IMA 10-Q
ImageneBio, Inc. (IMA)
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, DC 20549
FORM
(Mark One)
For the quarterly period ended
OR
For the transition period from __________________ to __________________
Commission File Number:
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)
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Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer |
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Emerging growth company |
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If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No
As of June 30, 2025, the registrant had
Table of Contents
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Page |
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PART I. |
1 |
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Item 1. |
1 |
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1 |
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Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss |
2 |
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3 |
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4 |
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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements |
5 |
Item 2. |
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations |
13 |
Item 3. |
22 |
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Item 4. |
22 |
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PART II. |
23 |
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Item 1. |
23 |
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Item 1A. |
23 |
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Item 2. |
72 |
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Item 3. |
72 |
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Item 4. |
72 |
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Item 5. |
72 |
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Item 6. |
73 |
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75 |
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i
Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains express or implied forward-looking statements which are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). These statements involve risks, uncertainties, and other factors that may cause actual results, performance, or achievements to be materially different from the information expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. All statements, other than statements of historical facts, contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including statements regarding our strategy, future operations, future financial position, future revenue, projected costs, prospects, plans and objectives of management and expected market growth are forward-looking statements. The words “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “target,” “would” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words.
Forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q include, but are not limited to, statements about:
ii
We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements, and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Actual results or events could differ materially from the plans, intentions and expectations disclosed in the forward-looking statements we make. We have included important factors in the cautionary statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, particularly in the “Risk Factors” section, which could cause actual results or events to differ materially from the forward-looking statements that we make. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, collaborations, joint ventures or investments that we may make or into which we may enter.
You should read this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the documents that we reference herein and have filed or incorporated by reference as exhibits hereto completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We do not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.
iii
Summary of the Material and Other Risks Associated with Our Business
Our business is subject to numerous material and other risks and uncertainties that you should be aware of in evaluating our business. These risks include, but are not limited to, the following:
The material and other risks summarized above should be read together with the text of the full risk factors in the “Risk Factors” section and with the other information set forth in this Quarterly Report, including our consolidated financial statements and the related notes, as well as with other documents that we file with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission. If any such material and other risks and uncertainties actually occur, our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. The risks summarized above or described in full in the “Risk Factors” section, are not the only risks
iv
that we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us, or that we currently deem to be immaterial may also materially adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.
v
PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
IKENA ONCOLOGY, INC.
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
(Unaudited)
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June 30, |
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December 31, |
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Assets |
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Current assets: |
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Cash and cash equivalents |
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$ |
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$ |
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Marketable securities |
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Prepaid expenses and other current assets |
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Total current assets |
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Property and equipment, net |
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Right-of-use asset |
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Deposits and other assets |
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Total assets |
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$ |
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$ |
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Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity |
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Current liabilities: |
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Accounts payable |
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$ |
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$ |
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Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |
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Operating lease liability |
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Total current liabilities |
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Long-term portion of operating lease liability |
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Other long-term liabilities |
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Total liabilities |
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Stockholders’ equity: |
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Preferred stock, $ |
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Common stock, $ |
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Additional paid-in capital |
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Accumulated other comprehensive income |
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Accumulated deficit |
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( |
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Total stockholders’ equity |
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Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |
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$ |
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$ |
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The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
1
IKENA ONCOLOGY, INC.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
(Unaudited)
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Three Months Ended June 30, |
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Six Months Ended June 30, |
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2025 |
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2024 |
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2025 |
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2024 |
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Operating expenses: |
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Research and development |
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$ |
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$ |
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General and administrative |
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Restructuring and other charges |
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Total operating expenses |
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Loss from operations |
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( |
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( |
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Other income (expense): |
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Investment income |
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Other income, net |
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Total other income, net |
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Loss before income taxes |
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( |
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( |
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( |
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( |
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Income tax expense |
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( |
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( |
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( |
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( |
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Net loss |
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$ |
( |
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$ |
( |
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$ |
( |
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$ |
( |
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Other comprehensive income (loss): |
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Unrealized loss on marketable securities |
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( |
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( |
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( |
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( |
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Total comprehensive loss |
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$ |
( |
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$ |
( |
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$ |
( |
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$ |
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Net loss per share: |
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Net loss per share, basic and diluted |
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$ |
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$ |
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$ |
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$ |
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Weighted-average common shares outstanding, |
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The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
2
IKENA ONCOLOGY, INC.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity
(in thousands, except share amounts)
(Unaudited)
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Accumulated |
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Additional |
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Other |
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Total |
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Common Stock |
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Paid-in |
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Comprehensive |
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Accumulated |
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Stockholders’ |
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Shares |
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Amount |
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Capital |
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Income |
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Deficit |
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Equity |
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Balance as of December 31, 2024 |
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$ |
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$ |
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$ |
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$ |
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$ |
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Stock-based compensation |
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— |
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— |
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— |
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— |
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Other comprehensive income |
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— |
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— |
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— |
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— |
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Net loss |
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— |
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— |
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— |
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— |
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( |
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( |
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Balance as of March 31, 2025 |
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( |
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Stock-based compensation |
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— |
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— |
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— |
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— |
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Other comprehensive loss |
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— |
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— |
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— |
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( |
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— |
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( |
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Net loss |
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— |
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— |
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— |
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— |
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( |
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( |
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Balance as of June 30, 2025 |
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$ |
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$ |
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$ |
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$ |
( |
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$ |
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Accumulated |
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Additional |
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Other |
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Total |
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Common Stock |
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Paid-in |
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Comprehensive |
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Accumulated |
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Stockholders’ |
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Shares |
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Amount |
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Capital |
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Loss |
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Deficit |
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Equity |
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Balance as of December 31, 2023 |
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$ |
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$ |
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$ |
( |
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$ |
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$ |
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Stock-based compensation |
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— |
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— |
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— |
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— |
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Other comprehensive loss |
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— |
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— |
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— |
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( |
) |
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— |
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( |
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Net loss |
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— |
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— |
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— |
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— |
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( |
) |
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( |
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Balance as of March 31, 2024 |
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( |
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( |
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Stock-based compensation |
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— |
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— |
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— |
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— |
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Other comprehensive loss |
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— |
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— |
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— |
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( |
) |
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— |
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( |
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Net loss |
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— |
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— |
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— |
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— |
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( |
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( |
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Balance as of June 30, 2024 |
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$ |
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$ |
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$ |
( |
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$ |
( |
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$ |
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The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
3
IKENA ONCOLOGY, INC.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(in thousands)
(Unaudited)
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Six Months Ended June 30, |
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2025 |
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2024 |
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Cash flows from operating activities: |
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Net loss |
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$ |
( |
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$ |
( |
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Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: |
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Depreciation |
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Net accretion of discounts on marketable securities |
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( |
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( |
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Stock-based compensation expense |
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Non-cash operating lease expense |
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Loss on disposal of property and equipment |
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Impairment of assets held for sale |
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Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |
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Prepaid expenses and other current assets |
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( |
) |
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( |
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Deposits and other assets |
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Accounts payable |
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( |
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( |
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Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |
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( |
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( |
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Operating lease liabilities |
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( |
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( |
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Other long-term liabilities |
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Net cash used in operating activities |
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( |
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Cash flows from investing activities: |
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Proceeds from sale of property and equipment |
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Purchases of marketable securities |
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( |
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( |
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Proceeds from sales and maturities of marketable securities |
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Amounts loaned under note receivable |
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( |
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— |
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Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |
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( |
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Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |
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( |
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Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period |
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Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period |
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$ |
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$ |
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Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash to the |
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Cash and cash equivalents |
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$ |
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$ |
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Restricted cash included in deposits and other assets |
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Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period |
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$ |
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$ |
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The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
4
IKENA ONCOLOGY, INC.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Unaudited)
1. Nature of Business and Basis of Presentation
Ikena Oncology, Inc. (the “Company”) has historically been a clinical stage targeted oncology company, focused on developing differentiated therapies for patients in need that target nodes of cancer growth, spread, and therapeutic resistance. In May 2024, after a review of the Company’s business, programs, resources and capabilities, including anticipated costs and timelines, the Company announced the decision to conduct a comprehensive review of strategic alternatives. As part of the strategic review process, the Company explored potential strategic alternatives that included, without limitation, an acquisition, merger, business combination or other transactions, as well as strategic transactions related to its product candidates and related assets.
On December 23, 2024, following a comprehensive review of strategic alternatives, the Company entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (“Merger Agreement”) with Insight Merger Sub I (“Merger Sub I”) and Insight Merger Sub II (“Merger Sub II”), its direct, wholly owned subsidiaries and Inmagene Biopharmaceuticals (“Inmagene”), pursuant to which among other matters, and subject to the satisfaction or waiver of the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, Merger Sub I will merge with and into Inmagene, with Inmagene surviving as a direct, wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (the “Surviving Entity,” and such transaction, the “First Merger”) and immediately after the First Merger, the Surviving Entity will merge with and into Merger Sub II with Merger Sub II surviving as a direct, wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (such transaction, the “Second Merger,” and together with the First Merger, the “Merger”). Immediately prior to the effective time of the First Merger, the Company is expected to enter into a Contingent Value Rights Agreement with a rights agent pursuant to which the Company’s pre-Merger common stockholders will receive one contingent value right (each, a “CVR”) for each outstanding share of common stock held by such stockholder on such date. The Merger was unanimously approved by the board of directors of the Company, and the board of directors resolved to recommend approval of the Merger Agreement to the stockholders of the Company. The closing was subject to approval by the stockholders and Inmagene’s stockholders, as well as other customary closing conditions. If the Merger is completed, the business of Inmagene will continue as the business of the combined company. Concurrently with the execution of the Merger Agreement, the Company also agreed to lend to Inmagene up to $
On July 15, 2025, at the annual meeting of the Company’s stockholders, the Company’s stockholders approved the Merger and related proposals. The Closing is subject to customary closing conditions, including approval of the combined company’s application for listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market (see Note 12).
The Company has continued to divest and explore strategic alternatives related to data, technology and other intellectual property rights related to the Company’s historical business.
The Company’s future operations are highly dependent on the success of the Merger and there can be no assurances that the Merger or any other strategic transaction will be successfully consummated. If the strategic process is unsuccessful, the board of directors may decide to pursue a dissolution and liquidation.
The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements and footnotes to the financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the most recently audited annual financial statements and, in the opinion of management, reflect all normal recurring adjustments necessary for the fair presentation of the Company’s financial position for the reported periods. The results of operations for any interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2025, any other interim periods, or any future year or period. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with, the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024, which were included in its Annual Report on Form 10-K that was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 6, 2025.
The Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial reporting. Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to the authoritative U.S. GAAP as found in the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) and Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”).
5
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
The Company is an emerging growth company, as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”). Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards issued subsequent to the enactment of the JOBS Act until such a time as those standards apply to private companies. The Company has elected to use this extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies until the earlier of the date that the Company no longer is an emerging growth company or affirmatively and irrevocably opt out of the extended transition period provided in the JOBS Act. As a result, these financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with the new or revised accounting pronouncements as of public company effective dates.
Principles of Consolidation
The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of the Company’s financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Estimates and judgments are based on historical information and other market-specific or various relevant assumptions, including in certain circumstances, future projections, that management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ materially from estimates. Significant estimates and assumptions reflected in these condensed consolidated financial statements include but are not limited to the accruals for research and development expenses.
Concentration of Credit Risk and of Significant Suppliers
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities. Cash and cash equivalents are deposited with federally insured financial institutions in the United States and may, at times, exceed federally insured limits. The Company places marketable securities with a highly rated financial institution. As of June 30, 2025, the Company has not experienced any credit related losses on its cash, cash equivalents or marketable securities.
The Company is dependent on third-party manufacturers to supply products for its research and development activities. In particular, the Company relies and expects to continue to rely on a small number of manufacturers to supply it with its requirements for the active pharmaceutical ingredients and formulated drugs related to the Company’s programs. These programs could be adversely affected if a third-party manufacturer is unable to successfully carry out their contractual obligations or meet expected deadlines. If a third-party manufacturer needs to be replaced, the Company may not be able to complete its program development on its anticipated timelines and may incur additional expenses as a result.
Restricted Cash
As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company maintained restricted cash totaling $
Reimbursement of Research and Development Expenses
From March through June 2025, the Company received reimbursement of expenses incurred for agreed upon research and development activities from a related party. The Company recognized $
Net Income (Loss) Per Share
Basic net income (loss) per common share is computed by dividing the net income (loss) by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period. Diluted net income (loss) per common share is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period, including potential dilutive common shares assuming the dilutive effect of outstanding stock options. For periods in which the Company reported a net loss, diluted net loss per common share is the same as basic net loss per common share, since dilutive common shares are not assumed to have been issued if their effect is anti-dilutive.
6
The Company has voting and non-voting classes of common stock. The rights of the holders of voting and non-voting common stock are identical, except with respect to voting. Each share of non-voting common stock is convertible into one share of voting common stock at the option of the holder upon written notice. The Company allocates undistributed income (losses) attributable to common stock between the common stock classes on a one-to-one basis when computing net income (loss) per share. As a result, basic and diluted net income (loss) per share of voting and non-voting common stock are equivalent.
The Company excluded the following potential common shares, presented based on amounts outstanding at each period end, from the computation of diluted net loss per share for the periods indicated because including them would have had an anti-dilutive effect:
|
June 30, |
|
|||||
|
2025 |
|
|
2024 |
|
||
Options to purchase common stock |
|
|
|
|
|
||
Total |
|
|
|
|
|
||
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. The amendments in ASU 2024-03 address investor requests for more detailed expense information and require additional disaggregated disclosures in the notes to financial statements for certain categories of expenses that are included on the face of the income statement. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating this guidance to determine the impact it may have on its consolidated financial statements.
From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the FASB or other standard setting bodies and adopted by the Company as of the specified effective date. Unless otherwise discussed, the Company believes that the impact of recently issued standards that are not yet effective will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
3. Fair Value Measurements
The following tables present information about the Company’s financial assets measured or disclosed at fair value by level within the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):
|
|
June 30, 2025 |
|
|
Quoted Prices in Active Markets |
|
|
Significant Observable Inputs |
|
|
Significant Unobservable Inputs |
|
||||
Cash equivalents: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
Money market funds |
|
$ |
|
|
$ |
|
|
$ |
— |
|
|
$ |
— |
|
||
Corporate debt securities |
|
|
|
|
|
— |
|
|
|
|
|
|
— |
|
||
Marketable securities: |
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|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
Corporate debt securities |
|
|
|
|
|
— |
|
|
|
|
|
|
— |
|
||
Total assets |
|
$ |
|
|
$ |
|
|
$ |
|
|
$ |
— |
|
|||
|
|
December 31, 2024 |
|
|
Quoted Prices in Active Markets |
|
|
Significant Observable Inputs |
|
|
Significant Unobservable Inputs |
|
||||
Cash equivalents: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
Money market funds |
|
$ |
|
|
$ |
|
|
$ |
— |
|
|
$ |
— |
|
||
Marketable securities: |
|
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|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
U.S. treasury securities |
|
|
|
|
|
— |
|
|
|
|
|
|
— |
|
||
Corporate debt securities |
|
|
|
|
|
— |
|
|
|
|
|
|
— |
|
||
Total assets |
|
$ |
|
|
$ |
|
|
$ |
|
|
$ |
— |
|
|||
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, there were
7
4. Marketable Securities
The following tables summarize the Company's marketable securities (in thousands):
|
|
June 30, 2025 |
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
Amortized |
|
|
Gross |
|
|
Gross |
|
|
Fair Value |
|
||||
Corporate debt securities |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
( |
) |
|
|
|
|||
Total |
|
$ |
|
|
$ |
|
|
$ |
( |
) |
|
$ |
|
|||
|
|
December 31, 2024 |
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
Amortized |
|
|
Gross |
|
|
Gross |
|
|
Fair Value |
|
||||
U.S. treasury securities |
|
$ |
|
|
$ |
|
|
$ |
— |
|
|
$ |
|
|||
Corporate debt securities |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
( |
) |
|
|
|
|||
Total |
|
$ |
|
|
$ |
|
|
$ |
( |
) |
|
$ |
|
|||
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company sold marketable securities with a fair value of $
In accordance with the Company's investment policy, it places investments in investment grade securities with high credit quality issuers, and generally limits the amount of credit exposure to any one issuer. The Company evaluates securities for impairment at the end of each reporting period. Factors considered include whether a decline in fair value below the amortized cost basis is due to credit-related factors or non-credit-related factors, the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, and the Company’s intent and ability to hold the investment to allow for an anticipated recovery in fair value. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were
The Company classifies its investments in marketable securities as available-for-sale and as current assets as they represent the investment of funds available for current operations.
|
|
June 30, 2025 |
|
|
Due in one year or less |
|
$ |
|
|
Due after one year through two years |
|
|
|
|
Total |
|
$ |
|
|
5. Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):
|
|
June 30, 2025 |
|
|
December 31, 2024 |
|
||
Employee compensation |
|
$ |
|
|
$ |
|
||
Research and development expenses |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
Professional fees |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
Other |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
Total |
|
$ |
|
|
$ |
|
||
6. Stock-Based Compensation
The Company has outstanding awards under its 2016 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended (the “2016 Plan”), but is no longer granting awards under this plan. The Company’s 2021 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan” and, together with the 2016 Plan, the “Plans”) allows the Company to make equity-based and cash-based incentive awards to officers, employees, directors and consultants. The number of shares initially reserved under the 2021 Plan was
8
shares shall be equal to
The vesting periods for equity awards, which generally are
The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense in the following expense categories of its condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss (in thousands):
|
|
Three Months Ended June 30, |
|
|
Six Months Ended June 30, |
|
||||||||||
|
|
2025 |
|
|
2024 |
|
|
2025 |
|
|
2024 |
|
||||
Research and development |
|
$ |
|
|
$ |
|
|
$ |
|
|
$ |
|
||||
General and administrative |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
Restructuring and other charges |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
Total |
|
$ |
|
|
$ |
|
|
$ |
|
|
$ |
|
||||
As of June 30, 2025, the total unrecognized stock-based compensation balance for outstanding awards was $
The following table summarizes stock option activity for the six months ended June 30, 2025:
|
|
Number of |
|
|
Weighted- |
|
|
Weighted- |
|
|
Aggregate |
|
||||
Outstanding as of December 31, 2024 |
|
|
|
|
$ |
|
|
|
|
|
$ |
|
||||
Granted |
|
|
— |
|
|
|
— |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
Exercised |
|
|
— |
|
|
|
— |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
Cancelled or forfeited |
|
|
( |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
Outstanding as of June 30, 2025 |
|
|
|
|
$ |
|
|
|
|
|
$ |
|
||||
Vested or expected to vest as of June 30, 2025 |
|
|
|
|
$ |
|
|
|
|
|
$ |
|
||||
Options exercisable as of June 30, 2025 |
|
|
|
|
$ |
|
|
|
|
|
$ |
|
||||
The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the stock options and the fair value of the Company’s common stock for those stock options that had exercise prices lower than the fair value of the Company’s common stock.
The fair value of each option award granted is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and assumptions input into the model. The following table presents, on a weighted average basis, the assumptions used in the model to determine the grant-date fair value of stock options granted:
|
|
Three Months Ended |
|
|
Six Months Ended |
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
Risk-free interest rate |
|
|
% |
|
|
% |
||
Expected dividend yield |
|
|
% |
|
|
% |
||
Expected option term (in years) |
|
|
|
|
||||
Expected stock price volatility |
|
|
% |
|
|
% |
||
7. Merger Agreement and Loan and Security Agreement
Concurrently with the execution of the Merger Agreement, the Company also entered into a Loan and Security Agreement (the “Loan Agreement”) with Inmagene, pursuant to which the Company would lend to Inmagene up to $
9
prepaid at any time without premium or penalty. The Term Loan Advances are secured by certain Inmagene assets in respect of its anti-OX40 monoclonal antibody asset, IMG-007. If the Merger Agreement is terminated, the Term Loan Advances shall mature and the Loan Agreement shall terminate on the date that is six months following the termination of the Merger Agreement. Upon consummation of the Merger, all unpaid Term Loan Advances and accrued interest shall be automatically forgiven and the Loan Agreement shall terminate. As of June 30, 2025, the loan receivable balance of $
8. Commitments and Contingencies
Leases
The Company’s commitments under its leases are described in Note 13 Lease Obligations, to the consolidated financial statements in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. There have been no material changes to the Company’s leases during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025.
License Agreements
The Company is party to various agreements, principally relating to licensed technology, that require future payments relating to milestones not met as of June 30, 2025 or royalties on future sales of specified products that have not yet occurred as of June 30, 2025.
Contingent Value Rights
In connection with the acquisition of Pionyr Immunotherapeutics, Inc. (“Pionyr”) on August 4, 2023, the Company issued
Legal Proceedings and Other Contingencies
From time to time, the Company may become involved in litigation or other legal proceedings. The Company is not currently a party to any litigation or legal proceedings that, in the opinion of management, are probable to have a material adverse effect on our business.
In connection with the proposed merger,
The Company cannot predict the outcome of the Complaints or the Demands. The Company believes that the Complaints and the Demands are without merit, and the Company and the individual defendants intend to vigorously defend against the Complaints and the Demands and any subsequently filed similar actions. If additional similar complaints are filed or demands are received, absent new or significantly different allegations, the Company will not necessarily disclose such additional filings or demands.
Regardless of outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.
9. Restructuring and Other Charges
In the first quarter of 2024, the Company implemented a workforce reduction and discontinuation of discovery efforts, which was completed by the end of the first quarter of 2024. The Company also sold laboratory assets related to its discovery efforts. In connection with these activities, the Company recorded restructuring and other charges of $
In the second quarter of 2024, the Company implemented another workforce reduction, which was completed by the third quarter of 2024, and also approved retention payments to employees, subject to remaining actively employed with the Company through specified dates. In connection with these activities, the Company recorded an additional $
10
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, in connection with the Company’s proposed Merger, the Company terminated additional employees and approved retention payments to employees, subject to remaining actively employed with the Company through specified dates. In connection with these activities, the Company recorded $
The Company’s restructuring and other charges and balance of its restructuring liability, which was included in accrued employee compensation, consisted of the following (in thousands):
|
|
Three Months Ended June 30, 2025 |
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
Employee |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
Related |
|
|
Non-cash |
|
|
Asset |
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
Payments |
|
|
Compensation |
|
|
Impairments |
|
|
Total |
|
||||
Accrued balance as of March 31, 2025 |
|
$ |
|
|
$ |
— |
|
|
$ |
— |
|
|
$ |
|
||
Expense |
|
|
|
|
|
— |
|
|
|
— |
|
|
|
|
||
Payments |
|
|
( |
) |
|
|
— |
|
|
|
— |
|
|
|
( |
) |
Non-cash |
|
|
— |
|
|
|
— |
|
|
|
— |
|
|
|
— |
|
Accrued balance as of June 30, 2025 |
|
$ |
|
|
$ |
— |
|
|
$ |
— |
|
|
$ |
|
||
|
|
Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 |
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
Employee |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
Related |
|
|
Non-cash |
|
|
Asset |
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
Payments |
|
|
Compensation |
|
|
Impairments |
|
|
Total |
|
||||
Accrued balance as of December 31, 2024 |
|
$ |
— |
|
|
$ |
— |
|
|
$ |
— |
|
|
$ |
— |
|
Expense |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
— |
|
|
|
|
|||
Payments |
|
|
( |
) |
|
|
— |
|
|
|
— |
|
|
|
( |
) |
Non-cash |
|
|
— |
|
|
|
( |
) |
|
|
— |
|
|
|
( |
) |
Accrued balance as of June 30, 2025 |
|
$ |
|
|
$ |
— |
|
|
$ |
— |
|
|
$ |
|
||
10. Asset Sales
In March 2025, the Company entered into an asset purchase agreement for its IK-175 technology, including intellectual property, which was not in active development, for cash consideration of $
In March 2025, the Company entered into an agreement to assign intellectual property for a solely-owned patent family related to IK-412, for potential future milestone payments or license fees. The Company did not record any amounts related to this transaction, there were no upfront payments received, and potential future payments have not been deemed probable as of June 30, 2025.
11. Segment Information
The Company manages its operations as a segment for the purposes of assessing performance and making operating decisions. Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise for which separate financial information is regularly evaluated by the Company’s chief operating decision maker, or decision-making group (the “CODM”), in deciding how to allocate resources and assess performance. The CODM of the Company is the .
11
As a reportable segment entity, the Company’s segment performance measure is net loss.
|
|
Three Months Ended June 30, |
|
|
Six Months Ended June 30, |
|
||||||||||
|
|
2025 |
|
|
2024 |
|
|
2025 |
|
|
2024 |
|
||||
Research and development |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
Direct research and development expenses |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
IK-930 |
|
$ |
|
|
$ |
|
|
$ |
|
|
$ |
|
||||
IK-595 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
IK-175 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
Discovery and other programs |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
Unallocated expense: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
Personnel related (including stock-based |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
Other research and development cost |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
Total research and development expenses |
|
$ |
|
|
$ |
|
|
$ |
|
|
$ |
|
||||
Other segment information such as non-cash stock-based compensation or depreciation and amortization or interest expense are not provided to the CODM but are included in net loss. Such amounts are detailed in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss or in its condensed consolidated statements of cash flows. See the condensed consolidated financial statements for other segment financial information.
Asset information is not regularly provided to the CODM for assessing performance and allocating resources other than consolidated cash, cash equivalents and marketable debt securities, which can be found on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.
All long-lived assets of the Company are held in the United States.
12. Subsequent Events
On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (the “OBBBA”) was enacted in the United States. The OBBBA includes significant changes to federal tax law and other regulatory provisions that may impact the Company. As the legislation was not signed into law until the Company’s third quarter of 2025, the impacts are not included in its operating results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025. The Company will evaluate the impact of the newly enacted tax law and its impact on the Company's forecasted annual effective tax rate in subsequent periods as required.
On July 15, 2025, at the annual meeting of the Company’s stockholders, the Company’s stockholders approved the Merger and related proposals. The proposals are described in detail in the Company’s definitive proxy statement/prospectus filed on Form S-4 with the SEC, most recently amended on June 9, 2025 and declared effective on June 11, 2025 and first mailed to the Company’s stockholders on June 11, 2025. All proposals presented at the annual meeting were approved by the Company’s stockholders, including (i) an amendment to the Company’s second amended and restated certificate of incorporation (the “Charter”) to effect a reverse stock split of the Company’s issued and outstanding common stock, contingent upon closing of the Merger, at a ratio of
12
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our audited financial statements and Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K that was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 6, 2025. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties, such as statements of our plans, strategies, objectives, expectations and intentions. As a result of many factors, including those factors set forth in the “Risk Factors” section of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, our actual results could differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis.
Overview
We have historically been a clinical stage targeted oncology company focused on developing differentiated therapies for patients in need that target nodes of cancer growth, spread, and therapeutic resistance. In May 2024, after an in-depth assessment of the value proposition of our programs for both patients and company stakeholders, we announced our intention to seek strategic alternatives for the business in an effort to maximize value for shareholders. At that time, we discontinued development of IK-930, our selective Hippo pathway inhibitor. While dedicating efforts towards this corporate strategy, we continued the development of a RAS pathways program, IK-595. In July 2025 we began to wind down activities for the IK-595 clinical program.
After a comprehensive review of strategic alternatives, including identifying and reviewing potential candidates for a strategic transaction, on December 23, 2024, we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”) with Insight Merger Sub I (“Merger Sub I”) and Insight Merger Sub II (“Merger Sub II”), our direct, wholly owned subsidiaries, and Inmagene Biopharmaceuticals (“Inmagene”), pursuant to which, among other matters, and subject to the satisfaction or waiver of the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, Merger Sub I will merge with and into Inmagene, with Inmagene surviving as our direct, wholly owned subsidiary (the “Surviving Entity,” and such transaction, the “First Merger”) and immediately after the First Merger, the Surviving Entity will merge with and into Merger Sub II with Merger Sub II surviving as our direct, wholly owned subsidiary (such transaction, the “Second Merger,” and together with the First Merger, the “Merger”). If the Merger is completed, the business of the combined company will be centered around advancing Inmagene’s lead product candidate, IMG-007, in atopic dermatitis and additional immunology and inflammatory indications.
Concurrently with the execution of the Merger Agreement, we entered into Subscription Agreement with certain accredited investors (“Subscription Agreement”), pursuant to which they have agreed to purchase, immediately following the Merger, shares of our common stock for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $75.0 million (the “concurrent financing”). The consummation of this transaction is conditioned upon the satisfaction or waiver of the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement and in the Subscription Agreement. At our annual meeting held on July 15, 2025, our shareholders approved the issuance of shares of our common stock pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement and Subscription Agreement. The Merger and concurrent financing are expected to close around the end of July, subject to the satisfaction of any remaining closing conditions.
Concurrently with the execution of the Merger Agreement, we also entered into a Loan and Security Agreement (the “Loan Agreement”) with Inmagene, pursuant to which we would lend to Inmagene up to $22.5 million, consisting of (i) an initial term loan of $7.5 million, which was funded in December 2024 and (ii) additional term loans in increments of $7.5 million, of which an additional $7.5 million was funded in April 2025 and the final $7.5 million was funded in May 2025 (the “Term Loan Advances”). The Term Loan Advances bear interest, on the outstanding daily balance thereof, at a rate equal to 6.0% per annum, and may be prepaid at any time without premium or penalty. The Term Loan Advances are secured by certain Inmagene assets in respect of its anti-OX40 monoclonal antibody asset, IMG-007. If the Merger Agreement is terminated, the Term Loan Advances shall mature and the Loan Agreement shall terminate on the date that is six months following the termination of the Merger Agreement. Upon consummation of the Merger, all unpaid Term Loan Advances and accrued interest shall be automatically forgiven and the Loan Agreement shall terminate.
Immediately prior to the effective time of the First Merger, we are expected to enter into the Contingent Value Rights Agreement (“CVR Agreement”) with the Rights Agent pursuant to which our pre-Merger common stockholders will receive one contingent value right (each, a “CVR”) for each outstanding share of our common stock held by such stockholder on such date. Pursuant to the CVR Agreement, each CVR holder will be entitled to receive (i) 100% of the net proceeds, if any, received by us as a result of CVR Payments made to us, such as milestone, royalty or earnout payments, received under any disposition agreements related to the CVR Assets entered into prior to the closing date of the Merger and (ii) 90% of the net proceeds, if any, received by us as a result of CVR Payments received under any disposition agreement related to the CVR Assets, including but not limited to, IK-595, entered into after the closing date of the Merger and prior to the first anniversary of the Merger closing. Such proceeds will be subject to certain permitted deductions, including for applicable tax payments, certain expenses incurred by us or our affiliates, and losses incurred or reasonably expected to be incurred by us or our affiliates due to a third-party proceeding in connection with a disposition and certain wind-down costs. The CVR Payments, if any, will become payable to the Rights Agent for subsequent distribution to the CVR
13
holders. In the event that no such proceeds are received during the term of the CVRs, holders of the CVRs will not receive any payment pursuant to the CVR Agreement. There can be no assurance that any CVR holders will receive any CVR Payments.
Our future operations are highly dependent on the success of the Merger and concurrent financing or another strategic alternative and there can be no assurances that the Merger and concurrent financing or any other strategic transaction will be successfully consummated or lead to increased stockholder value. If the strategic process is unsuccessful, our board of directors may decide to pursue a dissolution and liquidation.
We have continued to divest and explore strategic alternatives related to data, technology and other intellectual property rights related to our historical business. Through the date of this filing, we have sold assets and out-licensed technologies for a combination of up-front payments totaling $1.9 million and potential contingent milestone payments and future royalties.
Financial Operations
Since inception, we have incurred significant operating losses. Our net losses were $11.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and $49.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. As of June 30, 2025, we had an accumulated deficit of $343.0 million.
We expect to continue to incur costs and expenditures in connection with consummating the Merger and the ongoing process of exploring strategic options for our remaining assets. There can be no assurance, however, that we will be able to successfully consummate any particular strategic transaction, including the Merger and concurrent financing. The process of pursuing the Merger and concurrent financing has been costly, time-consuming and complex, and we have incurred, and may in the future incur, significant costs related to these processes, such as legal, accounting and advisory fees and expenses and other related charges.
We currently are not pursuing the development of any product candidates as we began wind down activities of the IK-595 clinical program in July 2025. If the Merger is completed, the business of the combined company will be centered around advancing Inmagene’s lead product candidate, IMG-007, in atopic dermatitis and additional immunology and inflammatory indications and our ability to generate product revenue sufficient to achieve profitability will depend heavily on the successful development and eventual commercialization of one or more product candidates. In addition, we will incur substantial research and developments costs and other expenditures to develop such product candidates, particularly as and if we:
As a result, should we progress the development of product candidates in the future, we will need substantial additional funding to support our operations and pursue our strategy. Until such time as we can generate significant revenue from product sales, if ever, we would expect to finance our operations through the sale of equity instruments, debt financings, or other capital sources, which may include collaborations with other companies or other strategic transactions. We may be unable to raise additional funds or enter into such other agreements or arrangements when needed on favorable terms, or at all. If we fail to raise capital or enter into such agreements as and when needed and have decided to develop any future product candidates, we may have to significantly delay, reduce or eliminate the development and commercialization of one or more of our future product candidates.
14
If we pursue the development of product candidates in the future, we will not generate revenue from product sales unless and until we successfully complete clinical development and obtain marketing approval for any product candidates. The lengthy process of securing marketing approvals for new drugs requires the expenditure of substantial resources. Any delay or failure to obtain regulatory approvals would materially adversely affect the development efforts of any product candidates and our business overall. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with product development, we are unable to predict the timing or amount of increased expenses or when or if we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability. Even if we are able to generate revenue from product sales, we may not become profitable. If we fail to become profitable or are unable to sustain profitability on a continuing basis, then we may be unable to continue our operations at planned levels and be forced to reduce or terminate our operations.
If we do not successfully consummate the Merger or another strategic transaction, our board of directors may decide to pursue a dissolution and liquidation of our company. In such an event, the amount of cash available for distribution to our stockholders will depend heavily on the timing of such liquidation as well as the amount of cash that will need to be reserved for commitments and contingent liabilities, as to which we can give you no assurance.
Components of our Results of Operations
Revenue
We have not generated any revenue from product sales and do not expect to generate any revenue from the sale of products in the foreseeable future. We are not actively developing any product candidates. We are currently in the ongoing process of exploring strategic options for our remaining assets. If the Merger is completed, the business of the combined company will be centered around advancing Inmagene’s lead product candidate, IMG-007, in atopic dermatitis and additional immunology and inflammatory indications.
All of our past revenue has been derived from the collaboration agreement that we entered into with Celgene Corporation (acquired by Bristol-Myers Squibb) (the “Bristol-Myers Squibb Collaboration Agreement”) in January 2019, which gave Bristol-Myers Squibb the option to receive a global development, manufacture and commercialization license for each of our IK-412 and IK-175 programs.
Bristol-Myers Squibb paid a total of $95.0 million in aggregate upfront consideration related to the Bristol-Myers Squibb Collaboration Agreement and a separate stock purchase agreement. The IK-412 and IK-175 programs were eligible for opt-in through early 2024. On January 17, 2024, Bristol-Myers Squibb notified us of its decision not to opt-in on the IK-175 program. In addition, Bristol-Myers Squibb did not provide an opt-in exercise for the IK-412 program. As a result, we regained full global rights to the IK-175 and IK-412 programs. We have not recorded revenue since 2023 as we completed our performance obligations under the Bristol-Myers Squibb Collaboration Agreement in 2023.
Operating Expenses
Research and Development Expenses
Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred for our research and development activities, including wind down costs related to our programs. These efforts and costs include external research and development costs, personnel costs, consultants, supplies, license fees and facility-related expenses. We expense research and development costs as incurred. These expenses include:
15
Advance payments that we make for goods or services to be received in the future for use in research and development activities are recorded as prepaid expenses. Such amounts are recognized as an expense as the goods are delivered or the related services are performed, or until it is no longer expected that the goods will be delivered or the services rendered.
Research and development activities have historically been central to our business model. Product candidates in later stages of clinical development generally have higher development costs than those in earlier stages of clinical development, primarily due to the increased size and duration of later-stage clinical trials. We are not actively developing any product candidates and in July 2025 we began to wind down activities for the IK-595 clinical program. We are currently in the ongoing process of exploring strategic options for our remaining assets. If the Merger is completed, the business of the combined company will be centered around advancing Inmagene’s lead product candidate, IMG-007, in atopic dermatitis and additional immunology and inflammatory indications. At this time, we cannot accurately estimate or know the nature, timing and costs of the efforts that would be necessary to complete the clinical development of, or obtain regulatory approval for, any future product candidates.
This is due to the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with product development and commercialization, including the following:
A change in the outcome of any of these variables with respect to the development of any future product candidates could significantly change the costs and timing associated with the development of that product candidate. We may never succeed in obtaining regulatory approval for any product candidates.
General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and other related costs, including stock-based compensation, for personnel in executive, finance, and administrative functions. General and administrative expenses also include direct and allocated facility-related costs as well as professional fees for legal, patent, consulting, investor and public relations, accounting, auditing, tax services, and insurance costs. We have incurred significant costs related to the proposed Merger, including legal, accounting and advisory expenses and other related charges. If the proposed Merger is completed, we expect our general and administrative expenses to increase in the future due to increases in the workforce and increased levels of business activities.
16
Restructuring and Other Charges
Restructuring and other charges consist of costs incurred related to restructuring efforts that we undertook in 2024. These costs include employee-related costs and impairment of assets held for sale. Restructuring and other charges also consist of expense related to retention plans and severance payments effected in 2025.
Other Income (Expense)
Other income (expense) consists of investment income and other income (expense). Investment income consists of interest earned on invested cash balances. Other income (expense) consists of miscellaneous income (expense) unrelated to our core operations.
Income Tax (Expense) Benefit
Income tax (expense) benefit is based on our estimate of taxable income, applicable income tax rates, net research and development tax credits, net operating loss carryforwards, changes in valuation allowance estimates and deferred income taxes.
Results of Operations
The following table summarizes our results of operations (dollars in thousands):
|
|
Three Months Ended June 30, |
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
2025 |
|
|
2024 |
|
|
$ Change |
|
|
% Change |
|
||||
Operating expenses: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
Research and development |
|
$ |
4,025 |
|
|
$ |
9,832 |
|
|
$ |
(5,807 |
) |
|
|
(59 |
)% |
General and administrative |
|
|
4,416 |
|
|
|
5,308 |
|
|
|
(892 |
) |
|
|
(17 |
)% |
Restructuring and other charges |
|
|
309 |
|
|
|
683 |
|
|
|
(374 |
) |
|
|
(55 |
)% |
Total operating expenses |
|
|
8,750 |
|
|
|
15,823 |
|
|
|
(7,073 |
) |
|
|
(45 |
)% |
Loss from operations |
|
|
(8,750 |
) |
|
|
(15,823 |
) |
|
|
7,073 |
|
|
|
(45 |
)% |
Other income, net |
|
|
5,998 |
|
|
|
2,155 |
|
|
|
3,843 |
|
|
|
178 |
% |
Loss before income taxes |
|
|
(2,752 |
) |
|
|
(13,668 |
) |
|
|
10,916 |
|
|
|
(80 |
)% |
Income tax expense |
|
|
(15 |
) |
|
|
(62 |
) |
|
|
47 |
|
|
|
(76 |
)% |
Net loss |
|
$ |
(2,767 |
) |
|
$ |
(13,730 |
) |
|
$ |
10,963 |
|
|
|
(80 |
)% |
|
|
Six Months Ended June 30, |
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
2025 |
|
|
2024 |
|
|
$ Change |
|
|
% Change |
|
||||
Operating expenses: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
Research and development |
|
$ |
7,740 |
|
|
$ |
19,477 |
|
|
$ |
(11,737 |
) |
|
|
(60 |
)% |
General and administrative |
|
|
10,060 |
|
|
|
11,307 |
|
|
|
(1,247 |
) |
|
|
(11 |
)% |
Restructuring and other charges |
|
|
1,744 |
|
|
|
3,265 |
|
|
|
(1,521 |
) |
|
|
(47 |
)% |
Total operating expenses |
|
|
19,544 |
|
|
|
34,049 |
|
|
|
(14,505 |
) |
|
|
(43 |
)% |
Loss from operations |
|
|
(19,544 |
) |
|
|
(34,049 |
) |
|
|
14,505 |
|
|
|
(43 |
)% |
Other income, net |
|
|
8,201 |
|
|
|
4,262 |
|
|
|
3,939 |
|
|
|
92 |
% |
Loss before income taxes |
|
|
(11,343 |
) |
|
|
(29,787 |
) |
|
|
18,444 |
|
|
|
(62 |
)% |
Income tax expense |
|
|
(43 |
) |
|
|
(89 |
) |
|
|
46 |
|
|
|
(52 |
)% |
Net loss |
|
$ |
(11,386 |
) |
|
$ |
(29,876 |
) |
|
$ |
18,490 |
|
|
|
(62 |
)% |
17
Research and Development Expenses
The following table summarizes our research and development expenses (dollars in thousands):
|
|
Three Months Ended June 30, |
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
2025 |
|
|
2024 |
|
|
$ Change |
|
|
% Change |
|
||||
Direct research and development expenses by program: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
IK-930 |
|
$ |
313 |
|
|
$ |
3,846 |
|
|
$ |
(3,533 |
) |
|
|
(92 |
)% |
IK-595 |
|
|
3,123 |
|
|
|
2,318 |
|
|
|
805 |
|
|
|
35 |
% |
IK-175 |
|
|
33 |
|
|
|
86 |
|
|
|
(53 |
) |
|
|
(62 |
)% |
Discovery and other programs |
|
|
64 |
|
|
|
802 |
|
|
|
(738 |
) |
|
|
(92 |
)% |
Unallocated expense: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
Personnel related (including stock-based compensation) |
|
|
313 |
|
|
|
2,150 |
|
|
|
(1,837 |
) |
|
|
(85 |
)% |
Other research and development cost |
|
|
179 |
|
|
|
630 |
|
|
|
(451 |
) |
|
|
(72 |
)% |
Total research and development expenses |
|
$ |
4,025 |
|
|
$ |
9,832 |
|
|
$ |
(5,807 |
) |
|
|
(59 |
)% |
Research and development expense decreased by $5.8 million from $9.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 to $4.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025 primarily due to the prioritization of our clinical stage program, IK-595, discontinuation of our discovery efforts and discontinuation of our clinical stage program, IK-930. Personnel related expenses decreased by $1.8 million primarily due to reductions in our headcount. Other research and development costs decreased by $0.5 million primarily due to the discontinuation of early discovery efforts. Costs related to IK-930 decreased by $3.5 million due to the wind down of the clinical trial. Discovery and other programs costs decreased by $0.7 million due to stability costs in the three months ended June 30, 2024 related to Pionyr Immunotherapeutics, Inc. (“Pionyr”), which we acquired in 2023. These decreases were partially offset by increased costs related to IK-595 of $0.8 million primarily due to increased clinical costs, partially offset by a decrease in manufacturing and costs for IND-enabling studies and manufacturing costs incurred in 2024 as we advanced IK-595 into the clinic.
|
|
Six Months Ended June 30, |
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
2025 |
|
|
2024 |
|
|
$ Change |
|
|
% Change |
|
||||
Direct research and development expenses by program: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
IK-930 |
|
$ |
712 |
|
|
$ |
6,304 |
|
|
$ |
(5,592 |
) |
|
|
(89 |
)% |
IK-595 |
|
|
5,574 |
|
|
|
3,982 |
|
|
|
1,592 |
|
|
|
40 |
% |
IK-175 |
|
|
41 |
|
|
|
498 |
|
|
|
(457 |
) |
|
|
(92 |
)% |
Discovery and other programs |
|
|
85 |
|
|
|
759 |
|
|
|
(674 |
) |
|
|
(89 |
)% |
Unallocated expense: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
Personnel related (including stock-based compensation) |
|
|
948 |
|
|
|
5,722 |
|
|
|
(4,774 |
) |
|
|
(83 |
)% |
Other research and development cost |
|
|
380 |
|
|
|
2,212 |
|
|
|
(1,832 |
) |
|
|
(83 |
)% |
Total research and development expenses |
|
$ |
7,740 |
|
|
$ |
19,477 |
|
|
$ |
(11,737 |
) |
|
|
(60 |
)% |
Research and development expense decreased by $11.7 million from $19.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 to $7.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 primarily due to the prioritization of our clinical stage program, IK-595, discontinuation of our discovery efforts and discontinuation of our clinical stage program, IK-930. Personnel related expenses decreased by $4.8 million primarily due to reductions in our headcount. Other research and development costs decreased by $1.8 million primarily due to the discontinuation of early discovery efforts. Costs related to IK-930 decreased by $5.6 million due to the wind down of the clinical trial. Discovery and other programs costs decreased by $0.7 million, as costs of $1.7 million incurred in the six months ended June 30, 2024 were partially offset in the six months ended June 30, 2024 by a refund of manufacturing costs and
final net close-out credits from studies for Pionyr. These decreases were partially offset by increased costs related to IK-595 of $1.6 million primarily due to increased clinical costs.
General and Administrative Expenses
The following table summarizes our general and administrative expenses (dollars in thousands):
|
|
Three Months Ended June 30, |
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
2025 |
|
|
2024 |
|
|
$ Change |
|
|
% Change |
|
||||
General and administrative |
|
$ |
4,416 |
|
|
$ |
5,308 |
|
|
$ |
(892 |
) |
|
|
-17 |
% |
The decrease in general and administrative expense from the three months ended June 30, 2024 to the three months ended June 30, 2025 of $0.9 million was primarily attributable to a decrease in personnel related costs due to reductions in our headcount and a decrease in insurance costs, partially offset by increased facility costs and increased professional fees primarily related to the Merger.
18
|
|
Six Months Ended June 30, |
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
2025 |
|
|
2024 |
|
|
$ Change |
|
|
% Change |
|
||||
General and administrative |
|
$ |
10,060 |
|
|
$ |
11,307 |
|
|
$ |
(1,247 |
) |
|
|
-11 |
% |
The decrease in general and administrative expense from the six months ended June 30, 2024 to the six months ended June 30, 2025 of $1.2 million was primarily attributable to a decrease in personnel related costs due to reductions in our headcount and a decrease in insurance costs, partially offset by increased facility costs and increased professional fees primarily related to the Merger.
Restructuring and Other Charges
For the three months ended June 30, 2025, restructuring and other charges included employee separation charges of $0.1 million and retention accruals of $0.3 million. For the three months ended June 30, 2024, restructuring and other charges primarily included employee separation charges of $0.7 million related to the restructuring in the second quarter of 2024.
For the six months ended June 30, 2025, restructuring and other charges included employee separation costs of $1.2 million, non-cash charges for the modification of certain equity awards of $0.2 million, and retention accruals of $0.4 million. For the six months ended June 30, 2024, restructuring and other charges primarily included employee separation costs of $2.3 million and non-cash charges for the modification of certain equity awards of $0.3 million related to the Restructurings. Restructuring and other charges also included an impairment of property and equipment held for sale of $0.7 million.
Other Income (Expense)
Investment income was $1.3 million and $1.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $2.7 million and $4.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The decreases in investment income was due to decreased yields and invested balances.
Other income (expense) included reimbursements of expenses incurred for agreed upon research and development activities from a related party of $4.3 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025. Other income (expense) for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 also included sublease income related to office and laboratory space in San Francisco, California, which we subleased to third parties in April 2024. For the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, sublease income was $0.4 million and $0.2 million, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, sublease income was $0.8 million and $0.2 million, respectively. Other income (expense) also included $0.4 million in the six months ended June 30, 2025 related to the sale of our AHR antagonist.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Sources of Liquidity
Since our inception, we have not generated any revenue from product sales and have incurred significant operating losses. We have not yet commercialized any products and we do not expect to generate revenue from sales of any product candidates for several years, if ever. To date, we have financed our operations primarily through private placements of preferred stock, from upfront payments from the Bristol-Myers Squibb Collaboration Agreement, from the sale of common stock in our initial public offering (“IPO”) and underwritten registered offering of common stock (“URO”), and most recently, through the acquisition of Pionyr. As of June 30, 2025, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $95.6 million.
Cash Flows
The following table summarizes our sources and uses of cash (in thousands):
|
|
Six Months Ended June 30, |
|
|||||
|
|
2025 |
|
|
2024 |
|
||
Net cash used in operating activities |
|
$ |
(13,984 |
) |
|
$ |
(30,806 |
) |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |
|
|
32,881 |
|
|
|
(44,820 |
) |
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |
|
$ |
18,897 |
|
|
$ |
(75,626 |
) |
Operating Activities
Cash flows from operating activities are greatly influenced by our use of cash for operating expenses and working capital requirements to support the business. We have historically experienced negative cash flows from operating activities as we invested in developing our platform, drug discovery efforts, and related infrastructure.
19
During the six months ended June 30, 2025, operating activities used $14.0 million of cash, resulting from our net loss of $11.4 million and net cash used by changes in our operating assets and liabilities of $5.0 million, partially offset by net non-cash charges of $2.4 million. Net cash used by changes in our operating assets and liabilities for the six months ended June 30, 2025, consisted primarily of a $3.5 million decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses and a $1.8 million decrease in operating lease liabilities.
During the six months ended June 30, 2024, operating activities used $30.8 million of cash, primarily resulting from our net loss of $29.9 million and net cash used by changes in our operating assets and liabilities of $5.5 million, partially offset by net non-cash charges of $4.5 million, which included an impairment for assets held for sale of $0.7 million. Net cash used by changes in our operating assets and liabilities for the six months ended June 30, 2024, consisted primarily of a $6.1 million decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses, a $1.6 million decrease in operating lease liabilities and a $0.5 million increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets, partially offset by a $2.8 million decrease in deposits and other assets.
Investing Activities
During the six months ended June 30, 2025, net cash provided by investing activities was $32.9 million, due to proceeds from sales of marketable securities of $37.4 million and maturities of marketable securities of $33.7 million, partially offset by purchases of marketable securities of $23.2 million and funding a note receivable in connection with the Merger Agreement of $15.0 million. Realized gains from the sales of marketable securities was insignificant.
During the six months ended June 30, 2024, net cash used in investing activities was $44.8 million, primarily due to purchases of marketable securities of $72.3 million, partially offset by the proceeds from maturities of marketable securities of $27.2 million.
Funding Requirements
We expect to continue to incur costs associated with seeking strategic alternatives for our remaining assets as well as expenses for the foreseeable future in connection with our proposed Merger. Furthermore, if the proposed Merger closes, we expect to incur increased costs related to integration activities, an increased workforce and increased business activities. If we do not successfully consummate the Merger or another strategic transaction, our board of directors may decide to pursue a dissolution and liquidation of our company.
We also expect to continue to incur costs associated with operating as a public company, including costs of accounting, audit, legal, regulatory, and tax-related services associated with maintaining compliance with exchange listing and SEC requirements, director and officer insurance costs, and investor and public relations costs. Accordingly, we may need to obtain additional funding in connection with our continuing operations. If we are unable to raise capital when needed or on attractive terms, we would be forced to delay, reduce, or eliminate our future research and development or commercialization efforts.
As of June 30, 2025, we had cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities of $95.6 million. Based upon our current operating plan, we believe that, if the Merger is not consummated, our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities as of June 30, 2025 will enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements for at least 12 months following the date of this filing. Our belief with respect to our ability to fund operations is based on estimates that are subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we may use our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect. Because our resource requirements could change depending on the outcome of our ongoing strategic alternative review process, we are unable to estimate the exact amount of our working capital requirements.
If the Merger is completed, the business of the combined company will be centered around advancing Inmagene’s lead product candidate, IMG-007, in atopic dermatitis and additional immunology and inflammatory indications. Although we currently seeking strategic alternatives for our remaining assets and began to wind down activities for the IK-595 program in July 2025, if in the future we progress the development of any product candidates (such as IMG-007 in the event the proposed Merger is consummated), our future operating and capital requirements may depend on many other factors, including:
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If we do not successfully consummate the Merger or another strategic transaction, our board of directors may decide to pursue a dissolution and liquidation of our company. If the Merger is consummated or we pursue another strategic transaction, until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial product revenue, we would expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations, strategic alliances, licensing arrangements and other strategic transactions. We do not have any committed external source of funds except for the concurrent financing, which is subject to certain closing conditions including successful completion of the merger. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, our stockholders’ ownership interests may be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that could adversely affect our stockholders’ rights. Any debt financing, if available, may involve agreements that include restrictive covenants that limit our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends, that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business.
If we raise funds through collaborations, strategic alliances or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates or to grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.
Contractual Obligations
We have a non-cancelable operating lease agreement for our office, lab, and animal care facility space in our Boston, Massachusetts corporate headquarters. We expect the total future minimum lease payments from June 30, 2025 to lease expiration in May 2026 to be $1.8 million. Additionally, in connection with the acquisition of Pionyr, we acquired an operating lease agreement for office and laboratory space in San Francisco, California, which we subleased to third parties in April 2024. We expect total future minimum lease payments from June 30, 2025 to lease expiration in April 2027 to be $4.2 million. We expect to receive fixed minimum payments of $1.6 million during this same period. Our total future minimum lease payments for each of the next five years and in total are included in Note 13 in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.
We enter into contracts in the normal course of business with CROs and CMOs for clinical trials, preclinical research studies and testing, manufacturing and other services and products for operating purposes. These contracts typically do not contain any minimum purchase commitments and are generally cancelable by us, typically upon prior notice of 30 days. Payments due upon cancelation typically consist only of payments for services provided and expenses incurred up to the date of cancelation.
We may incur potential contingent payments upon our achievement of clinical, regulatory, and commercial milestones, as applicable, or that we may be required to make royalty payments under license agreements we have entered into with various entities pursuant to which we have in-licensed certain intellectual property. Due to the uncertainty of the achievement and timing of the events requiring payment under these agreements, the amounts to be paid by us are not fixed or determinable at this time.
Critical Accounting Policies and Use of Estimates
Our management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is based on our condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in our condensed consolidated financial statements during the reporting periods. These items are monitored and analyzed by us for changes in facts and circumstances, and material changes in these estimates could occur in the future. We base our estimates on historical experience, known trends and events, and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Changes in estimates are reflected in reported results for the period in which they become known. Actual results may differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, there were no material changes to our critical accounting policies from those described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K that was filed with the SEC on March 6, 2025.
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Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
A description of recently issued accounting pronouncements that may potentially impact our financial position and results of operations is disclosed in Note 2 to our condensed consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Emerging Growth Company
In April 2012, the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (“JOBS Act”) was enacted. Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that an “emerging growth company” can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (“the Securities Act”), for complying with new or revised accounting standards. Thus, an emerging growth company can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have elected to use the extended transition period for new or revised accounting standards during the period in which we remain an emerging growth company; however, we may adopt certain new or revised accounting standards early.
We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest to occur of: (1) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have more than $1.235 billion in annual revenue; (2) the date we qualify as a “large accelerated filer,” with at least $700.0 million of equity securities held by non-affiliates; (3) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities during the prior three-year period; and (4) the last day of the fiscal year ending after the fifth anniversary of our IPO.
We are also a “smaller reporting company” as defined in the Exchange Act. We may continue to be a smaller reporting company even after we are no longer an emerging growth company. We may take advantage of certain of the scaled disclosures available to smaller reporting companies until the fiscal year following the determination that our voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates is more than $250.0 million measured on the last business day of our second fiscal quarter, or our annual revenues are more than $100.0 million during the most recently completed fiscal year and our voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates is more than $700.0 million measured on the last business day of our second fiscal quarter.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
We are a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act and are not required to provide the information required under this Item.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures.
Evaluation of Our Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and (ii) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Our management recognizes that any disclosure controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and our management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives.
Our management, with the participation of our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of June 30, 2025, the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Based on such evaluation, our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer have concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II—OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings.
From time to time, we may become involved in litigation or other legal proceedings. We are not currently a party to any litigation or legal proceedings that, in the opinion of our management, are probable to have a material adverse effect on our business.
In connection with the proposed merger, two actions have been filed against the Company and our board of directors in the Supreme Court for the State of New York, County of New York, captioned Smith v. Ikena Oncology, Inc., et al., No. 653576/2025 (filed June 12, 2025) and Kent v. Ikena Oncology, Inc., et al., No. 653588/2025 (filed June 13, 2025) (collectively, the “Complaints”). The Complaints allege that the defendants filed or caused to be filed a materially incomplete and misleading registration statement with the SEC and asserts claims under New York common law for negligent misrepresentation and concealment and negligence. In addition, the Company and our board of directors have received five additional demands from purported stockholders seeking additional disclosures in the registration statement (collectively, the “Demands”).
The Company cannot predict the outcome of the Complaints or the Demands. The Company believes that the Complaints and the Demands are without merit, and the Company and the individual defendants intend to vigorously defend against the Complaints and the Demands and any subsequently filed similar actions. If additional similar complaints are filed or demands are received, absent new or significantly different allegations, the Company will not necessarily disclose such additional filings or demands.
Regardless of outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. In evaluating the company and our business, careful consideration should be given the risks described below, as well as the other information in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in other documents that we file with the SEC. The occurrence of any of the events or developments described below could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects. In such an event, the market price of our common stock could decline, and our stockholders may lose all or part of their investment. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial also may impair our business operations.
Risks Related to Our Strategic Alternatives Review Process
Failure to complete, or delays in completing, the proposed Merger with Inmagene could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, business, financial results and/or stock price.
We undertook a comprehensive review of strategic alternatives, including identifying and reviewing potential candidates for a merger.
On December 23, 2024, we entered into the Merger Agreement with Merger Sub I, Merger Sub II, and Inmagene, pursuant to which, among other matters, and subject to the satisfaction or waiver of the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, we and Inmagene will effect the Merger.
Subject to the terms and conditions of the Merger Agreement, at the closing of the Merger and related transactions, (a) each then-outstanding share of Inmagene (including shares of Inmagene ordinary shares issued upon conversion of Inmagene preferred shares) will be converted into the right to receive a number of shares of our common stock calculated in accordance with the Merger Agreement and (b) each then-outstanding option to purchase Inmagene ordinary shares will be converted into an option to purchase our common stock, subject to adjustment as set forth in the Merger Agreement.
The closing of the Merger is subject to approval by our stockholders and shareholders of Inmagene, which approvals have been obtained prior to the date hereof, as well as other customary closing conditions. If the Merger is completed, the business of the combined company will be centered around advancing Inmagene’s lead product candidate, IMG-007, in atopic dermatitis and additional immunology and inflammatory indications. Any failure to satisfy a required condition to closing may prevent, delay or otherwise materially and adversely affect the completion of the Merger, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, business, financial results and/or stock price. We cannot predict with certainty whether or when any of the required closing conditions will be satisfied or if another uncertainty may arise and cannot assure you that the proposed Merger will be successfully consummated or that we will be able to successfully consummate the proposed Merger as currently contemplated under the Merger Agreement or at all.
Risks related to the failure to consummate, or delay in consummating, the proposed Merger with Inmagene include, but are not limited to, the following:
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In addition, the concurrent financing with the Merger as contemplated in the Subscription Agreement is subject to a number of closing conditions, including completion of the Merger, and we cannot predict with certainty whether or when any of the required closing conditions will be satisfied or if another uncertainty may arise and cannot assure you that the proposed concurrent financing will be successfully consummated. The occurrence of any of these events individually or in combination could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, business, and our common stock price.
If we do not successfully consummate the Merger or another strategic transaction, our board of directors may decide to pursue a dissolution and liquidation of our company. In such an event, the amount of cash available for distribution to our stockholders will depend heavily on the timing of such liquidation as well as the amount of cash that will need to be reserved for commitments and contingent liabilities, as to which we can give you no assurance.
There can be no assurance that the Merger will be completed. We currently are not pursuing the development of any product candidates and in July 2025 we began to wind down activities for the IK-595 clinical program. If the Merger is not completed, our board of directors may decide to pursue a dissolution and liquidation of our company. In such an event, the amount of cash available for distribution to our stockholders will depend heavily on the timing of such decision and, ultimately, such liquidation, since the amount of cash available for distribution continues to decrease as we fund our operations while pursuing the Merger. In addition, if our board of directors were to approve and recommend, and our stockholders were to approve, a dissolution and liquidation of the company, we would be required under Delaware corporate law to pay our outstanding obligations, as well as to make reasonable provision for contingent and unknown obligations, prior to making any distributions in liquidation to stockholders. Our commitments and contingent liabilities may include obligations under our employment and related agreements or policies with certain employees that provide for severance and other payments following a termination of employment occurring for various reasons, including a change in control of the company, litigation against us, and other various claims and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business, and other unexpected and/or contingent liabilities. As a result of this requirement, a portion of our assets would need to be reserved pending the resolution of such obligations.
In addition, we may be subject to litigation or other claims related to a dissolution and liquidation of our company. If a dissolution and liquidation were to be pursued, our board of directors, in consultation with our advisors, would need to evaluate these matters and make a determination about a reasonable amount to reserve. Accordingly, holders of our common stock could lose all or a significant portion of their investment in the event of a liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the company. A liquidation would be a lengthy and uncertain process with no assurance of any value ever being returned to our stockholders.
We are substantially dependent on our remaining employees to facilitate the consummation of the Merger. In addition, if the Merger is consummated, our business prospects may be harmed if we are unable to attract and retain key employees.
Our ability to consummate a strategic transaction depends upon our ability to retain our remaining employees required to consummate such a transaction, the loss of whose services may adversely impact the ability to consummate such transaction. In January and May 2024, we undertook a strategic realignment that significantly reduced our workforce in order to conserve our capital resources. As of July 1, 2025, we had only nine full-time employees. Our ability to successfully complete the Merger depends in large part on our ability to retain these remaining personnel. Despite our efforts to retain these employees, one or more may terminate their employment with us on short notice. Our cash conservation activities may yield other unintended consequences, such as reduced employee morale, which may cause remaining employees to seek alternative employment. The loss of the services of certain employees could potentially harm our ability to consummate the Merger, to run our day-to-day business operations, as well as to fulfill our reporting obligations as a public company.
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In addition, even if we are successful in consummating the Merger, we may be exposed to other operational and financial risks, including the failure to attract or retain the services of key employees, which could harm our business prospects. The combined company’s ability to compete in the highly competitive pharmaceuticals industry depends on its ability to attract and retain highly qualified managerial, scientific, medical, legal, sales and marketing and other personnel. The combined company will be highly dependent on its management and scientific personnel. If the Merger is consummated, the failure to attract or retain the services of any key individuals, including the expected chief executive officer of the combined company,, could impede, delay, or prevent the successful development of IMG-007 or any future product candidates, completion of its planned clinical trials, commercialization of IMG-007 or any future product candidates or in-licensing or acquisition of new assets and could impact negatively its ability to implement successfully its business plan. If the combined company fails to attract or retain the services of any key individuals, it might not be able to find suitable replacements on a timely basis or at all, and its business could be harmed as a result. The combined company might not be able to attract or retain qualified management and other key personnel in the future due to the intense competition for qualified personnel among biotechnology, pharmaceutical and other businesses
Even if we are successful in completing a strategic transaction, we may be exposed to other operational and financial risks.
Although there can be no assurance that a strategic transaction will result from the process we have undertaken to identify and evaluate strategic alternatives, the negotiation and consummation of any such transaction and, if the transaction is consummated, the integration efforts following closing to realize the benefits of the transaction will require significant time on the part of our management, and the diversion of management’s attention may disrupt our business.
The negotiation and consummation of any such transaction may also require more time or greater cash resources than we anticipate and exposes us to other operational and financial risks, including:
Any of the foregoing risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and prospects.
If we do not complete the Merger, we may face substantial competition for attractive counterparties for any proposed strategic transactions.
There can be no assurance that the Merger will be completed. If the Merger is not completed, our board of directors may decide to pursue an alternative strategic transaction or our board of directors may decide to pursue a dissolution and liquidation of our company. We may face substantial competition for attractive counterparties for any proposed strategic transactions. For example, there may be many other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies that halt development of their programs and instead choose to pursue strategic transactions like the ones we have been exploring in connection with our strategic review process. These companies may possess greater financial and managerial resources than we do, and they may have more attractive product candidates, intellectual property or other assets. As a result, these other companies may prove to be more attractive than us to counterparties pursuing strategic transactions. There can be no assurance that its strategic review process will result in us pursuing a transaction, or that any transaction, if pursued, will be completed on terms favorable to us and our stockholders.
We have never paid and, other than in connection with the Merger, do not intend to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future, so any returns will be limited to the value of our capital stock.
We have never paid cash dividends on any of our capital stock. We currently anticipate that we will retain future earnings and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends for the foreseeable future, other than any dividend contemplated under the Merger Agreement. In addition, we may enter into agreements that prohibit us from paying cash dividends without prior written consent from our contracting parties, or with other terms prohibiting or limiting the amount of dividends that may be declared or paid on our common stock. Any return to stockholders will therefore be limited to the appreciation of their stock, which may never occur.
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We may become involved in litigation, including securities class action litigation, which could divert management’s attention and harm our business, and insurance coverage may not be sufficient to cover all costs and damages.
In the past, litigation, including securities class action litigation, has often followed certain significant business transactions, such as the sale of a company or announcement of any other strategic transaction, or the announcement of negative events, such as negative results from clinical trials. These events may also result in investigations by the SEC. In addition, if the Merger or concurrent financing is not consummated or we decide to pursue a dissolution and liquidation of our company, we may be subject to litigation. We may be exposed to such litigation even if no wrongdoing occurred. Litigation is usually expensive and diverts management’s attention and resources, which could adversely affect our business and cash resources and our ability to consummate a potential strategic transaction or the ultimate value its stockholders receive in any such transaction.
Risks Related to Our Limited Operating History, Financial Position, and Capital Requirements
We are in the ongoing process of exploring strategic options for our remaining assets and we have begun to wind down activities for the IK-595 clinical program. We also have a limited operating history.
We commenced operations in 2016, are in the process of exploring strategic options for our remaining assets, have begun to wind down activities for IK-595 clinical program, and have a limited operating history. Biopharmaceutical product development is a highly speculative undertaking and involves a substantial degree of risk. Since our inception, we have devoted substantially all of our efforts to organizing and staffing our company, acquiring intellectual property, business planning, raising capital, conducting discovery, research and development activities, and providing general and administrative support for these operations. We have no products approved for commercial sale and therefore, have never generated any revenue from product sales, and we do not expect to in the foreseeable future. We have not obtained regulatory approvals for any product candidate, and there is no assurance that we will obtain approvals in the future for any product candidates we may develop. If we progress the development of any future product candidates, we expect to incur expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future. Our prior losses, combined with expected future losses, have had and will continue to have an adverse effect on our stockholders’ equity and working capital.
We have incurred significant net losses since our inception and, if we progress the development of any product candidates in the future, anticipate that we will incur losses.
Our net losses were $11.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and $49.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. We had an accumulated deficit of $343.0 million as of June 30, 2025. Substantially all of our net losses have resulted from costs incurred in connection with our research and development programs and from general and administrative costs associated with our operations. We are in the process of exploring strategic options for our remaining assets and have begun to wind down activities for IK-595 clinical program. If we pursue the development of product candidates in the future or if we consummate the proposed Merger, we expect that our research and development expenses could increase significantly. In addition, if we obtain regulatory approval for any future product candidates, we will incur significant sales, marketing, and manufacturing expenses. As a public company, we will continue to incur additional costs for the foreseeable future that we did not incur as a private company. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with developing pharmaceutical products, if we pursue product candidates in the future, we are unable to predict the extent of any future losses or when we will become profitable, if at all. Even if we do become profitable, we may not be able to sustain or increase our profitability on a quarterly or annual basis.
The amount of our future losses is uncertain and our quarterly and annual operating results may fluctuate significantly or may fall below the expectations of investors or securities analysts, each of which may cause our stock price to fluctuate or decline. If we progress the development of any future product candidates, our quarterly and annual operating results may fluctuate significantly in the future due to a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control and may be difficult to predict, including the following:
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The cumulative effects of these factors could result in large fluctuations and unpredictability in our quarterly and annual operating results. As a result, comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful. This variability and unpredictability could also result in our failing to meet the expectations of industry or financial analysts or investors for any period. If our operating results fall below the expectations of analysts or investors or below any forecasts we may provide to the market, or if the forecasts we provide to the market are below the expectations of analysts or investors, the price of our common stock could decline substantially. Such a stock price decline could occur even when we have met any previously publicly stated guidance we may provide.
We have no products approved for commercial sale and have not generated any revenue from product sales.
Our ability to become profitable depends upon our ability to generate revenue. To date, we have generated minimal collaborative revenue from product candidates and have not generated revenue from product sales, and we do not expect to generate any revenue from the sale of products in the near future. We currently are not pursuing the development of any product candidates and, in July 2025, we began to wind down activities for the IK-595 clinical program. If the Merger is completed, the business of the combined company will be centered around advancing Inmagene’s lead product candidate, IMG-007, in atopic dermatitis and additional immunology and inflammatory indications. We do not expect to generate significant revenue unless we pursue future product candidates and until we obtain regulatory approval of, and begin to sell, one or more product candidates. If we pursue the development of any future product candidates, our ability to generate revenue will depend on a number of factors, including, but not limited to, our ability to:
If we do not achieve one or more of these factors in a timely manner or at all, we could experience significant delays or an inability to successfully commercialize any future product candidates, which would materially harm our business. If we do not develop and receive regulatory approvals for any future product candidates, we may not be able to continue our operations. If we do not successfully consummate the Merger or another strategic transaction, our board of directors may decide to pursue a dissolution and liquidation of our company.
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We may require additional capital to finance our operations, which may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. If we progress the development of any future product candidates and are unable to raise capital when needed or on terms acceptable to us, we would be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate some of our efforts.
The development of pharmaceutical products is capital-intensive. We currently are not pursuing the development of any product candidates. If the Merger is completed, the business of the combined company will be centered around advancing Inmagene’s lead product candidate, IMG-007, in atopic dermatitis and additional immunology and inflammatory indications. We expect our expenses to significantly increase if we consummate the merger and progress the development of any product candidates. In addition, depending on the status of regulatory approval or, if we obtain regulatory approval for any product candidate, we expect to incur significant commercialization expenses related to product sales, marketing, manufacturing and distribution. We may also need to raise additional funds sooner if we choose to pursue additional indications and/or geographies for future product candidates or otherwise expand more rapidly than we anticipate. We also continue to incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company. Accordingly, we may need to obtain additional funding in connection with continuing operations. If we are unable to raise capital when needed or on attractive terms, we would be forced to delay, reduce, or eliminate certain of our research and development or future commercialization efforts.
On May 17, 2023, we completed a URO of common stock pursuant to which we issued and sold 6,110,000 shares of our common stock at a purchase price of $6.55 per share. On August 4, 2023, we acquired Pionyr in accordance with the terms of the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated August 4, 2023 (the “Pionyr Merger Agreement”). Under the terms of the Pionyr Merger Agreement, at the closing of the acquisition, we acquired all of Pionyr’s assets, including approximately $48.0 million in net cash at the time of closing, and we issued the holders of Pionyr common stock a total of 1,800,652 shares of the our common stock (including 153,121 shares of our non-voting common stock) at the purchase price of $7.15 per share and 4,153,439 shares of Series A Preferred Stock, also at the purchase price of $7.15 per share, each share of which was subsequently converted into one share of the our common stock at a special shareholders meeting on October 11, 2023. As a result of the restructurings that we completed in the first and third quarters of 2024, and the associated anticipated reduction in our operating expenses, we expect that our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities are sufficient to fund our operations for at least 12 months following the date of this filing. However, our future capital requirements will depend on and could increase significantly as a result of many factors, including:
Identifying potential product candidates and conducting preclinical development testing and clinical trials is a time-consuming, expensive, and uncertain process that takes years to complete, and we may never generate the necessary data or results required to obtain regulatory approval and achieve product sales. In addition, any future product candidates, if developed and approved, may not achieve commercial success. Commercial revenue, if any, will be derived from sales of products that we do not expect to be commercially available for many years, if at all. Accordingly, we may need to continue to rely on additional financing to achieve our business objectives.
Any additional fundraising efforts may divert our management from their day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize any future product candidates. Disruptions in the financial markets in general and the recent volatility in the capital markets may make equity and debt financing more difficult to obtain and may have a material adverse effect on our ability to meet our fundraising needs. We cannot guarantee that future financing will be available in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all.
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If we are unable to obtain funding on a timely basis or on acceptable terms, we may be required to significantly curtail, delay or discontinue one or more research or development programs or the commercialization of any product that has received regulatory approval or be unable to expand our operations or otherwise capitalize on our business opportunities as desired, which could materially affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our stockholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights to our technologies or product candidates.
If in the future we pursue the product development of future product candidates, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of private and public equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations, strategic alliances, licensing arrangements and other strategic transactions. In connection with the proposed Merger, we also entered into a concurrent financing which is subject to certain closing conditions. We do not have any committed external source of funds except for the concurrent financing, which is subject to certain closing conditions including successful completion of the merger. The terms of any financing may adversely affect the holdings or the rights of our stockholders and the issuance of additional securities, whether equity or debt, by us, or the possibility of such issuance, may cause the market price of our shares to decline. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of common stock or securities convertible or exchangeable into common stock, our stockholders’ ownership interest will be diluted, and the terms of those securities may include liquidation or other preferences that may materially adversely affect our stockholders’ rights. Debt financing, if available, would increase our fixed payment obligations and may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, acquiring, selling, or licensing intellectual property rights, and making capital expenditures, declaring dividends or other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. We could also be required to meet certain milestones in connection with debt financing and the failure to achieve such milestones by certain dates may force us to relinquish rights to some of our technologies or product candidates or otherwise agree to terms unfavorable to us which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, and prospects.
We also could be required to seek funds through arrangements with additional collaborators or otherwise at an earlier stage than otherwise would be desirable. If we raise funds through additional collaborations, strategic alliances or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our intellectual property, future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates, grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us or grant rights to develop and market our future product candidates, if any, that we may otherwise develop and market ourselves, any of which may have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and prospects.
Furthermore, based on our public float as of the date of the filing of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and for so long as our public float is less than $75.0 million, the amount we can raise through primary public offerings of securities in any twelve-month period using shelf registration statements is limited to an aggregate of one-third of our public float pursuant to Instruction I.B.6. to Form S-3, which is referred to as the “baby shelf” rule.
We have recently undertaken internal restructuring activities, and may do so again in the future. The assumptions underlying these activities may prove to be inaccurate, or we may fail to achieve the expected benefits therefrom.
In light of recent macroeconomic conditions and our strategic decisions, we have made, and will continue to make, judgments as to whether we should further reduce or otherwise change our workforce. For example, in the first quarter of 2024, we implemented a plan to reduce our workforce by approximately 35%, to align our workforce with our strategy to focus on our clinical stage, targeted oncology programs, IK-930 and IK-595. Furthermore, in the second quarter of 2024, we implemented a plan to discontinue the clinical development of IK-930, continue clinical development of IK-595, and reduce our workforce by approximately 53%. In July 2025, we began to wind down activities of the IK-595 program. Such workforce reductions, and any other future reductions, and the attrition that may occur following them, may result in the loss of institutional knowledge and expertise and the reallocation and combination of certain roles and responsibilities across the organization, all of which could adversely affect our operations. Furthermore, these restructurings and other additional measures we might take to reduce costs could strain our workforce, divert management attention, yield attrition beyond our intended reduction in force, reduce employee morale, cause us to delay, limit, reduce or eliminate certain development plans, or otherwise interfere with our ability to operate and grow our business effectively, each of which could have an adverse impact on our business, operating results, and financial condition. We may not complete current or any future restructuring activities on the anticipated timetable, and even if successfully completed, we may not achieve the anticipated cost savings, operating efficiencies, or other benefits of such activities.
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Risks Related to the Development of our Targeted Oncology and Other Programs and Product Candidates
If we progress the development of any product candidates, we may not be able to successfully complete clinical trials.
We currently are not pursuing the development of any product candidates. If the Merger is completed, the business of the combined company will be centered around advancing Inmagene’s lead product candidate, IMG-007, in atopic dermatitis and additional immunology and inflammatory indications. To date, we have limited experience with completing clinical trials. We have not yet demonstrated our ability to successfully complete later-stage clinical trials, including large-scale, pivotal clinical trials, obtain regulatory approvals, manufacture a commercial scale product, or arrange for a third party to do so on our behalf, or conduct sales and marketing activities necessary for successful commercialization. Before commencing certain clinical trials, we may finalize the trial design based on discussions with the FDA and other regulatory authorities. Any guidance we receive from the FDA or other regulatory authorities is subject to change. These regulatory authorities could change their positions, including, but not limited to, regarding the acceptability of our trial designs or the clinical endpoints selected, which may require us to complete additional clinical trials or result in the composition of stricter approval conditions than we currently expect. Successful completion of our clinical trials is a prerequisite to submitting a New Drug Application (“NDA”) to the FDA, a marketing authorization application (“MAA”) to the European Medicines Agency (“EMA”), or other marketing applications to regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions, for each product candidate and, consequently, the regulatory approval of each product candidate.
If in the future we progress the development of any product candidates and are required to conduct additional preclinical studies or clinical trials or other testing that we do not anticipate, if we are unable to successfully complete clinical trials of any future product candidates or other testing, if the results of these trials or tests are not positive, or are only modestly positive, or, if there are safety concerns, we may:
Clinical product development involves a lengthy and expensive process, with an uncertain outcome.
Any future clinical trials if we progress the development of any future product candidates, may not be successful. It is impossible to predict when, or if, any product candidate will prove effective and safe in humans or will receive regulatory approval. Before obtaining regulatory approval from regulatory authorities for the sale of any product candidate, we must complete preclinical studies and then conduct extensive clinical trials to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of our product candidates in humans. Clinical testing is expensive, difficult to design and implement, can take many years to complete and outcomes are uncertain. A failure of one or more clinical trials can occur at any stage of testing. The outcome of preclinical development testing and early clinical trials may not be predictive of the success of later clinical trials, and interim results of a clinical trial do not necessarily predict final results. Moreover, preclinical and clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses, and many companies that have believed their product candidates performed satisfactorily in preclinical studies and clinical trials have nonetheless failed to obtain regulatory approval of their product candidates. Our future clinical trials may not be successful.
If we progress the development of any product candidates and are unable to successfully validate, develop and obtain regulatory approval for companion diagnostic tests for such product candidates that require or would commercially benefit from such tests, or experience significant delays in doing so, we may not realize the full commercial potential of these product candidates.
If in the future we pursue the development of any product candidates, in connection with the clinical development of such product candidates for certain indications, we may engage third parties to develop or otherwise obtain access to in vitro companion diagnostic tests to identify patient subsets within a disease category who may derive selective and meaningful benefit from our product candidates. Such companion diagnostics would be used during our clinical trials as well as in connection with the commercialization of our products that receive regulatory approval. To be successful, we or our collaborators will need to address a number of scientific, technical, regulatory, and logistical challenges. The FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities regulate in vitro companion diagnostics as medical devices and, under that regulatory framework, will likely require the conduct of clinical trials to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of any diagnostics we may develop, which we expect will require separate regulatory clearance or approval prior to commercialization.
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If we pursue the development of any future product candidates, we intend to rely on third parties for the design, development, and manufacture of companion diagnostic tests for our therapeutic product candidates that may require such tests. If we enter into such collaborative agreements, we will be dependent on the sustained cooperation and effort of our future collaborators in developing and obtaining approval for these companion diagnostics. It may be necessary to resolve issues such as selectivity/specificity, analytical validation, reproducibility, or clinical validation of companion diagnostics during the development and regulatory approval processes. Moreover, even if data from preclinical studies and early clinical trials appear to support development of a companion diagnostic for a product candidate, data generated in later clinical trials may fail to support the analytical and clinical validation of the companion diagnostic. We and our future collaborators may encounter difficulties in developing, obtaining regulatory approval for, manufacturing and commercializing companion diagnostics similar to those we face with respect to our therapeutic product candidates themselves, including issues with achieving regulatory clearance or approval, production of sufficient quantities at commercial scale and with appropriate quality standards, and in gaining market acceptance. If we are unable to successfully develop companion diagnostics for these therapeutic product candidates, or experience delays in doing so, the development of these therapeutic product candidates may be adversely affected, these therapeutic product candidates may not obtain regulatory approval, and we may not realize the full commercial potential of any of these therapeutic products that obtain regulatory approval. As a result, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially harmed. In addition, a diagnostic company with whom we contract may decide to discontinue selling or manufacturing the companion diagnostic test that we anticipate using in connection with development and commercialization of any product candidates or our relationship with such diagnostic company may otherwise terminate. We may not be able to enter into arrangements with another diagnostic company to obtain supplies of an alternative diagnostic test for use in connection with the development and commercialization of such product candidates or do so on commercially reasonable terms, which could adversely affect and/or delay the development or commercialization of such therapeutic product candidates.
Interim, top-line, and preliminary data from clinical trials that we announce or publish from time to time may change as more patient data become available and are subject to confirmation, audit and verification procedures that could result in material changes in the final data.
From time to time, we may publicly disclose interim, top-line, or preliminary data from our clinical trials, which is based on a preliminary analysis of then-available data, and the results and related findings and conclusions are subject to change following a more comprehensive review of the data. We also make assumptions, estimations, calculations, and conclusions as part of our analyses of data, and we may not have received all of the necessary data or had the opportunity to fully and carefully evaluate all data. As a result, the interim, top-line or preliminary results that we report may differ from future results of the same trials, or different conclusions or considerations may qualify such results, once additional data have been received and fully evaluated. Interim data from clinical trials are subject to the risk that one or more of the clinical outcomes may materially change as patient enrollment continues and more patient data become available. Preliminary, interim, or top-line data also remain subject to audit and verification procedures that may result in the final data being materially different from the preliminary top-line data we previously published. As a result, preliminary, interim, and top-line data should be viewed with caution until the final data are available. Adverse differences between preliminary or interim data and final data could significantly harm our business prospects and may cause the price of our common stock to fluctuate or decline.
Further, regulatory agencies and others may not accept or agree with our assumptions, estimates, calculations, conclusions, or analyses, or may interpret or weigh the importance of data differently, which could adversely impact the potential of the particular program, the likelihood of obtaining regulatory approval of the particular product candidate, commercialization of any approved product and the business prospects of our company in general. In addition, the information we choose to publicly disclose regarding a particular study or clinical trial is derived from information that is typically extensive, and you or others may not agree with what we determine is material or otherwise appropriate information to include in our disclosure.
If the preliminary, interim, or top-line data that we report differ from actual results, or if regulatory authorities or others, disagree with the conclusions reached, our ability to obtain approval for, and commercialize, any future product candidates may be significantly impaired, which could materially harm our business, operating results, prospects, or financial condition.
If in the future we progress the development of any product candidates, we may incur additional costs or experience delays in initiating or completing, or ultimately be unable to complete, development and commercialization.
We may experience delays in initiating or completing clinical trials, including as a result of delays in obtaining, or failure to obtain, the FDA’s clearance to initiate clinical trials under future INDs. Additionally, if we progress the development of any product candidates, we cannot be certain that nonclinical studies or clinical trials for such product candidates will not be delayed, require redesign, will enroll an adequate number of subjects on time, or will be completed on schedule, if at all. We may experience numerous unforeseen events during, or as a result of, nonclinical studies and clinical trials that could delay or prevent our ability to receive regulatory approval or commercialize any product candidates, including:
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We could encounter delays if a clinical trial is suspended or terminated by us, including upon the recommendation of the Safety Monitoring Committee (“SMC”) if applicable for such trial, by the IRBs of the institutions at which such trials are being conducted, or by the FDA or other regulatory authorities. Such authorities may impose such a suspension or termination or clinical hold due to a number of factors, including, but not limited to, failure to conduct the clinical trial in accordance with regulatory requirements or our clinical protocols, adverse findings upon an inspection of the clinical trial operations or trial site by the FDA or other regulatory authorities, unforeseen safety issues or adverse side effects, failure to demonstrate a benefit from using a product, changes in governmental regulations or administrative actions or lack of adequate funding to continue the clinical trial. Many of the factors that cause, or lead to, a delay in the commencement or completion of clinical trials may also ultimately lead to the denial of regulatory approval of any future product candidates. Further, the FDA may disagree with, among other considerations, our clinical trial design or our interpretation of data from clinical trials or may change the requirements for approval even after it has reviewed and commented on the design for our clinical trials.
Moreover, principal investigators for our current and future clinical trials may serve as scientific advisors or consultants to us from time to time and receive compensation in connection with such services. Under certain circumstances, we may be required to report some of these relationships to the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities. The FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authority may conclude that a financial relationship between us and a principal investigator has created a conflict of interest or otherwise affected the interpretation of the study. The FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authority may therefore question the integrity of the data generated at the applicable clinical trial site, and the utility of the clinical trial itself may be jeopardized. Such an outcome could result in a delay in approval, or rejection, of our marketing applications by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authority, as the case may be, and may ultimately lead to the denial of regulatory approval of one or more of our future product candidates.
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Our product development costs will also increase if we progress with the development of any product candidates and experience delays in testing or regulatory approvals. We do not know whether any of our future clinical trials will begin as planned, or whether any of our current or future clinical trials will need to be restructured or will be completed on schedule, if at all. Significant preclinical study or clinical trial delays could shorten any periods during which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize any future product candidates or allow our competitors to bring products to market before we do, which would impair our ability to successfully commercialize any product candidates and may significantly harm our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects.
If we progress the development of any product candidates and experience delays or difficulties in the enrollment of patients in clinical trials, our receipt of necessary regulatory approvals could be delayed or prevented.
If we progress the development of any future product candidates, we may not be able to initiate or continue clinical trials for such product candidates if we are unable to locate and enroll a sufficient number of eligible patients to participate in these trials as required by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities, or as needed to provide appropriate statistical power for a given trial.
We may experience difficulties with identifying specific patient populations for any biomarker-defined trial cohorts. The patient eligibility criteria defined in any future trial protocols, including biomarker-driven identification may limit the patient populations eligible for our clinical trials to a greater extent than competing clinical trials for the same indication that do not have biomarker-driven patient eligibility criteria. We will also rely on the willingness and ability of clinicians to screen their patients for biomarkers to indicate which patients may be eligible for enrollment in our clinical trials.
In addition, some of our competitors may have ongoing clinical trials for product candidates that treat the same indications as any of our future product candidates, and patients who would otherwise be eligible for our clinical trials may instead enroll in clinical trials of our competitors’ product candidates.
In addition to the competitive trial environment, the eligibility criteria of our future clinical trials will further limit the pool of available study participants as we will require that patients have specific characteristics to include them in a study. Additionally, the process of finding patients may prove costly. We also may not be able to identify, recruit, or enroll a sufficient number of patients to complete our clinical studies because of the perceived risks and benefits of the product candidates under study, the availability and efficacy of competing therapies and clinical trials, the proximity and availability of clinical trial sites for prospective patients, and the patient referral practices of physicians. If patients are unwilling to participate in our studies for any reason, the timeline for recruiting patients, conducting studies, and obtaining regulatory approval of potential products may be delayed.
We may also engage third parties to develop companion diagnostics for use in our clinical trials, but such third parties may not be successful in developing such companion diagnostics, limiting our ability to identify patients with the targeted genetic mutations for our clinical trials. Further, if we are required to develop companion diagnostics and are unable to include patients with the targeted genetic mutations, this could compromise our ability to seek participation in the FDA’s expedited review and development programs, including breakthrough therapy designation and fast track designation, or otherwise seek to accelerate clinical development and regulatory timelines. Patient enrollment may be affected by other factors, including:
If we progress the development of any future product candidates, we anticipate that certain product candidates will be used in combination with third-party drugs or biologics, some of which are still in development, and we have limited or no control over the supply, regulatory status, or regulatory approval of such drugs or biologics.
If we progress the development of any future product candidates, certain product candidates have the potential to be administered in combination with other targeted therapies or checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapies, and other standards of care, like chemotherapies, or radiotherapy. Our ability to develop and ultimately commercialize product candidates used in combination with other targeted therapies, will depend on our ability to access such drugs or biologics on commercially reasonable terms for the clinical trials and their availability for use with our commercialized product, if approved. We cannot be certain that current or potential future commercial relationships will provide us with a steady supply of such drugs or biologics on commercially reasonable terms or at all.
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Any failure to maintain or enter into new successful commercial relationships, or the expense of purchasing targeted therapies checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapies or other comparator therapies in the market, may delay our development timelines, increase our costs and jeopardize our ability to develop product candidates and any future product candidates as commercially viable therapies. If any of these occur, our business, financial condition, operating results, stock price and prospects may be materially harmed.
Moreover, the development of product candidates for use in combination with another product or product candidate may present challenges that are not faced for single agent product candidates. The FDA, other U.S. regulatory agencies and/or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require us to use more complex clinical trial designs in order to evaluate the contribution of each product and product candidate to any observed effects. It is possible that the results of such trials could show that any positive previous trial results are attributable to the combination therapy and not our product candidates and any future product candidates. Moreover, following product approval, the FDA, other U.S. regulatory agencies and/or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require that products used in conjunction with each other be cross labeled for combined use. To the extent that we do not have rights to the other product, this may require us to work with a third party to satisfy such a requirement. Moreover, developments related to the other product may impact our clinical trials for the combination as well as our commercial prospects should we receive regulatory approval. Such developments may include changes to the other product’s safety or efficacy profile, changes to the availability of the other product, quality, manufacturing and supply issues with respect to the other product, and changes to the standard of care.
In the event that any future collaborator or supplier cannot continue to supply their products on commercially reasonable terms, we would need to identify alternatives for accessing targeted therapies, checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapies or other combination agents. Additionally, should the supply of products from any current or future collaborator or supplier be interrupted, delayed or otherwise be unavailable to us, our clinical trials may be delayed. In the event we are unable to source an alternative supply, or are unable to do so on commercially reasonable terms, our business, financial condition, operating results, stock price, and prospects may be materially harmed.
Results from any early preclinical studies and clinical trials of any of our future programs and product candidates are not necessarily predictive of the results of later preclinical studies and clinical trials. If we progress the development of any product candidates in the future and cannot replicate the results from our earlier preclinical studies and clinical trials of such programs and product candidates in our later preclinical studies and clinical trials, we may be unable to successfully develop, obtain regulatory approval for and commercialize such product candidates.
Any results from early preclinical studies and clinical trials of any of our future programs and product candidates may not necessarily be predictive of the results from later preclinical studies and clinical trials. Similarly, even if we are able to complete any future planned preclinical studies and clinical trials of future product candidates according to our planned development timeline, the results from such preclinical studies and clinical trials of such product candidates may not be replicated in subsequent preclinical studies or clinical trial results.
Many companies in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries have suffered significant setbacks in late-stage clinical trials after achieving positive results in early-stage development, and we cannot be certain that we will not face similar setbacks if we in the future develop any future programs or product candidates. These setbacks have been caused by, among other things, preclinical and other nonclinical findings made while clinical trials were underway, or safety or efficacy observations made in preclinical studies and clinical trials, including previously unreported adverse events. Moreover, preclinical, nonclinical, and clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses and many companies that believed their product candidates performed satisfactorily in preclinical studies and clinical trials nonetheless failed to obtain regulatory approval.
If in the future we progress the development of any product candidates, we may not be able to file INDs, or similar applications for our programs to commence clinical trials on the timelines we expect, and even if we are able to, the FDA or other regulatory authorities may not permit us to proceed.
If in the future we progress the development of product candidates, we plan to progress candidates to Investigational New Drug Applications (“INDs”) or similar applications, however, we may not be able to file such INDs or similar applications on the timelines we expect. Additionally, even if the FDA agrees with the design and implementation of the clinical trials set forth in an IND, we cannot guarantee that it will not change its requirements in the future. These considerations also apply to new clinical trials we may submit as amendments to existing INDs or similar applications to a new IND or similar application. Any failure to file INDs or similar applications on the timelines we expect or to obtain regulatory approvals for our clinical trials may prevent us from initiating or completing our clinical trials or commercializing any product candidates on a timely basis, if at all.
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Any future clinical trials or those of our collaborators may reveal significant adverse events not seen in our preclinical or nonclinical studies and may result in a safety profile that could inhibit regulatory approval or market acceptance of our future product candidates.
Before obtaining regulatory approvals for the commercial sale of any products, we must demonstrate through lengthy, complex, and expensive preclinical studies and clinical trials that any future product candidates are both safe and effective for use in each target indication. Clinical testing is expensive and can take many years to complete, and outcomes are inherently uncertain. Failure can occur at any time during the clinical trial process. When any future programs and product candidates are in an early stage of development, there is a high risk of failure, and we may never succeed in developing marketable products. There is typically an extremely high rate of attrition from the failure of product candidates proceeding through clinical trials. Product candidates in later stages of clinical trials also may fail to show the desired safety and efficacy profile despite having progressed through nonclinical studies and initial clinical trials. If the results of future clinical trials are inconclusive with respect to the safety and efficacy of any future product candidates, if we do not meet the clinical endpoints with statistical and clinically meaningful significance, or if there are safety concerns associated with any future product candidates, we may be prevented from, or delayed in, obtaining regulatory approval for such product candidates. In some instances, there can be significant variability in safety or efficacy results between different clinical trials of the same product candidate due to numerous factors, including changes in trial procedures set forth in protocols, differences in the size and type of the patient populations, changes in and adherence to the clinical trial protocols and the rate of dropout among clinical trial participants. It is likely, as is the case with many oncology therapies, that there may be side effects associated with the use of our future product candidates. Results of our trials could reveal a high and unacceptable severity and prevalence of side effects. In such an event, our trials could be suspended or terminated, and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities could order us to cease further development of or deny approval of our product candidates for any or all targeted indications. Treatment-related side effects could also affect patient recruitment or the ability of enrolled patients to complete the trial or result in potential product liability claims.
Further, any future product candidates could cause undesirable side effects in clinical trials related to on-target toxicity. If on-target toxicity is observed, or if our future product candidates have characteristics that are unexpected, we may need to abandon their development or limit development to more narrow uses or subpopulations in which the undesirable side effects or other characteristics are less prevalent, less severe, or more acceptable from a risk-benefit perspective. In addition, any product candidates could cause undesirable side effects that we don’t initially observe. Many compounds that initially showed promise in early-stage testing have later been found to cause side effects that prevented further development of the compound. Most product candidates that commence clinical trials are never approved as products, and there can be no assurance that any of our future clinical trials will ultimately be successful or support further clinical development or regulatory approval of any of our future product candidates, if any.
We may plan to develop certain of our future product candidates, in combination with one or more therapies. The uncertainty resulting from the use of any future product candidates, in combination with other therapies, may make it difficult to accurately predict side effects in future clinical trials. As is the case with many treatments, it is likely that there may be side effects associated with the use of our future product candidates. If significant adverse events or other side effects are observed in any of our future clinical trials, we may have difficulty recruiting patients to our clinical trials, patients may drop out of our trials, or we may be required to abandon the trials or our development efforts of one or more product candidates altogether. We, the FDA or other applicable regulatory authorities, or an IRB may suspend or terminate clinical trials of a product candidate at any time for various reasons, including a belief that subjects in such trials are being exposed to unacceptable health risks or adverse side effects. Some potential therapeutics developed in the biotechnology industry that initially showed therapeutic promise in early-stage trials have later been found to cause side effects that prevented their further development. Even if the side effects do not preclude the product from obtaining or maintaining regulatory approval, undesirable side effects may inhibit market acceptance of the approved product due to its tolerability versus other therapies. Any of these developments could materially harm our business, operating results, financial condition, and prospects.
We may conduct clinical trials for any future product candidates outside the United States, and the FDA, the EMA, the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (“MHRA”) and comparable foreign regulatory authorities may not accept data from such trials.
If we pursue the development of product candidates in the future, we may conduct clinical trials outside the United States, including in the United Kingdom (“UK”), Australia, and other foreign jurisdictions. The acceptance of trial data from clinical trials conducted outside the United States by the FDA may be subject to certain conditions. In cases where data from clinical trials conducted outside the United States are intended to serve as the sole basis for regulatory approval in the United States, the FDA will generally not approve the application on the basis of foreign data alone unless (i) the data are applicable to the United States population and United States medical practices, (ii) the trials were performed by clinical investigators of recognized competence, and (iii) the data may be considered valid without the need for an on-site inspection by the FDA or, if the FDA considers such an inspection to be necessary, the FDA is able to validate the data through an on-site inspection or other appropriate means. Additionally, the FDA’s clinical trial requirements, including sufficient size of patient populations and statistical powering, must be met. The EMA, the MHRA and many other comparable foreign regulatory bodies have similar approval requirements. In addition, such foreign trials are subject to the applicable local laws of the foreign jurisdictions where the trials are conducted. There can be no assurance that the FDA, the EMA, the
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MHRA, or any comparable foreign regulatory authority will accept data from trials conducted outside of the United States, the European Union (“EU”), the UK, or the applicable jurisdiction. If the FDA, the EMA, or the MHRA, or any comparable foreign regulatory authority does not accept such data, it would result in the need for additional trials, which would be costly and time-consuming and delay aspects of our business plan, and which may result in our future product candidates not receiving regulatory approval or clearance for commercialization in the applicable jurisdiction.
If we pursue the development of any product candidates in the future, we may fail to identify viable new product candidates for clinical development for a number of reasons. If we fail to identify additional product candidates, our business could be materially harmed.
If we pursue the development of any future product candidates, research programs to pursue the development of any product candidates for additional indications and disease targets require substantial technical, financial and human resources whether or not they are ultimately successful. Our research programs may initially show promise in identifying potential indications, yet fail to yield results for clinical development for a number of reasons, including:
Because we have limited financial and human resources, if in the future we pursue product development, we initially would plan to focus on research programs and product candidates for a limited set of indications. As a result, opportunities with other product candidates or for other indications that later prove to have greater commercial potential or a greater likelihood of success were not prioritized. Our resource allocation decisions may cause us to fail to capitalize on viable commercial products or profitable market opportunities.
Accordingly, if we progress the development of any future product candidates, there can be no assurance that we will ever be able to identify additional therapeutic opportunities, which could materially adversely affect our future growth and prospects.
If we pursue the development of any future product candidates and are not able to obtain, or if there are delays in obtaining, required regulatory approvals for any such product candidates, we will not be able to commercialize, or will be delayed in commercializing, such product candidates, and our ability to generate revenue will be materially impaired.
If in the future we pursue the development of any product candidates, such product candidates and the activities associated with their development and commercialization, including their design, testing, manufacture, safety, efficacy, recordkeeping, labeling, storage, approval, advertising, promotion, sale, distribution, import and export are subject to comprehensive regulation by the FDA and other regulatory agencies in the United States and by comparable foreign regulatory authorities. Before we can commercialize any future product candidates, we would have to obtain regulatory approval. It is possible that any future product candidates, if we seek to develop them in the future, will never obtain regulatory approval. We have limited experience in filing and supporting the applications necessary to gain regulatory approvals and expect to rely on third-party CROs and/or regulatory consultants to assist us in this process. Securing regulatory approval requires the submission of extensive preclinical and clinical data and supporting information to the various regulatory authorities for each therapeutic indication to establish the product candidate’s safety and efficacy. Securing regulatory approval also requires the submission of information about the product manufacturing process to, and inspection of manufacturing facilities by, the relevant regulatory authority. Any future product candidates may not be effective, may be only moderately effective, or may prove to have undesirable or unintended side effects, toxicities or other characteristics that may preclude our obtaining regulatory approval or prevent or limit commercial use. In addition, regulatory authorities may find fault with our manufacturing process or facilities or that of third-party contract manufacturers. We may also face greater than expected difficulty in manufacturing any product candidates.
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The process of obtaining regulatory approvals, both in the United States and abroad, is expensive and often takes many years. If we pursue the development of any product candidates and the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority requires that we perform additional preclinical studies or clinical trials, approval may be delayed, if obtained at all. The length of such a delay varies substantially based upon a variety of factors, including the type, complexity and novelty of the product candidate involved. Changes in regulatory approval policies during the development period, changes in or enactment of additional statutes or regulations, or changes in regulatory review policies for each submitted NDA, or equivalent application types, may cause delays in the approval or rejection of an application. The FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities have substantial discretion in the approval process and may refuse to accept any application or may decide that our data are insufficient for approval and require additional preclinical, clinical or other studies. Our future product candidates could be delayed in receiving, or fail to receive, regulatory approval for many reasons, including the following:
Even if we were to complete development and obtain regulatory approval, regulatory authorities may approve any product candidates for fewer or more limited indications than we request, thereby narrowing the commercial potential of the product candidate. In addition, regulatory authorities may grant approval contingent on the performance of costly post-marketing clinical trials, or may approve a product candidate with a label that does not include the labeling claims necessary or desirable for the successful commercialization of that product candidate. Any of the foregoing scenarios could materially harm the commercial prospects for any future product candidates.
If we pursue the development of any product candidates and experience delays in obtaining, or if we fail to obtain, approval, the commercial prospects for any future product candidates may be harmed and our ability to generate revenue will be materially impaired.
Pandemics, epidemics, or any outbreak of an infectious disease, may materially and adversely affect our business and our financial results and could cause a disruption to the continued development of any product candidates.
Public health crises such as pandemics or similar outbreaks could adversely impact our business. Such global outbreaks of infectious diseases could materially and adversely impact our operations, including, without limitation, our nonclinical studies or clinical trial operations and our ability to recruit and retain patients and principal investigators and site staff. For example, if in the future, we pursue the development of any product candidates we may experience delays in initiating IND-enabling studies, enrolling our clinical trials, or dosing of patients in our clinical trials, and activating new trial sites, as well as protocol deviations. Any negative impact a public health crisis has on patient enrollment or treatment or the execution of our clinical trials could cause costly delays to clinical trial activities, which could adversely affect our ability to obtain regulatory approval for and to commercialize our future product candidates, increase our operating expenses, and have a material adverse effect on our financial results.
These, and other factors related to any such disruptions that are unforeseen, could have a material adverse effect on our business and our results of operation and financial condition. Further, uncertainty around these and related issues could lead to adverse effects on global economies and financial markets, which could impact our ability to raise the necessary capital needed to develop and commercialize any future programs and product candidates.
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If we progress the development of any future product candidates, we may need to reformulate such product candidates which could require additional nonclinical studies or clinical trials and delay the development or regulatory approval of such product candidates.
New risks, pharmacokinetic variability, and side effects associated with any future product candidates may be discovered during clinical testing. Any future product candidates also may experience stability issues. For these or other reasons, if we progress the development of any future product candidates we may need to reformulate them. Such reformulation may require us to conduct additional nonclinical studies or clinical trials to bridge or demonstrate the comparability of such modified product candidate to earlier versions, which could delay our clinical development plan or marketing approval for such product candidate. Reformulating a product candidate may also result in a delay in continuing a clinical trial. There can be no assurance that we will not experience delays in the completion of a clinical trial or in the commencement and completion of our future trials due to the need to reformulate any future product candidates and subsequently discuss with or receive authorization from regulatory authorities to implement these changes in clinical trials. Additionally, reformulating a product candidate may cause us to experience a shortage in supply or cause the cost to manufacture our product candidate to increase. Any reformulation of future product candidates could substantially increase the costs and expenses of developing any future product candidates and delay such development and marketing approval.
Risks Related to Commercialization
We face substantial competition for any future program or product candidate, which may result in others discovering, developing, or commercializing products before or more successfully than we do.
The development and commercialization of new products in the biopharmaceutical and related industries is highly competitive. We compete in the segments of the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and other related markets that address structural biology-guided chemistry-based drug design to develop therapies We also compete more broadly across the market for cost-effective and reimbursable treatments. Some of these competitive products and therapies are based on scientific approaches that are the same as or similar to our approach, and others are based on entirely different approaches. These companies include divisions of large pharmaceutical companies and biotechnology companies of various sizes. We face competition with respect to product candidates from major pharmaceutical companies, specialty pharmaceutical companies and biotechnology companies worldwide. Potential competitors also include academic institutions, government agencies and other public and private research organizations that conduct research, seek patent protection, and establish collaborative arrangements for research, development, manufacturing, and commercialization.
Any product candidates that we successfully develop and commercialize will compete with currently approved therapies and new therapies that may become available in the future from segments of the pharmaceutical, biotechnology and other related markets. Key product features that would affect our ability to effectively compete with other therapeutics include the efficacy, safety, and convenience of our products. We believe principal competitive factors to our business include, among other things, our ability to identify biomarkers, ability to successfully transition research programs into clinical development, ability to raise capital, and the scalability of the platform, pipeline, and business.
Many of the companies that we compete against or which we may compete against in the future have significantly greater financial resources and expertise in research and development, manufacturing, preclinical and clinical testing, obtaining regulatory approvals, and marketing approved products than we do. Mergers and acquisitions in the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and diagnostic industries may result in even more resources being concentrated among a smaller number of our competitors. Smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. These competitors also compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel and establishing clinical trial sites and patient registration for clinical trials, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs. If these or other barriers to entry do not remain in place, other companies may be able to more directly or effectively compete with us.
Our commercial opportunity could be reduced or eliminated if our competitors develop and commercialize products that are safer, more effective, have fewer or less severe side effects, are more convenient or are less expensive than any products that we or our collaborators may develop. Our competitors also may obtain FDA or other regulatory approval for their products sooner than we may obtain approval for any of our future product candidates, which could result in our competitors establishing a strong market position before we or our collaborators are able to enter the market. The key competitive factors affecting the success of any of our future product candidates, if approved, are likely to be their efficacy, safety, convenience, price, level of generic competition and availability of reimbursement from government and other third-party payors.
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If the market opportunities for our future programs and product candidates are smaller than we estimate or if any regulatory approval that we obtain is based on a narrower definition of the patient population, our revenue and ability to achieve profitability will be adversely affected, possibly materially.
The incidence and prevalence for target patient populations of programs and product candidates have not been established with precision. Our projections for any product candidates of both the number of people who have these diseases, as well as the subset of people with these diseases who have the potential to benefit from treatment with our current program and product candidate, are based on our estimates.
The total addressable market opportunity will ultimately depend upon, among other things, the diagnosis criteria included in the final label, the indications for which any future product candidates are approved for sale, acceptance by the medical community and patient access, product pricing, and reimbursement. The number of patients for which any future product candidates may be approved as treatment may turn out to be lower than expected, patients may not be otherwise amenable to treatment with our products, or new patients may become increasingly difficult to identify or gain access to, all of which would adversely affect our results of operations and our business. If we progress development of any future product candidates, our prioritization of development of certain product candidates over others may prove to be the wrong choice and adversely affect our business.
If in the future we progress the development of any product candidates and such product candidates do not achieve broad market acceptance, the revenue that we generate from their sales may be limited, and we may never become profitable.
We have never commercialized a product candidate for any indication. Even if we pursue the development of any future product candidates and any future product candidates are approved by the appropriate regulatory authorities for marketing and sale, they may not gain acceptance among physicians, patients, third-party payors, and others in the medical community. If any product candidates for which we obtain regulatory approval do not gain an adequate level of market acceptance, we may not generate significant revenue and may not become profitable or may be significantly delayed in achieving profitability. Market acceptance of any future product candidates by the medical community, patients and third-party payors will depend on a number of factors, some of which are beyond our control. For example, physicians are often reluctant to switch their patients, and patients may be reluctant to switch, from existing therapies even when new and potentially more effective or safer treatments enter the market. If public perception is influenced by claims that the use of targeted oncology is unsafe, whether related to our or our competitors’ products, our future products, if any, may not be accepted by the general public or the medical community. Future adverse events in targeted oncology, immune-oncology or the biopharmaceutical industry could also result in greater governmental regulation, stricter labeling requirements, and potential regulatory delays in the testing or approvals of any of our future product candidates.
In the United States and markets in other countries, patients generally rely on third-party payors to reimburse all or part of the costs associated with their treatment. Adequate coverage and reimbursement from governmental healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, and commercial payors is critical to new product acceptance. Our ability to successfully commercialize any future product candidates will depend in part on the extent to which coverage and adequate reimbursement for these products and related treatments will be available from government health administration authorities, private health insurers, and other organizations. Even if coverage is provided, the approved reimbursement amount may not be high enough to allow us to establish or maintain pricing sufficient to realize a sufficient return on our investment. Government authorities and third-party payors, such as private health insurers and health maintenance organizations, decide which medications they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels.
Efforts to educate the medical community and third-party payors on the benefits of any future product candidates may require significant resources and may not be successful. If any future product candidates are approved but do not achieve an adequate level of market acceptance, we could be prevented from or significantly delayed in achieving profitability. The degree of market acceptance of future product candidates will depend on a number of factors, including:
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There is significant uncertainty related to the insurance coverage and reimbursement of newly approved products. In the United States, the principal decisions about reimbursement by government authorities for new products are typically made by Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (“CMS”), since CMS decides whether and to what extent a new product will be covered and reimbursed under Medicare. Private payers tend to follow CMS to a substantial degree. However, one payer’s determination to provide coverage for a product does not assure that other payers will also provide coverage for the drug product. Further, a payer’s decision to provide coverage for a drug product does not imply that the payor will provide adequate reimbursement. Reimbursement agencies in the EU may be more conservative than CMS. Factors payors consider in determining reimbursement are based on whether the product is:
Additionally, net prices for drugs may be reduced by mandatory discounts or rebates required by government healthcare programs or private payors and by any future relaxation of laws that presently restrict imports of drugs from countries where they may be sold at lower prices than in the United States. Increasingly, third-party payors are requiring that drug companies provide them with predetermined discounts from list prices and are challenging the prices charged for medical products. We cannot be sure that reimbursement will be available for any product candidate that we develop and commercialize and, if reimbursement is available, the level of reimbursement. In addition, many pharmaceutical manufacturers must calculate and report certain price reporting metrics to the government, such as average sales price and best price. Penalties may apply in some cases when such metrics are not submitted accurately and timely. Further, these prices for drugs may be reduced by mandatory discounts or rebates required by government healthcare programs.
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In addition, in some foreign countries, the proposed pricing for a drug must be approved before it may be lawfully marketed. The requirements governing drug pricing vary widely from country to country. For example, the EU provides options for its Member States to restrict the range of medicinal products for which their national health insurance systems provide reimbursement and to control the prices of medicinal products for human use. To obtain reimbursement or pricing approval, some of these countries may require the completion of clinical trials that compare the cost effectiveness of a particular product candidate to currently available therapies. A Member State may approve a specific price for the medicinal product or it may instead adopt a system of direct or indirect controls on the profitability of the company placing the medicinal product on the market. There can be no assurance that any country that has price controls or reimbursement limitations for pharmaceutical products will allow favorable reimbursement and pricing arrangements for any future product candidates. Historically, products launched in the EU do not follow price structures of the U.S. and generally prices tend to be significantly lower.
Risks Related to Our Reliance on Third Parties
We expect to continue to rely on third parties to conduct any future clinical trials as well as investigator-sponsored clinical trials of any product candidates. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, comply with regulatory requirements or meet expected deadlines, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize any future product candidates and our business could be substantially harmed.
We do not have the ability to independently conduct clinical trials. We rely and expect to continue to rely on medical institutions, clinical investigators, contract laboratories and other third parties, such as CROs, to conduct or otherwise support clinical trials for any product candidates.
We rely and expect to continue to rely heavily on these parties for execution of clinical trials for any future product candidates and control only certain aspects of their activities. Nevertheless, we are responsible for ensuring that each of our clinical trials is conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol, legal and regulatory requirements, and scientific standards, and our reliance on CROs will not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities. For any violations of laws and regulations during the conduct of our clinical trials, we could be subject to warning letters or enforcement action that may include civil penalties up to and including criminal prosecution.
We, our principal investigators and our CROs are required to comply with regulations, including good clinical practices (“GCPs”), for conducting, monitoring, recording, and reporting the results of clinical trials to ensure that the data and results are scientifically credible and accurate, and that the trial patients are adequately informed of the potential risks of participating in clinical trials and their rights are protected. These regulations are enforced by the FDA, the Competent Authorities of the Member States of the European Economic Area (“EEA”) and comparable foreign regulatory authorities for any products in clinical development. The FDA enforces GCP regulations through periodic inspections of clinical trial sponsors, principal investigators, and trial sites. If we, our principal investigators or our CROs fail to comply with applicable GCPs, the clinical data generated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving our marketing applications. We cannot assure that, upon inspection, the FDA will determine that any of our future clinical trials will comply with GCPs. In addition, our clinical trials must be conducted with product candidates produced in accordance with current Good Manufacturing Practices (“cGMP”) regulations. Our failure or the failure of our principal investigators or CROs to comply with these regulations may require us to repeat clinical trials, which would delay the regulatory approval process, significantly increase our expenditures and could also subject us to enforcement action. We also are required to register ongoing clinical trials and post the results of completed clinical trials on a government-sponsored database, ClinicalTrials.gov, within certain timeframes. Failure to do so can result in fines, adverse publicity and civil and criminal sanctions.
Although we designed clinical trials, these trials are conducted by CROs and we expect CROs will conduct all of our future clinical trials. As a result, many important aspects of our development programs, if pursued, including their conduct and timing, are outside of our direct control. Our reliance on third parties to conduct future clinical trials also results in less direct control over the management of data developed through clinical trials than would be the case if we were relying entirely upon our own staff. Communicating with outside parties can also be challenging, potentially leading to mistakes as well as difficulties in coordinating activities. Outside parties may:
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These factors may materially adversely affect the willingness or ability of third parties to conduct our clinical trials and may subject us to unexpected cost increases that are beyond our control. If the principal investigators or CROs do not perform clinical trials in a satisfactory manner, breach their obligations to us, or fail to comply with regulatory requirements, the development, regulatory approval and commercialization of any future product candidates may be delayed, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval and commercialize any future product candidates or our future development programs may be materially and irreversibly harmed. If we are unable to rely on clinical data collected by our principal investigators or CROs, we could be required to repeat, extend the duration of, or increase the size of any clinical trials we conduct and this could significantly delay commercialization and require significantly greater expenditures.
If any of our relationships with these third-party principal investigators or CROs terminate, we may not be able to enter into arrangements with alternative CROs. If principal investigators or CROs do not successfully carry out their contractual obligations or meet expected deadlines, if they need to be replaced or if the quality or accuracy of the clinical data they obtain is compromised due to the failure to adhere to our clinical protocols, regulatory requirements or for other reasons, any clinical trials such principal investigators or CROs are associated with may be extended, delayed or terminated, and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for, or successfully commercialize, any future product candidates. As a result, we believe that our financial results and the commercial prospects for any future product candidates in the subject indication would be harmed, our costs could increase and our ability to generate revenue could be delayed.
We may also rely on academic and private non-academic institutions to conduct and sponsor clinical trials relating to any future product candidates. We will not control the design or conduct of the investigator-sponsored trials, and it is possible that the FDA or non-U.S. regulatory authorities will not view these investigator-sponsored trials as providing adequate support for future clinical trials, whether controlled by us or third parties, for any one or more reasons, including elements of the design or execution of the trials or safety concerns or other trial results.
Such arrangements will likely provide us certain information rights with respect to the investigator-sponsored trials, including access to and the ability to use and reference the data, including for our own regulatory filings, resulting from the investigator-sponsored trials. However, we would not have control over the timing and reporting of the data from investigator-sponsored trials, nor would we own the data from the investigator-sponsored trials. If we are unable to confirm or replicate the results from the investigator-sponsored trials or if negative results are obtained, we would likely be further delayed or prevented from advancing the clinical development of any future product candidates. Further, if investigators or institutions breach their obligations with respect to the clinical development of our future product candidates, or if the data proves to be inadequate compared to the first-hand knowledge we might have gained had the investigator-sponsored trials been sponsored and conducted by us, then our ability to design and conduct any future clinical trials ourselves may be adversely affected.
We have entered into collaborations and may enter into additional collaborations in the future, and we might not realize the anticipated benefits of such collaborations.
Research, development, commercialization and/or strategic collaborations are subject to numerous risks, which include the following:
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In addition, funding provided by a collaborator might not be sufficient to advance any future product candidates under the collaboration.
If a collaborator terminates a collaboration or a program under a collaboration, including by failing to exercise a license or other option under the collaboration, whether because we fail to meet a milestone or otherwise, any potential revenue from the collaboration would be significantly reduced or eliminated. In addition, we will likely need to either secure other funding to advance research, development and/or commercialization of the relevant product candidate or abandon that program, the development of the relevant product candidate could be significantly delayed, and our cash expenditures could increase significantly if we are to continue research, development and/or commercialization of the relevant product candidates.
Any one or more of these risks, if realized, could reduce or eliminate revenue from product candidates under our collaborations, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and/or growth prospects.
We plan to contract with third parties for the manufacture of any future product candidates for preclinical development and clinical testing, and would expect to continue to do so for commercialization. This reliance on third parties increases the risk that we will not have sufficient quantities of any future product candidates or products or such quantities at an acceptable cost, which could delay, prevent or impair our development or commercialization efforts.
We do not currently own or operate, nor do we have any plans to establish in the future, any manufacturing facilities. We have in the past relied, and if we pursue any development activities in the future, would expect to rely, on third parties for the manufacture of product candidates for preclinical development and clinical testing, as well as for the commercial manufacture of any future products, if any, of product candidates that receive regulatory approval. This reliance on third parties increases the risk that we will not have sufficient quantities of any future product candidates or products or such quantities at an acceptable cost or quality, which could delay, prevent or impair our development or commercialization efforts.
The facilities used by our contract manufacturers to manufacture any future product candidates must be inspected by the FDA pursuant to pre-approval inspections that will be conducted after we submit our marketing applications to the FDA. We do not control the manufacturing process of, and will be completely dependent on, our contract manufacturers for compliance with cGMP in connection with the manufacture of any future product candidates. If our contract manufacturers cannot successfully manufacture material that conforms to our specifications and the strict regulatory requirements of the FDA or others, they will not be able to pass regulatory inspections and/or maintain regulatory compliance for their manufacturing facilities. In addition, we have no control over the ability of our contract manufacturers to maintain adequate quality control, quality assurance and qualified personnel. If the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority finds deficiencies with or does not approve these facilities for the manufacture of any futre product candidates or if it finds deficiencies or withdraws any such approval in the future, we may need to find alternative manufacturing facilities, which would significantly impact our ability to develop, obtain regulatory approval for or market any future product candidates, if approved.
If we develop any future product candidates and any CMO with whom we contract fails to perform its obligations, we may be forced to enter into an agreement with a different CMO, which we may not be able to do on reasonable terms, if at all. In such a scenario, our clinical trials supply could be delayed significantly as we establish alternative supply sources. In some cases, the technical skills required to manufacture products or product candidates may be unique or proprietary to the original CMO and we may have difficulty, or there may be contractual restrictions prohibiting us from, transferring such skills to a back-up or alternate supplier, or we may be unable to transfer such skills at all. In addition, if we are required to change CMOs for any reason, we will be required to verify that the new CMO maintains facilities and procedures that comply with quality standards and with all applicable regulations. We will also need to verify, such as through a manufacturing comparability study, that any new manufacturing process will produce any future product candidate according to the specifications previously submitted to the FDA or another regulatory authority. The delays associated with the verification of a new CMO could negatively affect our ability to develop product candidates or commercialize any future products in a timely manner or within budget. Furthermore, a CMO may possess technology related to the manufacture of any future product candidate that such CMO owns independently. This would increase our reliance on such CMO or require us to obtain a license from such CMO in order to have another CMO manufacture any future product candidates. In addition, changes in manufacturers often involve changes in manufacturing procedures and processes, which could require that we conduct bridging studies between our prior clinical supply used in our clinical trials and that of any new manufacturer. We may be unsuccessful in demonstrating the comparability of clinical supplies which could require the conduct of additional clinical trials.
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Further, our failure, or the failure of our third party manufacturers, to comply with applicable regulations could result in sanctions being imposed on us, including clinical holds, fines, injunctions, civil penalties, delays, suspension or withdrawal of approvals, license revocation, seizures or recalls of any future product candidates or products, if approved, operating restrictions and criminal prosecutions, any of which could significantly and adversely affect our business and supplies of any future product candidates.
We may be unable to establish any additional agreements with third-party manufacturers or do so on acceptable terms. Reliance on third-party manufacturers entails additional risks, including:
Any future product candidates may compete with other product candidates and approved products for access to manufacturing facilities. There are a limited number of manufacturers that operate under cGMP regulations and that might be capable of manufacturing for us.
Any performance failure on the part of our existing or future manufacturers could delay clinical development or regulatory approval. If our current contract manufacturers cannot perform as agreed, we may be required to replace such manufacturers. We may incur added costs and delays in identifying and qualifying any such replacement.
Our current and anticipated future dependence upon others for the manufacture of any future product candidates or products may adversely affect our future profit margins and our ability to commercialize any products that receive regulatory approval on a timely and competitive basis.
We may seek to establish additional collaborations in the future, and, if we are not able to establish them on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, we may have to alter our development and commercialization plans.
Any future development programs and the potential commercialization of any future product candidates will require substantial additional cash to fund expenses. For some of our future product candidates, if any, we may decide to collaborate with additional pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for the development and potential commercialization of those product candidates.
We face significant competition in seeking appropriate collaborators. Whether we reach a definitive agreement for a collaboration will depend, among other things, upon our assessment of the collaborator’s resources and expertise, the terms and conditions of the proposed collaboration and the proposed collaborator’s own evaluation of a potential collaboration. Such factors a potential collaborator will use to evaluate a collaboration may include the design or results of clinical trials, the likelihood of approval by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities, the potential market for the subject product candidate, the costs and complexities of manufacturing and delivering such product candidate to patients, the potential of competing products, the existence of uncertainty with respect to our ownership of technology, which can exist if there is a challenge to such ownership without regard to the merits of the challenge and industry and market conditions generally. The collaborator may also consider alternative product candidates or technologies for similar indications that may be available to collaborate on and whether such a collaboration could be more attractive than the one with us for any future product candidate. The terms of any additional collaborations or other arrangements that we may establish may not be favorable to us.
We may also be restricted under collaboration agreements from entering into future agreements on certain terms with potential collaborators. Collaborations are complex and time-consuming to negotiate and document. In addition, there have been a significant number of recent business combinations among large pharmaceutical companies that have resulted in a reduced number of potential future collaborators.
We may not be able to negotiate additional collaborations on a timely basis, on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable to do so, we may have to curtail the development of any future product candidate for which we are seeking to collaborate, reduce or delay its development program or one or more of our other development programs, delay its potential commercialization or reduce the scope of any sales or marketing activities, or increase our expenditures and undertake development or commercialization activities at our own expense. If we elect to increase our expenditures to fund development or commercialization activities on our own, we may need to obtain additional capital, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. If we do not have sufficient funds, we may not be able to further develop any future product candidates or bring them to market and generate product revenue.
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In addition, any future collaborations that we enter into may not be successful. The success of our collaboration arrangements will depend heavily on the efforts and activities of our collaborators. Collaborators generally have significant discretion in determining the efforts and resources that they will apply to these collaborations. Disagreements between parties to a collaboration arrangement regarding clinical development and commercialization matters can lead to delays in the development process or commercializing the applicable product candidate and, in some cases, termination of the collaboration arrangement. These disagreements can be difficult to resolve if neither of the parties has final decision-making authority. Collaborations with pharmaceutical or biotechnology companies and other third parties often are terminated or allowed to expire by the other party. Any such termination or expiration would adversely affect us financially and could harm our business reputation.
Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property
If we are unable to obtain and maintain patent and other intellectual property protection for any future technology and product candidates or if the scope of the intellectual property protection obtained is not sufficiently broad, our competitors could develop and commercialize technology and drugs similar or identical to ours, and our ability to successfully commercialize any future technology and drugs may be impaired.
Our commercial success depends in part on our ability to obtain and maintain proprietary or intellectual property protection in the U.S. and other countries for our future product candidates, as well as for their respective compositions, formulations, methods used to manufacture them, and methods of treatment, in addition to successfully defending these patents against third-party challenges. We seek to protect our proprietary and intellectual property position by, among other methods, filing patent applications in the U.S. and abroad related to our proprietary technology, inventions, and improvements that are important to the development and implementation of our business. Our ability to stop unauthorized third parties from making, using, selling, offering to sell, or importing any future product candidates is dependent upon the extent to which we have rights under valid and enforceable patents or trade secrets that cover these activities. We also would rely on trade secrets, know-how and continuing technological innovation to develop and maintain our proprietary and intellectual property position.
The patent position of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies generally is highly uncertain, involves complex legal and factual questions and has in recent years been the subject of much litigation. The degree of patent protection we require to successfully commercialize any future product candidates may be unavailable or severely limited in some cases and may not adequately protect our rights or permit us to gain or keep any competitive advantage. We cannot provide any assurances that any of our current or future patents have, or that any of our pending patent applications that mature into issued patents will include, claims with a scope sufficient to protect our future product candidates. In addition, if the breadth or strength of protection provided by our patent applications or any patents we may own or in-license is threatened, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to license, develop or commercialize future product candidates.
In addition, the laws of foreign countries may not protect our rights to the same extent as the laws of the U.S. For example, in jurisdictions outside the U.S., a license may not be enforceable unless all the owners of the intellectual property agree or consent to the license. Accordingly, any actual or purported co-owner of our patent rights could seek monetary or equitable relief requiring us to pay it compensation for, or refrain from, exploiting these patents due to such co-ownership. Furthermore, patents have a limited lifespan. In the U.S., and most other jurisdictions in which we have undertaken patent filings, the natural expiration of a patent is generally twenty years after it is filed, assuming all maintenance fees are paid. Various extensions may be available, on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis; however, the life of a patent, and thus the protection it affords, is limited. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing, and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized. As a result, patents we may own or in-license may not provide us with adequate and continuing patent protection sufficient to exclude others from commercializing drugs similar or identical to our future product candidates, including generic versions of such drugs.
Other parties have developed technologies that may be related or competitive to our own, and such parties may have filed or may file patent applications, or may have received or may receive patents, claiming inventions that may overlap or conflict with those claimed in our own patent applications or issued patents, with respect to either the same compounds, methods, formulations or other subject matter, in either case that we may rely upon to dominate our patent position in the market. Publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, and patent applications in the U.S. and other jurisdictions are typically not published until at least 18 months after the earliest priority date of patent filing, or, in some cases, not at all. Therefore, we cannot know with certainty whether we were the first to make the inventions claimed in patents we may own or in-license patents or pending patent applications, or that we were the first to file for patent protection of such inventions. As a result, the issuance, scope, validity, enforceability, and commercial value of our patent rights cannot be predicted with any certainty.
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In addition, the patent prosecution process is expensive and time-consuming, and we may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. Patent prosecution is a lengthy process, during which the scope of the claims initially submitted for examination by the relevant patent office(s) may be significantly narrowed by the time they issue, if they ever do. It is also possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development output before it is too late to obtain patent protection. Moreover, in some circumstances, we may not have the right to control the preparation, filing, and prosecution of patent applications, or to maintain the patents, covering technology that we license from or to third parties. Therefore, these patents and applications may not be prosecuted and enforced in a manner consistent with the best interests of our business.
Even if we acquire patent protection that we expect should enable us to establish and/or maintain a competitive advantage, third parties may challenge the validity, enforceability, or scope thereof, which may result in such patents being narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable. The issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its inventorship, scope, validity or enforceability, and our patents may be challenged in the courts or patent offices in the U.S. and abroad. We may become involved in post-grant proceedings such as opposition, derivation, reexamination, inter partes review, post-grant review, or interference proceedings challenging our patent rights or the patent rights of others from whom we may in the future obtain licenses to such rights, in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”), the European Patent Office (“EPO”), or in other countries. In addition, we may be subject to a third-party submission to the USPTO, the EPO, or elsewhere, that may reduce the scope or preclude the granting of claims from our pending patent applications. Competitors may allege that they invented the inventions claimed in our issued patents or patent applications prior to us, or may file patent applications before we do. Competitors may also claim that we are infringing their patents and that we therefore cannot practice our technology as claimed under our patents or patent applications. Competitors may also contest our patents by claiming to an administrative patent authority or judge that the invention was not patent-eligible, was not original, was not novel, was obvious, and/or lacked inventive step, and/or that the patent application filing failed to meet relevant requirements relating to description, basis, enablement, and/or support; in litigation, a competitor could claim that our patents, if issued, are not valid or are unenforceable for a number of reasons. If a court or administrative patent authority agrees, we would lose our protection of those challenged patents.
In addition, we may in the future be subject to claims by our former employees or consultants asserting an ownership right in our patents or patent applications, as a result of the work they performed on our behalf. Although we generally require all of our employees, consultants, and advisors and any other third parties who have access to our proprietary know-how, information or technology to assign or grant similar rights to their inventions to us, we cannot be certain that we have executed such agreements with all parties who may have contributed to our intellectual property, nor can we be certain that our agreements with such parties will be upheld in the face of a potential challenge, or that they will not be breached, for which we may not have an adequate remedy.
An adverse determination in any such submission or proceeding may result in loss of exclusivity or freedom to operate or in patent claims being narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable, in whole or in part, which could limit our ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar or identical technology and drugs, without payment to us, or could limit the duration of the patent protection covering any future product candidates and technology. Such challenges may also result in our inability to manufacture or commercialize any future product candidates without infringing third-party patent rights. In addition, if the breadth or strength of protection provided by our patents and patent applications is threatened, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to license, develop or commercialize any future product candidates.
Even if they are unchallenged, our issued patents and our pending patent applications, if issued, may not provide us with any meaningful protection or prevent competitors from designing around our patent claims to circumvent patents we may own or in-license by developing similar or alternative technologies or drugs in a non-infringing manner. For example, a third-party may develop a competitive drug that provides benefits similar to one or more of any future product candidates, but that has a different composition that falls outside the scope of our patent protection. If the patent protection provided by the patents and patent applications we hold or pursue with respect to any future product candidates is not sufficiently broad to impede such competition, our ability to successfully commercialize any future product candidates could be negatively affected, which would harm our business.
Furthermore, even if we are able to issue patents with claims of valuable scope in one or more jurisdictions, we may not be able to secure such claims in all relevant jurisdictions, or in a sufficient number to meaningfully reduce competition. Our competitors may be able to develop and commercialize their products, including products identical to any future product of ours, in any jurisdiction in which we are unable to obtain, maintain, or enforce such patent claims.
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Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, deadlines, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated if we fail to comply with these requirements. We may miss a filing deadline for patent protection on these inventions.
The USPTO and foreign governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment, and other similar provisions during the patent application process and after issuance of any patent. In addition, periodic maintenance fees, renewal fees, annuity fees and/or various other government fees are required to be paid periodically. While an inadvertent lapse can, in some cases, be cured by payment of a late fee, or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules, there are situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. Noncompliance events that could result in abandonment or lapse of a patent include, but are not limited to, failure to respond to official actions within prescribed time limits, non-payment of fees and failure to properly legalize and submit formal documents. In such an event, our competitors might be able to enter the market with similar or identical products or platforms, which could have a material adverse effect on our business prospects and financial condition.
If our trademarks and trade names for any future products or company name are not adequately protected in one or more countries where we intend to market any future products, we may delay the launch of product brand names, use different trademarks or tradenames in different countries, or face other potentially adverse consequences to building our product brand recognition.
Our trademarks or trade names may be challenged, infringed, diluted, circumvented, or declared generic or determined to be infringing on other marks. We intend to rely on both registration and common law protection for our trademarks. We may not be able to protect our rights to these trademarks and trade names or may be forced to stop using these names, which we need for name recognition by potential partners or customers in our markets of interest. During the trademark registration process, we may receive Office Actions from the USPTO or from comparable agencies in foreign jurisdictions objecting to the registration of our trademark. Although we would be given an opportunity to respond to those objections, we may be unable to overcome such rejections. In addition, in the USPTO and in comparable agencies in many foreign jurisdictions, third parties are given an opportunity to oppose pending trademark applications and/or to seek the cancellation of registered trademarks. Opposition or cancellation proceedings may be filed against our trademark applications or registrations, and our trademark applications or registrations may not survive such proceedings. If we are unable to obtain a registered trademark or establish name recognition based on our trademarks and trade names, we may not be able to compete effectively and our business may be adversely affected.
If we are unable to adequately protect and enforce our trade secrets, our business and competitive position would be harmed.
In addition to the protection afforded by patents we may own or in-license, we seek to rely on trade secret protection, confidentiality agreements, and license agreements to protect proprietary know-how that may not be patentable, processes for which patents are difficult to enforce and any other elements of our product discovery and development processes that involve proprietary know-how, information, or technology that may not be covered by patents. Although we require all of our employees, consultants, advisors, and any third parties who have access to our proprietary know-how, information, or technology to enter into confidentiality agreements, trade secrets can be difficult to protect and we have limited control over the protection of trade secrets used by our collaborators and suppliers. We cannot be certain that we have or will obtain these agreements in all circumstances and we cannot guarantee that we have entered into such agreements with each party that may have or have had access to our trade secrets or proprietary information.
Moreover, any of these parties might breach the agreements and intentionally or inadvertently disclose our trade secret information and we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches. In addition, competitors may otherwise gain access to our trade secrets or independently develop substantially equivalent information and techniques. Furthermore, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect proprietary rights and trade secrets to the same extent or in the same manner as the laws of the U.S. As a result, we may encounter significant problems in protecting and defending our intellectual property both in the U.S. and abroad. If we are unable to prevent unauthorized material disclosure of our intellectual property to third parties, we will not be able to establish or maintain a competitive advantage in our market, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and future prospects.
Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. If we choose to go to court to stop a third-party from using any of our trade secrets, we may incur substantial costs. These lawsuits may consume our time and other resources even if we are successful. Although we take steps to protect our proprietary information and trade secrets, including through contractual means with our employees and consultants, third parties may independently develop substantially equivalent proprietary information and techniques or otherwise gain access to our trade secrets or disclose our technology. If any of our trade secrets were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor or other third-party, we would have no right to prevent them from using that technology or information to compete with us.
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Thus, we may not be able to meaningfully protect our trade secrets. It is our policy to require our employees, consultants, outside scientific collaborators, sponsored researchers and other advisors to execute confidentiality agreements upon the commencement of employment or consulting relationships with us. These agreements provide that all confidential information concerning our business or financial affairs developed or made known to the individual or entity during the course of the party’s relationship with us is to be kept confidential and not disclosed to third parties except in specific circumstances. In addition, we take other appropriate precautions, such as physical and technological security measures, to guard against misappropriation of our proprietary technology by third parties. In the case of employees, the agreements provide that all inventions conceived by the individual, and which are related to our current or planned business or research and development or made during normal working hours, on our premises or using our equipment or proprietary information, are our exclusive property. Although we require all of our employees to assign their inventions to us, we may be unsuccessful in executing such an agreement with each party who, in fact, conceives or develops intellectual property that we regard as our own. The assignment of intellectual property rights may not be self-executing, or the assignment agreements may be breached, and we may be forced to bring claims against third parties, or defend claims that they may bring against us, to determine the ownership of what we regard as our intellectual property. Such claims could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.
We may initiate, become a defendant in, or otherwise become party to lawsuits to protect or enforce our intellectual property rights, which could be expensive, time-consuming, and unsuccessful.
Competitors may infringe any patents we may own or in-license. In addition, any patents we may own or in-license also may become involved in inventorship, priority, validity or unenforceability disputes. To counter infringement or unauthorized use, we may be required to file infringement claims, which can be expensive and time-consuming. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate, and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. In addition, in an infringement proceeding, a court may decide that one or more of any patents we may own or in-license is not valid or is unenforceable or that the other party’s use of our technology that may be patented falls under the safe harbor to patent infringement under 35 U.S.C. § 271(e)(1). There is also the risk that, even if the validity of these patents is upheld, the court may refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue on the grounds that any patents we may own or in-license do not cover the technology in question or that such third-party’s activities do not infringe our patent applications or any patents we may own or in-license. An adverse result in any litigation or defense proceedings could put one or more of any patents we may own or in-license at risk of being invalidated, held unenforceable, or interpreted narrowly and could put our patent applications at risk of not issuing. Such litigation or proceedings could substantially increase our operating losses and reduce the resources available for development activities or any future sales, marketing, patient support or distribution activities. We may not have sufficient financial or other resources to conduct such litigation or proceedings adequately. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively than we can because of their greater financial resources and more mature and developed intellectual property portfolios. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of patent litigation or other proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our ability to compete in the marketplace.
Post-grant proceedings provoked by third-parties or brought by the USPTO may be necessary to determine the validity or priority of inventions with respect to our patent applications or any patents we may own or in-license. These proceedings are expensive and an unfavorable outcome could result in a loss of our current patent rights and could require us to cease using the related technology or to attempt to license rights to it from the prevailing party. Our business could be harmed if the prevailing party does not offer us a license on commercially reasonable terms. In addition to potential USPTO post-grant proceedings, we may become a party to patent opposition proceedings in the EPO, or similar proceedings in other foreign patent offices or courts where our patents may be challenged. The costs of these proceedings could be substantial and may result in a loss of scope of some claims or a loss of the entire patent. An unfavorable result in a post-grant challenge proceeding may result in the loss of our right to exclude others from practicing one or more of our inventions in the relevant country or jurisdiction, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. Litigation or post-grant proceedings within patent offices may result in a decision adverse to our interests and, even if we are successful, may result in substantial costs and distract our management and other employees. We may not be able to prevent, misappropriation of our trade secrets or confidential information, particularly in countries where the laws may not protect those rights as fully as in the U.S.
Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our common stock.
We may not be able to detect infringement against any patents we may own or in-license. Even if we detect infringement by a third-party of any patents we may own or in-license, we may choose not to pursue litigation against or settlement with the third-party. If we later sue such third-party for patent infringement, the third-party may have certain legal defenses available to it, which otherwise would not be available except for the delay between when the infringement was first detected and when the suit was brought. Such legal defenses may make it impossible for us to enforce any patents we may own or in-license against such third-party.
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Intellectual property litigation and administrative patent office patent validity challenges in one or more countries could cause us to spend substantial resources and distract our personnel from their normal responsibilities.
Even if resolved in our favor, litigation or other legal proceedings relating to intellectual property claims may cause us to incur significant expenses, and could distract our technical and management personnel from their normal responsibilities. In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments and if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our common stock. Such litigation or proceedings could substantially increase our operating losses and reduce the resources available for development activities or any future sales, marketing, patient support or distribution activities. We may not have sufficient financial or other resources to conduct such litigation or proceedings adequately. As noted above, some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively than we can because of their greater financial resources. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of patent litigation or other proceedings could compromise our ability to compete in the marketplace, including compromising our ability to raise the funds necessary to continue clinical trials, continue research programs, license necessary technology from third parties, or enter into development collaborations that would help us commercialize any future product candidates, if approved. Any of the foregoing events would harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
We may be subject to damages or settlement costs resulting from claims that we or our employees have violated the intellectual property rights of third parties, or are in breach of our agreements. We may be accused of, allege or otherwise become party to lawsuits or disputes alleging wrongful disclosure of third-party confidential information by us or by another party, including current or former employees, contractors or consultants. In addition to diverting attention and resources to such disputes, such disputes could adversely impact our business reputation and/or protection of our proprietary technology.
The intellectual property landscape relevant to any future product candidates and programs will likely be crowded, and third parties may initiate legal proceedings alleging that we are infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating their intellectual property rights, the outcome of which would be uncertain and could have a material adverse effect on the success of our business. Our commercial success depends upon our ability to develop, manufacture, market and sell any future product candidates and use our proprietary technologies without infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating the intellectual property rights of third parties. There is a substantial amount of litigation involving patents and other intellectual property rights in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, as well as administrative proceedings for challenging patents, including derivation, interference, reexamination, inter partes review and post grant review proceedings before the USPTO or oppositions and other comparable proceedings in foreign jurisdictions. We or any of our current or future licensors or strategic partners may be party to, exposed to, or threatened with, future adversarial proceedings or litigation by third parties having patent or other intellectual property rights alleging that any future product candidates and/or proprietary technologies infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate their intellectual property rights. We cannot assure you that future product candidates, if any, and other technologies that we may develop in the future do not or will not infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate existing or future patents or other intellectual property rights owned by third parties. For example, many of our employees were previously employed at other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies. Although we try to ensure that our employees, consultants and advisors do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or these individuals have used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of any such individual’s former employer. We may also be subject to claims that patents and applications we have filed to protect inventions of our employees, consultants and advisors, even those related to one or more of our past or any future product candidates, are rightfully owned by their former or concurrent employer. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims.
While certain activities related to development and clinical testing of our past or any future product candidates may be subject to safe harbor of patent infringement under 35 U.S.C. §271(e)(1), upon receiving FDA approval for such candidates we or any of our future licensors or strategic partners may immediately become party to, exposed to, or threatened with, future adversarial proceedings or litigation by third parties having patent or other intellectual property rights alleging that such product candidates infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate their intellectual property rights. Numerous U.S. and foreign issued patents and pending patent applications, which are owned by third parties, exist in the fields in which we have developed past product candidates or may develop future product candidates. As the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries expand and more patents are issued, the risk increases that any future product candidates may give rise to claims of infringement of the patent rights of others. Moreover, it is not always clear to industry participants, including us, which patents cover various types of drugs, products or their methods of use or manufacture. Thus, because of the large number of patents issued and patent applications filed in our fields, there may be a risk that third parties may allege they have patent rights encompassing our past or any future product candidates, technologies or methods.
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If a third party claims that we infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate its intellectual property rights, we may face a number of issues, including, but not limited to:
We may choose to challenge the patentability of claims in a third-party’s U.S. patent by requesting that the USPTO review the patent claims in an ex-parte re-exam, inter partes review or post-grant review proceedings. These proceedings are expensive and may consume our time or other resources. We may choose to challenge a third-party’s patent in patent opposition proceedings in the EPO, or other foreign patent office. The costs of these opposition proceedings could be substantial, and may consume our time or other resources. If we fail to obtain a favorable result at the USPTO, EPO or other patent office then we may be exposed to litigation by a third-party alleging that the patent may be infringed by our past or any future product candidates or proprietary technologies.
Third parties may assert that we are employing their proprietary technology without authorization. Patents issued in the U.S. by law enjoy a presumption of validity that can be rebutted in U.S. courts only with evidence that is “clear and convincing,” a heightened standard of proof. There may be issued third-party patents of which we are currently unaware with claims to compositions, formulations, methods of manufacture or methods for treatment related to the use or manufacture of our past or any future product candidates. Patent applications can take many years to issue. In addition, because some patent applications in the U.S. may be maintained in secrecy until the patents are issued and patent applications in the U.S. and many foreign jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after their earliest priority filing date, and publications in the scientific literature often lag behind actual discoveries, we cannot be certain that others have not filed patent applications covering our past or any future product candidates or technology. If any such patent applications issue as patents, and if such patents have priority over our patent applications or patents we may own or in-license, we may be required to obtain rights to such patents owned by third parties which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all, or may only be available on a non-exclusive basis. There may be currently pending third-party patent applications which may later result in issued patents that our past or any future product candidates may infringe. It is also possible that patents owned by third parties of which we are aware, but which we do not believe are relevant to our past or any future product candidates or other technologies, could be found to be infringed by our past or any future product candidates or other technologies. In addition, third parties may obtain patents in the future and claim that use of our technologies infringes upon these patents. Moreover, we may fail to identify relevant patents or incorrectly conclude that a patent is invalid, not enforceable, exhausted, or not infringed by our activities. If any third-party patents were held by a court of competent jurisdiction to cover the manufacturing process of our past or any future product candidates, molecules used in or formed during the manufacturing process, or any final product itself, the holders of any such patents may be able to block our ability to commercialize the product candidate unless we obtained a license under the applicable patents, or until such patents expire or they are finally determined to be held invalid or unenforceable. Similarly, if any third-party patent were held by a court of competent jurisdiction to cover aspects of our formulations, processes for manufacture or methods of use, including combination therapy or patient selection methods, the holders of any such patent may be able to block our ability to develop and commercialize the product candidate unless we obtained a license or until such patent expires or is finally determined to be held invalid or unenforceable. In either case, such a license may not be available on
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commercially reasonable terms or at all. If we are unable to obtain a necessary license to a third-party patent on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, our ability to commercialize our past or any future product candidates may be impaired or delayed, which could in turn significantly harm our business. Even if we obtain a license, it may be nonexclusive, thereby giving our competitors access to the same technologies licensed to us.
Parties making claims against us may seek and obtain injunctive or other equitable relief, which could effectively block our ability to further develop and commercialize any future product candidates. Defense of these claims, regardless of their merit, could involve substantial litigation expense and would be a substantial diversion of employee resources from our business. In the event of a successful claim of infringement, misappropriation or other violation against us, we may have to pay substantial damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees for willful infringement, obtain one or more licenses from third parties, pay royalties or redesign our infringing products, which may be impossible or require substantial time and monetary expenditure. We cannot predict whether any such license would be available at all or whether it would be available on commercially reasonable terms. Furthermore, even in the absence of litigation, we may need or may choose to obtain licenses from third parties to advance our research or allow commercialization of any future product candidates. We may fail to obtain any of these licenses at a reasonable cost or on reasonable terms, if at all. In that event, we would be unable to further develop and commercialize any future product candidates, which could harm our business significantly.
We may be unable to obtain patent or other intellectual property protection for any future product candidates or our future products, if any, in all jurisdictions throughout the world, and we may not be able to adequately enforce our intellectual property rights even in the jurisdictions where we seek protection.
We may not be able to pursue patent coverage of any future product candidates in all countries. Filing, prosecuting and defending patents on any future product candidates in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and intellectual property rights in some countries outside the U.S. can be less extensive than those in the U.S. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal and state laws in the U.S. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in all countries outside the U.S., or from selling or importing products made using our inventions in and into the U.S. or other jurisdictions. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and further, may export otherwise infringing products to territories where we have patent protection, but where enforcement is not as strong as that in the U.S. These products may compete with our future product candidates, if any, and in jurisdictions where we do not have any issued patents our patent applications or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing. Much of our patent portfolio is at the very early stage. We will need to decide whether and in which jurisdictions to pursue protection for the various inventions in our portfolio prior to applicable deadlines.
Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents, trade secrets and other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to pharmaceutical products, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of any patents we may own or in-license or marketing of competing products in violation of our proprietary rights generally. Proceedings to enforce any rights we may have in our patent applications or any patents we may own or in-license in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put any patents we may own or in-license at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license.
Many countries have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner may be compelled to grant licenses to third parties. In addition, many countries limit the enforceability of patents against government agencies or government contractors. In these countries, the patent owner may have limited remedies, which could materially diminish the value of such patent. If we are forced to grant a license to third parties with respect to any patents we may own or license that are relevant to our business, our competitive position may be impaired, and our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects may be adversely affected.
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We may not obtain or grant licenses or sublicenses to intellectual property rights in all markets on equally or sufficiently favorable terms with third parties.
It may be necessary for us to use the patented or proprietary technology of third parties to commercialize any future products, in which case we would be required to obtain a license from these third parties. The licensing of third-party intellectual property rights is a competitive area, and more established companies may pursue strategies to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights that we may consider attractive or necessary. More established companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their size, capital resources and greater clinical development and commercialization capabilities. In addition, companies that perceive us to be a competitor may be unwilling to assign or license rights to us. We also may be unable to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights on terms that would allow us to make an appropriate return on our investment or at all. If we are unable to license such technology, or if we are forced to license such technology on unfavorable terms, our business could be materially harmed. If we are unable to obtain a necessary license, we may be unable to develop or commercialize the affected future product candidates, which could materially harm our business, and the third parties owning such intellectual property rights could seek either an injunction prohibiting our sales, or, with respect to our sales, an obligation on our part to pay royalties or other forms of compensation. Even if we are able to obtain a license, it may be non-exclusive, thereby giving our competitors access to the same technologies licensed to us. Any of the foregoing could harm our competitive position, business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
If we fail to comply with our obligations in any agreements under which we may license intellectual property rights from third parties or otherwise experience disruptions to our business relationships with our licensors, we could lose license rights that are important to our business.
We may from time to time be party to license and collaboration agreements with third parties to advance our research or allow commercialization of future product candidates, if any. Such agreements may impose numerous obligations, such as development, diligence, payment, commercialization, funding, milestone, royalty, sublicensing, insurance, patent prosecution, enforcement and other obligations on us and may require us to meet development timelines, or to exercise commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize licensed products, in order to maintain the licenses. In spite of our best efforts, our licensors might conclude that we have materially breached our license agreements and might therefore terminate the license agreements, thereby removing or limiting our ability to develop and commercialize products and technologies covered by these license agreements.
Any termination of these licenses, or if the underlying patents fail to provide the intended exclusivity, could result in the loss of significant rights and could harm our ability to commercialize any future product candidates, and competitors or other third parties would have the freedom to seek regulatory approval of, and to market, products identical to ours and we may be required to cease our development and commercialization of certain of our future product candidates, if any. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financial conditions, results of operations, and prospects.
Disputes may also arise between us and our licensors regarding intellectual property subject to a license agreement, including:
In addition, the agreements under which we may license intellectual property or technology from third parties are likely to be complex, and certain provisions in such agreements may be susceptible to multiple interpretations. The resolution of any contract interpretation disagreement that may arise could narrow what we believe to be the scope of our rights to the relevant intellectual property or technology, or increase what we believe to be our financial or other obligations under the relevant agreement, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Moreover, if disputes over intellectual property that we may license prevent or impair our ability to maintain future licensing arrangements on acceptable terms, we may be unable to successfully develop and commercialize the affected future product candidates, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditions, results of operations and prospects.
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Any granted patents we may own or in-license covering any future product candidates or other valuable technology could be narrowed or found invalid or unenforceable if challenged in court or before administrative bodies in the U.S. or abroad, including the USPTO and the EPO. A patent asserted in a judicial court could be found invalid or unenforceable during the enforcement proceeding. Administrative or judicial proceedings challenging the validity of our patents or individual patent claims could take months or years to resolve.
If we or our licensors or strategic partners initiate legal proceedings against a third-party to enforce a patent covering any of our future product candidates, the defendant could counterclaim that the patent covering our product candidate, as applicable, is invalid and/or unenforceable. In patent litigation in the U.S., defendant counterclaims alleging invalidity and/or unenforceability are commonplace, and there are numerous grounds upon which a third-party can assert invalidity or unenforceability of a patent. Grounds for a validity challenge could be an alleged failure to meet any of several statutory requirements, including lack of patentable subject matter, lack of written description, lack of novelty, obviousness, or non-enablement. Grounds for an unenforceability assertion could be an allegation that someone connected with prosecution of the patent withheld relevant information from the USPTO, or made a misleading statement, in the process of obtaining the patent during patent prosecution. Third parties may also raise similar claims before administrative bodies in the U.S. or abroad, even outside the context of litigation. Such mechanisms include re-examination, inter partes review, post grant review and equivalent proceedings in foreign jurisdictions (such as opposition proceedings). Such proceedings could result in revocation or amendment to our patent applications or any patents we may own or in-license in such a way that they no longer cover any future product candidates. The outcome following legal assertions of invalidity and unenforceability is unpredictable. An adverse determination in any such submission, proceeding or litigation could reduce the scope of, or invalidate or render unenforceable, any rights we may have from our patent applications or any patents we may own or in-license, allow third parties to commercialize any future product candidates or other technologies and compete directly with us, without payment to us, or result in our inability to manufacture or commercialize products without infringing third-party patent rights. Moreover, we may have to participate in interference proceedings declared by the USPTO to determine priority of invention or in post-grant challenge proceedings, such as oppositions in a foreign patent office, that challenge our or our future licensors’ priority of invention or other features of patentability with respect to our patent applications and any patents we may own or in-license. Such challenges may result in loss of patent rights, loss of exclusivity, or in patent claims being narrowed, invalidated, or held unenforceable, which could limit our ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar or identical technology and products, or limit the duration of the patent protection of any future product candidates and other technologies. With respect to the validity question, for example, we cannot be certain that there is no invalidating prior art, of which we or our future licensing partners and the patent examiner were unaware during prosecution. If a defendant were to prevail on a legal assertion of invalidity and/or unenforceability, or if we are otherwise unable to adequately protect our rights, we would lose at least part, and perhaps all, of the patent protection on any future product candidates. Such a loss of patent protection could have a material adverse impact on our business and our ability to commercialize or license our technology and any future product candidates.
Such proceedings also may result in substantial cost and require significant time from our scientists and management, even if the eventual outcome is favorable to us. If we are unsuccessful in any such proceeding or other priority or inventorship dispute, we may be required to obtain and maintain licenses from third parties, including parties involved in any such interference proceedings or other priority or inventorship disputes. Such licenses may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all, or may be non-exclusive. If we are unable to obtain and maintain such licenses, we may need to cease the development, manufacture, and commercialization of any future product candidates we may develop. The loss of exclusivity or the narrowing of our patent application claims could limit our ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar or identical technology and products. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.
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Changes in patent law could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect any future product candidates.
As is the case with other biopharmaceutical companies, our success is heavily dependent on intellectual property, particularly patents. Obtaining and enforcing patents in the biopharmaceutical industry involve both technological and legal complexity and is therefore costly, time consuming and inherently uncertain. Patent reform legislation in the U.S. and other countries could increase those uncertainties and costs. For example, the Leahy-Smith Act, signed into law in 2011, introduced provisions that affect the way patent applications are prosecuted, redefine prior art and provide more efficient and cost-effective avenues for competitors to challenge the validity of patents. In addition, the Leahy-Smith Act has transformed the U.S. patent system into a “first inventor to file” system. The Leahy-Smith Act and its implementation could make it more difficult to obtain patent protection for our inventions and increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents, all of which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.
The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled on several patent cases in recent years, either narrowing the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances or weakening the rights of patent owners in certain situations. Additionally, there have been recent proposals for additional changes to the patent laws of the U.S. and other countries that, if adopted, could impact our ability to obtain patent protection for our proprietary technology or our ability to enforce our proprietary technology. Depending on future actions by the U.S. Congress, the U.S. courts, the USPTO and the relevant law-making bodies in other countries, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that would weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce our existing patents and patents that we might obtain in the future.
We may not identify relevant third-party patents or may incorrectly interpret the relevance, scope or expiration of a third-party patent, which might subject us to infringement claims or adversely affect our ability to develop and market any future product candidates.
We cannot guarantee that any of our or our licensors’ patent searches or analyses, including the identification of relevant patents, the scope of patent claims or the expiration of relevant patents, are complete or thorough, nor can we be certain that we have identified each and every third-party patent and pending patent application in the U.S. and abroad that is relevant to or necessary for the commercialization of any future product candidates in any jurisdiction. For example, U.S. patent applications filed before November 29, 2000 and certain U.S. patent applications filed after that date that will not be filed outside the U.S. remain confidential until patents issue. As mentioned above, patent applications in the U.S. and elsewhere are published approximately 18 months after the earliest filing for which priority is claimed, with such earliest filing date being commonly referred to as the priority date. Therefore, patent applications covering any future product candidates could have been filed by third parties without our knowledge. Additionally, pending patent applications that have been published can, subject to certain limitations, be later amended in a manner that could cover any future product candidates or the use of any future product candidates. The scope of a patent claim is determined by an interpretation of the law, the written disclosure in a patent and the patent’s prosecution history. Our interpretation of the relevance or the scope of a patent or a pending application may be incorrect, which may negatively impact our ability to market any future product candidates. We may incorrectly determine that any future product candidates are not covered by a third-party patent or may incorrectly predict whether a third party’s pending application will issue with claims of relevant scope. Our determination of the expiration date of any patent in the U.S. or abroad that we consider relevant may be incorrect, which may negatively impact our ability to develop and market any future product candidates. Our failure to identify and correctly interpret relevant patents may negatively impact our ability to develop and market any future product candidates.
If we fail to identify and correctly interpret relevant patents, we may be subject to infringement claims. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to successfully settle or otherwise resolve such infringement claims. If we fail in any such dispute, in addition to being forced to pay damages, which may be significant, we may be temporarily or permanently prohibited from commercializing any future product candidates that are held to be infringing. We might, if possible, also be forced to redesign any future product candidates so that we no longer infringe the third-party intellectual property rights. Any of these events, even if we were ultimately to prevail, could require us to divert substantial financial and management resources that we would otherwise be able to devote to our business and could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
Intellectual property rights do not guarantee commercial success of any future product candidates or other business activities. Numerous factors may limit any potential competitive advantage provided by our intellectual property rights.
The degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual property rights, whether owned or in-licensed, is uncertain because intellectual property rights have limitations, and may not adequately protect our business, provide a barrier to entry against our competitors or potential competitors, or permit us to maintain our competitive advantage. Moreover, if a third-party has intellectual property rights that cover the practice of our technology, we may not be able to fully exercise or extract value from our intellectual property rights. The following examples are illustrative:
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Should any of these events occur, they could significantly harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
Risks Related to Government Regulation
Obtaining and maintaining regulatory approval of any future product candidates in one jurisdiction does not mean that we will be successful in obtaining regulatory approval of any future product candidates in other jurisdictions.
We may also submit marketing applications in other countries. Regulatory authorities in jurisdictions outside of the United States have requirements for approval of product candidates with which we must comply prior to marketing in those jurisdictions. Obtaining foreign regulatory approvals and compliance with foreign regulatory requirements could result in significant delays, difficulties and costs for us and could delay or prevent the introduction of our products in certain countries. If we fail to comply with the regulatory requirements in international markets and/or receive applicable regulatory approvals, our target market will be reduced and our ability to realize the full market potential of any future product candidates will be harmed.
Obtaining and maintaining regulatory approval of any future product candidates in one jurisdiction does not guarantee that we will be able to obtain or maintain regulatory approval in any other jurisdiction, while a failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one jurisdiction may have a negative effect on the regulatory approval process in others. For example, even if the FDA grants regulatory approval of a product candidate, comparable regulatory authorities in foreign jurisdictions must also approve the manufacturing, marketing and promotion of the product candidate in those countries. Approval procedures vary among jurisdictions and can involve requirements and administrative review periods different from, and greater than, those in the United States, including additional nonclinical studies or clinical trials as clinical trials conducted in one jurisdiction may not be accepted by regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions. In short, the foreign regulatory approval process involves all of the risks associated with FDA approval. In many jurisdictions outside the United States, a product candidate must be approved for reimbursement before it can be approved for sale in that jurisdiction. In some cases, the price that we may intend to charge for any future products will also be subject to approval.
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We may seek priority review designation for one or more of any future product candidates, but we might not receive such designation, and even if we do, such designation may not lead to a faster regulatory review or approval process.
If the FDA determines that a product candidate offers a treatment for a serious condition and, if approved, the product would provide a significant improvement in safety or effectiveness, the FDA may designate the product candidate for priority review. A priority review designation means that the goal for the FDA to review an application is six months, rather than the standard review period of ten months. We may request priority review designation for any future product candidates. The FDA has broad discretion with respect to whether or not to grant priority review status to a product candidate, so even if we believe a particular product candidate is eligible for such designation or status, the FDA may decide not to grant it. Moreover, a priority review designation does not necessarily result in an expedited regulatory review or approval process or necessarily confer any advantage with respect to approval compared to conventional FDA procedures. Receiving priority review from the FDA does not guarantee approval within the six-month review cycle or at all.
We may seek orphan drug designation for certain of any future product candidates, and we may be unsuccessful or may be unable to maintain the benefits associated with orphan drug designation, including the potential for market exclusivity.
As part of our business strategy, we may seek orphan drug designation for certain of our future product candidates, and we may be unsuccessful. Regulatory authorities in some jurisdictions, including the United States and Europe, may designate drugs for relatively small patient populations as orphan drugs. Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may designate a drug or biologic as an orphan drug if it is a product intended to treat a rare disease or condition, which is generally defined as a patient population of fewer than 200,000 individuals annually in the United States, or a patient population of more than 200,000 in the United States where there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing the product will be recovered from sales in the United States. In the United States, orphan drug designation entitles a party to financial incentives such as opportunities for grant funding towards clinical trial costs, tax advantages and user-fee waivers.
Similarly, in the EU, the European Commission, upon the recommendation of the EMA’s Committee for Orphan Medicinal Products, grants an orphan designation in respect of a product if its sponsor can show that: (1) the product is intended for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of a life-threatening or chronically debilitating condition; (2) either (i) such condition affects no more than 5 in 10,000 persons in the EU when the application is made, or (ii) it is unlikely that, without the benefits derived from orphan status, sales of the product in the EU would generate sufficient return in the EU to justify the necessary investment in its development; and (3) there must be no satisfactory method of diagnosis, prevention or treatment of such condition authorized for marketing in the EU, or, if such a method exists, the product would be of a significant benefit to those affected by that condition. In the EU, orphan designation entitles a party to financial incentives such as reduction of fees or fee waivers.
Generally, if a product with an orphan designation subsequently receives the first regulatory approval for the indication for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to a period of marketing exclusivity, which precludes the FDA or the EMA from approving another marketing application for the same product and indication for that time period, except in limited circumstances. The applicable period is seven years in the United States and ten years in EU. The EU market exclusivity period can be reduced to six years if, at the end of the fifth year, a product no longer meets the criteria for orphan designation or if the product is sufficiently profitable so that market exclusivity is no longer justified. Proposed amendments to EU regulations regarding orphan medicines are under consideration that, if implemented, could reduce the current ten-year marketing exclusivity period in the EU for certain orphan medicines. Even if we obtain orphan drug exclusivity for any product candidate, that exclusivity may not effectively protect any future product candidate from competition because different products can be approved for the same condition.
Even after an orphan drug is approved, the FDA can subsequently approve the same product for the same condition if the FDA concludes that the later product is clinically superior in that it is shown to be safer, more effective or makes a major contribution to patient care. In addition, a designated orphan drug may not receive orphan drug exclusivity if it is approved for a use that is broader than the indication for which it received orphan designation. Moreover, orphan drug exclusive marketing rights in the United States may be lost if the FDA later determines that the request for designation was materially defective or if the manufacturer is unable to assure sufficient quantity of the product to meet the needs of patients with the rare disease or condition. Orphan drug designation neither shortens the development time or regulatory review time of a product nor gives the product any advantage in the regulatory review or approval process. While we may seek orphan drug designation for any future product candidates, we may never receive such designations. Even if we do receive such designations, there is no guarantee that we will enjoy the benefits of those designations.
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A breakthrough therapy designation and fast track designation by the FDA, even if granted, may not lead to a faster development, regulatory review or approval process, and each designation does not increase the likelihood that any of our future product candidates will receive regulatory approval in the United States.
If we decide to pursue the development of any product candidates in the future, we may seek a breakthrough therapy designation for some of our future product candidates. A breakthrough therapy is defined as a drug or biologic that is intended, alone or in combination with one or more other drugs or biologics, to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition and preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the drug or biologic may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints, such as substantial treatment effects observed early in clinical development. For product candidates that have been designated as breakthrough therapies, interaction and communication between the FDA and the sponsor of the trial can help to identify the most efficient path for clinical development while minimizing the number of patients placed in ineffective control regimens. Products designated as breakthrough therapies by the FDA may also be eligible for priority review and accelerated approval. Designation as a breakthrough therapy is within the discretion of the FDA. Accordingly, even if we believe one of our future product candidates, if any, meets the criteria for designation as a breakthrough therapy, the FDA may disagree and instead determine not to make such designation. In any event, the receipt of a breakthrough therapy designation for a product candidate may not result in a faster development process, review or approval compared to therapies considered for approval under conventional FDA procedures and does not assure ultimate approval by the FDA. In addition, even if one or more of our future product candidates qualify as breakthrough therapies, the FDA may later decide that such product candidates no longer meet the conditions for qualification or decide that the time period for FDA review or approval will not be shortened.
If a drug or biologic is intended for the treatment of a serious or life-threatening condition and the drug or biologic demonstrates the potential to address unmet medical needs for this condition, the sponsor may apply for fast track designation. We may seek fast track designation for some of our future product candidates. The FDA has broad discretion whether or not to grant this designation, so even if we believe a particular product candidate is eligible for this designation, we cannot assure you that the FDA would decide to grant it. Even if we do receive fast track designation, we may not experience a faster development process, review or approval compared to conventional FDA procedures. The FDA may withdraw fast track designation if it believes that the designation is no longer supported by data from our clinical development program. Fast track designation alone does not guarantee qualification for the FDA’s priority review procedures.
Accelerated approval by the FDA, even if granted for any other future product candidates, may not lead to a faster development or regulatory review or approval process and it does not increase the likelihood that our future product candidates, if any, will receive regulatory approval.
We may seek accelerated approval of our future product candidates using the FDA’s accelerated approval pathway. A product may be eligible for accelerated approval if it treats a serious or life-threatening condition and generally provides a meaningful advantage over available therapies. In addition, it must demonstrate an effect on a surrogate endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit or on a clinical endpoint that can be measured earlier than irreversible morbidity or mortality (“IMM”) that is reasonably likely to predict an effect on IMM or other clinical benefit. As a condition of approval, the FDA generally requires that a sponsor of a drug or biologic receiving accelerated approval perform adequate and well-controlled post approval confirmatory clinical trials, which must be completed with due diligence. The Food and Drug Omnibus Reform Act of 2022 (“FDORA”) gives the FDA increased authority to withdraw approval of a drug or biologic granted accelerated approval on an expedited basis if the sponsor fails to conduct such trials in a timely manner or if such post-approval trials fail to verify the drug’s predicted clinical benefit. Under FDORA, the FDA is empowered to take action, such as issuing fines, against companies that fail to conduct with due diligence any post-approval confirmatory trial or submit timely reports to the agency on their progress. In addition, the FDA currently requires, unless otherwise informed by the agency, pre-approval of promotional materials for products receiving accelerated approval, which could adversely impact the timing of the commercial launch of the product. Even if we do receive accelerated approval, we may not experience a faster development or regulatory review or approval process, and receiving accelerated approval does not provide assurance of ultimate FDA approval.
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The FDA, the EMA, the MHRA and other regulatory authorities may implement additional regulations or restrictions on the development and commercialization of any future product candidates, and such changes can be difficult to predict.
The FDA, the EMA, the MHRA and regulatory authorities in other countries have each expressed interest in further regulating biotechnology products. Agencies at both the federal and state level in the United States, as well as the U.S. Congressional committees and other governments or governing agencies, have also expressed interest in further regulating the biotechnology industry. Such action may delay or prevent commercialization of any of our future product candidates. Adverse developments in clinical trials of products conducted by others may cause the FDA or other oversight bodies to change the requirements for approval of any of our future product candidates. These regulatory review agencies and committees and the new requirements or guidelines they promulgate may lengthen the regulatory review process, require us to perform additional studies or trials, increase our development costs, lead to changes in regulatory positions and interpretations, delay or prevent approval and commercialization of any future product candidates or lead to significant post-approval limitations or restrictions. As we advance any future product candidates, we will be required to consult with these regulatory agencies and comply with applicable requirements and guidelines. If we fail to do so, we may be required to delay or discontinue development of such product candidates. These additional processes may result in a review and approval process that is longer than we otherwise would have expected. Delays as a result of an increased or lengthier regulatory approval process or further restrictions on the development of our future product candidates can be costly and could negatively impact our ability to complete clinical trials and commercialize our future product candidates in a timely manner, if at all.
Changes in the FDA, other government agencies or comparable foreign regulatory authorities could hinder their ability to hire and retain key leadership and other personnel, prevent new products and services from being developed or commercialized in a timely manner or otherwise prevent those agencies from performing normal business functions on which the operation of our business may rely, which could negatively impact our business.
The ability of the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities to review and approve new products can be affected by a variety of factors, including government budget and funding levels, ability to hire and retain key personnel and accept the payment of user fees, personnel changes, and statutory, regulatory and policy changes. Average review times at the FDA have fluctuated in recent years as a result. In addition, government funding of other government agencies or comparable foreign regulatory authorities on which our operations may rely, including those that fund research and development activities, is subject to the political process, which is inherently fluid and unpredictable.
Disruptions at the FDA, including substantial changes in personnel, organizational structure, and policy, and at other government agencies or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may also slow the time necessary for new drugs to be reviewed and/or approved by necessary government agencies, which would adversely affect our business if we pursue the development of any future product candidates. For example, over the last several years the U.S. government has shut down several times and certain regulatory agencies, such as the FDA, have had to furlough critical employees and stop critical activities. If a prolonged government shutdown occurs, including as a result of reaching the debt ceiling, it could significantly impact the ability of the FDA to timely review and process our regulatory submissions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business if we progress the development of any future product candidates. Further, government shutdowns could impact our ability to access the public markets and obtain additional capital in the future.
Healthcare reform measures may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
Changes in regulations, statutes or the interpretation of existing regulations could impact our business in the future by requiring, for example: (i) changes to manufacturing arrangements; (ii) additions or modifications to product labeling; (iii) the recall or discontinuation of any future products; or (iv) additional record-keeping requirements. If any such changes were to be imposed, they could adversely affect the operation of our business.
We expect that additional state and federal healthcare reform measures will be adopted in the future, any of which could limit the amounts that federal and state governments will pay for healthcare products and services, which could result in reduced demand for our current or future product candidates or additional pricing pressures. In particular any policy changes through CMS as well as through local state Medicaid programs could have a significant impact on our business. For more information, please see Item 1 “Business – Governmental Regulation – Current and Future Healthcare Reform Legislation” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.
Multiple executive actions in the first half of 2025 signal the federal government’s increasing focus on lowering prescription drug prices, adding to the uncertainty surrounding future drug pricing and reimbursement frameworks. For example:
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Separately, prior to the enactment of the One Big Beautiful Bill Act of 2025 (“OBBBA”), orphan drugs were exempt from Medicare price negotiation under the IRA only if they had received a single orphan designation and were approved solely for the corresponding rare disease or condition. The OBBBA amended this exemption to apply more broadly: now, any orphan-designated drug is exempt from price negotiation, regardless of the number of orphan designations it has received, provided the drug’s approved indications are exclusively for those rare diseases. The OBBBA also included significant reforms to Medicaid, including an estimated $1 trillion in reduced federal Medicaid spending from 2025 through 2034, the imposition of work requirements for certain adult enrollees, more frequent eligibility redeterminations, and increased cost-sharing for beneficiaries. These changes are expected to reduce overall Medicaid enrollment and access to care. Although the effect on any future product candidates or business is unknown, any decrease in the number of insured patients or reimbursement levels for any future products could adversely affect our potential for revenue and our commercial prospects. We expect that additional healthcare reform measures that may be adopted in the future may result in further reductions in Medicare and other healthcare funding, more rigorous coverage criteria, lower reimbursement, and new payment methodologies, beyond those reductions which have already gone into effect. Such additional reductions could potentially lower the price that we receive for any future products. Any denial in coverage or reduction in reimbursement from Medicare or other government-funded programs may result in a similar denial or reduction in payments from private payors, which may prevent us from being able to generate sufficient revenue, attain profitability or commercialize our products. It is not clear how other future potential changes to existing legislation, or other similar measures, will change the reimbursement model and market outlook for any future product candidates.
Our revenue prospects could be affected by changes in healthcare spending and policy in the United States and abroad. We operate in a highly regulated industry and new laws, regulations or judicial decisions, or new interpretations of existing laws, regulations or decisions, related to healthcare availability, the method of delivery or payment for healthcare products and services could negatively impact our business, operations and financial condition.
If we progress the development of any future product candidates, our relationships with customers and third-party payors will be subject to applicable anti-kickback, fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations, which could expose us to criminal sanctions, civil penalties, exclusion from government healthcare programs, contractual damages, reputational harm and diminished profits and future earnings.
Although we do not currently have any products on the market, we will be subject to additional healthcare statutory and regulatory requirements and enforcement by the federal government and the states and foreign governments in which we conduct our business if we progress development of and begin commercializing any future product candidates. Healthcare entities, physicians and other providers, and third-party payors play a primary role in the recommendation and prescription of any product candidates for which we obtain regulatory approval. Our future arrangements with third-party payors and customers may expose us to broadly applicable federal and state fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations that may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we market, sell and distribute any future product candidates for which we obtain regulatory approval. In particular, the promotion, sales and marketing of healthcare items and services, as well as certain business arrangements in the healthcare industry, are subject to extensive laws designed to prevent fraud, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, structuring and commission(s), certain customer incentive programs and other business arrangements generally. Activities subject to these laws also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of patient recruitment for clinical trials. For more information, please
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see Item 1 “ Business – Governmental Regulation – Other Healthcare Laws” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.
The scope and enforcement of these laws is uncertain and subject to rapid change in the current environment of healthcare reform, especially in light of the lack of applicable precedent and regulations. Federal and state enforcement has led to an increasing number of investigations, prosecutions, convictions and settlements in the healthcare industry. Ensuring that our internal operations and future business arrangements with third parties comply with all applicable healthcare laws and regulations will involve substantial costs. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices do not comply with current or future statutes, regulations, agency guidance or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the laws described above or any other governmental laws and regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant penalties, including administrative, civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, the exclusion from participation in federal and state healthcare programs, reputational harm, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, as well as additional reporting obligations and oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or other agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws. Further, defending against any such actions would likely be costly and time consuming, and may require significant financial and personnel resources. Therefore, even if we are successful in defending against, settling and/or otherwise resolving any such actions that may be brought against us, our business may be impaired. If any of the physicians or other providers or entities with whom we expect to do business are found to not be in compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject to criminal, civil or administrative sanctions, including exclusions from government funded healthcare programs and individual imprisonment. If any of the above occur, our ability to operate our business and our results of operations could be adversely affected.
If we fail to comply with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, we could become subject to fines or penalties or incur costs that could have a material adverse effect on the success of our business.
We are subject to numerous environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including those governing laboratory procedures and the handling, use, storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes. Our operations involve the use of hazardous and flammable materials, including chemicals and biological and radioactive materials. Our operations also produce hazardous waste products. We generally contract with third parties for the disposal of these materials and wastes. We cannot eliminate the risk of contamination or injury from these materials. In the event of contamination or injury resulting from our use of hazardous materials, we could be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could exceed our resources. We also could incur significant costs associated with civil or criminal fines and penalties.
Although we maintain workers’ compensation insurance to cover us for costs and expenses, we may incur due to injuries to our employees resulting from the use of hazardous materials, this insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities. We do not maintain insurance for environmental liability or toxic tort claims that may be asserted against us in connection with our storage or disposal of biological, hazardous or radioactive materials.
Even if we progress the development of and receive regulatory approval for a future product candidate, we will be subject to ongoing regulatory obligations and continued regulatory review, which may result in significant additional expense. Additionally, any product candidates, if developed and approved, could be subject to post-market study requirements, marketing and labeling restrictions, and even recall or market withdrawal if unanticipated safety issues are discovered following approval. In addition, we may be subject to penalties or other enforcement action if we fail to comply with regulatory requirements.
If the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority approves any of our future product candidates, the manufacturing processes, labeling, packaging, distribution, import, export, adverse event reporting, storage, advertising, promotion, monitoring, and recordkeeping for the product will be subject to extensive and ongoing regulatory requirements. These requirements include submissions of safety and other post-marketing information and reports, establishment registration and listing, as well as continued compliance with cGMP and GCP for any clinical trials that we conduct post-approval. Any regulatory approvals that we receive for any future product candidates may also be subject to limitations on the approved indicated uses for which the product may be marketed or to the conditions of approval, or contain requirements for potentially costly post-marketing studies, including Phase 4 clinical trials, and surveillance to monitor the safety and efficacy of the product. The FDA may also require a REMS in order to approve any future product candidates, which could entail requirements for a medication guide, physician communication plans or additional elements to ensure safe use, such as restricted distribution methods, patient registries and other risk minimization tools. In addition, manufacturers and manufacturers’ facilities are required to comply with extensive FDA, and comparable foreign regulatory authority requirements, including ensuring that quality control and manufacturing procedures conform to cGMP regulations and applicable product tracking and tracing requirements. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with a product, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or with our third-party manufacturers or manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in, among other things:
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The FDA’s and other regulatory authorities’ policies may change and additional government regulations may be enacted that could prevent, limit or delay regulatory approval of any future product candidates. If we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may lose any regulatory approval that we may have obtained, which would adversely affect our business, prospects and ability to achieve or sustain profitability.
European data collection is governed by restrictive regulations governing the use, processing and cross-border transfer of personal information.
As we wind down our current development activities and if we enroll subjects future clinical trials located in the EEA or UK, we will be subject to additional privacy restrictions. Most notably, in the EEA and the UK, the collection, use, storage, disclosure, transfer, or other processing of personal data, including personal health data, is subject to the European Union General Data Protection Regulation (“EU GDPR”) (with regards to the EEA) and the United Kingdom General Data Protection Regulation (“UK GDPR”) (with regards to the UK), as well as applicable national data protection legislation and requirements in force within the EEA Member States and the UK (including the UK Data Protection Act 2018). “GDPR” refers to both the EU GDPR and the UK GDPR, unless specified otherwise. The GDPR are wide-ranging in scope and impose numerous requirements on companies that process personal data, including requirements relating to ensuring an appropriate legal basis or condition applies to the processing of personal data, the processing of sensitive data (such as health data), obtaining consent (if required) of the individuals to whom the personal data relates, providing information to individuals regarding data processing activities, implementing safeguards to protect the security and confidentiality of personal data, providing notification of data breaches, requirements to conduct data protection impact assessments and taking certain measures when engaging third-party processors. Failure to comply with the requirements of the GDPR may result in warning letters, mandatory audits, orders to cease/change the use of data, and financial penalties, including fines of up to 4% of global revenues, or 20 million Euro (£17.5 million for the UK), whichever is greater. The GDPR also confers a private right of action on data subjects and consumer associations to lodge complaints with supervisory authorities, seek judicial remedies, and obtain compensation for damages resulting from violations of the GDPR.
The GDPR provides that EEA Member States may make their own further laws and regulations in relation to the processing of genetic, biometric or health data. In the UK, the UK Data Protection Act 2018 complements the UK GDPR in this regard. This could result in differences in the law that applies to the processing of such personal data across EEA Member States and the UK, which may, limit our ability to use and share personal data or could cause our costs to increase, and harm our business and financial condition.
The GDPR also imposes strict rules on the transfer of personal data to countries outside the EEA and UK not deemed adequate for the transfer of such personal data by competent data protection authorities (“third countries”), including the United States in certain circumstances, unless a derogation exists or we incorporate a GDPR transfer mechanism (such as the European Commission approved standard contractual clauses or the UK International Data Transfer Addendum (“IDTA”)) into our agreements with third parties to govern such transfers of personal data and carry out transfer impact assessments. Further, the EU and United States have adopted its adequacy decision for the EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework (“Framework”), which entered into force on July 11, 2023. The international transfer obligations under the EEA and UK data protection regimes will require effort and cost and may result in us needing to make strategic considerations around where EEA/UK personal data is located and which service providers we can utilize for the processing of EEA/UK personal data. Any inability to transfer personal data from the EEA and UK to the United States in compliance with data protection laws may impede our ability to conduct trials and may adversely affect our business and financial position.
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Although the UK is regarded as a third country under the EU GDPR, the European Commission has issued an “Adequacy Decision” recognizing the UK as providing adequate protection under the EU GDPR and, therefore, transfers of personal data subject to the EU GDPR to the UK remain unrestricted. The UK government has confirmed that personal data transfers from the UK to the EEA remain free flowing. The UK’s data protection regime is independent from but aligned to the EU’s data protection regime. However, following the UK’s exit from the EU (“Brexit”), there will be increasing scope for divergence in application, interpretation and enforcement of the data protection laws between these territories. For example, the UK Government has now introduced a Data Protection and Digital Information Bill (the “UK Bill”) into the UK legislative process with the intention for this bill to reform the UK’s data protection regime following Brexit. If passed, the final version of the UK Bill may have the effect of further altering the similarities between the UK and EU data protection regime and threaten the UK Adequacy Decision from the EU Commission, which. may lead to additional compliance costs and could increase our overall risk. The lack of clarity on future UK laws and regulations and their interaction with EU laws and regulations could add legal risk, uncertainty, complexity and cost to our handling of European personal data and our privacy and data security compliance programs and could require us to implement different compliance measures for the UK and the EEA. Further, data protection authority activity differs across the EEA and the UK, with certain authorities applying their own agenda which shows there is uncertainty in the manner in which data protection authorities will seek to enforce compliance with GDPR. Enforcement uncertainty and the costs associated with ensuring GDPR compliance are onerous and may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
Compliance with the GDPR will be a rigorous and time-intensive process that may increase our cost of doing business or require us to change our business practices, and despite those efforts, there is a risk that we may be subject to fines and penalties, litigation, and reputational harm in connection with our European and UK-based activities. Similar comprehensive data protection requirements exist in many other jurisdictions around the world and will have any impact on any plans for expansion outside of the United States.
Laws and regulations governing any international operations we may have in the future may preclude us from developing, manufacturing and selling certain products outside of the United States and require us to develop and implement costly compliance programs.
If we expand our operations outside of the United States, we must dedicate additional resources to comply with numerous laws and regulations in each jurisdiction in which we plan to operate. The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”) prohibits any U.S. individual or business from paying, offering, authorizing payment or offering of anything of value, directly or indirectly, to any foreign official, political party or candidate for the purpose of influencing any act or decision of the foreign entity in order to assist the individual or business in obtaining or retaining business. The FCPA also obligates companies whose securities are listed in the United States to comply with certain accounting provisions requiring the company to maintain books and records that accurately and fairly reflect all transactions of the corporation, including international subsidiaries, and to devise and maintain an adequate system of internal accounting controls for international operations.
Compliance with the FCPA is expensive and difficult, particularly in countries in which corruption is a recognized problem. In addition, the FCPA presents particular challenges in the pharmaceutical industry, because, in many countries, hospitals are operated by the government, and doctors and other hospital employees are considered foreign officials. Certain payments to hospitals in connection with clinical trials and other work have been deemed to be improper payments to government officials and have led to FCPA enforcement actions.
Various laws, regulations and executive orders also restrict the use and dissemination outside of the United States, or the sharing with certain non-U.S. nationals, of information classified for national security purposes, as well as certain products and technical data relating to those products. If we expand our presence outside of the United States, it will require us to dedicate additional resources to comply with these laws, and these laws may preclude us from developing, manufacturing, or selling certain products and product candidates outside of the United States, which could limit our growth potential and increase our development costs.
The failure to comply with laws governing international business practices may result in substantial civil and criminal penalties and suspension or debarment from government contracting. The SEC also may suspend or bar issuers from trading securities on U.S. exchanges for violations of the FCPA’s accounting provisions.
Risks Relating to Employee Matters and Managing Growth
Our future success depends on our ability to retain key executives and experienced scientists and to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel.
We are highly dependent on many of our key employees and members of our executive management team as well as the other principal members of our management, scientific and clinical team. Although we have entered into employment letter agreements with certain of our executive officers, each of them may terminate their employment with us at any time. We do not maintain “key person” insurance for any of our executives or other employees. In addition, we rely on consultants and advisors, including scientific and clinical advisors, to assist us in formulating our research and development and commercialization strategy. Our consultants and
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advisors may be employed by employers other than us and may have commitments under consulting or advisory contracts with other entities that may limit their availability to us. If we are unable to attract and retain high quality personnel, our ability to pursue our current strategy will be limited.
If we pursue the development of any product candidates in the future, recruiting and retaining qualified scientific, clinical, manufacturing and general and administrative personnel will also be critical to our success. The loss of the services of our executive officers or other key employees, including temporary loss due to illness, could impede the achievement of our research, development and commercialization objectives and seriously harm our ability to successfully implement our business strategy. Furthermore, replacing executive officers and key employees may be difficult and may take an extended period of time because of the limited number of individuals in our industry with the breadth of skills and experience required to successfully develop, gain regulatory approval of and commercialize products. Competition to hire from this limited pool is intense, and we may be unable to hire, train, retain or motivate these key personnel on acceptable terms given the competition among numerous pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for similar personnel. We also experience competition for the hiring of scientific and clinical personnel from universities and research institutions. Failure to succeed in clinical trials may make it more challenging to recruit and retain qualified scientific personnel.
In particular, we have experienced a very competitive hiring environment in Boston, Massachusetts, where we are headquartered. Many of the other pharmaceutical companies that we compete against for qualified personnel have greater financial and other resources, different risk profiles and a longer history in the industry than we do. They also may provide more diverse opportunities and better chances for career advancement. Some of these characteristics may be more appealing to high-quality candidates than what we have to offer. If we pursue the development of any product candidates in the future and are unable to attract and retain high-quality personnel, the rate and success with which we can discover and develop product candidates and our business will be limited.
We and our third-party providers may be unable to adequately protect our information systems from cyberattacks, which could result in the disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, including personal data, damage our reputation, and subject us to significant financial and legal exposure.
We rely on information technology systems that we or our third-party providers operate to process, transmit and store electronic information in our day-to-day operations. In connection with our business, we may collect and use a variety of personal data, such as names, mailing addresses, email addresses, phone numbers and clinical trial information. A successful cybersecurity incident or data breach could result in the theft or destruction of intellectual property, data, or other misappropriation of assets, or otherwise compromise our confidential or proprietary information and disrupt our operations. Cybersecurity incidents are increasing in their frequency, sophistication and intensity, and have become increasingly difficult to detect. We may not be able to anticipate all types of security threats, and we may not be able to implement preventive measures effective against all such security threats. The techniques used by cyber criminals change frequently, may not be recognized until launched, and can originate from a wide variety of sources, including outside groups such as external service providers, organized crime affiliates, terrorist organizations or hostile foreign governments or agencies. Cybersecurity incidents could include industrial espionage, wire fraud and other forms of cyber fraud, the deployment of harmful malware, including ransomware, denial-of-service, social engineering fraud or other means to threaten data security, confidentiality, integrity and availability. Like other companies in our industry, we, and third parties related to us, have experienced, and will continue to experience, threats and cybersecurity incidents relating to our information technology systems and infrastructure. A successful cybersecurity incident or data breach could cause serious negative consequences for us, including, without limitation, the disruption of operations, the misappropriation of confidential business information, including financial information, trade secrets, financial loss and the disclosure of corporate strategic plans. Although we develop and maintain systems and controls designed to prevent these events from occurring, there can be no assurance our internal information technology systems or those of our third-party vendors will be sufficient to protect against breakdowns, service disruption, data deterioration or loss in the event of a system malfunction, or prevent data from being stolen or corrupted in the event of a cyberattack, information security incident, data breach, or insider threat attacks. If we were to experience an attempted or successful cybersecurity attack on our information systems or a data breach, the costs associated with the investigation, remediation and potential notification of the attack to counterparties, data subjects, regulators or others, including costs to deploy additional personnel and protection technologies, train employees, and engage third-party experts and consultants, could be material. In addition, following any such attack, our remediation efforts may not be successful. Any failure to prevent or mitigate security breaches or improper access to, use of, or disclosure of our clinical data or patients’ personal data could result in significant liability under state (e.g., state breach notification laws), federal (e.g., the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (“HIPAA”), as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act), and international law (e.g., the GDPR) and may cause a material adverse impact to our reputation, affect our ability to conduct new studies, and potentially disrupt our business.
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If we or our third-party providers fail to maintain or protect our information technology systems and data integrity effectively or fail to anticipate, plan for or manage significant disruptions to our information technology systems, we or our third-party providers could have difficulty preventing, detecting and controlling such cyber-attacks and any such attacks could result in the losses described above as well as disputes with physicians, patients and our partners, regulatory sanctions or penalties, increases in operating expenses, expenses or lost revenue or other adverse consequences, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, prospects and cash flows. Any failure by us or such third parties to prevent or mitigate security breaches or improper access to or disclosure of such information could have similarly adverse consequences for us. If we are unable to prevent or mitigate the impact of such security or data privacy incidents, we could be exposed to litigation and governmental investigations, which could lead to a potential disruption to our business. By way of example, the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”), as amended by the California Privacy Rights Act creates individual comprehensive privacy rights for California consumers and increases the privacy and security obligations of entities handling certain personal data. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for data breaches that is expected to increase data breach litigation.
Additionally, the CCPA marked the beginning of a trend toward more stringent privacy legislation in the United States, which could increase our potential liability and adversely affect our business. Similar comprehensive privacy laws have been passed in numerous other states. While these new state laws incorporate many similar concepts, there are also several key differences in the scope, application, and enforcement of the law that will change the operational practices of regulated businesses. The new laws will, among other things, impact how regulated businesses collect and process personal sensitive data, conduct data protection assessments, transfer personal data to affiliates, and respond to consumer rights requests. In addition to these comprehensive consumer privacy laws, a small number of states have also enacted laws focused on particular aspects of privacy. For example, the state of Washington has enacted a law, which went into effect on March 31, 2024, that regulates the privacy of medical and health related information not subject to HIPAA, and the law also has a private right of action, which further increases the relevant compliance risk. Connecticut and Nevada have also passed similar laws regulating consumer health data. A small number of states have also passed laws that regulate biometric information.
In addition, a number of other states have proposed new comprehensive privacy laws, some of which are similar to the above discussed recently passed laws. Such proposed legislation, if enacted, may add additional complexity, variation in requirements, restrictions and potential legal risk, require additional investment of resources in compliance programs, impact strategies and the availability of previously useful data and could result in increased compliance costs and/or changes in business practices and policies. The existence of comprehensive privacy laws in different states in the country would make our compliance obligations more complex and costly and may increase the likelihood that we may be subject to enforcement actions or otherwise incur liability for noncompliance. At the federal level, there is discussion of a new comprehensive data privacy law which, if passed, would help to streamline certain of our privacy obligations but would also introduce new stringent privacy and data security obligations that would apply to personal data collected from throughout the United States.
Regulators and legislators in the U.S. are increasingly scrutinizing and restricting certain personal data transfers and transactions involving foreign countries. For example, the Biden Administration’s executive order Preventing Access to Americans’ Bulk Sensitive Personal Data and United States Government-Related Data by Countries of Concern as implemented by the Department of Justice’s final rule issued in December 2024, effective April 8, 2025, prohibits data brokerage transactions involving certain sensitive personal data categories, including health data, genetic data, and biospecimens, to certain countries of concern, including China. The final rule also restricts certain investment agreements, employment agreements and vendor agreements involving such data and countries of concern, absent specified cybersecurity controls. The final rule does not exempt key-coded or otherwise anonymized, pseudonymized, de-identified, or encrypted data. Actual or alleged violations of the final rule may be punishable by criminal and/or civil sanctions, and may result in exclusion from participation in federal and state programs.
All of these evolving compliance and operational requirements impose significant costs, such as costs related to organizational changes, implementing additional protection technologies, training employees and engaging consultants and legal advisors, which are likely to increase over time. In addition, such requirements may require us to modify our data processing practices and policies, utilize management’s time and/or divert resources from other initiatives and projects.
If we or third-party CMOs, CROs or other contractors or consultants fail to comply with U.S. and foreign and/or privacy data protection laws and regulations, it could result in government enforcement actions (which could include civil or criminal penalties), private litigation, and/or adverse publicity and could negatively affect our operating results and business. Moreover, clinical trial subjects about whom we or our potential collaborators obtain information, as well as the providers who share this information with us, may contractually limit our ability to use and disclose the information. Claims that we have violated individuals’ privacy rights, failed to comply with data protection laws, or breached our contractual obligations, even if we are not found liable, could be expensive and time-consuming to defend and could result in adverse publicity that could harm our business.
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Artificial intelligence presents risks and challenges that can impact our business including by posing security risks to our confidential information, proprietary information, and personal data.
Issues in the development and use of artificial intelligence (“AI”), combined with an uncertain regulatory environment, may result in reputational harm, liability, or other adverse consequences to our business operations. As with many technological innovations, artificial intelligence presents risks and challenges that could impact our business. We may adopt and integrate generative artificial intelligence tools into our systems for specific use cases reviewed by legal and information security. Our vendors may incorporate generative artificial intelligence tools into their offerings without disclosing this use to us, and the providers of these generative artificial intelligence tools may not meet existing or rapidly evolving regulatory or industry standards with respect to privacy and data protection and may inhibit our or our vendors’ ability to maintain an adequate level of service and experience. Additionally, we expect to see increasing government and supranational regulation related to artificial intelligence use and ethics, which may also significantly increase the burden and cost of research, development and compliance in this area. For example, in the U.S., a number of states have proposed and passed laws regulating various uses of AI. In Europe, the EU’s Artificial Intelligence Act (“AI Act”) — the world’s first comprehensive AI law — which entered into force on August 1, 2024 and, with some exceptions, will begin to apply as of August 2, 2026 — imposes significant obligations on providers and deployers of high risk artificial intelligence systems and encourages providers and deployers of artificial intelligence systems to account for EU ethical principles in their development and use of these systems.
If we develop or use AI systems that are governed by the AI Act, it may necessitate ensuring higher standards of data quality, transparency, and human oversight, as well as adhering to specific and potentially burdensome and costly ethical, accountability, and administrative requirements. If we, our vendors, or our third-party partners experience an actual or perceived breach or privacy or security incident because of the use of generative artificial intelligence, we may lose valuable intellectual property and confidential information and our reputation and the public perception of the effectiveness of our security measures could be harmed. Further, bad actors around the world use increasingly sophisticated methods, including the use of artificial intelligence, to engage in illegal activities involving the theft and misuse of personal information, confidential information, and intellectual property. Any of these outcomes could damage our reputation, result in the loss of valuable property and information, and adversely impact our business.
We may be unable to successfully integrate acquisitions, which may adversely impact our operations.
We have in the past and in the future may acquire complementary businesses or technologies and if the proposed Merger is consummated, it will require substantial efforts to integrate our businesses. Acquired technologies, products or businesses may not perform as we expect, and we may fail to realize anticipated synergies or results. In addition, our acquisition strategy and integration efforts may divert management’s attention, and expose us to unanticipated problems or legal liabilities, including responsibility as a successor for undisclosed or contingent liabilities of acquired businesses or assets.
We have successfully integrated our past acquisitions of Arrys Therapeutics, Inc., Amplify Medicines, Inc. and Pionyr, however, if we are unsuccessful in integrating any future acquisitions and integrations, it could impede us from realizing all of the benefits of those acquisitions and integrations and could weaken our business operations or future prospectus. The integration process may disrupt our business and, if new technologies, products or businesses are not implemented effectively, may preclude the realization of the full benefits expected by us and could harm our results of operations. In addition, the overall integration of new technologies, products or businesses may result in unanticipated problems, expenses, liabilities and competitive responses. The difficulties of integrating an acquisition include, among other things:
In addition, even if the operations of an acquisition or the business of Inmagene are integrated successfully, we may not realize the full benefits of the acquisition or the Merger, including the synergies, pipeline expansion or growth opportunities that we expect. These benefits may not be achieved within the anticipated time frame, or at all.
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If in the future we develop any product candidates, expand our development and regulatory capabilities and potentially implement sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, we may encounter difficulties in managing our growth, which could disrupt our operations.
As of July 1, 2025, we had nine full-time employees. If we advance any development programs in the future or consummate the Merger, we will be required to increase the number of our employees and the scope of our operations, particularly as we function as a public company and grow in the areas of product development, regulatory affairs and, if any of our future product candidates receives regulatory approval, sales, marketing and distribution. To manage our anticipated future growth, we must implement and improve our managerial, operational and financial systems, expand our facilities and recruit and train additional qualified personnel. Due to our limited financial resources, we may not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations or recruit and train additional qualified personnel. The expansion of our operations may lead to significant costs and may divert our management and business development resources. Any inability to manage growth could delay the execution of our business plans or disrupt our operations.
We may acquire additional businesses or products, form strategic alliances or create joint ventures with third parties that we believe will complement or augment our existing business. If we acquire businesses with promising markets or technologies, we may not be able to realize the benefit of acquiring such businesses if we are unable to successfully integrate them with our existing operations and company culture. We may encounter numerous difficulties in developing, manufacturing and marketing any new products resulting from a strategic alliance or acquisition that delay or prevent us from realizing their expected benefits or enhancing our business. We cannot assure you that, following any such acquisition, we will achieve the expected synergies to justify the transaction.
Risks Related to Our Common Stock
The dual class structure of our common stock may limit our stockholders’ ability to influence corporate matters and may limit visibility with respect to certain transactions.
The dual class structure of our common stock may limit our stockholders’ ability to influence corporate matters. Holders of our common stock are entitled to one vote per share, while holders of our non-voting common stock are not entitled to any votes. Nonetheless, each share of our non-voting common stock may be converted at any time into one share of our common stock at the option of its holder by providing written notice to us, subject to the limitations provided for in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation that entities affiliated with or managed by certain of our stockholders will hold an aggregate of 6,368,586 shares of our non-voting common stock, out of a total of 6,368,586 shares of our non-voting common stock issued and outstanding. Upon written notice, these entities could convert a portion of these shares of non-voting common stock into up to an aggregate of 9.99% of our shares of common stock. Upon 61 days’ prior written notice, these entities could convert all of their respective shares of non-voting common stock into shares of common stock. Consequently, the holders of our non-voting common stock who have exercised their option to make this conversion, will have the effect of increasing the relative voting power of those prior holders of our non-voting common stock, and correspondingly decreasing the voting power of the holders of our common stock, which may limit our stockholders’ ability to influence corporate matters. Additionally, stockholders who hold, in the aggregate, more than 10% of our common stock and non-voting common stock, but 10% or less of our common stock, and are not otherwise a company insider, may not be required to report changes in their ownership due to transactions in our non-voting common stock pursuant to Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act, and may not be subject to the short-swing profit provisions of Section 16(b) of the Exchange Act.
Our ability to utilize our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.
Under Section 382 and Section 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change” (generally defined as one or more shareholders or groups of shareholders who own at least 5 percent of the corporation’s equity increasing their equity ownership in the aggregate by a greater than 50 percentage point change (by value) over a three-year period), the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change net operating loss carryforwards and certain other pre-change tax attributes to offset its post-change income may be limited. We may have experienced such ownership changes in the past, and we may experience ownership changes in the future or subsequent shifts in our stock ownership, some of which are outside our control. As of December 31, 2024, we had federal and state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $191.5 million and $205.5 million, respectively, and our ability to utilize those net operating loss carryforwards could be limited by an “ownership change” as described above, which could result in increased tax liability to us. Furthermore, our ability to utilize our net operating losses or credits is conditioned upon our attaining profitability and generating U.S. federal and state taxable income. As a result, the amount of the net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards presented in our consolidated financial statements could be limited and may expire unutilized. Under the current law, federal net operating loss carryforwards generated in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 will not be subject to expiration. However, any such net operating loss carryforwards may only offset 80% of our annual taxable income in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2020. State net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes may be similarly limited. Any such limitations may result in increased tax liabilities that could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial position and cash flows.
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Changes in tax legislation could adversely affect our business and financial condition.
The rules dealing with U.S. federal, state and local income taxation are constantly under review by persons involved in the legislative process and by the Internal Revenue Service and the U.S. Treasury Department. Changes to tax laws (which changes may have retroactive application) could adversely affect us or holders of our common stock. In recent years, many such changes have been made and changes are likely to continue to occur in the future. For example, in 2025, Congress passed the OBBBA which included significant reforms to Medicaid, including an estimated $1 trillion in reduced federal Medicaid spending from 2025 through 2034, the imposition of work requirements for certain adult enrollees, more frequent eligibility redeterminations, and increased cost-sharing for beneficiaries. Although the effect of the OBBBA on our future business is unknown, any decrease in the number of insured patients or reimbursement levels for our future products could adversely affect our potential for revenue and our commercial prospects. It cannot be predicted whether, when, in what form, or with what effective dates, new tax laws may be enacted, or regulations and rulings may be promulgated or issued under existing or new tax laws, which could result in an increase in our or our shareholders’ tax liability or require changes in the manner in which we operate in order to minimize or mitigate any adverse effects of changes in tax law or in the interpretation thereof.
Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of us, which may be beneficial to our stockholders, more difficult and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management.
Our fifth amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws, contain provisions that could delay or prevent a change of control of our company or changes in our board of directors that our stockholders might consider favorable. Some of these provisions include:
In addition, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporate Law, which may prohibit certain business combinations with stockholders owning 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock. These anti-takeover provisions and other provisions in our fourth amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws could make it more difficult for stockholders or potential acquirers to obtain control of our board of directors or initiate actions that are opposed by the then-current board of directors and could also delay or impede a merger, tender offer or proxy contest involving our company. These provisions could also discourage proxy contests and make it more difficult for our stockholders to elect directors of their choosing or cause us to take other corporate actions that they desire. Any delay or prevention of a change of control transaction or changes in our board of directors could cause the market price of our common stock to decline.
Our bylaws designate specific courts as the exclusive forum for certain litigation that may be initiated by our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us.
Pursuant to our bylaws, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the sole and exclusive forum for state law claims for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers, or other employees to us or our stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law, or our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or our amended and restated bylaws (including the interpretation, validity or
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enforceability thereof) or (iv) any action asserting a claim that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine (the Delaware Forum Provision). The Delaware Forum Provision will not apply to any causes of action arising under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act. Our amended and restated bylaws will further provide that unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States shall be the sole and exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act (the Federal Forum Provision). In addition, our amended and restated bylaws provide that any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our capital stock is deemed to have notice of and consented to the Delaware Forum Provision and the Federal Forum Provision; provided, however, that stockholders cannot and will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.
The Delaware Forum Provision and the Federal Forum Provision in our bylaws may impose additional litigation costs on stockholders in pursuing any such claims. Additionally, these forum selection clauses in our amended and restated bylaws may limit our stockholders’ ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that they find favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees, which may discourage the filing of such lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and employees even though an action, if successful, might benefit our stockholders. In addition, while the Delaware Supreme Court ruled in March 2020 that federal forum selection provisions purporting to require claims under the Securities Act be brought in federal court are “facially valid” under Delaware law, there is uncertainty as to whether other courts will enforce our Federal Forum Provision. If the Federal Forum Provision is found to be unenforceable, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters. The Federal Forum Provision may also impose additional litigation costs on stockholders who assert that the provision is not enforceable or invalid. The Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware and the federal district courts of the United States may also reach different judgments or results than would other courts, including courts where a stockholder considering an action may be located or would otherwise choose to bring the action, and such judgments may be more or less favorable to us than our stockholders.
General Risk Factors
We are subject to certain U.S. and foreign anti-corruption, anti-money laundering, export control, sanctions, and other trade laws and regulations. We can face serious consequences for violations.
Among other matters, U.S. and foreign anti-corruption, anti-money laundering, export control, sanctions, and other trade laws and regulations, which are collectively referred to as Trade Laws, prohibit companies and their employees, agents, CROs, legal counsel, accountants, consultants, contractors, and other partners from authorizing, promising, offering, providing, soliciting, or receiving directly or indirectly, corrupt or improper payments or anything else of value to or from recipients in the public or private sector. Violations of Trade Laws can result in substantial criminal fines and civil penalties, imprisonment, the loss of trade privileges, debarment, tax reassessments, breach of contract and fraud litigation, reputational harm, and other consequences. We have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or government-affiliated hospitals, universities, and other organizations. We also expect our non-U.S. activities to increase in time. We plan to engage third parties for clinical trials and/or to obtain necessary permits, licenses, patent registrations, and other regulatory approvals and we can be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of our personnel, agents, or partners, even if we do not explicitly authorize or have prior knowledge of such activities.
Unfavorable global economic or political conditions could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Our business could be adversely affected by unstable economic and political conditions within the United States and foreign jurisdictions, including as a result of an economic downturn and geopolitical events, such as changes in U.S. federal policy and legislation that affect the geopolitical landscape. Changes to policy implemented by the U.S. Congress, the Trump administration or any new administration have impacted and may in the future impact, among other things, the U.S. and global economy, international trade relations, unemployment, immigration, healthcare, taxation, the U.S. regulatory environment, inflation and other areas. Since the start of the Trump administration in 2025, U.S. policy changes have been implemented at a rapid pace and additional changes are likely. For example, the United States in the first half of 2025 imposed blanket 10% tariffs on virtually all imports to the U.S. and significantly higher so-called reciprocal tariffs applicable to imports from many countries. On April 9, 2025, the U.S. announced a temporary pause on its reciprocal tariffs applicable to many countries, while increasing the tariffs applicable to imports from China. The Trump administration has continued to threaten to broadly impose tariffs, which has in the past and could in the future, lead to corresponding punitive actions by the countries with which the U.S. trades. Historically, tariffs have led to increased trade and political tensions, between not only the U.S. and China, but also between the U.S. and other countries in the international community. In response to tariffs, other countries have implemented retaliatory tariffs on U.S. goods. Political tensions as a result of trade policies have in the past and could in the future, reduce trade volume, investment, technological exchange and other economic activities between major international economies, resulting in a material adverse effect on global economic conditions and the stability of global financial markets. Any changes in political, trade, regulatory, and economic conditions, including U.S. trade policies, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations. Until we know what policy changes are made, how long the policy changes remain in effect, whether those policy changes are challenged and subsequently upheld by the court system and how
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those changes impact our business and the business of our competitors over the long term, we will not know if, overall, we will benefit from them or be negatively affected by them.
In addition, inflation rates, particularly in the United States, have fluctuated and been elevated compared to recent historical periods. Elevated inflation and interest rates have in the past and may in the future, result in increased operating costs (including our labor costs), reduced liquidity, and limitations on our ability to access credit or otherwise raise debt and equity capital. The United States Federal Reserve has raised, and may again raise or maintain, interest rates in response to concerns about inflation. Increases in interest rates or the maintenance of current interest rates, especially if coupled with reduced government spending and volatility in financial markets, may have the effect of further increasing economic uncertainty and heightening these risks, which may impact our ability to raise additional capital in the future. Potential instability throughout the banking industry and their potential near- and long-term effects on the biotechnology industry and its participants such as our vendors, suppliers, and investors, may also adversely affect our operations and stock price.
U.S. and global markets have also generally experienced volatility and disruption following the 2024 presidential election in the U.S., the threat or imposition of tariffs on imports by the Trump administration, the escalation of geopolitical tensions, the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine, and evolving events in Israel and Gaza. Although the length and impact of the ongoing military conflict is highly unpredictable, the conflict in Ukraine has led to market disruptions, including significant volatility in commodity prices, credit and capital markets, as well as supply chain disruptions. Various of Russia’s actions have led to sanctions and other penalties being levied by the United States, Australia, the EU, and other countries, as well as other public and private actors and companies, against Russia and certain other geographic areas, including agreement to remove certain Russian financial institutions from the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication payment system and restrictions on imports of Russian oil, liquified natural gas and coal. Additional potential sanctions and penalties have also been proposed and/or threatened. Russian military actions and the resulting sanctions could disrupt or otherwise adversely impact our operations and the operations of third parties upon which we rely, as well as the global economy and financial markets, and lead to instability and lack of liquidity in capital markets, potentially making it more difficult for us to obtain additional funds. Related sanctions, export controls or other actions that may be initiated by nations including the United States, the EU or Russia (e.g., potential cyberattacks, disruption of energy flows), which could adversely affect our business and/or our supply chain, our CROs, CMOs and other third parties with which we conduct business. A severe or prolonged economic downturn, inflationary environment, rising interest rates, tariffs or political unrest could result in a variety of risks to our business, including, weakened demand for our product candidates and our ability to raise additional capital when needed on acceptable terms, if at all. A weak or declining economy could also strain our suppliers, possibly resulting in supply disruption, or cause our customers to delay making payments for our services. The extent and duration of the military action, sanctions, and resulting market disruptions are impossible to predict, but could be substantial. Any such disruptions may also magnify the impact of other risks described in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our other filings with the SEC.
Disruptions at the FDA, the SEC, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and other government agencies, including any disruption caused by changes in policy of the Trump administration and decisions to reduce the number of federal employees, and any funding shortages or potential funding shortages could hinder their ability to hire and retain key leadership and other personnel, prevent new drugs from being developed or commercialized in a timely manner, or otherwise prevent those agencies from performing normal business functions, which could negatively impact our business and our timelines.
The ability of the FDA to review and clear or approve new products can be affected by a variety of factors, including changes in government budget and funding levels, the ability to hire and retain key personnel, shifting policy priorities as a result of changes in the presidential administration and political appointees tasked to oversee the agency, and statutory, regulatory, and policy changes. Average review times at the FDA have fluctuated in recent years and other companies in the recent past have reported delays in the FDA providing guidance, and additional delays in review by the FDA may in the future increase as a result. In addition, government funding of the SEC, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and other government agencies on which our operations may rely is subject to the impacts of political events, which are inherently fluid and unpredictable. Currently, federal agencies in the United States are operating under a continuing resolution that is set to expire on September 30, 2025 and the current administration is focused on reducing costs of the federal government generally, including significantly reducing the number of government employees.
Disruptions at the FDA, and other agencies may slow any ability to conduct a clinical trial, including without limitation due to delays in obtaining licenses required to conduct clinical trials, and the time necessary for review and approval of any products, which could adversely affect our business in the future. For example, if the FDA experiences significant decreases in funding or personnel, it could significantly impact the ability of the FDA to issue licenses needed to conduct clinical trials and timely review and process of applications or submissions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business in the future.
There is substantial uncertainty as to whether and how the Trump administration will seek to modify or revise the requirements and policies of the FDA and other regulatory agencies with jurisdiction over our product candidates and any products for which we may seek approval in the future. This uncertainty could present new challenges and/or opportunities in the future. Additionally, the new administration could issue or promulgate executive orders, regulations, policies or guidance that adversely affect us or create a more challenging or costly environment to pursue development.
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Our employees, principal investigators, CROs and consultants may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including non-compliance with regulatory standards and requirements and insider trading.
We are exposed to the risk that our employees, principal investigators, CROs and consultants may engage in fraudulent conduct or other illegal activity. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional, reckless and/or negligent conduct or disclosure of unauthorized activities to us that violate the regulations of the FDA and other regulatory authorities, including those laws requiring the reporting of true, complete and accurate information to such authorities; healthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations in the United States and abroad; or laws that require the reporting of financial information or data accurately. In particular, sales, marketing and business arrangements in the healthcare industry are subject to extensive laws and regulations intended to prevent fraud, misconduct, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, sales commission, customer incentive programs and other business arrangements. Activities subject to these laws also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical trials or creating fraudulent data in our preclinical studies or clinical trials, which could result in regulatory sanctions and cause serious harm to our reputation. We have adopted a code of conduct applicable to all of our employees, but it is not always possible to identify and deter misconduct by employees and other third parties, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to comply with these laws or regulations. Additionally, we are subject to the risk that a person could allege such fraud or other misconduct, even if none occurred. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, including the imposition of civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, monetary fines, possible exclusion from participation in Medicare, Medicaid and other federal healthcare programs, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, and curtailment of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our results of operations.
We are an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act and a “smaller reporting company” as defined in the Exchange Act and will be able to avail ourselves of reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies and smaller reporting companies, which could make our common stock less attractive to investors and adversely affect the market price of our common stock.
We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of (i) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenues of $1.235 billion or more; (ii) December 31, 2026; (iii) the date on which we have issued more than $1 billion in nonconvertible debt during the previous three years; or (iv) the date on which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer under the rules of the SEC, which means the market value of our common stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the prior June 30th. For so long as we remain an emerging growth company, we are permitted and intend to rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. These exemptions include:
We have taken advantage of reduced reporting burdens in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. In particular, we have provided only two years of audited financial statements and have not included all of the executive compensation information that would be required if we were not an emerging growth company. We cannot predict whether investors will find our common stock less attractive if we rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile.
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In addition, the JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards. This allows an emerging growth company to delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have elected to use the extended transition period for new or revised accounting standards during the period in which we remain an emerging growth company; however, we may adopt certain new or revised accounting standards early.
We have elected to avail ourselves of this exemption and, therefore, we are not subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. As a result, changes in the rules of U.S. GAAP or their interpretation, the adoption of new guidance, or the application of existing guidance to changes in our business could significantly affect our financial position and results of operations. In addition, our independent registered public accounting firm will not be required to provide an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting so long as we qualify as an “emerging growth company,” which may increase the risk that material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting go undetected. Likewise, so long as we qualify as an “emerging growth company,” we may elect not to provide you with certain information, including certain financial information and certain information regarding compensation of our executive officers, that we would otherwise have been required to provide in filings we make with the SEC, which may make it more difficult for investors and securities analysts to evaluate our company. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock, and our stock price may be more volatile and may decline.
Even after we no longer qualify as an emerging growth company, we may still qualify as a “smaller reporting company,” which would allow us to continue to take advantage of many of the same exemptions from disclosure requirements, including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile.
We will continue to incur costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management will be required to devote substantial time to compliance initiatives.
As a public company, and particularly after we are no longer an “emerging growth company” or a “smaller reporting company,” we will continue to incur significant legal, accounting, and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. In addition, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and rules subsequently implemented by the SEC and Nasdaq have imposed various requirements on public companies, including establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls and corporate governance practices. Our management and other personnel will need to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives. Moreover, these rules and regulations will increase our legal and financial compliance costs and will make some activities more time-consuming and costly. For example, we expect that these rules and regulations may make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance.
Pursuant to Section 404, we will be required to furnish a report by our management on our internal control over financial reporting, including an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm. However, while we remain an emerging growth company or a smaller reporting company, we will not be required to include an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm. To achieve compliance with Section 404 within the prescribed period, we will be engaged in a process to document and evaluate our internal control over financial reporting, which is both costly and challenging. In this regard, we will need to continue to dedicate internal resources, potentially engage outside consultants and adopt a detailed work plan to assess and document the adequacy of internal control over financial reporting, continue steps to improve control processes as appropriate, validate through testing that controls are functioning as documented and implement a continuous reporting and improvement process for internal control over financial reporting. Despite our efforts, there is a risk that neither we nor our independent registered public accounting firm will be able to conclude within the prescribed timeframe that our internal control over financial reporting is effective as required by Section 404. This could result in an adverse reaction in the financial markets due to a loss of confidence in the reliability of our financial statements. In addition, if we are not able to continue to meet these requirements, we may not be able to remain listed on Nasdaq.
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Our disclosure controls and procedures may not prevent or detect all errors or acts of fraud.
We are subject to the periodic reporting requirements of the Exchange Act. We designed our disclosure controls and procedures to reasonably assure that information we must disclose in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, and recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. We believe that any disclosure controls and procedures or internal controls and procedures, no matter how well-conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by an unauthorized override of the controls. Accordingly, because of the inherent limitations in our control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.
If securities analysts do not publish research or reports about our business or if they publish negative evaluations of our stock, the price of our stock could decline.
The trading market for our common stock will rely in part on the research and reports that industry or financial analysts publish about us or our business. We may never obtain research coverage by industry or financial analysts. If no or few analysts commence coverage of us, the trading price of our stock would likely decrease. Even if we do obtain analyst coverage, if one or more of the analysts covering our business downgrade their evaluations of our stock, the price of our stock could decline. If one or more of these analysts cease to cover our stock, we could lose visibility in the market for our stock, which in turn could cause our stock price to decline.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.
(a) Recent Sales of Unregistered Equity Securities
None.
(c) Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
None.
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.
None.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
Not applicable.
Item 5. Other Information.
(c) Insider Trading Arrangements
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Item 6. Exhibits.
Exhibit Number |
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Description |
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2.1 |
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3.1 |
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3.2 |
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3.3 |
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4.1 |
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4.2 |
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4.3 |
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4.4 |
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10.1#† |
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10.2# |
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10.3# |
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10.4#* |
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31.1* |
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31.2* |
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32.1+ |
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101.INS |
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Inline XBRL Instance Document– the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. |
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101.SCH |
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Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema With Embedded Linkbase Documents. |
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104 |
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Cover Page Interactive Data File (Embedded within the Inline XBRL document and included in Exhibits 101). |
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* Filed herewith.
# Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan, contract or arrangement.
† Certain information in this document has been excluded pursuant to Regulation S-K, Item 601(a)(5) and 601(a)(6).
+ The certifications furnished in Exhibit 32.1 hereto are deemed to be furnished with this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and will not be deemed to be “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, except to the extent that the Registrant specifically incorporates it by reference.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
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IKENA ONCOLOGY, INC. |
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Date: July 24, 2025 |
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By: |
/s/ Mark Manfredi |
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Mark Manfredi, Ph.D. |
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President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) |
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Date: July 24, 2025 |
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By: |
/s/ Jotin Marango |
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Jotin Marango M.D., Ph.D. |
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Chief Financial Officer, Chief Operating Officer and Head of Corporate Development (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer) |
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