summary of C21's balance sheet exposure to U.S. cannabis-related activities as of March 31, 2025:
| 2025 | |||||||||
| Subsidiaries | Investments | Total | |||||||
| Current Assets | $ | 7,311,360 | $ | - | $ | 7,311,360 | |||
| Non-current Assets | 49,495,634 | - | 49,495,634 | ||||||
| Total Assets | $ | 56,806,994 | $ | - | $ | 56,806,994 | |||
| Current Liabilities | $ | 7,707,106 | $ | - | $ | 7,707,106 | |||
| Non-Current liabilities | 20,339,105 | - | 20,339,105 | ||||||
| Total Liabilities | $ | 28,046,211 | $ | - | $ | 28,046,211 |
Goodwill and intangibles related to the acquisition of U.S. based subsidiaries are included within the noncurrent asset totals above.
The following represents the portion of certain assets on C21's consolidated balance sheet that pertain to U.S. Cannabis activity as of March 31, 2025:
-
Inventory: 100%
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Property plant & equipment: 100%
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Intangible assets and goodwill: 100%
-
Notes receivable and deposits: 76%
Unfavorable publicity or consumer perception of cannabis may have an adverse effect on the demand for our products.
The Company believes the adult-use and medical cannabis industries are highly dependent upon consumer perception regarding the safety, efficacy and quality of the cannabis produced. Consumer perception can be significantly influenced by scientific research or findings, regulatory investigations, litigation, media attention and other publicity regarding the consumption of cannabis products. There can be no assurance that future scientific research or findings, regulatory investigations, litigation, media attention or other publicity will be favorable to the cannabis market or any particular product, or consistent with earlier publicity. Future research reports, findings, regulatory investigations, litigation, media attention or other publicity that are perceived as less favorable than, or that question, earlier research reports, findings or other publicity could have a material adverse effect on the demand for adult-use or medical cannabis and on the business, results of operations, financial condition, cash flows or prospects of the Company. Further, adverse publicity reports or other media attention regarding the safety, efficacy and quality of cannabis in general, or associating the consumption of adult-use and medical cannabis with illness or other negative effects or events, could have such a material adverse effect. There is no assurance that such adverse publicity reports, findings or other media attention will not arise.
Public opinion may result in a significant influence over the regulation of the cannabis industry in Canada, the United States or elsewhere. A negative shift in the public's perception of cannabis in the United States, or any other applicable jurisdiction could affect future legislation or regulation. Among other things, such a shift could cause state jurisdictions to abandon initiatives or proposals to legalize medical cannabis, thereby limiting the number of new state jurisdictions into which the Company could expand. Any limits on future expansion may have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition, and results of operations.
State and local laws and regulations may heavily regulate brands and forms of cannabis products and there is no guarantee that the Company's current and proposed brands and products will remain or be approved for sale and distribution in any state.
States generally only allow the manufacture, sale and distribution of cannabis products that are grown in that state and may require advance notice of such products. Certain states and local jurisdictions have promulgated certain requirements for approved cannabis products based on the form of the product and the concentration of the various cannabinoids in the product. While the Company will continue to follow the guidelines and regulations of each applicable state and local jurisdiction in preparing products for sale and distribution, there is no guarantee that such future products will be approved to the extent necessary. For the products that are approved, there is a risk that any state or local jurisdiction may revoke its approval for such products based on changes in laws or regulations or based on its discretion or otherwise.
The business premises of the Company are a target for theft, which may have an adverse impact on its financial condition and results of operations.
The business premises of the Company are a target for theft. While the Company has implemented security measures and continues to monitor and improve its security measures, its cultivation, processing, distribution and dispensary facilities could be subject to break-ins, robberies and other breaches in security. If there was a breach in security and the Company fell victim to a robbery or theft, the loss of cannabis plants, cannabis oils, cannabis flowers, cannabis products, cultivation and processing equipment, and cash could have a material adverse impact on the business, financial condition, results of operation and property of the Company.
As the Company's business involves the movement and transfer of cash which is collected from third parties or deposited into its bank, there is a risk of theft or robbery during the transport of cash. The Company engages security firms to provide armed guards and security in the transport and movement of large amounts of cash. While the Company has taken robust steps to prevent theft or robbery of cash during transport, there can be no assurance that there will not be a security breach during the transport and the movement of cash involving the theft of product or cash.
The Company has historically relied on access to both public and private capital in order to support its continuing operations, and the Company expects to continue to rely on the capital markets to finance its business.
Although such business carries a higher degree of risk, and despite the legal standing of cannabis businesses pursuant to U.S. federal laws, Canadian based issuers involved in the U.S. state-legal cannabis industry have been successful in raising substantial amounts of private and public financing. However, there is no assurance the Company will be successful, in whole or in part, in raising funds in the future, particularly if the U.S. federal authorities change their position toward enforcing the CSA. Further, access to funding from U.S. residents may be limited due to their unwillingness to be associated with activities which violate U.S. federal laws.
As consumer perceptions of cannabis evolve, the Company may face unfavorable publicity or consumer perception.
The state-legal cannabis industry in the U.S. is at an early stage of its development. Cannabis has been, and will continue to be, a controlled substance for the foreseeable future. Consumer perceptions regarding legality, morality, consumption, safety, efficacy and quality of cannabis are mixed and evolving. Consumer perception can be significantly influenced by scientific research or findings, regulatory investigations, litigation, media attention and other publicity regarding the consumption of cannabis products. There can be no assurance that future scientific research, findings, regulatory proceedings, litigation, media attention or other research findings or publicity will be favorable to the cannabis market or any particular product, or consistent with earlier publicity. Future research reports, findings, regulatory proceedings, litigation, media attention or other publicity that are perceived as less favourable than, or that question, earlier research reports, findings or publicity could have a material adverse effect on the demand for cannabis and on the business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows of the Company. Further, adverse publicity reports or other media attention regarding cannabis in general or associating the consumption of cannabis with illness or other negative effects or events, could have such a material adverse effect. Public opinion and support for medical and adult-use cannabis use has traditionally been inconsistent and varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. While public opinion and support appears to be rising for legalizing medical and adult-use cannabis, it remains a controversial issue subject to differing opinions surrounding the nature of legalization (for example, support for legalization of medical versus recreational cannabis). The Company's ability to maintain and increase market acceptance of its company and products may require substantial expenditures on investor relations, strategic relationships and marketing initiatives. There can be no assurance that such initiatives will be successful, and their failure may have an adverse effect on the Company.
Product liability claims or regulatory actions against the Company could result in increased costs, could adversely affect the Company's reputation with its clients and consumers generally, and could have a material adverse effect on the business.
As a manufacturer and distributor of products designed to be ingested by humans, the Company faces an inherent risk of exposure to product liability claims, regulatory action and litigation if its products are alleged to have caused significant loss or injury. This is particularly true in light of the United States media news, beginning in September 2019, regarding potential vaporizer (vape) related illnesses and deaths. The Company closely monitors the news reports on this topic, including results from the investigations being conducted by the CDC, and put out a statement over its social media feed on September 11, 2019 confirming its commitment to consumer safety, discussing the rigorous quality control and testing of its products, and explaining that none of its vape products are manufactured with vitamin E acetate, or any other additives, thickeners or agents. The Company further disclosed its complete ingredient list for all of its vape products. In addition, the manufacture and sale of marijuana involve the risk of injury to consumers due to tampering by unauthorized third parties or product contamination. Previously unknown adverse reactions resulting from human consumption of marijuana alone or in combination with other medications or substances could occur. As a manufacturer, distributor and retailer of adult-use and medical marijuana, or in its role as an investor in or service provider to an entity that is a manufacturer, distributor and/or retailer of adult-use or medical marijuana, the Company may be subject to various product liability claims, including, among others, that the marijuana product caused injury or illness, include inadequate instructions for use or include inadequate warnings concerning possible side effects or interactions with other substances. A product liability claim or regulatory action against the Company could result in increased costs, could adversely affect the Company's reputation with its clients and consumers generally, and could have a material adverse effect on the business, results of operations, financial condition or prospects of the Company. There can be no assurances that the Company will be able to maintain product liability insurance on acceptable terms or with adequate coverage against potential liabilities. Such insurance is expensive and may not be available in the future on acceptable terms, or at all. The inability to maintain sufficient insurance coverage on reasonable terms or to otherwise protect against potential product liability claims could prevent or inhibit the commercialization of the Company's potential products or otherwise have a material adverse effect on the business, results of operations, financial condition or prospects of the Company.
As the cannabis industry is nascent, expectations regarding the development of the market may not be accurate and may change.
Due to the early stage of the state-legal cannabis industry, forecasts regarding the size of the industry and the sales of products are inherently subject to significant unreliability. A failure in the demand for products to materialize as a result of competition, technological change or other factors could have a material adverse effect on the business, results of operations and financial condition of the Company.
The cultivation, extraction and processing of cannabis and derivative products is dependent on a number of key inputs and their related costs which relies on a health supply chain.
Any significant interruption or negative change in the availability or economics of the supply chain for key inputs could materially impact the business, financial condition and operating results of an operator. Some of these inputs may only be available from a single supplier or a limited group of suppliers. If a single source supplier were to go out of business, an operator might be unable to find a replacement for such source in a timely manner or at all. Any inability to secure required supplies and services or to do so on appropriate terms could have a materially adverse impact on the business, financial condition and operating results of an operator, and consequently, the Company. Given the recent, systemic issues with the global supply chain, there is an increased risk of interruption or negative change in the availability of key inputs the Company relies upon which could materially adversely impact the Company in the current supply chain environment and into the foreseeable future.
The Company's limited operating history makes evaluating its business and prospects difficult.
The Company has a limited operating history on which to base an evaluation of its business, financial performance and prospects. As such, the Company's business and prospects must be considered in light of the risks, expenses and difficulties frequently encountered by companies in the early stage of development. As the Company is in an early stage and is introducing new products, the Company's revenues may be materially affected by the decisions, including timing decisions, of a relatively consolidated customer base. The Company has had limited experience in addressing the risks, expenses and difficulties frequently encountered by companies in their early stage of development, particularly companies in new and rapidly evolving industries such as the cannabis industry. There can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in addressing these risks, and the failure to do so in any one area could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.
There is no assurance of the Company's profitability.
The Company cannot give assurances that it will not incur losses in the future. The limited operating history makes it difficult to predict future operating results. The Company is subject to the risks inherent in the operation of a new business enterprise in an emerging and uncertain business sector, and there can be no assurance that the Company will be able to successfully address these risks.
The Company Company's operations are impacted by general economic trends.
Any worldwide economic slowdown and tightening of credit in the financial markets may impact the business of the Company's customers, which could have an adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition, or results of operations. Adverse changes in general economic or political conditions in the United States and elsewhere could adversely affect the Company's business, financial condition, results of operations and property.
The Company faces risks related to tax credits and deductions.
Currently, U.S. state licensed cannabis businesses are assessed at a comparatively high effective U.S. federal income tax rate due to Section 280E of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"), which prohibits businesses associated with trafficking in controlled substances (within the meaning of Schedule I and II of the Controlled Substances Act) from deducting certain expenses. The IRS has invoked Section 280E of the Code in tax audits against various cannabis businesses in the United States that are permitted under applicable U.S. state laws. Although the IRS issued a clarification allowing the deduction of certain expenses, the scope of such items is interpreted very narrowly, and the bulk of operating costs and general administrative costs are not permitted to be deducted. In addition, on June 28, 2024, the IRS published a press release reminding taxpayers that cannabis remains a Schedule I controlled substance until a final rule is published that reschedules cannabis and, therefore, cannabis is still subject to the limitations of Section 280E of the Code, and stating that taxpayers that have filed amended returns seeking a refund of taxes paid related to Section 280E of the Code are not entitled to a refund or payment and that the IRS is taking steps to address these claims. While there are currently several pending cases before various U.S. administrative and federal courts challenging these restrictions, there is no guarantee that these courts will issue an interpretation of Section 280E of the Code favorable to cannabis businesses. Given these facts, the impact of any such challenges cannot be reliably estimated; however, it may be significant to the financial condition and/or the overall operations of the Company.
The Company has taken the position that it does not owe taxes attributable to the application of Section 280E of the Code, including the planned refiling of amended U.S. federal income tax returns in the next few months. The refiling of tax returns will be for the years ended January 31, 2022, January 31, 2023, January 31, 2024, and the two months ended March 31, 2024, based on legal interpretations that challenge its tax liability under Section 280E of the Code. Because the Company's tax positions could be (and, as discussed below, has been) challenged by the IRS and other taxing authorities and the Company may not be wholly successful in defending its tax positions, the Company records reserves for unrecognized tax benefits based on its assessment of the probability of successfully sustaining its tax filing positions. Management exercises significant judgment when assessing the probability of successfully sustaining the Company's tax filing positions, and in determining whether a contingent tax liability should be recorded and, if so, estimating the amount.
The Company may be at risk of increased scrutiny from the IRS on past and future tax filings and, in the normal course of business, the Company receives notices, from time to time, from various local, state, and federal tax agencies. If the IRS makes a determination that the Company is not in compliance with Section 280E of the Code, the Company may be required to pay any difference in the amounts owed, in addition to penalties and interest, which could equal or exceed the amounts reserved by the Company, exceed the amount of cash on hand and materially impact the Company's financial condition or results of operations.
On October 6, 2022, President Joseph Biden requested that the Secretary of HHS and the Attorney General to initiate a review as to how cannabis is currently scheduled under federal law. In August 2023, following a review by the FDA, the Secretary of HHS issued a recommendation to the DEA that cannabis be moved to Schedule III under the Controlled Substances Act. In December 2023, the DEA confirmed that it is currently conducting its review. On May 21, 2024, the DOJ published a notice of proposed rulemaking with the Federal Register to initiate a formal rulemaking process to consider transferring cannabis to Schedule III under the Controlled Substances Act. The Controlled Substances Act requires formal rulemaking on the record after an opportunity for a hearing. The hearing has been postponed multiple times and is currently pending resolution of an interlocutory appeal brought by two private movants who sought to remove the DEA from its role as proponent of the proposed rescheduling through a motion which was denied. If cannabis is moved to Schedule III from Schedule I under the Controlled Substances Act, it could end the effect of Section 280E of the Code on some or all of the Company's operations. However, any such change from Schedule I to Schedule III is beyond the control of the Company and cannot be predicted.
Currency fluctuations may have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition and operating results.
Due to the Company's present operations in the United States, and its intention to continue future operations outside Canada, the Company is expected to be exposed to significant currency fluctuations. All or substantially all of the Company's revenue will be earned in U.S. dollars, but operating expenses are incurred in both U.S. and Canadian dollars. The Company does not have currency hedging arrangements in place, and there is no expectation that the Company will put any currency hedging arrangements in place in the future. Fluctuations in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and Canadian dollar may have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition and operating results. The Company may, in the future, establish a program to hedge a portion of its foreign currency exposure with the objective of minimizing the impact of adverse foreign currency exchange movements. However, even if the Company develops a hedging program, there can be no assurance that it will effectively mitigate currency risks.
Rising energy costs may have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition and operating results.
Adult-use and medical marijuana growing operations consume considerable energy, making the Company potentially vulnerable to rising energy costs. Rising or volatile energy costs may adversely impact the business, results of operations, financial condition or prospects of the Company.
The Company faces risks related to supply chain issues and interruptions.
Any significant interruption or negative change in the availability or economics of the supply chain for key inputs could materially impact the business, financial condition and operating results of an operator. Some of these inputs may only be available from a single supplier or a limited group of suppliers. If a single source supplier were to go out of business, an operator might be unable to find a replacement for such source in a timely manner or at all. Any inability to secure required supplies and services or to do so on appropriate terms could have a materially adverse impact on the business, financial condition and operating results of an operator, and consequently, the Company. Given the recent, systemic issues with the global supply chain, there is an increased risk of interruption or negative change in the availability of key inputs the Company relies upon which could materially adversely impact the Company in the current supply chain environment and into the foreseeable future.
The Company may not be able to meet its obligations as they become due, and the Company may require additional funding to continue as a going concern.
Liquidity risk is the risk that the Company will not be able to meet its obligations as they become due. The Company's ability to continue as a going concern may be dependent on management's ability to raise required funding through future equity or debt issuances. The Company manages its liquidity risk by forecasting cash flows from operations and anticipating any investment and financing activities. While the Company experiences positive cash flow from operations, such cash flow may not be sufficient on their own to fund payments to unsecured creditors. These material uncertainties cast doubt upon the Company's ability to continue as a going concern.
The Company may require additional financing, which may not be available.
The continued development of the Company may require additional financing. There is no guarantee that the Company will be able to achieve its business objectives. The Company intends to fund its business objectives by way of additional offerings of equity and/or debt financing. The failure to raise or procure such additional funds could result in the delay or indefinite postponement of current business objectives. There can be no assurance that additional capital or other types of financing will be available if needed or that, if available, will be on terms acceptable to the Company. If additional funds are raised by offering equity securities or convertible debt, existing shareholders could suffer significant dilution. Any debt financing secured in the future could involve the granting of security against assets of the Company and also contain restrictive covenants relating to capital raising activities and other financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for the Company to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities, including potential acquisitions.
Company indebtedness could have a number of adverse impacts on the Company, including reducing the availability of cash flows to fund working capital and capital expenses.
Any indebtedness of the Company could have significant consequences on the Company, including: increase the Company's vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions; require the Company to dedicate a substantial portion of its cash flow from operations to making interest and principal payments on its indebtedness, reducing the availability of the Company's cash flow to fund capital expenditures, working capital and other general corporate purposes; limit the Company's flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in the business and the industry in which it operates; place the Company at a competitive disadvantage compared to its competitors that have greater financial resources; and limit the Company's ability to complete fundamental corporate changes or transactions or to declare or pay dividends.
FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS
This MD&A includes "forward-looking information" and "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of Canadian securities laws and United States securities laws. All information, other than statements of historical facts, included in this MD&A that addresses activities, events or developments that the Company expects or anticipates will or may occur in the future is forward-looking information. Forward-looking information includes, among other things, information regarding: statements relating to the business and future activities of, and developments related to, the Company, including such things as the timing of the completion of contemplated acquisitions or dispositions, expectations whether such proposed transactions will be consummated on the current terms or otherwise and contemplated timing, expectations and effects of such proposed transactions, including the potential number and location of cultivation and production facilities and dispensaries or licenses therefor to be acquired or sold and markets to be entered into or exited by the Company as a result of completing such proposed transactions, the ability of the Company to successfully achieve its business objectives as a result of completing such proposed acquisitions or dispositions, estimates of future cultivation, manufacturing and extraction capacity, expectations as to the development and distribution of the Company's brands and products, the expansion into additional U.S. and international markets, any potential future legalization of adult-use and/or medical cannabis under U.S. federal law, expectations of market size and growth in the United States and the states in which the Company operates or contemplates future operations and the effect such growth will have on the Company's financial performance, expectations for other economic, business, regulatory and/or competitive factors related to the Company or the cannabis industry generally, and other events or conditions that may occur in the future.
Readers are cautioned that forward-looking information and statements are based on reasonable assumptions, estimates, analysis and opinions of management of the Company at the time they were provided or made in light of their experience and their perception of trends, current conditions and expected developments, as well as other factors that management believes to be relevant and reasonable in the circumstances, and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which may cause the actual results, performance or achievements of the Company, to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking information and statements.
Forward-looking information and statements are not a guarantee of future performance and are based upon a number of estimates and assumptions of management at the date the statements are made including among other things assumptions about: the contemplated acquisitions and dispositions being completed on the current terms and current contemplated timeline; development costs remaining consistent with budgets; ability to manage anticipated and unanticipated costs; favorable equity and debt capital markets; the ability to raise sufficient capital to advance the business of the Company; favorable operating and economic conditions; political and regulatory stability; obtaining and maintaining all required licenses and permits; receipt of governmental approvals and permits; sustained labor stability; favorable production levels and costs related to the Company's operations; the pricing of various cannabis products; the level of demand for cannabis products; the availability of third party service providers and other inputs for the Company's operations; the Company's ability to conduct operations in a safe, efficient and effective manner; the ability of the Company to restructure and service its secured debt; the availability of securitized debt financing on terms acceptable to the Company, or at all. While the Company considers these assumptions to be reasonable, the assumptions are inherently subject to significant business, social, economic, political, regulatory, competitive and other risks, uncertainties, contingencies and other factors that could cause actual performance, achievements, actions, events, results or conditions to be materially different from those projected in the forward-looking information and statements. Many assumptions are based on factors and events that are not within the control of the Company and there is no assurance they will prove to be correct.
Risks, uncertainties and other factors which may cause the actual results, performance or achievements of the Company to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking information and statements include, among others, risks relating to U.S. regulatory landscape and enforcement related to cannabis, including governmental and environmental regulation, public opinion and perception of the cannabis industry, risks related to the ability to consummate any proposed acquisitions or dispositions on the proposed terms and the ability to obtain requisite regulatory approvals and third party consents and the satisfaction of other conditions, risks related to reliance on third party service providers, the limited operating history of the Company, risks inherent in an agricultural business, risks related to proprietary intellectual property, risks relating to financing activities, risks relating to the management of growth, increasing competition in the cannabis industry, risks associated to cannabis products manufactured for human consumption including health risks, potential product recalls, reliance on key inputs, reliance on a healthy global supply chain, suppliers and skilled labor (the availability and retention of which is subject to uncertainty), cyber-security risks, ability and constraints on marketing products, fraudulent activity by employees, contractors and consultants, risk of litigation and conflicts of interest, and the difficulty of enforcement of judgments and effecting service outside of Canada, risks related to future acquisitions or dispositions, limited research and data relating to cannabis, and the continued impact it may have on the global economy and the retail sector, particularly the cannabis retail sector in the states in which the Company operates, as well as those risk factors discussed elsewhere herein, including under "Risk Factors".
Although the Company has attempted to identify important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially, there may be other factors that cause results not to be as anticipated, estimated or intended. There can be no assurance that such forward-looking information and statements will prove to be accurate as actual results and future events could differ materially from those anticipated in such information and statements. Accordingly, readers should not place undue reliance on forward-looking information and statements. The Company may elect to update such forward-looking information and statements at a future time, it assumes no obligation for doing so except to the extent required by applicable law.
Form 52-109FV1
Certification of Annual Filings
Venture Issuer Basic Certificate
I, Sonny Newman, President and Chief Executive Officer of C21 Investments Inc., certify the following:
1. Review: I have reviewed the AIF, if any, annual financial statements and annual MD&A, including, for greater certainty, all documents and information that are incorporated by reference in the AIF (together, the "annual filings") of C21 Investments Inc. (the "issuer") for the financial year ended March 31, 2025.
2. No misrepresentations: Based on my knowledge, having exercised reasonable diligence, the annual filings do not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated or that is necessary to make a statement not misleading in light of the circumstances under which it was made, for the period covered by the annual filings.
3. Fair presentation: Based on my knowledge, having exercised reasonable diligence, the annual financial statements together with the other financial information included in the annual filings fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, financial performance and cash flows of the issuer, as of the date of and for the periods presented in the annual filings.
Date: June 23, 2025
"Sonny Newman"
_______________________
Sonny Newman
President and Chief Executive Officer
NOTE TO READER
In contrast to the certificate required for non-venture issuers under National Instrument 52-109 Certification of Disclosure in Issuers' Annual and Interim Filings (NI 52-109), this Venture Issuer Basic Certificate does not include representations relating to the establishment and maintenance of disclosure controls and procedures (DC&P) and internal control over financial reporting (ICFR), as defined in NI 52-109. In particular, the certifying officers filing this certificate are not making any representations relating to the establishment and maintenance of
i) controls and other procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by the issuer in its annual filings, interim filings or other reports filed or submitted under securities legislation is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in securities legislation; and
ii) a process to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with the issuer's GAAP.
The issuer's certifying officers are responsible for ensuring that processes are in place to provide them with sufficient knowledge to support the representations they are making in this certificate. Investors should be aware that inherent limitations on the ability of certifying officers of a venture issuer to design and implement on a cost effective basis DC&P and ICFR as defined in NI 52-109 may result in additional risks to the quality, reliability, transparency and timeliness of interim and annual filings and other reports provided under securities legislation.
Form 52-109FV1
Certification of Annual Filings
Venture Issuer Basic Certificate
I, Michael Kidd, Chief Financial Officer of C21 Investments Inc., certify the following:
1. Review: I have reviewed the AIF, if any, annual financial statements and annual MD&A, including, for greater certainty, all documents and information that are incorporated by reference in the AIF (together, the "annual filings") of C21 Investments Inc. (the "issuer") for the financial year ended March 31, 2025.
2. No misrepresentations: Based on my knowledge, having exercised reasonable diligence, the annual filings do not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated or that is necessary to make a statement not misleading in light of the circumstances under which it was made, for the period covered by the annual filings.
3. Fair presentation: Based on my knowledge, having exercised reasonable diligence, the annual financial statements together with the other financial information included in the annual filings fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, financial performance and cash flows of the issuer, as of the date of and for the periods presented in the annual filings.
Date: June 23, 2025
"Michael Kidd"
_______________________
Michael Kidd
Chief Financial Officer
NOTE TO READER
In contrast to the certificate required for non-venture issuers under National Instrument 52-109 Certification of Disclosure in Issuers' Annual and Interim Filings (NI 52-109), this Venture Issuer Basic Certificate does not include representations relating to the establishment and maintenance of disclosure controls and procedures (DC&P) and internal control over financial reporting (ICFR), as defined in NI 52-109. In particular, the certifying officers filing this certificate are not making any representations relating to the establishment and maintenance of
i) controls and other procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by the issuer in its annual filings, interim filings or other reports filed or submitted under securities legislation is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in securities legislation; and
ii) a process to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with the issuer's GAAP.
The issuer's certifying officers are responsible for ensuring that processes are in place to provide them with sufficient knowledge to support the representations they are making in this certificate. Investors should be aware that inherent limitations on the ability of certifying officers of a venture issuer to design and implement on a cost effective basis DC&P and ICFR as defined in NI 52-109 may result in additional risks to the quality, reliability, transparency and timeliness of interim and annual filings and other reports provided under securities legislation.