Marketaxess Holdings Inc DEFM14A, filed Sep 18, 2026
Marketaxess Holdings Inc (MKTX)
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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
SCHEDULE 14A
Proxy Statement Pursuant to Section 14(a) of the
Securities Exchange Act of 1934
Filed by the Registrant ☒
Filed by a Party other than the Registrant ☐
Check the appropriate box:
| ☐ | Preliminary Proxy Statement |
| ☐ | Confidential, for Use of the Commission Only (as permitted by Rule 14a-6(e)(2)) |
| ☒ | Definitive Proxy Statement |
| ☐ | Definitive Additional Materials |
| ☐ | Soliciting Material under §240.14a-12 |
MARKETAXESS HOLDINGS INC.
(Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)
(Name of Person(s) Filing Proxy Statement, if Other Than the Registrant)
Payment of Filing Fee (Check the appropriate box):
| ☐ | No fee required. |
| ☒ | Fee paid previously with preliminary materials. |
| ☐ | Fee computed on table in exhibit required by Item 25(b) per Exchange Act Rules 14a-6(i)(1) and 0-11. |
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MARKETAXESS HOLDINGS INC.
55 Hudson Yards, 15th Floor
New York, New York, 10001
www.marketaxess.com
September 18, 2026
Dear MarketAxess Stockholder:
You are cordially invited to attend a special meeting of stockholders of MarketAxess Holdings Inc., a Delaware corporation (“MarketAxess” or the “Company”) scheduled for October 29, 2026 at 9:00 a.m., Eastern Time. The special meeting will be a virtual meeting of stockholders. You will be able to participate in the special meeting and vote via live audio webcast by visiting www.virtualshareholdermeeting.com/MKTX2026SM. Please note that the special meeting will be held in virtual format only. You will not be able to attend the special meeting physically, however you may vote while attending the special meeting online via the live audio webcast. Details on how to access the meeting and the business to be conducted are provided in the accompanying proxy statement.
On July 29, 2026, MarketAxess entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (as the same may be amended, modified or supplemented from time to time in accordance with its terms, the “Merger Agreement”) by and among the Company, Intercontinental Exchange, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Parent”), and Igloo Merger Sub II, Inc., a Delaware corporation and a wholly owned subsidiary of Parent (“Merger Sub”), pursuant to which Merger Sub will be merged with and into the Company (the “Merger” and, together with the other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, the “Transactions”), with the Company surviving the Merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of Parent. At the special meeting, MarketAxess will ask you and the other MarketAxess stockholders to adopt the Merger Agreement (the “Merger Agreement Proposal”).
At the effective time of the Merger (the “Effective Time”), each share of Company common stock, par value $0.003 per share (each a “Share” and, collectively, the “Shares”), issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time (other than Shares owned by (i) Parent or Merger Sub or any of their respective subsidiaries, (ii) the Company as treasury stock, or any of the Company’s subsidiaries and (iii) the Company’s stockholders who have perfected and not withdrawn a demand for appraisal rights in accordance with Section 262 of the Delaware General Corporation Law), will be converted into the right to receive $167.00 per Share in cash, without interest thereon.
The board of directors of the Company (the “Board”) evaluated the Merger in consultation with the Company’s management and legal and financial advisors. The Board unanimously (i) approved and declared advisable the Merger Agreement and the consummation of the Transactions, including the Merger, upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, (ii) determined that the Merger Agreement and the consummation of the Transactions, including the Merger, are advisable, fair to, and in the best interests of, the Company and its stockholders and (iii) resolved to recommend to the stockholders of the Company the adoption of the Merger Agreement.
Additionally, you will be asked to consider and vote at the special meeting on (1) a proposal to approve, by a non-binding advisory vote, the compensation that may be paid or become payable to the Company’s named executive officers that is based on or otherwise relates to the Transactions (the “Merger-Related Compensation Proposal”) and (2) a proposal to adjourn the special meeting to a later date or time, if necessary or appropriate to ensure that any necessary supplement or amendment to the proxy statement accompanying this notice is provided to Company stockholders a reasonable amount of time in advance of the
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special meeting, or to solicit additional proxies in favor of the Merger Agreement Proposal if there are insufficient votes at the time of the special meeting to approve such proposal (the “Adjournment Proposal”).
The Merger Agreement and the Transactions, including the Merger, have been unanimously approved and recommended by the Board. The Board recommends a vote (i) “FOR” the Merger Agreement Proposal, (ii) “FOR” the Merger-Related Compensation Proposal and (iii) “FOR” the Adjournment Proposal.
Your vote is important. The Merger cannot be completed unless the Merger Agreement is adopted by stockholders holding a majority of the outstanding Shares entitled to vote on such matter as of September 16, 2026. The failure to vote, assuming a quorum is present, will have the same effect as a vote “AGAINST” the Merger Agreement Proposal.
Therefore, whether or not you plan to attend the special meeting and regardless of the number of Shares you own, your careful consideration of, and vote on, the Merger Agreement Proposal is important, and we encourage you to vote promptly. After reading the accompanying proxy statement, please make sure to vote your Shares promptly (1) by completing, signing and dating the accompanying proxy card and returning it in the enclosed prepaid envelope, (2) by telephone or (3) through the internet. Instructions regarding all three methods of voting are provided on the proxy card. If you virtually attend the special meeting and vote during the special meeting, your vote by ballot will revoke any proxy previously submitted. If you hold Shares through an account with a bank, broker, trust or other nominee, please follow the instructions you receive from your bank, broker, trust or other nominee to vote your Shares.
Completion of the Merger is subject to the satisfaction or waiver of certain conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement.
The accompanying proxy statement provides you with more detailed information about the special meeting, the Merger Agreement and the Transactions, including the Merger. A copy of the Merger Agreement is attached as Annex A to the accompanying proxy statement. We encourage you to carefully read the entire proxy statement and its annexes, including the Merger Agreement and the documents referred to or incorporated by reference in the proxy statement. You may also obtain additional information about the Company from other documents we have filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). In particular, you should read the “Risk Factors” section beginning on page 19 in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025, the risk factors set forth in Part II, Item 1A of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2026, including the risks described under “Risks Related to the Pending Merger,” and other risk factors detailed from time to time in the Company’s reports filed with the SEC and incorporated by reference in the proxy statement, for risks relating to the Company’s business and for a discussion of the risks that you should consider in evaluating the proposed Merger and how it may affect you.
If you have any questions or need assistance submitting your proxy, or if you need additional copies of the proxy statement or the proxy card or voting instructions enclosed therewith, please contact the Company’s proxy solicitor, Okapi Partners LLC:
Okapi Partners LLC
1212 Avenue of the Americas, 17th Floor
New York, NY 10036
Toll Free: (877)629-6355
Direct: (212)297-0720
info@okapipartners.com
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Your support of MarketAxess Holdings Inc. is sincerely appreciated.
Carlos M. Hernandez
Chairman of the Board of Directors
The accompanying proxy statement is dated September 18, 2026, and is first being mailed to MarketAxess stockholders on or about September 18, 2026.
Neither the United States Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities regulatory agency has approved or disapproved the Transactions (including the Merger), passed upon the merits or fairness of the Transactions (including the Merger) or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of the disclosure in this document. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
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MARKETAXESS HOLDINGS INC.
55 Hudson Yards, 15th Floor
New York, New York, 10001
www.marketaxess.com
NOTICE OF SPECIAL MEETING OF STOCKHOLDERS
To Be Held on October 29, 2026
Virtual Meeting Only, No Physical Location
To the Stockholders of MarketAxess Holdings Inc.:
A special meeting of stockholders of MarketAxess Holdings Inc., a Delaware corporation (“MarketAxess” or the “Company”), will be held via live audio webcast on October 29, 2026 at 9:00 a.m., Eastern Time. You will be able to participate in the special meeting and vote via the live audio webcast. Please note that the special meeting will be held in virtual format only. You will not be able to attend the special meeting physically, however you may vote while attending the special meeting online via the live audio webcast. We are holding the special meeting for the following purposes:
| 1. | to consider and vote on a proposal to adopt the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of July 29, 2026 (as the same may be amended, modified or supplemented from time to time in accordance with its terms, the “Merger Agreement”), by and among the Company, Intercontinental Exchange, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Parent”) and Igloo Merger Sub II, Inc., a Delaware corporation and a wholly owned subsidiary of Parent (“Merger Sub”), a copy of which is attached as Annex A to the accompanying proxy statement, pursuant to which Merger Sub will be merged with and into the Company (the “Merger” and, together with the other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, the “Transactions”), with the Company surviving the Merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of Parent (the “Merger Agreement Proposal”); |
| 2. | to consider and vote on a proposal to approve, by a non-binding advisory vote, the compensation that may be paid or become payable to the Company’s named executive officers that is based on or otherwise relates to the Transactions, including the Merger (the “Merger-Related Compensation Proposal”); and |
| 3. | to consider and vote on a proposal to adjourn the special meeting to a later date or time if necessary or appropriate to ensure that any necessary supplement or amendment to the accompanying proxy statement is provided to Company stockholders a reasonable amount of time in advance of the special meeting or to solicit additional proxies in favor of the Merger Agreement Proposal if there are insufficient votes at the time of the special meeting to approve such proposal (the “Adjournment Proposal”). |
These items of business are more fully described in the accompanying proxy statement.
The record date for the special meeting is September 16, 2026 (the “Record Date”). Only stockholders at the close of business on the Record Date are entitled to notice of, and to vote at, the special meeting and any adjournments or postponements thereof. Any stockholder entitled to attend and vote at the special meeting is entitled to appoint a proxy to attend and act on such stockholder’s behalf.
If the Merger is consummated, stockholders who continuously hold shares of Company common stock, par value $0.003 per share (each a “Share” and, collectively, the “Shares”), through the effective time of
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the Merger and who properly demand appraisal of their Shares and who do not withdraw their demands or otherwise lose their rights of appraisal will be entitled to seek appraisal of their Shares in connection with the Merger. Stockholders must comply with all the requirements of Delaware law, which are summarized in the proxy statement accompanying this notice and may be accessed without subscription or cost at the following publicly available website:
https://delcode.delaware.gov/title8/c001/sc09/index.html#262.
The Merger Agreement and the Transactions, including the Merger, have been unanimously approved and recommended by the board of directors of the Company (the “Board”). The Board recommends a vote (i) “FOR” the Merger Agreement Proposal, (ii) “FOR” the Merger-Related Compensation Proposal and (iii) “FOR” the Adjournment Proposal.
Your vote is very important. If you fail to (i) return your proxy, (ii) vote by telephone or through the internet or (iii) virtually attend the special meeting, in each case, your Shares will not be counted for purposes of determining whether a quorum is present at the special meeting or be voted at the special meeting and, if a quorum is present, will have the same effect as a vote “AGAINST” the Merger Agreement Proposal.
To ensure that your Shares are represented at the special meeting, regardless of whether you plan to virtually attend the special meeting, please fill in your vote, sign and mail the enclosed proxy card as soon as possible. We have enclosed a return envelope, which requires no postage if mailed in the United States. Alternatively, you may vote by telephone or through the internet. Instructions regarding each of the methods of voting are provided on the enclosed proxy card. If you are voting by telephone or through the internet, then your voting instructions must be received by 11:59 p.m., Eastern Time on October 28, 2026, the day before the special meeting. Your proxy is being solicited by the Board.
The accompanying proxy statement provides you with more detailed information about the special meeting, the Merger Agreement and the Transactions, including the Merger. A copy of the Merger Agreement is attached as Annex A to the accompanying proxy statement. We encourage you to carefully read the entire proxy statement and its annexes, including the Merger Agreement and the documents referred to or incorporated by reference in the proxy statement. You may also obtain additional information about the Company from other documents we have filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). In particular, you should read the “Risk Factors” section beginning on page 19 in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025, the “Risk Factors” section beginning on page 53 in the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2026, including the risks described under “Risks Related to the Pending Merger,” and other risk factors detailed from time to time in the Company’s reports filed with the SEC and incorporated by reference in the proxy statement, for risks relating to the Company’s business and for a discussion of the risks that you should consider in evaluating the proposed Merger and how it may affect you.
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If you have any questions or need assistance submitting your proxy, or if you need additional copies of the proxy statement or the enclosed proxy card or voting instructions, please contact the Company’s proxy solicitor, Okapi Partners LLC:
Okapi Partners LLC
1212 Avenue of the Americas, 17th Floor
New York, NY 10036
Toll Free: (877)629-6355
Direct: (212)297-0720
info@okapipartners.com
Sincerely,
Scott Pintoff
General Counsel & Corporate Secretary
September 18, 2026
New York, NY
Please Vote — Your Vote is Important
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We are furnishing this proxy statement to our stockholders as part of the solicitation of proxies by the board of directors (the “Board”) of MarketAxess Holdings Inc. (the “Company”), for use at the special meeting of stockholders described herein. This proxy statement and the enclosed proxy card or voting instruction form are first being mailed on or about September 18, 2026 to our stockholders who owned shares of Company common stock, par value $0.003 per share (each a “Share” and, together, the “Shares”) as of the close of business on September 16, 2026 (the “Record Date”).
This summary highlights certain information in this proxy statement but may not contain all of the information that may be important to you. You should carefully read the entire proxy statement and the attached Annexes and the other documents to which this proxy statement refers you for a more complete understanding of the matters being considered at the special meeting. In addition, this proxy statement incorporates by reference important business and financial information about MarketAxess Holdings Inc. You may obtain the information incorporated by reference in this proxy statement without charge by following the instructions in the section entitled “Where You Can Find More Information.” Unless the context otherwise indicates, we refer to MarketAxess Holdings Inc. as “MarketAxess,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our.”
(see page 85)
Company
MarketAxess Holdings Inc. was incorporated in the State of Delaware on April 11, 2000. MarketAxess (Nasdaq: MKTX) operates a leading electronic trading platform that delivers greater trading efficiency, a diversified pool of liquidity and significant cost savings to institutional investors and broker-dealers across the global fixed-income and other markets. Approximately 2,100 firms leverage MarketAxess’ patented technology to efficiently trade fixed-income securities. Its automated and algorithmic trading solutions, combined with its integrated and actionable data offerings, help its clients make faster, better-informed decisions on when and how to trade on its platform. MarketAxess’ award-winning Open Trading® marketplace is widely regarded as the preferred all-to-all trading solution in the global credit markets. Founded in 2000, MarketAxess connects a robust network of market participants through an advanced full trading lifecycle solution that includes automated trading solutions, intelligent data and index products and a range of post-trade services.
The Company’s website address is www.marketaxess.com. The information provided on the Company’s website is not part of this proxy statement and is not incorporated by reference in this proxy statement by this or any other reference to the Company’s website in this proxy statement.
Parent
Intercontinental Exchange, Inc. (NYSE: ICE) (“Parent”) is a leading global provider of technology and data to a broad range of customers including financial institutions, corporations and government entities. Its products, which span major asset classes including futures, equities, fixed income and U.S. residential mortgages, provide its customers with access to mission critical tools that are designed to increase asset class transparency and workflow efficiency. Its business is conducted through three reportable business segments:
| • | Exchanges: It operates regulated marketplace technology for the listing, trading and clearing of a broad array of derivatives contracts and financial securities as well as data and connectivity services related to its exchanges, including the New York Stock Exchange, and clearing houses. |
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| • | Fixed Income and Data Services: It provides fixed income pricing, reference data, indices, analytics and execution services as well as global credit default swap, or CDS, clearing and multi-asset class data delivery technology. |
| • | Mortgage Technology: It provides a technology platform that offers customers comprehensive, digital workflow tools that aim to address inefficiencies and mitigate risks that exist in the U.S. residential mortgage market life cycle, from application through closing, servicing and the secondary market. |
It operates marketplaces, technology and provides data services in the U.S., United Kingdom, European Union, Canada, Asia Pacific and the Middle East.
Merger Sub
Igloo Merger Sub II, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Merger Sub”), was incorporated in Delaware on July 27, 2026, as a direct, wholly owned subsidiary of Parent, solely for the purpose of engaging in the Transactions (as defined below), including the Merger (as defined below). Merger Sub has not carried on any activities on or prior to the date of this proxy statement, except for activities incidental to its formation and activities undertaken in connection with the Transactions, including the structuring and negotiation of the Transactions and arranging financing therefor. Upon completion of the Merger, Merger Sub will merge with and into MarketAxess and Merger Sub will cease to exist.
For more information about the Company, Parent and Merger Sub, see the section entitled “Parties to the Merger,” beginning on page 85.
(see page 87)
A special meeting of stockholders of MarketAxess will be held via live audio webcast on October 29, 2026, at 9:00 a.m. Eastern Time. You will be able to participate in the special meeting and vote via the live audio webcast. Please note that the special meeting will be held in virtual format only. You will not be able to attend the special meeting physically, however you may vote while attending the special meeting online via the live audio webcast. At the special meeting, you will be asked to, among other things, vote for the Merger Agreement Proposal (as defined below). See the section entitled “The Special Meeting,” beginning on page 87, for additional information on the special meeting, including how to vote your Shares.
(see page 23)
On July 29, 2026, the Company entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (as the same may be amended from time to time, the “Merger Agreement”) by and among Parent, Merger Sub and the Company, pursuant to which Merger Sub will be merged with and into the Company (the “Merger” and, together with the other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, the “Transactions”), with the Company surviving the Merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of Parent.
(see page 56)
A summary of the material provisions of the Merger Agreement, which is attached as Annex A to this proxy statement and which is incorporated by reference in this proxy statement, is described in the section of
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this proxy statement entitled “The Merger Agreement,” beginning on page 56. Among other things, the Merger Agreement includes the following terms:
| • | Effective Time of the Merger; Closing. Assuming timely satisfaction of necessary closing conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, including the adoption of the Merger Agreement by the Company’s stockholders, we anticipate that the Merger will be completed in the first half of 2027. The Company, however, cannot assure completion of the Merger by any particular date, if at all. |
| • | Conditions to the Merger. The closing of the Merger (the “Closing”) depends on several conditions being satisfied or waived (other than the condition set forth in the first bullet below, which cannot be waived). These conditions, which are described more fully in “The Merger Agreement — Conditions to the Merger,” beginning on page 77, include: |
| • | The respective obligations of the parties to the Merger Agreement to effect the Merger are subject to the satisfaction (or mutual waiver if permitted by law) at or prior to the Closing of each of the following conditions: (i) adoption of the Merger Agreement by the Company’s stockholders in accordance with applicable law and the Company’s certificate of incorporation and bylaws; (ii) the waiting period applicable to the consummation of the Merger under the Hart Scott Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act (the “HSR Act”) having expired or been earlier terminated and the other filings, notices, reports, consents, registrations, approvals, permits, expirations of waiting periods, clearances or authorizations (as further described in the section entitled “The Merger — Regulatory Approvals,” beginning on page 54) having been filed, occurred or been obtained and remaining in full force and effect, as applicable; and (iii) no governmental entity of competent jurisdiction having enacted, issued, promulgated, enforced or entered any law or order (whether temporary, preliminary or permanent) that is in effect and restrains, enjoins or otherwise prohibits the consummation of the Merger. |
| • | The obligations of Parent and Merger Sub to effect the Merger are also subject to the satisfaction or, to the extent permitted by law, waiver by Parent at or prior to the Closing of the following additional conditions: (i) subject to materiality qualifiers in certain cases, the accuracy of each of our representations and warranties in the Merger Agreement; (ii) the Company’s performance of, and compliance with, in all material respects, all obligations required to be performed by or complied with by it under the Merger Agreement as of the Closing; (iii) since the date of the Merger Agreement, there not having occurred a Company Material Adverse Effect (as defined in the section entitled “The Merger Agreement — Representations and Warranties — Material Adverse Effect,” beginning on page 62); and (iv) the receipt by Parent of a signed certificate by an executive officer of the Company at the Closing stating that the foregoing conditions have been satisfied. |
| • | The Company’s obligations to effect the Merger are also subject to the satisfaction or waiver by the Company at or prior to the Closing of the following additional conditions: (i) subject to certain materiality qualifiers, the accuracy of each of the representations and warranties of Parent and Merger Sub in the Merger Agreement; (ii) each of Parent’s and Merger Sub’s performance of, and compliance with, in all material respects, all obligations required to be performed by or complied with by it under the Merger Agreement at or prior to the Closing; and (iii) the receipt by the Company of a signed certificate by an executive officer of Parent at the Closing stating that the foregoing conditions have been satisfied. |
| • | No Solicitation of Acquisition Proposals. From the date of the Merger Agreement until the earlier of the effective time of the Merger (the “Effective Time”) and the valid termination of the Merger Agreement in accordance with its terms, the Company is not permitted to, among other things, directly or indirectly through its representatives (i) solicit, initiate, knowingly encourage or knowingly facilitate any inquiries or the making of any proposal or offer that constitutes, or could reasonably be expected to lead to, an |
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| acquisition proposal, (ii) participate in any discussions or negotiations with any person regarding any acquisition proposal, (iii) provide any non-public information concerning the Company or any of its subsidiaries to any person in connection with any acquisition proposal or (iv) agree in writing to, or formally resolve or commit to, do any of the foregoing. |
| • | Fiduciary Exception to Non-Solicitation Restrictions; Board Recommendation Changes. Notwithstanding the restrictions described above, under certain circumstances, prior to the time, but not after, that the holders of a majority of the outstanding Shares adopt the Merger Agreement, the Company may, in response to an unsolicited, written acquisition proposal from a third party that the Board determined in good faith to be bona fide, (i) provide access to non-public information regarding the Company or any of its subsidiaries to the person who made such acquisition proposal, subject to certain conditions (including the Company’s receipt from such person, prior to furnishing any material non-public information, of an acceptable confidentiality agreement, and the requirement that such information has previously been made available to Parent or is provided to Parent promptly, and in any event within twenty-four (24) hours, following the time such information is made available to the person who made such acquisition proposal), and (ii) engage or participate in any discussions or negotiations with any such person regarding such acquisition proposal if, and only if, prior to taking any action described in clause (i) or (ii) above, (a) the Board determines in good faith, after consultation with outside legal counsel, that (1) based on the information then available and after consultation with a financial advisor, such acquisition proposal either constitutes a superior proposal or would reasonably be expected to lead to a superior proposal and (2) the failure to take such action would reasonably be expected to be inconsistent with the Company directors’ fiduciary duties under applicable law and (b) such acquisition proposal did not arise out of or result from a material breach of the non-solicitation provisions of the Merger Agreement. |
The Merger Agreement also provides that, at any time before the stockholders of the Company adopt the Merger Agreement, the Board may effect a change in recommendation (or, solely for clause (i), terminate the Merger Agreement) with respect to (i) a bona fide written acquisition proposal if the Board determines in good faith, after consultation with its outside legal counsel and financial advisor, that such acquisition proposal constitutes a superior proposal, taking into account any adjustments committed to in writing by Parent to the terms and conditions of the Merger Agreement such that such acquisition proposal ceases to constitute a superior proposal, or (ii) upon an intervening event (an “Intervening Event”), subject to certain conditions and taking into account any adjustments committed to in writing by Parent to the terms and conditions of the Merger Agreement such that the failure of the Board to make a change in recommendation in response to such Intervening Event would no longer be inconsistent with the Company directors’ fiduciary duties under applicable law. The non-solicitation provisions are described in more detail in the section entitled “The Merger Agreement — Acquisition Proposals,” beginning on page 67.
| • | Termination and Termination Fees. The Merger Agreement contains certain termination rights, including, among other things, the right of any party to terminate the Merger Agreement if the Merger has not occurred on or before July 29, 2027 (such date, as it may be modified by the mutual written agreement of the Company and Parent, the “Termination Date”), which date is subject to up to two (2) automatic six (6)-month extensions if, as of such date, the closing condition relating to required governmental consents or the absence of legal restraints has not been satisfied but all other conditions to Closing have been satisfied or would be satisfied if the Closing were to occur on such date, and the right of the Company to terminate the Merger Agreement to accept a superior proposal, subject to specified exceptions and limitations, and provides that: |
| • | upon termination of the Merger Agreement by the Company or Parent in certain circumstances, including (i) a termination by Parent as a result of a change in recommendation or a material breach by the Company of the non-solicitation provisions of the Merger Agreement or (ii) a termination by the Company to enter into an Alternative Acquisition Agreement (as defined in the section entitled “The |
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| Merger Agreement — Acquisition Proposals — No Change in Recommendation or Alternative Acquisition Agreement,” beginning on page 69) providing for a superior proposal, in each case of clauses (i) and (ii), the Company will be required to pay Parent a termination fee of $148,800,000 (the “Company Termination Fee”). The Company will also be required to pay the Company Termination Fee if the Merger Agreement is terminated by Parent or the Company as a result of the Merger not having been consummated by the Termination Date prior to the adoption of the Merger Agreement by the Company’s stockholders, as a result of the stockholders of the Company not adopting the Merger Agreement, or by Parent as a result of a material breach by the Company of the non-solicitation provisions of the Merger Agreement, but in each such case only if a bona fide acquisition proposal had been publicly made and not withdrawn prior to such termination and, within twelve (12) months after such termination, (A) the Company enters into an agreement with respect to, or consummates, such an alternative transaction, or (B) the Board approves or recommends to the Company’s stockholders, or otherwise does not oppose, such an alternative transaction. |
| • | upon termination of the Merger Agreement (i) as a result of any antitrust law or an order imposed by a governmental entity with respect to an antitrust law, or (ii) due to the failure of the Merger to be consummated by the applicable termination date where, at such time, the closing condition relating to required governmental consents or the absence of legal restraints has not been satisfied as a result of any antitrust law or an order imposed by a governmental entity with respect to an antitrust law, in each case subject to certain additional conditions having been met, Parent will be required to pay the Company a termination fee of $327,400,000 (the “Parent Regulatory Termination Fee”). |
For further discussion of the rights of the parties to terminate the Merger Agreement and the circumstances in which certain termination fees will be payable, see the sections entitled “The Merger Agreement — Termination of the Merger Agreement,” beginning on page 79, and “The Merger Agreement — Termination Fees,” beginning on page 81.
Stockholders Entitled to Vote; Vote Required to Adopt the Merger Agreement
(see page 87)
You may vote at the special meeting if you were a holder of Shares of record as of the close of business on September 16, 2026, which is the Record Date. You will be entitled to one vote for each Share that you owned on the Record Date. As of the Record Date, there were 35,197,197 Shares issued and outstanding and entitled to vote at the special meeting. The adoption of the Merger Agreement requires the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding Shares entitled to vote on such matter as of the Record Date.
(see page 89)
Stockholders of record have a choice of voting (i) by proxy by completing, signing and dating a proxy card and returning it in the prepaid envelope provided, (ii) by calling a toll-free telephone number, (iii) through the internet or (iv) at the special meeting via the virtual meeting website. Please refer to your proxy card or the information forwarded by your bank, broker, trust or other nominee to see which options are available to you. Any holder of Shares as of the Record Date can virtually attend the special meeting by visiting www.virtualshareholdermeeting.com/MKTX2026SM. The special meeting starts at 9:00 a.m. Eastern Time. The telephone and internet voting facilities for holders of Shares as of the Record Date will close at 11:59 p.m., Eastern Time on October 28, 2026.
If you wish to vote by proxy and your Shares are held by a bank, broker, trust or other nominee, you must follow the voting instructions provided to you by your bank, broker, trust or other nominee for your
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Shares to be voted at the special meeting. Your bank, broker, trust or other nominee will NOT have the power to vote your Shares at the special meeting unless you have properly instructed your bank, broker, trust or other nominee on how to vote your Shares.
YOU SHOULD NOT SEND IN YOUR STOCK CERTIFICATE(S) WITH YOUR PROXY CARD.
A letter of transmittal with instructions for the surrender of certificates representing Shares or book-entry Shares will be mailed to stockholders, if the Merger is completed.
For additional information regarding the procedure for delivering your proxy, see the sections entitled “The Special Meeting — How to Vote,” beginning on page 89, and “The Special Meeting — Solicitation of Proxies,” beginning on page 90. If you have more questions about the Merger or how to submit your proxy, or if you need additional copies of this proxy statement or the enclosed proxy card or voting instructions, please contact our proxy solicitor, Okapi Partners LLC, toll-free at 877-629-6355 or collect at 212-297-0720, or via email at info@okapipartners.com.
(see page 23)
A description of the background of the Merger is included in the section of this proxy statement entitled “The Merger — Background of the Merger,” beginning on page 23.
(see page 29)
At a meeting of the Board on July 29, 2026, after careful consideration, including detailed discussions with the Company’s management and its legal advisor and financial advisor, the Board unanimously:
| • | approved and declared advisable the Merger Agreement and the other documents prepared in connection therewith (collectively, the “Transaction Documents”), and the consummation of the Transactions, including the Merger, upon the terms and conditions set forth therein; |
| • | authorized and approved the execution, delivery and performance of the Merger Agreement and the consummation by MarketAxess of the Transactions, including the Merger, upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth therein; |
| • | determined that the Merger Agreement and the Transactions, including the Merger, are advisable, fair to, and in the best interests of, MarketAxess and its stockholders; |
| • | directed the Merger Agreement be submitted to a vote at a special meeting of MarketAxess stockholders; and |
| • | resolved to recommend to MarketAxess stockholders the adoption of the Merger Agreement. |
Accordingly, the Board unanimously recommends that, at the special meeting, you vote (i) “FOR” the Merger Agreement Proposal, (ii) “FOR” the Merger-Related Compensation Proposal, and (iii) “FOR” the Adjournment Proposal.
(see page 29)
After careful consideration, the Board unanimously approved and declared the Merger Agreement and the consummation of the Transactions, including the Merger, to be fair to and in the best interests of the Company and its stockholders.
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Accordingly, the Board unanimously (i) approved and declared advisable the Merger Agreement and the Transaction Documents and the consummation of the Transactions, including the Merger, upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, (ii) determined that the Merger Agreement and the Transactions, including the Merger, are advisable, fair to, and in the best interests of, the Company and its stockholders and (iii) resolved to recommend to the stockholders of the Company the adoption of the Merger Agreement.
For a discussion of the material factors considered by the Board in reaching its conclusions, see the section entitled “The Merger — Reasons for the Merger,” beginning on page 29. In addition, in considering the recommendation of the Board with respect to the Merger Agreement, you should be aware that our directors and executive officers have interests that may be different from, or in addition to, the interests of the Company stockholders generally. See the section entitled “The Merger — Interests of Directors and Executive Officers in the Merger,” beginning on page 43.
(see page 38 and Annex B)
At the meeting of the Board on July 29, 2026, J.P. Morgan Securities LLC (“J.P. Morgan”) rendered its oral opinion to the Board to the effect that, as of such date, and based upon and subject to the assumptions made, procedures followed, matters considered and limitations on the review undertaken by J.P. Morgan in preparing its opinion, the Merger Consideration (as defined below) to be paid to the holders of Shares in the proposed Merger was fair, from a financial point of view, to such holders. J.P. Morgan confirmed its July 29, 2026 oral opinion by delivering its written opinion, dated July 29, 2026, to the Board that, as of such date, the Merger Consideration to be paid to the holders of Shares in the proposed Merger was fair, from a financial point of view, to such holders.
The full text of the written opinion of J.P. Morgan, dated July 29, 2026, which sets forth, among other things, the assumptions made, procedures followed, matters considered and limitations on the review undertaken by J.P. Morgan in preparing its opinion, is attached as Annex B to this proxy statement and is incorporated herein by reference. The summary of the opinion of J.P. Morgan set forth in this proxy statement is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of such opinion. The Company’s stockholders are urged to read the opinion in its entirety. J.P. Morgan’s opinion was addressed to the Board (in its capacity as such) in connection with and for the purposes of its evaluation of the proposed Merger, and was limited to the fairness, from a financial point of view, of the Merger Consideration to be paid to the holders of Shares in the proposed Merger and did not address any other aspect of the proposed Merger. J.P. Morgan expressed no opinion as to the fairness of any consideration to be paid in connection with the proposed Merger to the holders of any other class of securities, creditors or other constituencies of the Company or as to the underlying decision by the Company to engage in the proposed Merger. The issuance of J.P. Morgan’s opinion was approved by a fairness opinion committee of J.P. Morgan. The opinion does not constitute a recommendation to any stockholder of the Company as to how such stockholder should vote with respect to the proposed Merger or any other matter.
For a description of the opinion that the Board received from J.P. Morgan, see the section entitled “The Merger — Opinion of J.P. Morgan Securities LLC,” beginning on page 38 and the full text of the written opinion of J.P. Morgan attached as Annex B of this proxy statement.
Interests of Directors and Executive Officers in the Merger
(see page 43)
In considering the recommendation of the Board that you vote “FOR” the Merger Agreement Proposal (as defined in the section entitled “Questions and Answers about the Special Meeting and the Merger,”
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beginning on page 15), you should be aware that our directors and executive officers have interests that may be different from, or in addition to, the interests of MarketAxess’ stockholders generally. The Board was aware of these interests and considered them, among other matters, in approving the Merger Agreement and the Transactions contemplated by it, including the Merger, and in making their recommendations that the Company’s stockholders approve the Merger Agreement.
These interests are discussed in more detail in the section of this proxy statement entitled “The Merger — Interests of Directors and Executive Officers in the Merger,” beginning on page 43.
(see page 49)
At the Effective Time, each Share issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time (other than Shares owned by (i) Parent or Merger Sub or any of their respective subsidiaries, (ii) the Company as treasury stock, or any of the Company’s subsidiaries (other than Shares with respect to the Company ESPP (as defined below)) (each such Share referred to in (i) and (ii), an “Excluded Share” and, collectively, the “Excluded Shares”) and (iii) Company stockholders who have perfected and not withdrawn a demand for appraisal rights in accordance with Section 262 of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”) (such Shares, the “Dissenting Shares” and such stockholders, the “Dissenting Stockholders”)) will be converted into the right to receive $167.00 per Share in cash, without interest thereon (the “Merger Consideration”). For further information about the treatment of Shares or the treatment of equity awards in the Merger, see the section entitled “The Merger Agreement — Merger Consideration Received by MarketAxess Stockholders,” beginning on page 57, and the section entitled “The Merger Agreement — Treatment of Outstanding Equity Awards; Company ESPP,” beginning on page 58.
Following the completion of the Merger, Shares will no longer be traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market (“NASDAQ”) or any other public market. In addition, the registration of Shares under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), will be terminated.
For a further discussion of the effects of the Merger, see the section entitled “The Merger — Certain Effects of the Merger,” beginning on page 49.
Consequences if the Merger is Not Completed
(see page 50)
If the Merger Agreement Proposal does not receive the required approval from MarketAxess stockholders, or if the Merger is not completed for any other reason, you will not receive the Merger Consideration from Parent or Merger Sub for your Shares. Instead, MarketAxess will remain a public company and the Shares will continue to be listed and traded on NASDAQ.
In addition, if the Merger Agreement is terminated under specified circumstances, the Company will be required to pay Parent the Company Termination Fee. The Merger Agreement also provides that Parent will be required to pay the Company the Parent Regulatory Termination Fee if the Merger Agreement is terminated due to certain reasons related to antitrust matters. For additional information, see the section entitled “The Merger Agreement — Termination Fees,” beginning on page 81.
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Certain Financial Projections Utilized in Connection with the Merger
(see page 34)
A summary of the unaudited prospective financial information prepared by the Company’s management that was made available to Parent in connection with its evaluation of the Company, and to J.P. Morgan in connection with its analyses, is provided in the section of this proxy statement entitled “The Merger — Certain Financial Projections Utilized in Connection with the Merger,” beginning on page 34.
Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences of the Merger
(see page 50)
For U.S. federal income tax purposes, the receipt of cash by (i) a U.S. Holder (as defined below in the section entitled “The Merger — Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences of the Merger — U.S. Holders,” beginning on page 52) in exchange for such U.S. Holder’s Shares in the Merger will be a taxable transaction and will result in the recognition of gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference, if any, between the amount of cash that such U.S. Holder receives in the Merger and such U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the Shares surrendered in the Merger and (ii) a Non-U.S. Holder (as defined below in the section entitled “The Merger — Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences of the Merger — Non-U.S. Holders,” beginning on page 52) in exchange for such Non-U.S. Holder’s Shares in the Merger generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax unless such Non-U.S. Holder has certain connections to the United States or the Company is or has been a United States real property holding corporation and certain conditions are satisfied. However, a Non-U.S. Holder may be subject to backup withholding tax unless the Non-U.S. Holder complies with certain certification procedures or otherwise establishes a valid exemption. Stockholders should refer to the discussion under “The Merger — Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences of the Merger,” beginning on page 50, and are urged to consult their tax advisors concerning the U.S. federal income tax consequences of the Merger considering their circumstances and any consequences arising under the laws of any state, local or non-U.S. taxing jurisdiction or other tax laws.
Stockholders should consult their own tax advisors concerning the U.S. federal income tax consequences of the Merger considering their circumstances and any consequences arising under U.S. federal non-income tax laws or the laws of any state, local or non-U.S. taxing jurisdiction.
(see page 55)
The Merger is not subject to any financing condition. Parent has represented to the Company that Parent will have available at the Effective Time sufficient funds to pay the aggregate Merger Consideration and all other amounts payable by Parent or Merger Sub under the Merger Agreement and to satisfy Parent’s and Merger Sub’s other obligations under the Merger Agreement. The Company has agreed to provide customary cooperation reasonably requested by Parent in connection with any debt financing Parent may seek to obtain in connection with the Transactions, subject to the exceptions and limitations set forth in the Merger Agreement; obtaining any such financing is not a condition to Parent’s or Merger Sub’s obligation to consummate the Merger. For more information, see the section entitled “The Merger — Financing of the Merger,” beginning on page 55.
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Treatment of Outstanding Equity Awards; Company ESPP
(see page 58)
The Merger Agreement provides that each outstanding equity award will be treated as follows:
| • | Treatment of Stock Options. At the Effective Time, each outstanding option to purchase Shares (other than rights to purchase Shares under the MarketAxess Holdings Inc. 2022 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (including the MarketAxess Holdings Inc. Share Incentive Plan, being a sub-plan thereto) (the “Company ESPP”)) (a “Company Option”) granted under the MarketAxess Holdings Inc. 2012 Incentive Plan (as amended) or the MarketAxess Holdings Inc. 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (each, a “Company Stock Plan” and, together, the “Company Stock Plans”), whether vested or unvested, will, automatically and without any required action on the part of the holder thereof, cease to represent an option to purchase Shares and will be converted into an option to purchase a number of shares of common stock, par value $0.01, of Parent (“Parent Common Stock” and such option, a “Parent Option”) equal to the product (rounded down to the nearest whole number) of (x) the number of Shares subject to such Company Option immediately prior to the Effective Time multiplied by (y) the Exchange Ratio (as defined below), at an exercise price per share (rounded up to the nearest whole cent) equal to (A) the exercise price per Share of such Company Option immediately prior to the Effective Time divided by (B) the Exchange Ratio. Except as described below, following the Effective Time each Parent Option will continue to be governed by the same terms and conditions (including vesting and exercisability terms) as applied to such Company Option immediately prior to the Effective Time. |
| • | Treatment of Company Restricted Stock Units. At the Effective Time, each restricted stock unit that is subject solely to time-based vesting conditions (a “Company RSU”) and that is granted under a Company Stock Plan and outstanding as of immediately prior to the Effective Time, other than a Director RSU (as defined below), will, automatically and without any required action on the part of the holder thereof, cease to represent a restricted stock unit denominated in Shares and will be converted into a restricted stock unit denominated in shares of Parent Common Stock (a “Parent RSU”). The number of shares of Parent Common Stock subject to each such Parent RSU will equal the product (rounded down to the nearest whole number) of (x) the number of Shares subject to such Company RSU immediately prior to the Effective Time multiplied by (y) the Exchange Ratio. Except as described below, following the Effective Time, each such Parent RSU will continue to be governed by the same terms and conditions (including the same time-based vesting terms) as applied to the corresponding Company RSU immediately prior to the Effective Time. Any accumulated but unpaid dividend equivalent rights with respect to each such Company RSU that is converted into a Parent RSU will become accumulated but unpaid dividend equivalent rights with respect to such Parent RSU. |
| • | Treatment of Director RSUs. At the Effective Time, each Company RSU held by a member of the Board who is not also an employee of the Company or any of its subsidiaries (a “Director RSU”) will become fully vested and will terminate and be cancelled as of immediately prior to the Effective Time in exchange for a lump sum cash payment equal to (A) the product of the number of Shares underlying such Director RSU multiplied by the Merger Consideration, plus (B) all accumulated but unpaid dividend equivalent rights with respect to such Director RSU, payable as soon as practicable following the Effective Time (and in any event not later than ten (10) calendar days thereafter) and subject to any delay required under Section 409A of the Code (as defined below). |
| • | Treatment of Company Performance Stock Units. At the Effective Time, each restricted stock unit that is subject to performance-based vesting conditions (a “Company PSU”) and that is granted under a Company Stock Plan and outstanding as of immediately prior to the Effective Time will, automatically and without any required action on the part of the holder thereof, cease to represent a performance stock unit denominated in Shares and will be converted into a Parent RSU. The number of shares of |
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| Parent Common Stock subject to each such Parent RSU will equal the product (rounded down to the nearest whole number) of (x) the number of Shares issuable in respect of such Company PSU, determined (A) with respect to any performance period completed as of the Effective Time, based on the actual level of achievement of the applicable performance goals for such period, (B) with respect to any performance period that has commenced but not been completed as of the Effective Time, based on the greater of the target level of performance and the actual level of achievement of the applicable performance goals using pro-rated performance goals through the Effective Time as reasonably determined by the compensation committee of the Board in good faith, and (C) with respect to any performance period that has not yet commenced as of the Effective Time, based on the target level of performance, multiplied by (y) the Exchange Ratio. Following the Effective Time, each such Parent RSU will be subject solely to time-based vesting (any performance-based vesting conditions ceasing to apply) and, except as described below, will otherwise continue to be governed by the same terms and conditions as applied to the corresponding Company PSU immediately prior to the Effective Time. Any accumulated but unpaid dividend equivalent rights with respect to each such Company PSU that is converted into a Parent RSU will become accumulated but unpaid dividend equivalent rights with respect to such Parent RSU. |
| • | Treatment of the Company ESPP. As soon as reasonably practicable following the date of the Merger Agreement and in any event prior to the Effective Time, the Company will take all actions (including obtaining any necessary determinations and/or resolutions of the Board or a committee thereof and, if appropriate, amending the terms of the Company ESPP and, in each case, to the extent permitted by law) that are necessary or required under the Company ESPP and applicable laws to (A) ensure that, except for any offering period under the Company ESPP that commenced prior to the date of the Merger Agreement (the “Final Offering”), no new offering period will be authorized or commenced on or after the date of the Merger Agreement, (B) the Final Offering will end no later than the Closing Date (as defined in the section entitled “The Merger Agreement — Effective Time of the Merger,” beginning on page 56), (C) each Company ESPP participant’s accumulated payroll deductions under the Company ESPP will be used to purchase Shares in accordance with the Company ESPP as of the end of the Final Offering; provided that any payroll deductions that are insufficient to purchase one whole Share will be distributed in cash to such participant as soon as administratively practicable, (D) the applicable purchase price for Shares will not be decreased below the levels provided for by the Company ESPP as of the date of the Merger Agreement and (E) the Company ESPP will be terminated in its entirety at the Effective Time and no further rights will be granted or exercised under the Company ESPP thereafter. |
| • | Termination Protections. Following the Effective Time, if an award holder’s employment or other service is terminated (i) due to death or Disability, (ii) by the Company or any of its affiliates without Cause, or (iii) by the award holder for Good Reason (each as defined in the Merger Agreement), any unvested portion of such holder’s Parent Options and Parent RSUs will become fully vested as of immediately prior to such termination. |
| • | Certain Former-Employee Awards. If and to the extent that any shares of Parent Common Stock subject to a Parent Option or Parent RSU could not be appropriately registered on a Form S-8 as a result of the holder thereof being a former employee of the Company, then in lieu of the conversion of the corresponding Company Option (“Other Option”), Company RSU (“Other RSU”) or Company PSU (“Other PSU” and together with the Other Options and Other RSUs, the “Other Awards”) into a Parent Option or Parent RSU, as applicable, such Other Option, Other RSU or Other PSU will be treated as follows: (i) each Other Option will, if its per-Share exercise price equals or exceeds the Merger Consideration, terminate and be cancelled as of immediately prior to the Effective Time without any consideration, and otherwise will become fully vested and be cancelled in exchange for a lump sum cash payment equal to the number of Shares underlying the Other Option multiplied by the |
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| excess of the Merger Consideration over the per-Share exercise price, less applicable withholding; and (ii) each Other RSU and Other PSU will become fully vested and be cancelled in exchange for a lump sum cash payment equal to (A) the number of Shares underlying such Other RSU or Other PSU (with the number of Shares underlying any Other PSU determined as described above for Company PSUs) multiplied by the Merger Consideration, plus (B) all accumulated but unpaid dividend equivalent rights, less applicable withholding, in each case payable as soon as practicable following the Effective Time (and in any event not later than ten (10) calendar days thereafter) and subject to any delay required under Section 409A of the Code. |
For purposes of this proxy statement, the “Exchange Ratio” means the quotient (rounded to four decimal places) obtained by dividing (a) the Merger Consideration by (b) the volume-weighted average trading price per share of Parent Common Stock on the New York Stock Exchange over the ten (10) consecutive trading days ending on (and including) the trading day immediately preceding the date of Closing, subject to equitable adjustment as provided in the Merger Agreement.
(see page 54)
Under the Merger Agreement, completion of the Merger is conditioned on (i) the expiration or termination of the waiting period applicable to the completion of the Merger under the HSR Act and (ii) the receipt of the Requisite Regulatory Approvals (as defined below).
On August 26, 2026, the Company and Parent filed their respective notification and report forms under the HSR Act with respect to the Merger with the Federal Trade Commission (the “FTC”) and the Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice (the “DOJ”), which triggered the start of the HSR Act waiting period. The HSR Act waiting period is expected to expire at 11:59 p.m. Eastern Time on September 25, 2026.
Completion of the Merger is further subject to the receipt of consent from the following governmental entities: (i) Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (“FINRA”); (ii) Canadian Investment Regulatory Organization; (iii) Ontario Securities Commission; (iv) Dutch Central Bank; (v) Netherlands Autoriteit Financiële Markten; (vi) United Kingdom Financial Conduct Authority; (vii) Monetary Authority of Singapore; and (viii) the UK Competition and Market Authority or Directorate-General for Competition of the European Commission, solely to the extent that either the UK Competition and Market Authority or Directorate-General for Competition of the European Commission asserts that its consent is required for the consummation of the Merger (collectively, the “Requisite Regulatory Approvals”).
For a description of the Company’s and Parent’s respective obligations under the Merger Agreement with respect to regulatory approvals, see the section entitled “The Merger Agreement — Efforts to Complete the Merger,” beginning on page 71.
Payment of Merger Consideration
(see page 54)
Immediately prior to the Effective Time, Parent will deposit, or cause to be deposited, with a paying agent selected by Parent after reasonable consultation with the Company (the “Paying Agent”), for payment to the holders of Shares, an aggregate amount of cash comprising approximately the aggregate Merger Consideration in respect of such Shares (such aggregate amount of cash, the “Exchange Fund”). Promptly after the Effective Time (and in any event within two (2) business days after the Effective Time), Parent will cause the Paying Agent to mail to each holder of record of (x) certificates representing any of the Shares outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time or (y) any uncertificated shares outstanding immediately prior to the
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Effective Time, not held, directly or indirectly, through The Depository Trust Company (“DTC”) (other than in respect of Excluded Shares and Shares owned by Dissenting Stockholders): (i) a letter of transmittal in customary form advising such holder of the effectiveness of the Merger and the conversion of its Shares into the right to receive the Merger Consideration, and specifying that delivery will be effected, and risk of loss and title to the certificates or such uncertificated shares will pass, only upon delivery of the certificates (or affidavits of loss in lieu of the certificates) or the surrender of such uncertificated shares to the Paying Agent and (ii) instructions for use in effecting the surrender of the certificates (or affidavits of loss in lieu of the certificates) or such uncertificated shares to the Paying Agent. With respect to the uncertificated shares held, directly or indirectly, through DTC, Parent and the Company will cooperate to establish procedures with the Paying Agent, DTC, DTC’s nominees and such other necessary or desirable third-party intermediaries to ensure that the Paying Agent will transmit to DTC or its nominees as promptly as practicable after the Effective Time, upon surrender of Shares held of record by DTC or its nominees in accordance with DTC’s customary surrender procedures and such other procedures as agreed by Parent, the Company, the Paying Agent, DTC, DTC’s nominees and such other necessary or desirable third-party intermediaries, the Merger Consideration to which the beneficial owners thereof are entitled to receive. Upon the surrender of a certificate (or delivery of an affidavit of loss in lieu thereof) or uncertificated share to the Paying Agent pursuant to the foregoing, the holder of such certificate or uncertificated share will be entitled to receive in exchange therefor an amount in immediately available funds (or, if no wire transfer instructions are provided, a check, and in each case, after giving effect to any required tax withholding) equal to the cash amount that such holder is entitled to receive, and the certificate or uncertificated share so surrendered will forthwith be cancelled. No interest will be paid or accrued on any amount payable to holders of certificates or uncertificated shares. In the event of a transfer of ownership of Shares represented by a certificate that is not registered in the transfer records of the Company, a check for any cash to be paid upon due surrender of the certificate may be issued and/or paid to such a transferee if the certificate formerly representing such Shares is properly endorsed and otherwise in proper form for surrender and presented to the Paying Agent, accompanied by all documents required to evidence and effect such transfer and to evidence that any applicable stock transfer taxes have been paid or are not applicable, in each case, in form and substance, reasonably satisfactory to Parent and the Paying Agent.
In the event that any certificate is lost, stolen or destroyed, upon the making of an affidavit (in form and substance satisfactory to the surviving corporation) of that fact by the person claiming such certificate to be lost, stolen or destroyed to the Paying Agent or the surviving corporation, and, if required by Parent, the posting by such person of a bond or surety in such reasonable amount as Parent may direct as indemnity against any claim that may be made against it with respect to such certificate, the Paying Agent will issue in exchange for such lost, stolen or destroyed certificate the cash that would have been issuable or payable (after giving effect to any required tax withholdings) had such lost, stolen or destroyed certificate been surrendered.
After the completion of the Merger, holders of Shares will cease to have any rights as a stockholder of the Company other than the right to receive the Merger Consideration upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement.
(see page 93)
Under Delaware law, if the Merger is completed, holders and beneficial owners of Shares who have perfected and not withdrawn a demand for appraisal rights in accordance with Section 262 of the DGCL will be entitled to seek appraisal for, and obtain payment in cash for, the judicially determined fair value of, their Shares, in lieu of receiving the Merger Consideration. The relevant provisions of the DGCL may be accessed without subscription or cost at the following publicly available website: https://delcode.delaware.gov/title8/c001/sc09/index.html#262. Failure to comply strictly with these provisions may result in the loss of the right of appraisal. For additional information, see the section entitled “Appraisal Rights,” beginning on page 93.
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(see page 101)
You can find more information about MarketAxess in the periodic reports and other information the Company files with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (which we refer to as the “SEC”). The information is available on the website maintained by the SEC at www.sec.gov.
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QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ABOUT THE SPECIAL MEETING AND THE MERGER
The following questions and answers are intended to briefly address some commonly asked questions regarding the special meeting of stockholders, the Merger Agreement and the Transactions (including the Merger). These questions and answers do not address all questions that may be important to you as a MarketAxess stockholder. Please refer to the more detailed information contained elsewhere in this proxy statement, the Annexes to this proxy statement and the documents referred to in and incorporated by reference into this proxy statement.
| Q: | Why am I receiving this proxy statement? |
| A: | On July 29, 2026, MarketAxess entered into the Merger Agreement with Parent and Merger Sub. A copy of the Merger Agreement is attached to this proxy statement as Annex A and is incorporated by reference herein. In order to complete the Merger, MarketAxess’ stockholders must vote to adopt the Merger Agreement. You are receiving this proxy statement in connection with the solicitation of proxies by the Board in favor of the Merger Agreement Proposal. |
Your vote is very important. Even if you plan to attend the special meeting virtually through the internet, we encourage you to submit a proxy as soon as possible.
| Q: | What is the proposed Merger and what effects will it have on the Company? |
| A: | The proposed Merger will result in the acquisition of the Company by Parent pursuant to the Merger Agreement. If the Merger Agreement Proposal is approved by MarketAxess’ stockholders and the other closing conditions under the Merger Agreement are satisfied or waived, Merger Sub will merge with and into the Company, with the Company becoming a wholly owned subsidiary of Parent. As a result of the Merger, the Company will cease to be a public company and you will cease to hold Shares. In addition, following the Merger, the Shares will be delisted from NASDAQ and deregistered under the Exchange Act, and MarketAxess will no longer be required to file periodic reports, current reports and proxy and information statements with the SEC. |
| Q: | As a stockholder, what will I receive in the Merger? |
| A: | If the Merger is completed, you will be entitled to receive $167.00 per Share in cash, without interest and subject to deduction for any applicable withholding taxes, for each Share you own as of immediately prior to the Effective Time. For further information, see the section entitled “The Merger Agreement — Merger Consideration Received by MarketAxess Stockholders,” beginning on page 57. |
| Q: | Will I continue to receive dividends on Shares that I hold prior to Closing? |
| A: | The Merger Agreement provides that MarketAxess may declare, set aside or pay regular quarterly cash dividends approved by the Board in the ordinary course of business (both in terms of the timing of dividend payments and the amounts paid) and in accordance with applicable law and the Company’s organizational documents. |
| Q: | What are the material U.S. federal income tax consequences of the Merger? |
| A: | If you are a U.S. Holder (as defined in the section entitled “The Merger — Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences of the Merger — U.S. Holders,” beginning on page 52), the exchange of Shares for cash pursuant to the Merger will be a taxable transaction and will require you to recognize gain or loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes in an amount equal to the difference, if any, between the amount of cash you received pursuant to the Merger and your adjusted tax basis in the Shares surrendered pursuant to the Merger. |
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If you are a Non-U.S. Holder (as defined in the section entitled “The Merger — Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences of the Merger — Non-U.S. Holders,” beginning on page 52), the exchange of Shares for cash pursuant to the Merger generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax unless you have certain connections to the United States or the Company is or has been a United States real property holding corporation and certain other conditions are satisfied. However, a Non-U.S. Holder may be subject to backup withholding tax unless the Non-U.S. Holder complies with certain certification procedures or otherwise establishes a valid exemption.
You should consult your own tax advisor to determine the U.S. federal income tax consequences of the Merger to you considering your own circumstances and any consequences arising under the laws of any state, local, or non-U.S. taxing jurisdiction. A more complete description of certain U.S. federal income tax consequences of the Merger is provided in the section entitled “The Merger — Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences of the Merger,” beginning on page 50.
Stockholders should consult their own tax advisors concerning the U.S. federal income tax consequences of the Merger considering their circumstances and any consequences arising under U.S. federal non-income tax laws or the laws of any state, local or non-U.S. taxing jurisdiction.
| Q: | What will happen to outstanding MarketAxess equity compensation awards in the Merger? |
| A: | For information regarding the treatment of outstanding MarketAxess equity awards, see the section entitled “The Merger Agreement — Treatment of Outstanding Equity Awards; Company ESPP,” beginning on page 58. |
| Q: | What will happen to the Company ESPP? |
| A: | For information regarding the treatment of the Company ESPP, see the section entitled “The Merger Agreement — Treatment of Outstanding Equity Awards; Company ESPP,” beginning on page 58. |
| Q: | When and where will the special meeting be held? |
| A: | The special meeting will be held via live audio webcast on October 29, 2026, at 9:00 a.m., Eastern Time. You will be able to participate in the special meeting and vote via live audio webcast by visiting www.virtualshareholdermeeting.com/MKTX2026SM. Please note that the special meeting will be held in virtual format only. You will not be able to attend the special meeting physically, however you may vote while attending the special meeting online via the live audio webcast. |
| Q: | Who is entitled to vote at the special meeting? |
| A: | Only holders of Shares of record as of the close of business on September 16, 2026, the Record Date for the special meeting, are entitled to notice of and to vote at the special meeting. You will be entitled to one vote on each of the proposals presented in this proxy statement for each Share that you own as of the close of business on the Record Date. |
| Q: | What is the difference between being a “holder of record” and a “beneficial owner” of Shares held in “street name”? |
| A: | If, on the Record Date, your Shares are registered directly in your name with the Company’s transfer agent, Equiniti Trust Company, LLC, you are considered, with respect to those Shares, the stockholder of record. If your Shares are held by a bank, broker, trust or other nominee, you are considered the beneficial owner of Shares held in “street name.” |
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| Q: | What proposals will be considered at the special meeting? |
| A: | At the special meeting, you will be asked to consider and vote on: |
| • | a proposal to adopt the Merger Agreement, a copy of which is attached as Annex A to this proxy statement, pursuant to which Merger Sub will be merged with and into the Company with the Company surviving the Merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of Parent (the “Merger Agreement Proposal”); |
| • | a proposal to approve, by a non-binding advisory vote, the compensation that may be paid or become payable to the Company’s named executive officers that is based on or otherwise relates to the Transactions, including the Merger (the “Merger-Related Compensation Proposal”), as discussed in the section entitled “The Merger — Interests of Directors and Executive Officers in the Merger,” beginning on page 43; and |
| • | a proposal to adjourn the special meeting to a later date or time if necessary or appropriate to ensure that any necessary supplement or amendment to this proxy statement is provided to Company stockholders a reasonable amount of time in advance of the special meeting or to solicit additional proxies in favor of the Merger Agreement Proposal if there are insufficient votes at the time of the special meeting to approve such proposal (the “Adjournment Proposal”). |
You should read the section of this proxy statement entitled “The Merger — Reasons for the Merger,” beginning on page 29, for a discussion of the factors that the Board considered in deciding to recommend the approval of the Merger Agreement. See also the section entitled “The Merger — Interests of Directors and Executive Officers in the Merger,” beginning on page 43.
| Q: | What vote is required to approve each of the proposals? |
| A: | The approval of the Merger Agreement Proposal requires, assuming a quorum is present, the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding Shares entitled to vote on such matter as of the Record Date. Abstentions and failure to vote will have the same effect, assuming a quorum is present, as a vote “AGAINST” the Merger Agreement Proposal. |
The approval of the Merger-Related Compensation Proposal requires, assuming a quorum is present, the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority in voting power of the Shares present in person or represented by proxy at the special meeting and entitled to vote thereat. Failure to vote will have no effect on approval of the proposal, assuming a quorum is present; however, the abstention from voting will have the same effect as a vote “AGAINST” the proposal.
The approval of the Adjournment Proposal requires, assuming a quorum is present, the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority in voting power of the Shares present in person or represented by proxy at the special meeting and entitled to vote thereat. Failure to vote will have no effect on approval of the proposal, assuming a quorum is present; however, the abstention from voting will have the same effect as a vote “AGAINST” the proposal.
| Q: | How does the Board recommend that I vote on the proposals? |
| A: | The Merger Agreement and the Transactions, including the Merger, have been unanimously approved and recommended by the Board. The Board recommends a vote (i) “FOR” the Merger Agreement Proposal, (ii) “FOR” the Merger-Related Compensation Proposal and (iii) “FOR” the Adjournment Proposal. |
For a discussion of the material factors considered by the Board in reaching its conclusions, see the section entitled “The Merger — Reasons for the Merger,” beginning on page 29. In addition, in considering the recommendation of the Board with respect to the Merger Agreement, you should be aware that our directors and executive officers have interests that may be different from, or in addition to, the interests of MarketAxess stockholders generally. See the section entitled “The Merger — Interests of Directors and Executive Officers in the Merger,” beginning on page 43.
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| Q: | Do I need to attend the special meeting? |
| A: | No. It is not necessary for you to attend the special meeting in order to vote your Shares. If you are a holder of Shares as of the Record Date, you may vote by mail, by telephone or through the internet, as described in more detail below. If you are a “street name” holder of Shares, you must follow the voting instructions provided to you by your bank, broker, trust or other nominee for your Shares to be voted at the special meeting, as described in more detail below. |
| Q: | How many Shares need to be represented at the special meeting? |
| A: | The presence at the special meeting, by attendance via the virtual meeting website or by proxy, of the holders of a majority in voting power of the Shares entitled to vote at the meeting constitutes a quorum for the purpose of considering the proposals. A quorum is the minimum number of Shares required to be present at the special meeting for the meeting to be properly held under our bylaws and the DGCL. |
As of September 16, 2026, there were 35,197,197 Shares outstanding. If you are a holder of Shares as of the Record Date and you vote by mail, by telephone, through the internet or at the special meeting via the virtual meeting website, you will be considered part of the quorum. If you are a “street name” holder of Shares and you provide your bank, broker, trust or other nominee with voting instructions, then your Shares will be counted in determining the presence of a quorum. If you are a “street name” holder of Shares and you do not provide your bank, broker, trust or other nominee with voting instructions, then your Shares will not be counted in determining the presence of a quorum.
All Shares held by stockholders as of the Record Date that attend the special meeting via the virtual meeting website, or are represented by proxy, and entitled to vote at the special meeting, regardless of how such Shares are voted or whether such stockholders have indicated on their proxy that they are abstaining from voting, will be counted in determining the presence of a quorum. If a quorum is not present at the special meeting, then the Company may seek to adjourn the special meeting.
| Q: | Why am I being asked to consider and cast a non-binding advisory vote to approve the compensation that may be paid or become payable to MarketAxess’ named executive officers that is based on or otherwise relates to the Merger? |
| A: | In July 2010, the SEC adopted rules that require companies to seek a non-binding advisory vote to approve certain compensation that may be paid or become payable to their named executive officers that is based on or otherwise relates to corporate transactions such as the Merger. In accordance with the rules promulgated under Section 14A of the Exchange Act, MarketAxess is providing its holders of Shares as of the Record Date with the opportunity to cast a non-binding advisory vote on compensation that may be paid or become payable to MarketAxess’ named executive officers in connection with the Merger. For additional information, see the section entitled “Proposal 2: Merger-Related Compensation Proposal,” beginning on page 91. |
| Q: | What will happen if MarketAxess stockholders do not approve the Merger-Related Compensation Proposal? |
| A: | The vote to approve the Merger-Related Compensation Proposal is a vote separate and apart from the vote to adopt the Merger Agreement. Approval of the Merger-Related Compensation Proposal is not a condition to completion of the Merger, and it is advisory in nature only, meaning that it will not be binding on MarketAxess or Parent or any of their respective subsidiaries. Accordingly, if the Merger Agreement is adopted by MarketAxess’ stockholders and the Merger is completed, the compensation that is based on or otherwise relates to the Merger will be payable to our named executive officers even if this proposal is not approved. |
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| Q: | What do I need to do now? How many votes do I have? |
| A: | After carefully reading and considering the information contained in this proxy statement and the Annexes attached to this proxy statement, please vote your Shares in one of the ways described below as soon as possible. You will be entitled to one vote for each Share that you owned at the close of business on the Record Date. |
| Q: | How do I vote if I am a stockholder of record? |
| A: | You may vote by: |
| • | submitting your proxy by completing, signing and dating each proxy card you receive and returning it by mail in the enclosed prepaid envelope; |
| • | submitting your proxy by using the telephone number printed on each proxy card you receive; |
| • | submitting your proxy through the internet voting instructions printed on each proxy card you receive; or |
| • | casting your vote at www.proxyvote.com. Any holder of Shares as of the Record Date can virtually attend the special meeting by visiting www.virtualshareholdermeeting.com/MKTX2026SM. You will be able to participate in the special meeting and vote via the live audio webcast. The special meeting will be held on October 29, 2026 and starts at 9:00 a.m., Eastern Time. |
Submitting your proxy by mail, by telephone or through the internet will not prevent you from casting your vote at the special meeting via the virtual meeting website. You are encouraged to submit a proxy by mail, by telephone or through the internet even if you plan to attend the special meeting via the virtual meeting website to ensure that your Shares are represented at the special meeting.
If you return your signed proxy card, but do not mark the boxes showing how you wish to vote, your Shares will be voted “FOR” the Merger Agreement Proposal, “FOR” the Merger-Related Compensation Proposal and “FOR” the Adjournment Proposal.
| Q: | What is the deadline for voting my Shares? |
| A: | If you are submitting your proxy by telephone or through the internet, your voting instructions must be received by 11:59 p.m., Eastern Time on October 28, 2026. |
If your Shares were purchased through the Company ESPP and are held through your account with Charles Schwab, you must vote such Shares by 11:59 p.m. Eastern Time on October 28, 2026.
If you choose to submit your proxy by mailing a proxy card, your proxy card must be completed, signed, dated and returned in the enclosed postage-paid reply envelope or otherwise filed with our General Counsel & Corporate Secretary no later than 11:59 p.m. Eastern Time on October 28, 2026. You may also attend the special meeting virtually through the internet. If you are a beneficial owner, please review the voting instructions provided by your bank, broker, trust or other nominee for information on the deadline for voting your Shares.
| Q: | If my Shares are held for me by a bank, broker, trust or other nominee, will my bank, broker, trust or other nominee vote those Shares for me with respect to the proposals? |
| A: | If you wish to vote by proxy and your Shares are held by a bank, broker, trust or other nominee, you must follow the voting instructions provided to you by your bank, broker, trust or other nominee for your Shares to be voted at the special meeting. Your bank, broker, trust or other nominee will NOT be able to vote your Shares on the proposals unless you have properly instructed your bank, broker, trust or other nominee on how to vote your Shares. You may be able to vote by telephone or through the internet if your bank, broker, trust or other nominee offers these options. If you wish to vote by attending the special meeting via the |
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| virtual meeting website and your Shares are held in the name of a bank, broker, trust or other nominee, you must obtain a legal proxy, executed in your favor, from the bank, broker, trust or other nominee of record authorizing you to vote at the special meeting. Obtaining a legal proxy may take several days. |
| Q: | What if I fail to instruct my bank, broker, trust or other nominee how to vote? |
| A: | Your bank, broker, trust or other nominee will NOT be able to vote your Shares on the proposals unless you have properly instructed your bank, broker, trust or other nominee on how to vote your Shares. Because the Merger Agreement Proposal requires the affirmative vote of holders of a majority of the outstanding Shares entitled to vote on such matter as of the Record Date, the failure to provide your bank, broker, trust or other nominee with voting instructions will have the same effect as a vote “AGAINST” the Merger Agreement Proposal. Furthermore, your Shares will not be included in the calculation of the number of Shares present at the special meeting for purposes of determining whether a quorum is present. |
| Q: | May I change my vote after I have mailed my proxy card or after I have submitted my proxy by telephone or through the internet? |
| A: | Yes. You may revoke your proxy or change your vote at any time before it is voted at the special meeting. You may revoke your proxy by delivering a signed written notice of revocation stating that the proxy is revoked and bearing a date later than the date of the proxy delivered to Scott Pintoff, General Counsel & Corporate Secretary, MarketAxess Holdings Inc., 55 Hudson Yards, 15th Floor, New York, New York, 10001. You may also revoke your proxy or change your vote by submitting another proxy by telephone or through the internet in accordance with the instructions on the enclosed proxy card. You may also submit a later-dated proxy card relating to the same Shares. If you voted by completing, signing, dating and returning the enclosed proxy card, you should retain a copy of the voter control number found on the proxy card in the event that you later decide to revoke your proxy or change your vote by telephone or through the internet. Alternatively, your proxy may be revoked or changed by attending the special meeting via the virtual meeting website and voting at the meeting. However, simply attending the special meeting without voting will not revoke or change your proxy. “Street name” holders of Shares should contact their bank, broker, trust or other nominee to obtain instructions as to how to revoke or change their proxies. |
If you have instructed a bank, broker, trust or other nominee to vote your Shares, you must follow the instructions received from your bank, broker, trust or other nominee to change your vote.
All properly submitted proxies received by us before the special meeting that are not revoked or changed prior to being exercised at the special meeting will be voted at the special meeting in accordance with the instructions indicated on the proxies or, if no instructions were provided, “FOR” each of the proposals.
| Q: | What does it mean if I receive more than one proxy card? |
| A: | If you receive more than one proxy card, it means that you hold Shares that are registered in more than one account. For example, if you own your Shares in various registered forms, such as jointly with your spouse, as trustee of a trust or as custodian for a minor, you will receive, and you will need to sign and return, a separate proxy card for those Shares because they are held in a different form of record ownership. Therefore, to ensure that all of your Shares are voted, you will need to submit your proxies by mailing in each proxy card you receive or by telephone or through the internet by using the different voter control number(s) on each proxy card. |
| Q: | What is householding and how does it affect me? |
| A: | The SEC permits companies to send a single set of certain disclosure documents to any household at which two or more stockholders reside, unless contrary instructions have been received, but only if the company provides advance notice and follows certain procedures. In such cases, each stockholder continues to receive |
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| a separate notice of the meeting and proxy card. This householding process reduces the volume of duplicate information and reduces printing and mailing expenses. If your family has multiple accounts holding Shares, you may have already received a householding notification. For additional information, see the section entitled “Householding of Proxy Material,” beginning on page 101. |
| Q: | What happens if I sell my Shares before the special meeting? |
| A: | The Record Date for the special meeting is earlier than the expected date of completion of the Merger. If you own Shares as of the close of business on the Record Date but transfer your Shares prior to the special meeting, you will retain your right to vote at the special meeting, but the right to receive the Merger Consideration will pass to the person who holds your Shares as of immediately prior to the Effective Time. |
| Q: | May I exercise dissenters’ rights or rights of appraisal in connection with the Merger? |
| A: | Yes. In order to exercise your appraisal rights, you must follow the requirements set forth in Section 262 of the DGCL. Under Delaware law, holders of Shares of record who have perfected and not withdrawn a demand for appraisal rights in accordance with Section 262 of the DGCL will have the right to seek appraisal of the fair value of their Shares as determined by the Delaware Court of Chancery if the Merger is completed. Appraisal rights only will be available to these holders if they deliver a written demand for an appraisal to MarketAxess prior to the vote on the Merger Agreement Proposal at the special meeting and they comply with the procedures and requirements set forth in Section 262 of the DGCL, which may be accessed without subscription or cost at the following publicly available website: https://delcode.delaware.gov/title8/c001/sc09/index.html#262. For additional information, see the section entitled “Appraisal Rights,” beginning on page 93. |
| Q: | If I hold my Shares in certificated form, should I send in my stock certificates now? |
| A: | No. Shortly after the Merger is completed, you will be sent a letter of transmittal that includes detailed written instructions on how to return your stock certificates. You must return your stock certificates in accordance with such instructions in order to receive the Merger Consideration. PLEASE DO NOT SEND IN YOUR STOCK CERTIFICATE(S) NOW. |
| Q: | When is the Merger expected to be completed? |
| A: | We and Parent are working toward completing the Merger as quickly as possible. We currently anticipate that the Merger will be completed during the first half of 2027, but we cannot be certain when or if the conditions to the Merger will be satisfied or, to the extent permitted, waived. The Merger cannot be completed until the conditions to closing are satisfied (or, to the extent permitted, waived), including the adoption of the Merger Agreement by MarketAxess’ stockholders. For additional information, see the section entitled “The Merger Agreement — Conditions to the Merger,” beginning on page 77. |
| Q: | What happens if the Merger is not completed? |
| A: | If the Merger Agreement Proposal is not approved by the holders of a majority of the outstanding Shares entitled to vote on such matter as of the Record Date or if the Merger is not completed for any other reason, you will not receive any consideration from Parent or Merger Sub for your Shares. Instead, MarketAxess will remain a public company, and the Shares will continue to be registered under the Exchange Act and listed and traded on NASDAQ. We expect that our management will operate our business in a manner similar to that in which it is being operated today and that holders of Shares will continue to be subject to the same risks and opportunities to which they are currently subject with respect to their ownership of the Shares. |
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In addition, if the Merger Agreement is terminated under specified circumstances, the Company will be required to pay Parent the Company Termination Fee. The Merger Agreement also provides that Parent will be required to pay the Company the Parent Regulatory Termination Fee if the Merger Agreement is terminated due to certain reasons related to antitrust matters. For additional information, see the section entitled “The Merger Agreement — Termination Fees,” beginning on page 81.
For additional information, see the section entitled “The Merger — Consequences if the Merger is Not Completed,” beginning on page 50.
| Q: | Where can I find the voting results of the special meeting? |
| A: | The Company will publish final voting results from the special meeting in a Current Report on Form 8-K to be filed with the SEC following the special meeting. For more information, please see the section entitled “Where You Can Find More Information,” beginning on page 101. |
| Q: | Are there any requirements if I plan on attending the special meeting? |
| A: | The special meeting will be held via live audio webcast only. Any holder of Shares as of the Record Date can virtually attend the special meeting by visiting www.virtualshareholdermeeting.com/MKTX2026SM. You will be able to participate in the special meeting and vote via the live audio webcast. The special meeting starts at 9:00 a.m., Eastern Time, on October 29, 2026. If you hold your Shares in “street name,” in order to be able to enter the special meeting you will need the control number included with your voting instruction card and voting instructions you received from your broker, bank, trust or other nominee of your Shares. Instructions on how to attend and participate online are also posted online at www.proxyvote.com. |
| Q: | Where can I find more information about MarketAxess? |
| A: | MarketAxess files periodic reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. Our SEC filings are available to the public at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. For a more detailed description of the information available, see the section entitled “Where You Can Find More Information,” beginning on page 101. |
| Q: | Who can help answer my questions? |
| A: | For additional questions about the Merger, assistance in submitting proxies or voting Shares, or additional copies of this proxy statement or the enclosed proxy card, please contact our proxy solicitor: |
Okapi Partners LLC
1212 Avenue of the Americas, 17th Floor
New York, NY 10036
Toll Free: (877)629-6355
Direct: (212)297-0720
info@okapipartners.com
If your Shares are held for you by a bank, broker, trust or other nominee, you should also call your bank, broker, trust or other nominee for additional information.
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MarketAxess is seeking the adoption by its stockholders of the Merger Agreement. Under the terms of the Merger Agreement, subject to the satisfaction or waiver of specified conditions, Merger Sub will merge with and into MarketAxess. MarketAxess will survive the Merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of Parent. The Board has approved the Merger Agreement and unanimously recommends that MarketAxess stockholders vote “FOR” the Merger Agreement Proposal.
At the Effective Time, each Share that is issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time (other than in respect of Excluded Shares and Dissenting Shares), will be cancelled, will cease to exist and will be automatically converted into the right to receive $167.00 per Share in cash, without interest thereon and subject to deduction for any applicable withholding taxes.
Following the completion of the Merger, MarketAxess will cease to be a publicly traded company and will become a direct, wholly owned subsidiary of Parent.
The following is a summary of the principal events, meetings, negotiations and actions that led to the execution and public announcement of the Merger Agreement. This summary does not purport to catalogue every interaction among the Company, the Board, the Company’s management or advisors, Parent or any other parties or their respective advisors or representatives, but is instead a summary of material developments over the course of such discussions and negotiations.
The Board, together with the Company’s management and with the assistance of the Company’s advisors, regularly reviews and assesses the Company’s strategic direction, financial performance and business plans to strengthen the Company’s business and identify opportunities to increase stockholder value. As part of this periodic review and assessment, from time to time during the two-year period prior to the Company’s entry into the Merger Agreement, the Board and the Company’s management considered potential strategic alternatives and engaged in business development and strategic discussions with other participants in the electronic fixed-income trading industry. As part of this review and assessment, representatives of the Company’s management have, from time to time, met with parties who expressed interest in a potential transaction involving the Company, and received inbound inquiries related thereto. During the two-year period prior to the Company’s entry into the Merger Agreement, none of these prior discussions progressed beyond preliminary phases, other than as described below.
During the fall of 2025, the Company was contacted separately by two financial sponsors regarding a potential transaction involving the Company. The Company entered into a confidentiality agreement with each of these financial sponsors, each of which included a standstill provision with a customary “don’t ask, don’t waive” provision, which barred the counterparty from publicly requesting an amendment or waiver of the standstill obligations, but permitted confidential proposals to the Board regarding a potential transaction involving the Company if such proposals or requests would not reasonably be expected to require public disclosure, and a “fall away” provision providing that the standstill obligations would terminate following, among other things, the Company entering into a definitive agreement providing for a change of control. The Company then provided non-public information regarding the Company to each of these financial sponsors. Ultimately, by November 2025, each of these financial sponsors determined not to pursue a transaction with the Company. Neither financial sponsor provided a written indication of interest or any other indication of price.
In late December 2025, Jeffrey C. Sprecher, Parent’s Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, contacted Carlos M. Hernandez, the Chairman of the Board, to express Parent’s interest in exploring a potential transaction involving the Company and Parent. Messrs. Hernandez and Sprecher agreed to meet in person to discuss the matter further.
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On January 29, 2026, Messrs. Hernandez and Sprecher met in Florida to discuss a potential transaction involving the Company and Parent, and Mr. Sprecher indicated that Parent expected to provide the Company with a written indication of interest for a potential transaction in the coming weeks.
On February 3, 2026, Mr. Sprecher contacted Mr. Hernandez to propose that the parties exchange additional information to further explore a potential transaction and that, as a first step, the parties enter into a confidentiality agreement. On February 5, 2026, the Company and Intercontinental Exchange Holdings, Inc., a subsidiary of Parent (“ICE Holdings”), entered into a mutual confidentiality agreement to facilitate the exchange of non-public information in connection with the evaluation of a potential transaction. The confidentiality agreement did not contain any standstill provision and did not otherwise restrict ICE Holdings, Parent or any of their respective affiliates from making a proposal to acquire the Company. On February 24, 2026, the Company and Parent entered into a clean team agreement providing for restrictions and protocols relating to the review of certain competitively sensitive information.
During February 2026, representatives of the Company met with representatives of Parent on various occasions to discuss a potential transaction involving the Company and Parent.
From February 2026 through late July 2026, in connection with Parent’s due diligence review of the Company (including via access to a virtual data room), representatives of Parent and members of the Company’s management held due diligence meetings and calls on various subject areas including the Company’s business plan and prospects, contractual arrangements, technology, cybersecurity, operations, human resources, taxes, litigation, client matters, regulatory matters and financial modeling.
From approximately March 2026 through July 2026, representatives of the Company held separate preliminary discussions regarding a potential transaction involving the Company with approximately six other parties, including five financial sponsors and one strategic party. One of these financial sponsors was one of the financial sponsors with which the Company had entered into a confidentiality agreement in the fall of 2025. The Company did not enter into a confidentiality agreement with any of the other five parties. None of these discussions progressed beyond preliminary phases, and no party provided a written indication of interest or any other indication of price.
On March 31, 2026, the Finance Committee of the Board (the “Finance Committee”) held a regular meeting, attended by members Steven L. Begleiter, William F. Cruger and Roberto Hoornweg, as well as Mr. Hernandez, Christopher Concannon, the Chief Executive Officer of the Company and a member of the Board, and other members of the Company’s management. Among other things, Messrs. Concannon and Hernandez provided the Finance Committee with a status update on the discussions with Parent regarding a potential transaction.
On April 15, 2026, the Board held a meeting, attended by members of the Company’s management. At the meeting, among other things, the Board received an update on the status of the discussions with Parent.
On May 27, 2026, the Company received from Parent a non-binding written indication of interest to acquire all of the outstanding Shares for $175.00 per Share in cash, which represented a premium of approximately 33.6% to the closing price of the Shares of $130.94 on May 27, 2026 (the “May 27 Proposal”). Neither the May 27 Proposal nor any later revised proposal by Parent included any proposals regarding post-Closing employment arrangements or any other post-Closing arrangements for any members of the Board or the Company’s executive officers. The May 27 Proposal contemplated a sixty (60)-day exclusive negotiation period, subject to extension. Throughout the process, the Company did not agree to, and the parties did not enter into, any exclusivity arrangement. Accordingly, the Company remained free to engage with other parties throughout the discussions and negotiations described below with respect to a potential transaction or any other strategic alternative.
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On May 28, 2026, at the direction of Messrs. Hernandez and Concannon, representatives of J.P. Morgan, financial advisor to the Company, communicated to representatives of Parent the Company’s disappointment regarding the valuation of the Company included in the May 27 Proposal. Representatives of Parent responded that Parent believed that the valuation reflected in the May 27 Proposal represented a full premium to the trading price of the Shares. On May 29, 2026, representatives of J.P. Morgan conveyed the same message to representatives of BofA Securities, Inc. (“BofA”), financial advisor to Parent, who responded to similar effect. There was then a pause in the negotiations between May 29, 2026 and approximately June 9, 2026.
J.P. Morgan had served as a financial advisor to the Company in connection with a variety of matters prior to the May 27 Proposal, and continued to serve in that capacity in connection with the Company’s evaluation of a potential transaction with Parent. The Company selected J.P. Morgan in light of its qualifications, experience and reputation as an internationally recognized investment banking firm, and its familiarity with the Company, its industry and transactions of this type. The Company and J.P. Morgan subsequently executed an engagement letter, dated July 28, 2026 and effective as of February 1, 2026. As part of its engagement, J.P. Morgan delivered a customary relationship disclosure letter to the Board, which, in the view of the Board, did not present any conflict impacting J.P. Morgan’s ability to serve as the Company’s financial advisor. These relationships are further described in J.P. Morgan’s written opinion, which is attached to this proxy statement as Annex B, and in the section entitled “The Merger — Opinion of J.P. Morgan Securities LLC,” beginning on page 38.
On June 1, 2026, the Board held a meeting, attended by members of the Company’s management and representatives of J.P. Morgan and Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP, outside legal counsel to the Company (“Weil”), to discuss the May 27 Proposal. Mr. Concannon presented to the Board an overview of the May 27 Proposal. Messrs. Concannon and Hernandez then updated the Board on their communications with representatives of Parent on May 28, 2026. Representatives of J.P. Morgan then reviewed a preliminary valuation analysis of the Company and the May 27 Proposal, based on analyses of public trading multiples, public transaction multiples and a discounted cash flow analysis. Representatives of Weil advised the Board regarding its fiduciary duties in connection with its evaluation of the May 27 Proposal. Following discussion, the Board adopted resolutions granting the Finance Committee, consisting of directors Steven L. Begleiter, William F. Cruger, Roberto Hoornweg and Douglas A. Cifu, authority to continue to evaluate the May 27 Proposal and any other strategic alternatives that may be available to the Company, to negotiate with Parent and any other parties as appropriate and to take such other actions as the Finance Committee determined to be necessary or advisable, in each case subject to the Board’s authority to approve any such transaction.
Over the weekend of June 6, 2026, representatives of J.P. Morgan engaged with representatives of Parent at a social event to gauge whether Parent remained interested in pursuing a potential transaction with the Company, and representatives of Parent indicated that Parent would be interested in continuing to pursue a potential transaction with the Company.
On June 8, 2026, certain members of the Finance Committee met, together with members of the Company’s management and representatives of J.P. Morgan, to discuss the May 27 Proposal. Representatives of J.P. Morgan provided an update on their recent communications with Parent described above, including that Parent remained interested in pursuing a potential transaction with the Company. Following discussion, the attendees directed the representatives of J.P. Morgan to communicate to Parent that the Company also remained interested in continuing discussions regarding a potential transaction.
Later that day, on June 8, 2026, representatives of J.P. Morgan spoke with representatives of Parent and conveyed that, while the Company remained disappointed with the valuation reflected in the May 27 Proposal, in light of the premium reflected in the May 27 Proposal and the Company’s view of the strategic merits of a combination with Parent, the Company was prepared to continue to evaluate a potential transaction involving the Company and Parent.
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On June 11, 2026, the Board held a meeting, attended by members of the Company’s management and representatives of J.P. Morgan and Weil. Mr. Concannon updated the Board on the status of discussions with Parent, including the communications with Parent on June 8, 2026. The Company’s management and advisors also provided the Board with an update on the Company’s performance and market conditions. As part of these discussions, the Board instructed the Company’s management to update the Company’s long-range plan to reflect the Company’s recent performance and current market conditions. Representatives of Weil reviewed the Board’s fiduciary duties in connection with considering proposals with respect to a potential transaction or any other strategic alternatives. The Board also discussed with representatives of Weil the relative merits of a “no-shop” provision as compared with a “go-shop” provision, in light of its evaluation of potential alternative counterparties, including the level of interest previously expressed by certain parties. Representatives of J.P. Morgan then provided the Board with a market update and discussed potential strategic alternatives that may be available to the Company, including potential acquisitions the Company could pursue. Representatives of J.P. Morgan also reviewed other parties, including potential strategic acquirors and financial sponsors, that might be interested in a transaction with the Company. The Board considered the potential benefits and the downside risks of contacting other parties at this time, including the risk to a potential transaction with Parent and the risk of a market leak. Following discussion, the Board agreed that the Company should continue to engage with Parent and that the Company should not contact other parties at that time.
On June 16, 2026, Weil delivered an initial draft of the merger agreement to Sullivan & Cromwell LLP (“Sullivan & Cromwell”), legal counsel to Parent, which contemplated an all-cash acquisition of the Company by way of a one-step merger and addressed, among other things, (i) the treatment of the Company’s outstanding equity awards, (ii) a non-solicitation covenant subject to customary exceptions permitting the Board to consider unsolicited acquisition proposals and to change its recommendation in the exercise of its fiduciary duties, (iii) the parties’ respective obligations with respect to obtaining regulatory approvals and (iv) the circumstances in which the parties could terminate the agreement and the termination fees payable in connection therewith.
During this period through the execution of the Merger Agreement on July 29, 2026, representatives of the Company, Parent and their respective advisors continued to have various telephone conferences and meetings to discuss the potential transaction, including the status of due diligence matters, transaction terms and anticipated timing for announcement of a potential transaction. During such period, the Company’s management team periodically provided updates to members of the Board regarding the potential transaction with Parent.
On June 26, 2026, the Board held a meeting attended by members of the Company’s management and representatives of J.P. Morgan and Weil. At the meeting, the Company’s management and advisors provided the Board with an update regarding the discussions with Parent to date as well as an update on the Company’s performance and market conditions. At the conclusion of the meeting, given the Company’s performance and trends and current market conditions, the Board requested that the Company’s management (i) carefully assess the Company’s long-range plan, (ii) prepare a sensitivity case to the Company’s long-range plan reflecting such trends and current market conditions (further described in the section entitled “The Merger — Certain Financial Projections Utilized in Connection with the Merger” beginning on page 34) and (iii) evaluate the impact on the Company’s valuation and share price should the Company continue as a standalone public company.
On June 28, 2026, Sullivan & Cromwell delivered to Weil a markup of the draft merger agreement. From June 28, 2026 through the execution of the Merger Agreement on July 29, 2026, the Company and Parent, and their respective legal advisors, negotiated and exchanged numerous drafts of the merger agreement and related transaction documents. Significant areas of discussion and negotiation included: (i) the conditions to the consummation of the Transactions; (ii) the regulatory approvals provisions, including the
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standards for the parties’ efforts to obtain regulatory approvals; (iii) the treatment and vesting of the Company’s outstanding equity awards; (iv) employee benefit arrangements, including the post-Closing compensation and benefits protections for continuing employees; and (v) the amount of, and triggers for, the termination fees payable by the Company or Parent, as applicable, in certain circumstances.
On July 1, 2026, the Board held a meeting, attended by members of the Company’s management and representatives of J.P. Morgan and Weil. At the meeting, Mr. Concannon provided the Board with a status update on the potential transaction with Parent. Representatives of Weil reviewed with the Board the key points in the draft merger agreement being discussed, which included, among others: (i) the treatment of the Company’s outstanding equity awards and the ESPP; (ii) the scope of the Company’s ability to continue to pay its regular quarterly cash dividend during the period prior to the Closing; (iii) the regulatory provisions and the related closing conditions; (iv) the circumstances in which each party could terminate the merger agreement and the amount of the termination fees payable by the Company or by Parent, as applicable, in certain circumstances; and (v) the post-Closing compensation, benefits and severance protections for the Company’s employees. Members of the Company’s management then reviewed with the Board the potential impact on the Company’s long-range plan of the recent performance and trends, as well as market conditions, as had been requested by the Board. Management’s evaluation included, among other things, the potential impact of changes in composite market share, composite market volumes and credit fee capture on the Company’s financial results. Representatives of J.P. Morgan then presented an overview of the current market dynamics and a preliminary valuation analysis of the Company, including reflecting the impact of management’s assessment of the Company’s recent performance and market conditions. J.P. Morgan’s valuation analysis included selected public trading multiples, selected public transaction multiples and a discounted cash flow analysis.
On July 9, 2026, the Finance Committee held a regular meeting, attended by members of the Company’s management. At the meeting, Mr. Concannon presented an update on the status of the potential transaction with Parent, including the status of the draft merger agreement and due diligence to date.
On July 10, 2026, the Board held a meeting, attended by members of the Company’s management and representatives of J.P. Morgan and Weil. The members of the Company’s management and the representatives of the advisors provided the Board an update on the transaction process, noting that the Company had conducted several diligence calls with Parent and identifying the principal outstanding issues in the merger agreement, including: (i) the antitrust and regulatory provisions and the related closing conditions; (ii) the treatment of equity awards; (iii) employee benefit arrangements; and (iv) certain representations and warranties.
On July 15, 2026, the Board held a meeting attended by members of the Company’s management and representatives of J.P. Morgan and Weil. The members of the Company’s management and the representatives of the advisors provided the Board with an update on the transaction process, including the status of the draft merger agreement and due diligence to date. In addition, representatives of J.P. Morgan discussed recent market dynamics and preliminary valuation analyses of the Company.
On July 17, 2026, representatives of Parent communicated to representatives of the Company that based on Parent’s further analysis, including market conditions and its due diligence, Parent’s board of directors had approved a revised offer to acquire all of the outstanding Shares for $165.00 per Share in cash, which represented a premium of approximately 45.0% to the closing price of the Shares of $113.80 on July 17, 2026. Parent explained that the revised proposal, in addition to being based on market conditions and its due diligence, reflected the decline in the trading price of the Shares following the submission of the May 27 Proposal (between May 27, 2026 and July 17, 2026, the closing price of the Shares had declined from $130.94 to $113.80), the reduction in analyst target prices since the May 27 Proposal, higher costs of capital, and Parent’s analysis of the potential value to Parent from the transaction.
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On July 18, 2026, a representative of the Company communicated to a representative of Parent that, given the updated information presented by Parent, the Company would be willing to continue discussions based on a purchase price of $170.00 per Share in cash. Later that day, on July 18, 2026, a representative of Parent conveyed to a representative of the Company a revised offer to acquire all of the outstanding Shares for $167.00 per Share in cash. Following receipt of the revised offer, Mr. Hernandez spoke with Mr. Sprecher regarding the proposed purchase price.
On July 21, 2026, the Board held a meeting, attended by members of the Company’s management and representatives of J.P. Morgan and Weil. Mr. Concannon reported to the Board on the discussions Mr. Hernandez had had with Mr. Sprecher and that Parent had revised its proposed purchase price to $167.00 per Share in cash, following its revised offer of $165.00 per Share in cash. Representatives of J.P. Morgan provided a market update, including a discussion of the premium implied by Parent’s revised offer of $167.00 per Share and of equity analyst target prices for the Company, noting that, on a year-to-date basis, analyst target prices for the Shares had declined by more than 35%, while earnings per share estimates had declined by only approximately 3%, reflecting a re-rating by the market of the earnings multiple attributed to the Company. Representatives of Weil then reviewed the status of the discussions with respect to the merger agreement and the open points, including the antitrust provisions and the provisions with respect to certain employee matters. The Board then discussed the Company’s negotiating strategy with respect to those open points, including in light of Parent’s lack of movement on those provisions in its most recent draft of the merger agreement. After discussion, the Board determined to continue engaging with Parent with respect to a potential transaction and directed management to attempt to obtain from Parent additional value for the Company’s stockholders, including through a one-time special dividend payable prior to the closing of a transaction.
Following the Board meeting, representatives of the Company, including Mr. Concannon, held discussions with representatives of Parent regarding the purchase price. During such conversations, Mr. Concannon proposed a special dividend payable prior to the closing, which would deliver additional aggregate value to stockholders without changing the per Share merger consideration or the implied premium. However, the representatives of Parent informed the representatives of the Company that Parent was of the view that $167.00 per Share reflected full and fair value and that Parent would not increase the proposed purchase price nor agree to a special dividend or other means of delivering additional monetary value to the Company’s stockholders.
On July 26, 2026, the Board held a meeting, attended by members of the Company’s management and representatives of J.P. Morgan and Weil. Mr. Concannon reported to the Board that Parent maintained its position that $167.00 per Share reflected full and fair value and would neither increase the proposed purchase price nor consider a special dividend or other means to deliver additional value to the Company’s stockholders. Representatives of J.P. Morgan then reviewed their recent discussions with Parent’s financial advisors and noted their belief that the Company had obtained the maximum value reasonably obtainable without potential risk of Parent walking away at that time. The Board discussed the potential impact on the Company if the Company rejected the proposed purchase price of $167.00 per Share, including the possibility that Parent could withdraw from the potential transaction. Representatives of Weil then reviewed with the Board the status of the negotiation of the antitrust provisions of the draft merger agreement, and the Board discussed whether those provisions afforded the Company adequate protection against the risk that the Merger would not be completed, including by reference to the corresponding provisions Parent had agreed to in its prior acquisition of Black Knight, Inc. After discussion, the Board determined to continue pursuing the transaction with Parent and to focus on making certain that the open points in the merger agreement were resolved in a manner that reflected a reasonable position for the Company and its stockholders.
On July 29, 2026, the Board held a meeting, attended by members of the Company’s management and representatives of J.P. Morgan and Weil, to consider the proposed Transactions. Representatives of Weil provided an overview of the Board’s fiduciary duties with respect to the proposed Transactions and reviewed the terms of the draft Merger Agreement. Representatives of J.P. Morgan reviewed its financial analyses of the
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Merger Consideration provided for in the Merger Agreement. Following its presentation, J.P. Morgan delivered to the Board its oral opinion, which was subsequently confirmed by delivery of a written opinion, dated July 29, 2026, to the effect that, as of such date, and based upon and subject to the assumptions made, procedures followed, matters considered and limitations on the review undertaken by J.P. Morgan in preparing its opinion, the Merger Consideration of $167.00 per Share in cash to be paid to the holders of Shares in the proposed Merger was fair, from a financial point of view, to such holders, as more fully described in the section entitled “The Merger — Opinion of J.P. Morgan Securities LLC,” beginning on page 38. Following the presentations by J.P. Morgan and Weil, and after further discussion, the Board discussed the potential reasons for and against the Merger (see below under the section entitled “The Merger — Reasons for the Merger”). At the conclusion of the discussions, the Board unanimously (i) approved and declared advisable the Merger Agreement and the consummation of the Transactions, including the Merger, upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, (ii) determined that the Merger is fair to, and in the best interests of, the Company and its stockholders and (iii) resolved to recommend that the Company’s stockholders adopt the Merger Agreement.
Later that day, on July 29, 2026, the Company and Parent executed the Merger Agreement.
Prior to the opening of trading on July 30, 2026, the Company and Parent issued a joint press release announcing the execution of the Merger Agreement.
At a meeting of the Board on July 29, 2026, after careful consideration, including detailed discussions with the Company’s management and its legal and financial advisors, the Board unanimously:
| • | approved and declared advisable the Merger Agreement and the Transaction Documents and the consummation of the Transactions, including the Merger, upon the terms and conditions set forth therein; |
| • | authorized and approved the execution, delivery and performance of the Merger Agreement and the consummation by MarketAxess of the Transactions, including the Merger, upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth therein; |
| • | determined that the Merger Agreement and the Transactions, including the Merger, are advisable, fair to, and in the best interests of, MarketAxess and its stockholders; |
| • | directed the Merger Agreement be submitted to a vote at a special meeting of MarketAxess stockholders; and |
| • | resolved to recommend to MarketAxess’ stockholders the adoption of the Merger Agreement. |
Accordingly, the Board unanimously recommends that, at the special meeting, you vote (i) “FOR” the Merger Agreement Proposal, (ii) “FOR” the Merger-Related Compensation Proposal, and (iii) “FOR” the Adjournment Proposal.
After careful consideration, with the assistance of independent financial and legal advisors, as well as the Company’s management team, the Board unanimously (i) approved and declared advisable the Merger Agreement and the consummation of the Transactions, including the Merger, upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, (ii) determined that the Merger Agreement and the consummation of the Transactions, including the Merger, are advisable, fair to, and in the best interests of, the Company and its stockholders and (iii) resolved to recommend to the stockholders of the Company the adoption of the Merger Agreement. The Board recommends a vote (i) “FOR” the Merger Agreement Proposal, (ii) “FOR” the Merger-Related Compensation Proposal and (iii) “FOR” the Adjournment Proposal.
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In evaluating the Merger, the Board consulted with independent financial and legal advisors, as well as the Company’s management team, and considered several factors, each of which it believed supported its decision to approve the Merger Agreement and the Merger. The following is a summary of the material factors considered by the Board, which are not necessarily presented in order of relative importance:
| • | Cash Consideration; Certainty of Value. The Board considered the fact that the Merger Consideration is all cash, which provides the Company’s stockholders immediate certainty of value and liquidity for their Shares and enables the Company’s stockholders to realize value that has been created by the Company and does not expose them to any future risks related to the business or the financial markets generally as compared to the Company remaining independent, especially when viewed against the potential risks and uncertainties inherent in MarketAxess’ business, including risks related to management’s standalone plan, global macroeconomic uncertainty and changing competitive dynamics. Specifically, among other things, the Board considered: |
| • | the fact that the Merger Consideration of $167.00 per Share in cash represents a premium of approximately 33% to the closing price of the Shares on July 29, 2026, the last full trading day prior to the public announcement of the execution of the Merger Agreement; |
| • | the trading history of the Company and the Merger Consideration relative to such history; and |
| • | the Board’s belief, after concluding its negotiations with Parent, that the Merger Consideration represented the highest price that Parent was willing to pay and the best value reasonably obtainable for the Shares. |
| • | Value Relative to Stand-Alone Prospects of the Company. The Board considered the fact that the Merger Consideration compares favorably to the potential value of the Company and the Shares if the Company were to remain as a stand-alone entity, after taking into account the risks and uncertainties associated with this alternative, in light of a number of factors, which are not necessarily presented in order of relative importance: |
| • | assessing the Company’s business, assets and prospects, its competitive position and historical and projected financial performance, including the Base Case Projections (as defined below) and the Sensitivity Case Projections (as defined below) prepared by the Company’s management at the direction of the Board, each of which reflected the Company’s recent performance and trends and prevailing market conditions, and the nature of the electronic fixed-income trading industry in which the Company operates, including recent industry trends, and changing competitive dynamics; |
| • | the impact of macroeconomic conditions on the Company’s financial results and its ability to operate as a global business; |
| • | the strategic alternatives reasonably available to the Company on a stand-alone basis, and the risks and uncertainties associated with those alternatives; |
| • | constraints that may affect the Company’s ability to implement and execute its strategic plans; |
| • | the Board’s belief that the public markets had not historically valued the Company in a manner commensurate with the results of its financial performance, including the fact that the trading price of the Shares had declined over time and that the Company historically traded at a lower multiple than its peers; and |
| • | the potential impact of increased competition in the markets in which the Company operates or may operate in the future and the negative result that such competitive pressure may have on the ability of the Company to execute on its core business objectives. |
| • | Review of Strategic Alternatives. The Board considered, in consultation with J.P. Morgan, the strategic alternatives reasonably available to the Company, including continuing to execute its stand-alone business plan, pursuing acquisitions, partnerships or other business combinations, and returning |
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| additional capital to stockholders, as well as the potential benefits, risks, execution challenges and timing uncertainties associated with each of those alternatives. |
| • | Negotiation Process. The Board considered the fact that the terms of the Merger Agreement were the result of robust arm’s-length negotiations conducted by the Company with the assistance of its independent financial advisor and outside legal counsel. |
| • | Opinion of Financial Advisor. The Board considered the financial analyses presented by J.P. Morgan to the Board and the July 29, 2026 oral opinion of J.P. Morgan, subsequently confirmed by delivery of its written opinion dated July 29, 2026, that, as of such date, and based upon and subject to the assumptions made, procedures followed, matters considered and limitations on the review undertaken by J.P. Morgan in preparing its opinion, the Merger Consideration of $167.00 in cash per Share to be paid to the holders of Shares (other than in respect of Excluded Shares and Dissenting Shares) pursuant to the Merger Agreement was fair, from a financial point of view, to such Company stockholders, as more fully described below under the section entitled “The Merger — Opinion of J.P. Morgan Securities LLC,” beginning on page 38, and the full text of the opinion, which is attached as Annex B to this proxy statement and is incorporated by reference in this proxy statement in its entirety. |
| • | Terms of the Merger Agreement. The Board considered the terms and conditions of the Merger Agreement, which are not necessarily presented in order of relative importance: |
| • | the Company’s right, subject to certain conditions, to provide access to non-public information to, and to engage or participate in discussions or negotiations with a person that has made an unsolicited, bona fide written acquisition proposal that the Board determines in good faith (after consultation with its financial advisor and outside legal counsel) either constitutes a superior proposal or would reasonably be expected to lead to a superior proposal; |
| • | the provisions allowing the Board to make a change in recommendation prior to obtaining the stockholder approval in specified circumstances related to a superior proposal or an Intervening Event, subject to Parent’s right to terminate the Merger Agreement and receive payment of the Company Termination Fee; |
| • | the Superior Proposal Termination Right (as defined below), which permits the Company to terminate the Merger Agreement in order to enter into a definitive agreement in respect of a superior proposal, subject to Parent’s right to be provided five (5) business days’ prior written notice and to negotiate in good faith during that period and to receive payment of the Company Termination Fee; |
| • | the Board’s belief, after discussing with its financial advisor and outside legal counsel, that the deal protections provision of the Merger Agreement, taken as a whole, including the Company Termination Fee, which constitutes approximately 2.5% of the Company’s equity value in the Merger, would be unlikely to preclude a superior proposal from being made by a third party; |
| • | the fact that Parent’s and Merger Sub’s obligations to consummate the Merger are not subject to any financing condition, and that Parent has represented that it has, and will have at the Effective Time, sufficient cash, available cash equivalents, borrowing capacity and other immediately available funds to pay the aggregate Merger Consideration; |
| • | the Company’s ability to continue to declare, set aside and pay regular quarterly cash dividends approved by the Board in the ordinary course of business (both as to the timing of dividend payments and the amounts paid) during the period between the execution of the Merger Agreement and the Effective Time; |
| • | the likelihood that the Merger would be consummated, including the limited number and nature of the conditions to complete the Merger (including regulatory conditions), and the provisions of the Merger Agreement requiring each of the Company and Parent to, subject to certain exceptions, use its reasonable best efforts to take (or cause to be taken) all actions, and do (or cause to be |
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| done) all things necessary, proper or advisable under the Merger Agreement and applicable law to obtain as expeditiously as possible all consents, registrations, approvals, permits, expirations of waiting periods and authorizations necessary or advisable to be obtained from any third party or any governmental entity in order to consummate the Merger or the Transactions; and |
| • | the availability of statutory appraisal rights under Delaware law in connection with the Merger. |
| • | Opportunity for the Company’s Stockholders to Vote. The Board considered the fact that the Merger would be subject to the approval of the Company’s stockholders, and the Company’s stockholders would be free to evaluate the Merger and vote for or against the adoption of the Merger Agreement at the special meeting for any reason, including if a higher offer were to be made prior to the special meeting, although the Company may be required to pay the Company Termination Fee in certain circumstances if it were subsequently to enter into a definitive agreement with respect to, or to consummate, an alternative transaction. |
| • | Operating Flexibility. The Board considered the fact that the Merger Agreement provides the Company sufficient operating flexibility to conduct its business in the ordinary course consistent with past practices until the earlier of the consummation of the Merger and the termination of the Merger Agreement (as more fully described in the section entitled “The Merger Agreement — Covenants Regarding Conduct of Business by the Company Prior to Merger,” beginning on page 64). |
| • | Specific Performance. The Board considered the Company’s ability, under circumstances specified in the Merger Agreement, to seek specific performance of Parent and Merger Sub’s obligation to cause the Merger to occur and to prevent other breaches of the Merger Agreement. |
In the course of its deliberations, the Board also considered certain risks and other potentially negative factors concerning the Transactions, including:
| • | No Stockholder Participation in Future Growth or Earnings. The Board considered the fact that the nature of the Merger as an all cash transaction means that the Company would no longer exist as an independent public company following the consummation of the Merger and that the Company’s stockholders will not participate in future earnings or growth of Parent and will not benefit from any appreciation in value of the surviving corporation. |
| • | Closing Conditions. The Board considered the fact that there can be no assurance that all conditions to the parties’ obligations to consummate the Merger will be satisfied even if the Merger Agreement is adopted by the Company’s stockholders. |
| • | Regulatory Risk; Absence of a Divestiture Obligation. The Board considered that the consummation of the Merger is conditioned on the expiration or termination of the waiting period applicable to the Merger under the HSR Act and on the receipt of the Requisite Regulatory Approvals, and that the receipt and timing of those consents are outside the control of the parties. The Board further considered that, while each party is required to use its reasonable best efforts to take, and to cause its subsidiaries and affiliates to take, promptly any and all steps necessary to avoid, eliminate or resolve each and every impediment and to obtain all clearances, consents, approvals and waivers under the antitrust laws applicable to the Merger so as to enable the parties to close the Merger as soon as practicable (and in any event no later than the Termination Date), the Merger Agreement does not require Parent or its subsidiaries or affiliates to sell, divest, license, hold separate or otherwise dispose of any businesses or assets, to create, terminate or amend any existing or new relationships, ventures or contractual rights or obligations, or to take or commit to any conduct remedy, behavioral restriction or other limitation on Parent’s freedom of action, and that the Company may be required, to the extent requested by Parent, to commit to and effect Remedial Actions (as defined below) with respect to its own assets, businesses and contractual arrangements, as more fully described in the section entitled “The Merger Agreement — Efforts to Complete the Merger,” beginning on page 71. |
| • | Interim Operating Restrictions. The Board considered the restrictions placed on the conduct of the Company’s business prior to the completion of the Merger pursuant to the terms of the Merger |
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| Agreement, which, despite providing sufficient flexibility for the Company to operate its business in the ordinary course consistent with past practices, could delay or prevent the Company from undertaking business opportunities that may arise or any other action it would otherwise take with respect to the operations of the Company absent the pending completion of the Merger. |
| • | Risk Associated with Failure to Consummate the Merger. The Board considered the possibility that the Transactions, including the Merger, might not be consummated, and the fact that, if the Merger is not consummated: |
| • | the Company’s directors, senior management and other employees will have expended extensive time and effort and will have experienced significant distractions from their work during the pendency of the Transactions; |
| • | the Company will have incurred significant transaction costs; |
| • | the Company’s continuing business relationships with customers, partners and employees may be adversely affected; |
| • | the trading price of Shares could be materially and adversely affected; and |
| • | the market’s perceptions of the Company’s prospects could be adversely affected. |
| • | No Solicitation and Termination Fee. The Board considered the fact that, subject to certain exceptions, the Merger Agreement precludes the Company from soliciting or entertaining alternative acquisition proposals and requires the Company to pay Parent the Company Termination Fee in certain circumstances. |
| • | Remedies. The Board considered the fact that the Company’s remedies in the event that the Merger Agreement is terminated may be limited to the Parent Regulatory Termination Fee, payable by Parent under certain circumstances and certain associated enforcement costs and reimbursement obligations, which may be inadequate to compensate the Company for any damage caused. |
| • | Effects of Transaction Announcement. The Board considered the effect of the public announcement of the Merger Agreement, the Company’s ability to attract and retain key personnel during the pendency of the Transactions, as well as the potential for legal proceedings, judgments or settlements following the announcement of the Transactions and the associated costs, burden and inconvenience involved in defending those proceedings, judgments and settlements. |
| • | Timing Risks. The Board considered the amount of time it could take to complete the Merger, including that completion of the Merger depends on factors outside of the Company’s or Parent’s control, including the receipt of required regulatory approvals and the approval of the Merger by the Company’s stockholders, and the risk that the pendency of the Merger for an extended period of time following the announcement of the execution of the Merger Agreement could divert the Company’s management’s attention and have an adverse impact on the Company, including its client and other business relationships. |
| • | Taxable Consideration. The Board considered the fact that the exchange of Shares for cash in the Merger generally will be a taxable transaction for U.S. federal income tax purposes. |
| • | Other Risks. The Board considered the other risks described in and incorporated by reference in this proxy statement, see “Risk Factors” in our annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, as supplemented by the “Risk Factors” in our quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2026, each of which is incorporated by reference herein, and the section entitled “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” beginning on page 84. |
The Board concluded that the uncertainties, risks, and potentially negative factors relevant to the Merger were outweighed by the potential benefits of the Merger.
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In addition to considering the factors described above, the Board also considered that some of the Company’s directors and executive officers have interests that may be different from, or in addition to, the interests of the Company’s stockholders generally. The Board was aware of these interests and considered them at the time it approved the Merger Agreement and made its recommendation to the Company’s stockholders. See the section entitled “The Merger — Interests of Directors and Executive Officers in the Merger,” beginning on page 43.
The foregoing discussion of the information and factors considered by the Board is not intended to be exhaustive, but includes the material positive and negative factors considered by the Board. In view of the wide variety of factors considered in connection with its evaluation of the Merger Agreement and the Transactions, including the Merger, and the complexity of these matters, the Board did not find it practicable to, and did not, quantify or otherwise assign relative weights to the specific factors considered in reaching its determination and recommendation. In addition, individual directors may have given different weights to different factors. The Board did not undertake to make any specific determination as to whether, or to what extent, any factor, or any particular aspect of any factor, supported or did not support its ultimate determination. The Board based its recommendation on the totality of the information presented, including the factors described above.
This explanation of the reasoning of the Board and certain information presented in this section is forward-looking in nature and should be read in light of the factors set forth in the section of this proxy statement entitled “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” beginning on page 84.
Certain Financial Projections Utilized in Connection with the Merger
Although MarketAxess periodically provides guidance to the public regarding its financial performance for the then-current fiscal year, and in December 2025, publicly announced certain medium-term financial targets for the period 2026 through 2028, MarketAxess does not, as a matter of course, publicly disclose internal financial projections as to future performance, results of operations, earnings or other results, due to, among other reasons, the uncertainty, unpredictability and subjectivity of such projections and the associated underlying assumptions.
In December 2025, MarketAxess’ management publicly disclosed certain unaudited financial projections regarding MarketAxess’ future performance for fiscal years 2026 through 2028 (the “December Projections”). Concurrently with the announcement of the December Projections, MarketAxess also announced an increase in its stock repurchase authorization and its intent to effect an accelerated stock repurchase program.
In June 2026, in connection with the Board’s consideration of a potential strategic transaction and at the request of the Board, MarketAxess’ management team updated the December Projections for fiscal years 2026 through 2028, taking into account, among other things, MarketAxess’ actual performance through May 31, 2026 and its impact on the subsequent years, as well as then-current market and industry conditions, and J.P. Morgan, at the direction of and based on guidance from management, then extrapolated such projections through fiscal year 2031 (such projections, as extrapolated, the “Base Case Projections”). In addition, at the direction of the Board, MarketAxess’ management team, in consultation with J.P. Morgan, developed a sensitivity case for fiscal years 2027 through 2028, reflecting certain decreased growth assumptions as compared to the Base Case Projections as described below, and J.P. Morgan, at the direction of and based on guidance from management, then extrapolated such projections through fiscal year 2031 (such projections, together with the projections for fiscal year 2026 from the Base Case Projections, the “Sensitivity Case Projections” and, together with the Base Case Projections, the “Financial Forecasts”). In developing the Sensitivity Case Projections, the following assumptions were used, which vary from the assumptions in the Base Case Projections:
| • | for US High Grade, US High Yield, emerging markets, eurobonds and municipal bonds, market share increments for 2027E and 2028E assumed at 50% of the increments reflected in the Base Case Projections, and fees per million reflect a higher decline than in the Base Case Projections; and |
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| • | EBITDA (post stock-based compensation) margins of 49.7% in 2026E, 48.9% in 2027E (as compared to 50.1% in the Base Case Projections) and 49.3% in 2028E and thereafter (as compared to 51.0% in the Base Case Projections). |
The Financial Forecasts were prepared treating MarketAxess on a standalone basis, without giving effect to the Transactions, and exclude (i) any impact of the negotiation or execution of the Merger Agreement or the Transactions, (ii) the expenses that have already been and will be incurred in connection with completing the Transactions, (iii) the effect of any business or strategic decision or action that has been or will be taken as a result of the Merger Agreement having been executed or in anticipation of completing the Transactions or (iv) the effect of any business or strategic decisions or actions which would likely have been taken if the Merger Agreement had not been executed but which were instead altered, accelerated, postponed or not taken in anticipation of the Transactions.
The Financial Forecasts are based solely on information available to MarketAxess’ management at the time of their preparation and have not been updated or revised to reflect information or results after the date they were prepared or as of the date of this proxy statement. MarketAxess may in the future report results of operations for periods included in the Financial Forecasts that will be completed following the preparation of the Financial Forecasts. MarketAxess stockholders and investors are urged to refer to MarketAxess’ periodic filings with the SEC for information on MarketAxess’ actual historical results.
The Financial Forecasts are not being included in this proxy statement to influence any stockholder’s decision on how to vote with respect to the Merger Agreement Proposal or for any other purpose, including whether or not to seek appraisal rights with respect to a stockholder’s Shares, but instead are being included solely because certain of the Base Case Projections (consisting of Revenue and EBITDA for fiscal years 2026E through 2028E) were made available to Parent in connection with its review and evaluation of the Transactions, including the Merger, and the Financial Forecasts were made available to the Board in connection with its evaluation of the proposed Merger and the other alternatives it considered, and were approved by the Board to be used by J.P. Morgan in connection with the rendering of its opinion to the Board and the performance of the related financial analyses, as described in the section entitled “The Merger — Opinion of J.P. Morgan Securities LLC,” beginning on page 38.
MarketAxess is including in this proxy statement a summary of the Financial Forecasts, which have not previously been audited or publicly disclosed, in order to provide stockholders of MarketAxess with access to information that was made available to Parent and the Board for the purposes described above.
The Financial Forecasts are not facts and should not be relied upon as necessarily indicative of actual future results, and readers of this proxy statement are cautioned not to place undue reliance on the prospective financial information. Neither MarketAxess’ independent registered public accounting firm, nor any other independent accountants, have compiled, examined, or performed any procedures with respect to the Financial Forecasts, nor have they expressed any opinion or any other form of assurance on the Financial Forecasts or the achievability of the results reflected in the Financial Forecasts, and they assume no responsibility for, and disclaim any association with, the Financial Forecasts. The Financial Forecasts may differ from published analyst estimates and the Financial Forecasts do not take into account any events or circumstances after the date they were prepared, including the announcement of the Merger (nor, relatedly, any failure of the Merger to be consummated).
Although presented with numerical specificity, the Financial Forecasts are subjective in many respects and, thus, are subject to interpretation and reflect numerous variables, estimates and financial, operating and commercial assumptions made by MarketAxess management that MarketAxess management believed were reasonable at the time prepared, taking into account relevant information available to management at that time. Notwithstanding that the Financial Forecasts were prepared on a standalone basis without giving effect to the Transactions, important factors that may nonetheless affect actual results and cause the Financial Forecasts not to
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be achieved include the occurrence of any event, change or other circumstances that could give rise to the termination of the Merger Agreement and the inability to complete the Merger due to the failure to obtain stockholder approval of the Merger Agreement, the Merger or the principal terms thereof or the failure to satisfy other conditions to the completion of the Merger, including that a governmental entity may prohibit, delay or refuse to grant approval for the consummation of the Transactions, the effect of uncertainties related to macroeconomic and geopolitical factors such as inflation, fluctuating interest rates, adverse developments that affect financial institutions or the financial services industry generally, increased volatility in the equity and debt capital markets, the risk of expansion of regional conflicts on the U.S. and global markets, and risks and uncertainties pertaining to MarketAxess’ business, including the factors listed under “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of MarketAxess’ Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025, filed with the SEC on February 24, 2026, as supplemented by the risk factors set forth in Part II, Item 1A of MarketAxess’ Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2026, filed with the SEC on August 7, 2026, each of which is incorporated by reference into this proxy statement. In addition, the Financial Forecasts may be affected by MarketAxess’ ability to achieve strategic goals, objectives and targets over the applicable period. The assumptions upon which the Financial Forecasts are based necessarily involve judgments with respect to, among other things, industry performance and competition, general business, economic, regulatory, market and financial conditions, and other future events, and future business decisions that may not be realized and that are inherently subject to significant business, economic, competitive and regulatory uncertainties and contingencies, including, among other things, the inherent uncertainty of the business and economic conditions affecting the industries in which MarketAxess operates, and the risks and uncertainties described under the section entitled “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” beginning on page 84, all of which are difficult or impossible to predict accurately and many of which are beyond MarketAxess’ control. The Financial Forecasts also reflect assumptions that are subject to change and are susceptible to multiple interpretations and periodic revisions based on actual results, revised prospects for MarketAxess’ business, changes in general business or economic conditions, or any other transaction or event that has occurred or that may occur and that was not anticipated when such forecasts were prepared. In addition, given that the Financial Forecasts pertain to multiple years, by their nature, they become subject to greater uncertainty with each successive year beyond their preparation. The estimates and assumptions in early periods have a compounding effect on the projections shown for later periods. Thus, any failure of an estimate or assumption to be reflective of actual results in an early period would have a greater effect on projected results failing to be reflective of actual events in later periods. Accordingly, there can be no, and MarketAxess cannot provide, any assurance that the Financial Forecasts will be realized, and actual results will differ, and may differ materially, from those shown.
The inclusion of the Financial Forecasts in this proxy statement should not be regarded as an indication that any of MarketAxess, J.P. Morgan, Parent, Merger Sub or any of their respective affiliates, officers, directors, advisors or other representatives considered or consider the Financial Forecasts necessarily predictive of actual future events, and the Financial Forecasts should not be relied upon as such. None of MarketAxess, J.P. Morgan, Parent, Merger Sub or any of their respective affiliates, officers, directors, advisors or other representatives can give any assurance as to the actual results that will be achieved or how they may differ from the Financial Forecasts, and MarketAxess undertakes no obligation to update or otherwise revise or reconcile the Financial Forecasts to reflect circumstances existing after the date such Financial Forecasts were generated or to reflect the occurrence of future events even in the event that any or all of the assumptions underlying the Financial Forecasts are shown to be in error. The inclusion of the Financial Forecasts in this proxy statement does not constitute an admission or representation by MarketAxess, J.P. Morgan, Parent, Merger Sub or any of their respective affiliates, officers, directors, advisors or other representatives that the information presented is material. None of MarketAxess, or, to the knowledge of MarketAxess, Parent or Merger Sub, intends to make publicly available any update or other revisions to the Financial Forecasts, unless required by applicable law. None of MarketAxess, J.P. Morgan, Parent, Merger Sub or any of their respective affiliates, officers, directors, advisors or other representatives has made or makes any representation to any stockholder or other person regarding the ultimate performance of MarketAxess compared to the information contained in the Financial Forecasts or that forecasted results will be achieved. The Financial Forecasts are subjective in many respects and are thus subject to interpretation.
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The Financial Forecasts were not prepared with a view toward public disclosure or toward complying with the U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”), nor were they prepared with a view toward compliance with the published guidelines of the SEC regarding projections or the guidelines established by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants for preparation and presentation of prospective financial information. Non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered in isolation from, or as a substitute for, financial information presented in compliance with GAAP, and any non-GAAP financial measures as used by MarketAxess may not be comparable to similarly titled amounts used by other companies. Furthermore, there are certain limitations in non-GAAP financial measures, because they exclude charges and credits that are required to be included in a GAAP presentation. Accordingly, these non-GAAP financial measures should be considered together with, and not as an alternative to, financial measures prepared in accordance with GAAP.
EBITDA and Unlevered Free Cash Flow, included in the Financial Forecasts, are “non-GAAP financial measures,” which are financial performance measures that are not calculated in accordance with GAAP. EBITDA and Unlevered Free Cash Flow from the Financial Forecasts were utilized by J.P. Morgan in connection with its opinion and by the Board in connection with its evaluation of the Merger. The SEC rules that would otherwise require a reconciliation of a non-GAAP financial measure to a GAAP financial measure do not apply to non-GAAP financial measures included in disclosures relating to a proposed business combination such as the Merger if the disclosure is included in a document such as this proxy statement. In addition, reconciliations of non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable GAAP measure were not provided to or relied upon by J.P. Morgan for purposes of its opinion or by the Board in connection with their evaluation of the Merger. Accordingly, MarketAxess has not provided in this proxy statement a reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures to the relevant GAAP financial measures.
The following table presents a summary of the Base Case Projections (in millions):
| 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E | 2030E | 2031E | |||||||||||||||||||
| Revenue |
$ | 886 | $ | 971 | $ | 1,067 | $ | 1,145 | $ | 1,198 | $ | 1,222 | ||||||||||||
| EBITDA (post stock-based compensation) (1) |
$ | 440 | $ | 486 | $ | 544 | $ | 584 | $ | 611 | $ | 623 | ||||||||||||
| Unlevered Free Cash Flow(2) |
$ | 296 | $ | 312 | $ | 350 | $ | 374 | $ | 391 | $ | 398 | ||||||||||||
| (1) | EBITDA (post stock-based compensation) is calculated as net income (which is calculated after deducting stock-based compensation) less (i) interest income plus (ii) interest expense, (iii) taxes and (iv) depreciation and amortization. |
| (2) | Unlevered Free Cash Flow is calculated as EBITDA (i) minus taxes and capital expenditures (including capitalized software development costs) and (ii) plus or minus changes in net working capital. |
The following table presents a summary of the Sensitivity Case Projections (in millions):
| 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E | 2030E | 2031E | |||||||||||||||||||
| Revenue |
$ | 886 | $ | 929 | $ | 988 | $ | 1,037 | $ | 1,073 | $ | 1,095 | ||||||||||||
| EBITDA (post stock-based compensation) (1) |
$ | 440 | $ | 455 | $ | 487 | $ | 511 | $ | 529 | $ | 539 | ||||||||||||
| Unlevered Free Cash Flow(2) |
$ | 296 | $ | 290 | $ | 311 | $ | 326 | $ | 336 | $ | 342 | ||||||||||||
| (1) | EBITDA (post stock-based compensation) is calculated as net income (which is calculated after deducting stock-based compensation) less (i) interest income plus (ii) interest expense, (iii) taxes and (iv) depreciation and amortization. |
| (2) | Unlevered Free Cash Flow is calculated as EBITDA (i) minus taxes and capital expenditures (including capitalized software development costs) and (ii) plus or minus changes in net working capital. |
MARKETAXESS DOES NOT INTEND TO UPDATE OR OTHERWISE REVISE THE ABOVE FORECASTS TO REFLECT CIRCUMSTANCES EXISTING AFTER THE DATE WHEN MADE OR TO REFLECT THE OCCURRENCE OF FUTURE EVENTS, EVEN IN THE EVENT THAT ANY OR ALL OF THE ASSUMPTIONS UNDERLYING SUCH FORECASTS ARE NOT REALIZED.
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Opinion of J.P. Morgan Securities LLC
Pursuant to an engagement letter, the Company retained J.P. Morgan as its financial advisor in connection with the proposed Merger.
At the meeting of the Board on July 29, 2026, J.P. Morgan rendered its oral opinion to the Board to the effect that, as of such date, and based upon and subject to the assumptions made, procedures followed, matters considered and limitations on the review undertaken by J.P. Morgan in preparing its opinion, the Merger Consideration to be paid to the holders of Shares in the proposed Merger was fair, from a financial point of view, to such holders. J.P. Morgan confirmed its July 29, 2026 oral opinion by delivering its written opinion, dated July 29, 2026, to the Board that, as of such date, the Merger Consideration to be paid to the holders of Shares in the proposed Merger was fair, from a financial point of view, to such holders.
The full text of the written opinion of J.P. Morgan, dated July 29, 2026, which sets forth, among other things, the assumptions made, procedures followed, matters considered and limitations on the review undertaken by J.P. Morgan in preparing its opinion, is attached as Annex B to this proxy statement and is incorporated herein by reference. The summary of the opinion of J.P. Morgan set forth in this proxy statement is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of such opinion. The Company’s stockholders are urged to read the opinion in its entirety. J.P. Morgan’s opinion was addressed to the Board (in its capacity as such) in connection with and for the purposes of its evaluation of the proposed Merger, and was limited to the fairness, from a financial point of view, of the Merger Consideration to be paid to the holders of Shares in the proposed Merger and did not address any other aspect of the proposed Merger. J.P. Morgan expressed no opinion as to the fairness of any consideration to be paid in connection with the proposed Merger to the holders of any other class of securities, creditors or other constituencies of the Company or as to the underlying decision by the Company to engage in the proposed Merger. The issuance of J.P. Morgan’s opinion was approved by a fairness opinion committee of J.P. Morgan. The opinion does not constitute a recommendation to any stockholder of the Company as to how such stockholder should vote with respect to the proposed Merger or any other matter.
In arriving at its opinion, J.P. Morgan, among other things:
| • | reviewed the Merger Agreement; |
| • | reviewed certain publicly available business and financial information concerning the Company and the industries in which it operates; |
| • | compared the proposed financial terms of the proposed Merger with the publicly available financial terms of certain transactions involving companies J.P. Morgan deemed relevant and the consideration paid for such companies; |
| • | compared the financial and operating performance of the Company with publicly available information concerning certain other companies J.P. Morgan deemed relevant and reviewed the current and historical market prices of the Shares and certain publicly traded securities of such other companies; |
| • | reviewed certain internal financial analyses and forecasts prepared by the management of the Company relating to its business, as discussed more fully in the section entitled “The Merger — Certain Financial Projections Utilized in Connection with the Merger,” beginning on page 34 of this proxy statement; and |
| • | performed such other financial studies and analyses and considered such other information as J.P. Morgan deemed appropriate for the purposes of its opinion. |
In addition, J.P. Morgan held discussions with certain members of the management of the Company with respect to certain aspects of the proposed Merger, and the past and current business operations of the Company, the financial condition and future prospects and operations of the Company, and certain other matters J.P. Morgan believed necessary or appropriate to its inquiry.
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In giving its opinion, J.P. Morgan relied upon and assumed the accuracy and completeness of all information that was publicly available or was furnished to or discussed with J.P. Morgan by the Company or otherwise reviewed by or for J.P. Morgan. J.P. Morgan did not independently verify any such information or its accuracy or completeness and, pursuant to J.P. Morgan’s engagement letter with the Company, J.P. Morgan did not assume any obligation to undertake any such independent verification. J.P. Morgan did not conduct and was not provided with any valuation or appraisal of any assets or liabilities, nor did J.P. Morgan evaluate the solvency of the Company or Parent under any state or federal laws relating to bankruptcy, insolvency or similar matters. In relying on financial analyses and forecasts provided to J.P. Morgan or derived therefrom, J.P. Morgan assumed that they were reasonably prepared based on assumptions reflecting the best currently available estimates and judgments by the Company’s management as to the expected future results of operations and financial condition of the Company to which such analyses or forecasts relate. J.P. Morgan expressed no view as to such analyses or forecasts or the assumptions on which they were based. J.P. Morgan also assumed that the proposed Merger and the other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement will be consummated as described in the Merger Agreement. J.P. Morgan also assumed that the representations and warranties made by the Company in the Merger Agreement and the related agreements were and will be true and correct in all respects material to its analysis. J.P. Morgan is not a legal, regulatory or tax expert and relied on the assessments made by advisors to the Company with respect to such issues. J.P. Morgan further assumed that all material governmental, regulatory or other consents and approvals necessary for the consummation of the proposed Merger will be obtained without any adverse effect on the Company or on the contemplated benefits of the proposed Merger.
The projections furnished to J.P. Morgan were prepared by the Company’s management as discussed more fully in the section entitled “The Merger — Certain Financial Projections Utilized in Connection with the Merger,” beginning on page 34 of this proxy statement. The Company does not publicly disclose internal management projections of the type provided to J.P. Morgan in connection with J.P. Morgan’s analysis of the proposed Merger, and such projections were not prepared with a view toward public disclosure. These projections were based on numerous variables and assumptions that are inherently uncertain and may be beyond the control of the Company’s management, including, without limitation, factors related to general economic and competitive conditions, prevailing interest rates, and other factors as set forth in the section entitled “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” beginning on page 84 of this proxy statement. Accordingly, actual results could vary significantly from those set forth in such projections. For more information regarding the use of projections and other forward-looking statements, please refer to the section entitled “The Merger — Certain Financial Projections Utilized in Connection with the Merger,” beginning on page 34 of this proxy statement.
J.P. Morgan’s opinion was necessarily based on economic, market and other conditions as in effect on, and the information made available to J.P. Morgan as of, the date of such opinion. J.P. Morgan’s opinion noted that subsequent developments may affect J.P. Morgan’s opinion and that J.P. Morgan does not have any obligation to update, revise or reaffirm such opinion. J.P. Morgan’s opinion is limited to the fairness, from a financial point of view, of the Merger Consideration to be paid to the holders of Shares in the proposed Merger, and J.P. Morgan has expressed no opinion as to the fairness of any consideration paid in connection with the proposed Merger to the holders of any other class of securities, creditors or other constituencies of the Company or as to the underlying decision by the Company to engage in the proposed Merger. Furthermore, J.P. Morgan expressed no opinion with respect to the amount or nature of any compensation to any officers, directors or employees of any party to the proposed Merger, or any class of such persons relative to the Merger Consideration to be paid to the holders of Shares in the proposed Merger or with respect to the fairness of any such compensation.
The terms of the Merger Agreement, including the Merger Consideration, were determined through arm’s length negotiations between the Company and Parent, and the decision to enter into the Merger Agreement was solely that of the Board.
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J.P. Morgan’s opinion and financial analyses were only one of the many factors considered by the Board in its evaluation of the proposed Merger and should not be viewed as determinative of the views of the Board or the Company’s management with respect to the proposed Merger or the Merger Consideration.
In accordance with customary investment banking practice, J.P. Morgan employed generally accepted valuation methodologies in rendering its opinion to the Board on July 29, 2026 and in the financial analyses presented to the Board on such date in connection with the rendering of such opinion. The following is a summary of the material financial analyses utilized by J.P. Morgan in connection with rendering its opinion to the Board and does not purport to be a complete description of the analyses or data presented by J.P. Morgan. Some of the summaries of the financial analyses include information presented in tabular format. The tables are not intended to stand alone, and in order to more fully understand the financial analyses used by J.P. Morgan, the tables must be read together with the full text of each summary. Considering the data set forth below without considering the full narrative description of the financial analyses, including the methodologies and assumptions underlying the analyses, could create a misleading or incomplete view of J.P. Morgan’s analyses.
Public Trading Multiples. Using publicly available information, J.P. Morgan compared selected financial data of the Company with similar data for selected publicly traded companies engaged in businesses that J.P. Morgan judged to be sufficiently analogous to the Company (or aspects thereof). The companies selected by J.P. Morgan were as follows:
| • | MarketAxess Holdings Inc. |
| • | Tradeweb Markets Inc. |
These companies were selected, among other reasons, by J.P. Morgan because they are publicly traded companies with operations and businesses that, for the purposes of J.P. Morgan’s analysis, J.P. Morgan considered to be similar to those of the Company. However, certain of these companies may have characteristics that are materially different from those of the Company. The analyses necessarily involve complex considerations and judgments concerning differences in financial and operational characteristics of the companies involved and other factors that could affect the selected companies differently than they would affect the Company.
Using publicly available information, J.P. Morgan calculated, for each selected company, the multiple of the firm value (the “FV”) (calculated as fully diluted equity value, plus or minus, as applicable, non-controlling interests and net debt or net cash) to the analyst consensus estimates of calendar year 2026 EBITDA for the applicable company (the “2026E FV/EBITDA Multiple”), as well as the multiple of the price to analyst consensus estimates of calendar year 2026 earnings per share for the applicable company (the “2026E P/E Multiple”).
Based on the results of this analysis, J.P. Morgan selected a 2026E FV/EBITDA Multiple reference range for the Company of 9.5x to 20.0x and a 2026E P/E Multiple reference range for the Company of 14.5x to 29.0x. J.P. Morgan then applied such reference ranges to the Company’s projected EBITDA, for the 2026E FV/EBITDA Multiple, and net income, for the 2026E P/E Multiple, for fiscal year 2026 provided in the Financial Forecasts. The analysis indicated a range of implied per share equity value for the Shares of $120.53 to $250.17 using the 2026E FV/EBITDA Multiple and $122.83 to $245.66 using the 2026E P/E Multiple, which J.P. Morgan compared to (i) the closing price of the Shares of $122.05 per share on July 28, 2026 and (ii) the Merger Consideration of $167.00 per share of the Shares.
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Selected Transactions Analysis. Using publicly available information, J.P. Morgan examined selected transactions involving businesses with operations, businesses or other aspects which J.P. Morgan considered for the purposes of their analysis to be sufficiently analogous to the Company’s business (or aspects thereof). The following transactions were selected by J.P. Morgan as relevant to the evaluation of the proposed Merger:
| Announcement Date |
Acquiror |
Target | ||
| April 8, 2024 |
Tradeweb Markets Inc. |
Institutional Cash Distributors, LLC | ||
| October 9, 2020 |
Euronext |
Borsa Italiana Group | ||
| March 29, 2018 |
CME Group Inc. |
NEX Group plc | ||
| September 26, 2016 |
CBOE Holdings, Inc. |
Bats Global Markets, Inc. | ||
| March 9, 2016 |
Nasdaq |
International Securities Exchange |
None of the selected transactions reviewed was identical to the proposed Merger. These selected transactions were chosen, among other reasons, by J.P. Morgan because certain aspects of the transactions, for the purposes of J.P. Morgan’s analysis, may be considered sufficiently similar to the proposed Merger. However, certain of these transactions may have characteristics that are materially different from those of the proposed Merger. The analyses necessarily involve complex considerations and judgments concerning differences in financial and operational characteristics of the companies involved and other factors that could affect the transactions differently than they would affect the proposed Merger.
Using publicly available information, J.P. Morgan calculated, for each selected transaction, the multiple of the target company’s FV implied in the relevant transaction to the target company’s EBITDA for the twelve-month period immediately preceding the announcement of the applicable transaction (the “LTM FV/EBITDA Multiple”).
Based on the results of this analysis, J.P. Morgan selected a LTM FV/EBITDA Multiple reference range for the Company of 13.0x to 20.0x. J.P. Morgan then applied such reference range to the Company’s projected EBITDA for the twelve-month period immediately preceding June 30, 2026 as provided in the Financial Forecasts. The analysis indicated a range of implied per share equity value for the Shares of $160.45 to $245.10, which J.P. Morgan compared to (i) the closing price of the Shares of $122.05 per share on July 28, 2026 and (ii) the Merger Consideration of $167.00 per share of the Shares.
Discounted Cash Flow Analysis. J.P. Morgan conducted a discounted cash flow analysis with respect to the base case and the sensitivity case for the purpose of determining an implied fully diluted equity value per share for the Shares under each case. The cases were weighted equally.
With respect to each case, J.P. Morgan calculated the unlevered free cash flows that the Company is expected to generate during fiscal years 2026 through 2031 based on the Financial Forecasts, as discussed more fully in the section entitled “The Merger — Certain Financial Projections Utilized in Connection with the Merger,” beginning on page 34 of this proxy statement, which were discussed with, and approved by, the Board for use by J.P. Morgan in connection with its financial analyses. J.P. Morgan also calculated a range of terminal values for the Company at the end of this period by applying perpetual growth rates ranging from 1.5% to 2.5%, based on guidance provided by the Company’s management, to estimates of terminal unlevered free cash flows for the Company at the end of fiscal year 2031, as provided in the Financial Forecasts.
With respect to each case, J.P. Morgan then discounted the unlevered free cash flow estimates and the range of terminal values to present value as of June 30, 2026 using discount rates ranging from 7.00% to 8.00%, which range was chosen by J.P. Morgan based upon an analysis of the weighted average cost of capital of the Company. The present values of the unlevered free cash flow estimates and the range of terminal values were then adjusted for the Company’s estimated net debt as of June 30, 2026, as provided by the Company’s management. This analysis indicated a range of implied per share equity value for the Shares of $166.51 to
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$230.35, for the base case, and $145.14 to $200.06, for the sensitivity case, which J.P. Morgan compared to (i) the closing price of the Shares of $122.05 per share on July 28, 2026 and (ii) the Merger Consideration of $167.00 per share of the Shares.
Miscellaneous. The foregoing summary of certain material financial analyses does not purport to be a complete description of the analyses or data presented by J.P. Morgan. The preparation of a fairness opinion is a complex process and is not necessarily susceptible to partial analysis or summary description. J.P. Morgan believes that the foregoing summary and its analyses must be considered as a whole and that selecting portions of the foregoing summary and these analyses, without considering all of its analyses as a whole, could create an incomplete view of the processes underlying the analyses and its opinion. As a result, the ranges of valuations resulting from any particular analysis or combination of analyses described above were merely utilized to create points of reference for analytical purposes and should not be taken to be the view of J.P. Morgan with respect to the actual value of the Company. The order of analyses described does not represent the relative importance or weight given to those analyses by J.P. Morgan. In arriving at its opinion, J.P. Morgan did not attribute any particular weight to any analyses or factors considered by it and did not form an opinion as to whether any individual analysis or factor (positive or negative), considered in isolation, supported or failed to support its opinion. Rather, J.P. Morgan considered the totality of the factors and analyses performed in determining its opinion.
Analyses based upon forecasts of future results are inherently uncertain, as they are subject to numerous factors or events beyond the control of the parties and their advisors. Accordingly, forecasts and analyses used or made by J.P. Morgan are not necessarily indicative of actual future results, which may be significantly more or less favorable than suggested by those analyses. Moreover, J.P. Morgan’s analyses are not and do not purport to be appraisals or otherwise reflective of the prices at which businesses actually could be acquired or sold. None of the selected companies reviewed as described in the above summary is identical to the Company, and none of the selected transactions reviewed was identical to the proposed Merger. However, the companies selected were chosen by J.P. Morgan because they are publicly traded companies with operations and businesses that, for purposes of J.P. Morgan’s analysis, may be considered sufficiently similar to those of the Company. The transactions selected were similarly chosen because their participants, size and other factors, for purposes of J.P. Morgan’s analysis, may be considered sufficiently similar to the proposed Merger. The analyses necessarily involve complex considerations and judgments concerning differences in financial and operational characteristics of the companies involved and other factors that could affect the companies compared to the Company and the transactions compared to the proposed Merger.
As a part of its investment banking business, J.P. Morgan and its affiliates are continually engaged in the valuation of businesses and their securities in connection with mergers and acquisitions, investments for passive and control purposes, negotiated underwritings, secondary distributions of listed and unlisted securities, private placements, and valuations for corporate and other purposes. J.P. Morgan was selected to advise the Company with respect to the proposed Merger and deliver an opinion to the Board with respect to the proposed Merger on the basis of, among other things, such experience and its qualifications and reputation in connection with such matters and its familiarity with the Company and the industries in which it operates.
For financial advisory services rendered in connection with the proposed Merger, the Company has agreed to pay J.P. Morgan an estimated fee of approximately $65.5 million, $3 million of which became payable to J.P. Morgan at the time the opinion was delivered and the remainder of which is contingent and payable upon the consummation of the proposed Merger. In addition, the Company has agreed to reimburse J.P. Morgan for certain of its expenses incurred in connection with its services, including the fees and disbursements of counsel, and will indemnify J.P. Morgan against certain liabilities arising out of J.P. Morgan’s engagement.
During the two years preceding the date of J.P. Morgan’s written opinion, J.P. Morgan and its affiliates have had commercial or investment banking relationships with the Company, for which J.P. Morgan and such affiliates have received customary compensation. Such services during such period have included acting
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as joint lead arranger and joint bookrunner on a credit facility in February 2026. During the two years preceding the date of J.P. Morgan’s written opinion, J.P. Morgan and its affiliates have had commercial or investment banking relationships with Parent, for which J.P. Morgan and its affiliates have received customary compensation. Such services during such period have included acting as joint bookrunner on a notes offering in November 2025. In addition, Daniel E. Pinto, EVP and Vice Chairman of J.P. Morgan Chase, is a member of the board of directors of Parent. J.P. Morgan’s commercial banking affiliate is a lender under Parent’s existing revolving credit facility, which was amended on August 20, 2026. J.P. Morgan is acting as joint lead arranger in connection with such amendment and will receive compensation of approximately $620,000 in connection therewith. In addition, J.P. Morgan’s commercial banking affiliate is an agent bank and a lender under outstanding credit facilities of the Company, for which it receives customary compensation or other financial benefits. During the two years preceding the date of J.P. Morgan’s written opinion, the aggregate fees recognized by J.P. Morgan from the Company were approximately $2,000,000 and from Parent were approximately $16,000,000. In addition, J.P. Morgan and its affiliates hold, on a proprietary basis, less than 1% of the outstanding common stock of each of the Company and Parent. In the ordinary course of their businesses, J.P. Morgan and its affiliates actively trade the debt and equity securities or financial instruments (including derivatives, bank loans or other obligations) of the Company or Parent for their own account or for the accounts of customers and, accordingly, likely hold long or short positions in such securities or other financial instruments.
Interests of Directors and Executive Officers in the Merger
In considering the recommendation of the Board that you vote “FOR” the proposal to adopt the Merger Agreement, you should be aware that our directors and executive officers have interests that may be different from, or in addition to, the interests of MarketAxess stockholders generally. The Board was aware of these interests and considered them at the time it approved the Merger Agreement and recommended that MarketAxess’ stockholders adopt the Merger Agreement.
MarketAxess’ non-executive directors for purposes of the discussion below are Carlos M. Hernandez, Nancy Altobello, Steven L. Begleiter, Jane Chwick, Douglas A. Cifu, William F. Cruger, Kourtney Gibson, Roberto Hoornweg, Richard G. Ketchum, Emily Portney and Kenneth T. Schiciano.
MarketAxess’ current executive officers for purposes of the discussion below are Christopher R. Concannon, Ilene J. Fiszel Bieler, Dean Berry, Kevin M. McPherson, Scott Pintoff and William Quan. MarketAxess’ former executive officers for purposes of the discussion below are Naineshkumar S. Panchal and Christophe Roupie.
For information regarding beneficial ownership of Shares by each of the Company’s current non-executive directors and executive officers and all of such directors and executive officers as a group, please see the section entitled “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners,” beginning on page 97.
Treatment of Outstanding Equity Awards
Each of our current executive officers holds Company RSUs and Company PSUs that are expected to be converted into Parent RSUs plus any accumulated but unpaid dividend equivalent rights upon the completion of the Merger. Mr. Concannon also holds Company Options that are expected to be converted into Parent Options upon completion of the Merger. Mr. Concannon also previously deferred settlement of certain vested Company RSUs, which will be converted into the right to receive the Merger Consideration plus any accumulated but unpaid dividend equivalent rights. Mr. Panchal holds Company RSUs and Company PSUs that may be cancelled and converted into the right to receive the Merger Consideration plus any accumulated but unpaid dividend equivalent rights, depending on whether such Company RSUs and Company PSUs remain outstanding as of completion of the Merger. Each of our non-executive directors holds Director RSUs that will be cancelled and converted into the right to receive the Merger Consideration plus any accumulated but unpaid
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dividend equivalent rights. Messrs. Hernandez and Begleiter and Ms. Altobello also previously deferred settlement of certain vested Company RSUs, which will be converted into the right to receive the Merger Consideration plus any accumulated but unpaid dividend equivalent rights. For a more detailed discussion regarding the treatment of equity awards in connection with the Merger, see the section of this proxy statement entitled “The Merger Agreement — Treatment of Outstanding Equity Awards; Company ESPP,” beginning on page 58. As of August 25, 2026 (the latest practicable date to determine such amounts before the filing of this proxy statement), and assuming that (i) all Company Options, Company RSUs and Company PSUs are valued based on the Merger Consideration of $167.00 per Share, (ii) all Company PSUs became vested as if the target level of performance of the applicable performance goals was achieved, and (iii) the Merger had closed on August 25, 2026 (taking into account any vesting of outstanding awards that occurs prior to such date), which is the assumed closing date only for purposes of this compensation-related disclosure, the estimated value of the Company Options, Company RSUs and Company PSUs held by each executive officer and non-executive director is as follows:
Executive Officer Equity Awards Summary Table (1)(2)(3)
| Name |
Company Options (#) |
Company RSUs (#) |
Company PSUs (#) |
Deferred Company RSUs (#) |
Accumulated Dividend Equivalent Rights ($) |
Estimated Total Value of Consideration ($) |
||||||||||||||||||
| Christopher R. Concannon |
67,558 | 14,047 | 37,338 | 1,967 | 287,498 | 9,197,282 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Ilene J. Fiszel Bieler |
— | 7,497 | 9,669 | — | 65,469 | 2,932,191 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Dean Berry |
— | 26,017 | 12,564 | — | 110,052 | 6,553,079 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Kevin M. McPherson |
— | 8,091 | 11,809 | — | 91,000 | 3,414,300 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Scott Pintoff |
— | 5,710 | 7,264 | — | 57,035 | 2,223,693 | ||||||||||||||||||
| William Quan |
— | 218 | — | — | 340 | 36,746 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Naineshkumar S. Panchal |
— | 2,784 | 2,698 | — | 34,181 | 949,675 | ||||||||||||||||||
| (1) | For further details regarding the treatment of Company Options, Company RSUs and Company PSUs in connection with the Merger, see the section of this proxy statement entitled “The Merger Agreement — Treatment of Outstanding Equity Awards; Company ESPP,” beginning on page 58. |
| (2) | Mr. Roupie is excluded from the table above as he is no longer an employee of the Company and will not receive any compensation that is based on or otherwise relates to the Merger. Mr. Panchal holds unvested Company RSUs and Company PSUs that are scheduled to vest on February 15, 2027, subject to the applicable vesting conditions. |
| (3) | The amounts reflected in the table above do not include any additional awards or grants that may be granted prior to the Effective Time, such as annual grants as part of the Company’s 2026 year-end compensation program, subject to the terms of the Merger Agreement. |
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Non-Executive Director Equity Awards Summary Table (1)(2)
| Name |
Director RSUs (#) |
Deferred Company RSUs (#) |
Accumulated Dividend Equivalent Rights ($) |
Estimated Total Value of Consideration ($) |
||||||||||||
| Carlos M. Hernandez |
2,616 | 2,531 | 14,571 | 874,120 | ||||||||||||
| Nancy Altobello |
1,390 | 3,394 | 32,002 | 830,930 | ||||||||||||
| Steven L. Begleiter |
1,390 | 2,915 | 39,391 | 758,326 | ||||||||||||
| Jane Chwick |
1,390 | — | 1,084 | 233,214 | ||||||||||||
| Douglas A. Cifu |
1,390 | — | 1,084 | 233,214 | ||||||||||||
| William F. Cruger |
1,390 | — | 1,084 | 233,214 | ||||||||||||
| Kourtney Gibson |
1,390 | — | 1,084 | 233,214 | ||||||||||||
| Roberto Hoornweg |
1,390 | — | 1,084 | 233,214 | ||||||||||||
| Richard G. Ketchum |
1,390 | — | 1,084 | 233,214 | ||||||||||||
| Emily Portney |
1,390 | — | 1,084 | 233,214 | ||||||||||||
| Kenneth T. Schiciano |
1,390 | — | 1,084 | 233,214 | ||||||||||||
| (1) | For further details regarding the treatment of Company RSUs in connection with the Merger, see the section of this proxy statement entitled “The Merger Agreement — Treatment of Outstanding Equity Awards; Company ESPP,” beginning on page 58. |
| (2) | The amounts reflected in the table above do not include any additional awards or grants that may be granted prior to the Effective Time, such as annual grants to non-employee directors, subject to the terms of the Merger Agreement. |
Employment Agreements and Severance Arrangements
The Company is a party to an amended and restated employment agreement with Mr. Concannon (as amended, the “Concannon Employment Agreement”). The Concannon Employment Agreement provides for the following severance payments and benefits (subject to Mr. Concannon’s execution of a waiver and general release) if Mr. Concannon’s employment is terminated by the Company without “cause” or by Mr. Concannon for “good reason” (in each case, as defined in the Concannon Employment Agreement): (i) the sum of twenty-four (24) months of Mr. Concannon’s base salary and two (2) times Mr. Concannon’s average annual bonus over the prior three (3) years, payable in equal installments over the twenty-four (24) month period following Mr. Concannon’s termination, (ii) any earned but unpaid bonus for the year immediately preceding the year in which the termination occurs, and (iii) eighteen (18) months of Company-paid COBRA coverage. If such termination occurs within three (3) months prior to a “change in control” (as defined in the Concannon Employment Agreement) or within the eighteen (18) months following a change in control, (A) the foregoing cash severance will be paid in a lump sum rather than in installments, (B) Mr. Concannon will be entitled to a pro-rated annual bonus for the year of termination calculated using Mr. Concannon’s average annual bonus over the prior three (3) years, and (C) Mr. Concannon’s outstanding and unvested equity or equity-based incentive awards will be treated as follows: (x) any time-vesting awards will vest in full and (y) any performance-vesting awards will vest based on actual achievement for completed performance periods, or for any incomplete performance period, the greater of target level performance or the level specified in the applicable merger agreement or other definitive transaction agreement in connection with the change in control.
The Company is a party to a severance protection agreement with each of Ms. Fiszel Bieler and Messrs. McPherson, Pintoff and Quan (as amended, the “Severance Protection Agreements”). Each of the Severance Protection Agreements provides for the following severance payments and benefits (subject to the executive’s execution of a waiver and general release) if the executive’s employment is terminated by the Company without “cause” (as defined in the executive’s Severance Protection Agreement) or, following the SPA CIC Protection Period (as defined below), by the executive for “good reason” (as defined in the executive’s
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Severance Protection Agreement): (i) the sum of twelve (12) months of the executive’s base salary plus one times the executive’s average annual bonus over the prior three (3) years (or, if greater, for the prior year), payable in equal installments over the twelve (12) month period following the executive’s termination, (ii) any earned but unpaid bonus for the year immediately preceding the year in which the termination occurs, (iii) a pro-rated annual bonus for the year of termination calculated using the executive’s average annual bonus over the prior three (3) years (or, if greater, for the prior year), (iv) twelve (12) months of Company-paid COBRA premiums, and (v) the following treatment of unvested equity or equity-based incentive awards: (A) any time-vesting awards will continue to vest for twelve (12) months following the termination date and (B) any performance-vesting awards will continue to vest for twelve (12) months following the termination date based on actual performance for any completed performance period or based on target level performance for any performance period that is not completed. If such termination occurs within twenty-four (24) months following a “change in control” (as defined in the executive’s Severance Protection Agreement) (the “SPA CIC Protection Period”), (A) the foregoing cash severance will instead be the sum of eighteen (18) months of the executive’s base salary plus one and one-half (1.5) times the executive’s average annual bonus over the three (3) years prior to the year of termination (or, if greater, for the three (3) years prior to the year in which the change in control occurs), payable in a lump sum, (B) the executive will instead be entitled to eighteen (18) months of Company-paid COBRA premiums, and (C) the unvested equity or equity-based incentive awards will instead be treated as follows: (x) any time-vesting awards will vest in full and (y) any performance-vesting awards will vest based on actual achievement for completed performance periods, or for any incomplete performance period, target level performance (or, solely for Ms. Fiszel Bieler and Mr. Pintoff, if greater, the level specified in the applicable merger agreement or other definitive transaction agreement in connection with the change in control).
The Merger constitutes a “change in control” for the purposes of the Concannon Employment Agreement and Severance Protection Agreements.
The Concannon Employment Agreement and Severance Protection Agreements provide that if any payments or benefits paid or provided to the executive would be subject to, or result in, the imposition of the excise tax imposed by Code Section 4999, then the amount of such payments will be automatically reduced to one dollar less than the amount that subjects such payment to the excise tax, unless they would, on a net after-tax basis, receive less compensation than if the payment were not so reduced.
MarketAxess Europe Limited (“MAEL”), an indirect subsidiary of the Company, is a party to a contract of employment with Mr. Berry (the “Berry Contract of Employment”). The Berry Contract of Employment requires that the Company provide six (6) month’s written notice to terminate Mr. Berry’s employment other than for “cause” (as defined in the Berry Contract of Employment), but the Company may terminate Mr. Berry’s employment earlier by paying Mr. Berry his base salary for any remaining required notice period. Mr. Berry would also be entitled to a pro-rated cash incentive based on the number of days he was employed during the year of termination in an amount determined by the Company and MAEL, in their sole joint discretion; provided, however, that such discretion shall be exercised consistent with the manner in which the Company and MAEL exercised their discretion in prior years. The Berry Contract of Employment also provides for lost opportunity awards (totaling GBP £2,063,000) and make-whole awards (totaling GBP £3,937,000) to replace lost compensation opportunities from Mr. Berry’s prior employer, a portion of which are paid in cash and a portion of which are paid in Company RSUs or Company PSUs. The cash portion of the awards must be repaid to MAEL, and the equity awards portion of the awards are subject to forfeiture, in the event Mr. Berry’s employment is terminated in certain circumstances. However, if Mr. Berry resigns for “good reason” within two (2) years following a “change in control” (each as defined in the Berry Contract of Employment), then Mr. Berry would not be required to repay the cash portion of the awards and the equity awards portion of the awards would continue to vest on their original vesting schedule.
In addition to the payments and benefits Mr. Berry may receive pursuant to the Berry Contract of Employment, Mr. Berry may also be entitled to two (2) weeks of salary severance per year of service, payable as a lump-sum payment, pursuant to the MarketAxess Europe Limited Staff Handbook, if his employment with MAEL is terminated in connection with a redundancy or similar situation.
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For an estimate of the value of the severance amounts described above that would be payable to each of the named executive officers, see “Summary of Potential Transaction Payments to Named Executive Officers,” beginning on page 47.
Non-Qualified Deferred Compensation Plan
Messrs. Concannon and Pintoff and Ms. Fiszel Bieler have deferred amounts under the MarketAxess Holdings Inc. Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan (the “Company DCP”). In connection with the Merger, amounts deferred under the Company DCP are expected to be distributed to the plan participants.
Agreements with Parent Following the Merger
As of the date of this proxy statement, none of MarketAxess’ executive officers have entered into any new agreement, arrangement or understanding with Parent or any of its affiliates regarding the terms and conditions of compensation, incentive pay or employment with Parent after the Merger. Although no agreements have been entered into at this time with any of MarketAxess’ executive officers, prior to or following the completion of the Merger, it is possible that new agreements and/or amendments to existing employment or compensation arrangements may be entered with Parent or one of its affiliates regarding their employment with the surviving corporation after the Merger.
Director and Officer Indemnification and Insurance
Pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement, each current or former director or officer of MarketAxess will be entitled to certain ongoing indemnification and coverage under directors’ and officers’ liability insurance policies following the Merger. For a more detailed description of the provisions of the Merger Agreement relating to director and officer indemnification and insurance, please see the section entitled “The Merger Agreement — Director and Officer Indemnification and Insurance,” beginning on page 74.
Summary of Potential Transaction Payments to Named Executive Officers
The information set forth below is required by Item 402(t) of Regulation S-K regarding compensation that is based on or otherwise relates to the Merger that MarketAxess’ named executive officers could receive in connection with the Merger, as described more fully in the section entitled “The Merger — Interests of Directors and Executive Officers in the Merger,” beginning on page 43. Holders of Shares as of the Record Date are being asked to approve, on a non-binding, advisory basis, such compensation. Because the vote to approve such compensation is advisory only, it will not be binding on any of MarketAxess, the Board or Parent. Accordingly, if the Merger Agreement Proposal is approved by MarketAxess stockholders and the Merger is consummated, the compensation will be payable regardless of the outcome of the vote to approve such compensation, subject only to the conditions applicable thereto, which are described in the footnotes to the tables below and above in the section entitled “The Merger — Interests of Directors and Executive Officers in the Merger,” beginning on page 43.
The potential payments in the tables below are quantified in accordance with Item 402(t) of Regulation S-K. The estimated values are based on:
(i) an assumption that the Merger had been consummated on August 25, 2026, the latest practicable date before the filing of this proxy statement,
(ii) the per Share Merger Consideration of $167.00,
(iii) all Company PSUs became vested as if the target level of performance of the applicable performance goals was achieved,
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(iv) the named executive officers’ base salaries as in effect as of the date of this proxy statement, as applicable,
(v) the named executive officers’ most recent annual bonuses as of the date of this proxy statement, as applicable, and
(vi) an assumption that each named executive officer experiences a qualifying termination of employment immediately following the consummation of the Merger under circumstances that entitle such named executive officer to receive change-in-control severance payments as described in the section entitled “The Merger — Interests of Directors and Executive Officers in the Merger — Employment Agreements and Severance Arrangements,” beginning on page 45.
As such, the amounts indicated below are estimates based on multiple assumptions that may or may not actually occur, including assumptions described in this proxy statement, and do not reflect certain compensation actions that may occur before the consummation of the Merger. In addition, the amounts shown do not reflect any potential reduction pursuant to any Code Section 4999 “best-net” reduction provisions in the applicable arrangements. As a result, the actual amounts, if any, to be received by a named executive officer may materially differ from the amounts set forth below.
| Named Executive Officer | Cash(1) | Equity(2) | Perquisites/ Benefits(3) |
Total | ||||||||||||
| Current Executives |
||||||||||||||||
| Christopher Concannon |
$ | 5,341,507 | $ | 9,197,282 | $ | 68,306 | $ | 14,607,095 | ||||||||
| Ilene Fiszel Bieler |
$ | 2,738,116 | $ | 2,932,191 | $ | 57,344 | $ | 5,727,651 | ||||||||
| Dean Berry |
$ | 1,155,512 | $ | 6,553,079 | — | $ | 7,708,591 | |||||||||
| Kevin M. McPherson |
$ | 2,376,541 | $ | 3,414,300 | $ | 68,817 | $ | 5,859,658 | ||||||||
| Former Executives |
||||||||||||||||
| Naineshkumar S. Panchal(4) |
— | $ | 949,675 | — | $ | 949,675 | ||||||||||
| Christophe Roupie(4) |
— | — | — | — | ||||||||||||
| (1) | For Mr. Concannon, amounts consist of (i) a lump sum amount equal to the sum of twenty-four (24) months of his base salary ($1,500,000) and two (2) times his average annual bonus over the prior three (3) years ($2,900,000) and (ii) a pro-rated annual bonus for the year of termination calculated using his average annual bonus over the prior three (3) years ($941,507). For Ms. Fiszel Bieler, amounts consist of (i) a lump sum amount equal to the sum of eighteen (18) months of her base salary ($750,000) and one and one-half (1.5) times her average annual bonus over the prior three (3) years ($1,387,500) and (ii) a pro-rated annual bonus for the year of termination calculated using her average annual bonus over the prior three (3) years ($600,616). For Mr. Berry, amounts consist of (i) a payment equal to six (6) months of his base salary ($382,004), payable in a lump sum in lieu of any notice period base salary pursuant to the Berry Contract of Employment, (ii) a lump sum amount equal to two (2) weeks of base salary severance per year of service ($29,385) and (iii) a pro-rated cash incentive based on his target annual cash incentive and the number of days he was employed during the year of termination ($744,123). The elements of Mr. Berry’s compensation are presented in the table and related footnotes in U.S. dollars and were converted from British pounds using the exchange rate of 1.3643 which is the closing foreign exchange rate on August 25, 2026, the date on which the Merger is assumed to have been consummated. For Mr. McPherson, amounts consist of (i) a lump sum amount equal to the sum of eighteen (18) months of his base salary ($675,000) plus one and one-half (1.5) times his average annual bonus over the prior three (3) years ($1,187,500) and (ii) a pro-rated annual bonus for the year of termination calculated using his average annual bonus over the prior three (3) years ($514,041). |
| (2) | For each named executive officer other than Mr. Panchal, amounts represent the estimated value of accelerated vesting of outstanding Parent RSUs, including payment of corresponding accumulated but unpaid dividend equivalent rights, upon a qualifying termination of employment immediately following consummation of the Merger, as follows: for Mr. Concannon, $8,581,295 in Parent RSUs and $266,845 in accumulated but unpaid dividend equivalent rights; for Ms. Fiszel Bieler, $2,866,722 in Parent RSUs and |
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| $65,469 in accumulated but unpaid dividend equivalent rights; for Mr. Berry, $6,443,027 in Parent RSUs and $110,052 in accumulated but unpaid dividend equivalent rights; and for Mr. McPherson, $3,323,300 in Parent RSUs and $91,000 in accumulated but unpaid dividend equivalent rights. Mr. Concannon’s amount also includes the estimated cash value that Mr. Concannon will receive in respect of his deferred Company RSUs, including payment of corresponding accumulated but unpaid dividend equivalent rights ($328,489 in respect of deferred Company RSUs and $20,653 in accumulated but unpaid dividend equivalent rights). Mr. Panchal’s amount reflects the estimated cash value that Mr. Panchal would receive in respect of his outstanding Company RSUs and Company PSUs, including payment of corresponding accumulated but unpaid dividend equivalent rights ($915,494 in respect of Company RSUs and Company PSUs and $34,181 in accumulated but unpaid dividend equivalent rights). For further details regarding the treatment of Company Options, Company RSUs and Company PSUs in connection with the Merger, see “The Merger Agreement — Treatment of Outstanding Equity Awards; Company ESPP,” beginning on page 58. |
| (3) | For Messrs. Concannon and McPherson and Ms. Fiszel Bieler, the Company will pay their respective COBRA continuation coverage premiums for up to eighteen (18) months following the date of their respective terminations. Estimated values are based on the Company’s COBRA premiums as of the date of this proxy statement. |
| (4) | Mr. Panchal’s employment was terminated by the Company without “cause” effective April 1, 2026, and Mr. Roupie’s employment was terminated by the Company without “cause” effective August 20, 2025, in each case prior to the execution of the Merger Agreement. Neither Mr. Panchal nor Mr. Roupie is entitled to any additional severance or other termination-related compensation as a result of the Merger. Mr. Panchal continues to hold unvested Company RSUs and Company PSUs that are scheduled to vest on February 15, 2027, subject to the applicable vesting conditions. Mr. Roupie does not hold any outstanding unvested equity awards. |
Following the Merger, all of the Company’s equity interests will be legally and beneficially owned by Parent, and none of the Company’s current stockholders will, by virtue of the Merger, have any ownership interest in, or be a stockholder of, the surviving corporation or Parent after the completion of the Merger. As a result, the Company’s current stockholders will no longer benefit from any increase in the value, nor will they bear the risk of any decrease in the value, of the Shares. Following the Merger, Parent will benefit from any increase in the Company’s enterprise value and also will bear the risk of any decrease in the Company’s enterprise value.
For information regarding the effects of the Merger on the Company’s outstanding equity awards, see the sections entitled “The Merger — Interests of Directors and Executive Officers in the Merger,” beginning on page 43, and “The Merger Agreement — Treatment of Outstanding Equity Awards; Company ESPP,” beginning on page 58.
The Shares are currently registered under the Exchange Act and trade on NASDAQ under the symbol “MKTX.” Following the completion of the Merger, the Shares will no longer be traded on NASDAQ or any other public market. In addition, the registration of the Shares under the Exchange Act will be terminated, and the Company will no longer be required to file periodic and other reports with the SEC with respect to such Shares. Termination of registration of the Shares under the Exchange Act will reduce the information required to be furnished by the Company to the Company’s stockholders and the SEC, and would make certain provisions of the Exchange Act, such as the requirement to file annual and quarterly reports pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, the short-swing trading provisions of Section 16(b) of the Exchange Act and the requirement to furnish a proxy statement in connection with stockholders’ meetings pursuant to Section 14(a) of the Exchange Act, no longer applicable to the Company to the extent that they apply solely as a result of the registration of the Shares under the Exchange Act.
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Consequences if the Merger is Not Completed
If the Merger Agreement Proposal is not approved by the Company’s stockholders, or if the Merger is not completed for any other reason, you will not receive any consideration from Parent or Merger Sub for your Shares. Instead, MarketAxess will remain a public company and the Shares will continue to be listed and traded on NASDAQ. We expect that our management will operate our business in a manner similar to that in which it is being operated today and that holders of Shares will continue to be subject to the same risks and opportunities as they currently are subject to with respect to their ownership of the Shares. If the Merger is not completed, there can be no assurance as to the effect of these risks and opportunities on the future value of the Shares, including the risk that the market price of the Shares may decline to the extent that the current market price of the Shares reflects a market assumption that the Merger will be completed and, if that were to occur, it is uncertain when, if ever, the price would return to the price at which the Shares trade as of the date of this proxy statement. If the Merger Agreement Proposal is not approved by the Company’s stockholders, or if the Merger is not completed for any other reason, there can be no assurance that any other transaction acceptable to us will be offered or that our business, prospects or results of operations will not be adversely impacted.
In addition, if the Merger Agreement is terminated under specified circumstances, the Company will be required to pay Parent the Company Termination Fee. The Merger Agreement also provides that Parent will be required to pay MarketAxess the Parent Regulatory Termination Fee if the Merger Agreement is terminated due to certain reasons related to antitrust matters. For additional information, see the section entitled “The Merger Agreement — Termination Fees,” beginning on page 81.
You should also read and consider carefully the other information in this proxy statement, the Annexes to this proxy statement and the documents incorporated by reference herein, including the risk factors contained in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K and other SEC filings. See the section entitled “Where You Can Find More Information,” beginning on page 101.
Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences of the Merger
The following discussion is a summary of certain material U.S. federal income tax consequences of the exchange of Shares for cash pursuant to the Merger by U.S. Holders and Non-U.S. Holders, each as defined below. This summary is for general information purposes only, is not tax advice, and does not purport to consider all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that might be relevant to U.S. Holders and Non-U.S. Holders considering their circumstances. This summary is based on current provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (the “Code”), existing, proposed and temporary Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder and administrative and judicial interpretations thereof as of the date hereof, all of which are subject to change or differing interpretations at any time, possibly with retroactive effect. Any such change could affect the accuracy of the statements and conclusions set forth in this discussion. The Company has not sought, and does not intend to seek, any ruling from the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) with respect to the statements made and the conclusions reached in the following summary, and no assurance can be given that the IRS will agree with the views expressed herein, or that a court will not sustain any challenge by the IRS.
This summary is limited to U.S. Holders and Non-U.S. Holders who hold their Shares as “capital assets” within the meaning of Section 1221 of the Code (generally, property held for investment). This summary does not describe any of the tax consequences arising under the laws of any state, local or non-U.S. tax jurisdiction and, except as expressly described below, does not consider any aspects of U.S. federal tax law other than income taxation (e.g., U.S. federal gift or alternative minimum tax, or any withholding considerations under the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act of 2010 (including regulations issued thereunder and intergovernmental agreements entered into pursuant thereto or in connection therewith and any laws, regulations or practices adopted in connection with any such agreement)) that may be relevant or applicable to a particular holder in connection with the Merger. For purposes of this discussion, a “holder” means either a U.S. Holder or a Non-U.S. Holder or both, as the context may require. In addition, this discussion does not address consequences
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relevant to holders subject to special rules under the U.S. federal income tax laws, including, for example, but not limited to:
| • | banks and certain other financial institutions; |
| • | mutual funds; |
| • | insurance companies; |
| • | brokers or dealers in securities, currencies, or commodities; |
| • | dealers or traders in securities subject to a mark-to-market method of accounting; |
| • | regulated investment companies and real estate investment trusts; |
| • | tax-qualified retirement plans; |
| • | tax-exempt organizations (including private foundations), governmental agencies, instrumentalities, or other governmental organizations and pension funds; |
| • | holders that are holding Shares as part of a “straddle,” hedge, constructive sale, or other integrated transaction or conversion transaction or similar transactions; |
| • | U.S. Holders whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar; |
| • | partnerships, other entities classified as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes, “S corporations,” or any other pass-through entities for U.S. federal income tax purposes (or investors in such entities); |
| • | expatriated entities subject to Section 7874 of the Code; |
| • | U.S. expatriates and former citizens or long-term residents of the United States; |
| • | holders that own or have owned (directly, indirectly, or constructively) five percent or more of Shares (by vote or value); |
| • | holders required to accelerate the recognition of any item of gross income with respect to their Shares as a result of such income being recognized on an applicable financial statement (as defined in Section 451(b) of the Code); |
| • | grantor trusts; |
| • | “controlled foreign corporations,” “passive foreign investment companies,” and corporations that accumulate earnings to avoid U.S. federal income tax; |
| • | holders who are subject to the alternative minimum tax; |
| • | persons who hold or received Shares pursuant to the exercise of any employee stock option, in connection with a restricted stock unit award or company performance stock unit award or otherwise in a compensatory transaction; |
| • | holders that directly, indirectly or constructively own an equity interest in Parent; |
| • | holders that acquire or sell Shares as part of wash sales for U.S. federal income tax purposes; |
| • | holders that hold their Shares through a bank, financial institution, or other entity, or a branch thereof, located, organized, or resident outside the United States; and |
| • | holders who properly exercise appraisal rights with respect to their Shares. |
If a partnership, or another entity or arrangement treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, holds Shares, the U.S. federal income tax treatment of its partners or members generally will depend upon the status of the partner or member and the partnership’s activities. Accordingly, partnerships or other entities treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes that hold Shares, and partners or
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members in those entities, are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the specific U.S. federal income tax consequences to them of the Merger.
This discussion does not address the tax consequences of acquisitions or dispositions of Shares outside the Merger, or transactions pertaining to options or other equity awards of the Company in connection with the Merger.
THIS DISCUSSION IS INTENDED ONLY AS A GENERAL SUMMARY OF THE MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES TO HOLDERS OF SHARES. HOLDERS OF SHARES ARE URGED TO CONSULT THEIR TAX ADVISORS WITH RESPECT TO THE SPECIFIC TAX CONSEQUENCES OF THE MERGER CONSIDERING THEIR CIRCUMSTANCES, INCLUDING FEDERAL ESTATE, GIFT AND OTHER NON-INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES, AND TAX CONSEQUENCES UNDER APPLICABLE U.S. TAX TREATIES AND STATE, LOCAL OR NON-U.S. TAX LAWS, INCLUDING POSSIBLE CHANGES IN SUCH LAWS.
U.S. Holders
This section applies to U.S. Holders. For purposes of this summary, the term “U.S. Holder” means a beneficial owner of Shares that, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, is or is treated as any of the following:
| • | an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States; |
| • | a corporation, or an entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, created or organized under the laws of the United States, any state thereof or the District of Columbia; |
| • | an estate, the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income tax regardless of its source; or |
| • | a trust, if (i) a United States court is able to exercise primary supervision over the trust’s administration and one or more United States persons (within the meaning of Section 7701(a)(30) of the Code) have authority to control all of the trust’s substantial decisions or (ii) the trust has a valid election in effect to be treated as a United States person for U.S. federal income tax purposes. |
The exchange of Shares for cash pursuant to the Merger will be a taxable transaction to U.S. Holders for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In general, a U.S. Holder who receives cash in exchange for Shares pursuant to the Merger will recognize capital gain or loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes in an amount equal to the difference, if any, between (i) the amount of cash received pursuant to the Merger and (ii) the U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the Shares surrendered for cash pursuant to the Merger. Gain or loss will be determined separately for each block of Shares (that is, Shares acquired at the same cost in a single transaction) surrendered for cash pursuant to the Merger. Such gain or loss generally will be long-term capital gain or loss, provided that the holding period for such block(s) of Shares is more than one year at the time of consummation of the Merger. Long-term capital gains recognized by certain non-corporate U.S. Holders are generally subject to U.S. federal income tax at preferential rates. Certain non-corporate U.S. Holders may also be subject to the 3.8% Medicare tax on net investment income with respect to gain recognized pursuant to the Merger. The deductibility of capital losses by a U.S. Holder is subject to certain limitations.
Non-U.S. Holders
This section applies to “Non-U.S. Holders.” For purposes of this summary, a “Non-U.S. Holder” means a beneficial owner of Shares that is neither a U.S. Holder nor an entity or arrangement treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Non-U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors to determine the U.S. federal, state, local, non-U.S. and other tax consequences that may be relevant to them considering their circumstances.
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A Non-U.S. Holder will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on gain realized in connection with the Merger, unless:
| • | the gain is effectively connected with a trade or business of such Non-U.S. Holder in the United States (and, if required by an applicable income tax treaty, is attributable to a permanent establishment or fixed base maintained by such Non-U.S. Holder in the United States); |
| • | the Non-U.S. Holder is a nonresident alien individual present in the United States for 183 days or more during the taxable year of the disposition of Shares pursuant to the Merger and certain other requirements are met; or |
| • | the Shares constitute a United States real property interest (“USRPI”) by reason of the Company’s status as a United States real property holding corporation (“USRPHC”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes and one or more other conditions are satisfied. |
Gain described in the first bullet point above generally will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on a net income basis at the regular rates. A Non-U.S. Holder that is a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes may also be subject to an additional “branch profits tax” at a rate of 30% (or such lower rate specified by an applicable income tax treaty) on such effectively connected gain, as adjusted for certain items.
A Non-U.S. Holder described in the second bullet point above generally will be subject to U.S. federal income tax at a rate of 30% (or such lower rate specified by an applicable income tax treaty) on gain realized in connection with the Merger, which may be offset by U.S. source capital losses of the Non-U.S. Holder (even though the individual is not considered a resident of the United States), provided the Non-U.S. Holder has timely filed U.S. federal income tax returns with respect to such losses.
With respect to the third bullet point above, although the Company has not made a definitive determination, the Company believes that it is not currently, and has not been during the preceding five years ending on the date of this proxy statement, a USRPHC, and does not expect to become a USRPHC before the Merger. Because the determination of whether the Company is a USRPHC depends on the fair market value of the Company’s USRPIs relative to the fair market value of the Company’s non-USRPIs and other business assets, there can be no assurance that the Company is not, and has not been during the preceding five years ending on the date of this proxy statement, a USRPHC, nor that the Company will not become a USRPHC before the Merger. Even if the Company is a USRPHC, gain arising from the sale or other taxable disposition of Shares by a Non-U.S. Holder will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax by reason of the Company’s status as USRPHC if the Shares are “regularly traded,” as defined by applicable Treasury regulations, on an established securities market and such Non-U.S. Holder owned, actually and constructively, 5% or less of the Shares of the Company throughout the shorter of the five-year period ending on the date of the sale or other taxable disposition or the Non-U.S. Holder’s holding period. Non-U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors about the consequences that could result if the Company is or were to become a USRPHC.
Information Reporting and Backup Withholding
Information reporting and backup withholding (currently at a rate of 24%) may apply to the proceeds received by a holder pursuant to the Merger. Backup withholding generally will not apply to a U.S. Holder that furnishes a correct taxpayer identification number and certifies under penalty of perjury that such U.S. Holder is not subject to backup withholding on IRS Form W-9 (or a substitute or successor form).
A Non-U.S. Holder may be subject to information reporting and backup withholding on payments made in exchange for Shares pursuant to the Merger. To avoid backup withholding, a Non-U.S. Holder that does not otherwise establish an exemption from backup withholding should provide an IRS Form W-8BEN, IRS Form W-8BEN-E or other appropriate IRS Form W-8, as applicable, in accordance with the instructions thereto, certifying that such Non-U.S. Holder is not a “United States person” (within the meaning of the Code). Non-U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors to determine which IRS Form W-8 is appropriate.
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Certain holders (including corporations) generally are not subject to backup withholding. Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Any amount withheld under the backup withholding rules generally will be allowed as a refund or credit against the U.S. federal income tax liability of a holder, provided the required information is properly and timely furnished by such holder to the IRS. The IRS may impose a penalty upon a holder that fails to provide the correct taxpayer identification number.
The tax discussion set forth above is included for general information only and is not tax advice. You are urged to consult your tax advisor to determine the particular tax consequences to you of the Merger, including the applicability and effect of U.S. federal, state, local, non-U.S. and other tax laws and treaties.
Under the Merger Agreement, completion of the Merger is conditioned on (i) the expiration or termination of the waiting period applicable to the completion of the Merger under the HSR Act and (ii) the receipt of the Requisite Regulatory Approvals.
On August 26, 2026, the Company and Parent filed their respective notification and report forms under the HSR Act with respect to the Merger with the FTC and the DOJ, which triggered the start of the HSR Act waiting period. The HSR Act waiting period is expected to expire at 11:59 p.m. Eastern Time on September 25, 2026.
At any time before or after the Merger is completed, the FTC, the DOJ, U.S. state attorneys general as well as non-U.S. regulatory bodies could take action under antitrust laws and/or foreign investment laws in opposition to the Merger, including seeking to enjoin completion of the Merger, condition adoption of the Merger Agreement upon the divestiture of assets of Parent, the Company or their respective subsidiaries or impose restrictions on Parent’s post-Merger operations or other conditions. Private parties also may seek to take legal action under the U.S. federal or state antitrust laws under some circumstances.
The Requisite Regulatory Approvals include, without limitation, the approval from FINRA, Canadian Investment Regulatory Organization, Ontario Securities Commission, Dutch Central Bank, Netherlands Autoriteit Financiële Markten, United Kingdom Financial Conduct Authority, and Monetary Authority of Singapore. The initial submission of the regulatory applications occurred on August 28, 2026 for FINRA, September 4, 2026 for Canadian Investment Regulatory Organization, on September 4, 2026 for Ontario Securities Commission, on September 3, 2026 for Dutch Central Bank, on September 4, 2026 for Netherlands Autoriteit Financiële Markten, on August 28, 2026 for United Kingdom Financial Conduct Authority, and on September 4, 2026 for Monetary Authority of Singapore. Additional notifications and/or applications requesting approval may be submitted to various other federal, state and non-U.S. regulatory authorities and self-regulatory organizations.
For a description of the Company’s and Parent’s respective obligations under the Merger Agreement with respect to regulatory approvals, see the section entitled “The Merger Agreement — Efforts to Complete the Merger,” beginning on page 71.
Payment of Merger Consideration
Prior to the Effective Time, Parent will designate, after reasonable consultation with the Company, the Paying Agent to exchange the Shares for the Merger Consideration. At or prior to the Effective Time, Parent will deposit or cause to be deposited with the Paying Agent, the Exchange Fund. Promptly after the Effective Time (and in any event within two (2) business days after the Effective Time), Parent will cause the Paying Agent to mail to each holder of record of certificates representing any of the Shares outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time (other than in respect of Excluded Shares and Shares owned by Dissenting Stockholders): (i) a letter of transmittal in customary form advising such holder of the effectiveness of
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the Merger and the conversion of its Shares into the right to receive the Merger Consideration, and specifying that delivery will be effected, and risk of loss and title to the certificates will pass, only upon delivery of the certificates (or affidavits of loss in lieu of the certificates) and (ii) instructions for use in effecting the surrender of the certificates (or affidavits of loss in lieu of the certificates). Upon the surrender of a certificate (or affidavit of loss in lieu of the certificate) to the Paying Agent in accordance with the terms of such transmittal materials, the holder of such certificate will be entitled to receive in exchange for such certificate an amount in immediately available funds (or, if no wire transfer instructions are provided, a check, and in each case, after giving effect to any required tax withholding) equal to the cash amount that such holder is entitled to receive as the Merger Consideration, and the certificate so surrendered will be cancelled. No interest will be paid or accrued on any amount payable to holders of certificates. In the event of a transfer of ownership of Shares represented by a certificate that is not registered in the transfer records of the Company, a check for any cash to be paid upon due surrender of the certificate may be issued or paid to such a transferee if the certificate representing such Shares is presented to the Paying Agent, accompanied by all documents required to evidence and effect such transfer and to evidence that any applicable stock transfer taxes have been paid or are not applicable, in each case, reasonably acceptable to Parent. Any compensatory amounts payable pursuant to the Merger Agreement will be made through the surviving corporation’s payroll procedures on the next administratively practicable payroll date following the Effective Time.
In the event that any certificate is lost, stolen or destroyed, upon the making of an affidavit (in form and substance satisfactory to the surviving corporation) of that fact by the person claiming such certificate to be lost, stolen or destroyed to the Paying Agent or the surviving corporation, the posting by such person of a bond in customary amount and upon such terms as may be required by Parent as an indemnity against any claim that may be made against it, the Paying Agent will issue in exchange for such lost, stolen or destroyed certificate the cash that would have been issuable or payable (after giving effect to any required tax withholdings) had such lost, stolen or destroyed certificate been surrendered.
Promptly after the Effective Time (and in any event within two (2) business days after the Effective Time), Parent will cause the Paying Agent to (i) mail to each registered holder of uncertificated Shares (other than in respect of Excluded Shares and Shares owned by Dissenting Stockholders) materials advising such holder of the effectiveness of the Merger and the conversion of its Shares into the right to receive the Merger Consideration and (ii) deliver the cash that such holder is entitled to receive in respect of its Shares (after giving effect to any required tax withholdings), without interest thereon.
After the completion of the Merger, holders of Shares will cease to have any rights as a stockholder of the Company other than the right to receive the Merger Consideration upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement.
The Paying Agent will return to Parent or the surviving corporation, as designated by Parent, all funds in its possession that remain unclaimed by the stockholders of the Company at the one-year anniversary of the Effective Time. After that time, if a Company stockholder has not received payment of the Merger Consideration, such former stockholder may look only to Parent for payment of the Merger Consideration, subject to applicable abandoned property, escheat and other similar laws.
The Merger is not subject to any financing condition. Parent estimates that the total funds necessary to complete the Merger and pay the Merger Consideration will be approximately $6,200,000,000, including estimated transaction fees and expenses.
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The summary of the material provisions of the Merger Agreement set forth below and elsewhere in this proxy statement is qualified in its entirety by reference to the Merger Agreement, a copy of which is attached to this proxy statement as Annex A and which is incorporated by reference in this proxy statement. This summary does not purport to be complete and may not contain all of the information about the Merger Agreement that is important to you. We encourage you to read the Merger Agreement carefully in its entirety.
The Merger Agreement is described in this proxy statement and included as Annex A only to provide you with information regarding its terms and conditions and not to provide any other factual information regarding the Company, Parent or Merger Sub or their respective businesses. Such information can be found elsewhere in this proxy statement or, in the case of the Company, in the public filings that the Company makes with the SEC, which are available without charge through the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. See the section entitled “Where You Can Find More Information,” beginning on page 101.
The representations, warranties and covenants made in the Merger Agreement by the Company, Parent and Merger Sub are qualified and subject to important limitations agreed to by the Company, Parent and Merger Sub in connection with negotiating the terms of the Merger Agreement. In particular, in your review of the representations and warranties contained in the Merger Agreement and described in this summary, it is important to bear in mind that the representations and warranties were negotiated with the principal purposes of establishing the circumstances in which a party to the Merger Agreement may have the right not to close the Merger if the representations and warranties of the other party prove to be untrue due to a change in circumstance or otherwise, and allocating risk between the parties to the Merger Agreement. The representations and warranties may also be subject to a contractual standard of materiality different from those generally applicable to stockholders and reports and documents filed with the SEC and in some cases were qualified by disclosures that were made by the Company and Parent, which disclosures are not reflected in the Merger Agreement. Moreover, information concerning the subject matter of the representations and warranties, which do not purport to be accurate as of the date of this proxy statement, may have changed since the date of the Merger Agreement and subsequent developments or new information qualifying a representation or warranty may have been included in this proxy statement.
Upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, at the Effective Time, Merger Sub will be merged with and into MarketAxess and the separate corporate existence of Merger Sub will thereupon cease. MarketAxess will be the surviving corporation and a wholly owned subsidiary of Parent, and the separate corporate existence of MarketAxess with all its rights, privileges, immunities, powers and franchises will continue unaffected by the Merger, except as set forth in the section entitled “The Merger Agreement — Organizational Documents; Directors and Officers,” beginning on page 57. The Merger will have the effects specified in the DGCL.
Unless the Merger Agreement has been terminated in accordance with its terms, the Closing will take place as soon as reasonably practicable, and in no event later than five (5) business days, following the day on which the last to be satisfied or waived of each of the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement is satisfied or waived (other than those conditions that, by their terms, are to be satisfied at the Closing, but subject to the satisfaction or waiver of those conditions). The date on which the Closing occurs is referred to as the “Closing Date.”
Concurrently with the Closing, the Company and Parent will cause a certificate of merger with respect to the Merger (the “Certificate of Merger”) to be executed, acknowledged and filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware as provided in the DGCL. The Effective Time of the Merger will be on the date
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and time when the Certificate of Merger has been duly filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware or such later date or time as otherwise agreed to by the Company and Parent in writing and set forth in the Certificate of Merger in accordance with the DGCL.
Organizational Documents; Directors and Officers
At the Effective Time, the certificate of incorporation of the surviving corporation will be amended to read as the certificate of incorporation of Merger Sub in effect immediately prior to the Effective Time until thereafter amended, except (i) that references to the name of Merger Sub will be replaced by the name of the surviving corporation and (ii) for such changes as agreed by the parties and are necessary to comply with the director and officer indemnification and insurance obligations described in “The Merger Agreement — Director and Officer Indemnification and Insurance,” beginning on page 74.
Additionally, at the Effective Time, the bylaws of Merger Sub in effect immediately prior to the Effective Time will become the bylaws of the surviving corporation until thereafter amended, except (i) that references to the name of Merger Sub will be replaced by the name of the surviving corporation and (ii) for such changes as are agreed by the parties and necessary to comply with the director and officer indemnification and insurance obligations described in “The Merger Agreement — Director and Officer Indemnification and Insurance,” beginning on page 74.
The Merger Agreement provides that, at the Effective Time, (x) the directors of Merger Sub immediately prior to the Effective Time will become the initial directors of the surviving corporation from and after the Effective Time and (y) the officers of Merger Sub immediately prior to the Effective Time will become the initial officers of the surviving corporation from and after the Effective Time.
Merger Consideration Received by MarketAxess Stockholders
At the Effective Time, each Share, issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time (other than in respect of Excluded Shares and Dissenting Shares) will be converted into the right to receive the Merger Consideration.
At the Effective Time, each Share owned by (a) Parent or Merger Sub or any of their respective subsidiaries or (b) the Company as treasury stock, or any of the Company’s subsidiaries (other than Shares with respect to the Company ESPP), will be cancelled without payment of any consideration therefor.
Shares Held by Dissenting Stockholders
All Shares that are issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time and held by Dissenting Stockholders will be cancelled without payment of any consideration therefor. Instead, at the Effective Time, the Shares held by such Company stockholders will thereafter represent only the right to receive the fair value of such Share in accordance with Section 262 of the DGCL. Any Shares held by such Company stockholders who fail to properly perfect or who have effectively withdrawn or lost the right to dissent under Section 262 of the DGCL or who a court of competent jurisdiction has finally determined are not entitled to relief provided by Section 262 of the DGCL with respect to any shares, will no longer be considered Shares of such Dissenting Stockholder and will thereupon be deemed to have been converted into, and to have become exchangeable for, as of the Effective Time, the right to receive the Merger Consideration, net of any applicable withholding taxes and without interest.
The Company is required to provide Parent with written notice as promptly as practicable (and, in any event, within two (2) business days) of any written demands for appraisal, withdrawals or attempted
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withdrawals of such demands and any other instruments served pursuant to applicable law and received by the Company relating to stockholders’ right of appraisal. Absent the prior written consent of Parent, the Company is prohibited from voluntarily making any payment with respect to any demands for appraisal, from settling or offering to settle any such demands or from approving any withdrawal of any such demands. Parent will have a reasonable opportunity to participate in all negotiations and legal proceedings with respect to any such demands, including a reasonable opportunity to provide its input in connection with any determination by the Company to make any payment to any Dissenting Stockholder under Section 262(h) of the DGCL prior to the entry of judgment in the legal proceedings with respect to any demand for appraisal.
At the Effective Time, each share of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, of Merger Sub issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time will be converted into one share of common stock, par value $0.01, of the surviving corporation.
Treatment of Outstanding Equity Awards; Company ESPP
The Merger Agreement provides that each outstanding equity award will be treated as follows:
Treatment of Company Options
At the Effective Time, each Company Option, whether vested or unvested, will, automatically and without any required action on the part of the holder thereof, cease to represent an option to purchase Shares and will be converted into an option to purchase a number of shares of Parent Common Stock equal to the product (rounded down to the nearest whole number) of (x) the number of Shares subject to such Company Option immediately prior to the Effective Time multiplied by (y) the Exchange Ratio, at an exercise price per share (rounded up to the nearest whole cent) equal to (A) the exercise price per Share of such Company Option immediately prior to the Effective Time divided by (B) the Exchange Ratio. Except as described below, following the Effective Time each Parent Option will continue to be governed by the same terms and conditions (including vesting and exercisability terms) as applied to such Company Option immediately prior to the Effective Time.
Treatment of Company RSUs
At the Effective Time, each Company RSU outstanding as of immediately prior to the Effective Time, other than a Director RSU, will, automatically and without any required action on the part of the holder thereof, cease to represent a restricted stock unit denominated in Shares and will be converted into a Parent RSU. The number of shares of Parent Common Stock subject to each such Parent RSU will equal the product (rounded down to the nearest whole number) of (x) the number of Shares subject to such Company RSU immediately prior to the Effective Time multiplied by (y) the Exchange Ratio. Except as described below, following the Effective Time each such Parent RSU will continue to be governed by the same terms and conditions (including the same time-based vesting terms) as applied to the corresponding Company RSU immediately prior to the Effective Time. Any accumulated but unpaid dividend equivalent rights with respect to each such Company RSU that is converted into a Parent RSU will become accumulated but unpaid dividend equivalent rights with respect to such Parent RSU.
At the Effective Time, each Director RSU will become fully vested and will terminate and be cancelled as of immediately prior to the Effective Time in exchange for a lump sum cash payment equal to (A) the product of the number of Shares underlying such Director RSU multiplied by the Merger Consideration, plus (B) all accumulated but unpaid dividend equivalent rights with respect to such Director RSU, payable as soon as practicable following the Effective Time (and in any event not later than ten (10) calendar days thereafter) and subject to any delay required under Section 409A of the Code.
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Treatment of Company PSUs
At the Effective Time, each Company PSU outstanding as of immediately prior to the Effective Time will, automatically and without any required action on the part of the holder thereof, cease to represent a performance stock unit denominated in Shares and will be converted into a Parent RSU. The number of shares of Parent Common Stock subject to each such Parent RSU will equal the product (rounded down to the nearest whole number) of (x) the number of Shares issuable in respect of such Company PSU, determined (A) with respect to any performance period completed as of the Effective Time, based on the actual level of achievement of the applicable performance goals for such period, (B) with respect to any performance period that has commenced but not been completed as of the Effective Time, based on the greater of the target level of performance and the actual level of achievement of the applicable performance goals using pro-rated performance goals through the Effective Time as reasonably determined by the compensation committee of the Board in good faith, and (C) with respect to any performance period that has not yet commenced as of the Effective Time, based on the target level of performance, multiplied by (y) the Exchange Ratio. Following the Effective Time, each such Parent RSU will be subject solely to time-based vesting (any performance-based vesting conditions ceasing to apply) and, except as described below, will otherwise continue to be governed by the same terms and conditions as applied to the corresponding Company PSU immediately prior to the Effective Time. Any accumulated but unpaid dividend equivalent rights with respect to each such Company PSU that is converted into a Parent RSU will become accumulated but unpaid dividend equivalent rights with respect to such Parent RSU.
Treatment of the Company ESPP
As soon as reasonably practicable following the date of the Merger Agreement and in any event prior to the Effective Time, the Company will take all actions (including obtaining any necessary determinations and/or resolutions of the Board or a committee thereof and, if appropriate, amending the terms of the Company ESPP and in each case to the extent permitted by law) that are necessary or required under the Company ESPP and applicable laws to (A) ensure that, except for the Final Offering, no new offering period will be authorized or commenced on or after the date of the Merger Agreement, (B) the Final Offering will end no later than the Closing Date, (C) each Company ESPP participant’s accumulated payroll deductions under the Company ESPP shall be used to purchase Shares in accordance with the Company ESPP as of the end of the Final Offering; provided that any payroll deductions that are insufficient to purchase one whole Share will be distributed in cash to such participant as soon as administratively practicable, (D) the applicable purchase price for Shares will not be decreased below the levels provided for by the Company ESPP as of the date of the Merger Agreement and (E) the Company ESPP will be terminated in its entirety at the Effective Time and no further rights will be granted or exercised under the Company ESPP thereafter.
Termination Protections
Following the Effective Time, if any award holder’s employment or other service is terminated (i) due to death or Disability, (ii) by the Company or any of its affiliates without Cause, or (iii) by the award holder for Good Reason (each as defined in the Merger Agreement), any unvested portion of such award holder’s Parent Options or Parent RSUs will become fully vested as of immediately prior to such termination.
Form S-8; Other Awards
If and to the extent that any shares of Parent Common Stock subject to a Parent Option or Parent RSU could not be appropriately registered on a Form S-8 as a result of the holder thereof being a former employee of the Company, then in lieu of the conversion of the Other Option, Other RSU, or Other PSU, into a Parent Option or Parent RSU, as applicable, such Other Option, Other RSU or Other PSU will be treated as follows: (i) each Other Option will, if its per-Share exercise price equals or exceeds the Merger Consideration, terminate and be cancelled as of immediately prior to the Effective Time without any consideration; (ii) each Other Option will, if its per-Share exercise price is less than the Merger Consideration, become fully vested and
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be cancelled in exchange for a lump sum cash payment equal to the product of the number of Shares underlying the Other Option multiplied by the excess of the Merger Consideration over the per-Share exercise price, less applicable withholding; and (iii) each Other RSU and Other PSU will become fully vested and be cancelled in exchange for a lump sum cash payment equal to the sum of (A) the product of the number of Shares underlying such Other RSU or Other PSU (with the number of Shares underlying any Other PSU determined as described above for Company PSUs) multiplied by the Merger Consideration, plus (B) all accumulated but unpaid dividend equivalent rights, less applicable withholding, in each case payable as soon as practicable following the Effective Time (but in any event not later than ten (10) calendar days thereafter) and subject to any delay required under Section 409A of the Code.
Conversion of Shares; Exchange of Certificates
Exchange Procedures
Immediately prior to the Effective Time, Parent will deposit, or cause to be deposited, with the Paying Agent, for the benefit of the holders of Shares, the Exchange Fund. No later than five (5) business days prior to the Closing Date, Parent will enter into an agreement with the Paying Agent (the “Paying Agent Agreement”), in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Company, to effect the applicable terms of the Merger Agreement.
Promptly after the Effective Time (and in any event within two (2) business days thereafter), Parent will cause the Paying Agent to mail or otherwise provide to each holder of record of (x) a certificate representing Shares outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time or (y) any uncertificated Shares outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time, not held, directly or indirectly, through DTC (in each case of (x) and (y), other than Excluded Shares and Shares owned by Dissenting Stockholders): (i) a letter of transmittal in customary form advising such holder of the effectiveness of the Merger and the conversion of its Shares into the right to receive the Merger Consideration, and specifying that delivery will be effected, and risk of loss and title to the certificates or such uncertificated Shares will pass, only upon delivery of the certificates (or affidavits of loss in lieu of the certificates) or the surrender of such uncertificated Shares to the Paying Agent (which will be deemed to have been effected upon the delivery of a customary “agent’s message” with respect to such uncertificated Shares or such other reasonable evidence, if any, of such surrender as the Paying Agent may reasonably request pursuant to the terms and conditions of the Paying Agent Agreement), as applicable and (ii) instructions for use in effecting the surrender of the certificates (or affidavits of loss in lieu of such certificates) or such uncertificated Shares to the Paying Agent. With respect to the uncertificated Shares held, directly or indirectly, through DTC, Parent and the Company will cooperate to establish procedures with the Paying Agent, DTC, DTC’s nominees and such other necessary or desirable third-party intermediaries to ensure that the Paying Agent will transmit to DTC or its nominees as promptly as practicable after the Effective Time, upon surrender of Shares held of record by DTC or its nominees in accordance with DTC’s customary surrender procedures and such other procedures as agreed by Parent, the Company, the Paying Agent, DTC, DTC’s nominees and such other necessary or desirable third-party intermediaries, the Merger Consideration to which the beneficial owners thereof are entitled to receive. Upon the surrender of a certificate (or delivery of an affidavit of loss in lieu thereof) or uncertificated Share to the Paying Agent pursuant to the foregoing, the holder of such certificate or uncertificated Share will be entitled to receive in exchange therefor an amount in immediately available funds (or, if no wire transfer instructions are provided, a check, and in each case, after giving effect to any required tax withholding) equal to the cash amount that such holder is entitled to receive, and the certificate or uncertificated Share so surrendered will forthwith be cancelled. No interest will be paid or accrued on any amount payable to holders of certificates or uncertificated Shares. In the event of a transfer of ownership of Shares represented by a certificate that is not registered in the transfer records of the Company, a check for any cash to be paid upon due surrender of the certificate may be issued and/or paid to such a transferee if the certificate formerly representing such Shares is properly endorsed and otherwise in proper form for surrender and presented to the Paying Agent, accompanied by all documents required to evidence and effect such transfer and to evidence that any applicable stock transfer taxes have been paid or are not applicable, in each case, in form and substance, reasonably satisfactory to Parent and the Paying Agent.
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You should not send in your certificate(s) with your proxy card. A letter of transmittal with instructions for the surrender of certificates will be mailed to Company stockholders if the Merger is completed.
Lost, Stolen and Destroyed Certificates
In the event any certificate will have been lost, stolen or destroyed, upon the making of an affidavit (in form and substance satisfactory to the surviving corporation) of that fact by the person claiming such certificate to be lost, stolen or destroyed to the Paying Agent or the surviving corporation and, if required by Parent, the posting by such person of a bond or surety in such reasonable amount as Parent may direct as indemnity against any claim that may be made against it with respect to such certificate, the Paying Agent will issue in exchange for such lost, stolen or destroyed certificate the cash that would have been issuable or payable (after giving effect to any required tax withholdings) had such lost, stolen or destroyed certificate been surrendered.
Representations and Warranties
The Company, on the one hand, and Parent and Merger Sub, on the other hand, have each made representations and warranties to each other in the Merger Agreement.
The representations and warranties referenced below and included in the Merger Agreement were made only for purposes of the Merger Agreement and as of specific dates, were solely for the benefit of the parties to the Merger Agreement, may be subject to a contractual standard of materiality different from what might be viewed as material to stockholders, and may be subject to limitations agreed upon by the parties, including being qualified by disclosures filed with or furnished to the SEC and confidential disclosures made by the parties to each other, including in the disclosure letter delivered by the Company in connection with the Merger Agreement (the “Company Disclosure Letter”). The representations and warranties contained in the Merger Agreement should not be relied upon as characterizations of the actual state of facts or condition of the Company, Parent, Merger Sub, or any of their respective subsidiaries, affiliates or businesses. The representations and warranties of each of the parties to the Merger Agreement will expire at the Effective Time.
Representations and Warranties of the Company
The Company has made customary representations and warranties to Parent and Merger Sub in the Merger Agreement regarding aspects of the Company’s business and various other matters pertinent to the Merger. The topics covered by its representations and warranties include the following:
| • | due organization, good standing and qualification to do business of the Company and its subsidiaries; |
| • | the capital structure of, and the absence of restrictions with respect to the equity interests of, the Company and its subsidiaries; |
| • | the Company’s authority to enter into, and, subject to the Company stockholders’ adoption of the Merger Agreement, consummate the Transactions; |
| • | the recommendation and approval of the Merger Agreement by the Board; |
| • | the governmental and regulatory approvals required to complete the Merger, and the absence of conflicts with, or violations of, laws, organizational documents or contracts to which the Company or any of its subsidiaries is a party, in each case as a result of the Company’s execution or delivery of the Merger Agreement or the performance by the Company of its covenants under the Merger Agreement, or the consummation by the Company of the Transactions; |
| • | the Company’s SEC filings since January 1, 2024 and the financial statements contained in those filings; |
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| • | the absence of certain changes or events since January 1, 2024 and that since January 1, 2024 and through the date of the Merger Agreement, other than with respect to the negotiation and execution of the Merger Agreement and the consummation of the Transactions, the Company and its subsidiaries conducted their respective businesses in the ordinary course of such businesses in all material respects and have not taken or omitted to take any action that would require the consent of Parent, if taken following the execution of the Merger Agreement; |
| • | the absence of pending or to the Company’s knowledge threatened litigation or outstanding judgments; |
| • | the absence of any undisclosed liabilities; |
| • | employee benefits matters; |
| • | labor matters; |
| • | compliance with laws and possession of licenses; |
| • | certain material contracts; |
| • | takeover statutes; |
| • | environmental matters; |
| • | tax matters; |
| • | intellectual property matters; |
| • | data privacy matters; |
| • | insurance policies and coverage; |
| • | real property matters; |
| • | the absence of broker’s and finder’s fees in connection with the Transactions; |
| • | the opinion from the Company’s financial advisor; |
| • | broker-dealer matters; |
| • | multilateral trading facility matters; |
| • | derivative instruments; |
| • | top customers; and |
| • | top vendors. |
Material Adverse Effect
Some of the Company’s representations and warranties are qualified by the concept of a “material adverse effect.” Under the terms of the Merger Agreement, a “Company Material Adverse Effect” on the Company means any change, event, development, circumstance or effect that, individually or taken together with any other change, event, development, circumstance or effect, has or would reasonably be expected to (A) have a material adverse effect on the business, assets, financial condition, operations or results of operations of the Company and its subsidiaries, taken as a whole or (B) prevent, materially delay or materially impair the Company’s ability to timely consummate the Transactions, including the Merger; provided, that with respect to the foregoing clause (A), none of the following will be deemed, either alone or in combination, to constitute, and there will not be taken into account in determining whether there has been a Company Material Adverse Effect any adverse change, event, development, circumstance or effect to the extent arising from or attributable or relating to:
| • | changes in, or events generally affecting, the U.S. or global financial, securities or capital markets; |
| • | general economic or political conditions in the United States or any foreign jurisdiction in which the Company or any of its subsidiaries operate, including any changes in currency exchange rates, interest rates, monetary policy, inflation or commodity prices; |
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| • | changes in, or events generally affecting, the industries in which the Company or any of its subsidiaries operate; |
| • | any natural or man-made disaster or acts of God, including earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, fires, volcanic eruptions, epidemics, pandemics or disease outbreak (including any escalation or worsening thereof and any related quarantine, “shelter-in-place,” “stay-at-home,” social distancing, shutdown, closure or other restrictions or measures, or the recommendation, withdrawal or modification thereof, by any governmental entity) following the date of the Merger Agreement or any acts of terrorism, sabotage, cyber-attack, data breach, hacking, riots, demonstrations, public disorders, military action or war or any escalation or worsening thereof; |
| • | any failure by the Company or any of its subsidiaries to meet any internal or published budgets, projections, estimates, forecasts or predictions in respect of financial or operating performance for any period; |
| • | a decline in the price of the Shares, a change in the Company’s credit rating, or a change in the trading volume of the Shares on NASDAQ, provided that the exceptions in this bullet and the one above will not prevent or otherwise affect a determination that any change, effect, circumstance or development underlying such failure or decline or change (if not otherwise falling within any of the exclusions pursuant to the other bullets of this section) has resulted in, or contributed to, a Company Material Adverse Effect; |
| • | changes in law; |
| • | changes in GAAP (or authoritative interpretation thereof); |
| • | the taking of any specific action expressly required by the Merger Agreement or taken with Parent’s written consent or at Parent’s written request or the failure to take any specific action expressly prohibited by the Merger Agreement; |
| • | the announcement or pendency of the Merger Agreement and the Merger, including the impact thereof on the relationships with customers, suppliers, distributors, or employees; |
| • | any litigation brought by stockholders of the Company alleging breach of fiduciary duty or inadequate disclosure in connection with the Merger Agreement or any of the Transactions or any demand or proceeding for appraisal or the fair value of Shares in connection with the Transactions; |
| • | any matters disclosed in the Company Disclosure Letter; or |
| • | Parent’s or Merger Sub’s breach of the Merger Agreement. |
However, notwithstanding the foregoing, the changes, effects, circumstances or developments set forth in bullets one, two, three, four, seven, and eight will be taken into account in determining whether a “Company Material Adverse Effect” has occurred to the extent such changes, effects, circumstances or developments have a material and disproportionate adverse effect on the Company and its subsidiaries, taken as a whole, relative to other participants in the industries in which the Company and its subsidiaries operate, but, in such event, only the incremental disproportionate impact of such changes, effects, circumstances or developments will be taken into account in determining whether a “Company Material Adverse Effect” has occurred.
Representations and Warranties of Parent and Merger Sub
Parent and Merger Sub made customary representations and warranties to the Company in the Merger Agreement, including representations and warranties relating to the following:
| • | the organization, good standing and qualification to do business of Parent and Merger Sub; |
| • | Parent’s ownership of Merger Sub’s capital stock and Merger Sub’s lack of operating activities and assets and liabilities other than those incident to its formation and pursuant to the Merger Agreement and the Transactions, including the Merger; |
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| • | each of Parent’s and Merger Sub’s authority to enter into, and consummate the Transactions; |
| • | the governmental and regulatory approvals required to complete the Merger, and the absence of conflicts with, or violations of, laws, organizational documents or contracts to which Parent or Merger Sub is a party, in each case as a result of Parent’s and Merger Sub’s execution or delivery of the Merger Agreement or the performance by Parent and Merger Sub of their respective covenants under the Merger Agreement, or the consummation by Parent and Merger Sub of the Transactions; |
| • | the absence of pending or to Parent’s knowledge threatened litigation or outstanding judgments; |
| • | the absence of broker’s and finder’s fees in connection with the Transactions; |
| • | the financial ability of Parent to consummate the Merger and pay the aggregate Merger Consideration; and |
| • | the solvency of Parent, the surviving corporation and any subsidiary of the surviving corporation immediately after giving effect to the Transactions. |
Covenants Regarding Conduct of Business by the Company Prior to Merger
Under the Merger Agreement, the Company agreed as to itself and its subsidiaries that, from and after the execution of the Merger Agreement and prior to the earlier of (a) the Effective Time or (b) the termination of the Merger Agreement in accordance with the Merger Agreement, except (i) as required by applicable law, (ii) as Parent may approve in writing (such approval not to be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed), (iii) as expressly disclosed in Section 6.1 in the Company Disclosure Letter, or (iv) as expressly provided for in the Merger Agreement (including those covenants set forth in Section 6.20 of the Company Disclosure Letter), the Company will, and will cause each of its subsidiaries to, use its commercially reasonable efforts to conduct its business and the business of its subsidiaries in the ordinary course of business and, to the extent consistent therewith, use commercially reasonable efforts to preserve substantially intact its current business organizations, to keep available the services of its current officers and employees and to preserve its relationships with significant customers, suppliers, licensors, licensees, employees, agents, business associates and others having significant business dealings with it; provided, however, that no action that is specifically permitted by the interim operating covenants of the Merger Agreement will be deemed a breach. The Company will not and will not permit any of its subsidiaries to:
| • | (i) amend its constituent documents, (ii) split, combine, subdivide or reclassify its outstanding shares of capital stock or issue or authorize the issuance of any other securities in respect of, in lieu of or in substitution for, shares of its capital stock (except for any such transaction by a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company which remains a wholly-owned subsidiary after consummation of such transaction), (iii) declare, set aside or pay any dividend or distribution payable in cash, stock or property (or any combination thereof) in respect of any shares of its capital stock (except for any (1) dividends or distributions paid by a direct or indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company to another direct or indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company or to the Company in accordance with its constituent documents or (2) regular quarterly cash dividends approved by the Board in the ordinary course of business (both in terms of the timing of dividend payments and the amounts paid) in accordance with applicable law (including fiduciary standards) and the constituent documents of the Company) or (iv) purchase, repurchase, redeem or otherwise acquire any shares of its capital stock or any securities convertible or exchangeable into or exercisable for any shares of its capital stock (other than (1) pursuant to the exercise of Company Options or the forfeiture of, or withholding of taxes with respect to, Company Options, Company PSUs or Company RSUs or (2) purchases, repurchases, redemptions or other acquisitions of securities of any subsidiary of the Company by the Company or any other subsidiary of the Company); |
| • | merge or consolidate with any other person, or restructure, reorganize or liquidate; |
| • | except as required pursuant to the terms of a Company Plan (as defined in the Merger Agreement) in effect as of the date thereof and set forth in Section 4.9 of the Company Disclosure Letter or as |
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| otherwise required by applicable law, (i) increase in any manner the base compensation or consulting fees, bonus, pension, welfare, fringe or other benefits, severance or termination pay of any employee or other service provider of the Company or any of its subsidiaries with annual base salary, wage rate or consulting fee in excess of $250,000 per year, (ii) become a party to, establish, adopt, amend, commence participation in or terminate any Company Plan or any arrangement that would have been a Company Plan had it been entered into prior to the Merger Agreement, (iii) grant any new awards, or amend or modify the terms of any outstanding awards, under any Company Plan, (iv) take any action to accelerate the vesting or payment, or fund the payment, of compensation or benefits under any Company Plan, (v) forgive any loans or issue any loans (other than routine expense advances issued in the ordinary course of business) to any employee or other service provider of the Company or any of its subsidiaries, (vi) hire any employee or engage any independent contractor (who is a natural person) with an annual salary or wage rate or consulting fees in excess of $250,000, or (vii) terminate any employee or independent contractor (who is a natural person) with an annual salary or wage rate or consulting fees in excess of $250,000 annually, other than for cause; |
| • | incur any third party indebtedness for borrowed money or issue any rights to acquire any indebtedness, except (i) in the ordinary course of business, (ii) borrowings under the Company’s revolving credit facility as in effect as of the date of the Merger Agreement, including Closing Indebtedness (as defined below), or collateralized facilities referred to in the Company Reports (as defined in the Merger Agreement), in each case, not to exceed $50,000,000 in the aggregate; provided that the foregoing $50,000,000 limitation will not apply to any borrowings reasonably necessary to fund margin calls, clearing or settlement deposits, or other short-term or extraordinary liquidity needs of the Company or any of its subsidiaries, (iii) in replacement of existing indebtedness which has matured or is scheduled to mature, in each case after the date of the Merger Agreement, on then prevailing market terms or on terms substantially consistent with or more beneficial to the Company and its subsidiaries, taken as a whole, than the indebtedness being replaced, (iv) inter-company indebtedness between or among the Company and any of its subsidiaries, (v) (A) to the extent not drawn upon and payments are not triggered thereby, letters of credit, bank guarantees, security or performance bonds or similar credit support instruments and (B) overdraft facilities or cash management programs, in each case issued, made or entered into in the ordinary course of business or (vi) hedging in compliance with the hedging strategy of the Company as of the date of the Merger Agreement in ordinary course of business and not for speculative purposes; |
| • | other than with respect to the Approved Capital Expenditures (as defined in the Merger Agreement), make or commit to any capital expenditures in the ordinary course of business, which exceed $5,000,000 individually, or $10,000,000 in the aggregate; |
| • | other than in the ordinary course of business, transfer, lease, license, sell, assign, mortgage, pledge, place a Lien (other than a Permitted Lien (as defined in the Merger Agreement)) upon or otherwise dispose of any properties or assets (including capital stock of any of its subsidiaries, but not including any intellectual property, and other than any real property) with a fair market value in excess of $5,000,000 individually or $10,000,000 in the aggregate (other than transactions solely among the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries); |
| • | issue, deliver, sell, grant, transfer, or encumber, or authorize the issuance, delivery, sale, grant, transfer or encumbrance of, any shares of its capital stock or any securities convertible or exchangeable into or exercisable for, or any options, warrants or other rights to acquire, any Shares (including, for the avoidance of doubt, any restricted stock units or performance restricted stock units as contemplated under the Company Stock Plans), except (i) for any Shares issued pursuant to Company Options, Company PSUs and Company RSUs outstanding on the date of the Merger Agreement or issued in compliance with the terms of the Merger Agreement in accordance with the existing terms of such awards and the applicable Company Stock Plan, (ii) for Shares purchased under the Company ESPP, and (iii) by wholly-owned subsidiaries to the Company or to any other wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company; |
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| • | spend or commit to spend in excess of $5,000,000 individually or $10,000,000 in the aggregate to acquire any business or to acquire assets or other property, whether by merger, consolidation, purchase of property or assets or otherwise (valuing any non-cash consideration at its fair market value as of the date of the agreement for such acquisition); |
| • | make any material change with respect to its financial accounting policies or procedures, except as required by changes in GAAP (or any interpretation thereof) or by applicable law; |
| • | enter into any material new line of business, other than any line of business that is (i) reasonably ancillary to and a reasonably foreseeable extension of any line of business as of the date of the Merger Agreement, (ii) authorized under an existing License and (iii) approved by the Board in the ordinary course of business; |
| • | other than in amounts which do not exceed $5,000,000 individually or $10,000,000 in the aggregate, make any capital contributions to, or investments in, any person (other than capital contributions to the Company or any direct or indirect subsidiary of the Company); |
| • | make loans or advances to any person, other than (i) loans or advances to the Company or any direct or indirect subsidiary of the Company, (ii) routine expense advances issued in the ordinary course of business to any employee or other service provider of the Company or any of its subsidiaries or (iii) in the ordinary course of business of MarketAxess Corporation (the “Registered Broker-Dealer”), MAEL, MarketAxess NL B.V., and MarketAxess Capital Limited; |
| • | with respect to material contracts of a type required to be listed in subsections (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (g), (i), (k), (m), (n), (o) and (p) in Section 4.12 of the Company Disclosure Letter, other than in the ordinary course of business, (i) amend or modify in any material respect or terminate (excluding terminations upon expiration of the term thereof in accordance with the terms thereof) any material contract or waive, release or assign any material rights, claims or benefits under any material contract or (ii) enter into any contract that would have been a material contract had it been entered into prior to the date of the Merger Agreement unless it is on terms substantially consistent with, or on terms more favorable to the Company or its subsidiaries (and to Parent and its subsidiaries following the Closing) than, either a contract it is replacing or a form of such material contract made available to Parent prior to the date of the Merger Agreement; provided, that the foregoing will not prohibit or restrict the ability of the Company or its subsidiaries to take any action described in the covenant described in this bullet in the ordinary course of business with respect to contracts or material contracts between the Company and/or one or more of its subsidiaries; provided, further, that (x) the covenant described in this bullet will not prohibit or restrict the Company or any of its subsidiaries from entering into a contract to the extent that such contract implements an act or failure to act that is not otherwise expressly prohibited by any of the interim operating covenants of the Merger Agreement and (y) for the avoidance of doubt, the covenant described in this bullet will not prohibit or restrict any Company Plans; |
| • | (i) settle any action, suit, case, litigation, claim, hearing, arbitration, investigation or other proceedings before or threatened to be brought before a governmental entity, other than settlements if the amount of any such settlement is not in excess of $1,000,000 individually or $5,000,000 in the aggregate, in each case in excess of amounts available under the Company’s applicable insurance policy, and, if involving a non-monetary settlement, as expressly permitted by the Merger Agreement; provided, that the Company will consult in good faith with Parent prior to settling any proceeding set forth on Section 6.1(n) of the Company Disclosure Letter (each, a “Specified Proceeding”) in a manner otherwise permitted by the Merger Agreement; |
| • | make any non-monetary settlement of proceedings, other than settlements that (i) would not materially impair the operations of the Company and its subsidiaries, taken as a whole, and (ii) after the Closing Date, would not reasonably be expected to materially impair the operations of the Company and its subsidiaries or Parent and its subsidiaries, taken as a whole; provided, however, that prior to entering into any material non-monetary settlement, the Company will provide Parent prior notice and an opportunity to comment on such settlement; and provided, further, that the Company will not make any |
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| non-monetary settlement of any Specified Proceeding that would restrict or impair the operations of the Company or any of its subsidiaries without the prior written consent of Parent (such consent not to be unreasonably withheld or delayed); |
| • | make, change or rescind any material tax election; file any material amended tax return; make any change to any annual tax accounting period; enter into any closing agreement; settle or compromise any proceeding with respect to any material tax claim or assessment relating to the Company or any of its subsidiaries; surrender any right to claim a material refund of taxes; consent to any extension or waiver of the limitation period applicable to any tax proceeding or assessment (other than as a result of an automatic extension with respect to the due date for filing a tax return); enter into any agreement or arrangement relating to the purchase of any tax credit or other tax attribute; |
| • | other than as required by applicable law, materially amend or modify its risk management policies; |
| • | agree or consent to any agreement or material modifications of any existing agreements with any governmental entity that materially impairs the operations of the Company and its subsidiaries, taken as a whole; |
| • | sell, license (other than non-exclusive licenses granted to customers or end users in the ordinary course of business consistent with past practice), assign, transfer, abandon, allow to lapse, fail to maintain or otherwise dispose of any material intellectual property owned by the Company or any of its subsidiaries; |
| • | other than as required by applicable law, amend, modify or terminate any (A) publicly posted written privacy policy of the Company or its subsidiaries or (B) policy of the Company or its subsidiaries governing the Company or any of its subsidiaries’ development, deployment or other use of AI Technology (as defined in the Merger Agreement), in each case of clauses (A) and (B), in any respect that would materially increase the regulatory, litigation or compliance risk of the Company or its subsidiaries; |
| • | amend, modify, extend, renew or terminate any Company Lease that is a material contract, enter into any new lease for any real property that would have been a material contract had it been entered into prior to the date of the Merger Agreement, or acquire (by purchase or otherwise) a fee interest in any real property; or |
| • | agree, resolve or commit to do any of the foregoing. |
No Solicitation or Negotiation
From the date of the Merger Agreement until the earlier to occur of the Effective Time and the valid termination of the Merger Agreement, the Company will not, and will cause its subsidiaries not to, and will use reasonable best efforts to cause its and their respective directors, officers and employees not to, and will instruct its and their other respective representatives not to, directly or indirectly:
| • | solicit, initiate, knowingly encourage or knowingly facilitate any inquiries or the making of any proposal or offer that constitutes, or could reasonably be expected to lead to, an acquisition proposal; |
| • | participate in any discussions or negotiations with any person regarding any acquisition proposal; |
| • | provide any non-public information concerning the Company or any of its subsidiaries to any person in connection with any acquisition proposal; or |
| • | agree in writing to, or formally resolve or commit to, do any of the foregoing. |
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From the date of the Merger Agreement until the earlier to occur of the Effective Time and the valid termination of the Merger Agreement, the Company will, and will cause its subsidiaries and its and their respective directors, officers and employees to, and will direct its and their other representatives to:
| • | immediately cease and cause to be terminated any discussions and negotiations with any person (other than Parent, Merger Sub and their respective representatives) conducted prior to the date of the Merger Agreement with respect to any acquisition proposal, or proposal that could reasonably be expected to lead to an acquisition proposal, and cease providing any information to any such person or its representatives; |
| • | with respect to any person with whom such discussions or negotiations have been terminated, promptly (and in any event within two (2) business days following the date of the Merger Agreement) (i) request in writing that such person and its representatives return or destroy, in accordance with the terms of the applicable confidentiality agreement, any information furnished by or on behalf of the Company and (ii) terminate all access granted to any person and its representatives to any physical or electronic data rooms relating to a possible acquisition proposal; provided that the foregoing will not restrict the Company from permitting a person to request the waiver of a “standstill” or similar obligation or from granting such a waiver, in each case, to the extent the Board determines in good faith that, after consultation with its outside legal counsel, the failure to grant such waiver, release or amendment would be inconsistent with its fiduciary duties under applicable law, and the Company may, with prior written notice to Parent, waive any such standstill provision or grant any such release or amendment solely to the extent necessary to permit the applicable person (if it has not been solicited in violation of the non-solicitation provisions of the Merger Agreement) to make, on a confidential basis to the Board, an acquisition proposal, conditioned upon such person agreeing to disclosure of such acquisition proposal to Parent. |
Fiduciary Exception to No Solicitation Provision
Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in the non-solicitation provisions of the Merger Agreement described above, prior to the time, but not after, that the holders of a majority of the outstanding Shares adopt the Merger Agreement, the Company may, in response to an unsolicited, written acquisition proposal from a third party that the Board determines in good faith to be bona fide, (i) provide access to non-public information regarding the Company or any of its subsidiaries to the person who made such acquisition proposal; provided, that such information has previously been made available to Parent or is provided to Parent promptly (and in any event within twenty-four (24) hours) following the time such information is provided to such person, including copies of all written materials concerning the Company or its subsidiaries which were not previously provided to Parent, and that, prior to furnishing any such material non-public information, the Company receives from the person making such acquisition proposal an acceptable confidentiality agreement and (ii) engage or participate in any discussions or negotiations with any such person regarding such acquisition proposal if, and only if, prior to taking any action described in clauses (i) or (ii) above, (A) the Board determines in good faith after consultation with outside legal counsel that (1) based on the information then available and after consultation with a financial advisor, such acquisition proposal either constitutes a superior proposal or would reasonably be expected to lead to a superior proposal and (2) the failure to take such action would reasonably be expected to be inconsistent with the Company directors’ fiduciary duties under applicable law and (B) such acquisition proposal did not arise out of or result from a material breach of the non-solicitation provisions of the Merger Agreement.
The Merger Agreement provides that, following the date of the Merger Agreement until the earlier to occur of the Effective Time and the valid termination of the Merger Agreement, the Company will promptly (and, in any event, within twenty-four (24) hours) notify Parent, orally and in writing, of (i) any acquisition proposal received by the Company, any of its subsidiaries or any of their respective representatives and (ii) any inquiries, proposals or offers received by, any request for non-public information from, or any discussions or negotiations initiated or continued (or sought to be initiated or continued) with, the Company, any of its
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subsidiaries or any of their respective representatives in furtherance of or otherwise concerning an acquisition proposal, and in each case (1) will include in such notice an unredacted copy of such acquisition proposal or request (including, as applicable, all written proposals, written indications of interest, draft agreements or other written materials relating thereto) (or, where no such copy exists or is available, a written description thereof that includes the material terms and conditions thereof), including the identity of the person making such acquisition proposal or other request, (2) thereafter will keep Parent reasonably informed within twenty-four (24) hours of any significant development of the status of such acquisition proposal or other inquiry, offer, proposal or request (including the terms and conditions thereof) and any material developments, discussions and negotiations with respect to any such acquisition proposal or other inquiry, offer, proposal or request (including any material changes thereto) and (3) will promptly (and, in any event, within twenty-four (24) hours) provide to Parent copies of any additional or revised written proposals, written indications of interest and/or draft agreements relating to such acquisition proposal or other inquiry, offer, proposal or request, and/or other written materials that describe any of the terms and conditions of such acquisition proposal or other inquiry, offer, proposal or request.
No Change in Recommendation or Alternative Acquisition Agreement
The Merger Agreement provides that, except as described below, neither the Company’s Board nor any committee thereof will (i) withhold, withdraw, qualify or modify (or publicly propose or resolve to withhold, withdraw, qualify or modify), in a manner adverse to Parent, the recommendation of the Board to the Company’s stockholders to adopt the Merger Agreement or approve, recommend or otherwise declare advisable any acquisition proposal, (ii) fail to include the recommendation of the Board to the Company’s stockholders to adopt the Merger Agreement in this proxy statement, (iii) make, or publicly propose to make, any recommendation in connection with a tender offer or exchange offer other than a recommendation against such offer, (iv) other than with respect to the period of up to ten (10) business days applicable to tender or exchange offers described in clause (iii), fail to recommend against an acquisition proposal or fail to publicly reaffirm the Company recommendation, in either case within ten (10) business days after a written request by Parent to do so following the public disclosure of an acquisition proposal (it being understood that Parent is entitled to make no more than one (1) such written request with respect to any acquisition proposal and one (1) additional request following any public, material modification thereof), (v) cause or permit the Company or any of its subsidiaries to execute or enter into any binding or non-binding letter of intent, memorandum of understanding, agreement in principle, acquisition agreement, merger agreement, option agreement or other similar agreement related to (or that otherwise is intended by the Company or any of its subsidiaries to, or could reasonably be expected to, lead to) any acquisition proposal (other than an acceptable confidentiality agreement) (an “Alternative Acquisition Agreement”) or (vi) approve or recommend, or publicly propose to approve or recommend, any Alternative Acquisition Agreement.
Superior Proposal Exception to Change in Recommendation Provision or Entry into an Alternative Acquisition Agreement
Following receipt of a written acquisition proposal by the Company at any time after the date of the Merger Agreement that the Board determines, in good faith, after consultation with its outside legal counsel and financial advisor, constitutes a superior proposal, but only if such superior proposal did not result from a breach by the Company of the acquisition proposals provisions of the Merger Agreement in any material respect, the Board may, at any time prior to the adoption of the Merger Agreement by the Company’s stockholders, make a change in recommendation or terminate the Merger Agreement to enter into an Alternative Acquisition Agreement with respect to such superior proposal, or authorize, resolve, agree or propose publicly to take any such action, if all of the following conditions are met:
| • | the Company will have (i) provided to Parent five (5) business days’ prior written notice, which will state expressly (a) that it has received a written acquisition proposal that constitutes a superior proposal, (b) the material terms and conditions of the acquisition proposal (including the consideration offered therein and the identity of the person or group making the acquisition proposal) and will have contemporaneously provided an unredacted copy of the Alternative Acquisition Agreement and all other documents (other than immaterial documents) related to the superior proposal, including |
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| documents with respect to any financing of such superior proposal (it being understood and agreed that any amendment to the material terms or conditions of such superior proposal will require a new notice and an additional two (2) business day period pursuant to the Merger Agreement), and (c) that the Board has determined to make a change in recommendation or to terminate the Merger Agreement to enter into the Alternative Acquisition Agreement, as applicable, and (ii) prior to making such a change in recommendation or terminating the Merger Agreement, as applicable, has negotiated, and caused its financial and legal advisors to negotiate, in good faith with Parent and its representatives (to the extent Parent wishes to negotiate) during such notice period, which may be on a non-exclusive basis, to consider any adjustments committed to in writing by Parent to the terms and conditions of the Merger Agreement such that the Alternative Acquisition Agreement ceases to constitute a superior proposal; |
| • | the Board has determined, in good faith, after consultation with its financial advisors and outside legal counsel, that, in light of such superior proposal and taking into account any revised terms committed to in writing by Parent, such superior proposal continues to constitute a superior proposal and that the failure to make such change in recommendation or to so terminate the Merger Agreement, as applicable, would reasonably be expected to be inconsistent with the Company directors’ fiduciary duties under applicable law; and |
| • | in the event of any amendments to the material terms of the superior proposal, the Company will be required to deliver a new written notice and to again comply with the requirements of the acquisition proposals provisions of the Merger Agreement with respect to such amended superior proposal (after giving effect to such changed facts and circumstances) (except that the new negotiation period will expire on the later to occur of (x) two (2) business days following delivery of such new written notice from the Company to Parent and (y) the expiration of the original five (5) business day period. |
Intervening Event Exception to Change in Recommendation Provision
Notwithstanding anything to the contrary set forth in the provisions restricting changes in recommendation or the Company entering into Alternative Acquisition Agreements in the Merger Agreement, upon the occurrence of any Intervening Event, the Board may, at any time prior to the adoption of the Merger Agreement by the Company’s stockholders, make a change in recommendation, if all of the following conditions are met:
| • | the Company has (i) provided to Parent five (5) business days’ prior written notice, which will (a) set forth in reasonable detail information describing the Intervening Event and the rationale for the change in recommendation and (b) state expressly that, subject to the next bullet, the Board has determined to make a change in recommendation and (ii) prior to making such a change in recommendation, has negotiated, and caused its financial and legal advisors to negotiate, in good faith with Parent and its representatives (to the extent Parent wishes to negotiate) during such notice period with respect to proposed adjustments to the terms and conditions of the Merger Agreement such that the failure of the Board to make a change in recommendation in response to the Intervening Event would no longer be inconsistent with the Company directors’ fiduciary duties under applicable law; and |
| • | the Board will have determined in good faith, no earlier than the end of such negotiation period, after consultation with its financial advisor and outside legal counsel, and after considering the terms of any proposed amendment or modification to the Merger Agreement, that in light of such Intervening Event and taking into account any revised terms proposed to Parent, the failure to make a change in recommendation would be inconsistent with the Company directors’ fiduciary duties under applicable law. |
Obligations with Respect to this Proxy Statement and the Special Meeting
As promptly as practicable, and in any event within forty-five (45) days after the date of the Merger Agreement, the Company was required to prepare and file this proxy statement in preliminary form. The Company and Parent were also each required to use their reasonable best efforts to promptly provide responses to
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the SEC with respect to any comments received on the proxy statement by the SEC. The Company was required to cause the definitive proxy statement to be mailed as promptly as possible after the date the staff of the SEC advises that it has no further comments thereon or that the Company may commence mailing the proxy statement (“SEC Clearance Date”).
The Company is required, as promptly as reasonably practicable after the SEC Clearance Date in accordance with applicable law and the Company’s certificate of incorporation and bylaws, to establish a record date for, duly call and give notice of, and use its reasonable best efforts to convene a meeting of the holders of Shares to consider and vote upon the adoption of the Merger Agreement.
Efforts to Complete the Merger
The Company and Parent will, subject to the exceptions to the non-solicitation provisions of the Merger Agreement described above, cooperate with each other and use, and will cause their respective subsidiaries and affiliates to use, their respective reasonable best efforts to take (or cause to be taken) all actions, and do (or cause to be done) all things necessary, proper or advisable under the Merger Agreement and applicable laws to consummate and make effective the Transactions as expeditiously as possible, and in no event later than the Termination Date, including (i) making as promptly as practicable (but in any event within twenty (20) business days after the date of the Merger Agreement) appropriate filings pursuant to the HSR Act, (ii) making as promptly as practicable (but in any event within forty (40) business days after the date of the Merger Agreement) the filings required to be made prior to the Closing in respect of Requisite Regulatory Approvals, (iii) obtaining as expeditiously as possible all consents, registrations, approvals, permits, expirations of waiting periods and authorizations necessary or advisable to be obtained from any third party or any governmental entity in order to consummate the Merger or any of the other Transactions, (iv) satisfying the conditions to consummating the Merger, (v) defending any lawsuits or other legal proceedings, whether judicial or administrative, challenging the Merger Agreement or the consummation of the Merger, (vi) obtaining (and cooperating with each other in obtaining) any consent, approval of, waiver or any exemption by, any non-governmental third party, in each case, to the extent necessary, proper or advisable in connection with the Merger and (vii) executing and delivering any reasonable additional instruments necessary to consummate the Transactions and to fully carry out the purposes of the Merger Agreement.
Subject to the following paragraph, in the event that the Company and Parent receive a request for information or documentary material pursuant to the HSR Act or any other antitrust laws, including a request for additional information and documentary material, unless otherwise agreed to by the Company, the Company and Parent will use their reasonable best efforts to submit an appropriate response to, and to certify compliance with, such request as promptly as practicable, and counsel for both parties will closely cooperate during the entirety of any such request review process. From the date of the Merger Agreement until the Effective Time, Parent will not, directly or indirectly, acquire or agree to acquire, by merger, acquisition, license, joint venture, collaboration or consolidation with, or by purchasing the assets of or equity in, any person (a “Specified Acquisition”), if the entering into of a definitive agreement relating to or the consummation of such a Specified Acquisition would reasonably be expected to prevent or delay past the Termination Date the satisfaction of the condition to Closing set forth in the Merger Agreement.
Parent and the Company will cooperate with respect to the antitrust laws and governmental notices and consents and will consult with each other with respect to the appropriate course of action with respect to obtaining the consents, approvals, permits, waiting period expirations or authorizations of any governmental entity required to consummate the Merger, prior to the Termination Date. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Parent will, in all cases, after consulting with the Company and using good faith efforts to consider and reflect all views and input provided by the Company with respect to such matters, (A) determine the timing and strategy for, and be solely responsible for the final content of, any substantive oral or written communications with any applicable governmental entity and (B) lead all proceedings and coordinate all activities, in each case under clauses (A) and (B) with respect to the HSR Act or any other antitrust laws; provided, that without the Company’s prior written
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consent (not to be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed), Parent may not withdraw any filing under the HSR Act (provided, however, that Parent may “withdraw and refile” its initial filing under the HSR Act one time in the manner prescribed by 16 CFR § 803.12(c) without the Company’s consent) or enter into any so-called “timing agreement” or similar agreement with any governmental entity responsible for enforcing antitrust laws if such agreement would prevent or render impossible the occurrence of the Closing prior to the Termination Date. No party to the Merger Agreement or its counsel will independently participate in any substantive call or meeting relating to the antitrust laws or governmental notices and consents with any governmental entity in respect of such filings, investigation, or other inquiry without first giving the other party or its counsel prior notice of such call or meeting and, to the extent permitted by such governmental entity, the opportunity to attend and participate. In furtherance of the foregoing and to the extent permitted by applicable law:
| • | each party will notify the other, as far in advance as practicable, of any filing or material or substantive communication or inquiry it or any of its subsidiaries intends to make with any governmental entity relating to the Transactions; |
| • | prior to submitting any such filing or making any such communication or inquiry, such party will provide the other party and its counsel a reasonable opportunity to review, and will consider in good faith the comments of the other party in connection with, any such filing, communication or inquiry; |
| • | promptly following the submission of such filing or making such communication or inquiry, provide the other party with a copy of any such filing, excluding any filings under the HSR Act, or, if in written form, communication or inquiry, or a summary of any oral communication; and |
| • | consult with the other party in connection with any inquiry, hearing, investigation or litigation by, or negotiations with, any governmental entity relating to the Merger, including the scheduling of, and strategic planning for, any meetings with any governmental entity relating thereto. |
In furtherance of, and not in limitation of, the foregoing, each party will use its reasonable best efforts to take, and to cause its subsidiaries and affiliates to take, promptly any and all steps necessary to avoid, eliminate and resolve each and every impediment, and to obtain all clearances, consents, approvals and waivers, under the antitrust laws applicable to the Merger so as to enable the parties to complete the Merger as soon as practicable, and in any event no later than the Termination Date. However, nothing in the Merger Agreement will require Parent, or any of its subsidiaries and affiliates, to undertake any of the following: (i) proposing, negotiating, committing to, effecting and agreeing to, by consent decree, hold separate order, or otherwise, the sale, divestiture, license, hold separate, and other disposition of the businesses, assets, properties, products, product lines, services or equity interests of the Company or Parent or their respective subsidiaries or affiliates, (ii) creating, terminating, or amending any existing or new relationships, ventures, contractual rights or obligations of Parent, the Company or their respective subsidiaries or affiliates or (iii) otherwise taking or committing to take any conduct remedy, behavioral restriction, or action that would limit Parent’s freedom of action with respect to the operation of, or its ability to retain or hold, directly or indirectly, any businesses, assets, properties, products, product lines, services or equity interests of Parent or the Company (including any of their respective subsidiaries or affiliates). For purposes of the Merger Agreement, the “reasonable best efforts” of the Company will require, in addition to the Company’s other obligations described above and to the extent requested by Parent, that the Company commit to and effect, by consent decree, hold separate order, trust or otherwise, (i) the sale, license, holding separate or other disposition of assets or businesses of the Company or any of its subsidiaries or affiliates, (ii) the termination, relinquishment, modification or waiver of existing relationships, ventures or contractual rights, obligations or other arrangements of the Company or any of its subsidiaries or affiliates, (iii) the creation of any relationships, ventures, contractual rights, obligations or other arrangements of the Company or any of its subsidiaries or affiliates and (iv) any other action, including agreeing to future behavioral remedies, requested by a governmental entity (each, a “Remedial Action”); provided that any Remedial Action may, at the Company’s discretion, be conditioned upon the consummation of the Merger. The Company is required to take such Remedial Actions only to the extent requested by Parent.
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Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in the Merger Agreement, nothing in the Merger Agreement will require the Company or any of its subsidiaries, including the Registered Broker-Dealer, to take any action that could reasonably be expected to give rise to any requirement for an application to FINRA pursuant to FINRA Rule 1017(a)(5) for approval of any material change in business operations of the Registered Broker-Dealer unless such changes are required by FINRA.
If any administrative or judicial proceeding, including any such proceeding by a private party, is instituted (or threatened to be instituted) challenging the Merger or any other of the Transactions as violative of any antitrust laws, Parent will use its reasonable best efforts to contest and resist any such action or proceeding and to have vacated, lifted, reversed or overturned any decree, judgment, injunction or other order, whether temporary, preliminary or permanent, that is in effect and that prohibits, prevents or restricts the consummation of the Merger.
Upon reasonable advance notice (and in any event not less than forty-eight (48) hours’ notice), and except as may otherwise be required by applicable law, (i) the Company will, and will cause its subsidiaries to, afford Parent and its representatives reasonable access, during normal business hours during the period prior to the Effective Time, to the Company’s and its subsidiaries’ respective officers, employees, authorized representatives, properties, assets, books and records and (ii) during such period, the Company will, and will cause its subsidiaries to, furnish to Parent all information concerning its or any of its subsidiaries’ capital stock, business and personnel as may reasonably be requested by Parent, in each case, solely in connection with consummating the Merger and facilitating integration planning; provided, that the Company will not be required to (a) provide any access or information that the Company determines in its reasonable judgment relates to the negotiation and execution of the Merger Agreement or in connection with a similar transaction negotiated with a third party, or, except as expressly provided in the acquisition proposals provisions of the Merger Agreement, to any acquisition proposal or any other transactions potentially competing with or alternative to the Transactions or proposals from third parties relating to any competing or alternative transactions or relating to any deliberation of the Board or any duly authorized committee thereof regarding any acquisition proposal or change in recommendation, (b) permit any investigations, sampling, monitoring or testing or other surface, subsurface or invasive investigation or assessment of the sort generally referred to as a Phase II environmental investigation at any property affiliated with the Company or its subsidiaries or any inspection or (c) otherwise disclose any information pursuant to the access provisions of the Merger Agreement, to the extent that (A) in the reasonable good faith judgment of the Company, any applicable law requires the Company or its subsidiaries to restrict or prohibit access to any such information or disclosure thereof would expose the Company to an unreasonable risk of liability for disclosure of sensitive or personal information, (B) in the reasonable good faith judgment of the Company, the information is subject to confidentiality obligations to a third party or its disclosure would violate the terms of any confidentiality agreement or other contract that is binding on the Company or any of its subsidiaries or (C) disclosure of any such information or document would result in the waiver or loss of attorney-client privilege, work product doctrine or any other legal privilege; provided further that with respect to the foregoing clauses, the Company will use its commercially reasonable efforts to (1) obtain the required consent of any such third party to provide such disclosure, (2) develop an alternative to providing such information so as to address such matters that is reasonably acceptable to the Company and (3) in the case of the foregoing, implement appropriate and mutually agreeable measures to permit the disclosure of such information in a manner to remove the basis for the objection, including by arrangement of appropriate clean room procedures, redaction or entry into a customary joint defense agreement with respect to any information to be so provided, if the parties determine that doing so would reasonably permit the disclosure of such information without violating applicable law or jeopardizing such privilege. Any investigation pursuant to the access provisions of the Merger Agreement will be conducted in such a manner as not to interfere unreasonably with the conduct of the business of the Company. All requests for information made pursuant to the access provisions of the Merger Agreement will be directed to an executive officer of the Company or such person as may be designated by any such executive officer. No investigation pursuant to the access provisions of the Merger Agreement will affect or be deemed to modify any representation or warranty made by the Company.
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Director and Officer Indemnification and Insurance
The Merger Agreement provides that from and after the Effective Time, Parent will, and will cause the surviving corporation to, indemnify, defend and hold harmless each present and former director and officer of the Company or any of its subsidiaries, determined as of the Effective Time (each an “Indemnified Party”), against any and all reasonable and documented out-of-pocket costs (including settlement costs) or expenses (including reasonable attorneys’ fees), judgments, fines, losses, claims, damages, penalties or liabilities incurred in connection with any claim, action, suit, proceeding or investigation, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative (including with respect to matters existing or occurring at or prior to the Effective Time (including the Merger Agreement and the Transactions and actions contemplated thereby)), arising out of or based on, in whole or in part, the fact that such Indemnified Party is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of the Company, or is or was serving at the request of the Company as a director, officer, employee or agent of another person prior to the Effective Time, in each case, whether threatened, pending or completed and whether asserted or claimed prior to, at or after the Effective Time, to the fullest extent that the Company would have been permitted under the laws of the State of Delaware, any applicable indemnification agreement to which such person is a party, the Company certificate of incorporation or Company bylaws in effect on the date of the Merger Agreement to indemnify such person (and Parent and the surviving corporation will also advance expenses as incurred to the fullest extent permitted under applicable law; provided, that the person to whom expenses are advanced will provide an undertaking to repay such advances if it is ultimately determined by final adjudication that such person is not entitled to indemnification). Parent will, and will cause the surviving corporation to, ensure that the constituent documents of the surviving corporation and its subsidiaries, will for a period of six (6) years from and after the Effective Time, contain provisions no less favorable with respect to indemnification, advancement of expenses and exculpation of present and former directors, officers, employees and agents of the Company and its subsidiaries than are presently set forth in the Company certificate of incorporation and Company bylaws (or equivalent constituent documents of any subsidiary). Any right of indemnification of an Indemnified Party pursuant to the Merger Agreement will not be amended, repealed or otherwise modified at any time in a manner that would adversely affect the rights of such Indemnified Party.
Prior to the Effective Time, the Company will and, if the Company is unable to, Parent will cause the surviving corporation as of the Effective Time to, obtain and fully pay for “tail” insurance policies with a claims period of at least six (6) years from and after the Effective Time from an insurance carrier with the same or better credit rating as the Company’s current insurance carriers with respect to directors’ and officers’ liability insurance and fiduciary liability insurance (collectively, “D&O Insurance”) with benefits and levels of coverage at least as favorable as the Company’s existing policies with respect to matters existing or occurring at or prior to the Effective Time (including in connection with the Merger Agreement or the Transactions or actions contemplated thereby); provided, however without the prior written consent of Parent, the Company may not expend for such policies an annual premium amount in excess of three-hundred percent (300%) of the annual premiums currently paid by the Company for such insurance. If the Company for any reason fails to obtain such “tail” insurance policies as of the Effective Time, the surviving corporation will, and Parent will cause the surviving corporation to, continue to maintain in effect for a period of at least six (6) years from and after the Effective Time the D&O Insurance in place as of the date of the Merger Agreement with benefits and levels of coverage at least as favorable as provided in the Company’s existing policies as of the date of the Merger Agreement, or the surviving corporation will, and Parent will cause the surviving corporation to, purchase comparable D&O Insurance for such six-year period with benefits and levels of coverage at least as favorable as provided in the Company’s existing policies as of the date of the Merger Agreement; provided, however, that Parent may substitute policies of a reputable and financially sound insurance company containing terms, including with respect to coverage and amounts, no less favorable to any Indemnified Party; provided, further, that (x) in no event will the Company expend, or Parent or the surviving corporation be required to expend for such policies, an annual premium amount in excess of three-hundred percent (300%) of the annual premiums currently paid by the Company for such insurance, and (y) if the premium for such insurance coverage exceeds such amount, the surviving corporation will obtain a policy with the greatest coverage available for a cost not exceeding such amount.
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Parent has agreed that each employee of the Company or its subsidiaries who continues to remain employed with the Company or its subsidiaries following the Closing (a “Continuing Employee”) will, during the period commencing at the Effective Time and ending on the first anniversary of the Effective Time, be provided with (i) a base salary or base wage that is no less favorable than the base salary or base wage provided to such Continuing Employee by the Company and its subsidiaries immediately prior to the Effective Time, (ii) short- and long-term incentive compensation opportunities that are no less favorable than the short- and long-term incentive compensation opportunities provided to such Continuing Employee by the Company and its subsidiaries immediately prior to the Effective Time, (iii) employee benefits (excluding any defined benefit pension, retiree medical, non-qualified deferred compensation or similar arrangements) that are no less favorable in the aggregate than either those provided by the Company and its subsidiaries to such Continuing Employees as of immediately prior to the Effective Time or those provided by Parent to similarly situated employees as of the Effective Time, and (iv) severance protections and benefits that are no less favorable in the aggregate than the severance protections and benefits provided by the Company and its subsidiaries to such Continuing Employee immediately prior to the Effective Time. Parent will or will cause the surviving corporation to honor all Company Plans in accordance with their terms as in effect immediately prior to the Effective Time; provided, however, that nothing in the Merger Agreement will prevent Parent or the surviving corporation from amending or terminating such Company Plans in accordance with their terms and applicable law.
Parent will use commercially reasonable efforts to, or will cause the surviving corporation to use commercially reasonable efforts to, provide that no pre-existing conditions, exclusions or waiting periods will apply to Continuing Employees under the benefit plans provided for those employees except to the extent such condition or exclusion was applicable to an individual Continuing Employee prior to the Effective Time. With respect to the plan year during which the Effective Time occurs, Parent will use commercially reasonable efforts to provide each Continuing Employee with credit for deductibles and out-of-pocket requirements paid prior to the Closing Date in satisfying any applicable deductible or out-of-pocket requirements under any Parent plan in which such Continuing Employee is eligible to participate following the Closing Date.
From and after the Closing Date, Parent will use commercially reasonable efforts to, or will cause the surviving corporation to use commercially reasonable efforts to, provide credit to Continuing Employees for their service recognized by the Company and its subsidiaries as of the Effective Time for purposes of eligibility, vesting, continuous service, determination of service awards, vacation, paid time off, and severance entitlements to the same extent and for the same purposes as such service was credited under the Company plans; provided, that such service will not be recognized to the extent that such recognition would result in a duplication of benefits.
Effective as of the first day of the 2027 plan year (the “Election Freeze Date”), the Company must (i) freeze enrollment in the Company DCP such that no employee or other service provider who is not a participant in the Company DCP as of the Election Freeze Date will become a participant in, or otherwise commence participation in, such plan on or after the Election Freeze Date and (ii) not permit any existing participant in the Company DCP to, on or after the Election Freeze Date, make a new election to defer compensation pursuant to the Company DCP, or modify, increase, or otherwise cause the deferral of additional amounts pursuant to an existing election to defer compensation pursuant to the Company DCP, other than any change to an existing election made in the ordinary course in accordance with the Company DCP as in effect on the date of the Merger Agreement.
The employee benefits provisions of the Merger Agreement described in this section are solely for the benefit of the parties to the Merger Agreement, and no other person (including any current or former employee, nor any other individual associated therewith, or any beneficiary or dependent thereof), is or will be regarded for any purpose as a third party beneficiary to the Merger Agreement, and no employee benefits provision will create such rights in any such persons. No provision of the Merger Agreement will be construed
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(i) as a guarantee of continued employment of any employee of the Company or any of its subsidiaries, (ii) to prohibit Parent or the surviving corporation from having the right to terminate the employment of any employee of the Company or to prohibit the Company or any of its subsidiaries from having the right to terminate the employment of any individual prior to the Effective Time, (iii) to prevent the amendment, modification or termination of any Company Plan after the Closing (in each case in accordance with the terms of the applicable Company Plan) or (iv) as an amendment or modification of the terms of any Company Plan.
Prior to the Closing, the Company has agreed to use commercially reasonable efforts to provide Parent, at Parent’s sole cost and expense, with such cooperation as Parent may reasonably request in connection with Parent’s debt financing for the Transactions, including using its commercially reasonable efforts to, without undue burden or expense, (i) provide Parent reasonable assistance in connection with Parent’s preparation of customary financial statements, financial information, schedules, reconciliations, presentations and other materials required by its financing sources and (ii) participate in a reasonable number (at mutually agreed times) of requested virtual meetings, presentations, roadshows, due diligence sessions, drafting sessions or sessions with rating agencies in connection with such debt financing. Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries, nor any of their respective representatives, is required to: (i) prepare or provide any pro forma financial statements, pro forma adjustments, projections, forecasts, budgets or other forward-looking financial information; (ii) prepare any financial information in a form not customarily prepared by the Company in the ordinary course or included in the Company Reports; (iii) pay any fee, incur any out-of-pocket cost or expense, or incur or assume any liability in connection with any financing prior to the Closing, unless promptly reimbursed by Parent; (iv) execute or deliver any certificate, agreement, pledge, security document, solvency certificate, legal opinion, comfort letter or other instrument that is effective prior to the Closing; or (v) take any action that would unreasonably interfere with the operation of the Company’s business, violate applicable law or any material contract, result in a waiver of attorney-client privilege or cause any officer, director, employee or representative of the Company to incur any personal liability.
Parent has agreed to, upon written request by the Company, promptly reimburse the Company and its subsidiaries for all reasonable and documented out-of-pocket costs and expenses incurred in connection with such cooperation and to indemnify and hold harmless the Company, its subsidiaries and their respective representatives from and against any and all losses, claims, damages, liabilities, costs and expenses arising out of or relating to the arrangement of any financing, any materials provided to financing sources, or any cooperation provided as described above, except to the extent arising from the Company’s fraud, willful misconduct or intentional breach of the Merger Agreement, or from any material misstatement or omission in written historical information furnished by the Company or its subsidiaries for the debt financing materials.
Parent’s obligations to consummate the Merger and the other Transactions are not conditioned upon obtaining any debt, equity or other financing, and the availability, receipt or terms of any financing will not constitute a condition to Parent’s obligation to effect the Closing. No breach or alleged breach by the Company of the financing cooperation covenant described above will relieve Parent of its obligation to consummate the Closing when otherwise required under the Merger Agreement, except to the extent the Company’s willful and material breach of the financing cooperation covenant is the principal cause of the debt financing not being available at Closing.
At least three (3) business days prior to the Closing Date, the Company has agreed to use commercially reasonable efforts to deliver to Parent a draft customary payoff letter from the holders of certain indebtedness of the Company identified in the Company Disclosure Letter delivered in connection with the Merger Agreement (such indebtedness, the “Closing Indebtedness,” and such payoff letter, the “Debt Payoff Letter”), and, at the Closing, to deliver to Parent an executed copy of the Debt Payoff Letter. The Company has
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also agreed to use, and to cause its subsidiaries to use, commercially reasonable efforts to take actions necessary to facilitate the termination of commitments under the Closing Indebtedness, subject to the occurrence of the Closing, the repayment in full of the Closing Indebtedness and the release of any liens and termination of any guarantees supporting the Closing Indebtedness, substantially contemporaneously with the Closing.
Other Covenants and Agreements
The Company and Parent have made certain other covenants to and agreements with each other regarding various other matters including:
| • | public statements and disclosure concerning the Merger Agreement and the Transactions; |
| • | anti-takeover or other similar laws; |
| • | control of their respective operations prior to the Effective Time; |
| • | Company stockholder litigation relating to the Merger Agreement or the Transactions; |
| • | the Company’s ability to take all actions reasonably necessary or advisable to cause any dispositions (or deemed dispositions) of equity securities of the Company (including derivative securities) in connection with the Transactions by each individual who is a director or executive officer of the Company to be exempt under Rule 16b-3 promulgated under the Exchange Act; and |
| • | cooperation to delist the Shares from NASDAQ and deregister such Shares under the Exchange Act as soon as possible following the Effective Time. |
Conditions to Each Party’s Obligations (“Mutual Closing Conditions”)
The respective obligations of the parties to the Merger Agreement to effect the Merger are subject to the satisfaction (or mutual waiver if permitted by law) at or prior to the Closing of each of the following conditions:
| • | adoption of the Merger Agreement by the Company’s stockholders in accordance with applicable law and the Company’s certificate of incorporation and bylaws; |
| • | the waiting period applicable to the Merger under the HSR Act having expired or been earlier terminated and the Requisite Regulatory Approvals having been filed, occurred or been obtained and remaining in full force and effect (the “Consent Condition”); and |
| • | no governmental entity of competent jurisdiction having enacted, issued, promulgated, enforced or entered any law or order (whether temporary, preliminary or permanent) that is in effect and restrains, enjoins or otherwise prohibits consummation of the Merger (the “No Order Condition”). |
Conditions to Parent’s and Merger Sub’s Obligations (“Parent’s and Merger Sub’s Closing Conditions”)
The obligations of Parent and Merger Sub to effect the Merger are also subject to the satisfaction or, to the extent permitted by law, waiver by Parent at or prior to the Closing of the following additional conditions:
| • | the Company’s representations and warranties contained in the Merger Agreement related to the Company’s capital structure must be true and correct, subject only to de minimis inaccuracies, as of the date of the Merger Agreement and as of the Closing Date (in each case except to the extent that any such representation and warranty speaks as of a particular date, in which case such representation and warranty must be true and correct as of such particular date); |
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| • | the Company’s representation and warranty contained in the Merger Agreement related to the absence of certain changes must be true and correct in all respects as of the date of the Merger Agreement and as of the Closing Date; |
| • | certain of the Company’s representations and warranties contained in the Merger Agreement related to the Company’s organization, good standing and qualification to do business, corporate authority and broker’s and finder’s fees must be (i) to the extent not qualified by materiality or Company Material Adverse Effect, true and correct in all material respects, and (ii) to the extent so qualified, true and correct in all respects, in each case as of the date of the Merger Agreement and as of the Closing Date (in each case except to the extent that any such representation and warranty speaks as of a particular date, in which case such representation and warranty must be so true and correct as of such particular date); |
| • | each of the Company’s other representations and warranties contained in the Merger Agreement must be true and correct in all respects as of the date of the Merger Agreement and as of the Closing Date (in each case except to the extent that any such representation and warranty speaks as of a particular date, in which case such representation and warranty must be true and correct as of such particular date), except where the failure of such representations and warranties to be so true and correct (without regard to materiality, Company Material Adverse Effect or similar qualifications contained within such representations and warranties), individually or in the aggregate, has not had and would not reasonably be expected to have a Company Material Adverse Effect; |
| • | the Company must have performed, and complied with, in all material respects, all obligations required to be performed by or complied with by it under the Merger Agreement at or prior to the Closing; |
| • | since the date of the Merger Agreement there must not have occurred a Company Material Adverse Effect; and |
| • | Parent must have received a signed certificate by an executive officer of the Company at the Closing stating that the conditions set forth in the six bullets immediately above have been satisfied. |
Conditions to the Company’s Obligations (“Company’s Closing Conditions”)
The Company’s obligations to effect the Merger are also subject to the satisfaction or waiver by the Company at or prior to the Closing of the following additional conditions:
| • | each of the representations and warranties of Parent and Merger Sub contained in the Merger Agreement related to organization, good standing and qualification to do business, ownership of Merger Sub and corporate authority and approval, must be true and correct in all material respects as of the date of the Merger Agreement and as of the Closing Date (in each case, except to the extent that any such representation and warranty speaks as of a specified date, in which case such representation and warranty will be so true and correct as of such particular date); |
| • | each of Parent’s and Merger Sub’s other representations and warranties contained in the Merger Agreement must be true and correct in all respects as of the date of the Merger Agreement and as of the Closing Date (in each case, except to the extent that any such representation and warranty speaks as of a specified date, in which case such representation and warranty will be true and correct in all material respects as of such particular date), except where the failure of such representations and warranties to be true and correct (without regard to materiality, “Parent Material Adverse Effect” or similar qualifications contained within such representations and warranties), individually or in the aggregate, has not and would not reasonably be expected to prevent, materially delay, materially impair or interfere with, or adversely affect the ability of Parent or Merger Sub to perform or comply with its obligations under the Merger Agreement or to consummate the Transactions on a timely basis; |
| • | each of Parent and Merger Sub must have performed, and complied with, in all material respects, all obligations required to be performed by or complied with by it under the Merger Agreement at or prior to the Closing; and |
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| • | the Company must have received a signed certificate by an executive officer of Parent at the Closing stating that the conditions set forth in the three bullets immediately above have been satisfied. |
To the extent permitted by applicable law, each of Parent and Merger Sub, on the one hand, and the Company, on the other hand, may waive the conditions to the performance of its respective obligations under the Merger Agreement and effect the Merger even though one or more of these conditions has not been met. The Company cannot give any assurance that all of the conditions of the Merger will be either satisfied or waived or that the Merger will occur.
Termination of the Merger Agreement
Termination Rights Exercisable by Either Party
The Merger Agreement may be terminated and the Merger may be abandoned at any time prior to the Effective Time, whether before or after the adoption of the Merger Agreement by the Company’s stockholders, by the mutual written consent of Parent and the Company.
In addition, the Merger Agreement may be terminated and the Merger may be abandoned at any time prior to the Effective Time by either Parent or the Company by written notice to the other party if:
| • | the Merger has not been consummated by the Termination Date, whether such date is before or after the date of adoption of the Merger Agreement by the stockholders of the Company; provided, that if as of the Termination Date, the Consent Condition or No Order Condition will have not been satisfied or waived (to the extent permitted), but all other conditions to Closing set forth in the Merger Agreement will have been satisfied, or would be satisfied if Closing were to occur on such date, the Termination Date will automatically be extended for a period of six (6) months (the “Extended Termination Date” and, if so extended, the Extended Termination Date then will be the Termination Date), it being agreed that there will be no more than two (2) such extensions of the Termination Date; provided, further that the right to so terminate the Merger Agreement will not be available to any party if such party’s breach of or failure to perform its obligations under the Merger Agreement primarily caused, or resulted in, the failure to consummate the Transactions by the Termination Date (the termination right defined in this bullet, the “Termination Date Termination Right”); |
| • | the stockholders of the Company not adopting the Merger Agreement at the special meeting, or at any adjournment or postponement thereof at which a vote upon the adoption of the Merger Agreement was taken (the termination right defined in this bullet, the “Stockholder No Vote Termination Right”); or |
| • | any law or order in the United States or any applicable jurisdiction enacted, issued, promulgated, enforced or entered by a governmental entity of a competent jurisdiction permanently restraining, enjoining or otherwise prohibiting consummation of the Merger or any of the Transactions has become final and non-appealable, whether before or after the holders of a majority of the outstanding Shares adopt the Merger Agreement; provided, that a party is not permitted to terminate the Merger Agreement pursuant to the termination provisions if such enactment, issuance, promulgation, enforcement or entry of such law or order was primarily caused by a breach or failure on the part of such party to perform any covenant or obligation in the Merger Agreement required to be performed by such party at or prior to the Effective Time in material breach of such party’s obligations under the Merger Agreement (it being understood Parent and Merger Sub are to be deemed a single party for purposes of this proviso); provided, further that the right to terminate the Merger Agreement pursuant to the termination provisions is not available to any party that has breached or failed to perform in any material respect its obligations under the Merger Agreement in any manner that has primarily caused the failure of the Merger to be consummated. |
The right to terminate the Merger Agreement pursuant to the above circumstances is not available to any party that has breached in any material respect any of its obligations under the Merger Agreement in any manner that has primarily caused, or resulted in, the failure of the Merger to be consummated.
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Company Termination Rights
The Company may also terminate the Merger Agreement and abandon the Merger at any time prior to the Effective Time by written notice to Parent if:
| • | at any time prior to the Effective Time, whether or not the Company’s stockholders have adopted the Merger Agreement, there has been a breach of any representation, warranty, covenant or agreement made by Parent or Merger Sub in the Merger Agreement, or any such representation and warranty becomes untrue after the date of the Merger Agreement, such that the conditions set forth in the first three bullets of the Company’s Closing Conditions would not be satisfied and such breach or failure to be true is not curable or, if curable, is not cured prior to the earlier of (i) if all of the Mutual Closing Conditions and Parent’s and Merger Sub’s Closing Conditions (other than those conditions that by their nature are to be satisfied at the Closing, but which conditions would be satisfied or capable of being satisfied if the Closing were to occur on such date) have been satisfied or waived, thirty (30) days following written notice to Parent from the Company of such breach or failure and (ii) the Termination Date; provided that the Company will not have the right to terminate the Merger Agreement described in this bullet if the Company is then in material breach of any of its representations, warranties, covenants or agreements under the Merger Agreement; or |
| • | at any time prior to the adoption of the Merger Agreement by the Company’s stockholders, in order to enter into an Alternative Acquisition Agreement in accordance with the non-solicit provisions of the Merger Agreement (see the section entitled “The Merger Agreement — Acquisition Proposals — No Solicitation or Negotiation,” beginning on page 67); provided that (i) the Company has received a superior proposal; (ii) the Board has authorized the Company to enter into an Alternative Acquisition Agreement to consummate the transactions contemplated by that superior proposal in connection with the termination of the Merger Agreement; (iii) the Company has not breached in any material respect the non-solicitation provisions of the Merger Agreement with respect to such superior proposal; and (iv) prior to or concurrently with such termination, the Company pays to Parent the Company Termination Fee required to be paid (see the section entitled “The Merger Agreement — Termination Fees,” beginning on page 81) (the termination right described in this bullet, the “Superior Proposal Termination Right”). |
Parent Termination Rights
Parent may also terminate by written notice the Merger Agreement and abandon the Merger at any time prior to the Effective Time if:
| • | there has been a breach of any representation, warranty, covenant or agreement made by the Company in the Merger Agreement, or any such representation and warranty becomes untrue after the date of the Merger Agreement, such that the conditions set forth in the first five bullets of Parent’s and Merger Sub’s Closing Conditions would not be satisfied and such breach or failure to be true is not curable or, if curable, is not cured prior to the earlier of (i) if all of the Mutual Closing Conditions and the Company’s Closing Conditions (other than those conditions that by their nature are to be satisfied at the Closing, but which conditions would be satisfied or capable of being satisfied if the Closing were to occur on such date) have been satisfied or waived, thirty (30) days following written notice to the Company from Parent of such breach or failure and (ii) the Termination Date; provided that Parent will not have the right to terminate the Merger Agreement described in this bullet if Parent or Merger Sub is then in material breach of any of its representations, warranties, covenants or agreements under the Merger Agreement; or |
| • | there has been a change in recommendation; provided that Parent must terminate the Merger Agreement within five (5) days of such change in recommendation, and Parent will no longer be entitled to terminate the Merger Agreement pursuant to the termination provisions once the holders of a majority of the outstanding Shares adopt the Merger Agreement (the “Change in Recommendation |
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| Termination Right”) or if the Company has materially breached its obligations under the non-solicitation provisions of the Merger Agreement. |
If the Merger Agreement is terminated and the Merger is abandoned pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement, the Merger Agreement (other than as set forth below) will become void and of no effect with no liability on the part of any party to the Merger Agreement (or any of its respective affiliates); provided, however, that no termination will relieve any party to the Merger Agreement from any liability:
| • | for damages resulting from the willful breach of the Merger Agreement prior to such termination by any party to the Merger Agreement or from actual fraud (which liability may not necessarily be limited to reimbursement of out-of-pocket fees, costs or expenses incurred in connection with the Transactions, and may include damages based on loss of the economic benefit of the Transactions to the parties to the Merger Agreement and the stockholders of the Company (in each case, taking into consideration all relevant matters, including other business opportunities or combination opportunities and the time value of money)); or |
| • | any party to the Merger Agreement from any liability with respect to the Company Termination Fee and the Parent Regulatory Termination Fee. |
The Company has agreed to pay Parent the Company Termination Fee if:
| • | Parent terminates the Merger Agreement pursuant to the Change in Recommendation Termination Right or as a result of the Company having materially breached its obligations under the non-solicitation provisions of the Merger Agreement; |
| • | the Company terminates the Merger Agreement pursuant to the Superior Proposal Termination Right; or |
| • | (i) the Merger Agreement is validly terminated (a) by Parent or the Company pursuant to the Termination Date Termination Right prior to the adoption of the Merger Agreement by the Company’s stockholders or the Stockholder No Vote Termination Right or (b) by Parent pursuant to a material breach by the Company of its non-solicit obligations under the Merger Agreement, (ii) prior to any such valid termination referred to in clause (i) of this sentence, but after the date of the Merger Agreement, a bona fide acquisition proposal will have been publicly made to the Company, the Board or any subsidiary of the Company, made directly to the Company’s stockholders generally or otherwise publicly disclosed and, in each case, not withdrawn and (iii) within twelve (12) months after the date of termination, (a) the Company or any of its subsidiaries enters into an Alternative Acquisition Agreement with respect to any such acquisition proposal, (b) any such acquisition proposal is consummated or (c) the Board approves or recommends to the Company’s stockholders, or otherwise does not oppose, any such acquisition proposal, then the Company will be obligated to pay the Company Termination Fee to Parent concurrently upon the consummation of such transaction; provided that solely for the purpose of this bullet, the term “acquisition proposal” has the meaning assigned to such term in the Merger Agreement except that the references to “fifteen percent (15%) or more” will be deemed to be references to “fifty percent (50%) or more.” |
Parent has agreed to pay the Company the Parent Regulatory Termination Fee if the Merger Agreement is terminated (i) as a result of any antitrust law or an order imposed by a governmental entity with respect to an antitrust law, or (ii) due to the failure of the Merger to be consummated by the Termination Date and, at the time of such termination, the closing condition relating to required governmental consents or the absence of legal restraints has not been satisfied as a result of any antitrust law or an order imposed by a governmental entity with
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respect to an antitrust law — in each case, provided that all of the other Mutual Closing Conditions and Parent’s and Merger Sub’s Closing Conditions have been satisfied or waived (other than those conditions that by their nature are to be satisfied at the Closing but which would be satisfied or capable of being satisfied if the Closing were to occur on such date) and the Company is not in material breach of its obligations under the Merger Agreement in a manner that was the principal cause of the failure of such condition.
Specific Performance
The parties to the Merger Agreement have acknowledged and agreed that irreparable damage would occur and that the parties would not have any adequate remedy at law in the event that any of the obligations, undertakings, covenants or agreements of the parties to the Merger Agreement were not performed in accordance with their specific terms or were otherwise breached, and that monetary damages, even if available, would not be an adequate remedy therefor. It is accordingly agreed that the Company, on the one hand, and Parent and Merger Sub, on the other hand, will be entitled to seek an injunction or injunctions to prevent breaches or threatened breaches of the Merger Agreement by the other, and to enforce specifically the terms and provisions of the Merger Agreement by a decree of specific performance without the necessity of proving actual harm or damages or posting a bond or other security therefor, this being in addition to any other remedy to which such party is entitled at law or in equity, and each party has agreed that it will not oppose the granting of an injunction, specific performance or other equitable relief on the basis that any other party has an adequate remedy at law or that any award of specific performance or other equitable remedy is not an appropriate remedy for any reason at law or in equity. Each party further agrees that it will not take any position in any legal proceeding concerning the Merger Agreement that is contrary to the terms of the specific performance provisions of the Merger Agreement.
The Company’s right to specific performance to cause Parent and Merger Sub to consummate the Merger, effect the Closing and make the payments contemplated by the Merger Agreement is not conditioned upon the availability, receipt or funding of any debt, equity or other financing or other funds by Parent, Merger Sub or any of their respective affiliates, and Parent and Merger Sub have agreed that they will not assert, and will cause their affiliates not to assert, the unavailability, non-receipt, failure or insufficiency of any financing or other funds as a defense to any claim by the Company for specific performance or other equitable relief.
For the avoidance of doubt, the exercise of the Company’s or any of its subsidiaries’ right to seek specific performance will not reduce, restrict or otherwise limit the Company’s right to terminate the Merger Agreement pursuant to its terms or to pursue all applicable remedies at law, including seeking payment of the Parent Regulatory Termination Fee or damages for fraud or willful breach, to the extent such remedies are expressly preserved under the Merger Agreement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company will not be entitled to both (i) the Parent Regulatory Termination Fee and (ii) consummation of the Closing and payment of the Merger Consideration.
Amendment of the Merger Agreement
Subject to the provisions of applicable law, at any time prior to the Effective Time, the Merger Agreement (including any schedule thereto) may be amended, modified or supplemented in writing by Parent, Merger Sub and the Company, by action of their respective boards of directors.
Waiver
Any provision of the Merger Agreement may be waived prior to the Effective Time if, and only if, such waiver is in writing and signed by the party against whom the waiver is to be effective.
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Governing Law; Submission to Jurisdiction; No Jury Trial
The Merger Agreement is governed by Delaware law, without giving effect to principles of conflicts of law thereof. Each of the parties to the Merger Agreement has (i) consented to submit itself to the personal jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware or, if the Court of Chancery lacks subject matter jurisdiction, any state or federal court located in the State of Delaware and any appellate court therefrom, in the event any dispute arises out of or is related to the Merger Agreement or any of the Transactions, (ii) agreed that it will not attempt to deny or defeat such personal jurisdiction by motion or other request for leave from any such court, (iii) agreed that it will not bring any action, suit, arbitration or proceeding by or before any governmental entity (each, an “Action”) relating to the Merger Agreement or any of the Transactions in any court other than the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware or, if such court lacks subject matter jurisdiction, any state or federal court located in the State of Delaware and any appellate court therefrom, (iv) waived any objection that it may now or hereafter have to the venue of any such Action in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware or, if such court lacks subject matter jurisdiction, any state or federal court located in the State of Delaware and any appellate court therefrom or that such Action was brought in an inconvenient court and agrees not to plead or claim the same and (v) consented to service being made through the notice procedures set forth in the Merger Agreement. Each of the Company, Parent and Merger Sub agreed that service of any process, summons, notice or document by U.S. registered mail to the addresses set forth in the Merger Agreement will be effective service of process for any Action in connection with the Merger Agreement or the Transactions.
Each of Parent, Merger Sub and the Company waived any right such party may have to a trial by jury in respect of any litigation directly or indirectly arising out of or relating to the Merger Agreement or the Transactions. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in the Merger Agreement, the Company (on behalf of itself and its subsidiaries), Parent and Merger Sub waived any right to trial by jury in any legal action brought against the financing sources providing any debt financing obtained by Parent in connection with the Merger, in any way arising out of or relating to such debt financing, the agreements entered into in connection therewith or the performance of services thereunder.
Except as otherwise provided with respect to the termination fees discussed above, whether or not the Merger is consummated, all costs and expenses incurred in connection with the Merger Agreement and the Transactions will be paid by the party incurring such expense, except that (i) the filing fee for this proxy statement and expenses incurred in connection with the printing and mailing of this proxy statement will be shared equally by Parent and the Company and (ii) Parent will be responsible for, and pay, one hundred percent (100%) of the filing fee under the HSR Act and any other fees required in respect of any other Requisite Regulatory Approval.
All transfer, documentary, sales, use, stamp, registration and other similar taxes and fees (including penalties and interest) incurred in connection with the Merger will be paid by or on behalf of Parent when due and payable.
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CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This proxy statement, and the documents to which we refer you in this proxy statement, as well as information included in oral statements or other written statements made or to be made by us, contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, including statements regarding the effects of the proposed Merger and the anticipated timing of the Merger. Forward-looking statements are based on MarketAxess’ management’s beliefs, as well as assumptions made by, and information currently available to, them. Forward-looking statements can be identified by words such as “anticipates,” “intends,” “plans,” “seeks,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential,” “expects,” “may,” “could,” “might,” “likely,” “will,” “should” and similar references to future periods, or by the inclusion of forecasts or projections. However, the absence of these words or similar expressions does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking.
Because such statements are based on expectations as to future financial and operating results and are not statements of fact, actual results may differ materially from those projected. It is not possible to predict or identify all risk factors. Consequently, the risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, those discussed under “Risk Factors” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025, filed with the SEC on February 24, 2026, the risk factors set forth in Part II, Item 1A of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2026, filed with the SEC on August 7, 2026, including the risks described under “Risks Related to the Pending Merger” and the following, and should not be considered a complete discussion of all of our potential risks:
| • | the timing, receipt and terms and conditions of any Requisite Regulatory Approvals that may delay the Transactions or cause the parties to abandon the Transactions; |
| • | the occurrence of any event, change or other circumstances that could give rise to right of either party to terminate the Merger Agreement, including a termination under circumstances that could require the Company to pay the Company Termination Fee to Parent; |
| • | the inability to complete the Merger due to the failure to obtain stockholder or regulatory approvals for the adoption of the Merger Agreement or the failure to satisfy other conditions to completion of the Merger; |
| • | risks related to disruption of management’s attention from the Company’s ongoing business operations and opportunities due to the Merger; |
| • | the effect of the announcement of the Merger on the Company’s relationships with its customers, operating results, the Company’s ability to retain and hire key personnel, and business generally; |
| • | the risk that any announcements relating to the Merger could have adverse effects on the market price of the MarketAxess Shares; |
| • | the risk that the Merger will not be consummated in a timely manner or at all, and the risk that if the Merger is not completed, the market price of the MarketAxess Shares could decline; |
| • | the ability to implement and execute our strategic plans to transform the business; |
| • | unfavorable global economic conditions including, but not limited to, volatility in interest rates, foreign currency markets, inflation and supply chain disruptions; |
| • | the potential for political, social, or economic unrest, terrorism, hostilities or war, including economic uncertainty related to the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the conflict in the Middle East and associated trends in macroeconomic conditions; |
| • | failure to prevent cybersecurity incidents or the perception that confidential information is not secure; |
| • | loss of access to data sources or ability to transfer data across the data sources in markets where we operate; |
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| • | significant transaction costs in connection with the Transactions and the possibility that the Merger may be more expensive to complete than anticipated, including as a result of unexpected factors or events, as well as the risk of unknown, unanticipated or unquantifiable liabilities, costs, charges or expenses; |
| • | the risks related to acquiring and integrating businesses and divestitures of existing businesses; |
| • | the ability to retain members of the senior leadership team and attract and retain skilled employees; |
| • | the ability to attract and retain customers in a price sensitive environment; |
| • | reputational risk and potential adverse reaction of MarketAxess’ or Parent’s customers, employees or other business partners, including those resulting from the announcement or completion of the Merger; |
| • | access to financial markets and disruptions in global credit and financial systems, including diminished liquidity and credit availability, changes in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates, foreign currency volatility, and swings in consumer confidence and spending; |
| • | the ability to promptly and effectively integrate MarketAxess’ business with ICE’s business and realize the anticipated cost savings, synergies, and other financial benefits of the Transactions within the expected time period or at all; |
| • | ability to obtain the contemplated debt financing on a timely basis, on favorable terms or at all; |
| • | changes in international trade agreements, including tariffs and trade restrictions; |
| • | changes in the legislative landscape in which the Company operates, including potential corporate tax reform, and the Company’s ability to adapt to those changes as well as adaptation by the third-parties the Company is dependent upon for supply and distribution; |
| • | the impact of legal proceedings, judgments or settlements, including those that may be instituted against MarketAxess, the Board, its executive officers and others following the announcement of the Transactions; |
| • | sufficiency of cash and access to liquidity; and |
| • | risk stemming from the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning models or the use of MarketAxess’ data in other artificial intelligence systems outside of MarketAxess’ control. |
The foregoing list of factors should not be construed as exhaustive. MarketAxess can give no assurance that the expectations expressed or implied in the forward-looking statements contained herein will be attained. The statements made in this proxy statement are current as of the date of this proxy statement only. MarketAxess undertakes no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements or any other information contained herein, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements that speak only as of the date hereof.
MarketAxess Holdings Inc. was incorporated in the State of Delaware on April 11, 2000. MarketAxess (Nasdaq: MKTX) operates a leading electronic trading platform that delivers greater trading efficiency, a diversified pool of liquidity and significant cost savings to institutional investors and broker-dealers across the global fixed-income and other markets. Approximately 2,100 firms leverage MarketAxess’ patented technology to efficiently trade fixed-income securities. Its automated and algorithmic trading solutions, combined with its integrated and actionable data offerings, help its clients make faster, better-informed decisions on when and how to trade on its platform. MarketAxess’ award-winning Open Trading® marketplace is widely
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regarded as the preferred all-to-all trading solution in the global credit markets. Founded in 2000, MarketAxess connects a robust network of market participants through an advanced full trading lifecycle solution that includes automated trading solutions, intelligent data and index products and a range of post-trade services.
The Company’s website address is www.marketaxess.com. The information provided on the Company’s website is not part of this proxy statement and is not incorporated by reference in this proxy statement by this or any other reference to the Company’s website in this proxy statement.
Additional information about MarketAxess is contained in the Company’s public filings, which are incorporated by reference in this proxy statement. See the section entitled “Where You Can Find More Information,” beginning on page 101, for more information.
Intercontinental Exchange, Inc. (NYSE: ICE) is a leading global provider of technology and data to a broad range of customers including financial institutions, corporations and government entities. Its products, which span major asset classes including futures, equities, fixed income and U.S. residential mortgages, provide its customers with access to mission critical tools that are designed to increase asset class transparency and workflow efficiency. Its business is conducted through three reportable business segments:
| • | Exchanges: It operates regulated marketplace technology for the listing, trading and clearing of a broad array of derivatives contracts and financial securities as well as data and connectivity services related to its exchanges, including the New York Stock Exchange, and clearing houses. |
| • | Fixed Income and Data Services: It provides fixed income pricing, reference data, indices, analytics and execution services as well as global credit default swap, or CDS, clearing and multi-asset class data delivery technology. |
| • | Mortgage Technology: It provides a technology platform that offers customers comprehensive, digital workflow tools that aim to address inefficiencies and mitigate risks that exist in the U.S. residential mortgage market life cycle, from application through closing, servicing and the secondary market. |
It operates marketplaces, technology and provides data services in the U.S., United Kingdom, European Union, Canada, Asia Pacific and the Middle East.
The principal office address of Parent is located at 5660 New Northside Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30328, and its telephone number is (770) 857-4700.
Merger Sub was incorporated in Delaware on July 27, 2026, as a direct, wholly owned subsidiary of Parent, solely for the purpose of engaging in the Transactions, including the Merger. Merger Sub has not carried on any activities on or prior to the date of this proxy statement, except for activities incidental to its formation and activities undertaken in connection with the Transactions. In connection with the Merger, Merger Sub will merge with and into MarketAxess, with MarketAxess surviving the Merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of Parent, and Merger Sub will cease to exist.
The principal office address of Merger Sub is located at 5660 New Northside Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30328, and its telephone number is (770) 857-4700.
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We are furnishing this proxy statement as part of the solicitation of proxies by the Board for use at the special meeting and at any properly convened meeting following an adjournment or postponement of the special meeting.
Date, Time and Place of the Special Meeting
MarketAxess will hold the special meeting via live audio webcast on October 29, 2026 at 9:00 a.m. Eastern Time. You will be able to participate in the special meeting and vote via the live audio webcast. Please note that the special meeting will be held in virtual format only. You will not be able to attend the special meeting physically, however you may vote while attending the special meeting online via the live audio webcast.
Purpose of the Special Meeting
At the special meeting, holders of Shares as of the Record Date will be asked to consider and vote on:
| 1. | the Merger Agreement Proposal; |
| 2. | the Merger-Related Compensation Proposal; and |
| 3. | the Adjournment Proposal. |
The Company’s stockholders must approve the Merger Agreement Proposal by the affirmative vote of holders of a majority of the outstanding Shares entitled to vote on such matter as of the Record Date, in order for the Merger to occur. If the Company’s stockholders fail to approve the Merger Agreement Proposal, the Merger will not occur. A copy of the Merger Agreement is attached as Annex A to this proxy statement. You are encouraged to read the Merger Agreement carefully in its entirety.
The votes on the Adjournment Proposal and the Merger-Related Compensation Proposal are separate and apart from the vote on the Merger Agreement Proposal. Accordingly, a stockholder may vote in favor of the Adjournment Proposal and/or the Merger-Related Compensation Proposal and vote not to approve the Merger Agreement Proposal.
The Board evaluated the Merger in consultation with the Company’s management and legal and financial advisors and unanimously (i) approved and declared advisable the Merger Agreement and the consummation of the Transactions, including the Merger, upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, (ii) determined that the Merger is fair to, and in the best interests of, the Company and its stockholders and (iii) resolved to recommend to the stockholders of the Company the adoption of the Merger Agreement.
The Merger Agreement and the Transactions, including the Merger, have been unanimously approved by the Board. The Board recommends a vote (i) “FOR” the Merger Agreement Proposal, (ii) “FOR” the Merger-Related Compensation Proposal and (iii) “FOR” the Adjournment Proposal.
Each holder of record of Shares as of the close of business on the Record Date is entitled to receive notice of, and to vote at, the special meeting. Each such holder will be entitled to one vote for each Share that it owned on the Record Date. As of September 16, 2026, there were 35,197,197 Shares issued and outstanding and entitled to vote at the special meeting.
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The presence at the special meeting, by attendance via the virtual meeting website or by proxy, of the holders of a majority in voting power of the Shares entitled to vote at the meeting constitutes a quorum for the special meeting.
If you are a holder of Shares as of the Record Date and you vote by mail, by telephone or through the internet or at the special meeting via the virtual meeting website, then your Shares will be counted as part of the quorum. If you are a “street name” holder of Shares and you provide your bank, broker, trust or other nominee with voting instructions, then your Shares will be counted in determining the presence of a quorum. If you are a “street name” holder of the Shares and you do not provide your bank, broker, trust or other nominee with voting instructions, then your Shares will not be counted in determining the presence of a quorum.
A quorum is necessary to transact business at the special meeting. Once a Share entitled to vote at the special meeting is present via the virtual meeting website or represented by proxy at the special meeting, it will be counted for the purpose of determining a quorum at the special meeting and any adjournment of the special meeting, even if the Share is not voted, including any Shares for which a stockholder directs to abstain from voting. If a quorum is not present at the special meeting, then the Company may seek to adjourn the special meeting.
Merger Agreement Proposal. The approval of the Merger Agreement Proposal requires, assuming a quorum is present, the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding Shares entitled to vote on such matter as of the Record Date. Abstentions and failure to vote will have the same effect, assuming a quorum is present, as a vote “AGAINST” the Merger Agreement Proposal.
Merger-Related Compensation Proposal. The approval of the Merger-Related Compensation Proposal requires, assuming a quorum is present, the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority in voting power of the Shares present in person or represented by proxy at the special meeting and entitled to vote thereat. Failure to vote will have no effect on approval of the proposal, assuming a quorum is present; however, the abstention from voting will have the same effect as a vote “AGAINST” the proposal.
Adjournment Proposal. The approval of the Adjournment Proposal requires, assuming a quorum is present, the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority in voting power of the Shares present in person or represented by proxy at the special meeting and entitled to vote thereat. Consequently, failure to vote will have no effect on approval of the proposal, assuming a quorum is present; however, the abstention from voting will have the same effect as a vote “AGAINST” the proposal.
Shares Held by the Company’s Directors and Executive Officers
Our directors and executive officers have informed us that they currently intend to vote all of their respective Shares: (1) “FOR” the Merger Agreement Proposal; (2) “FOR” the Merger-Related Compensation Proposal; and (3) “FOR” the Adjournment Proposal.
As of September 16, 2026, the Record Date for the special meeting, our directors and executive officers directly owned, in the aggregate, 160,639 Shares entitled to vote at the special meeting, or collectively approximately less than 1.0% of all the outstanding Shares entitled to vote at the special meeting.
Effect of Abstentions; Failure to Vote
Merger Agreement Proposal. The approval of the Merger Agreement Proposal requires, assuming a quorum is present, the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding Shares entitled to vote on such matter as of the Record Date. Abstentions and failure to vote will have the same effect, assuming a quorum is present, as a vote “AGAINST” the Merger Agreement Proposal.
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Merger-Related Compensation Proposal. The approval of the Merger-Related Compensation Proposal requires, assuming a quorum is present, the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority in voting power of the Shares present in person or represented by proxy at the special meeting and entitled to vote thereat. Failure to vote will have no effect on approval of the proposal, assuming a quorum is present; however, the abstention from voting will have the same effect as a vote “AGAINST” the proposal.
Adjournment Proposal. The approval of the Adjournment Proposal requires, assuming a quorum is present, the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority in voting power of the Shares present in person or represented by proxy at the special meeting and entitled to vote thereat. Consequently, failure to vote will have no effect on approval of the proposal, assuming a quorum is present; however, the abstention from voting will have the same effect as a vote “AGAINST” the proposal.
Under applicable stock exchange rules, all of the proposals in this proxy statement are non-routine matters. A bank, broker, trust or other nominee may exercise discretion in voting on routine matters, but may not exercise discretion, and therefore will not vote on non-routine matters, if instructions are not given. Accordingly, if your Shares are held in “street name,” a bank, broker, trust or other nominee will NOT be able to vote your Shares (referred to as a “broker non-vote”), and your Shares will not be counted in determining the presence of a quorum unless you have properly instructed your bank, broker, trust or other nominee on how to vote your Shares.
Holders of Shares as of the Record Date have a choice of voting (i) by proxy by completing a proxy card and mailing it in the prepaid envelope provided, (ii) by calling a toll-free telephone number, (iii) through the internet or (iv) at the special meeting via the virtual meeting website. Please refer to your proxy card or the information forwarded by your bank, broker, trust or other nominee to see which options are available to you. The telephone and internet voting facilities for holders of Shares as of the Record Date will close at 11:59 p.m., Eastern Time on October 28, 2026.
If you submit your proxy by mail, by telephone or through the internet voting procedures, but do not include “FOR,” “AGAINST” or “ABSTAIN” on a proposal to be voted, your Shares will be voted “FOR” the Merger Agreement Proposal, “FOR” the Merger-Related Compensation Proposal and “FOR” the Adjournment Proposal. If you indicate “ABSTAIN” on a proposal to be voted, assuming a quorum is present, it will have the same effect as a vote “AGAINST” that proposal. If you wish to vote by proxy and your Shares are held by a bank, broker, trust or other nominee, you must follow the voting instructions provided to you by your bank, broker, trust or other nominee for your Shares to be voted at the special meeting. Your bank, broker, trust or other nominee will NOT be able to vote your Shares on the proposals unless you have properly instructed your bank, broker, trust or other nominee on how to vote your Shares.
If you wish to vote by attending the special meeting via the virtual meeting website and your Shares are held in the name of a bank, broker, trust or other nominee, you must obtain a legal proxy, executed in your favor, from the bank, broker, trust or other nominee of record authorizing you to vote at the special meeting. Obtaining a legal proxy may take several days.
If you do not submit a proxy or otherwise vote your Shares in any of the ways described above, it will have the same effect as a vote “AGAINST” the Merger Agreement Proposal, but will have no effect on the approval of the Merger-Related Compensation Proposal or the Adjournment Proposal, assuming a quorum is present at the special meeting.
YOU SHOULD NOT SEND IN YOUR STOCK CERTIFICATE(S) WITH YOUR PROXY CARD.
A letter of transmittal with instructions for the surrender of certificates will be mailed to Company stockholders if the Merger is completed.
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If you have more questions about the Merger or how to submit your proxy, or if you need additional copies of this proxy statement or the enclosed proxy card or voting instructions, please contact our proxy solicitor, Okapi Partners LLC, toll-free at 877-629-6355 or collect at 212-297-0720, or via email at info@okapipartners.com.
Any proxy given by a MarketAxess stockholder may be revoked at any time before it is voted at the special meeting by doing any of the following:
| • | by submitting another proxy by telephone or through the internet, in accordance with the instructions on the proxy card; |
| • | by delivering a signed written notice of revocation bearing a date later than the date of the proxy to Scott Pintoff, General Counsel & Corporate Secretary, 55 Hudson Yards, 15th Floor, New York, New York 10001, stating that the proxy is revoked; |
| • | by submitting a later-dated proxy card relating to the same Shares; or |
| • | by attending the special meeting via the virtual meeting website and voting at the meeting (your attendance at the special meeting will not, by itself, revoke your proxy; you must vote at the special meeting via the virtual meeting website). |
“Street name” holders of Shares should contact their bank, broker, trust or other nominee to obtain instructions as to how to revoke or change their proxies.
All properly submitted proxies received by us before the special meeting that are not revoked or changed prior to being exercised at the special meeting will be voted at the special meeting in accordance with the instructions indicated on the proxies or, if no instructions were provided, “FOR” each of the proposals.
Adjournments and Postponements
Although it is not currently expected, the special meeting may be adjourned or postponed one or more times to a later day or time if necessary or appropriate to ensure that any necessary supplement or amendment to this proxy statement is provided to Company stockholders a reasonable amount of time in advance of the special meeting or to solicit additional proxies in favor of the Merger Agreement Proposal if there are insufficient votes at the time of the special meeting to approve such proposal. Your Shares will be voted on the Adjournment Proposal in accordance with the instructions indicated in your proxy or, if no instructions were provided, “FOR” the proposal.
If a quorum is not present at the special meeting, then the Company may seek to adjourn the special meeting. In addition, the Board may, after consultation with Parent, postpone the special meeting for the purpose of soliciting additional proxies or as otherwise permitted under the Merger Agreement. In accordance with the Company’s bylaws, the chairman of the special meeting may also adjourn the meeting at any time.
The Company is soliciting the enclosed proxy card on behalf of the Board. In addition to solicitation by mail, the Company and its directors, officers and employees may solicit proxies in person, by telephone or by electronic means. These persons will not be specifically compensated for doing this.
The Company has retained Okapi Partners LLC to assist in the solicitation process. The Company will pay Okapi Partners LLC a fee of approximately $20,000, plus reasonable out-of-pocket expenses.
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The Company will ask banks, brokers, trusts and other nominees to forward the Company proxy solicitation materials to the beneficial owners of Shares held of record by such banks, brokers, trusts or other nominees. The Company will reimburse these banks, brokers, trusts or other nominees for their customary clerical and mailing expenses incurred in forwarding the proxy solicitation materials to the beneficial owners.
Questions and Additional Information
If you have more questions about the Merger or how to submit your proxy, or if you need additional copies of this proxy statement or the enclosed proxy card or voting instructions, please contact our proxy solicitor, Okapi Partners LLC, toll-free at 877-629-6355 or collect at 212-297-0720, or via email at info@okapipartners.com.
PROPOSAL 1: THE MERGER AGREEMENT PROPOSAL
The Proposal
The Company is asking you to approve the Merger Agreement Proposal. You should carefully read this proxy statement in its entirety for more detailed information concerning the Merger Agreement and the Merger. In particular, you should read in its entirety the Merger Agreement, which is attached as Annex A to this proxy statement. In addition, see the sections entitled “The Merger,” beginning on page 23, and “The Merger Agreement,” beginning on page 56.
Vote Required and Board Recommendation
The approval of the Merger Agreement Proposal requires, assuming a quorum is present, the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding Shares entitled to vote on such matter as of the Record Date. Abstentions and failure to vote will have the same effect, assuming a quorum is present, as a vote “AGAINST” the Merger Agreement Proposal.
Your vote is very important. If you fail to (i) return your proxy, (ii) vote by telephone or through the internet or (iii) virtually attend the special meeting, in each case, your Shares will not be counted for purposes of determining whether a quorum is present at the special meeting and, assuming a quorum is present, will have the same effect as a vote “AGAINST” the Merger Agreement Proposal. If you, as MarketAxess stockholder, return a properly executed proxy card, but do not indicate instructions on your proxy card, your Shares represented by such proxy card will be voted “FOR” the Merger Agreement Proposal.
The Merger Agreement and the Transactions, including the Merger, have been unanimously approved and recommended by the Board. The Board recommends a vote “FOR” the Merger Agreement Proposal.
PROPOSAL 2: MERGER-RELATED COMPENSATION PROPOSAL
The Proposal
As required by Item 402(t) of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 14A of the Exchange Act, we are providing our holders of Shares as of the Record Date the opportunity to cast a vote to approve, on a non-binding, advisory basis, the compensation that may be paid or become payable to MarketAxess’ named executive officers that is based on or otherwise relates to the Merger as disclosed in the section entitled “The Merger — Summary of Potential Transaction Payments to Named Executive Officers,” beginning on page 47, including the table in such section and accompanying footnotes.
Vote Required and Board Recommendation
As an advisory vote, this proposal is not binding upon MarketAxess or the Board, and approval of this proposal is not a condition to completion of the Merger. Because the Merger-related executive compensation
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to be paid in connection with the Merger is based on the terms of the Merger Agreement as well as the contractual arrangements between MarketAxess and the named executive officers, such compensation may be paid or become payable, regardless of the outcome of this advisory vote, if the Merger Agreement is adopted (subject only to the contractual conditions in the Merger Agreement applicable thereto as well as any applicable contractual arrangements between MarketAxess and the named executive officers). Accordingly, you are asked to vote on the following resolution:
“RESOLVED, that the stockholders of MarketAxess Holdings Inc. approve, on an advisory, non-binding basis, the compensation that may be paid or become payable to the named executive officers of MarketAxess Holdings Inc. that is based on or otherwise relates to the Merger, as disclosed pursuant to Item 402(t) of Regulation S-K under the heading ‘The Merger — Summary of Potential Transaction Payments to Named Executive Officers.’”
If you return a properly executed proxy card, but do not indicate instructions on your proxy card, your Shares represented by such proxy card will be voted “FOR” the Merger-Related Compensation Proposal.
The approval of the Merger-Related Compensation Proposal, assuming a quorum is present, requires the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority in voting power of the Shares present in person or represented by proxy at the special meeting and entitled to vote thereat. The vote is advisory only and, therefore, not binding on the Company or Parent or any of their respective subsidiaries, and, if the Merger is completed, the compensation that is based on or otherwise relates to the Merger will be paid or become payable to our named executive officers even if this proposal is not approved. Failure to vote will have no effect on approval of the proposal, assuming a quorum is present; however, the abstention from voting will have the same effect as a vote “AGAINST” the proposal.
The Merger Agreement and the Transactions, including the Merger, have been unanimously approved and recommended by the Board. The Board recommends a vote “FOR” the Merger-Related Compensation Proposal.
PROPOSAL 3: ADJOURNMENT PROPOSAL
The Proposal
The Company is asking you to approve a proposal to adjourn the special meeting from time to time to a later date or time if necessary or appropriate to ensure that any necessary supplement or amendment to this proxy statement is provided to Company stockholders a reasonable amount of time in advance of the special meeting or to solicit additional proxies in favor of the Merger Agreement Proposal if there are insufficient votes at the time of the special meeting to approve such proposal. If the Company’s stockholders approve the Adjournment Proposal, the Company could adjourn the special meeting and any adjourned session of the special meeting and use the additional time to solicit additional proxies, including the solicitation of proxies from stockholders that have previously returned properly executed proxies voting against the Merger Agreement Proposal (other than in respect of any proposal for which the vote has been taken and the polls have been closed at the special meeting). Among other things, approval of the Adjournment Proposal could mean that, even if the Company had received proxies representing a sufficient number of votes against the Merger Agreement Proposal such that the Merger Agreement Proposal would be defeated, the Company could adjourn the special meeting without a vote on the Merger Agreement Proposal and seek to convince the holders of those Shares to change their votes to votes in favor of any such proposal. Additionally, if a quorum is not present at the special meeting, then the Company may seek to adjourn the special meeting. In accordance with the Company’s bylaws, the chairman of the special meeting may also adjourn the meeting at any time.
Vote Required and Board Recommendation
The approval of the Adjournment Proposal is not a condition to completion of the Merger.
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The approval of the Adjournment Proposal requires, assuming a quorum is present, the affirmative vote of holders of a majority in voting power of the Shares present in person or represented by proxy at the special meeting and entitled to vote thereat. Failure to vote will have no effect on approval of the proposal, assuming a quorum is present; however, the abstention from voting will have the same effect as a vote “AGAINST” the proposal.
If you return a properly executed proxy card, but do not indicate instructions on your proxy card, your Shares represented by such proxy card will be voted “FOR” the proposal to adjourn the special meeting to a later date or time if necessary or appropriate.
The Merger Agreement and the Transactions, including the Merger, have been unanimously approved and recommended by the Board. The Board recommends a vote “FOR” the Adjournment Proposal.
Record holders or beneficial owners (as defined in Section 262 of the DGCL) of the Shares who comply with the procedures summarized below will be entitled to appraisal rights if the Merger is completed. All references in this summary to “stockholder” or “holder” are to the record holder of the Shares as of immediately prior to the Effective Time as to which appraisal rights are asserted. All references in this summary to “beneficial owner” mean a person who is the beneficial owner of Shares held either in voting trust or by a nominee on behalf of such person immediately prior to the Effective Time.
Under Section 262 of the DGCL (which we refer to as “Section 262”), holders or beneficial owners of Shares with respect to which appraisal rights are properly demanded and perfected and not withdrawn or lost are entitled, in lieu of receiving the Merger Consideration, to have the “fair value” of their Shares (exclusive of any element of value arising from the accomplishment or expectation of the Merger) at the Effective Time judicially determined and paid to them in cash by complying with the provisions of Section 262. MarketAxess is required to send a notice to that effect to each stockholder not less than 20 days prior to the special meeting. This proxy statement constitutes that notice to the stockholders of the Shares.
The following is a brief summary of Section 262, which sets forth the procedures for demanding statutory appraisal rights. This summary, however, is not a complete statement of the applicable requirements, and is qualified in its entirety by reference to Section 262, which may be accessed without subscription or cost at the following publicly available website: https://delcode.delaware.gov/title8/c001/sc09/index.html#262. If you wish to consider exercising your appraisal rights, you should carefully review the text of Section 262. Failure to comply timely and properly with the requirements of Section 262 may result in the loss of your appraisal rights under the DGCL. If you hold your Shares through a bank, broker or other nominee and you wish to exercise appraisal rights, you should consult with your bank, broker or other nominee. The following summary does not constitute any legal or other advice, nor does it constitute a recommendation that stockholders exercise their appraisal rights under Section 262.
Stockholders of record or beneficial owners who desire to exercise their appraisal rights must do ALL of the following: (i) not vote in favor of the adoption of the Merger Agreement, (ii) deliver in the manner set forth below a written demand for appraisal of the stockholder’s or beneficial owner’s Shares to the Corporate Secretary of MarketAxess before the vote on the adoption of the Merger Agreement at the special meeting, (iii) continuously hold the Shares from the date of making the demand through completion of the Merger and (iv) otherwise comply with the requirements of Section 262.
A demand for appraisal must be executed by or on behalf of the stockholder of record of Shares for which appraisal is demanded. The demand should set forth, fully and correctly, the stockholder’s name as it appears on the certificates representing Shares. A demand may also be made by a beneficial owner of Shares if,
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in addition to satisfying the foregoing requirements, (i) such beneficial owner continuously owns such Shares through the completion of the Merger and otherwise satisfies the requirements for appraisal applicable to a stockholder of record under subsection (a) of Section 262 of the DGCL and (ii) the demand made by such beneficial owner reasonably identifies the holder of record of such Shares for which the demand is made, is accompanied by documentary evidence of such beneficial owner’s beneficial ownership of such Shares, and a statement that such documentary evidence is a true and correct copy of what it purports to be; the demand must also provide an address at which such beneficial owner consents to receive notices and to be set forth on the verified list described below.
If Shares are owned of record in a fiduciary capacity, such as by a trustee, guardian or custodian, such demand must be executed by the fiduciary. If the Shares are owned of record by more than one person, as in a joint tenancy or tenancy in common, the demand must be executed by or on behalf of all joint owners. An authorized agent, including an agent of two or more joint owners, may execute the demand for appraisal for a stockholder of record; however, the agent must identify the record owner and expressly disclose that, in exercising the demand, the agent is acting as agent for the record owner or owners.
A record owner, such as a broker, who holds the Shares as a nominee for others may exercise appraisal rights with respect to the Shares held for all or less than all beneficial owners of Shares as to which the holder is the record owner. In that case, the written demand must set forth the number of Shares covered by the demand. Where the number of Shares is not expressly stated, the demand will be presumed to cover all Shares outstanding in the name of the record owner.
Shares held through brokerage firms, banks and other financial institutions are frequently deposited with and held of record in the name of a nominee of a central security depository, such as Cede & Co., The Depository Trust Company’s nominee. A demand for appraisal with respect to such Shares must be made by or on behalf of the depository nominee and it must identify the depository nominee as the record owner.
As required by Section 262, a demand for appraisal must be in writing and must reasonably inform MarketAxess of the identity of the record holder (which might be a nominee as described above) and of the intention to seek appraisal of the holder’s Shares.
Stockholders of record or beneficial owners who elect to demand appraisal of their Shares must mail or deliver their written demand to:
MarketAxess Holdings Inc.
55 Hudson Yards, 15th Floor, New York, New York 10001
Attention: Scott Pintoff, Corporate Secretary
The written demand for appraisal should specify the name and mailing address of the person making such demand. The written demand must reasonably inform MarketAxess that the stockholder or beneficial owner intends thereby to demand an appraisal of his, her or its Shares. The written demand must be received by MarketAxess prior to the vote on the adoption of the Merger Agreement at the special meeting. Neither voting (via the virtual meeting website or by proxy) against, abstaining from voting on or failing to vote on the adoption of the Merger Agreement will alone suffice to constitute a written demand for appraisal within the meaning of Section 262. In addition, the person making the demand for appraisal must not vote its Shares in favor of adoption of the Merger Agreement. An executed proxy that does not contain voting instructions will, unless revoked, be voted in favor of adoption of the Merger Agreement and will cause such person’s right of appraisal to be lost. Therefore, a stockholder or beneficial owner who desires to exercise appraisal rights should either (x) refrain from executing and submitting the enclosed proxy card or (y) vote by proxy against the adoption of the Merger Agreement or affirmatively register an abstention with respect thereto.
Within 120 days after completion of the Merger, but not thereafter, either the surviving corporation or any stockholder or beneficial owner who has timely and properly demanded appraisal of such
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person’s Shares and who has complied with the requirements of Section 262 and is otherwise entitled to appraisal rights may commence an appraisal proceeding by filing a petition in the Delaware Court of Chancery, with a copy served on the surviving corporation in the case of a petition filed by a stockholder, demanding a determination of the fair value of the Shares of all stockholders or beneficial owners who have properly demanded appraisal. There is no present intent on the part of MarketAxess as the surviving corporation to file an appraisal petition, and stockholders or beneficial owners seeking to exercise appraisal rights should not assume that the surviving corporation will file such a petition or that the surviving corporation will initiate any negotiations with respect to the fair value of such Shares. Accordingly, stockholders or beneficial owners who desire to have their Shares appraised should initiate any petitions necessary for the perfection of their appraisal rights within the time periods and in the manner prescribed in Section 262.
Within 120 days after completion of the Merger, any stockholder or beneficial owner who has complied with the applicable provisions of Section 262 will be entitled, upon request given in writing (or by electronic transmission directed to an information processing system (if any) expressly designated for that purpose in the notice of appraisal), to receive from the surviving corporation a statement setting forth the aggregate number of Shares not voting in favor of the Merger and with respect to which demands for appraisal were received by the surviving corporation and the number of holders of such Shares. Such statement must be mailed within ten (10) days after a written request therefor has been received by the surviving corporation or within ten (10) days after the expiration of the period for delivery of demands for appraisal, whichever is later.
If a petition for appraisal is duly filed by a MarketAxess stockholder or beneficial owner and a copy of the petition is delivered to the surviving corporation, then the surviving corporation will be obligated, within 20 days after receiving service of a copy of the petition, to file with the Delaware Register in Chancery a duly verified list containing the names and addresses of all persons who have demanded an appraisal of their Shares and with whom agreements as to the value of their Shares have not been reached. After notice to persons who have demanded appraisal, if such notice is ordered by the Delaware Court of Chancery, the Delaware Court of Chancery will conduct a hearing upon the petition and determine those persons who have complied with Section 262 and who have become entitled to appraisal rights. The Delaware Court of Chancery may require the persons who have demanded an appraisal for their Shares and who hold stock represented by certificates to submit their certificates of stock to the Register in Chancery for notation thereon of the pendency of the appraisal proceedings; and if any person fails to comply with such direction, the Delaware Court of Chancery may dismiss the proceedings as to such person. The Delaware Court of Chancery must dismiss an appraisal proceeding as to all MarketAxess stockholders or beneficial owners who assert appraisal rights unless (i) the total number of Shares entitled to appraisal exceeds 1% of the outstanding Shares of the class or series eligible for appraisal, or (ii) the value of the consideration provided in the Merger for such total number of Shares seeking appraisal exceeds $1,000,000, or (iii) the Merger was approved pursuant to Section 253 or Section 267 of the DGCL. Where proceedings are not dismissed, the appraisal proceeding will be conducted, as to the Shares owned by such stockholders or beneficial owners, in accordance with the rules of the Delaware Court of Chancery, including any rules specifically governing appraisal proceedings.
After a hearing on such petition, the Delaware Court of Chancery will determine which stockholders or beneficial owners are entitled to appraisal rights and thereafter will appraise the Shares owned by those stockholders or beneficial owners, determining the fair value of the Shares exclusive of any element of value arising from the accomplishment or expectation of the Merger, together with interest to be paid, if any, upon the amount determined to be the fair value. Unless the Delaware Court of Chancery in its discretion determines otherwise for good cause shown, and except as provided in subsection (h) of Section 262, interest from the date the Merger is completed through the date of payment of the judgment will be compounded quarterly and will accrue at 5% over the Federal Reserve discount rate (including any surcharges) as established from time to time during the period between the date the Merger is completed and the date of payment of the judgment. At any time before the entry of judgment in the proceedings, the combined company may pay to each former MarketAxess stockholder or beneficial owner entitled to appraisal an amount in cash, in which case interest will accrue thereafter as provided in Section 262 only upon the sum of (i) the difference, if any, between
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the amount so paid and the fair value of the Shares as determined by the Delaware Court of Chancery, and (ii) interests theretofore accrued, unless paid at that time. In determining fair value, the Delaware Court of Chancery is to take into account all relevant factors. In Weinberger v. UOP, Inc., et al., the Delaware Supreme Court stated that “proof of value by any techniques or methods which are generally considered acceptable in the financial community and otherwise admissible in court” should be considered in an appraisal proceeding and that “[f]air price obviously requires consideration of all relevant factors involving the value of a company.” The Delaware Supreme Court has stated that in making this determination of fair value the court may consider market value, asset value, dividends, earnings prospects, the nature of the enterprise and any other facts which could be ascertained as of the date of the Merger which throw any light on future prospects of the merged corporation. Section 262 provides that fair value is to be determined “exclusive of any element of value arising from the accomplishment or expectation of the Merger.” In Cede & Co. v. Technicolor, Inc., the Delaware Supreme Court stated that such exclusion is a “narrow exclusion [that] does not encompass known elements of value,” but which rather applies only to the speculative elements of value arising from such accomplishment or expectation. In Weinberger, the Delaware Supreme Court construed Section 262 to mean that “elements of future value, including the nature of the enterprise, which are known or susceptible of proof as of the date of the Merger and not the product of speculation, may be considered.”
Stockholders and beneficial owners considering seeking appraisal should bear in mind that the fair value of their Shares determined under Section 262 could be more than, the same as, or less than the Merger Consideration they are entitled to receive pursuant to the Merger Agreement if they do not seek appraisal of their Shares, and that opinions of investment banking firms as to the fairness from a financial point of view of the consideration payable in a transaction are not opinions as to fair value under Section 262. MarketAxess reserves the right to assert, in any appraisal proceeding, that for purposes of Section 262, the “fair value” of a Share is less than the applicable Merger Consideration.
The cost of the appraisal proceeding may be determined by the Delaware Court of Chancery and charged upon the parties as the Delaware Court of Chancery deems equitable in the circumstances. However, costs do not include attorneys’ and expert witness fees. The Delaware Court of Chancery may order that all or a portion of the expenses incurred by such stockholder or beneficial owner in connection with the appraisal proceeding, including, without limitation, reasonable attorneys’ fees and the fees and expenses of experts, be charged pro rata against the value of all Shares entitled to appraisal. In the absence of such a determination of assessment, each party bears its own expenses.
From and after the date of completion of the Merger, any stockholder or beneficial owner who has duly demanded appraisal in compliance with Section 262 will not, after completion of the Merger, be entitled to vote for any purpose any Shares subject to such demand or to receive payment of dividends or other distributions on such Shares, except for dividends or distributions payable to stockholders of record at a date prior to completion of the Merger.
Within 10 days after the Effective Time, the surviving corporation must give notice of the date that the Merger became effective to each of MarketAxess stockholders or beneficial owners who have perfected and not withdrawn a written demand for appraisal in accordance with Section 262. At any time within 60 days after completion of the Merger, any stockholder or beneficial owner who has demanded appraisal and who has not commenced an appraisal proceeding or joined that proceeding as a named party will have the right to withdraw such person’s demand for appraisal and to accept the cash to which the person is entitled pursuant to the Merger. After this period, the stockholder or beneficial owner may withdraw such person’s demand for appraisal only with the written approval of the surviving corporation. If no petition for appraisal is filed with the Delaware Court of Chancery within 120 days after completion of the Merger, stockholders’ or beneficial owners’ rights to appraisal will cease and all stockholders will be entitled only to receive the Merger Consideration as provided for in the Merger Agreement. No petition timely filed in the Delaware Court of Chancery demanding appraisal will be dismissed as to any stockholders or beneficial owners without the approval of the Delaware Court of Chancery, and that approval may be conditioned upon such terms as the Delaware Court of Chancery
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deems just. However, the preceding sentence will not affect the right of any stockholder or beneficial owner who has not commenced an appraisal proceeding or joined the proceeding as a named party to withdraw such person’s demand for appraisal and to accept the terms offered upon the Merger within 60 days after completion of the Merger.
The foregoing is a brief summary of Section 262 that sets forth the procedures for demanding statutory appraisal rights. This summary, however, is not a complete statement of all applicable requirements and is qualified in its entirety by reference to Section 262, which may be accessed without subscription or cost at the following publicly available website: https://delcode.delaware.gov/title8/c001/sc09/index.html#262.
Failure to comply strictly with all the procedures set forth in Section 262 may result in the loss of a stockholder’s or beneficial owner’s statutory appraisal rights. Consequently, if you wish to exercise your appraisal rights, you are strongly urged to consult a legal advisor before attempting to exercise your appraisal rights.
SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
The following table sets forth certain information regarding the beneficial ownership of the Company’s common stock as of September 16, 2026, by (i) each person or group of persons known by us to beneficially own more than five percent of our common stock, (ii) each of our named executive officers (“NEOs”), (iii) each of our directors and (iv) all of our directors and executive officers as a group.
The following table gives effect to the shares of common stock issuable within 60 days of September 16, 2026, upon the exercise of all options and other rights beneficially owned by the indicated stockholders on that date. Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with Rule 13d-3 promulgated under Section 13 of the Exchange Act and includes voting and investment power with respect to shares. The percentage of beneficial ownership is based on 35,197,197 shares of common stock outstanding at the close of business on September 16, 2026. Except as otherwise noted below, and based on information known to us or furnished to us by the persons or entities named below, each person or entity named in the following table has sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares of our common stock that such person or entity beneficially owns. Unless otherwise indicated, the address of each beneficial owner listed below is c/o MarketAxess Holdings Inc., 55 Hudson Yards, 15th Floor, New York, New York 10001.
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| Number of Shares Beneficially Owned |
Percentage of Stock Owned |
|||||||
| 5% Stockholders |
||||||||
| BlackRock, Inc. 1 |
4,034,537 | 11.5 | % | |||||
| Primecap Management Co/CA/ 2 |
3,504,905 | 10.0 | % | |||||
| North Reef Capital Management LP 3 |
3,395,000 | 9.6 | % | |||||
| Vanguard Portfolio Management LLC 4 |
2,168,085 | 6.2 | % | |||||
| AQR Capital Management Holdings, LLC 5 |
1,987,288 | 5.6 | % | |||||
| Vanguard Capital Management LLC 6 |
1,892,096 | 5.4 | % | |||||
| NEOs and Directors |
||||||||
| Carlos Hernandez 7 |
20,439 | * | ||||||
| Nancy Altobello 8 |
368 | * | ||||||
| Steven Begleiter 9 |
7,769 | * | ||||||
| Jane Chwick 10 |
7,833 | * | ||||||
| Douglas Cifu 11 |
259 | * | ||||||
| Christopher R. Concannon 12 |
67,741 | * | ||||||
| William F. Cruger 13 |
2,643 | * | ||||||
| Kourtney Gibson 14 |
3,152 | * | ||||||
| Roberto Hoornweg 15 |
999 | * | ||||||
| Richard G. Ketchum 16 |
4,703 | * | ||||||
| Emily H. Portney 17 |
4,440 | * | ||||||
| Kenneth Schiciano 18 |
555 | * | ||||||
| Dean Berry 19 |
8,673 | * | ||||||
| Ilene Fiszel Bieler 20 |
1,159 | * | ||||||
| Kevin M. McPherson 21 |
62,958 | * | ||||||
| Naineshkumar S. Panchal 22 |
5,572 | * | ||||||
| Scott Pintoff 23 |
5,776 | * | ||||||
| Christophe Roupie |
— | * | ||||||
| William Quan 24 |
— | * | ||||||
| All Current Executive Officers and Directors as a Group (17 persons) 25 |
199,467 | * | ||||||
| * | Less than 1%. |
(1) Information regarding the number of shares beneficially owned by BlackRock, Inc. (“BlackRock”) was obtained from a Schedule 13G/A filed by BlackRock with the SEC on February 6, 2026. The principal business address of BlackRock is 50 Hudson Yards, New York, NY 10001.
(2) Information regarding the number of shares beneficially owned by Primecap Management Co/CA/ (“Primecap”) was obtained from a Schedule 13G/A filed by Primecap with the SEC on August 6, 2026. The principal business address of Primecap is 177 East Colorado Blvd., 11th Floor, Pasadena, CA 91105.
(3) Information regarding the number of shares beneficially owned by North Reef Capital Management LP (“North Reef”) was obtained from a Schedule 13G/A filed with the SEC on August 14, 2026 jointly by North Reef, North Reef Capital Management GP LLC and James Hanna, III. The principal business address of North Reef is 1833 South Coast Highway, Suite 210, Laguna Beach, CA 92651.
(4) Information regarding the number of shares beneficially owned by Vanguard Portfolio Management LLC (“Vanguard Portfolio Management”) was obtained from a Schedule 13G filed by Vanguard Portfolio Management with the SEC on April 29, 2026. In that filing, Vanguard Portfolio Management stated that such shares include securities held by Vanguard funds, or sleeves thereof, over which it exercises dispositive power,
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together with securities held by clients of Vanguard Fiduciary Trust Company and Vanguard Global Advisers, LLC. The principal business address of Vanguard Portfolio Management is 100 Vanguard Blvd., Malvern, PA 19355.
(5) Information regarding the number of shares beneficially owned by AQR Capital Management Holdings, LLC (“AQR”) was obtained from a Schedule 13G/A filed with the SEC on August 13, 2026 jointly with AQR and AQR Capital Management, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of AQR. The principal business address of AQR is One Greenwich Plaza, Suite 130, Greenwich, CT 06830.
(6) Information regarding the number of shares beneficially owned by Vanguard Capital Management LLC (“Vanguard Capital Management”) was obtained from a Schedule 13G filed by Vanguard Capital Management with the SEC on April 30, 2026. In that filing, Vanguard Capital Management stated that such shares include securities held by Vanguard funds, or sleeves thereof, over which it exercises dispositive power, together with securities held by clients of Vanguard Asset Management Limited, Vanguard Fiduciary Trust Company, Vanguard Global Advisers, LLC and Vanguard Investments Australia Ltd. The principal business address of Vanguard Capital Management is 100 Vanguard Blvd., Malvern, PA 19355.
(7) Consists of (i) 18,667 shares of common stock owned individually; and (ii) 1,772 shares of common stock held indirectly in a trust. Does not include (i) 2,531 deferred RSUs; or (ii) 2,616 deferred unvested RSUs.
(8) Consists of 368 shares of common stock owned individually. Does not include (i) 3,394 deferred RSUs; or (ii) 1,390 deferred unvested RSUs.
(9) Consists of 7,769 shares of common stock owned individually. Does not include (i) 2,915 deferred RSUs; or (ii) 1,390 deferred unvested RSUs.
(10) Consists of 7,833 shares of common stock owned individually. Does not include 1,390 unvested RSUs.
(11) Consists of 259 shares of common stock owned individually. Does not include 1,390 unvested RSUs.
(12) Consists of (i) 37,586 shares of common stock owned individually; and (ii) 30,155 shares of common stock issuable pursuant to stock options granted to Mr. Concannon that are or become exercisable within 60 days. Does not include (i) 37,403 shares of common stock issuable pursuant to stock options that are not exercisable within 60 days; (ii) 14,047 unvested RSUs; (iii) 1,967 deferred RSUs; or (iv) 37,338 PSUs.
(13) Consists of 2,643 shares of common stock owned individually. Does not include 1,390 unvested RSUs.
(14) Consists of 3,152 shares of common stock owned individually. Does not include 1,390 unvested RSUs.
(15) Consists of 999 shares of common stock owned individually. Does not include 1,390 unvested RSUs.
(16) Consists of 4,703 shares of common stock owned individually. Does not include 1,390 unvested RSUs.
(17) Consists of (i) 2,869 shares of common stock held individually; and (ii) 1,571 shares of common stock held indirectly in a trust. Does not include 1,390 unvested RSUs.
(18) Consists of 555 shares of common stock owned individually. Does not include 1,390 unvested RSUs.
(19) Consists of 8,673 unvested RSUs that vest within 60 days. Does not include (i) 17,344 unvested RSUs; and (ii) 12,564 PSUs.
(20) Consists of 1,159 shares of common stock owned individually. Does not include (i) 7,497 unvested RSUs; or (ii) 9,669 PSUs.
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(21) Consists of 62,958 shares of common stock owned individually. Does not include (i) 8,091 unvested RSUs; or (ii) 11,809 PSUs.
(22) Consists of 5,572 shares of common stock owned individually. Does not include (i) 2,784 unvested RSUs; or (ii) 2,698 PSUs.
(23) Consists of 5,776 shares of common stock owned individually. Does not include (i) 5,710 unvested RSUs; or (ii) 7,264 PSUs.
(24) Does not include 218 unvested RSUs.
(25) Consists of (i) 160,639 shares of common stock owned individually and indirectly; (ii) 8,673 RSUs that vest within 60 days; and (iii) 30,155 shares of common stock issuable pursuant to stock options that are or become exercisable within 60 days. Does not include (i) 37,403 shares of common stock issuable pursuant to stock options that are not exercisable within 60 days; (ii) 64,027 RSUs that are unvested; (iii) 10,807 deferred RSUs; (iv) 5,396 deferred unvested RSUs; or (v) 78,644 PSUs.
As of the date of this proxy statement, the Board knows of no matters that will be presented for consideration at the special meeting other than as described in this proxy statement.
We will not hold an annual meeting of stockholders in 2027 if the Merger is completed because the Company will no longer be publicly held. However, if the Merger Agreement is terminated for any reason, we expect to hold an annual meeting of stockholders in 2027 and the Company’s stockholders will continue to be entitled to attend and participate in the Company’s stockholder meetings.
If the Company holds a 2027 annual meeting, any proposal or proposals by a Company stockholder intended to be included in the proxy statement and form of proxy relating to the annual meeting of Company stockholders to be held in 2027 must comply with the procedures set forth in Rule 14a-8 of the Exchange Act. To be eligible for inclusion, your proposal(s) must satisfy all applicable requirements of Rule 14a-8 and must have been received by the Company at its principal executive offices in New York, New York, on or before December 30, 2026. If the 2027 annual meeting is held on a date that is more than 30 calendar days before or after the anniversary date of the immediately preceding annual meeting, a stockholder proposal in accordance with Rule 14a-8 must be received by a reasonable time before MarketAxess begins to print and distribute its proxy solicitation for the 2027 annual meeting. Nothing in this paragraph will be deemed to require the Company to include in its proxy statement and proxy relating to the 2027 annual meeting any stockholder proposal that may be omitted from the proxy materials of the Company under applicable regulations of the Exchange Act in effect at the time such proposal is received.
In addition, under the Company’s bylaws, any proposal for consideration at the 2027 annual meeting of stockholders submitted by a stockholder other than pursuant to Rule 14a-8 will be considered timely if it is received by the Secretary of the Company at its principal executive offices in New York, New York, between the close of business on November 30, 2026 and the close of business on December 30, 2026 and is otherwise in compliance with the requirements set forth in the Company’s bylaws.
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In addition to satisfying the foregoing requirements, to comply with the SEC’s universal proxy rules, Company stockholders who intend to solicit proxies in support of director nominees other than our nominees must provide timely notice that sets forth the information required by Rule 14a-19 under the Exchange Act. Stockholder proposals and nominations should be sent to:
Scott Pintoff
General Counsel & Corporate Secretary
MarketAxess Holdings Inc. 55 Hudson Yards, 15th Floor
New York, New York 10001
HOUSEHOLDING OF PROXY MATERIAL
The SEC has adopted rules that permit companies and intermediaries such as brokers to satisfy delivery requirements for proxy statements and annual reports with respect to two or more stockholders who reside at the same address by delivering a single proxy statement or annual report, as applicable, addressed to those stockholders. As permitted by the Exchange Act, only one copy of this proxy statement is being delivered to stockholders residing at the same address, unless such stockholders have notified MarketAxess of their desire to receive multiple copies of this proxy statement. This process, which is commonly referred to as “householding,” is designed to reduce duplicate mailings and save significant printing and postage costs as well as natural resources. If, at any time, you no longer wish to participate in householding and would prefer to receive a separate proxy statement, or if you are receiving multiple copies of this proxy statement and wish to receive only one, please contact our Investor Relations Department at MarketAxess Holdings Inc. at the telephone number or address below. We will promptly deliver, upon oral or written request, a separate copy of this proxy statement to any stockholder residing at an address to which only one copy was mailed. Requests for additional copies should be directed to our Investor Relations Department at MarketAxess Holdings Inc. toll free at 212-813-6000. You may also write to our Investor Relations Department at MarketAxess Holdings Inc. at 55 Hudson Yards, 15th Floor, New York, NY 10001. Beneficial stockholders can request information about householding from their banks, brokers or other holders of record.
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION
Our SEC filings are available to the public at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. You also may obtain free copies of the documents we file with the SEC, including this proxy statement, by going to the Investors page of our corporate website at www.marketaxess.com. The information provided on our website, other than copies of the documents listed below that have been filed with the SEC, is not part of this proxy statement, and therefore is not incorporated herein by reference.
Statements contained in this proxy statement, or in any document incorporated in this proxy statement by reference, regarding the contents of any contract or other document, are not necessarily complete, and each such statement is qualified in its entirety by reference to that contract or other document filed as an exhibit with the SEC. The SEC allows us to “incorporate by reference” into this proxy statement documents we file with the SEC. This means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to those documents. The information incorporated by reference is considered to be a part of this proxy statement. This proxy statement and the information that we later file with the SEC may update and supersede the information incorporated by reference and may update and supersede the information in this proxy statement.
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We incorporate by reference the documents listed below and any documents filed by us pursuant to Section 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act after the date of this proxy statement and before the date of the special meeting (provided that we are not incorporating by reference any information furnished to, but not filed with, the SEC):
| • | our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2026 filed on August 7, 2026; |
| • | our Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on July 30, 2026; |
| • | our Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on July 30, 2026; |
| • | our Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 10, 2026; |
| • | our Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on May 7, 2026; |
| • | our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2026 filed on May 7, 2026; |
| • | our Definitive Proxy Statement for the 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, filed with the SEC on April 29, 2026; |
| • | our Current Report on Form 8-K/A filed with the SEC on April 17, 2026; |
| • | our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025 filed on February 24, 2026; |
| • | our Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on February 17, 2026; |
| • | our Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on February 6, 2026; and |
| • | our Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on January 26, 2026. |
Information furnished under Item 2.02 or Item 7.01 of any Current Report on Form 8-K, including related exhibits, is not and will not be incorporated by reference into this proxy statement.
Any statement contained in a document incorporated by reference into this proxy statement will be deemed to be modified or superseded for purposes of this proxy statement to the extent that a statement contained in this proxy statement or any other subsequently filed document that is incorporated by reference into this proxy statement modifies or supersedes the statement.
Copies of any of the documents we file with the SEC may be obtained free of charge either on our website, by contacting Scott Pintoff, General Counsel & Corporate Secretary at MarketAxess Holdings Inc., 55 Hudson Yards, 15th Floor, New York, New York 10001, or on the Investor Relations page of our corporate website at www.marketaxess.com, or by contacting Okapi Partners LLC, our proxy solicitor, at the contact information listed below or through the SEC website. Documents incorporated by reference are available without charge, excluding any exhibits to those documents unless the exhibit is specifically incorporated by reference into those documents. If you would like to request documents from us, please do so at least five (5) business days before the date of the special meeting in order to receive timely delivery of those documents prior to the special meeting.
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Okapi Partners LLC
1212 Avenue of the Americas, 17th Floor
New York, NY 10036
Toll Free: (877)629-6355
Direct: (212)297-0720
info@okapipartners.com
THIS PROXY STATEMENT DOES NOT CONSTITUTE THE SOLICITATION OF A PROXY IN ANY JURISDICTION TO OR FROM ANY PERSON TO WHOM OR FROM WHOM IT IS UNLAWFUL TO MAKE SUCH PROXY SOLICITATION IN THAT JURISDICTION. YOU SHOULD RELY ONLY ON THE INFORMATION CONTAINED OR INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE IN THIS PROXY STATEMENT TO VOTE YOUR SHARES AT THE SPECIAL MEETING. WE HAVE NOT AUTHORIZED ANYONE TO PROVIDE YOU WITH INFORMATION THAT IS DIFFERENT FROM WHAT IS CONTAINED IN THIS PROXY STATEMENT. THIS PROXY STATEMENT IS DATED SEPTEMBER 18, 2026. YOU SHOULD NOT ASSUME THAT THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS PROXY STATEMENT IS ACCURATE AS OF ANY DATE OTHER THAN THAT DATE, AND THE MAILING OF THIS PROXY STATEMENT TO STOCKHOLDERS DOES NOT CREATE ANY IMPLICATION TO THE CONTRARY.
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ANNEX A
AGREEMENT AND PLAN OF MERGER
among
MARKETAXESS HOLDINGS INC.,
INTERCONTINENTAL EXCHANGE, INC.
and
IGLOO MERGER SUB II, INC.
Dated as of July 29, 2026
Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
A-i
Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
(cont.)
A-ii
Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
(cont.)
| Page | ||||||
| ARTICLE VIII |
| |||||
| TERMINATION |
| |||||
| 8.1 |
Termination by Mutual Consent | 54 | ||||
| 8.2 |
Termination by Either Parent or the Company | 54 | ||||
| 8.3 |
Termination by the Company | 54 | ||||
| 8.4 |
Termination by Parent | 55 | ||||
| 8.5 |
Effect of Termination and Abandonment | 55 | ||||
| ARTICLE IX |
| |||||
| MISCELLANEOUS AND GENERAL |
| |||||
| 9.1 |
Survival | 58 | ||||
| 9.2 |
Modification or Amendment | 58 | ||||
| 9.3 |
Waiver | 58 | ||||
| 9.4 |
Counterparts; Effectiveness | 58 | ||||
| 9.5 |
Governing Law and Venue; Waiver of Jury Trial | 58 | ||||
| 9.6 |
Notices | 59 | ||||
| 9.7 |
Entire Agreement | 60 | ||||
| 9.8 |
No Third Party Beneficiaries | 60 | ||||
| 9.9 |
Obligations of Parent and of the Company | 60 | ||||
| 9.10 |
Severability | 60 | ||||
| 9.11 |
Interpretation | 61 | ||||
| 9.12 |
Assignment | 61 | ||||
| 9.13 |
Specific Performance | 61 | ||||
| 9.14 |
Definitions | 62 | ||||
| 9.15 |
Debt Financing Sources | 70 | ||||
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INDEX OF DEFINED TERMS
| Defined Term |
Section | |
| “Acceptable Confidentiality Agreement” |
9.14 | |
| “Acquisition Proposal” |
9.14 | |
| “Action” |
9.5(b) | |
| “Affiliate” |
9.14 | |
| “AFM” |
4.23(a) | |
| “Agreement” |
Preamble | |
| “AI Inputs” |
9.14 | |
| “AI Technology” |
9.14 | |
| “Alternative Acquisition Agreement” |
6.2(d) | |
| “Anti-Corruption Laws” |
9.14 | |
| “Anti-Money Laundering Laws” |
4.11(d) | |
| “Antitrust Laws” |
9.14 | |
| “Applicable Date” |
4.5(a) | |
| “Approved Capital Expenditures” |
9.14 | |
| “Award Holder” |
9.14 | |
| “Bankruptcy and Equity Exception” |
4.3 | |
| “BD Filings” |
4.22(b) | |
| “Business Day” |
9.14 | |
| “Bylaws” |
2.2 | |
| “Capitalization Date” |
4.2(a) | |
| “Cause” |
9.14 | |
| “Certificate” |
3.1(a)(i) | |
| “Certificate of Incorporation” |
2.1 | |
| “Certificate of Merger” |
1.3 | |
| “Change in Recommendation” |
6.2(d) | |
| “Closing” |
1.2 | |
| “Closing Date” |
1.2 | |
| “Closing Indebtedness” |
6.18 | |
| “Code” |
3.2(f) | |
| “Commodity Exchange Act” |
9.14 | |
| “Company” |
Preamble | |
| “Company Acquisition Proposal” |
8.5(c) | |
| “Company Bylaws” |
4.1 | |
| “Company Certificate of Incorporation” |
4.1 | |
| “Company DCP” |
6.10(d) | |
| “Company Disclosure Letter” |
ARTICLE IV | |
| “Company ESPP” |
3.5(d) | |
| “Company Lease” |
4.19 | |
| “Company Material Adverse Effect” |
9.14 | |
| “Company Option” |
3.5(a) | |
| “Company PSU” |
3.5(c) | |
| “Company Plan” |
9.14 | |
| “Company Recommendation” |
4.3 | |
| “Company Regulatory Agreement” |
4.7(b) | |
| “Company Related Parties” |
8.5(g) | |
| “Company Reports” |
4.5(a) | |
| “Company Requisite Vote” |
4.3 | |
| “Company RSU” |
3.5(b)(i) | |
| “Company Stock Plan” |
3.5(a) |
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| Defined Term |
Section | |
| “Company Stockholders Meeting” |
6.5(a) | |
| “Company Termination Fee” |
8.5(b) | |
| “Confidentiality Agreement” |
9.7 | |
| “Consent” |
4.4(a) | |
| “Constituent Documents” |
9.14 | |
| “Continuing Employee” |
6.10(a) | |
| “Continuing Membership Application” |
9.14 | |
| “Contracts” |
4.4(b) | |
| “Copyrights” |
9.14 | |
| “D&O Insurance” |
6.12(b) | |
| “Debt Financing” |
6.19(a) | |
| “Debt Financing Agreements” |
9.15 | |
| “Debt Financing Sources” |
9.14 | |
| “Debt Payoff Letter” |
6.18 | |
| “DGCL” |
1.1 | |
| “Director RSU” |
3.5(b)(i) | |
| “Disability” |
9.14 | |
| “Dissenting Stockholders” |
3.1(a)(i) | |
| “DNB” |
4.23(a) | |
| “DTC” |
9.14 | |
| “Effective Time” |
1.3 | |
| “Election Freeze Date” |
6.10(d) | |
| “Environmental Law” |
9.14 | |
| “ERISA” |
9.14 | |
| “ERISA Affiliate” |
4.9(d) | |
| “ERISA Plans” |
9.14 | |
| “ESMA” |
4.23(a) | |
| “EU MTF Operator” |
4.23(a) | |
| “Exchange Act” |
4.4(a) | |
| “Exchange Fund” |
3.2(a) | |
| “Exchange Ratio” |
9.14 | |
| “Excluded Shares” |
3.1(a)(i) | |
| “Extended Termination Date” |
8.2(a) | |
| “FCA” |
4.23(a) | |
| “FCPA” |
9.14 | |
| “Final Offering” |
3.5(d) | |
| “FINRA” |
9.14 | |
| “FINRA Approval” |
9.14 | |
| “Foreign Company Plan” |
4.9(a) | |
| “Foreign Investment and Competition Laws” |
4.4(a) | |
| “Form ATS” |
4.22(e) | |
| “Form BD” |
4.22(e) | |
| “Fraud” |
9.14 | |
| “FSMA” |
4.23(a) | |
| “GAAP” |
9.14 | |
| “Good Reason” |
9.14 | |
| “Governmental Entity” |
4.4(a) | |
| “Governmental Notices and Consents” |
4.4(a) | |
| “HSR Act” |
4.4(a) | |
| “IEX” |
9.14 | |
| “Indebtedness” |
9.14 |
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| Defined Term |
Section | |
| “Indemnified Parties” |
6.12(a) | |
| “Information Technology Systems” |
9.14 | |
| “Insurance Policies” |
4.18 | |
| “Intellectual Property” |
9.14 | |
| “Internet Properties” |
9.14 | |
| “Intervening Event” |
9.14 | |
| “IRS” |
9.14 | |
| “J.P. Morgan” |
4.20 | |
| “Knowledge of Parent” |
9.14 | |
| “Knowledge of the Company” |
9.14 | |
| “Law” |
9.14 | |
| “Leased Real Property” |
4.19 | |
| “Licenses” |
4.11(b) | |
| “Lien” |
4.2(d) | |
| “Malicious Code” |
9.14 | |
| “Material Contracts” |
4.12(p) | |
| “Merger” |
Recitals | |
| “Merger Consideration” |
3.1(a)(i) | |
| “Merger Sub” |
Preamble | |
| “MiFID II” |
4.23(a) | |
| “MiFIR” |
4.23(a) | |
| “MSRB” |
9.14 | |
| “MTF” |
4.23(a) | |
| “MTF Filings” |
4.23(b) | |
| “MTF Operators” |
4.23(a) | |
| “Nasdaq” |
9.14 | |
| “NFA” |
4.22(a) | |
| “Nonvoting Shares” |
4.2(a) | |
| “Open Source Software” |
9.14 | |
| “Order” |
9.14 | |
| “Ordinary Course of Business” |
9.14 | |
| “Other Option” |
3.5(f) | |
| “Other PSU” |
3.5(f) | |
| “Other RSU” |
3.5(f) | |
| “Parent” |
Preamble | |
| “Parent Common Stock” |
3.5(a) | |
| “Parent Material Adverse Effect” |
9.14 | |
| “Parent Option” |
3.5(a) | |
| “Parent Parties” |
5.4(c) | |
| “Parent Regulatory Termination Fee” |
8.5(d) | |
| “Parent Reports” |
9.14 | |
| “Parent Related Parties” |
8.5(g) | |
| “Parent RSU” |
3.5(b)(i) | |
| “Patents” |
9.14 | |
| “Paying Agent” |
3.2(a) | |
| “Payment” |
8.5(f) | |
| “Permitted Liens” |
9.14 | |
| “Person” |
9.14 | |
| “Personal Information” |
9.14 | |
| “Preferred Shares” |
4.2(a) | |
| “Privacy Commitments” |
4.17 |
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| Defined Term |
Section | |
| “Privacy Laws” |
9.14 | |
| “Proceedings” |
4.7(a) | |
| “Processing” |
9.14 | |
| “Proxy Statement” |
6.4(a) | |
| “Registered Broker-Dealer” |
9.14 | |
| “Registered IP” |
4.16(a) | |
| “Regulation ATS” |
4.22(i) | |
| “Remedial Action” |
6.6(d) | |
| “Representatives” |
6.2(a) | |
| “Requisite Regulatory Approvals” |
7.1(b) | |
| “Sanctions” |
4.11(e) | |
| “Sanctioned Country” |
4.11(e) | |
| “Sarbanes-Oxley Act” |
4.5(a) | |
| “SEC” |
4.5(a) | |
| “SEC Clearance Date” |
6.4(a) | |
| “Second Request” |
6.6(b) | |
| “Securities Act” |
4.4(a) | |
| “Shares” |
3.1(a)(i) | |
| “Software” |
9.14 | |
| “Solvent” |
9.14 | |
| “Specified Acquisition” |
6.6(b) | |
| “Specified Proceeding” |
6.1(n) | |
| “SRO” |
4.22(a) | |
| “Staff” |
6.4(a) | |
| “Subsidiary” |
9.14 | |
| “Superior Proposal” |
9.14 | |
| “Surviving Corporation” |
1.1 | |
| “Takeover Statute” |
4.13 | |
| “Tax” |
9.14 | |
| “Tax Return” |
9.14 | |
| “Termination Date” |
8.2(a) | |
| “Top Customer” |
4.25(a) | |
| “Top Vendor” |
4.26(a) | |
| “Trademarks” |
9.14 | |
| “Transaction Personal Information” |
6.7(d) | |
| “Treasury Regulations” |
9.14 | |
| “UK MiFIR” |
4.23(a) | |
| “UK MTF Operator” |
4.23(a) | |
| “Uncertificated Shares” |
3.1(a)(i) | |
| “Wft” |
4.23(a) | |
| “Willful Breach” |
9.14 |
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This AGREEMENT AND PLAN OF MERGER (this “Agreement”), is entered into as of July 29, 2026, by and among MarketAxess Holdings Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), Intercontinental Exchange, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Parent”), and Igloo Merger Sub II, Inc., a Delaware corporation and a wholly-owned Subsidiary of Parent (“Merger Sub”).
RECITALS
WHEREAS, the board of directors of the Company, by resolutions duly adopted, has unanimously (a) approved and declared advisable this Agreement and the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby, including the merger of Merger Sub with and into the Company with the Company surviving the merger as the surviving corporation (the “Merger”), upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in this Agreement, (b) determined that this Agreement and the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby, including the Merger, are fair to, and in the best interests of, the Company and its stockholders and (c) subject to Section 6.2, resolved to recommend to its stockholders the adoption of this Agreement;
WHEREAS, the board of directors of Parent, by resolutions duly adopted, has unanimously (a) approved and declared advisable this Agreement and the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby, including the Merger, upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in this Agreement and (b) determined that this Agreement and the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby, including the Merger, are fair to, and in the best interests of, Parent and its stockholders;
WHEREAS, the board of directors of Merger Sub, by resolutions duly adopted, has unanimously (a) approved and declared advisable this Agreement and the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby, including the Merger, upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in this Agreement, (b) determined that this Agreement and the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby, including the Merger, are fair to, and in the best interests of, Merger Sub and its stockholder, (c) resolved to recommend to Parent, as the sole stockholder of Merger Sub, the adoption of this Agreement and (d) directed that this Agreement be submitted to Parent, as the sole stockholder of Merger Sub, for its adoption; and
WHEREAS, the Company, Parent and Merger Sub desire to make certain representations, warranties, covenants and agreements in connection with this Agreement.
NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the premises, and of the representations, warranties, covenants and agreements contained herein, the receipt and sufficiency of which is acknowledged and agreed, the parties hereto agree as follows:
ARTICLE I
THE MERGER; CLOSING; EFFECTIVE TIME
1.1 The Merger. Upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in this Agreement, at the Effective Time, Merger Sub shall be merged with and into the Company and the separate corporate existence of Merger Sub shall thereupon cease. The Company shall be the surviving corporation in the Merger (in such capacity, sometimes hereinafter referred to as the “Surviving Corporation”), and become a wholly-owned Subsidiary of Parent, and the separate corporate existence of the Company with all its rights, privileges, immunities, powers and franchises shall continue unaffected by the Merger, except as set forth in ARTICLE II. The Merger shall have the effects specified in the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”), this Agreement and the Certificate of Merger (as defined below).
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1.2 Closing. Unless this Agreement shall have been terminated pursuant to ARTICLE VIII and unless otherwise mutually agreed in writing by the parties hereto, the closing of the Merger (the “Closing”) shall be conducted remotely via the electronic exchange of documents and signatures at 8:00 a.m., Eastern Time, on a date that is as soon as reasonably practicable, and in no event later than five (5) Business Days, following the day on which the last to be satisfied or waived of each of the conditions set forth in ARTICLE VII (other than those conditions that by their terms are to be satisfied at the Closing, but subject to the satisfaction or waiver of those conditions) shall have been satisfied or waived in accordance with this Agreement (the date on which the Closing occurs is referred to as the “Closing Date”).
1.3 Effective Time. Concurrently with the Closing, the Company and Parent will cause a Certificate of Merger with respect to the Merger (the “Certificate of Merger”) to be executed, acknowledged and filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware as provided in the DGCL and make all other filings or recordings required under the DGCL in connection with the Merger. The Merger shall become effective on the date and at the time when the Certificate of Merger has been duly filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware or at such later date or time as may be agreed upon by the Company and Parent in writing and set forth in the Certificate of Merger in accordance with the DGCL (the “Effective Time”).
ARTICLE II
ORGANIZATIONAL DOCUMENTS, DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS
OF THE SURVIVING CORPORATION
2.1 The Certificate of Incorporation. At the Effective Time, the certificate of incorporation of the Surviving Corporation (the “Certificate of Incorporation”) shall be amended to read as the certificate of incorporation of Merger Sub in effect immediately prior to the Effective Time, except (a) that references to the name of Merger Sub shall be replaced by the name of the Surviving Corporation and (b) for such changes as are agreed by the parties and necessary to comply with Section 6.12 and the terms of this Agreement, and as such shall be the Certificate of Incorporation until thereafter amended as provided therein or by applicable Law, subject to Section 6.12.
2.2 The Bylaws. At the Effective Time, the bylaws of Merger Sub in effect immediately prior to the Effective Time shall become the bylaws of the Surviving Corporation (the “Bylaws”), except (a) that references to the name of Merger Sub shall be replaced by the name of the Surviving Corporation and (b) for such changes as are agreed by the parties and necessary to comply with Section 6.12, and as such shall be the Bylaws until thereafter amended as provided therein or by applicable Law, subject to Section 6.12.
2.3 Directors of the Surviving Corporation. The parties hereto shall take all actions necessary so that the directors of Merger Sub immediately prior to the Effective Time shall, from and after the Effective Time, be the directors of the Surviving Corporation to hold office until their respective successors have been duly elected or appointed and qualified or until their earlier death, resignation or removal in accordance with the DGCL, the Certificate of Incorporation and the Bylaws.
2.4 Officers of the Surviving Corporation. The parties hereto shall take all actions necessary so that the officers of Merger Sub immediately prior to the Effective Time shall, from and after the Effective Time, be the officers of the Surviving Corporation to hold office until their successors have been duly elected or appointed and qualified or until their earlier death, resignation or removal in accordance with the DGCL, the Certificate of Incorporation and the Bylaws.
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ARTICLE III
EFFECT OF THE MERGER ON SECURITIES;
EXCHANGE
(a) At the Effective Time, as a result of the Merger and without any action on the part of the holder of any securities of the Company, Parent or Merger Sub:
(i) Merger Consideration. Each share of common stock, par value $0.003, of the Company (the “Shares” and each a “Share”) issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time (other than Shares owned by (x) Parent or Merger Sub or any of their respective Subsidiaries, or (y) the Company as treasury stock, or any of the Company’s Subsidiaries (other than Shares with respect to the Company ESPP) (each such Share referred to in clauses (x) and (y) above, an “Excluded Share” and, collectively, the “Excluded Shares”) and (z) stockholders who have perfected and not withdrawn a demand for appraisal rights in accordance with Section 262 of the DGCL (such stockholders, “Dissenting Stockholders”)) shall be converted into the right to receive $167.00 per Share in cash, without interest thereon (the “Merger Consideration”). At the Effective Time, all of the Shares (other than Excluded Shares and Shares owned by Dissenting Stockholders) shall cease to be outstanding, shall be cancelled and shall cease to exist, and (A) each certificate (a “Certificate”) formerly representing any of the Shares (other than the Excluded Shares and Shares owned by Dissenting Stockholders) and (B) each book-entry account formerly representing any uncertificated Shares (“Uncertificated Shares”) (other than Excluded Shares and Shares owned by Dissenting Stockholders) shall thereafter represent only the right to receive the Merger Consideration, and the holders thereof shall cease to have any rights with respect to such Shares other than the right to receive the Merger Consideration upon surrender thereof in accordance with Section 3.2, and each Certificate and Uncertificated Share formerly representing Shares owned by Dissenting Stockholders shall thereafter represent only the right to receive the payment of which reference is made in Section 3.3.
(ii) Cancellation of Excluded Shares and each Share owned by Dissenting Stockholders. Subject to Section 3.3, each Excluded Share and each Share owned by Dissenting Stockholders outstanding as of immediately prior to the Effective Time shall, by virtue of the Merger and without any action on the part of the Company, Parent, Merger Sub or the holder thereof, cease to be outstanding, shall be cancelled without payment of any consideration therefor and shall cease to exist.
(b) Merger Sub. Each share of common stock, par value $0.01, of Merger Sub issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time shall be converted into one share of common stock, par value $0.01, of the Surviving Corporation.
(a) Paying Agent. Immediately prior to the Effective Time, Parent shall deposit, or cause to be deposited, with a paying agent selected by Parent after reasonable consultation with the Company (the “Paying Agent”), for payment to the holders of Shares, an aggregate amount of cash comprising approximately the amounts required to be delivered pursuant to Section 3.1(a) in respect of Shares (such aggregate amount of cash being hereinafter referred to as the “Exchange Fund”). The Paying Agent shall invest the Exchange Fund as directed by Parent; provided, that (i) such investments shall be an obligation of, or guaranteed by, the United States of America, in commercial paper obligations rated A-1 or P-1 or better by Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. or Standard & Poor’s Corporation, respectively, or in certificates of deposit, bank repurchase agreements or bankers’ acceptances of commercial banks and (ii) no such investment (or losses thereon) shall affect the amount of Merger Consideration payable to the holders of Shares pursuant to Section 3.1(a). To the extent that there are losses with respect to such investments, or the Exchange Fund diminishes for any other reason below the level required to make prompt cash payment of the Merger Consideration as contemplated hereby, Parent shall
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promptly replace or restore the cash in the Exchange Fund lost through such investments or other events so as to ensure that the Exchange Fund is at all relevant times maintained at a level sufficient to make all cash payments required pursuant to Section 3.1(a). No later than five (5) Business Days prior to the Closing Date, Parent shall enter into an agreement with the Paying Agent, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Company, to effect the applicable terms of this Agreement. The Exchange Fund shall not be used for any purpose other than to fund payments of Merger Consideration to holders of Shares in accordance with this Agreement. Parent shall cause the Paying Agent to make, and the Paying Agent shall make, payment of the Merger Consideration from the Exchange Fund in accordance with this Agreement.
(b) Exchange Procedures. Promptly after the Effective Time (and in any event within two (2) Business Days thereafter), Parent shall cause the Paying Agent to mail or otherwise provide to each holder of record of (x) a Certificate representing Shares outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time or (y) any Uncertificated Shares outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time, not held, directly or indirectly, through DTC (in each case of (x) and (y), other than Excluded Shares and Shares owned by Dissenting Stockholders): (i) a letter of transmittal in customary form advising such holder of the effectiveness of the Merger and the conversion of its Shares into the right to receive the Merger Consideration, and specifying that delivery shall be effected, and risk of loss and title to the Certificates or such Uncertificated Shares shall pass, only upon delivery of the Certificates (or affidavits of loss in lieu of the Certificates as provided in Section 3.2(e)) or the surrender of such Uncertificated Shares to the Paying Agent (which shall be deemed to have been effected upon the delivery of a customary “agent’s message” with respect to such Uncertificated Shares or such other reasonable evidence, if any, of such surrender as the Paying Agent may reasonably request pursuant to the terms and conditions of the Paying Agent Agreement), as applicable and (ii) instructions for use in effecting the surrender of the Certificates (or affidavits of loss in lieu of such Certificates as provided in Section 3.2(e)) or such Uncertificated Shares to the Paying Agent. With respect to the Uncertificated Shares held, directly or indirectly, through DTC, Parent and the Company shall cooperate to establish procedures with the Paying Agent, DTC, DTC’s nominees and such other necessary or desirable third-party intermediaries to ensure that the Paying Agent shall transmit to DTC or its nominees as promptly as practicable after the Effective Time, upon surrender of Shares held of record by DTC or its nominees in accordance with DTC’s customary surrender procedures and such other procedures as agreed by Parent, the Company, the Paying Agent, DTC, DTC’s nominees and such other necessary or desirable third-party intermediaries, the Merger Consideration to which the beneficial owners thereof are entitled to receive pursuant to Section 3.1(a). Upon the surrender of a Certificate (or delivery of an affidavit of loss in lieu thereof as provided in Section 3.2(e)) or Uncertificated Share to the Paying Agent pursuant to the foregoing, the holder of such Certificate or Uncertificated Share shall be entitled to receive in exchange therefor an amount in immediately available funds (or, if no wire transfer instructions are provided, a check, and in each case, after giving effect to any required Tax withholding provided in Section 3.2(f)) equal to the cash amount that such holder is entitled to receive pursuant to Section 3.1(a), and the Certificate or Uncertificated Share so surrendered shall forthwith be cancelled. No interest will be paid or accrued on any amount payable to holders of Certificates or Uncertificated Shares. In the event of a transfer of ownership of Shares represented by a Certificate that is not registered in the transfer records of the Company, a check for any cash to be paid upon due surrender of the Certificate may be issued and/or paid to such a transferee if the Certificate formerly representing such Shares is properly endorsed and otherwise in proper form for surrender and presented to the Paying Agent, accompanied by all documents required to evidence and effect such transfer and to evidence that any applicable stock transfer Taxes have been paid or are not applicable, in each case, in form and substance, reasonably satisfactory to Parent and the Paying Agent.
(c) Transfers. From and after the Effective Time, there shall be no transfers of the Shares that were outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time on the stock transfer books of the Company.
(d) Termination of Exchange Fund. Any portion of the Exchange Fund (including the proceeds of any investments of the Exchange Fund) that remains unclaimed by the stockholders of the Company for twelve (12) months after the Effective Time shall be delivered, at Parent’s option, to Parent or the Surviving Corporation. Any holder of Shares (other than Excluded Shares and Shares owned by Dissenting Stockholders)
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who has not theretofore complied with this ARTICLE III shall thereafter look only to Parent for delivery of any payment of cash (after giving effect to any required Tax withholdings as provided in Section 3.2(f)) upon due surrender of its Certificates (or delivery of affidavits of loss in lieu of the Certificates as provided in Section 3.2(e)) or Uncertificated Shares, without any interest thereon. Notwithstanding the foregoing, none of the Surviving Corporation, Parent, the Paying Agent or any other Person shall be liable to any former holder of Shares for any amount properly delivered to a public official pursuant to applicable abandoned property, escheat or similar Laws. To the fullest extent permitted by Law, immediately prior to the date any Merger Consideration would otherwise escheat to or become the property of any Governmental Entity, such Merger Consideration shall become the property of Parent, free and clear of all claims or interest of any Person previously entitled thereto.
(e) Lost, Stolen or Destroyed Certificates. In the event any Certificate shall have been lost, stolen or destroyed, upon the making of an affidavit (in form and substance satisfactory to the Surviving Corporation) of that fact by the Person claiming such Certificate to be lost, stolen or destroyed to the Paying Agent or the Surviving Corporation and, if required by Parent, the posting by such person of a bond or surety in such reasonable amount as Parent may direct as indemnity against any claim that may be made against it with respect to such Certificate, the Paying Agent will issue in exchange for such lost, stolen or destroyed Certificate the cash that would have been issuable or payable pursuant to the provisions of this ARTICLE III (after giving effect to any required Tax withholdings as provided in Section 3.2(f)) had such lost, stolen or destroyed Certificate been surrendered.
(f) Withholding Rights. Each of Parent, Merger Sub, the Surviving Corporation and the Paying Agent shall be entitled to deduct and withhold from the consideration otherwise payable pursuant to this Agreement such amounts as are required to be deducted and/or withheld with respect to the making of such payment under the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), or any other applicable state, local or foreign Tax Law. To the extent that amounts are so deducted or withheld by Parent, Merger Sub, the Surviving Corporation or the Paying Agent, as the case may be, such deducted or withheld amounts shall be timely remitted by Parent, Merger Sub, the Surviving Corporation or the Paying Agent, as applicable, to the applicable Governmental Entity. To the extent that amounts are so deducted or withheld and timely remitted to the applicable Governmental Entity by Parent, Merger Sub, the Surviving Corporation or the Paying Agent, as the case may be, such withheld amounts shall be treated for all purposes of this Agreement as having been paid to the Person in respect of which such deduction and withholding was made by Parent, Merger Sub, the Surviving Corporation or the Paying Agent, as the case may be. At least thirty (30) days prior to making any deduction or withholding pursuant to this Section 3.2(f), Parent, Merger Sub, the Surviving Corporation or the Paying Agent, as the case may be, shall provide written notice to the Company of any anticipated deduction or withholding (together with the legal basis thereof) and shall cooperate in good faith to obtain any available exemption from, or reduction of, such deduction or withholding. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement, none of Parent, Merger Sub, the Surviving Corporation or the Paying Agent shall deduct or withhold any amounts under Section 1445 of the Code from any amounts payable pursuant to this Agreement in respect of Shares so long as, immediately prior to the Effective Time, the Shares are shares of a class that is regularly traded on an established securities market within the meaning of Section 1445(b)(6) of the Code and Treasury Regulations Section 1.1445-2(c)(2). For the avoidance of doubt, no certificate or statement described in Treasury Regulations Section 1.897-2(h) shall be required in order for the foregoing sentence to apply.
3.3 Dissenters’ Rights. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein, subject to the second sentence of this Section 3.3, no Dissenting Stockholder shall be entitled to receive cash pursuant to the provisions of this ARTICLE III with respect to Shares owned by such Dissenting Stockholder, and any Dissenting Stockholder shall be entitled to receive only the payment provided by Section 262 of the DGCL with respect to Shares owned by such Dissenting Stockholder. If, after the Effective Time, any Person who otherwise would be deemed a Dissenting Stockholder shall have failed to properly perfect or shall have effectively withdrawn or lost the right to dissent under Section 262 of the DGCL or if a court of competent jurisdiction shall finally determine that the Dissenting Stockholder is not entitled to relief provided by Section 262 of the DGCL with respect to any Shares, such Shares shall thereupon be treated as though such Shares had been converted in accordance with
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Section 3.1(a), as of the Effective Time, into the right to receive the Merger Consideration without interest and less any required Tax withholding upon surrender of the Certificates or Uncertificated Shares that formerly evidenced such Shares in the manner provided in Section 3.2. The Company shall give Parent (i) written notice as promptly as practicable (and, in any event, within two (2) Business Days) of any written demands for appraisal, withdrawals, attempted withdrawals of such demands, and any other instruments served pursuant to applicable Law received by the Company relating to stockholders’ rights of appraisal and (ii) a reasonable opportunity to participate in all negotiations and legal proceedings with respect to any demand for appraisal under the DGCL, including a reasonable opportunity to provide its input in connection with any determination by the Company to make any payment to any Dissenting Stockholder with respect to Shares owned by such Dissenting Stockholder under Section 262(h) of the DGCL prior to the entry of judgment in the legal proceedings with respect to any demand for appraisal. The Company shall not, except with the prior written consent of Parent, voluntarily make any payment with respect to any demands for appraisal, offer to settle or settle any such demands or approve any withdrawal of any such demands.
3.4 Adjustments to Prevent Dilution. In the event that the Company changes the number of Shares or securities convertible or exchangeable into or exercisable for any such Shares, in each case issued and outstanding prior to the Effective Time as a result of a reclassification, stock split (including a reverse stock split), stock dividend or distribution, recapitalization, subdivision, or other similar transaction, the Merger Consideration or any other applicable amounts payable pursuant to this Agreement shall be equitably adjusted to eliminate the effects of such event on the Merger Consideration or such other amounts; provided, however, that nothing in this Section 3.4 shall be construed to permit the Company or any other Person to take any action except to the extent consistent with, and not otherwise limited or prohibited by, the terms and conditions of this Agreement.
3.5 Treatment of Equity Awards.
(a) Treatment of Stock Options. At the Effective Time, each outstanding option to purchase Shares (other than rights to purchase Shares under the Company ESPP) (a “Company Option”) granted under the MarketAxess Holdings Inc. 2012 Incentive Plan (as amended) or the MarketAxess Holdings Inc. 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (each, a “Company Stock Plan” and, together, the “Company Stock Plans”), whether vested or unvested, shall, automatically and without any required action on the part of the holder thereof, cease to represent an option to purchase Shares and shall be converted into an option to purchase a number of shares of common stock, par value $0.01, of Parent (“Parent Common Stock” and such option, a “Parent Option”) equal to the product (rounded down to the nearest whole number) of (x) the number of Shares subject to such Company Option immediately prior to the Effective Time multiplied by (y) the Exchange Ratio, at an exercise price per share (rounded up to the nearest whole cent) equal to (A) the exercise price per Share of such Company Option immediately prior to the Effective Time divided by (B) the Exchange Ratio; provided, however, that the exercise price and the number of shares of Parent Common Stock purchasable pursuant to the Company Options shall be determined in a manner consistent with the requirements of Section 409A of the Code; provided, further, that in the case of any Company Option to which Section 422 of the Code applies, the exercise price and the number of shares of Parent Common Stock purchasable pursuant to such option shall be determined in accordance with the foregoing, subject to such adjustments as are necessary in order to satisfy the requirements of Section 424(a) of the Code. Except as specifically provided above and Section 3.5(e) below, following the Effective Time, each Parent Option shall continue to be governed by the same terms and conditions (including vesting and exercisability terms) as were applicable to such Company Option immediately prior to the Effective Time.
(b) Treatment of Company RSUs.
(i) At the Effective Time, each restricted stock unit that is subject solely to time-based vesting conditions (a “Company RSU”) and that is granted under a Company Stock Plan and outstanding as of immediately prior to the Effective Time, other than any such Company RSU held by a member of the board of directors of the Company who is not also an employee of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries (a “Director
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RSU”), shall automatically and without any required action on the part of the holder thereof, cease to represent a restricted stock unit denominated in Shares and shall be converted into a restricted stock unit denominated in shares of Parent Common Stock (a “Parent RSU”). The number of shares of Parent Common Stock subject to each such Parent RSU shall be equal to the product (rounded down to the nearest whole number) of (x) the number of Shares subject to such Company RSU immediately prior to the Effective Time multiplied by (y) the Exchange Ratio. Except as specifically provided above and Section 3.5(e) below, following the Effective Time, each such Parent RSU shall continue to be governed by the same terms and conditions (including the same time-based vesting terms) as were applicable to the applicable Company RSU immediately prior to the Effective Time. For the avoidance of doubt, any accumulated but unpaid dividend equivalent rights with respect to each Company RSU that is converted into a Parent RSU shall become accumulated but unpaid dividend equivalent rights with respect to such Parent RSU.
(ii) At the Effective Time, each Director RSU shall become fully vested and shall terminate and be automatically cancelled as of immediately prior to the Effective Time in exchange for the right to receive a lump sum cash payment in the amount equal to the sum of (A) the product of (i) the number of Shares underlying such Director RSU prior to the Effective Time multiplied by (ii) the Merger Consideration, plus (B) all accumulated but unpaid dividend equivalent rights with respect to such Director RSU. Following the Effective Time, no such Director RSU that was outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time shall remain outstanding and each former holder of any such Director RSU shall cease to have any rights with respect thereto, except the right to receive the consideration set forth in this Section 3.5(b)(ii) in exchange for such Director RSU in accordance with this Section 3.5(b)(ii). Parent shall, or, if applicable, shall cause one of its Subsidiaries to, pay the consideration payable under this Section 3.5(b)(ii) to each former holder of a Director RSU that was outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time as soon as practicable following the Effective Time (but in any event not later than ten (10) calendar days thereafter); provided, however, that if any amount payable pursuant to this Section 3.5(b)(ii) constitutes nonqualified deferred compensation within the meaning of Section 409A of the Code, and if the applicable former holder of such Director RSU is a “specified employee” within the meaning of Section 409A of the Code as of the Effective Time, then payment of such amount shall be delayed until the date that is six (6) months and one (1) day following the Effective Time or such earlier date as is permitted under Section 409A of the Code.
(c) Treatment of Company PSUs. At the Effective Time, each restricted stock unit that is subject to performance-based vesting conditions (a “Company PSU”) and that is granted under a Company Stock Plan and outstanding as of immediately prior to the Effective Time shall automatically and without any required action on the part of the holder thereof, cease to represent a performance stock unit denominated in Shares and shall be converted into a Parent RSU. The number of shares of Parent Common Stock subject to each such Parent RSU shall be equal to the product (rounded down to the nearest whole number) of (x) the number of Shares issuable in respect of such Company PSU determined (A) with respect to any performance period that has been completed as of the Effective Time, based on actual level of achievement of the applicable performance goals for such performance period, (B) with respect to any performance period that has commenced but not been completed as of the Effective Time, based on the greater of the target level of performance and the actual level of achievement of the applicable performance goals using pro-rated performance goals through the Effective Time as reasonably determined by the compensation committee of the Company’s board of directors in good faith as of immediately prior to the Effective Time, and (C) with respect to any performance period that has not yet commenced as of the Effective Time, based on the target level performance of the applicable performance goals, multiplied by (y) the Exchange Ratio. Except as specifically provided above and Section 3.5(e) below, following the Effective Time, each such Parent RSU shall continue to be governed by the same terms and conditions (including vesting terms, except that such Parent RSU shall be subject solely to time-based vesting and any performance-based vesting conditions shall no longer apply) as were applicable to the applicable Company PSU immediately prior to the Effective Time. For the avoidance of doubt, any accumulated but unpaid dividend equivalent rights with respect to each Company PSU that is converted into a Parent RSU shall become accumulated but unpaid dividend equivalent rights with respect to such Parent RSU.
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(d) Treatment of the Employee Stock Purchase Plan. As soon as reasonably practicable following the date of this Agreement and in any event prior to the Effective Time, the Company shall take all actions (including obtaining any necessary determinations and/or resolutions of the Company’s board of directors or a committee thereof and, if appropriate, amending the terms of the MarketAxess Holdings Inc. 2022 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (including the MarketAxess Holdings Inc. Share Incentive Plan, being a sub-plan thereto) (the “Company ESPP”) and in each case to the extent permitted by law) that are necessary or required under the Company ESPP and applicable Laws to (A) ensure that, except for any offering period under the Company ESPP that commenced prior to the date of this Agreement (the “Final Offering”), no new offering period shall be authorized or commenced on or after the date of this Agreement, (B) the Final Offering shall end no later than the Closing Date, (C) each Company ESPP participant’s accumulated payroll deductions under the Company ESPP shall be used to purchase shares of Company common stock in accordance with the Company ESPP as of the end of the Final Offering; provided that any payroll deductions that are insufficient to purchase one whole Share shall be distributed in cash to such participant as soon as administratively practicable, (D) the applicable purchase price for Shares shall not be decreased below the levels provided for by the Company ESPP as of the date of this Agreement and (E) the Company ESPP shall be terminated in its entirety at the Effective Time and no further rights shall be granted or exercised under the Company ESPP thereafter.
(e) Termination Protections. Following the Effective Time, if any Award Holder’s employment or other service with the Company or any of its Affiliates is terminated (i) due to the Award Holder’s death or Disability, (ii) by the Company or any of its Affiliates without Cause, or (iii) by the Award Holder for Good Reason, then, in connection with any of the foregoing cases in this Section 3.5(e), any unvested portion of any Parent Option or Parent RSU held by such Award Holder immediately prior to such termination or cessation of employment or other service shall become fully vested as of immediately prior to such termination of employment or other service.
(f) Form S-8; Other Awards. At or prior to the Effective Time, Parent shall reserve for future issuance a number of shares of Parent Common Stock at least equal to the number of shares of Parent Common Stock that will be subject to Parent Options and Parent RSUs (other than the Other Awards (as defined below)) as a result of the actions contemplated by this Section 3.5. As soon as practicable after the Effective Time, if and to the extent necessary to cause a sufficient number of shares of Parent Common Stock to be registered and issuable with respect to such Parent Options and Parent RSUs, Parent shall prepare and file with the SEC a registration statement on Form S-8 with respect to the shares of Parent Common Stock subject to such Parent Options and Parent RSUs. If and to the extent that any shares of Parent Common Stock subject to a Parent Option or Parent RSU could not be appropriately registered on such Form S-8 as a result of the holder thereof being a former employee of the Company, then in lieu of the conversion of the corresponding Company Option (“Other Option”), Company RSU (“Other RSU”) or Company PSU (“Other PSU” and together with the Other Options and Other RSUs, the “Other Awards”)) into a Parent Option or Parent RSU, as applicable, such Other Option, Other RSU or Other PSU will be treated as follows:
(i) At the Effective Time, with respect to each Other Option, whether vested or unvested, (i) if the per Share exercise price of such Other Option is equal to or greater than the Merger Consideration, such Other Option shall terminate and be automatically cancelled as of immediately prior to the Effective Time, without any consideration being payable in respect thereof, and have no further force or effect, or (ii) if the per Share exercise price of such Other Option is less than the Merger Consideration, such Other Option shall become fully vested (to the extent unvested or to the extent such Other Option would not otherwise vest) and shall terminate and be automatically cancelled as of immediately prior to the Effective Time in exchange for the right to receive a lump sum cash payment in the amount equal to the product of (x) the number of Shares underlying the Other Option immediately prior to the Effective Time, multiplied by (y) an amount equal to the Merger Consideration minus the exercise price per Share of such Other Option, less applicable taxes required to be withheld with respect to such payment. Following the Effective Time, no such Other Option that was outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time shall remain outstanding and each former holder of any such Other Option shall cease to have any rights with respect thereto, except the right to receive the consideration set forth in this Section 3.5(f)(i) in
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exchange for such Other Option in accordance with this Section 3.5(f)(i). Parent shall, or, if applicable, shall cause one of its Subsidiaries to, pay the consideration payable under this Section 3.5(f)(i) to each former holder of an Other Option that was outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time as soon as practicable following the Effective Time (but in any event not later than ten (10) calendar days thereafter); provided, however, that if any amount payable pursuant to this Section 3.5(f)(i) constitutes nonqualified deferred compensation within the meaning of Section 409A of the Code, then payment of such amount shall be delayed until the earliest possible date permitted under Section 409A of the Code.
(ii) At the Effective Time, each Other RSU and Other PSU shall become fully vested and shall terminate and be automatically cancelled as of immediately prior to the Effective Time in exchange for the right to receive a lump sum cash payment in the amount equal to the sum of (A) the product of (i) the number of Shares underlying such Other RSU or Other PSU prior to the Effective Time, with the number of Shares underlying any Other PSU determined as set forth in clause (x) of Section 3.5(c), multiplied by (ii) the Merger Consideration, plus (B) all accumulated but unpaid dividend equivalent rights with respect to such Other RSU or Other PSU. Following the Effective Time, no such Other RSU or Other PSU that was outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time shall remain outstanding and each former holder of any such Other RSU or Other PSU shall cease to have any rights with respect thereto, except the right to receive the consideration set forth in this Section 3.5(f)(ii) in exchange for such Other RSU or Other PSU in accordance with this Section 3.5(f)(ii). Parent shall, or, if applicable, shall cause one of its Subsidiaries to, pay the consideration payable under this Section 3.5(f)(ii) to each former holder of an Other RSU or Other PSU that was outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time as soon as practicable following the Effective Time (but in any event not later than ten (10) calendar days thereafter).
(g) Further Action. At or prior to the Effective Time, the Company, the board of directors of the Company and the compensation committee of the board of directors of the Company, as applicable, shall adopt any resolutions and take any actions which are reasonably necessary to effectuate the provisions of this Section 3.5 and to ensure that from and after the Effective Time, neither Parent nor the Surviving Corporation will be required to deliver Shares or other capital stock of the Company pursuant to or in settlement of any Company Option, Company RSU, or Company PSU. The Company shall update the schedule set forth on Section 4.2(c) of the Company Disclosure Letter to denote whether the holder of each such award set forth therein is a former employee or director of the Company and provide such updated schedule to Parent (i) within forty-five (45) days following the date of this Agreement and (ii) no earlier than five (5) but no later than one (1) day prior to the Closing Date.
ARTICLE IV
REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES OF THE COMPANY
Except (a) as set forth in the corresponding sections or subsections of the disclosure letter delivered to Parent by the Company at the time of entering into this Agreement (the “Company Disclosure Letter”) (it being understood and agreed that any disclosure set forth in one section or subsection of the Company Disclosure Letter shall be deemed to be disclosed with respect to, and shall be deemed to apply to and qualify, the section or subsection of this Agreement to which it corresponds in number and each other section or subsection of this Agreement to the extent the relevance of such disclosure with respect to such other section or subsection is reasonably apparent on the face of such disclosure) or (b) as disclosed in any Company Reports filed with, or furnished to, the SEC on or after the Applicable Date, and prior to the date of this Agreement (excluding any disclosures (other than statements of historical fact) contained in any “Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors” sections of such Company Reports and any other disclosures included or referenced in any such Company Reports that are cautionary, predictive or forward looking in nature), the Company hereby represents and warrants to Parent and Merger Sub as follows:
4.1 Organization, Good Standing and Qualification. Each of the Company and its Subsidiaries is a legal entity duly organized, validly existing and in good standing under the Laws of its respective jurisdiction of
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organization and has all requisite corporate or similar power and authority to own, lease and operate its properties and assets and to carry on its business as presently conducted. Each of the Company and its Subsidiaries is qualified or in good standing to do business and is in good standing as a foreign legal entity (to the extent such concept is recognized under applicable Law) in each jurisdiction where the ownership, leasing or operation of its assets or properties or the conduct of its business requires such qualification, except where the failure to be so qualified or in good standing would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Company Material Adverse Effect. Prior to the date of this Agreement, the Company has made available to Parent true, correct and complete copies of the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company, dated May 7, 2004 (as further amended on June 5, 2024, the “Company Certificate of Incorporation”) and the Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company, dated July 17, 2024 (the “Company Bylaws”) and the Constituent Documents of each of its Subsidiaries, in each case as in effect on the date of this Agreement.
(a) The authorized capital stock of the Company consists of (x) 110,000,000,000 Shares, (y) 10,000,000 shares of nonvoting common stock, par value $0.003 per share (the “Nonvoting Shares”) and (z) 4,965,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Preferred Shares”). As of the close of business on July 27, 2026 (the “Capitalization Date”), (i) 35,192,891 Shares were issued and outstanding, (ii) 5,698,972 Shares were held in the treasury of the Company, (iii) no Shares were held by any Subsidiary of the Company, (iv) no Nonvoting Shares were issued or outstanding, (v) no Preferred Shares were issued or outstanding and (vi) 2,840,499 Shares were reserved for issuance under the Company Stock Plans (of which 106,783 Shares were subject to outstanding Company Options, 94,984 Shares were subject to outstanding Company PSUs (based on target performance) and 356,418 Shares were subject to outstanding Company RSUs, each as granted under a Company Stock Plan). All of the outstanding Shares have been duly authorized and validly issued and are fully paid and nonassessable, free of preemptive rights, with no personal liability attaching to the ownership thereof. As of the Capitalization Date, 94,984 Shares are reserved for issuance under the Company ESPP.
(b) From the Capitalization Date to the execution of this Agreement, the Company has not issued, repurchased or redeemed any Shares, except pursuant to the exercise of Company Options, the settlement of Company PSUs or the settlement of Company RSUs, and, since the Capitalization Date, except as would be permitted by this Agreement for the period following the date of this Agreement, the Company has not granted any Company Options, Company PSUs or Company RSUs.
(c) Except as set forth in Section 4.2(a), as of the date of this Agreement, there are no preemptive or outstanding (i) shares of capital stock or equity securities or obligations of the Company or its Subsidiaries convertible into or exchangeable for shares of capital stock or other equity or voting securities of the Company or its Subsidiaries or (ii) rights, options, warrants, conversion rights, stock appreciation rights, redemption rights, repurchase rights, agreements, arrangements, calls, rights of first refusal, rights of first offer, “phantom” stock rights, equity-based compensation, contingent value rights, subscriptions, commitments or rights of any kind that obligate the Company or any of its Subsidiaries to issue, transfer or sell any shares of capital stock or other equity or voting securities of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or any securities or obligations convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for, or giving any Person a right to subscribe for or acquire from the Company or any of its Subsidiaries any equity or voting securities of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries. The Company does not have outstanding any bonds, debentures, notes or other obligations that grant the holders thereof the right to vote (or convertible into or exercisable for securities having the right to vote) with the stockholders of the Company on any matter. As of the date of this Agreement, no trust preferred or subordinated debt securities of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries are issued or outstanding. Section 4.2(c) of the Company Disclosure Letter sets forth a correct and complete listing of all outstanding Company Options, Company PSUs and Company RSUs as of the date hereof, setting forth the number of Shares subject to each Company Option, Company PSU (at target and maximum performance) and Company RSU and the holder, grant date, vesting schedule and exercise price with respect to each Company Option. Each Company Option,
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Company PSU and Company RSU, in each case as applicable, (a) was granted in accordance with the terms of the applicable Company Stock Plan and all other applicable Law, (b) has an exercise price per Share equal to or greater than the fair market value of a Share on the date of such grant, (c) has a grant date no earlier than the date on which the Company’s board of directors or compensation committee actually awarded such Company Option, and (d) qualifies for the Tax and accounting treatment afforded to such Company Option in the Company’s Tax Returns. There are no voting trusts, stockholder agreements, proxies or other agreements in effect to which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is a party with respect to the voting or transfer of Shares, capital stock or other voting or equity securities or ownership interests of the Company or granting any stockholder or other Person any registration rights.
(d) Section 4.2(d) of the Company Disclosure Letter sets forth, as of the date of this Agreement, a true, correct and complete list identifying (i) each of the Company’s Subsidiaries, including (A) the jurisdiction of organization and form of organization of each such Subsidiary, (B) whether such Subsidiary is a wholly-owned Subsidiary, and (C) for each Subsidiary that is not a wholly-owned Subsidiary, the percentage of the Company’s direct or indirect ownership interest and the identity and ownership percentage of each other Person holding capital stock or other equity interests therein and (ii) any other Person in which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries holds capital stock or other equity interest (other than securities held by any employee benefit plan of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or any trustee, agent or other fiduciary in such capacity under any such employee benefit plan or by the Registered Broker-Dealer or MarketAxess Capital Limited in the Ordinary Course of Business). To the extent applicable in the relevant jurisdiction and for the applicable entity type, each of the outstanding shares of capital stock or other securities of each of the Company’s Subsidiaries has been duly authorized and validly issued and is fully paid and nonassessable and is owned by the Company or by a direct or indirect Subsidiary of the Company, free and clear of any lien, charge, pledge, security interest, claim or other encumbrance (each, a “Lien”) (except for Permitted Liens and Liens arising under applicable securities Laws). As of the date of this Agreement, no Subsidiary of the Company has or is bound by any outstanding subscriptions, options, warrants, calls, rights, commitments or agreements of any character calling for the purchase or issuance of any shares of capital stock or any other equity security of such Subsidiary or any securities representing the right to purchase or otherwise receive any shares of capital stock or any other equity security of such Subsidiary.
4.3 Corporate Authority and Approval. The Company has all requisite corporate power and authority and has taken all corporate action necessary in order to execute, deliver and perform its obligations under this Agreement and to consummate the Merger, subject only to the adoption of this Agreement by the holders of a majority of the outstanding Shares (the “Company Requisite Vote”). This Agreement has been duly executed and delivered by the Company and, assuming due execution and delivery by Parent and Merger Sub, constitutes a valid and binding agreement of the Company, enforceable against the Company in accordance with its terms, subject to bankruptcy, insolvency, fraudulent transfer, reorganization, moratorium and similar Laws of general applicability relating to or affecting creditors’ rights and to general equity principles (the “Bankruptcy and Equity Exception”). As of the date of this Agreement, the board of directors of the Company has, at a duly convened and held meeting, (a) unanimously approved and declared advisable this Agreement and the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby, including the Merger, upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in this Agreement, (b) determined that this Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereby, including the Merger, are fair to, and in the best interests of, the Company and its stockholders, (c) subject to Section 6.2, resolved to recommend to its stockholders the adoption of this Agreement (the “Company Recommendation”) and (d) directed that this Agreement be submitted to the holders of Shares for their adoption, which resolutions, as of the date of this Agreement, have not been rescinded, modified or withdrawn in any way.
4.4 Governmental Filings; No Violations.
(a) Other than (i) the filing of the Certificate of Merger pursuant to Section 1.3, (ii) the rules and regulations of Nasdaq, (iii) the necessary filings, notices, reports, consents, registrations, approvals, permits, expirations of waiting periods, declarations, orders, clearances or authorizations (any of the foregoing being a
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“Consent”) required under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976, as amended (the “HSR Act”) or any other applicable Laws designed to govern competition, trade regulation or foreign investment, or to prohibit, restrict or regulate action with the purpose or effect of monopolization, restraint of trade or foreign investment for the purposes of national security, public order or defense matters (collectively, the “Foreign Investment and Competition Laws”) in connection with the Merger, the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) and (iv) the Consents as set forth on Section 4.4(a) of the Company Disclosure Letter (the Consents set forth in subclauses (iii) and (iv) of this Section 4.4(a), collectively, the “Governmental Notices and Consents”), no filings, notices and/or reports are required to be made by the Company or its Subsidiaries with, nor are any Consents required to be obtained by the Company or its Subsidiaries from, any domestic, foreign or transnational governmental, competition or regulatory authority, court, arbitral tribunal agency, commission, body or other legislative, executive or judicial governmental entity or SRO (each, a “Governmental Entity”) in connection with the execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement by the Company and/or the consummation by the Company of the Merger and the other transactions contemplated hereby, except, in each case, those that the failure to make or obtain would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Company Material Adverse Effect.
(b) Subject to the receipt of the consents, clearances, approvals, authorizations, expirations or terminations of any waiting period and other requirements set forth in Section 4.4(a) of this Agreement or on Section 4.4(a) of the Company Disclosure Letter, the execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement by the Company do not, and the consummation by the Company of the Merger and the other transactions contemplated hereby will not, (i) constitute or result in, subject in the case of the consummation of the Merger, to obtaining the Company Requisite Vote, a breach or violation of, or contravention or a default under the Company Certificate of Incorporation, the Company Bylaws or any of the Constituent Documents of any Subsidiary of the Company, (ii) constitute or result in, with or without the lapse of time or the giving of notice or both, a breach or violation of, or the loss of any benefit under, a default or termination or modification (or right of termination or modification) under, payment of additional fees under, the creation or acceleration of any obligations under, or the creation of a Lien on any of the assets of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries pursuant to, any agreement, lease, license, contract, consent, settlement, note, mortgage, indenture, arrangement, understanding or other obligation (other than any Company Plan) (each, a “Contract” and, collectively, the “Contracts”) binding upon the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, or, (iii) assuming (solely with respect to performance of this Agreement and consummation of the Merger and the other transactions contemplated hereby) the Consents referred to in Section 4.4(a) of this Agreement are made or obtained and receipt of the Company Requisite Vote, conflict with or violate any Law or License to which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is subject, except, in the case of clauses (ii) and (iii) of this Section 4.4(b), for any such breach, violation, default, termination, modification, payment, requirement, creation, acceleration, Lien, conflict or violation that would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Company Material Adverse Effect.
4.5 Company Reports; Financial Statements.
(a) The Company has filed or furnished, as applicable, on a timely basis, all forms, statements, certifications, reports and documents required to be filed or furnished by it with or to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) pursuant to the Exchange Act or the Securities Act since January 1, 2024 (the “Applicable Date”) (the forms, statements, reports and documents filed with or furnished to the SEC since the Applicable Date and those filed with or furnished to the SEC subsequent to the date of this Agreement, in each case as amended, the “Company Reports”) and all fees related thereto have been timely paid. Each of the Company Reports, at the time of its filing or being furnished, complied as to form or, if not yet filed or furnished, will comply as to form, in all material respects with the applicable requirements of the Securities Act, the Exchange Act and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”), and any rules and regulations promulgated thereunder applicable to the Company Reports. As of their respective filing dates (or, if amended or superseded by a filing prior to the date of this Agreement, on the date of such amended or superseded filing), the Company Reports did not, and any Company Reports filed with or furnished to the SEC subsequent to the date of
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this Agreement (including the Proxy Statement) will not, contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements made therein, in light of the circumstances in which they were made, not misleading. The Company has made available to Parent true, correct and complete copies of all material correspondence with the SEC in respect of the Company Reports since the Applicable Date. As of the date of this Agreement, there are no outstanding or unresolved comments received from the SEC with respect to any of the Company Reports and, to the Knowledge of the Company, none of the Company Reports is the subject of any ongoing review or Proceeding by or before the SEC. Except for the Registered Broker-Dealer, no Subsidiary of the Company is required to file any report, schedule, form, statement, prospectus, registration statement or other document with the SEC.
(b) Since the Applicable Date, the Company has been and is in compliance in all material respects with the applicable listing and corporate governance rules and regulations of Nasdaq.
(c) The Company maintains disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) that are sufficient to provide reasonable assurance that material information required to be disclosed by the Company in its filings with the SEC under the Exchange Act is recorded and reported on a timely basis to the individuals responsible for the preparation of the Company’s filings with the SEC under the Exchange Act. The Company maintains internal controls over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) or 15d-15(f), as applicable, under the Exchange Act) sufficient to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP. Since the Applicable Date, the Company has not identified or received any notification of any “significant deficiencies” or “material weaknesses” in the design or operation of its internal controls over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act). Since the Applicable Date, to the Knowledge of the Company, the Company has not identified or received any notification of (i) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting or (ii) any complaints regarding a material violation of accounting procedures, internal accounting controls or auditing matters relating to the period since the Applicable Date, including from employees of the Company or its Subsidiaries regarding questionable accounting, auditing or legal compliance matters, in each case that would be reasonably expected to adversely affect the Company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information. The Company’s principal executive officer and principal financial officer have made, with respect to the Company Reports, all certifications required by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and any related rules and regulations promulgated by the SEC. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has outstanding, or has arranged any outstanding, “extensions of credit” to directors or executive officers of the Company within the meaning of Section 402 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
(d) Each of the consolidated financial statements and unaudited quarterly financial statements included in or incorporated by reference into the Company Reports (including any related notes and schedules) fairly presents, in each case, in all material respects, the results of operations, retained earnings (loss) and changes in financial position, as the case may be, of the Company and its Subsidiaries for the periods set forth therein (subject, in the case of unaudited statements, to notes and normal year-end audit adjustments that are not or will not be material in amount or effect), in each case in accordance with GAAP consistently applied during the periods involved, except as may be noted therein or in the notes thereto. The books and records of the Company and its Subsidiaries have been, and are being, maintained in all material respects in accordance with GAAP and any other applicable legal and accounting requirements. No independent public accounting firm of the Company has resigned (or informed the Company that it intends to resign) or been dismissed as independent public accountants of the Company as a result of or in connection with any disagreements with the Company on a matter of accounting principles or practices, financial statement disclosure or auditing scope or procedure.
4.6 Absence of Certain Changes. Since the Applicable Date, and through the date of this Agreement, (a) there has not been any change, effect, circumstance or development which has had or would, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Company Material Adverse Effect, (b) other than with respect
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to the negotiation and execution of this Agreement and the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby, the Company and its Subsidiaries have conducted their respective businesses in the Ordinary Course of Business in all material respects, and (c) neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has taken or omitted to take any action that, if taken following the execution hereof and prior to the Closing, would require the consent of Parent pursuant to Section 6.1(a), (b), (i), (n), (o) or (q).
(a) Since the Applicable Date, there have been no, and as of the date of this Agreement, there are no, civil, criminal, or administrative actions, suits, demands, claims, arbitrations or proceedings (“Proceedings”), against the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or any of their current or former directors or executive officers (in their capacities as such and as relating to their employment or services to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries), pending or, to the Knowledge of the Company, threatened in writing against the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or any of their current or former directors or executive officers (in their capacities as such and as relating to their employment or services to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries), or challenging the validity or propriety of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, except for those that would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Company Material Adverse Effect. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is a party to or subject to the provisions of any Order that would, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Company Material Adverse Effect.
(b) Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is, or has been since the Applicable Date, subject to any cease-and-desist or other injunction, order, judgment, ruling, decree, writ or enforcement action issued by, or is a party to any written commitment letter or similar undertaking to, or is subject to any directive by, or any supervisory letter received from, or has adopted any policies, procedures or board resolutions at the written request of any Governmental Entity, or has been ordered to pay any material civil money penalty by, any Governmental Entity (each, whether or not set forth in the Company Disclosure Letter, a “Company Regulatory Agreement”). Since the Applicable Date, no regulatory restriction (excluding any such restrictions arising under applicable Law) has been imposed on the Company or any of its Subsidiaries that would be material to the Company and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has been advised since the Applicable Date by any Governmental Entity that it is considering issuing, initiating, ordering or requesting any such Company Regulatory Agreement, except, in each case, that have not had and would not reasonably be expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a Company Material Adverse Effect. Since the Applicable Date, neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has received any written notice alleging any non-compliance or violations of Law from, or any written notice of any actual or pending investigations by, any Governmental Entity, that, individually or in the aggregate, has had or would reasonably be expected to have a Company Material Adverse Effect.
4.8 No Undisclosed Liabilities. There are no obligations or liabilities of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, whether or not accrued, whether matured or unmatured, known or unknown, on- or off- balance sheet, contingent, absolute or otherwise other than (a) liabilities or obligations disclosed, reflected, reserved against or otherwise provided for in the consolidated balance sheet of the Company as of March 31, 2026 (or the notes thereto) included in the Company’s quarterly report on Form 10-Q filed prior to the date of this Agreement for the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2026, (b) liabilities or obligations incurred in the Ordinary Course of Business since March 31, 2026, (c) liabilities or obligations arising out of this Agreement or the transactions contemplated hereby or in connection with obligations under existing Contracts or applicable Law, (d) liabilities that have been discharged or paid in full in the Ordinary Course of Business prior to the date hereof or (e) liabilities or obligations that have not had and would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Company Material Adverse Effect.
(a) Each material Company Plan as of the date of this Agreement is listed in Section 4.9 of the Company Disclosure Letter, and each such Company Plan that is subject to the Laws of a jurisdiction other than
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the United States (each, a “Foreign Company Plan”) is separately identified therein. With respect to each material Company Plan, the Company has made available to Parent, to the extent applicable, (i) true and complete copies of each of the material Company Plans, and all amendments thereto as well as all related trust documents, insurance contracts or other funding vehicles, (ii) a written description of such Company Plan if such plan is not set forth in a written document, (iii) the most recently prepared actuarial report, and (iv) all material correspondence to or from any Governmental Entity received in the last three years with respect to any Company Plan. With respect to each ERISA Plan, the Company has made available to Parent, to the extent applicable, accurate and complete copies of (1) the most recent summary plan description together with any summaries of all material modifications thereto, (2) the most recently available IRS determination or opinion letter and (3) the two most recent annual reports (Form 5500 or 990 series and all schedules and financial statements attached thereto).
(b) All Company Plans have been established, operated and administered in all material respects in compliance with their terms and applicable Laws (including, if applicable, ERISA and the Code).
(c) Each Company Plan that is intended to be qualified under Section 401(a) of the Code has received a favorable determination letter from the IRS and, to the Knowledge of the Company, circumstances do not exist that are likely to result in the loss of the qualification of such plan under Section 401(a) of the Code. With respect to any ERISA Plan, neither the Company nor a Company Subsidiary has engaged in a transaction in connection with which the Company or a Company Subsidiary reasonably could be subject to either a civil penalty assessed pursuant to Section 409 or 502(i) of ERISA or a tax imposed pursuant to Section 4975 or 4976 of the Code in an amount that could be material to the Company and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole.
(d) Neither the Company nor any ERISA Affiliate, has contributed (or had any obligation of any sort) in the last six (6) years to contribute to an “employee pension benefit plan” (as defined in Section 3(2) of ERISA) subject to Title IV of ERISA, Section 412 of the Code or Section 302 of ERISA (including any “multiemployer plan” within the meaning of Section 3(37) of ERISA). Neither the Company nor any ERISA Affiliate has maintained, established, participated in or contributed to, or is or has been obligated to contribute to, or has otherwise incurred any obligation or liability (including any contingent liability) under, any “multiemployer plans” within the meaning of Section 3(37) of ERISA in the last six (6) years. No Company Plan is a “multiple employer welfare arrangement” (as defined in Section 3(40) of ERISA). For purposes of this Agreement, “ERISA Affiliate” means all employers (whether or not incorporated) that would be treated together with the Company or any of its Subsidiaries as a “single employer” within the meaning of Section 414 of the Code.
(e) Since the Applicable Date, with respect to each Foreign Company Plan: (i) each Foreign Company Plan has been established, maintained and administered in all material respects in accordance with its terms and applicable Laws, and if intended to qualify for special tax treatment, meets all the requirements for such treatment; (ii) all employer and employee contributions to each Foreign Company Plan required by its terms or by applicable Law have been made or, if applicable, accrued in accordance with generally accepted accounting practices in the applicable jurisdiction and any other payments (including insurance premiums) otherwise due in respect of a Foreign Company Plan have been paid in full; and (iii) each Foreign Company Plan required to be registered has been registered and has been maintained in good standing with applicable regulatory authorities.
(f) Except as would not be material to the Company and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, all contributions required to be made by the Company or its Subsidiaries under each Company Plan, as of the date of this Agreement, have been timely made and all obligations in respect of each Company Plan have been properly accrued and reflected in the most recent consolidated balance sheet filed or incorporated by reference in the Company Reports prior to the date of this Agreement.
(g) As of the date of this Agreement, there is no litigation pending or, to the Knowledge of the Company, threatened relating to the Company Plans, except as would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be likely to be material to the Company and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole.
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(h) Except as required by applicable Law or in connection with severance benefits provided pursuant to a Company Plan listed in Section 4.9 of the Company Disclosure Letter, no Company Plan provides retiree or post-employment medical, disability, life insurance or other welfare benefits to any Person, and none of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries has any obligation to provide such benefits.
(i) Neither the execution and delivery of this Agreement nor the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby would reasonably be expected to, either alone or in combination with any other event, (i) entitle any current or former employee, director, officer or independent contractor of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries to severance pay or any material increase in severance pay or otherwise increase any benefits and/or result in any payment becoming due under any Company Plan to any such person or (ii) result in the acceleration of the time of payment, vesting or funding of any such benefits.
(j) Neither the execution and delivery of this Agreement, shareholder or other approval of this Agreement nor the consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement could, either alone or in combination with another event, result in any payment or benefit under any Company Plan to any current or former employee, director or other individual service provider of the Company who is a “disqualified individual” within the meaning of Section 280G of the Code that would reasonably be expected to be characterized as an “excess parachute payment” (as defined in Section 280G(b)(1) of the Code) as a result of the consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement.
(k) Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary has any obligation to provide, and no Company Plan or other agreement provides any individual with the right to, a gross up, indemnification, reimbursement or other payment for any excise or additional taxes, interest or penalties incurred pursuant to Section 409A or Section 4999 of the Code or due to the failure of any payment to be deductible under of Section 280G of the Code.
(a) As of the date of this Agreement, (i) neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is a party to a collective bargaining agreement with a labor union, (ii) there is not pending or, to the Knowledge of the Company, threatened in writing, any labor strike, walkout, concerted work stoppage, material labor grievance, material labor dispute, labor-related arbitration, concerted work slow-down or lockout against the Company or its Subsidiaries, (iii) none of the employees of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is represented by a labor union in connection with their employment by the Company or its Subsidiaries, and, (iv) to the Knowledge of the Company, there is no active organizing activity with respect to the formation of a collective bargaining unit occurring or threatened involving employees of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries.
(b) Each of the Company and its Subsidiaries is in compliance in all material respects with all applicable Laws governing employment and labor, including all such Laws relating to wages, hours, worker classification, immigration, collective bargaining, employment practices, terms and conditions of employment, employment discrimination, and occupational safety and health.
(c) Since the Applicable Date, the Company has reasonably investigated any allegations of sexual harassment or other discrimination or retaliation allegations that have been made against any current or former officer, director or employee of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries. Since the Applicable Date, the Company and its Subsidiaries have not entered into any settlement agreement related to any allegations of sexual harassment or other material discrimination or retaliation allegations by an officer, director or employee of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries who is at the senior manager level or higher.
(d) Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has incurred any material liability or obligation under the Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder or any similar state or local Law that remains unsatisfied as of the date hereof.
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4.11 Compliance with Laws, Licenses.
(a) The businesses of each of the Company and its Subsidiaries since the Applicable Date have not been, and are not being, conducted in violation of any applicable Law, except for such violations that would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to be material to the Company and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole. Since the Applicable Date, neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has received any written notice from any Governmental Entity asserting that the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is in violation of any applicable Law, except for any such violation that would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to be material to the Company and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole. To the Knowledge of the Company, no investigation or review by any Governmental Entity with respect to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is pending or, as of the date of this Agreement, threatened in writing, nor has any Governmental Entity indicated an intention to conduct the same, except for such investigations or reviews the outcome of which would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to be material to the Company and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole. To the Knowledge of the Company, there is no material deficiency, violation or exception claimed or asserted in writing by any Governmental Entity with respect to any examination of the Company or any Subsidiary that has not been resolved.
(b) Except as would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to be material to the Company and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, the Company and its Subsidiaries possess, and at all times since the Applicable Date have possessed, each permit, license, certification, approval, registration, consent, authorization, franchise, concession, variance, exemption and Order issued or granted by a Governmental Entity (each, a “License” and collectively, the “Licenses”) necessary to conduct their respective businesses. A true, correct and complete list of all such Licenses with respect to the Company and its Subsidiaries is set forth in Section 4.11(b) of the Company Disclosure Letter. All such Licenses are in full force and effect. To the Knowledge of the Company, subject to the submission and receipt of the Governmental Notices and Consents, as applicable, none of such Licenses will be terminated or impaired or become terminable as a result of the Merger. The Company and its Subsidiaries have not received any written notification from any Governmental Entity asserting that such Governmental Entity intends to revoke or suspend any such Licenses, and, to the Knowledge of the Company, no such suspension or revocation has been threatened in writing, as of the date hereof. Since the Applicable Date, the Company and its Subsidiaries have timely filed all material filings (including registrations, reports, statements, and notices) required to be filed with any applicable Governmental Entity and such filings, when made, complied in all material respects with all applicable Laws. As of the date of this Agreement, no event or condition exists which would result in a violation of, breach, default or loss of a benefit under, or acceleration of an obligation of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries under, any License (in each case, with or without notice or lapse of time or both), except for violations, breaches, defaults, losses or accelerations that have not had and would not reasonably be expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a Company Material Adverse Effect.
(c) Since the Applicable Date, neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries, nor, to the Knowledge of the Company, any of their respective directors, officers, employees, agents or other Persons acting on behalf of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, has, directly or indirectly: (i) used any funds of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries for any unlawful contribution, payment, benefit, gift, entertainment or other unlawful expense relating to political activity; (ii) made or taken an act in furtherance of an offer, promise or authorization of any direct or indirect unlawful payment or benefit to any official, officer or employee of any Governmental Entity (including any official or employee of any entity directly or indirectly owned or controlled by any Governmental Entity), or any Person acting in an official capacity for or on behalf of any of the foregoing, or any political party or candidate for public office; (iii) violated any provision of the FCPA, or any other applicable anti-bribery or Anti-Corruption Laws; (iv) made any Fraudulent entry on the books or records of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries; or (v) made, offered, agreed, requested or accepted any unlawful bribe, rebate, payoff, influence payment, kickback or other unlawful payment or benefit to any Person, private or public, regardless of form, whether in money, property or services, to obtain favorable treatment in securing business, to obtain special
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concessions, to pay for favorable treatment for business secured, or to pay for special concessions already obtained, in each case of clauses (i) through (v), except as would not reasonably be expected to be material to the Company and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole.
(d) The Company and its Subsidiaries are, and since the Applicable Date have been, conducting their respective operations in compliance in all material respects with applicable financial recordkeeping and reporting requirements of the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act of 1970 (otherwise known as the Bank Secrecy Act), as amended by the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001, and all other applicable money laundering Laws, regulations and orders administered or enforced by any Governmental Entity in the United States and each foreign jurisdiction where the Company or any of its Subsidiaries conducts business (collectively, the “Anti-Money Laundering Laws”). No material Proceeding by or before any Governmental Entity involving the Company or any of its Subsidiaries with respect to the Anti-Money Laundering Laws is pending or, to the Knowledge of the Company, threatened in writing.
(e) None of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, or, to the Knowledge of the Company, any of their respective directors, officers, employees, agents or other Persons acting on behalf of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, is currently (i) the subject or target of any sanctions administered or enforced by the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control, the U.S. Department of State, the United Nations Security Council, the European Union or any other applicable Governmental Entity (collectively, “Sanctions”) or (ii) located, organized or resident in a country or territory that is the subject or target of comprehensive Sanctions (including Cuba, Iran, North Korea, and the Crimea, Donetsk and Luhansk regions of Ukraine) (each, a “Sanctioned Country”). Since the Applicable Date, the Company and its Subsidiaries have not knowingly engaged in any dealings or transactions with any Person that at the time of the dealing or transaction was the subject or target of Sanctions, or with any Sanctioned Country, in violation of applicable Sanctions.
(f) Notwithstanding the foregoing, this Section 4.11 shall not apply with respect to compliance with Tax Laws, which shall be covered exclusively by Section 4.15 or compliance with Environmental Laws, which shall be covered exclusively by Section 4.14.
4.12 Material Contracts. Section 4.12 of the Company Disclosure Letter sets forth a list as of the date of this Agreement of each Contract (other than any Company Plans) to which either the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is a party or bound, pursuant to which the Company or such Subsidiary has current or future obligations, other than (i) each Contract solely among the Company and its wholly-owned Subsidiaries and (ii) any purchase order, order form, statement of work or invoice entered into in the Ordinary Course of Business (but, for the avoidance of doubt, the service, supply, vendor or other underlying agreement to which any such purchase order, statement of work or invoice relates, or under which it is governed, shall be listed in Section 4.12 of the Company Disclosure Letter if it is otherwise a Contract of the type described in this Section 4.12), that:
(a) expressly provides that any of them will not compete with any other Person, or which expressly grants “most favored nation” protections to the counterparty to such Contract, in each case that is material to the Company and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, and after the Effective Time would be binding upon Parent or any of its Subsidiaries (other than the Company and its Subsidiaries);
(b) expressly limits in any material respect either the type of business in which the Company or its Subsidiaries may engage or the manner or locations in which any of them may so engage in any business, that in each case after the Effective Time would be binding upon Parent or any of its Subsidiaries (other than the Company and its Subsidiaries);
(c) requires the Company or its Subsidiaries (or, after the Effective Time, Parent or its Subsidiaries) to deal exclusively with any Person or group of related Persons, which Contract is material to the Company and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole (other than any licenses or other Contracts entered into in the ordinary course);
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(d) is a partnership, limited liability company, joint venture or other similar agreement or arrangement relating to the formation, creation, operation, management or control of any partnership, limited liability company or joint venture, the book value of the Company’s investment in which exceeds $1,000,000;
(e) is a Contract with a Top Customer or Top Vendor;
(f) is required to be filed by the Company as a “material contract” pursuant to Item 601(b)(10) of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act, but that has not yet been so filed;
(g) contains a put, call, right of first refusal, right of first offer or similar right pursuant to which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries would be required to purchase or sell, as applicable, material assets, rights, properties or any equity interests of any Person, other than as would not be material in type or amount to the Company and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole;
(h) was entered into between the Company or any of its Subsidiaries and a Governmental Entity and is material to the business of the Company and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole;
(i) relates to Indebtedness of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, or relating to the mortgaging, pledging or otherwise placing of a Lien (other than a Permitted Lien) on any material asset of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, or provides for any guarantee, support, indemnification, assumption or endorsement by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries of the obligations, liabilities or indebtedness of any other Person, in the case of each of the foregoing, in a principal amount in excess of $3,000,000;
(j) prohibits the payment of dividends or distributions in respect of the capital stock or other equity interests of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, the pledging of the capital stock or other equity interests of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or the incurrence of Indebtedness by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries;
(k) any of the benefits, of or obligations under which, will be increased or accelerated by the occurrence of the execution and delivery of this Agreement, receipt of the Company Requisite Vote, or the consummation of any of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, or under which a right of cancellation or termination will arise as a result thereof, or the value of any of the benefits of which will be calculated on the basis of any of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, where such increase or acceleration of benefits or obligations, right of cancellation or termination, or change in calculation of value of benefits would, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to be material to the Company and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole
(l) is a settlement agreement containing any material continuing obligations of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries involving payments in excess of $1,000,000;
(m) is binding upon the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or any of their respective properties or assets that is of the type that would be required to be disclosed under Item 404 of the Regulation S-K under the Securities Act;
(n) relates to the acquisition or disposition of any Person, business or material assets (whether by merger, sale of stock, sale of assets or otherwise) and under which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries has or may have any material continuing obligation, including (i) any earn-out or deferred or contingent payment, or (ii) any indemnification or similar obligation that remains outstanding;
(o) pursuant to which (A) a third party grants the Company or any of its Subsidiaries a license to, or other right to use, any Intellectual Property that is material to the business of the Company and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole (other than non-exclusive licenses of commercially available off-the-shelf Software), (B) the
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Company or any of its Subsidiaries grants any third party a license to, or other right to use, any Intellectual Property owned by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries that is material to the business of the Company and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole (other than non-exclusive licenses granted to customers or end users in the Ordinary Course of Business) or (C) any Intellectual Property or Software material to the businesses of the Company and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, was developed jointly by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries with a third party; or
(p) other than Contracts entered into in the Ordinary Course of Business, is a Contract not of a type (disregarding any dollar thresholds, materiality or other qualifiers, restrictions or other limitations applied to such Contract type) described in the foregoing clauses (a) through (o) that has, pursuant to its express terms, resulted in or is reasonably expected to result in payments or receipts in excess of $3,000,000 in the trailing 12-month period or any future 12-month period (such Contracts required to be listed pursuant to clauses (a)-(p) of this Section 4.12, the “Material Contracts”).
A true, correct and complete copy of each Material Contract, as amended as of the date of this Agreement, including all attachments, schedules and exhibits thereto, has been made available to Parent prior to the date of this Agreement. Each of the Material Contracts, is valid and binding on the Company or its Subsidiaries, as the case may be and, to the Knowledge of the Company, each other party thereto, and is in full force and effect, except for such failures to be valid and binding or to be in full force and effect as would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Company Material Adverse Effect. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries nor, to the Knowledge of the Company, any other party is in breach of or in default under any Material Contract, and no event has occurred that, with the lapse of time or the giving of notice or both, would constitute a default thereunder by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, in each case, except for such breaches and defaults as would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Company Material Adverse Effect.
4.13 Takeover Statutes. No “fair price”, “moratorium”, “control share acquisition” or other similar anti-takeover statute or regulation (each, a “Takeover Statute”) or any anti-takeover provision in the Company Certificate of Incorporation or Company Bylaws is, or at the Effective Time will be, applicable to the Company, the Shares, the Merger or the other transactions contemplated by this Agreement. The board of directors of the Company has taken all action necessary to ensure that the transactions contemplated by this Agreement and the Company Requisite Vote are not, and will not, be subject to any Takeover Statute or any anti-takeover provision in the Company Certificate of Incorporation or Company Bylaws.
4.14 Environmental Matters. Except for such matters that would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Company Material Adverse Effect, (a) each of the Company and its Subsidiaries is, and has been since the Applicable Date, in compliance with all Environmental Laws, which compliance includes obtaining, maintaining and complying with all permits required by applicable Environmental Laws, (b) neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is subject to any Proceeding pending, or to the Knowledge of the Company threatened in writing, alleging non-compliance with or liability under any Environmental Law and (c) neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is subject to any outstanding obligations under any Order concerning liability or obligations relating to any Environmental Law. The representations and warranties made in this Section 4.14 are the only representations and warranties of the Company with respect to environmental matters.
(a) The Company and each of its Subsidiaries (i) have prepared in good faith and duly and timely filed (taking into account all applicable extensions) all material Tax Returns required to be filed by any of them and all such filed Tax Returns are complete and accurate in all material respects and (ii) have paid all material Taxes due and owing by the Company and its Subsidiaries, whether or not shown on such Tax Returns (other than Taxes that are not yet delinquent or that are being contested in good faith).
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(b) Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries have received written notice of any deficiency, audit, examination, investigation or other Proceedings in respect of material Taxes of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries that has not been fully resolved. All assessments for material Taxes due and owing by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries with respect to completed and settled examinations or other Proceeding have been paid. There is no currently effective agreement or other document with respect to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries extending the period of assessment or collection of any material Taxes.
(c) No written claim that has not been resolved has been made by any Governmental Entity in a jurisdiction where the Company or any of its Subsidiaries do not file income Tax Returns that the Company or its applicable Subsidiary is or may be subject to income Tax by, or required to file income Tax Returns in, such jurisdiction.
(d) There are no Liens for Taxes upon any property or assets of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, except for Permitted Liens.
(e) Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is a party to or is bound by any Tax sharing, allocation or indemnification agreement or arrangement (other than (i) such an agreement or arrangement exclusively between or among the Company and its Subsidiaries or (ii) any customary Tax indemnification provisions contained in commercial Contracts entered into in the Ordinary Course of Business and not primarily related to Taxes).
(f) No closing agreement pursuant to Section 7121 of the Code (or any similar provision of any state, local or foreign law) has been entered into by or with respect to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries.
(g) No private letter rulings, technical advice memoranda or similar rulings have been entered into or issued by any Governmental Entity with respect to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries that are binding on such entity in respect of any taxable year for which the statute of limitations has not yet expired.
(h) Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries (i) is or has been, during any taxable period for which the applicable statute of limitations remains open, a member of an affiliated group of corporations filing a consolidated federal income Tax Return (other than the group of which they are currently members and the common parent of which is the Company), or (ii) has any liability for the Taxes of any Person (other than the Company or any of its Subsidiaries) under Treasury Regulations Section 1.1502-6 (or any similar provision of any state, local, or foreign law), as a transferee or successor, by Contract or otherwise (other than pursuant to an agreement or arrangement described in clause (i) or clause (ii) of Section 4.15(e)).
(i) All material Taxes (determined both individually and in the aggregate) required to be withheld, collected or deposited by or with respect to the Company or its Subsidiaries have been timely withheld, collected or deposited and paid to the relevant Governmental Entity. The Company and its Subsidiaries have complied in all material respects with all Tax-related information reporting requirements.
(j) The Company and its Subsidiaries (i) have collected all material sales and use Taxes (determined both individually and in the aggregate) required to be collected, and have remitted, or will remit on a timely basis, such amounts to the appropriate governmental authorities, or have been furnished properly completed exemption certificates and (ii) have maintained in all material respects such records and supporting documents in the manner required by all applicable sales and use Tax statutes and regulations.
(k) Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries will be required to include any material item of income in, or exclude any material item of deduction from, taxable income for any taxable period (or portion thereof) ending after the Closing Date as a result of any (i) change in method of accounting for a taxable period made prior to the Closing, (ii) transfer of intangible property prior to the Closing that is subject to Section 367(d) of the Code, (iii) installment sale or open transaction disposition made prior to the Closing or (iv) prepaid amount received prior to the Closing.
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(l) Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has agreed or is required to make any material adjustments pursuant to Section 481(a) of the Code or any similar provision of state, local or foreign law by reason of a change in accounting method initiated by it or any other relevant party prior to the Closing and neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has any knowledge that the IRS has proposed any such adjustment or change in material accounting method, nor has any application pending with any Governmental Entity requesting permission for any material changes in accounting methods that relate to the business or assets of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries.
(m) Since the Applicable Date, none of Company or any of its Subsidiaries has been either a “distributing corporation” or a “controlled corporation” in a distribution in which the parties to such distribution treated the distribution as one to which Section 355 of the Code is applicable.
(n) Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is a party to, or has participated in, a “listed transaction” within the meaning of Treasury Regulations Section 1.6011-4. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has participated in any transaction that required disclosure to any Governmental Entity as a listed transaction, reportable transaction or similar tax avoidance transaction.
(o) Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is a tax resident of any country other than the country of its organization.
(p) Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries that is a “United States person” within the meaning of Section 7701(a)(30) of the Code is or has been an “expatriated entity” within the meaning of Section 7874(a)(2)(A) of the Code. No Subsidiary organized outside the United States is or has been (i) a “surrogate foreign corporation” within the meaning of Section 7874(a)(2)(B) of the Code or (ii) treated as a domestic corporation pursuant to Section 7874(b) of the Code.
(q) Notwithstanding any other provision in this Agreement, (i) no representation or warranty is made with respect to the existence, availability, amount, usability or limitations (or lack thereof) of any net operating loss, net operating loss carryforward, capital loss, capital loss carryforward, basis amount or other Tax attribute (whether federal, state, local or foreign) of the Company after the Closing Date and (ii) except as set forth in Section 4.15(k), the Company and any of its respective representatives or Affiliates make no representation or warranty with respect to Taxes of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries with respect to any period (or portion thereof) following the Closing.
(r) The representations and warranties in this Section 4.15 and Section 4.9 constitute the sole and exclusive representations and warranties of the Company and each of its Subsidiaries with respect to Taxes, and no other representation or warranty contained in any other section of this Agreement shall apply to any Tax matters, and no other representation or warranty, express or implied, is being made with respect thereto.
(a) Section 4.16(a) of the Company Disclosure Letter sets forth a true and complete list, as of the date of this Agreement, of (i) all Trademarks, Patents and Copyrights, owned by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries that is the subject of any issuance, registration, application or other filing or recordation with any Governmental Entity (collectively, the “Registered IP”), including, for each item, the applicable jurisdiction(s), the owner of record and the registration or application number and (ii) the material Internet Properties owned by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries. Except as would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Company Material Adverse Effect, all Registered IP is subsisting, and as applicable, valid and enforceable, in the jurisdiction(s) where such Registered IP is issued or registered.
(b) Except as would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Company Material Adverse Effect, (i) the Company or one of its Subsidiaries is the sole and exclusive owner of all
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Intellectual Property owned or purported to be owned by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, free and clear of all Liens (other than Permitted Liens) and (ii) the Intellectual Property owned by, or licensed to, the Company and its Subsidiaries constitutes all of the Intellectual Property necessary for, or used in, the operation of the businesses of the Company and its Subsidiaries as currently conducted.
(c) Except as would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Company Material Adverse Effect since the Applicable Date: (i) the operation of the businesses of the Company and its Subsidiaries has not infringed, misappropriated or otherwise violated any Intellectual Property of any third party and neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has received any written claim or written notice from any Person, and there are no pending or, to the Knowledge of the Company, threatened, proceedings, administrative claims, litigation, suits, actions or investigations alleging, the same and (ii) to the Knowledge of the Company, no Person has infringed, misappropriated or otherwise violated any Intellectual Property owned by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries and neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has sent any written claim or written notice to any Person threatening such, and there have been no pending proceedings, administrative claims, litigation, suits, actions or investigations alleging, the same.
(d) Except as would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Company Material Adverse Effect, (i) the Information Technology Systems are sufficient for, and perform in a manner that permits, the Company and its Subsidiaries to conduct their businesses as currently conducted, (ii) since the Applicable Date, such Information Technology Systems have not suffered from any unauthorized access or use, a security breach or other compromise, material malfunction, data loss or failure, (iii) (A) the Information Technology Systems owned by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries do not contain any Malicious Code and (B) to the Knowledge of the Company, the other Information Technology Systems used in the business of the Company and its Subsidiaries do not contain any Malicious Code, (iv) the Company and its Subsidiaries have taken commercially reasonable efforts to protect the confidentiality, integrity, availability and security of the Information Technology Systems and the data (including any Personal Information, trade secrets, and other material confidential or proprietary information of the Company and its Subsidiaries) stored therein or Processed thereby, including implementing and maintaining a written information security program with appropriate administrative, technical, physical and organizational safeguards consistent in all material respects with applicable industry standards and applicable Law and (v) the Company and its Subsidiaries have implemented and maintained commercially reasonable backup, business continuity, disaster recovery and incident response plans, and have regularly tested the foregoing.
(e) The Company and its Subsidiaries take commercially reasonable steps to maintain the confidentiality of all material trade secrets and other material confidential or proprietary information of the Company and its Subsidiaries. Except as would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Company Material Adverse Effect, since the Applicable Date, there has been no unauthorized access to, use of, or disclosure by the Company or its Subsidiaries to any Person of, any such material trade secrets or other material confidential or proprietary information.
(f) All current and former employees, consultants and independent contractors of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries who have contributed, in a material manner, to the creation or development of any Intellectual Property material to the business of the Company and its Subsidiaries have executed a written agreement containing an irrevocable present assignment to the Company or such Subsidiary of all of such Person’s right, title and interest in and to such Intellectual Property.
(g) Except as would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Company Material Adverse Effect, (i) neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has disclosed, delivered, licensed, released or otherwise made available, or has agreed to disclose, deliver, license, release or otherwise make available, to any escrow agent or any other Person, any source code for any Software that is owned by, or that constitutes, material Intellectual Property of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, and (ii) neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has used, incorporated, integrated, distributed or otherwise made available any Open
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Source Software in, with or in connection with any Software that is owned by, or that constitutes, material Intellectual Property of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries in a manner that (A) requires the contribution, licensing, disclosure or other distribution of any source code of any such Software to any Person, (B) requires the licensing or distribution of any such Software for the purpose of making derivative works, (C) imposes any limitation on the consideration the Company or any of its Subsidiaries may charge for the distribution or use of any such Software or (D) grants to any Person any right or immunity under any such Software or any Intellectual Property therein.
(h) Except as would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be likely to have a Company Material Adverse Effect, (i) the Company and its Subsidiaries have complied with all applicable Laws and all of the Company’s written policies and contractual obligations with respect to the development, training, validation, testing, deployment, distribution or other use of any AI Technology, (ii) since the Applicable Date, neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has received any written notice, inquiry, complaint or other written communication from any Governmental Entity or other Person, or been subject to any Proceeding, alleging non-compliance with any applicable Law or violation of any third-party right in connection with the Company’s or any of its Subsidiaries’ development, training, validation, testing, deployment, distribution or other use of any AI Technology, (iii) the Company and its Subsidiaries have obtained all licenses, consents, permissions and other rights, and provided all notices and disclosures, in each case as required under applicable Law and applicable contractual obligations, to collect and use all AI Inputs used by or on behalf of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries in the development, training, operation or improvement of any AI Technology and (iv) neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has used or otherwise exploited any Intellectual Property owned by or licensed to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries to train or otherwise develop any AI Technology in a manner that would result in the loss of, or any material limitation on, the Company’s or any of its Subsidiaries’ rights in or to such Intellectual Property.
4.17 Data Privacy. Since the Applicable Date, the Company and its Subsidiaries have complied in all material respects with all Privacy Laws and all of the Company’s and its Subsidiaries’ written policies and contractual obligations with respect to the Processing of Personal Information (collectively, the “Privacy Commitments”). The Company and its Subsidiaries have commercially reasonable safeguards in place designed to protect all Personal Information in its possession or under its control against loss, theft, misuse, or unauthorized access, use or disclosure, and applicable Privacy Commitments. The Company has implemented commercially reasonable disaster recovery and business continuity plans. There have been no actual or, to the Knowledge of the Company, suspected unauthorized Processing of, or any material breach involving, any Personal Information in the possession or control of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries since the Applicable Date. Since the Applicable Date, the Company and its Subsidiaries have not received any written notice of any claims of, been charged with, or is subject to any Proceeding alleging, the violation of any Privacy Commitments.
4.18 Insurance. The Company has made available to Parent prior to the date of this Agreement true, correct and complete copies of the material fire and casualty, general liability, business interruption, product liability, professional liability and errors and omissions, cyber liability, workers’ compensation and employer liability, directors’ and officers’ liability, fiduciary liability and key-person life insurance policies maintained by or on behalf of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries as of the date of this Agreement (the “Insurance Policies”), including any material reinsurance policies and self-insurance programs and arrangements. Except as would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Company Material Adverse Effect: (i) the Insurance Policies provide insurance in such amounts and against such risks as is sufficient to (A) comply with applicable Law, (B) satisfy any requirements to purchase insurance under any Contracts and (C) conduct the business of the Company and its Subsidiaries in the ordinary course in all material respects; (ii) all such Insurance Policies are in full force and effect; (iii) neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is in breach of, or default under, any Insurance Policy, and there is no existing event which, with the giving of notice or lapse of time or both, would constitute a default by any insured under any Insurance Policy; (iv) since the Applicable Date, no written notice of cancellation or termination, or any written indication of an intention not to renew, has
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been received by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries with respect to any Insurance Policy, other than in connection with ordinary course renewals; and (v) all premiums due and payable on the Insurance Policies have been paid (other than retroactive or retrospective premium adjustments that are not yet, but may be, required to be paid with respect to any period ending prior to the Closing Date and other than any nonpayments within any applicable grace period). To the Knowledge of the Company, (i) except in connection with ordinary renewals of existing Insurance Policies, there is no material premium increase pending with respect to any Insurance Policy, (ii) since the Applicable Date, the Company and its Subsidiaries have not failed to give notice under any applicable or potentially applicable Insurance Policies for all known incidents that occurred before the date hereof, unless such failure would not reasonably be expected to prevent or materially impair the Company’s or any of its Subsidiaries’ ability to recover under such Insurance Policies in respect of such incidents, and (iii) there is no material claim pending under any Insurance Policy as to which coverage has been denied by the underwriters of such policies (it being understood that a reservation of rights or similar notice by an insurer does not constitute a denial), in each case of clauses (i), (ii) and (iii) that, individually or in the aggregate, would reasonably be expected to be material to the Company and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole.
4.19 Real Property. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries owns any real property. Section 4.19 of the Company Disclosure Letter sets forth, as of the date of this Agreement, a true, correct and complete list of all leases, subleases, licenses and occupancy agreements of real property under which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is a tenant, subtenant, or licensee (each, together with all amendments, guarantees, supplements and other modifications thereto, a “Company Lease” and the real property subject thereto, “Leased Real Property”). Except as would not reasonably be expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a Company Material Adverse Effect: (i) the Company or one of its Subsidiaries has a valid leasehold interest in each Leased Real Property pursuant to the applicable Company Lease, free and clear of all Liens other than Permitted Liens, (ii) each Company Lease is in full force and effect, subject to the Bankruptcy and Equity Exception, and (iii) neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has received written notice that it is in default under any Company Lease and, to the Knowledge of the Company, no event has occurred or circumstance exists which, with the delivery of notice, the passage of time, or both, would constitute such a default by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries under any Company Lease, (iv) no security deposit or portion thereof deposited with respect to such Company Lease has been applied in respect of a breach or default under such Lease which has not been redeposited in full and (v) no such Leased Real Property is occupied by any Person other than the Company or one of its Subsidiaries. The Company has made available to Parent true, correct and complete copies of each Company Lease in the Company’s possession.
4.20 Brokers and Finders. The Company has not employed any broker or finder or incurred any liability for any brokerage fees, commissions or finders’ fees in connection with the Merger or the other transactions contemplated in this Agreement, except that the Company has engaged J.P. Morgan Securities LLC (“J.P. Morgan”) to act as the Company’s financial advisor in connection with the Merger.
4.21 Opinion of Financial Advisor. The board of directors of the Company has received the opinion of J.P. Morgan to the effect that, as of the date of such opinion and based upon and subject to the assumptions made, procedures followed, matters considered and limitations on the review undertaken by J.P. Morgan in preparing its opinion, the Merger Consideration to be received by holders of Shares is fair, from a financial point of view, to such holders. Such opinion has not been amended or rescinded as of the date of this Agreement. A copy of the signed written version of such opinion will be made available to Parent solely for informational purposes and on a non-reliance basis following the execution of this Agreement. It is agreed and understood that such opinion is for the benefit of the board of directors of the Company and may not be relied upon by Parent or any other Person for any purpose.
(a) Except for the Registered Broker-Dealer, none of the Company and its Subsidiaries is required to be registered as a broker-dealer under the Exchange Act or as an introducing broker under the Commodity
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Exchange Act. The Registered Broker-Dealer is a broker-dealer registered with the SEC under the Exchange Act and is a member in good standing of FINRA, the MSRB and IEX. The Registered Broker-Dealer is an introducing broker registered under the Commodity Exchange Act and is a member in good standing with the National Futures Association (“NFA”). The Registered Broker-Dealer holds all Licenses (including all memberships or participant rights in any self-regulatory organization (“SRO”)) of all Governmental Entities and SROs to the extent required and which are material to the operation of its business, other than such Licenses as to which the failure to so hold would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to be material to the business of the Registered Broker-Dealer. The Registered Broker-Dealer has established and maintained a system to supervise the activities of its “associated persons” (as defined under the FINRA by-laws or under the NFA by-laws) that is reasonably designed to achieve compliance, in all material respects, with the applicable Laws and regulations and FINRA and NFA Rules, including with the requirements applicable to such associated persons under the rules of the SEC, CFTC, FINRA, MSRB and NFA. Except for routine examinations by any Governmental Entity charged with the supervision or regulation of broker-dealers and SROs of which the Registered Broker-Dealer is a member, no investigation or enforcement action or referral by any Governmental Entity or SRO with respect to the Registered Broker-Dealer is pending, or to the Knowledge of the Company, threatened in writing. To the Knowledge of the Company, there is no material unresolved violation by any Governmental Entity with respect to any report, registration or other statement filed by, or relating to any examinations by any such Governmental Entity of, the Registered Broker-Dealer.
(b) The Registered Broker-Dealer has, since the Applicable Date, timely filed or submitted all material filings required to be filed with or submitted to the SEC, CFTC, FINRA, MSRB, NFA, or any other Governmental Entity with jurisdiction over it, and all material amendments or supplements to any of the foregoing (the “BD Filings”). When filed, each of the BD Filings complied, in all material respects, with all applicable Law. To the Knowledge of the Company, no amendment or supplement to any of the BD Filings is required other than amendments or supplements that have been filed, except as would not reasonably be expected to be material to the Registered Broker-Dealer.
(c) Section 4.22 of the Company Disclosure Letter sets forth a true, correct and complete list, as of the date hereof, of all SROs in which the Registered Broker-Dealer holds a membership or has been granted trading privileges.
(d) Except as disclosed in any Form BD or Form U-4 filed by the Registered Broker-Dealer prior to the date of this Agreement, no Registered Broker-Dealer or “associated person” (as defined under the FINRA by-laws) of such Registered Broker-Dealer is, as of the date of this Agreement, subject to any of the events set forth in FINRA Rule 1014(a)(3)(A), (C), (D) and (G). Except as disclosed in any Form BD or Form U-4 filed by the Registered Broker-Dealer prior to the date of this Agreement, neither the Registered Broker-Dealer nor any Affiliate or “associated person” (as defined under the FINRA by-laws) of such Registered Broker-Dealer is, as of the date of this Agreement, (i) subject to any event described in Section 15(b)(6) of the Exchange Act or (ii) subject to a “statutory disqualification” as defined in Section 3(a)(39) of the Exchange Act. Except as disclosed in any Form BD or Form U-4 filed by the Registered Broker-Dealer prior to the date of this Agreement, neither the Registered Broker-Dealer nor any registered representative of such Registered Broker-Dealer is, as of the date of this Agreement, subject to disqualification under Rule 506(d) of Regulation D under the Securities Act. There is no Proceeding pending or, to the Knowledge of the Company, threatened in writing, that is reasonably likely to result in any of the foregoing Persons, each, as applicable, being subject to any event, disqualification or a comparable event described in this Section 4.22.
(e) The Company has made available to Parent prior to the date hereof a true, correct and complete copy of the Registered Broker-Dealer’s (i) Uniform Application for Broker-Dealer Registration on Form BD filed since the Applicable Date, reflecting all amendments thereto filed with the Central Registration Depository of FINRA prior to the date of this Agreement (a “Form BD”), (ii) Initial Operation Report on Form ATS with the Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis, and Retrieval system of the SEC and any amendments thereto prior to the date of this Agreement (a “Form ATS”), (iii) Firm Application with the Online Registration System with the
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NFA and (iv) all material correspondence responding to results of any formal examination filed by the Registered Broker-Dealer with any SRO or other Governmental Entity since the Applicable Date; provided that such material correspondence shall not include (A) routine or ordinary course communications, filings, submissions, examinations, or license renewals, (B) general guidance, sweep letters, or communications directed to regulated persons or the industry generally, or (C) any communication relating to matters that would not reasonably be expected to be material to the Registered Broker-Dealer.
(f) The Registered Broker-Dealer is, and at all times since the Applicable Date has been, in compliance in all material respects with all applicable regulatory net capital requirements (including the requirements under Exchange Act Rules 15c3-1 and 15c3-3) and, to the Knowledge of the Company, no distribution of cash is currently required to be made by the Registered Broker-Dealer that will result in it not being in compliance with applicable regulatory net capital requirements. The Registered Broker-Dealer is in compliance in all material respects with all applicable regulatory requirements regarding the possession, control and safekeeping of customer funds, securities and other assets.
(g) The Registered Broker-Dealer has implemented written policies and procedures as required by applicable Law (including, but not limited to, FINRA Rules 3110, 3120 and 3130, Rules 300-303 of Regulation ATS and Exchange Act Rule 15c3-5), including, to the extent applicable, (i) written policies and procedures reasonably designed to avoid corruption, bribery, money laundering or unlawful political contributions, payments or gifts to government officials, (ii) written policies and procedures relating to personal securities trading policies, (iii) codes of conduct and ethics, (iv) written supervisory procedures and a supervisory control system, (v) written policies and procedures designed to protect non-public personal information about clients and other third parties, (vi) written recordkeeping policies and procedures, and (vii) written policies and procedures relating to the best execution obligations under FINRA Rule 5310. True, correct and complete copies of such policies and procedures have been delivered to Parent and, except as otherwise noted in any such reports or filings or as would not reasonably be expected to be material to the Company and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, the Registered Broker-Dealer has been in compliance with such policies and procedures.
(h) Each employee or “associated person” (as defined under the FINRA By-laws or under the NFA by-laws) of the Registered Broker-Dealer who is required to be registered or licensed as a registered representative, principal, investment adviser representative, salesperson or equivalent with any Governmental Entity (if any) is duly registered or licensed as such and such registration or license is in full force and effect or such person is in the process of being registered as such within the time periods in all material respects as required by applicable Laws.
(i) Since the Applicable Date, the Registered Broker-Dealer has complied in all material respects with Regulation Alternative Trading Systems (“Regulation ATS”) and has written procedures reasonably designed to ensure the confidential treatment of trading information pursuant to Rule 301(b)(10) of Regulation ATS. The Registered Broker-Dealer’s alternative trading system is not subject to Rule 301(b)(6) of Regulation ATS because it does not meet the requisite volume thresholds.
(a) MarketAxess Europe Limited (the “UK MTF Operator”) and MarketAxess NL B.V. (the “EU MTF Operator” and, together with the UK MTF Operator, the “MTF Operators”) is, and at all times since the Applicable Date has been, duly authorized, in the case of the UK MTF Operator, by the United Kingdom Financial Conduct Authority (the “FCA”) to operate a multilateral trading facility under Part 4A of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (“FSMA”) and the UK Markets in Financial Instruments Regulation (Regulation (EU) No 600/2014, as amended and as it forms part of UK domestic law) (“UK MiFIR”), and, in the case of the EU MTF Operator, by the Autoriteit Financiële Markten (the “AFM”) and, where applicable, De Nederlandsche Bank (the “DNB”) under the Dutch Financial Supervision Act (Wet op het financieel toezicht, the “Wft”), Directive 2014/65/EU (“MiFID II”) and Regulation (EU) No 600/2014 (“MiFIR”), to operate a multilateral
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trading facility (each, an “MTF”). Except for the MTF Operators, none of the Company and its Subsidiaries is required to be authorized as an operator of a multilateral trading facility, organised trading facility or regulated market, or to be registered, licensed or notified as a market operator or trading venue, under MiFID II, MiFIR, UK MiFIR, FSMA, the Wft or any other Law of the United Kingdom, the European Union or any Member State of the European Union. Except as would not reasonably be expected to be material to each MTF Operator, each MTF Operator holds all Licenses (including all memberships or participant rights in any trading venue or central counterparty) of all Governmental Entities to the extent required and which are material to the operation of the business of the Company and its Subsidiaries. Each MTF Operator has established and maintained organizational, governance and compliance arrangements, including systems to supervise the activities of its employees and other natural or legal Persons performing regulated activities or controlled functions on its behalf, reasonably designed to achieve compliance, in all material respects, with the applicable requirements of the FCA, the AFM, the DNB, the European Securities and Markets Authority (“ESMA”) and any other Governmental Entity with jurisdiction over it. Except for routine supervisory examinations, industry-wide reviews or visits by any Governmental Entity, no investigation, enforcement action, supervisory measure or referral by any Governmental Entity with respect to either MTF Operator is pending, or, to the Knowledge of the Company, threatened in writing. To the Knowledge of the Company, there is no material unresolved violation by any Governmental Entity with respect to any report, registration, return or other statement filed by, or relating to any examination or supervisory review by any such Governmental Entity of, either MTF Operator.
(b) Each MTF Operator has, since the Applicable Date, timely filed or submitted all material returns, notifications, reports, applications, transaction reports and other filings required to be filed with or submitted to the FCA, the AFM, the DNB, ESMA or any other Governmental Entity with jurisdiction over it, and all material amendments or supplements to any of the foregoing (the “MTF Filings”). To the Knowledge of the Company, when filed, each of the MTF Filings complied, in all material respects, with all applicable Law, including MiFID II, MiFIR, UK MiFIR, FSMA, the Wft and the rules, regulations, technical standards, guidelines and opinions issued thereunder. To the Knowledge of the Company, no amendment or supplement to any of the MTF Filings is required other than amendments or supplements that have been filed.
(c) The activities of each MTF Operator, and each system, platform, facility or arrangement operated by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries that brings together multiple third-party buying and selling interests in financial instruments or otherwise pre-arranges transactions in financial instruments (whether through request-for-quote, indication of interest, order management or any other functionality), are conducted in compliance, in all material respects, with the requirements of MiFID II, MiFIR, UK MiFIR, FSMA, the Wft, and any other applicable Law or guidance from a Governmental Entity including the requirement to be authorized as a multilateral trading facility, organized trading facility or regulated market where applicable. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, (i) no system, platform, facility or arrangement operated by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries constitutes a “multilateral system” within the meaning of Article 4(1)(19) of MiFID II (or the equivalent definition under applicable UK law) that is required to be authorized as a trading venue and is not so authorized, (ii) any pre-arrangement of transactions in a multilateral way by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is, in all material respects, formalized on an EU trading venue or on a third-country venue recognized as equivalent under MiFIR or Regulation (EU) No 648/2012 for the relevant purpose, in each case to the extent required by applicable Law, and (iii) neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has received from any Governmental Entity any written notice, request for information, supervisory letter or other communication asserting, or otherwise indicating, that any such system, platform, facility or arrangement is or may be in material breach of, or inconsistent in all material respects with, the requirements set out under applicable Law or applicable regulatory guidance issued by a relevant Governmental Entity. Since the Applicable Date and to the extent permitted by applicable Law, the Company has made available to Parent true, correct and complete copies of all material correspondence between the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, on the one hand, and any Governmental Entity, on the other hand, concerning the operation of any multilateral trading facility by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries; provided that such material correspondence shall not include (A) routine or ordinary course communications, filings, submissions, examinations, or license renewals, (B) general guidance, sweep letters, or communications directed to regulated
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persons or the industry generally, or (C) any communication relating to matters that would not reasonably be expected to be material to the MTF Operators, taken as a whole.
(d) Except as would not reasonably be expected to be material to the MTF Operators, taken as a whole, neither MTF Operator, nor any of its directors, senior managers, individuals holding a controlled function or senior management function or any other Person performing a key function, or certification function (in each case, as such concepts are interpreted under MiFID II, the FCA Handbook, the AFM rules or the Wft) for or on behalf of either MTF Operator, to the Knowledge of the Company, is, or since the Applicable Date has been, (i) subject to any prohibition, suspension, withdrawal or variation of authorization, condition, restriction, public censure, financial penalty or other disciplinary or enforcement measure imposed by any Governmental Entity, except as determined by or set forth in the relevant authorization, (ii) the subject of a finding by any Governmental Entity that the Person is not fit and proper, lacks good repute or otherwise does not meet any requirement of integrity, competence or financial soundness under applicable Law, or (iii) subject to any criminal conviction, civil or administrative proceeding or settlement that would be required to be disclosed in any application or notification to a Governmental Entity under applicable Law. There is no Proceeding pending or, to the Knowledge of the Company, threatened in writing, that is reasonably likely to result in any of the foregoing Persons being subject to any event, disqualification or comparable event described in this Section 4.23. Each individual who is required to be registered, approved or certified with the FCA (including under the Senior Managers and Certification Regime), the AFM or the DNB, or otherwise authorized, certified or licensed under applicable Law in connection with the activities of either MTF Operator, is duly so registered, approved, certified or authorized, and such registration, approval, certification or authorization is in full force and effect.
(e) To the Knowledge of the Company, each MTF Operator is, and at all times since the Applicable Date has been, in compliance in all material respects with all applicable own funds, regulatory capital, liquidity and prudential requirements and no distribution of cash or other assets is required to be made by either MTF Operator that will result in it not being in compliance with such requirements.
4.24 Derivative Instruments. Except for those that would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be likely to have a Company Material Adverse Effect, all interest rate swaps, caps, floors, option agreements, futures and forward contracts and other similar derivative transactions and risk management arrangements, whether entered into for the account of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or for the account of a customer of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, (i) were entered into in the Ordinary Course of Business and in accordance with applicable rules, regulations and policies of any applicable Governmental Entity and with counterparties reasonably believed to be financially responsible at the time and (ii) are legal, valid and binding obligations of the Company or one of its Subsidiaries enforceable in accordance with their terms (except as may be limited by the Bankruptcy and Equity Exception). The Company and each of its Subsidiaries, as applicable, has duly performed in all material respects all of its material obligations thereunder to the extent that such obligations to perform have accrued, and, to the Knowledge of the Company, there are no material breaches, violations or defaults or bona fide allegations or assertions of such by any party thereunder. The financial position of the Company and its Subsidiaries on a consolidated basis under or with respect to each such derivative transaction and risk management arrangement has been reflected in the books and records of the Company and its Subsidiaries in accordance with GAAP consistently applied.
(a) Section 4.25(a) of the Company Disclosure Letter sets forth a true, correct and complete list of (i) the ten (10) largest liquidity takers on the platforms of the Company and its Subsidiaries (determined on the basis trading volume of U.S. high grade bonds, U.S. high yield bonds, Eurobonds and emerging markets bonds, collectively, attributable to such liquidity takers on the platforms of the Company and its Subsidiaries), and (ii) the ten (10) largest customers (determined on the basis of actual revenue received by the Company and its Subsidiaries directly from customers but excluding any such revenues from the Company’s Open TradingTM protocols), in each case of (i) and (ii), taken as a whole, during the twelve (12) months ended June 30, 2026) (each, a “Top Customer”).
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(b) No single Top Customer accounted for more than (i) six percent (6%) of the U.S. high grade bonds, U.S. high yield bonds, Eurobonds and emerging markets bonds liquidity taker trading volume generated on platforms of the Company and its Subsidiaries and (ii) eight percent (8%) of the revenue referenced in clause (ii) of Section 4.25(a), in each case of (i) and (ii), taken as a whole, during the twelve (12) months ended June 30, 2026.
(c) Since the Applicable Date through the date of this Agreement, (i) there has been no (A) suspension or termination of or materially adverse change to the business relationship of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries with any Top Customer, (B) material adverse change to the terms and conditions on which any Top Customer purchases products or services from the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, or (C) to the Knowledge of the Company, no written indication of any intent by any Top Customer to initiate or effect any of the foregoing; and (ii) neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has been engaged, or is currently engaged, in a material dispute with any Top Customer.
(a) Section 4.26(a) of the Company Disclosure Letter sets forth a true, correct and complete list of the ten (10) largest vendors (inclusive of landlords) of the Company and its Subsidiaries (determined on the basis of the actual amounts paid for products and services by the Company and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, during the twelve (12) months ended June 30, 2026) (each, a “Top Vendor”).
(b) Since the Applicable Date through the date of this Agreement, (i) there has been no (A) suspension or termination of or materially adverse change to the business relationship of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries with any Top Vendor, (B) material adverse change to the terms and conditions on which any Top Vendor supplies products or services to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, or (C) to the Knowledge of the Company, no written indication of any intent by any Top Vendor to initiate or effect any of the foregoing; and (ii) neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has been engaged, or is currently engaged, in a material dispute with any Top Vendor.
4.27 No Other Representations and Warranties. Except for the representations and warranties of the Company contained in this ARTICLE IV or in any certificate delivered in connection with this Agreement, the Company is not making and has not made, and no other Person is making or has made on behalf of the Company, any express or implied representation or warranty in connection with this Agreement or the transactions contemplated hereby; and neither the Company nor any person on behalf of the Company is making any express or implied representation or warranty with respect to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or their respective businesses or with respect to any other information made available to Parent or Merger Sub in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. Except for the representations and warranties expressly set forth in this ARTICLE IV, the Company hereby disclaims all liability and responsibility for all projections, forecasts, estimates, financial statements, financial information, appraisals, statements, promises, advice, data or information made, communicated or furnished (orally or in writing, including electronically) to Parent or any of Parent’s Affiliates or any Representatives of Parent or any of Parent’s Affiliates, including omissions therefrom. Without limiting the foregoing, the Company makes no representation or warranty of any kind whatsoever, express or implied, written or oral, at law or in equity, to Parent or any of its Affiliates or any Representatives of Parent of any of its Affiliates regarding the success, profitability or value of the Company; provided, however, nothing in this Section 4.27 shall limit Parent’s or Merger Sub’s remedies with respect to claims of Fraud or Willful Breach in connection with, arising out of or otherwise related to the express written representations and warranties made by the Company in ARTICLE IV and in any certificate or other instrument delivered pursuant to this Agreement.
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ARTICLE V
REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES OF PARENT AND MERGER SUB
Except as disclosed in any Parent Reports filed with, or furnished to, the SEC on or after the Applicable Date, and prior to the date of this Agreement (excluding any disclosures (other than statements of historical fact) contained in any “Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors” sections of such Parent Reports and any other disclosures included or referenced in any such Parent Reports that are cautionary, predictive or forward looking in nature), Parent and Merger Sub hereby represent and warrant to the Company as follows:
5.1 Organization, Good Standing and Qualification. Each of Parent and Merger Sub is a legal entity duly organized, validly existing and in good standing under the Laws of its respective jurisdiction of organization and has all requisite corporate or similar power and authority to own, lease and operate its properties and assets and to carry on its business as presently conducted. Each of Parent and Merger Sub is qualified to do business and is in good standing as a foreign legal entity (to the extent such concept is recognized under applicable Law) in each jurisdiction where the ownership, leasing or operation of its assets or properties or the conduct of its business requires such qualification, except where the failure to be so organized, qualified or in good standing, or to have such power or authority, would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Parent Material Adverse Effect. Prior to the date of this Agreement, Parent has made available to the Company true, correct and complete copies of the Constituent Documents of Parent and Merger Sub, in each case as amended to and in effect on the date of this Agreement.
5.2 Ownership of Merger Sub. The authorized capital stock of Merger Sub consists of 1,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, all of which are validly issued and outstanding. All of the issued and outstanding capital stock of Merger Sub is, and at the Effective Time will be, owned, directly or indirectly, by Parent. Merger Sub was formed solely for purposes of engaging in the transactions contemplated by this Agreement and has not conducted any business prior to the date of this Agreement and does not have any assets, liabilities or obligations of any nature other than those incident to its formation, and prior to the Effective Time will not have engaged in any business and will not have any assets, liabilities or obligations other than those arising pursuant to this Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereby, including the Merger.
5.3 Corporate Authority; Approval. Each of Parent and Merger Sub has all requisite corporate power and authority and each has taken all corporate action necessary in order to execute, deliver and, subject to obtaining the approval contemplated by Section 6.16 of this Agreement in the case of Merger Sub, perform its obligations under this Agreement and to consummate the Merger and the other transactions contemplated by this Agreement. This Agreement has been duly executed and delivered by Parent and Merger Sub and constitutes a valid and binding agreement of Parent and Merger Sub, enforceable against each of Parent and Merger Sub in accordance with its terms, subject to the Bankruptcy and Equity Exception. The approval and adoption of this Agreement by Parent as the sole stockholder of Merger Sub that is to be delivered pursuant to Section 6.16 is the only vote or approval required in order for Parent and Merger Sub to execute and deliver this Agreement, to perform their obligations under this Agreement, or to consummate the transactions contemplated hereby, including the Merger, on the terms and subject to the conditions of this Agreement. No approval by the stockholders of Parent is required in order for Parent to execute, deliver and perform its obligations under this Agreement or to consummate the transactions contemplated hereby on the terms and subject to the conditions of this Agreement.
5.4 Governmental Filings; No Violations.
(a) Other than (i) the filing of the Certificate of Merger pursuant to Section 1.3 and (ii) the Governmental Notices and Consents, no filings, notices and/or reports are required to be made by Parent or Merger Sub or their Subsidiaries with, nor are any Consents required to be obtained by Parent or Merger Sub or their Subsidiaries from any Governmental Entity in connection with the execution, delivery and performance of
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this Agreement by Parent and Merger Sub and/or the consummation by Parent and Merger Sub of the Merger and the other transactions contemplated hereby, except, in each case, those that the failure to make or obtain would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Parent Material Adverse Effect.
(b) Subject to the receipt of the Governmental Notices and Consents, the execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement by Parent and Merger Sub does not, and the consummation by Parent and Merger Sub of the Merger and the other transactions contemplated hereby will not, (i) constitute or result in a breach or violation of, or a default under, the Constituent Documents of Parent or Merger Sub, (ii) constitute or result in, with or without the lapse of time or the giving of notice or both, a breach or violation of, or the loss of any benefit under, a default or termination or modification (or right of termination or modification) under, payment of additional fees under, the creation or acceleration of any obligations under, or the creation of a Lien on any of the assets of Parent or any of its Subsidiaries pursuant to any Contract binding upon Parent or any of its Subsidiaries, or, (iii) assuming (solely with respect to performance of this Agreement and consummation of the Merger and the other transactions contemplated hereby) the Governmental Notices and Consents referred to in Section 5.4(a) are made or obtained, conflict with or violate any Law or License to which Parent or any of its Subsidiaries is subject; except, in the case of clauses (ii) and (iii) of this Section 5.4(b), for any such breach, violation, default, termination, modification, payment, requirement, creation, acceleration, Lien, conflict or violation that would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Parent Material Adverse Effect.
(c) None of Parent, Merger Sub, or to the Knowledge of Parent, Parent’s (i) directors or officers or (ii) to the extent Parent anticipates such persons will become “associated persons” of the Registered Broker-Dealer, its employees (such persons identified in clauses (i) and (ii) collectively, the “Parent Parties”) are or have been (a) ineligible to serve as a principal or registered representative of a broker-dealer or an associated person of a broker-dealer under Section 15(b) of the Exchange Act, (b) subject to “statutory disqualification” within the meaning of Section 3(a)(39) of the Exchange Act, “heightened supervision” under the rules of FINRA, “bad actor disqualification” described in Rule 506(d) of the Securities Act, or any other restriction on activities or future activities as a broker-dealer or an associated person of a broker-dealer under applicable Law, (c) subject to any order that enjoins such Person from engaging in or continuing any conduct or practice in connection with any activity involving or in connection with the purchase or sale of any security, or (d) subject to any disqualification that would be a basis for censure or denial, suspension or revocation of a Registered Broker-Dealer’s membership agreement with FINRA or registration as a broker-dealer under Section 15 of the Exchange Act. There is no action with respect to any Parent Party pending or, to Parent’s Knowledge, threatened that would reasonably be expected to result in the occurrence of any of the circumstances set forth in the immediately preceding sentence.
5.5 Litigation. Since the Applicable Date, there have been no, and as of the date of this Agreement, there are no Proceedings pending or, to the Knowledge of Parent, threatened in writing against Parent or Merger Sub that would, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Parent Material Adverse Effect. Neither Parent, Merger Sub nor any of their respective Subsidiaries is a party to or subject to the provisions of any Order, award, stipulation or settlement of or with any Governmental Entity that would, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Parent Material Adverse Effect.
5.6 Brokers and Finders. Parent has not employed any broker or finder or incurred any liability for any brokerage fees, commissions or finders’ fees in connection with the Merger or the other transactions contemplated in this Agreement, except that Parent has employed BofA Securities, Inc. as its financial advisor.
5.7 Financial Ability. Parent has, and will have at the Effective Time, sufficient cash, available cash equivalents, borrowing capacity and other immediately available funds to pay, and to cause to be paid, all obligations of the Parent and Merger Sub hereunder, including (i) the aggregate Merger Consideration and all other amounts payable by Parent or Merger Sub pursuant to this Agreement, (ii) all amounts owing in respect of Closing Indebtedness to be repaid in connection with Closing and (iii) to pay all fees, costs and expenses arising in connection with the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby and there is no restriction on the
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use of such cash for such purposes. Parent’s and Merger Sub’s obligations under this Agreement are not subject to any financing condition. In no event shall the receipt or availability of any financing, or the consummation of any financing or other transactions, be a condition to any of Parent’s or Merger Sub’s obligations under this Agreement.
5.8 Solvency. Neither Parent nor Merger Sub is entering into this Agreement with the intent to hinder, delay or defraud either present or future creditors of Parent, Merger Sub, the Company, the Surviving Corporation or any of their respective Subsidiaries. Assuming the satisfaction of the conditions to Parent’s obligations to consummate the Merger, and immediately after giving effect to the Merger, the other transactions contemplated by this Agreement and the payment of the aggregate Merger Consideration, the other amounts payable pursuant to this Agreement, and any repayment or refinancing of debt contemplated in this Agreement, Parent, the Surviving Corporation and each Subsidiary of the Surviving Corporation will be Solvent as of the Effective Time and immediately after the consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement.
5.9 No Other Representations and Warranties. Except for the representations and warranties of Parent and Merger Sub contained in this ARTICLE V or in any certificate delivered in connection with this Agreement, neither Parent nor Merger Sub is making and has made, and no other Person is making or has made on behalf of Parent and Merger Sub, any express or implied representation or warranty in connection with this Agreement or the transactions contemplated hereby; and neither Parent nor Merger Sub nor any person on behalf of Parent and Merger Sub is making any express or implied representation or warranty with respect to Parent and Merger Sub or with respect to any other information made available to the Company in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. Except for the representations and warranties expressly set forth in this ARTICLE V, Parent and Merger Sub hereby disclaim all liability and responsibility for all projections, forecasts, estimates, financial statements, financial information, appraisals, statements, promises, advice, data or information made, communicated or furnished (orally or in writing, including electronically) to the Company or any of the Company’s Affiliates or any Representatives of the Company or any of the Company’s Affiliates, including omissions therefrom. Without limiting the foregoing, neither Parent nor Merger Sub makes any representation or warranty of any kind whatsoever, express or implied, written or oral, at law or in equity, to the Company or any of its Affiliates or any Representatives of the Company or any of its Affiliates regarding the success, profitability or value of Parent or Merger Sub; provided, however, nothing in this Section 5.9 shall limit the Company’s remedies with respect to claims of Fraud or Willful Breach in connection with, arising out of or otherwise related to the express written representations and warranties made by Parent and Merger Sub in ARTICLE V and in any certificate or other instrument delivered pursuant to this Agreement.
5.10 Access to Information; Disclaimer. Parent and Merger Sub each acknowledges and agrees that it (a) has had an opportunity to discuss the business of the Company and its Subsidiaries and with the management of the Company, (b) has had reasonable access to (i) the books and records of the Company and its Subsidiaries and (ii) the documents provided by the Company for purposes of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, (c) has been afforded the opportunity to ask questions of and receive answers from officers of the Company and (d) has conducted its own independent investigation of the Company and its Subsidiaries, their respective businesses and the transactions contemplated hereby, and has not relied on any representation, warranty or other statement by any Person on behalf of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, other than the representations and warranties of the Company contained in ARTICLE IV or in any certificate delivered in connection with this Agreement, and that all other representations and warranties are specifically disclaimed. Without limiting the foregoing, except for the representations and warranties set forth in ARTICLE IV or in any certificate delivered in connection with this Agreement, each of Parent and Merger Sub further acknowledges and agrees that none of the Company or any of its stockholders, directors, officers, employees, Affiliates, advisors, agents or other Representatives has made any representation or warranty concerning any estimates, projections, forecasts, business plans or other forward-looking information regarding the Company, its subsidiaries or their respective businesses and operations. Each of Parent and Merger Sub hereby acknowledges that there are uncertainties inherent in attempting to develop such estimates, projections, forecasts, business plans and other forward-looking information with which Parent and Merger Sub are familiar, that Parent and Merger
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Sub are taking full responsibility for making their own evaluation of the adequacy and accuracy of all estimates, projections, forecasts, business plans and other forward-looking information furnished to them (including the reasonableness of the assumptions underlying such estimates, projections, forecasts, business plans and other forward-looking information), and that Parent and Merger Sub will have no claim against the Company or any of its stockholders, directors, officers, employees, Affiliates, advisors, agents or other Representatives with respect thereto; provided, however, that nothing in this Section 5.10 shall limit the proviso to Section 4.27 regarding claims relating to Fraud or Willful Breach. The Company acknowledges and agrees that none of the Company or its Affiliates or its or their respective Representatives has relied on and none are relying on any representations or warranties regarding Parent, Merger Sub or any of their respective Affiliates, other than the express written representations and warranties set forth in this ARTICLE V and in any certificate or other instrument delivered pursuant to this Agreement.
ARTICLE VI
COVENANTS
6.1 Interim Operations. Except (w) as required by applicable Law, (x) as Parent may approve in writing (such approval not to be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed), (y) as expressly disclosed in Section 6.1 of the Company Disclosure Letter or (z) as expressly provided for in this Agreement (including those covenants set forth in Section 6.20 of the Company Disclosure Letter), the Company covenants and agrees as to itself and its Subsidiaries that, from and after the execution of this Agreement and prior to the earlier of (1) the Effective Time or (2) the termination of this Agreement in accordance with ARTICLE VIII, (A) the Company shall, and shall cause each of its Subsidiaries to, use its commercially reasonable efforts to conduct its business and the business of its Subsidiaries in the Ordinary Course of Business and, to the extent consistent therewith, use commercially reasonable efforts to preserve substantially intact its current business organizations, to keep available the services of its current officers and employees and to preserve its relationships with significant customers, suppliers, licensors, licensees, employees, agents, business associates and others having significant business dealings with it; provided, however, that no action that is specifically permitted by any of subclauses (a) through (v) of Section 6.1 shall be deemed a breach of either this clause (A) or any other subclause of Section 6.1 and (B) without limiting the generality of, and in furtherance of, the foregoing the Company shall not and will not permit any of its Subsidiaries to:
(a) (i) amend its Constituent Documents, (ii) split, combine, subdivide or reclassify its outstanding shares of capital stock or issue or authorize the issuance of any other securities in respect of, in lieu of or in substitution for, shares of its capital stock (except for any such transaction by a wholly-owned Subsidiary of the Company which remains a wholly-owned Subsidiary after consummation of such transaction), (iii) declare, set aside or pay any dividend or distribution payable in cash, stock or property (or any combination thereof) in respect of any shares of its capital stock (except for any (1) dividends or distributions paid by a direct or indirect wholly-owned Subsidiary of the Company to another direct or indirect wholly-owned Subsidiary of the Company or to the Company in accordance with its Constituent Documents or (2) regular quarterly cash dividends approved by the Company’s board of directors in the Ordinary Course of Business (both in terms of the timing of dividend payments and the amounts paid) in accordance with applicable Law (including fiduciary standards) and the Constituent Documents of the Company or (iv) purchase, repurchase, redeem or otherwise acquire any shares of its capital stock or any securities convertible or exchangeable into or exercisable for any shares of its capital stock (other than (1) pursuant to the exercise of Company Options or the forfeiture of, or withholding of Taxes with respect to, Company Options, Company PSUs or Company RSUs or (2) purchases, repurchases, redemptions or other acquisitions of securities of any Subsidiary of the Company by the Company or any other Subsidiary of the Company);
(b) merge or consolidate with any other Person, or restructure, reorganize or liquidate;
(c) except as required pursuant to the terms of a Company Plan in effect as of the date hereof and set forth in Section 4.9 of the Company Disclosure Letter or as otherwise required by applicable Law, (i) increase in
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any manner the base compensation or consulting fees, bonus, pension, welfare, fringe or other benefits, severance or termination pay of any employee or other service provider of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries with annual base salary, wage rate or consulting fee in excess of $250,000 per year, (ii) become a party to, establish, adopt, amend, commence participation in or terminate any Company Plan or any arrangement that would have been a Company Plan had it been entered into prior to this Agreement, (iii) grant any new awards, or amend or modify the terms of any outstanding awards, under any Company Plan, (iv) take any action to accelerate the vesting or payment, or fund the payment, of compensation or benefits under any Company Plan, (v) forgive any loans or issue any loans (other than routine expense advances issued in the Ordinary Course of Business) to any employee or other service provider of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, (vi) hire any employee or engage any independent contractor (who is a natural person) with an annual salary or wage rate or consulting fees in excess of $250,000, or (vii) terminate any employee or independent contractor (who is a natural person) with an annual salary or wage rate or consulting fees in excess of $250,000 annually, other than for cause;
(d) incur any third party Indebtedness for borrowed money or issue any rights to acquire any Indebtedness, except (i) in the Ordinary Course of Business, (ii) borrowings under the Company’s revolving credit facility as in effect as of the date hereof, including Closing Indebtedness, or collateralized facilities referred to in the Company Reports, in each case, not to exceed $50,000,000 in the aggregate; provided that the foregoing $50,000,000 limitation shall not apply to any borrowings reasonably necessary to fund margin calls, clearing or settlement deposits, or other short-term or extraordinary liquidity needs of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, (iii) in replacement of existing Indebtedness which has matured or is scheduled to mature, in each case after the date of this Agreement, on then prevailing market terms or on terms substantially consistent with or more beneficial to the Company and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, than the Indebtedness being replaced, (iv) inter-company Indebtedness between or among the Company and any of its Subsidiaries, (v) (A) to the extent not drawn upon and payments are not triggered thereby, letters of credit, bank guarantees, security or performance bonds or similar credit support instruments and (B) overdraft facilities or cash management programs, in each case issued, made or entered into in the Ordinary Course of Business or (vi) hedging in compliance with the hedging strategy of the Company as of the date of this Agreement in Ordinary Course of Business and not for speculative purposes;
(e) other than with respect to the Approved Capital Expenditures, make or commit to any capital expenditures in the Ordinary Course of Business, which exceed $5,000,000 individually, or $10,000,000 in the aggregate;
(f) other than in the Ordinary Course of Business, transfer, lease, license, sell, assign, mortgage, pledge, place a Lien (other than a Permitted Lien) upon or otherwise dispose of any properties or assets (including capital stock of any of its Subsidiaries, but not including any Intellectual Property, which is the subject of Section 6.1(s), and other than any real property, which is the subject of Section 6.1(u)) with a fair market value in excess of $5,000,000 individually or $10,000,000 in the aggregate (other than transactions solely among the Company and its wholly-owned Subsidiaries);
(g) issue, deliver, sell, grant, transfer, or encumber, or authorize the issuance, delivery, sale, grant, transfer or encumbrance of, any shares of its capital stock or any securities convertible or exchangeable into or exercisable for, or any options, warrants or other rights to acquire, any Shares (including, for the avoidance of doubt, any restricted stock units or performance restricted stock units as contemplated under the Company Stock Plans), except (i) for any Shares issued pursuant to Company Options, Company PSUs and Company RSUs outstanding on the date of this Agreement or issued in compliance with the terms of this Agreement in accordance with the existing terms of such awards and the applicable Company Stock Plan, (ii) for Shares purchased under the Company ESPP, and (iii) by wholly-owned Subsidiaries to the Company or to any other wholly-owned Subsidiary of the Company;
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(h) spend or commit to spend in excess of $5,000,000 individually or $10,000,000 in the aggregate to acquire any business or to acquire assets or other property, whether by merger, consolidation, purchase of property or assets or otherwise (valuing any non-cash consideration at its fair market value as of the date of the agreement for such acquisition);
(i) make any material change with respect to its financial accounting policies or procedures, except as required by changes in GAAP (or any interpretation thereof) or by applicable Law;
(j) enter into any material new line of business, other than any line of business that is (i) reasonably ancillary to and a reasonably foreseeable extension of any line of business as of the date of this Agreement, (ii) authorized under an existing License and (iii) approved by the Company’s board of directors in the Ordinary Course of Business;
(k) other than in amounts which do not exceed $5,000,000 individually or $10,000,000 in the aggregate, make any capital contributions to, or investments in, any Person (other than capital contributions to the Company or any direct or indirect Subsidiary of the Company);
(l) make loans or advances to any Person, other than (i) loans or advances to the Company or any direct or indirect Subsidiary of the Company, (ii) routine expense advances issued in the Ordinary Course of Business to any employee or other service provider of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or (iii) in the Ordinary Course of Business of the Registered Broker-Dealer’s, the MTFs’ and MarketAxess Capital Limited’s businesses;
(m) with respect to Material Contracts of a type required to be listed in subsections (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (g), (i), (k), (m), (n), (o) and (p) in Section 4.12 of the Company Disclosure Letter, other than in the Ordinary Course of Business, (i) amend or modify in any material respect or terminate (excluding terminations upon expiration of the term thereof in accordance with the terms thereof) any Material Contract or waive, release or assign any material rights, claims or benefits under any Material Contract or (ii) enter into any Contract that would have been a Material Contract had it been entered into prior to the date of this Agreement unless it is on terms substantially consistent with, or on terms more favorable to the Company or its Subsidiaries (and to Parent and its Subsidiaries following the Closing) than, either a Contract it is replacing or a form of such Material Contract made available to Parent prior to the date hereof; provided, that the foregoing shall not prohibit or restrict the ability of the Company or its Subsidiaries to take any action described in this Section 6.1(m) in the Ordinary Course of Business with respect to Contracts or Material Contracts between the Company and/or one or more of its Subsidiaries; provided, further, that (x) this Section 6.1(m) shall not prohibit or restrict the Company or any of its Subsidiaries from entering into a Contract to the extent that such Contract implements an act or failure to act that is not otherwise expressly prohibited by any of Sections 6.1(a) through 6.1(m) and (y) for the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6.1(m) shall not prohibit or restrict any Company Plans;
(n) settle any action, suit, case, litigation, claim, hearing, arbitration, investigation or other Proceedings before or threatened to be brought before a Governmental Entity, other than settlements if the amount of any such settlement is not in excess of $1,000,000 individually or $5,000,000 in the aggregate, in each case in excess of amounts available under the Company’s applicable insurance policy, and, if involving a non-monetary settlement, as expressly permitted by Section 6.1(o); provided, that the Company shall consult in good faith with Parent prior to settling any Proceeding set forth on Section 6.1(n) of the Company Disclosure Letter (each, a “Specified Proceeding”) in a manner otherwise permitted by this Section 6.1(n);
(o) make any non-monetary settlement of Proceedings, other than settlements that (i) would not materially impair the operations of the Company and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, and (ii) after the Closing Date, would not reasonably be expected to materially impair the operations of the Company and its Subsidiaries or Parent and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole; provided, however, that prior to entering into any material non-monetary settlement, the Company shall provide Parent prior notice and an opportunity to comment on such
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settlement; and provided, further, that the Company shall not make any non-monetary settlement of any Specified Proceeding that would restrict or impair the operations of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries without the prior written consent of Parent (such consent not to be unreasonably withheld or delayed);
(p) make, change or rescind any material Tax election; file any material amended Tax Return; make any change to any annual Tax accounting period; enter into any closing agreement; settle or compromise any proceeding with respect to any material Tax claim or assessment relating to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries; surrender any right to claim a material refund of Taxes; consent to any extension or waiver of the limitation period applicable to any Tax proceeding or assessment (other than as a result of an automatic extension with respect to the due date for filing a Tax Return); enter into any agreement or arrangement relating to the purchase of any Tax credit or other Tax attribute;
(q) other than as required by applicable Law, materially amend or modify its risk management policies;
(r) agree or consent to any agreement or material modifications of any existing agreements with any Governmental Entity that materially impairs the operations of the Company and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole;
(s) sell, license (other than non-exclusive licenses granted to customers or end users in the Ordinary Course of Business consistent with past practice), assign, transfer, abandon, allow to lapse, fail to maintain or otherwise dispose of any material Intellectual Property owned by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries;
(t) other than as required by applicable Law, amend, modify or terminate any (A) publicly posted written privacy policy of the Company or its Subsidiaries or (B) policy of the Company or its Subsidiaries governing the Company or any of its Subsidiaries’ development, deployment or other use of AI Technology, in each case of clauses (A) and (B), in any respect that would materially increase the regulatory, litigation or compliance risk of the Company or its Subsidiaries;
(u) amend, modify, extend, renew or terminate any Company Lease that is a Material Contract, enter into any new lease for any real property that would have been a Material Contract had it been entered into prior to the date of this Agreement, or acquire (by purchase or otherwise) a fee interest in any real property; or
(v) agree, resolve or commit to do any of the foregoing.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, nothing in this Agreement is intended to give Parent or Merger Sub, directly or indirectly, the right to control or direct the business or operations of the Company at any time prior to the Effective Time. Prior to the Effective Time, the Company shall exercise, consistent with the terms and conditions of this Agreement, complete control and supervision over their own business and operations.
(a) No Solicitation or Negotiation. Except as expressly permitted by this Section 6.2, the Company shall not, and shall cause its and its Subsidiaries, and shall use reasonably best efforts to cause its and their respective directors, officers and employees, not to, and shall instruct its investment bankers, attorneys, accountants and other advisors or representatives (collectively, “Representatives”) not to, directly or indirectly: (i) solicit, initiate, knowingly encourage or knowingly facilitate any inquiries or the making of any proposal or offer that constitutes, or could reasonably be expected to lead to, an Acquisition Proposal; (ii) participate in any discussions or negotiations with any Person regarding any Acquisition Proposal that could reasonably be expected to lead to an Acquisition Proposal; (iii) provide any non-public information concerning the Company or any of its Subsidiaries to any Person in connection with any Acquisition Proposal; or (iv) agree in writing to, or formally resolve or commit to, do any of the foregoing. The Company shall, and the Company shall cause its Subsidiaries and direct its Representatives to, immediately cease and cause to be terminated any solicitation,
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discussion or negotiation with, or cooperation with, or assistance or participation in, or facilitation of (including by way of providing access to non-public information), any inquiries, proposals, discussions or negotiations with any Person or group of Persons (other than Parent and Merger Sub) conducted prior to the date hereof by the Company, its Subsidiaries or any of their respective Representatives with respect to any Acquisition Proposal and shall use reasonable best efforts to cause all confidential information provided by or on behalf of the Company, any of its Subsidiaries or any of their respective Representatives to such Person or group of Persons be returned or destroyed. In furtherance of the foregoing, promptly after the date hereof (and in any event within two (2) Business Days following the date hereof), the Company shall (A) request in writing that each Person that has heretofore executed a confidentiality agreement in connection with its consideration of an Acquisition Proposal or potential Acquisition Proposal promptly destroy or return to the Company all nonpublic information heretofore furnished by the Company or any of its Representatives to such Person or any of its Representatives in accordance with the terms of such confidentiality agreement and (B) terminate access to any physical or electronic data rooms relating to a possible Acquisition Proposal by such Person and its Representatives. Notwithstanding the foregoing, nothing in this Agreement shall restrict the Company from (x) granting any waiver, release or amendment under (or otherwise not enforcing the terms of) any standstill, confidentiality or other similar agreement (except that the Company may only do so if the board of directors of the Company determines in good faith, after consultation with the Company’s outside legal counsel, that the failure to grant any waiver, release or amendment would be inconsistent with its fiduciary duties under applicable Law, and the Company may, with prior written notice to Parent, waive any such standstill provision or grant any such release or amendment solely to the extent necessary to permit the applicable Person (if it has not been solicited in violation of this Section 6.2) to make, on a confidential basis to the board of directors of the Company, an Acquisition Proposal, conditioned upon such Person agreeing to disclosure of such Acquisition Proposal to Parent) or (y) informing any Person of the terms of this Section 6.2.
(b) Fiduciary Exception to No Solicitation Provision. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in Section 6.2(a), prior to the time, but not after, that the Company Requisite Vote is obtained, the Company may, in response to an unsolicited, written Acquisition Proposal from a third party that the Company’s board of directors determines in good faith to be bona fide, (i) provide access to non-public information regarding the Company or any of its Subsidiaries to the Person who made such Acquisition Proposal; provided, that such information has previously been made available to Parent or is provided to Parent promptly (and in any event within twenty-four (24) hours) following the time such information is provided to such Person, including copies of all written materials concerning the Company or its Subsidiaries which were not previously provided to Parent, and that, prior to furnishing any such material non-public information, the Company receives from the Person making such Acquisition Proposal an Acceptable Confidentiality Agreement and (ii) engage or participate in any discussions or negotiations with any such Person regarding such Acquisition Proposal if, and only if, prior to taking any action described in clause (i) or (ii) of this Section 6.2(b), (A) the Company’s board of directors determines in good faith after consultation with outside legal counsel that (1) based on the information then available and after consultation with a financial advisor, such Acquisition Proposal either constitutes a Superior Proposal or would reasonably be expected to lead to a Superior Proposal and (2) the failure to take such action would reasonably be expected to be inconsistent with the Company directors’ fiduciary duties under applicable Law and (B) such Acquisition Proposal did not arise out of or result from a material breach of this Section 6.2.
(c) Notice. The Company shall promptly (and, in any event, within twenty-four (24) hours) notify Parent, orally and in writing, if (i) any Acquisition Proposal is received by the Company, any of its Subsidiaries or any of their respective Representatives, (ii) any inquiries, proposals or offers received by, any request for non-public information from, or any discussions or negotiations initiated or continued (or sought to be initiated or continued) with, the Company, any of its Subsidiaries or any of their respective Representatives in furtherance of or otherwise concerning an Acquisition Proposal, and in each case shall include in such notice an unredacted copy of such Acquisition Proposal or request (including, as applicable, all written proposals, written indications of interest, draft agreements or other written materials relating thereto) (or, where no such copy exists or is available, a written description thereof that includes the material terms and conditions thereof), including the identity of the Person making such Acquisition Proposal or other request. The Company shall keep Parent
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reasonably informed within twenty-four (24) hours of any significant development of the status of such Acquisition Proposal or other inquiry, offer, proposal or request (including the terms and conditions thereof) and any material developments, discussions and negotiations with respect to any such Acquisition Proposal or other inquiry, offer, proposal or request (including any material changes thereto), and shall promptly (and, in any event, within twenty-four (24) hours) provide to Parent copies of any additional or revised written proposals, written indications of interest and/or draft agreements relating to such Acquisition Proposal or other inquiry, offer, proposal or request, and/or other written materials that describe any of the terms and conditions of such Acquisition Proposal or other inquiry, offer, proposal or request. The Company shall not, and shall cause each of its Subsidiaries and its and their respective Representatives not to, enter into any agreement with any Person or Persons subsequent to the date of this Agreement that would restrict the Company’s ability to provide such information to Parent.
(d) No Change in Recommendation or Alternative Acquisition Agreement. Except as provided in Section 6.2(e) and Section 6.2(f), neither the Company’s board of directors nor any committee thereof shall (i) (A) withhold, withdraw, qualify or modify (or publicly propose or resolve to withhold, withdraw, qualify or modify), in a manner adverse to Parent, the Company Recommendation or approve, recommend or otherwise declare advisable any Acquisition Proposal, (B) fail to include the Company Recommendation in the Proxy Statement, (C) make, or publicly propose to make, any recommendation in connection with a tender offer or exchange offer other than a recommendation against such offer (it being understood that the Company’s board of directors may (x) issue a “stop, look and listen” disclosure or (y) otherwise refrain from taking a position with respect to such a tender offer or exchange offer until the close of business as of the tenth (10th) Business Day after the commencement of such tender offer or exchange offer pursuant to Rule 14d-9(f) under the Exchange Act, in each case, without such action being considered an action described in this clause (i), so long as the Company reaffirms the Company Recommendation during the ten (10) Business Day period after the commencement of such tender offer or exchange offer) or (D) other than with respect to the period of up to ten (10) Business Days applicable to tender or exchange offers that are the subject of the preceding clause (C), fail to recommend against an Acquisition Proposal or fail to publicly reaffirm the Company Recommendation, in either case within ten (10) Business Days after a written request by Parent to do so following the public disclosure of an Acquisition Proposal (any of the foregoing actions described in this clause (i), a “Change in Recommendation”), it being understood that (I) Parent shall be entitled to make no more than one (1) such written request with respect to any Acquisition Proposal (and one (1) additional request following any public, material modification thereof), and (II) nothing in this clause (D) shall require the Company’s board of directors to take any action that would be inconsistent with its fiduciary duties under applicable Law, (ii) cause or permit the Company or any of its Subsidiaries to execute or enter into any binding or non-binding letter of intent, memorandum of understanding, agreement in principle, acquisition agreement, merger agreement, option agreement or other similar agreement related to (or that otherwise is intended by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries to, or could reasonably be expected to, lead to) any Acquisition Proposal (other than an Acceptable Confidentiality Agreement) (an “Alternative Acquisition Agreement”) or (iii) approve or recommend, or publicly propose to approve or recommend, any Alternative Acquisition Agreement.
(e) Superior Proposal Exception to Change in Recommendation Provision or Entry into an Alternative Acquisition Agreement. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary set forth in Section 6.2(d), following receipt of a written Acquisition Proposal by the Company at any time after the date of this Agreement that the Company’s board of directors determines, in good faith, after consultation with its outside legal counsel and financial advisor, constitutes a Superior Proposal, but only if such Superior Proposal did not result from a breach by the Company of this Section 6.2 in any material respect, the Company’s board of directors may, at any time prior to the time the Company Requisite Vote is obtained, make a Change in Recommendation or terminate this Agreement to enter into an Alternative Acquisition Agreement with respect to such Superior Proposal, or authorize, resolve, agree or propose publicly to take any such action, if all of the following conditions are met:
(i) the Company shall have (A) provided to Parent five (5) Business Days’ prior written notice, which shall state expressly (1) that it has received a written Acquisition Proposal that constitutes a Superior
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Proposal, (2) the material terms and conditions of the Acquisition Proposal (including the consideration offered therein and the identity of the Person or group making the Acquisition Proposal) and shall have contemporaneously provided an unredacted copy of the Alternative Acquisition Agreement and all other documents (other than immaterial documents) related to the Superior Proposal, including documents with respect to any financing of such Superior Proposal (it being understood and agreed that any amendment to the material terms or conditions of such Superior Proposal shall require a new notice and an additional two (2) Business Day period pursuant to clause (iii) of this Section 6.2(e)) and (3) that, subject to clause (ii) of this Section 6.2(e), the Company’s board of directors has determined to make a Change in Recommendation or to terminate this Agreement in accordance with Section 8.3(b) in order to enter into the Alternative Acquisition Agreement, as applicable and (B) prior to making such a Change in Recommendation or terminating this Agreement in accordance with Section 8.3(b), as applicable, has negotiated, and caused its financial and legal advisors to negotiate, in good faith with Parent and its Representatives (to the extent Parent wishes to negotiate) during such notice period, which may be on a non-exclusive basis, to consider any adjustments committed to in writing by Parent to the terms and conditions of this Agreement such that the Alternative Acquisition Agreement ceases to constitute a Superior Proposal;
(ii) the Company’s board of directors shall have determined, in good faith, after consultation with its financial advisor and outside legal counsel, that, in light of such Superior Proposal and taking into account any revised terms committed to in writing by Parent, such Superior Proposal continues to constitute a Superior Proposal and that the failure to make such Change in Recommendation or to so terminate this Agreement in accordance with Section 8.3(b), as applicable, would reasonably be expected to be inconsistent with the directors’ fiduciary duties under applicable Law; and
(iii) in the event of any amendments to the material terms of the Superior Proposal, the Company shall be required to deliver a new written notice and to again comply with the requirements of this Section 6.2(e) with respect to such amended Superior Proposal (after giving effect to such changed facts and circumstances) (except that the new negotiation period shall expire on the later to occur of (x) two (2) Business Days following delivery of such new written notice from the Company to Parent and (y) the expiration of the original five (5) Business Day period.
(f) Intervening Event Exception to Change in Recommendation Provision. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary set forth in Section 6.2(d), upon the occurrence of any Intervening Event, the Company’s board of directors may, at any time prior to the time the Company Requisite Vote is obtained, make a Change in Recommendation if all of the following conditions are met:
(i) the Company shall have (A) provided to Parent five (5) Business Days’ prior written notice, which shall (1) set forth in reasonable detail information describing the Intervening Event and the rationale for the Change in Recommendation and (2) state expressly that, subject to clause (ii) of this Section 6.2(f) below, the Company’s board of directors has determined to make a Change in Recommendation and (B) prior to making such a Change in Recommendation, has negotiated, and caused its financial and legal advisors to negotiate, in good faith with Parent and its Representatives (to the extent Parent wishes to negotiate) during such notice period with respect to proposed adjustments to the terms and conditions of this Agreement such that the failure of the Company’s board of directors to make a Change in Recommendation in response to the Intervening Event would no longer be inconsistent with the directors’ fiduciary duties under applicable Law; and
(ii) the Company’s board of directors shall have determined in good faith, no earlier than the end of such negotiation period, after consultation with its financial advisor and outside legal counsel, and after considering the terms of any proposed amendment or modification to this Agreement, that in light of such Intervening Event and taking into account any revised terms proposed by Parent, the failure to make a Change in Recommendation would be inconsistent with the directors’ fiduciary duties under applicable Law.
In the event of any material change to the facts and circumstances relevant to such Intervening Event, the Company shall be required to deliver a new notice and to again comply with the requirements of this
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Section 6.2(f) with respect to such modified Intervening Event (after giving effect to such changed facts and circumstances) (except that the new negotiation period shall expire on the later to occur of (x) two (2) Business Days following delivery of such new notice from the Company to Parent and (y) the expiration of the original five (5) Business Day period).
(g) Certain Permitted Disclosure. Nothing contained in this Section 6.2 shall prohibit the Company or the Company’s board of directors from (i) disclosing to the Company’s stockholders a position contemplated by Rule 14e-2(a), Rule 14d-9 and Item 1012(a) of Regulation M-A promulgated under the Exchange Act or (ii) making any disclosure to the Company’s stockholders if the Company’s board of directors (or any authorized committee thereof) reasonably determines in good faith, after consultation with outside legal counsel, that the failure to make such disclosure would be inconsistent with the directors’ fiduciary duties under applicable Law or would violate applicable Law; provided, that (x) nothing in this Section 6.2(g) shall be deemed to permit the Company’s board of directors to make a Change in Recommendation or take any of the actions referred to in clause (ii) of Section 6.2(d) except, in each case, to the extent permitted by Section 6.2(e) and (y) in any disclosure made pursuant to clause (i) or (ii) of this Section 6.2(g) (other than any disclosure made in connection with a Change in Recommendation permitted by Section 6.2(e)), the Company’s board of directors shall expressly publicly reaffirm the Company Recommendation. The issuance by the Company or the Company’s board of directors of a “stop, look and listen” statement pending disclosure of its position, as contemplated by Rules 14d-9 and 14e-2(a) promulgated under the Exchange Act, shall not constitute a Change in Recommendation.
6.3 Advice of Changes. From and after the date hereof and until the earlier to occur of the Closing Date or the termination of this Agreement pursuant to ARTICLE VIII, subject to applicable Law, the Company shall give prompt notice to Parent, and Parent shall give prompt notice to the Company, of (a) the occurrence or non-occurrence of any event whose occurrence or non-occurrence, as the case may be, would reasonably be expected to cause, in the case of any such notice from the Company to Parent, any condition set forth in Section 7.2 not to be satisfied, or in the case of any such notice from Parent to the Company, any condition set forth in Section 7.3 not to be satisfied, (b) any notice or other communication received by such party from any Governmental Entity in connection with this Agreement, the Merger or the other transactions contemplated by this Agreement, or from any Person alleging that the consent of such Person is or may be required in connection with the Merger or the other transactions contemplated by this Agreement, if the subject matter of such notice or other communication or the failure of such party to obtain such consent would reasonably be expected to be material to the Company, the Surviving Corporation or Parent, and (c) any Proceedings commenced or, to such party’s Knowledge, threatened in writing against, relating to or involving or otherwise affecting such party (including its board of directors) or any of its Subsidiaries that relate to this Agreement, the Merger or the other transactions contemplated by this Agreement. Notwithstanding anything in this Agreement to the contrary, (i) no such notification shall, in and of itself, affect the representations, warranties, covenants or agreements of the parties herein or the conditions to the obligations of the parties hereto and (ii) the failure to give any such notice contemplated in this Section 6.3 shall not be taken into account in determining whether the conditions set forth in Sections 7.2(b) and 7.3(b) have been satisfied.
6.4 Proxy Statement; Information Supplied.
(a) The Company shall promptly prepare and file with the SEC but in any event within forty-five (45) days after the date of this Agreement a proxy statement on Schedule 14A (such proxy statement, including any amendment or supplement thereto, the “Proxy Statement”) in preliminary form relating to the Company Stockholders Meeting. The Company and Parent shall each use their reasonable best efforts to promptly provide responses to the SEC with respect to any comments received on the Proxy Statement by the SEC and the Company shall cause the definitive Proxy Statement to be mailed as promptly as possible after the date the staff of the SEC (the “Staff”) advises that it has no further comments thereon or that the Company may commence mailing the Proxy Statement (the “SEC Clearance Date”).
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(b) No filing of, or amendment or supplement to, the Proxy Statement will be made by the Company without providing Parent a reasonable opportunity to review and comment thereon (other than any filing, amendment or supplement in connection with a Change in Recommendation). The Company shall promptly provide Parent with copies of all such filings, amendments or supplements to the extent not readily publicly available. Parent shall (i) furnish all information reasonably necessary or advisable to be included in the Proxy Statement concerning it and its Affiliates to the Company, (ii) provide such other assistance as may be reasonably requested by the Company in connection with the preparation of information to be included therein and (iii) otherwise reasonably assist and cooperate with the Company in the preparation of the Proxy Statement and the resolution of any comments received from the SEC. If, at any time prior to the receipt of the Company Requisite Vote, any information relating to the Company or Parent, or any of their respective Affiliates, directors or officers, is discovered by the Company or Parent which is required to be set forth in an amendment or supplement to the Proxy Statement such that the Proxy Statement would not (A) include any misstatement of a material fact or (B) omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading, then (x) the party that makes such discovery shall promptly notify the other parties and (y) the Company shall prepare (with Parent’s reasonable assistance) and file with the SEC an appropriate amendment or supplement describing such information and, to the extent required by applicable Law, disseminate such amendment or supplement to the stockholders of the Company. The Company shall notify Parent promptly of the receipt of any comments from the SEC or the Staff and of any request by the SEC or the Staff for amendments or supplements to the Proxy Statement or for additional information and shall promptly (and, in any event, within two (2) Business Days) supply Parent with copies of all material correspondence between it or any of its Representatives, on the one hand, and the SEC or the Staff, on the other hand, with respect to the Proxy Statement or the Merger. No response to any comments from the SEC or the Staff relating to the Proxy Statement will be made by the Company without providing Parent a reasonable opportunity to review and comment thereon. The Company will cause the Proxy Statement to comply as to form in all material respects with the applicable provisions of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations thereunder.
6.5 Company Stockholders Meeting.
(a) The Company will, as promptly as reasonably practicable after the SEC Clearance Date in accordance with applicable Law (including Nasdaq rules) and the Company Certificate of Incorporation and Company Bylaws, establish a record date for, duly call and give notice of, and use its reasonable best efforts to convene a meeting of holders of Shares to consider and vote upon the adoption of this Agreement (the “Company Stockholders Meeting”). Subject to the provisions of Section 6.2, the Company’s board of directors shall (i) include the Company Recommendation in the Proxy Statement, (ii) recommend at the Company Stockholders Meeting that the holders of Shares adopt this Agreement and (iii) use its reasonable best efforts to obtain and solicit such adoption. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if on or prior to the date on which the Company Stockholders Meeting is scheduled, the Company reasonably believes that (A) it will not receive proxies representing the Company Requisite Vote, whether or not a quorum is present or (B) it will not have enough Shares represented to constitute a quorum necessary to conduct the business of the Company Stockholders Meeting, the Company may, in its reasonable discretion and upon prior reasonable consultation with Parent, postpone or adjourn, or make one or more successive postponements or adjournments of, the Company Stockholders Meeting. In addition, notwithstanding the first sentence of this Section 6.5(a), the Company may, after reasonable consultation with Parent, postpone or adjourn the Company Stockholders Meeting, to allow reasonable additional time for the filing or mailing of any supplemental or amended disclosure that the Company has determined, after consultation with outside legal counsel, is reasonably likely to be required under applicable Law and for such supplemental or amended disclosure to be disseminated in a manner suitable under applicable Law and reviewed by the holders of the Shares prior to the Company Stockholders Meeting.
(b) Notwithstanding any Change in Recommendation, the Company shall nonetheless submit this Agreement to the holders of Shares for adoption at the Company Stockholders Meeting unless this Agreement is terminated in accordance with ARTICLE VIII prior to the Company Stockholders Meeting.
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6.6 Filings; Other Actions; Notification and Cooperation.
(a) The Company and Parent shall, subject to Section 6.2, cooperate with each other and use, and shall cause their respective Subsidiaries and Affiliates to use, their respective reasonable best efforts to take (or cause to be taken) all actions, and do (or cause to be done) all things necessary, proper or advisable under this Agreement and applicable Laws to consummate and make effective the Merger and the other transactions contemplated by this Agreement as expeditiously as possible and in no event later than the Termination Date, including (i) making as promptly as practicable (but in any event within twenty (20) Business Days after the date of this Agreement) appropriate filings pursuant to the HSR Act, (ii) making as promptly as practicable (but in any event within forty (40) Business Days after the date of this Agreement) the filings required to be made prior to the Closing in respect of the Requisite Regulatory Approvals, (iii) obtaining as expeditiously as possible all consents, registrations, approvals, permits, expirations of waiting periods and authorizations necessary or advisable to be obtained from any third party or any Governmental Entity in order to consummate the Merger or any of the other transactions contemplated by this Agreement, (iv) satisfying the conditions to consummating the Merger, (v) defending any lawsuits or other legal proceedings, whether judicial or administrative, challenging this Agreement or the consummation of the Merger, (vi) obtaining (and cooperating with each other in obtaining) any consent, approval of, waiver or any exemption by, any non-governmental third party, in each case, to the extent necessary, proper or advisable in connection with the Merger and (vii) executing and delivering any reasonable additional instruments necessary to consummate the transactions contemplated hereby and to fully carry out the purposes of this Agreement. Each Party shall bear their respective costs, expenses, and attorneys’ and outside advisors’ fees in connection with its efforts under this Section 6.6, provided, that Parent shall pay 100% of the filing fee under the HSR Act. The parties hereto shall cause the filings under the HSR Act to be considered for grant of “early termination”.
(b) Subject to Section 6.6(c), in the event that the parties receive a request for information or documentary material pursuant to the HSR Act or any other Antitrust Laws, including a request for additional information and documentary material (a “Second Request”), unless otherwise agreed to by the Company, the parties will use their reasonable best efforts to submit an appropriate response to, and to certify compliance with, such Second Request as promptly as practicable, and counsel for both parties will closely cooperate during the entirety of any such Second Request review process. From the date of this Agreement until the Effective Time, Parent shall not, directly or indirectly acquire or agree to acquire, by merger, acquisition, license, joint venture, collaboration, or consolidation with, or by purchasing the assets of or equity in, any Person (a “Specified Acquisition”), if the entering into of a definitive agreement relating to or the consummation of such a Specified Acquisition would reasonably be expected to prevent or delay past the Termination Date the satisfaction of the condition to Closing set forth in Section 7.1(b).
(c) Parent and the Company shall cooperate with respect to the Antitrust Laws and Governmental Notices and Consents and shall consult with each other with respect to the appropriate course of action with respect to obtaining the consents, approvals, permits, waiting period expirations or authorizations of any Governmental Entity required to consummate the Merger, including the Governmental Notices and Consents, prior to the Termination Date. No party hereto or its counsel shall independently participate in any substantive call or meeting relating to the Antitrust Laws or any Governmental Notices and Consents with any Governmental Entity in respect of such filings, investigation, or other inquiry without first giving the other party or its counsel prior notice of such call or meeting and, to the extent permitted by such Governmental Entity, the opportunity to attend and participate. In furtherance of the foregoing and to the extent permitted by applicable Law, (i) each party shall notify the other, as far in advance as practicable, of any filing or material or substantive communication or inquiry it or any of its Subsidiaries intends to make with any Governmental Entity relating to the matters that are the subject of this Section 6.6, (ii) prior to submitting any such filing or making any such communication or inquiry, such party shall provide the other party and its counsel a reasonable opportunity to review, and shall consider in good faith the comments of the other party in connection with, any such filing, communication or inquiry, (iii) promptly following the submission of such filing or making such communication or inquiry, provide the other party with a copy of any such filing, excluding any filings under the HSR Act, or, if
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in written form, communication or inquiry, or a summary of any oral communication and (iv) consult with the other party in connection with any inquiry, hearing, investigation or litigation by, or negotiations with, any Governmental Entity relating to the Merger, including the scheduling of, and strategic planning for, any meetings with any Governmental Entity relating thereto. Notwithstanding the foregoing, materials provided pursuant to this Section 6.6 may be (x) redacted as reasonably necessary to address reasonable privilege concerns, to remove references concerning the valuation of the Company, or to comply with contractual arrangements or applicable Law, (y) reasonably designated as “Outside Counsel Only Material”, or (z) provided by a party in unredacted form directly to a requesting Governmental Entity or third party on a confidential basis. In exercising the foregoing cooperation rights, the Company and Parent each shall act reasonably and as promptly as reasonably practicable. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement, Parent shall, in all cases, after consulting with the Company and using good faith efforts to consider and reflect all views and input provided by the Company with respect to such matters, (A) determine timing and strategy and be solely responsible for the final content of any substantive oral or written communications with any applicable Governmental Entity, and (B) lead all Proceedings and coordinate all activities, in each such case under clauses (A) and (B) with respect to the HSR Act or any other Antitrust Laws; provided, that without the Company’s prior written consent (not to be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed), Parent may not withdraw any filing under the HSR Act (provided, however, that Parent may “withdraw and refile” its initial filing under the HSR Act one time in the manner prescribed by 16 CFR § 803.12(c) without the Company’s consent) or enter into any so-called “timing agreement” or similar agreement with any Governmental Entity responsible for enforcing Antitrust Laws if such agreement would prevent or render impossible the occurrence of the Closing prior to the Termination Date. It is understood that Parent and Merger Sub shall be deemed a single party for purposes of this Section 6.6(c).
(d) In furtherance and not in limitation of the foregoing, each party to this Agreement agrees to use its reasonable best efforts to take, and to cause its Subsidiaries and Affiliates to take, promptly any and all steps necessary to avoid, eliminate or resolve each and every impediment and obtain all clearances, consents, approvals and waivers under the Antitrust Laws applicable to the Merger so as to enable the parties hereto to close the Merger as soon as practicable (and in any event no later than the Termination Date). Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement, nothing in this Agreement shall require Parent, or any of its Subsidiaries and Affiliates, to undertake any of the following: (i) proposing, negotiating, committing to, effecting and agreeing to, by consent decree, hold separate order, or otherwise, the sale, divestiture, license, hold separate, and other disposition of the businesses, assets, properties, products, product lines, services or equity interests of the Company or Parent or their respective Subsidiaries or Affiliates, (ii) creating, terminating, or amending any existing or new relationships, ventures, contractual rights or obligations of Parent, the Company or their respective Subsidiaries or Affiliates, or (iii) otherwise taking or committing to take any conduct remedy, behavioral restriction, or action that would limit Parent’s freedom of action with respect to the operation of, or its ability to retain or hold, directly or indirectly, any businesses, assets, properties, products, product lines, services or equity interests of Parent or the Company (including any of their respective Subsidiaries or Affiliates). For purposes of this Agreement, and notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement, “reasonable best efforts” of the Company will require, in addition to its other obligations under this Section 6.6, the Company (but only to the extent requested by Parent) to commit to and effect, by consent decree, hold separate orders, trust, or otherwise, (A) the sale, license, holding separate or other disposition of assets or businesses of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or Affiliates, (B) terminating, relinquishing, modifying or waiting existing relationships, ventures, or contractual rights, obligations or other arrangements of the Company or its Subsidiaries or Affiliates, (C) creating any relationships, ventures, contractual rights, obligations or other arrangements of the Company or its Subsidiaries or Affiliates and (D) any other action, including agreeing to future behavioral remedies, requested by a Governmental Entity (each a “Remedial Action”); provided, however, that any Remedial Action may, at the discretion of the Company, be conditioned upon consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement, nothing in this Agreement shall require the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, including the Registered Broker-Dealer, to take any action that could reasonably be expected to give rise to any requirement for an application to FINRA pursuant to FINRA Rule 1017(a)(5) for approval of any material change in business operations of the Registered Broker-Dealer unless such changes are required by FINRA.
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(e) In furtherance and not in limitation of the covenants of the parties contained in this Section 6.6, if any administrative or judicial Proceeding, including any such Proceeding by a private party, is instituted (or threatened to be instituted) challenging the Merger or any other transaction contemplated by this Agreement as violative of any Antitrust Law, Parent shall use its reasonable best efforts to contest and resist any such Proceeding and to have vacated, lifted, reversed or overturned any decree, judgment, injunction or other order, whether temporary, preliminary or permanent, that is in effect and that prohibits, prevents or restricts the consummation of the Merger.
(f) Information. The Company and Parent each shall, upon request by the other, promptly furnish the other with all information concerning itself, its Subsidiaries, Affiliates, directors, officers and stockholders and such other matters as may be reasonably requested by the other party that is necessary or advisable in connection with any statement, filing, notice or application made by or on behalf of Parent, the Company or any of their respective Subsidiaries to any third party or any Governmental Entity in connection with the Merger and the other transactions contemplated by this Agreement.
(g) Status. The Company and Parent shall keep each other reasonably apprised of the status of matters relating to completion of the transactions contemplated hereby, including promptly furnishing the other with copies of any notice or other communications received by the Company or Parent, as the case may be, or any of their respective Subsidiaries or Affiliates from any third party or any Governmental Entity with respect to the Merger and the other transactions contemplated by this Agreement, other than immaterial communications.
(h) FINRA Approval. The Company shall (i) cause the Registered Broker-Dealer to file with FINRA, as promptly as practicable after the date hereof (and, in any event, within the timing specified in Section 6.6(a)(ii)), a Continuing Membership Application that is deemed “substantially complete” by FINRA and (ii) use reasonable best efforts to obtain FINRA Approval of the Continuing Membership Application as soon as practicable thereafter. The parties hereto agree that the Registered Broker-Dealer shall have the responsibility to prepare and file the Continuing Membership Application and any written or oral responses that FINRA may require as part of the Continuing Membership Application approval process. However, the parties hereto further agree that in connection with each submission of the Continuing Membership Application and any responses thereto, including any exhibits attached as part of each amendment of the Continuing Membership Application, in accordance with the requirements set forth in Section 6.6(c), the Company shall, and shall cause the Registered Broker-Dealer to, (x) consult in good faith with Parent and give Parent a reasonable opportunity to comment on drafts of such submissions prior to submission and (y) advise Parent in advance of any material discussions with FINRA in connection with the Continuing Membership Application and, to the extent permitted by FINRA, provide Parent the opportunity to attend and participate in such discussions. Parent shall reasonably cooperate in responding to any requests made by the Company or the Registered Broker-Dealer that are required to respond to any requests for information made by FINRA as part of the Continuing Membership Application.
(a) Upon reasonable advance notice (and in any event not less than forty-eight (48) hours’ notice), and except as may otherwise be required by applicable Law, (x) the Company shall, and shall cause its Subsidiaries to, afford Parent and its Representatives reasonable access, during normal business hours during the period prior to the Effective Time, to the Company’s and its Subsidiaries’ respective officers, employees, authorized representatives, properties, assets, books and records and (y) during such period, the Company shall, and shall cause its Subsidiaries to, furnish to Parent all information concerning its or any of its Subsidiaries’ capital stock, business and personnel as may reasonably be requested by Parent, in each case, solely in connection with consummating the Merger and facilitating integration planning; provided, that the Company shall not be required to (i) provide any access or information that the Company determines in its reasonable judgment relates to the negotiation and execution of this Agreement or in connection with a similar transaction negotiated with a third party, or, except as expressly provided in Section 6.2, to any Acquisition Proposal or any other transactions potentially competing with or alternative to the transactions contemplated hereby or proposals from third parties
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relating to any competing or alternative transactions or relating to any deliberation of the board of directors of the Company or any duly authorized committee thereof regarding any Acquisition Proposal or Change in Recommendation, (ii) permit any investigations, sampling, monitoring or testing or other surface, subsurface or invasive investigation or assessment of the sort generally referred to as a Phase II environmental investigation at any property affiliated with the Company or its Subsidiaries or any inspection or (iii) otherwise disclose any information pursuant to this Section 6.7, to the extent that (A) in the reasonable good faith judgment of the Company, any applicable Law requires the Company or its Subsidiaries to restrict or prohibit access to any such information or disclosure thereof would expose the Company to an unreasonable risk of liability for disclosure of sensitive or personal information, (B) in the reasonable good faith judgment of the Company, the information is subject to confidentiality obligations to a third party or its disclosure would violate the terms of any confidentiality agreement or other Contract that is binding on the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or (C) disclosure of any such information or document would result in the waiver or loss of attorney-client privilege, work product doctrine or any other legal privilege; provided further that with respect to the foregoing clauses (A) through (C) of this Section 6.7(a), the Company shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to (1) obtain the required consent of any such third party to provide such disclosure, (2) develop an alternative to providing such information so as to address such matters that is reasonably acceptable to the Company and (3) in the case of clauses (A) and (C) of this Section 6.7(a)(iii), implement appropriate and mutually agreeable measures to permit the disclosure of such information in a manner to remove the basis for the objection, including by arrangement of appropriate clean room procedures, redaction or entry into a customary joint defense agreement with respect to any information to be so provided, if the parties determine that doing so would reasonably permit the disclosure of such information without violating applicable Law or jeopardizing such privilege. Any investigation pursuant to this Section 6.7 shall be conducted in such a manner as not to interfere unreasonably with the conduct of the business of the Company. All requests for information made pursuant to this Section 6.7 shall be directed to an executive officer of the Company or such Person as may be designated by any such executive officer. No investigation pursuant to this Section 6.7 shall affect or be deemed to modify any representation or warranty made by the Company.
(b) The Company may, as it deems advisable and necessary, designate competitively sensitive material as “Outside Counsel Only Material” or with similar restrictions. Such material and the information contained therein shall be given only to the outside counsel of the recipient, pursuant to the terms of an agreement with respect thereto on terms that are reasonably acceptable to the Company and pursuant to which such information shall not be disclosed by such outside counsel to any directors, officers or employees of the recipient without the express prior permission of the Company or its legal counsel, and shall be subject to any additional confidentiality or joint defense agreement between the parties. All information exchanged pursuant to this Section 6.7, including all information and/or discussions resulting from any access provided pursuant to this Section 6.7 shall be subject to the Confidentiality Agreement, which shall survive any termination of this Agreement and continue in full force and effect in accordance with its terms; provided, that Parent and Merger Sub may disclose such information, solely in connection with arranging, syndicating, marketing, rating or consummating the Debt Financing, to any Debt Financing Source, prospective Debt Financing Source or other bona fide actual or prospective financial institution that is or may become party to the Debt Financing, any rating agency and, in each case, their respective directors, officers, creditor representatives and professional advisors, so long as such Persons (i) agree to be bound by the Confidentiality Agreement as if parties thereto or (ii) are otherwise subject to other customary confidentiality arrangements for acquisition financing transactions that are reasonably designed to protect the confidentiality of such information, including “click-through” confidentiality agreements and confidentiality provisions contained in customary bank books and offering memoranda.
(c) To the extent that any of the information or material furnished pursuant to this Section 6.7 or otherwise in accordance with the terms of this Agreement may include material subject to the attorney-client privilege, work product doctrine or any other applicable privilege concerning pending or threatened legal proceedings or governmental investigations, the parties understand and agree that they have a commonality of interest with respect to such matters and it is their desire, intention and mutual understanding that the sharing of such material is not intended to, and shall not, waive or diminish in any way the confidentiality of such material
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or its continued protection under the attorney-client privilege, work product doctrine or other applicable privilege. All such information that is entitled to protection under the attorney-client privilege, work product doctrine or other applicable privilege shall remain entitled to such protection under these privileges, this Agreement, and under the joint defense doctrine.
(d) The parties hereto acknowledge and agree that the Personal Information disclosed or made available by the Company to Parent or Merger Sub in connection with this Agreement (the “Transaction Personal Information”) is necessary for the purposes of enabling Parent and Merger Sub to perform its obligations under this Agreement and consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. Parent and Merger Sub shall, at all times, comply with Privacy Laws and not use or disclose or Process the Transaction Personal Information for any purposes other than those related to the performance of this Agreement, or the consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, or any other similar purposes or as required or permitted by Law. Parent and Merger Sub shall take reasonable and appropriate steps to protect the Transaction Personal Information by applying a standard of care at least as protective of such information as Parent’s current policies, practices, or procedures applicable to Personal Information and other sensitive data, but in any event by applying at least a reasonable standard of care. If the transactions contemplated by this Agreement do not proceed, Parent and Merger Sub shall return to the Company or, at the Company’s request, securely destroy and/or (at the Company’s request) return to the Company the Transaction Personal Information, including all copies, reproductions, summaries or extracts thereof, within a reasonable period of time.
6.8 Stock Exchange De-listing and De-registration. The Company shall reasonably cooperate with Parent and take, or cause to be taken, all actions reasonably necessary or advisable to permit the Shares to be de-listed from Nasdaq and de-registered under the Exchange Act as soon as possible following the Effective Time, but in any event no more than ten (10) days thereafter.
6.9 Publicity. The Company and Parent agree that the initial press release to be issued with respect to the Merger and this Agreement shall be in a form mutually agreed prior to the date of this Agreement. Following the initial announcement, none of the Company, Parent or Merger Sub shall issue or cause the publication of any public press release or other public announcement concerning the Merger and the other transactions contemplated by this Agreement without the prior consultation and consent of the other parties hereto (which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld or delayed), except (a) as may be required by applicable Law or by obligations pursuant to any listing agreement with or rules of any national securities exchange (including the New York Stock Exchange or Nasdaq), (b) any press release or public statement that in the good faith judgment of the applicable party is consistent with prior press releases issued or public statements made in compliance with this Section 6.9 or (c) with respect to any Change in Recommendation made in accordance with this Agreement or Parent’s response thereto.
(a) Parent agrees that each employee of the Company or its Subsidiaries who continues to remain employed with the Company or its Subsidiaries following the Closing (a “Continuing Employee”) shall, during the period commencing at the Effective Time and ending on the first anniversary of the Effective Time, be provided with (i) a base salary or base wage that is no less favorable than the base salary or base wage provided to such Continuing Employee by the Company and its Subsidiaries immediately prior to the Effective Time, (ii) short- and long-term incentive compensation opportunities that are no less favorable than the short- and long-term incentive compensation opportunities provided to such Continuing Employee by the Company and its Subsidiaries immediately prior to the Effective Time, and (iii) employee benefits (excluding any defined benefit pension, retiree medical, non-qualified deferred compensation or similar arrangements) that are no less favorable in the aggregate than either those provided by the Company and its Subsidiaries to such Continuing Employees as of immediately prior to the Effective Time or those provided by Parent to similarly situated employees as of the Effective Time, and (iv) severance protections and benefits that are no less favorable in the aggregate than the severance protections and benefits provided by the Company and its Subsidiaries to such Continuing Employees
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immediately prior to the Effective Time. Parent shall or shall cause the Surviving Corporation to honor all Company Plans in accordance with their terms as in effect immediately prior to the Effective Time; provided, however, that nothing herein shall prevent Parent or the Surviving Corporation from amending or terminating such Company Plans in accordance with their terms and applicable Law.
(b) Parent shall use commercially reasonable efforts to, or shall cause the Surviving Corporation to use commercially reasonable efforts to, provide that no pre-existing conditions, exclusions or waiting periods shall apply to Continuing Employees under the benefit plans provided for those employees except to the extent such condition or exclusion was applicable to an individual Continuing Employee prior to the Effective Time. With respect to the plan year during which the Effective Time occurs, Parent shall use commercially reasonable efforts to provide each Continuing Employee with credit for deductibles and out-of-pocket requirements paid prior to the Closing Date in satisfying any applicable deductible or out-of-pocket requirements under any Parent plan in which such Continuing Employee is eligible to participate following the Closing Date.
(c) From and after the Closing Date, Parent shall use commercially reasonable efforts to, or shall cause the Surviving Corporation to use commercially reasonable efforts to, provide credit to Continuing Employees for their service recognized by the Company and its Subsidiaries as of the Effective Time for purposes of eligibility, vesting, continuous service, determination of service awards, vacation, paid time off, and severance entitlements to the same extent and for the same purposes as such service was credited under the Company Plans; provided, that such service shall not be recognized to the extent that such recognition would result in a duplication of benefits.
(d) Effective as of the first day of the 2027 plan year (the “Election Freeze Date”), the Company shall (i) freeze enrollment in the MarketAxess Holdings Inc. Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan (the “Company DCP”) such that no employee or other service provider who is not a participant in the Company DCP as of the Election Freeze Date shall become a participant in, or otherwise commence participation in, such plan on or after the Election Freeze Date and (ii) not permit any existing participant in the Company DCP to, on or after the Election Freeze Date, make a new election to defer compensation pursuant to the Company DCP, or modify, increase, or otherwise cause the deferral of additional amounts pursuant to an existing election to defer compensation pursuant to the Company DCP, other than any change to an existing election made in the ordinary course in accordance with the Company DCP as in effect on the date of this Agreement.
(e) The provisions of this Section 6.10 are solely for the benefit of the parties to this Agreement, and no other person (including any current or former employee, nor any other individual associated therewith any beneficiary or dependent thereof), is or shall be regarded for any purpose as a third party beneficiary to this Agreement, and no provision of this Section 6.10 shall create such rights in any such persons. No provision of this Agreement shall be construed (i) as a guarantee of continued employment of any employee of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, (ii) to prohibit Parent or the Surviving Corporation from having the right to terminate the employment of any employee of the Company or to prohibit the Company or any of its Subsidiaries from having the right to terminate the employment of any individual prior to the Effective Time, (iii) to prevent the amendment, modification or termination of any Company Plan after the Closing (in each case in accordance with the terms of the applicable Company Plan) or (iv) as an amendment or modification of the terms of any Company Plan.
6.11 Expenses; Transfer Taxes.
(a) Except as otherwise provided in Section 8.5, whether or not the Merger is consummated, all costs and expenses incurred in connection with this Agreement and the Merger and the other transactions contemplated by this Agreement shall be paid by the party incurring such expense, except that (i) expenses incurred in connection with the filing fee for the Proxy Statement and printing and mailing the Proxy Statement shall be shared equally by Parent and the Company and (ii) Parent will be responsible for, and pay, one hundred percent (100%) of the fee under the HSR Act and any other fees required in respect of any other Requisite Regulatory Approval.
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(b) All transfer, documentary, sales, use, stamp, registration and other similar Taxes and fees (including penalties and interest) incurred in connection with the Merger shall be paid by or on behalf of Parent when due and payable.
6.12 Indemnification; Directors’ and Officers’ Insurance.
(a) From and after the Effective Time, Parent shall, and shall cause the Surviving Corporation to, indemnify, defend and hold harmless each present and former director and officer of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, determined as of the Effective Time (the “Indemnified Parties”), against any and all reasonable and documented out-of-pocket costs (including settlement costs) or expenses (including reasonable attorneys’ fees), judgments, fines, losses, claims, damages, penalties or liabilities incurred in connection with any claim, action, suit, proceeding or investigation, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative (including with respect to matters existing or occurring at or prior to the Effective Time (including this Agreement and the transactions and actions contemplated hereby)), arising out of or based on, in whole or in part, the fact that such Indemnified Party is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of the Company, or is or was serving at the request of the Company as a director, officer, employee or agent of another Person prior to the Effective Time, in each case, whether threatened, pending or completed and whether asserted or claimed prior to, at or after the Effective Time, to the fullest extent that the Company would have been permitted under the Laws of the State of Delaware, any applicable indemnification agreement to which such Person is a party, the Company Certificate of Incorporation or Company Bylaws in effect on the date of this Agreement to indemnify such Person (and Parent and the Surviving Corporation shall also advance expenses as incurred to the fullest extent permitted under applicable Law; provided, that the Person to whom expenses are advanced shall provide an undertaking to repay such advances if it is ultimately determined by final adjudication that such Person is not entitled to indemnification). Parent shall, and shall cause the Surviving Corporation to, ensure that the Constituent Documents of the Surviving Corporation and its Subsidiaries, shall, for a period of six (6) years from and after the Effective Time, contain provisions no less favorable with respect to indemnification, advancement of expenses and exculpation of present and former directors, officers, employees and agents of the Company and its Subsidiaries than are presently set forth in the Company Certificate of Incorporation and Company Bylaws (or equivalent Constituent Documents of any Subsidiary). Any right of indemnification of an Indemnified Party pursuant to this Section 6.12 shall not be amended, repealed or otherwise modified at any time in a manner that would adversely affect the rights of such Indemnified Party as provided herein.
(b) Prior to the Effective Time, the Company shall and, if the Company is unable to, Parent shall cause the Surviving Corporation as of the Effective Time to, obtain and fully pay for “tail” insurance policies with a claims period of at least six (6) years from and after the Effective Time from an insurance carrier with the same or better credit rating as the Company’s current insurance carriers with respect to directors’ and officers’ liability insurance and fiduciary liability insurance (collectively, “D&O Insurance”) with benefits and levels of coverage at least as favorable as the Company’s existing policies with respect to matters existing or occurring at or prior to the Effective Time (including in connection with this Agreement or the transactions or actions contemplated hereby); provided, however without the prior written consent of Parent, the Company may not expend for such policies an annual premium amount in excess of three-hundred percent (300%) of the annual premiums currently paid by the Company for such insurance. If the Company for any reason fails to obtain such “tail” insurance policies as of the Effective Time, the Surviving Corporation shall, and Parent shall cause the Surviving Corporation to, continue to maintain in effect for a period of at least six (6) years from and after the Effective Time the D&O Insurance in place as of the date of this Agreement with benefits and levels of coverage at least as favorable as provided in the Company’s existing policies as of the date of this Agreement, or the Surviving Corporation shall, and Parent shall cause the Surviving Corporation to, purchase comparable D&O Insurance for such six-year period with benefits and levels of coverage at least as favorable as provided in the Company’s existing policies as of the date of this Agreement; provided, however, that Parent may substitute policies of a reputable and financially sound insurance company containing terms, including with respect to coverage and amounts, no less favorable to any Indemnified Party; provided, further, that (x) in no event shall the Company expend, or Parent or the Surviving Corporation be required to expend for such policies, an annual premium
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amount in excess of three-hundred percent (300%) of the annual premiums currently paid by the Company for such insurance, and (y) if the premium for such insurance coverage exceeds such amount, the Surviving Corporation shall obtain a policy with the greatest coverage available for a cost not exceeding such amount.
(c) If Parent, the Surviving Corporation or any of their respective successors or assigns (i) shall consolidate with or merge into any other Person and shall not be the continuing or surviving corporation or entity of such consolidation or merger or (ii) shall transfer all or substantially all of its properties and assets to any Person, then and in each such case, Parent or the Surviving Corporation (or their respective successors or assigns), as applicable, shall cause such Person to assume all of the obligations set forth in this Section 6.12.
(d) The provisions of this Section 6.12 are intended to be for the benefit of, and shall be enforceable by, each of the Indemnified Parties, their heirs and their representatives. The rights of each Indemnified Party under this Section 6.12 shall be in addition to any rights such individual may have under the Laws of the State of Delaware, any applicable indemnification agreement to which such Person is a party, the Company Certificate of Incorporation or the Company Bylaws, and Parent acknowledges and agrees that all rights to indemnification, advancement of expenses and exculpation from liabilities now existing in favor of any Indemnified Party for actions or omissions occurring at or prior to the Effective Time shall continue in full force and effect in accordance with their terms.
(e) Neither Parent nor the Surviving Corporation shall settle, compromise or consent to the entry of any judgment in any threatened or actual Proceeding for which indemnification would reasonably be expected to be sought by an Indemnified Party hereunder, unless such settlement, compromise or consent includes an unconditional release of such Indemnified Party from all liability arising out of such Proceeding or such Indemnified Party otherwise consents in writing (such consent not to be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed) to such settlement, compromise or consent.
(f) Nothing in this Agreement is intended to, shall be construed to or shall release, waive or impair any rights to any directors’ and officers’ insurance claims under any policy that is or has been in existence with respect to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries for any of their respective directors, officers or other employees, it being understood and agreed that the indemnification provided for in this Section 6.12 is not prior to or in substitution for any such claims under such policies.
6.13 Takeover Statute. If any Takeover Statute is or may become applicable to the Merger or the other transactions contemplated by this Agreement, the Company and its board of directors shall grant such approvals and take such actions as are necessary so that such transactions may be consummated as promptly as practicable on the terms contemplated by this Agreement and otherwise use reasonable best efforts to act to eliminate or minimize the effects of such statute or regulation on such transactions.
6.14 Control of the Company’s or Parent’s Operations. Nothing contained in this Agreement shall give Parent or the Company, directly or indirectly, rights to control or direct the operations of the other prior to the Effective Time. Prior to the Effective Time, each of Parent and the Company shall exercise, consistent with the terms and conditions of this Agreement, complete control and supervision of its operations.
6.15 Section 16(b). Prior to the Effective Time, the Company shall (and shall be permitted to) take all actions as may be reasonably necessary or advisable to cause any dispositions (or deemed dispositions) of equity securities of the Company (including any derivative securities with respect to any equity securities of the Company) by each individual who is a director or officer of the Company, and who would otherwise be subject to Rule 16b-3 under the Exchange Act, to be exempt under Exchange Act Rule 16b-3.
6.16 Approval by Sole Stockholder of Merger Sub. Immediately following the execution and delivery of this Agreement by the parties hereto, Parent, as sole stockholder of Merger Sub, shall adopt this Agreement and approve the transactions contemplated hereby, including the Merger, in accordance with the DGCL, by written consent. Parent shall promptly deliver a copy of such executed written consent to the Company.
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6.17 Stockholder Litigation. The Company shall provide Parent prompt notice (and in any event within two (2) Business Days of any litigation brought or claim made by any stockholder of the Company or purported stockholder of the Company against the Company, any of its Subsidiaries and/or any of their respective directors or officers relating to this Agreement or the Merger or any of the other transactions contemplated by this Agreement and shall keep Parent informed on a prompt and timely basis with respect to the status thereof. The Company shall give Parent the opportunity to participate in (but not control) the defense or settlement of any stockholder litigation or claim against the Company and/or its directors or officers relating to the Merger and the other transactions contemplated by this Agreement, and no such settlement shall be agreed to, or claim resolved, without Parent’s prior written consent (such consent not to be unreasonably withheld or delayed).
6.18 Closing Indebtedness. At least three (3) Business Days prior to the Closing Date, the Company shall use commercially reasonable efforts to deliver to Parent a draft copy of a customary payoff letter (the “Debt Payoff Letter”) from the holders of Indebtedness (if any) set forth on Section 6.18 of the Company Disclosure Letter (the “Closing Indebtedness”), and, on the Closing, the Company shall deliver to the Parent an executed copy of such Debt Payoff Letter. The Company shall, and shall cause its Subsidiaries to, use commercially reasonable efforts to take actions necessary to facilitate the termination of commitments under the Closing Indebtedness, subject to the occurrence of the Closing, the repayment in full of all Indebtedness set forth on Section 6.18 of the Company Disclosure Letter then outstanding thereunder and the release of any Liens and termination of all guarantees supporting such Indebtedness set forth on Section 6.18 of the Company Disclosure Letter substantially contemporaneously with the Closing.
(a) Prior to the Closing, the Company shall use commercially reasonable efforts to provide Parent, at Parent’s sole cost and expense, with such cooperation as Parent may reasonably request in connection with Parent’s debt financing for the transactions contemplated by this Agreement (the “Debt Financing”), including using its commercially reasonable efforts to, without undue burden or expense, subject to clause (b) below, (i) provide Parent reasonable assistance in connection with Parent’s preparation of customary financial statements, financial information, schedules, reconciliations, presentations and other materials required by its financing sources and (ii) participate in a reasonable number (at mutually agreed times) of requested virtual meetings, presentations, roadshows, due diligence sessions, drafting sessions or sessions with rating agencies in connection with the Debt Financing.
(b) Notwithstanding the foregoing, neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries, nor any of their respective Representatives, shall be required to: (i) prepare or provide any pro forma financial statements, pro forma adjustments, projections, forecasts, budgets or other forward-looking financial information; (ii) prepare any financial information in form not customarily prepared by the Company in the ordinary course or included in the Company Reports; (iii) pay any fee, incur any out-of-pocket cost or expense, or incur or assume any liability in connection with any financing prior to the Closing, unless promptly reimbursed by Parent; (iv) execute or deliver any certificate, agreement, pledge, security document, solvency certificate, legal opinion, comfort letter or other instrument that is effective prior to the Closing; or (v) take any action that would unreasonably interfere with the operation of the Company’s business, violate applicable Law or any material contract, result in a waiver of attorney-client privilege or cause any officer, director, employee or Representative of the Company to incur any personal liability.
(c) Parent shall promptly, upon written request by the Company, reimburse the Company and its Subsidiaries for all reasonable and documented out-of-pocket costs and expenses incurred in connection with such cooperation and shall indemnify and hold harmless the Company, its Subsidiaries and their respective Representatives from and against any and all losses, claims, damages, liabilities, costs and expenses arising out of or relating to the arrangement of any financing, any materials provided to financing sources, or any cooperation provided pursuant to this Section, except to the extent arising from the Company’s fraud, willful misconduct or intentional breach of this Agreement, or from any material misstatement or omission in written historical information furnished by the Company or its Subsidiaries for the Debt Financing materials.
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(d) For the avoidance of doubt, Parent acknowledges and agrees that its obligations to consummate the Merger and the other transactions contemplated by this Agreement are not conditioned upon Parent obtaining any debt, equity or other financing, and the availability, receipt or terms of any financing shall not constitute a condition to Parent’s obligation to effect the Closing. No breach or alleged breach by the Company of this Section 6.19 shall relieve Parent of its obligations to consummate the Closing when otherwise required under this Agreement, except to the extent the Company’s willful and material breach of this Section 6.19 is the principal cause of the Debt Financing not being available at Closing.
6.20 Tax Matters. The Company shall, and shall cause each of its Subsidiaries to, comply with the covenants set forth in Section 6.20 of the Company Disclosure Letter.
ARTICLE VII
CONDITIONS
7.1 Conditions to Each Party’s Obligation to Effect the Merger. The respective obligation of each party hereto to effect the Merger is subject to the satisfaction or, to the extent permitted by applicable Law, waiver at or prior to the Closing of each of the following conditions:
(a) Stockholder Approval. This Agreement shall have been duly adopted by holders of Shares constituting the Company Requisite Vote in accordance with applicable Law and the Company Certificate of Incorporation and the Company Bylaws.
(b) Governmental Consents. (i) The waiting period applicable to the consummation of the Merger under the HSR Act shall have expired or been earlier terminated and (ii) the Consents from any Governmental Entity set forth on Section 7.1(b)(ii) of the Company Disclosure Letter (the “Requisite Regulatory Approvals”), shall have been filed, occurred or been obtained and shall remain in full force and effect.
(c) No Legal Restraints. No Governmental Entity of competent jurisdiction shall have enacted, issued, promulgated, enforced or entered any Law or Order (whether temporary, preliminary or permanent) that is in effect and restrains, enjoins or otherwise prohibits consummation of the Merger.
7.2 Conditions to Obligations of Parent and Merger Sub. The obligations of Parent and Merger Sub to effect the Merger are also subject to the satisfaction or, to the extent permitted by applicable Law, waiver by Parent at or prior to the Closing of the following additional conditions:
(a) Representations and Warranties. The representations and warranties of the Company set forth in (i) Section 4.2(a) and Section 4.2(b) (Capital Structure) shall be true and correct, subject only to de minimis inaccuracies, as of the date of this Agreement and as of the Closing Date (in each case, except to the extent that any such representation and warranty speaks as of a particular date, in which case such representation and warranty shall be true and correct as of such particular date), (ii) Section 4.6 (Absence of Certain Changes) shall be true and correct in all respects as of the date of this Agreement and as of the Closing Date, (iii) Section 4.1 (Organization, Good Standing and Qualification), Section 4.3 (Corporate Authority and Approval) and Section 4.20 (Brokers and Finders) that (A) are not qualified by Company Material Adverse Effect or other materiality qualifications shall be true and correct in all material respects, in each case, as of the date of this Agreement and as of the Closing Date and (B) are qualified by Company Material Adverse Effect or other materiality qualifications will be true and correct in all respects as of the date of this Agreement and as of the Closing Date (except in each case of (A) and (B) to the extent that such representation and warranty speaks as of a particular date, in which case such representation and warranty shall be so true and correct as of such particular date) and (iv) the other representations and warranties of the Company set forth in ARTICLE IV shall be true and correct in all respects as of the date of this Agreement and as of the Closing Date (except to the extent that any such representation and warranty speaks as of a particular date, in which case such representation and warranty shall be true and correct as of such particular date), except where the failure of such representations and
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warranties of the Company to be so true and correct (read for purposes of this clause (iv) without giving effect to any “materiality,” “Company Material Adverse Effect” or similar qualification therein), individually or in the aggregate, has not had and would not reasonably be expected to have a Company Material Adverse Effect.
(b) Performance of Obligations of the Company. The Company shall have performed and complied with in all material respects all obligations required to be performed and complied with by it under this Agreement at or prior to the Closing.
(c) Company Certificate. Parent shall have received a certificate signed on behalf of the Company by an executive officer of the Company to the effect that the conditions set forth in Section 7.2(a), Section 7.2(b) and Section 7.2(d) have been satisfied.
(d) No Company Material Adverse Effect. Since the date of this Agreement, there shall not have occurred a Company Material Adverse Effect.
7.3 Conditions to Obligation of the Company. The obligation of the Company to effect the Merger is also subject to the satisfaction or waiver by the Company at or prior to the Closing of the following additional conditions:
(a) Representations and Warranties. (i) The representations and warranties of Parent and Merger Sub set forth in Section 5.1 (Organization, Good Standing and Qualification) Section 5.2 (Ownership of Merger Sub) and Section 5.3 (Corporate Authority; Approval) of this Agreement shall be true and correct in all material respects as of the date of this Agreement and as of the Closing Date (except for any representations and warranties that expressly relate to a specified date, which representation and warranty shall have been so true and correct as of such particular date) and (ii) all other representations and warranties of Parent and Merger Sub set forth in this Agreement shall be true and correct in all respects as of the date of this Agreement and as of the Closing Date (except for any representations and warranties that expressly relate to a specified date, which representation and warranty shall have been true and correct in all material respects as of such particular date), except where the failures of such representations and warranties to be so true and correct (read for purposes of this clause (ii) without giving effect to any “materiality,” “Parent Material Adverse Effect” or similar qualification therein), individually or in the aggregate, has not, and would not reasonably be expected to have, a Parent Material Adverse Effect.
(b) Performance of Obligations of Parent and Merger Sub. Each of Parent and Merger Sub shall have performed and complied with in all material respects all obligations required to be performed or complied with by it under this Agreement at or prior to the Closing.
(c) Parent Certificate. The Company shall have received at the Closing a certificate signed on behalf of Parent by an executive officer of Parent to the effect that the conditions set forth in Section 7.3(a) and Section 7.3(b) have been satisfied.
7.4 Frustration of Conditions. None of the Company, Parent or Merger Sub may rely, either as a basis for not consummating the Merger or the other transactions contemplated by this Agreement or for terminating this Agreement and abandoning the Merger, on the failure of any condition set forth in Section 7.1, Section 7.2 or Section 7.3, as the case may be, to be satisfied if such failure was caused by such party’s material breach of any provision of this Agreement (it being understood that Parent and Merger Sub shall be deemed a single party for purposes of this Section 7.4). Without limiting the foregoing, Parent and Merger Sub may not rely on the failure of any condition in ARTICLE VII to the extent such failure arises from the unavailability of any financing, any failure by Parent or Merger Sub to timely fund amounts required to be funded at Closing, or any breach by Parent or Merger Sub of their obligations under Section 5.7 or Section 6.6.
7.5 No Financing Condition. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement, the receipt, availability, consummation or funding of any debt, equity or other financing by Parent, Merger Sub or any of
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their respective Affiliates, or any failure thereof, shall not constitute a condition to any of Parent’s or Merger Sub’s obligations under this Agreement, including the obligation to consummate the Merger and the other transactions contemplated hereby.
ARTICLE VIII
TERMINATION
8.1 Termination by Mutual Consent. This Agreement may be terminated and the Merger may be abandoned at any time prior to the Effective Time, whether before or after the adoption of this Agreement by the stockholders of the Company referred to in Section 7.1(a), by mutual written consent of the Company and Parent.
8.2 Termination by Either Parent or the Company. This Agreement may be terminated and the Merger may be abandoned at any time prior to the Effective Time by either Parent or the Company by written notice to the other party if:
(a) the Merger shall not have been consummated by July 29, 2027 (such date, as it may be modified by the mutual written agreement of the Company and Parent, the “Termination Date”), whether such date is before or after the date of adoption of this Agreement by the stockholders of the Company referred to in Section 7.1(a); provided, that, if, as of the Termination Date, any of the conditions set forth in Section 7.1(b) or Section 7.1(c) shall not have been satisfied or waived (to the extent permitted), but all other conditions to Closing set forth in ARTICLE VII shall have been satisfied, or would be satisfied if Closing were to occur on such date, the Termination Date shall automatically be extended for a period of six (6) months (the “Extended Termination Date” and, if so extended, the Extended Termination Date then shall be the Termination Date), it being agreed that there shall be no more than two (2) such extensions of the Termination Date pursuant to this Section 8.2(a); provided, further, that the right to terminate this Agreement pursuant to this Section 8.2(a) shall not be available to any party if such party’s breach of or failure to perform its obligations under this Agreement primarily caused, or resulted in, the failure to consummate the transactions contemplated hereby by the Termination Date (it being understood that Parent and Merger Sub shall be deemed a single party for purposes of this proviso);
(b) the adoption of this Agreement by the stockholders of the Company referred to in Section 7.1(a) shall not have occurred at the Company Stockholders Meeting, or at any adjournment or postponement thereof, at which a vote upon the adoption of this Agreement was taken; or
(c) any Law or Order enacted, issued, promulgated, enforced or entered by a Governmental Entity of a competent jurisdiction permanently restraining, enjoining or otherwise prohibiting consummation of the Merger or any of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement shall have become final and non-appealable, whether before or after the Company Requisite Vote has been obtained; provided, that a party shall not be permitted to terminate this Agreement pursuant to this Section 8.2(c) if such enactment, issuance, promulgation, enforcement or entry of such Law or Order was primarily caused by a breach or failure on the part of such party to perform any covenant or obligation in this Agreement required to be performed by such party at or prior to the Effective Time in material breach of such party’s obligations hereunder (it being understood Parent and Merger Sub shall be deemed a single party for purposes of this proviso); provided, further, that the right to terminate this Agreement pursuant to this Section 8.2 shall not be available to any party that has breached or failed to perform in any material respect its obligations under this Agreement in any manner that shall have primarily caused the failure of the Merger to be consummated (it being understood that Parent and Merger Sub shall be deemed a single party for purposes of this proviso).
8.3 Termination by the Company. This Agreement may be terminated and the Merger may be abandoned at any time prior to the Effective Time by the Company by written notice to Parent if:
(a) there has been a breach of any representation, warranty, covenant or agreement made by Parent or Merger Sub in this Agreement, or any such representation and warranty shall have become untrue after the date
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of this Agreement, such that the conditions set forth in Section 7.3(a) or Section 7.3(b) would not be satisfied and such breach or failure to be true is not curable or, if curable, is not cured prior to the earlier of (i) if all of the conditions set forth in Section 7.1 and Section 7.2 (other than those conditions that by their nature are to be satisfied at the Closing but which conditions would be satisfied or capable of being satisfied if the Closing were to occur on such date) have been satisfied or waived, thirty (30) days following written notice to Parent from the Company of such breach or failure and (ii) the Termination Date; provided, that the Company shall not have the right to terminate this Agreement pursuant to this Section 8.3(a) if the Company is then in material breach of any of its representations, warranties, covenants or agreements under this Agreement; or
(b) at any time prior to the Company Requisite Vote being obtained, in order to enter into an Alternative Acquisition Agreement with respect to a Superior Proposal in accordance with Section 6.2(e), provided, that prior to or concurrently with such termination, the Company pays to Parent the Company Termination Fee required to be paid pursuant to Section 8.5(b).
8.4 Termination by Parent. This Agreement may be terminated by written notice from Parent to the Company and the Merger may be abandoned at any time prior to the Effective Time by Parent if:
(a) there has been a breach of any representation, warranty, covenant or agreement made by the Company in this Agreement, or any such representation and warranty shall have become untrue after the date of this Agreement, such that the conditions set forth in Sections 7.2(a) or 7.2(b) would not be satisfied and such breach or failure to be true is not curable or, if curable, is not cured prior to the earlier of (i) if all of the conditions set forth in Section 7.1 and Section 7.3 (other than those conditions that by their nature are to be satisfied at the Closing but which conditions would be satisfied or capable of being satisfied if the Closing were to occur on such date) have been satisfied or waived, thirty (30) days following written notice to the Company from Parent of such breach or failure and (ii) the Termination Date; provided, that Parent shall not have the right to terminate this Agreement pursuant to this Section 8.4(a) if Parent or Merger Sub is then in material breach of any of its representations, warranties, covenants or agreements under this Agreement; or
(b) (A) there shall have been a Change in Recommendation; provided that (i) Parent must terminate this Agreement within five (5) days of such Change in Recommendation and (ii) Parent shall no longer be entitled to terminate this Agreement pursuant to this Section 8.4(b) once the Company Requisite Vote is obtained; or (B) the Company shall have materially breached its obligations under Section 6.2.
8.5 Effect of Termination and Abandonment.
(a) In the event of termination of this Agreement and the abandonment of the Merger pursuant to this ARTICLE VIII, this Agreement (other than as set forth in this Section 8.5 and in Section 9.1) shall become void and of no effect with no liability on the part of any party hereto (or of any of its respective Affiliates); provided, that no such termination shall relieve any party hereto from any liability (i) for damages resulting from the Willful Breach of this Agreement prior to such termination by any party hereto or from Fraud (which liability the parties hereto acknowledge and agree shall not be limited to reimbursement of out-of-pocket fees, costs or expenses incurred in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, and may include damages based on loss of the economic benefit of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement to the parties hereto and the stockholders of the Company (in each case, taking into consideration all relevant matters, including other business opportunities or combination opportunities and the time value of money)) or (ii) as provided in this Section 8.5 (including from any obligation to pay, if applicable, the Company Termination Fee pursuant to Section 8.5(b) or Section 8.5(c), or the Parent Regulatory Termination Fee pursuant to Section 8.5(d)).
(b) If this Agreement is terminated (i) by Parent pursuant to Section 8.4(b) (Change in Recommendation) or (ii) by the Company pursuant to Section 8.3(b) (Termination for Superior Proposal), then the Company shall, within two (2) Business Days after such termination in the case of clause (i) or concurrently with such termination in the case of clause (ii), pay to Parent, by wire transfer of immediately available funds, a fee equal to $148,800,000 (the “Company Termination Fee”).
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(c) If (i) this Agreement is terminated (A) by Parent or the Company pursuant to (x) Section 8.2(a) (Termination Date) prior to the receipt of the Company Requisite Vote or (y) Section 8.2(b) (Stockholder Vote), or (B) by Parent pursuant to Section 8.4(a) (Company Breach) as a result of a material breach of Section 6.2 (Acquisition Proposals), (ii) prior to such termination referred to in clause (i) of this sentence, but after the date of this Agreement, a bona fide Acquisition Proposal (A) shall have been publicly made to the Company, its board of directors or any Subsidiary thereof, (B) shall have been made directly to the Company’s stockholders generally, or (C) shall have otherwise been publicly disclosed, and, in each case referred to in clauses (ii)(A) through (ii)(C), not withdrawn (a “Company Acquisition Proposal”) and (iii) within twelve (12) months after the date of a termination in either of the cases referred to in clauses (i)(A) and (i)(B) of this Section 8.5(c), (A) the Company or any of its Subsidiaries enters into an Alternative Acquisition Agreement with respect to any Company Acquisition Proposal, (B) any Company Acquisition Proposal has been consummated, or (C) the board of directors of the Company approves or recommends to the Company’s stockholders or otherwise does not oppose, any Company Acquisition Proposal, then the Company shall pay or cause to be paid the Company Termination Fee to Parent concurrently upon the consummation of such transaction; provided, that solely for purposes of this Section 8.5(c), the term “Acquisition Proposal” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 9.14, except that the references to “fifteen (15%) or more” shall be deemed to be references to “fifty percent (50%) or more”.
(d) If this Agreement is terminated by the Company or Parent (i) pursuant to Section 8.2(c) (Law; Final and Non-Appealable Order) as the result of any Antitrust Law or an Order imposed by a Governmental Entity with respect to an Antitrust Law or (ii) pursuant to Section 8.2(a) (Termination Date) and, at the time of such termination, one or more of the conditions set forth in Section 7.1(b) (Governmental Consents) or Section 7.1(c) (No Legal Restraints) (as the result of any Antitrust Law or an Order imposed by a Governmental Entity with respect to an Antitrust Law) shall not have been satisfied or waived (to the extent permitted), and, in the case of each of clauses (i) or (ii) of this Section 8.5(d), at the time of such termination (A) all of the other conditions set forth in Section 7.1 and Section 7.2 have been satisfied or waived (other than those conditions that by their nature are to be satisfied at the Closing but which conditions would be satisfied or capable of being satisfied if the Closing were to occur on such date) and (B) the Company is not in breach in any material respect of its obligations under this Agreement in any manner that shall have been the principal cause of the Antitrust Law or Order referred to in clause (i) of this Section 8.5(d) or the failure of the conditions referred to in clause (ii) of this Section 8.5(d), as applicable, then Parent shall promptly, but in no event later than two (2) Business Days after the date of such termination, pay or cause to be paid to the Company by wire transfer of immediately available funds, an amount equal to $327,400,000 (the “Parent Regulatory Termination Fee”).
(e) The parties acknowledge and hereby agree that each of the Company Termination Fee and the Parent Regulatory Termination Fee, as applicable, if, as and when required pursuant to this Section 8.5, shall not constitute a penalty but will be liquidated damages, in a reasonable amount that will compensate the party receiving such amount in the circumstances in which it is payable for the efforts and resources expended and opportunities foregone while negotiating this Agreement and in reliance on this Agreement and on the expectation of the consummation of the Merger, which amount would otherwise be impossible to calculate with precision. The parties acknowledge and hereby agree that (i) the Parent Regulatory Termination Fee, if, as and when required pursuant to this Section 8.5, shall be payable in addition to, and not in lieu of, any remedy available to the Company in the case of Fraud or Willful Breach by Parent or Merger Sub, (ii) the Company Termination Fee, if, as and when required pursuant to this Section 8.5, shall be payable in addition to, and not in lieu of, any remedy available to Parent in the case of Fraud or Willful Breach by Company, and (iii) in no event shall (A) the Company be required to pay the Company Termination Fee on more than one occasion, or (B) Parent be required to pay the Parent Regulatory Termination Fee on more than one occasion.
(f) Each party acknowledges that the agreements contained in this Section 8.5 are an integral part of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, and that, without these agreements, no party would have entered into this Agreement; and accordingly, if the Company or Parent fails to pay promptly any amount that may become due pursuant to Section 8.5(b), Section 8.5(c) or Section 8.5(d) (any such amount due, a “Payment”),
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and, in order to obtain such Payment, Parent or the Company commences a suit which results in a judgment against the Company or Parent, respectively, for the applicable Payment, or any portion thereof, the party against whom such judgment is entered shall pay to the other party its costs and expenses (including reasonable and documented attorneys’ fees) in connection with such suit, together with interest on the amount of the Payment at the prime rate published in the Wall Street Journal, Eastern Edition, in effect on the date such Payment was required to be paid from such date through the date of full payment thereof.
(g) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement, but subject to the proviso in Section 8.5(a) and Section 9.13, in any circumstance in which this Agreement is terminated and Parent has the right to receive payment of the Company Termination Fee in accordance herewith, the payment of the Company Termination Fee and the costs and expenses of Parent pursuant to Section 8.5(d), if applicable, shall be the sole and exclusive remedy of Parent and its stockholders, directors, officers and Affiliates (the “Parent Related Parties”) against the Company, its Subsidiaries and Affiliates and any of their respective former, current or future, direct or indirect, general or limited partners, stockholders, controlling Persons, managers, members, directors, officers, employees, Affiliates, representatives, agents or any their respective assignees or successors or any former, current or future general or limited partner, stockholder, controlling Person, manager, member, director, officer, employee, Affiliate, representative, agent, assignee or successor of any of the foregoing (collectively, “Company Related Parties”) for any loss or damage suffered as a result of the failure of the Merger and the other transactions contemplated by this Agreement to be consummated or for a breach of, or failure to perform under, this Agreement or any certificate or other document delivered in connection herewith or otherwise or in respect of any representation made or alleged to have been made in connection herewith or therewith, and upon payment of such amounts, none of the Company Related Parties shall have any further liability or obligation relating to or arising out of this Agreement (except that the Company shall remain obligated to pay to Parent any amount due and payable pursuant to Section 8.5(d)) whether in equity or at law, in contract, in tort or otherwise; provided, however, that any such payment shall not relieve the Company of any liability or damages incurred or suffered by Parent or Merger Sub to the extent such liability or damages were the result of or arising out of any Fraud or Willful Breach of this Agreement, in which case Parent or Merger Sub shall be entitled to all rights and remedies available in equity or at law, in contract, in tort or otherwise. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement, nothing in this Section 8.5 shall limit or otherwise impair the rights or remedies of the Parent Related Parties against the Company under this Agreement in respect of Fraud, Willful Breach, specific performance or any payment obligation of the Company that is expressly required to be performed following termination of this Agreement.
(h) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement, but subject to the proviso in Section 8.5(a) and Section 9.13, in any circumstance in which this Agreement is terminated and the Company has the right to receive payment of the Parent Regulatory Termination Fee in accordance herewith, the payment of the Parent Regulatory Termination Fee and, if applicable, the costs and expenses of the Company pursuant to Section 9.13 shall be the sole and exclusive remedy of the Company Related Parties against the Parent Related Parties and the Debt Financing Sources for any loss or damage suffered as a result of the failure of the Merger and the other transactions contemplated by this Agreement to be consummated or for a breach of, or failure to perform under, this Agreement or any certificate or other document delivered in connection herewith or otherwise or in respect of any representation made or alleged to have been made in connection herewith or therewith, and upon payment of such amounts, none of the Parent Related Parties or the Debt Financing Sources shall have any further liability or obligation relating to or arising out of this Agreement (except that Parent shall remain obligated to pay to the Company any amount due and payable pursuant to Section 8.5(d)), whether in equity or at law, in contract, in tort or otherwise, other than, solely with respect to Parent or Merger Sub and not any Debt Financing Source, in respect of Fraud or Willful Breach. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement, nothing in this Section 8.5 shall limit or otherwise impair the rights or remedies of the Company Related Parties against Parent or Merger Sub under this Agreement in respect of Fraud, Willful Breach, specific performance or any payment obligation of Parent or Merger Sub that is expressly required to be performed following termination of this Agreement.
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ARTICLE IX
MISCELLANEOUS AND GENERAL
9.1 Survival. This ARTICLE IX and the agreements of the Company, Parent and Merger Sub contained in ARTICLE III, Section 6.11(b) (Expenses; Transfer Taxes) and Section 6.12 (Indemnification; Directors’ and Officers’ Insurance) shall survive the consummation of the Merger. This ARTICLE IX (other than Section 9.2 (Modification or Amendment), Section 9.3 (Waiver) and Section 9.12 (Assignment)) and the agreements of the Company, Parent and Merger Sub contained in Section 6.7(b) (Access, Consultation), Section 6.11 (Expenses; Transfer Taxes), Section 8.5 (Effect of Termination and Abandonment) and the Confidentiality Agreement (as defined in Section 9.7) shall survive the termination of this Agreement. All other representations, warranties, covenants and agreements in this Agreement and in any certificate or other writing delivered pursuant hereto shall not survive the consummation of the Merger or the termination of this Agreement. This Section 9.1 shall not limit any covenant or agreement of the parties which by its terms contemplates performance after the Effective Time.
9.2 Modification or Amendment. Subject to the provisions of applicable Law, at any time prior to the Effective Time, this Agreement (including any Schedule hereto) may be amended, modified or supplemented in writing by the parties hereto, by action of the boards of directors of the respective parties.
(a) Any provision of this Agreement may be waived prior to the Effective Time if, and only if, such waiver is in writing and signed by the party against whom the waiver is to be effective.
(b) No failure or delay by any party in exercising any right, power or privilege hereunder shall operate as a waiver thereof nor shall any single or partial exercise thereof preclude any other or further exercise thereof or the exercise of any other right, power or privilege. Except as otherwise herein provided, the rights and remedies herein provided shall be cumulative and not exclusive of any rights or remedies provided by Law.
9.4 Counterparts; Effectiveness. This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts (including by facsimile or by attachment to electronic mail in portable document format (PDF)), each such counterpart being deemed to be an original instrument, and all such counterparts, taken together, shall constitute one and the same agreement, and shall become effective when one or more counterparts have been signed by each of the parties hereto and delivered to the other parties hereto.
9.5 Governing Law and Venue; Waiver of Jury Trial. (a) THIS AGREEMENT SHALL BE DEEMED TO BE MADE IN AND IN ALL RESPECTS SHALL BE INTERPRETED, CONSTRUED AND GOVERNED BY AND IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAW OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE WITHOUT REGARD TO THE CONFLICT OR CHOICE OF LAW PRINCIPLES THEREOF.
(b) Each of the parties hereto (i) consents to submit itself to the personal jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware or, if such court lacks subject matter jurisdiction, any state or federal court located in the State of Delaware and any appellate court therefrom, in the event any dispute arises out of or is related to this Agreement or any of the transactions contemplated hereby, (ii) agrees that it will not attempt to deny or defeat such personal jurisdiction by motion or other request for leave from any such court, (iii) agrees that it will not bring any action, suit, arbitration or proceeding by or before any Governmental Entity (each, an “Action”) relating to this Agreement or any of the transactions contemplated hereby in any court other than the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware or, if such court lacks subject matter jurisdiction, any state or federal court located in the State of Delaware and any appellate court therefrom, (iv) waives any objection that it may now or hereafter have to the venue of any such Action in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware or, if such court lacks subject matter jurisdiction, any state or federal court located in the State of Delaware and any appellate court therefrom or that such Action was brought in an inconvenient court and agrees not to plead or
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claim the same and (v) consents to service being made through the notice procedures set forth in Section 9.6. Each of the Company, Parent and Merger Sub hereby agrees that service of any process, summons, notice or document by U.S. registered mail to the respective addresses set forth in Section 9.6 shall be effective service of process for any Action in connection with this Agreement or the transactions contemplated hereby.
(c) EACH PARTY HERETO ACKNOWLEDGES AND AGREES THAT ANY CONTROVERSY WHICH MAY ARISE UNDER THIS AGREEMENT IS LIKELY TO INVOLVE COMPLICATED AND DIFFICULT ISSUES, AND THEREFORE EACH SUCH PARTY HEREBY IRREVOCABLY AND UNCONDITIONALLY WAIVES ANY RIGHT SUCH PARTY MAY HAVE TO A TRIAL BY JURY IN RESPECT OF ANY LITIGATION DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO THIS AGREEMENT, THE MERGER OR THE OTHER TRANSACTIONS CONTEMPLATED BY THIS AGREEMENT. EACH PARTY HERETO CERTIFIES AND ACKNOWLEDGES THAT (i) NO REPRESENTATIVE, AGENT OR ATTORNEY OF ANY OTHER PARTY HERETO HAS REPRESENTED, EXPRESSLY OR OTHERWISE, THAT SUCH OTHER PARTY WOULD NOT, IN THE EVENT OF LITIGATION, SEEK TO ENFORCE THE FOREGOING WAIVER, (ii) EACH SUCH PARTY UNDERSTANDS AND HAS CONSIDERED THE IMPLICATIONS OF THIS WAIVER, (iii) EACH SUCH PARTY MAKES THIS WAIVER VOLUNTARILY AND (iv) EACH SUCH PARTY HAS BEEN INDUCED TO ENTER INTO THIS AGREEMENT BY, AMONG OTHER THINGS, THE MUTUAL WAIVERS AND CERTIFICATIONS IN THIS SECTION 9.5.
9.6 Notices. Notices, requests, instructions or other documents to be given under this Agreement shall be in writing and shall be deemed given, (a) when delivered, if delivered personally to the intended recipient, (b) when sent by email (without any “bounceback” or other notice of nondelivery) and (c) one (1) Business Day later, if sent by overnight delivery via a national courier service (providing proof of delivery), and in each case, addressed to a party at the following address for such party:
if to Parent or Merger Sub:
Intercontinental Exchange, Inc.
5660 New Northside Drive
Atlanta, Georgia 30328
Attention: Legal
Email: [***]
with copies to (which shall not constitute notice):
Sullivan & Cromwell LLP
125 Broad Street
New York, New York 10004
Attention: Mitchell S. Eitel; Ana M. González Pérez
Email: [***]: [***]
if to the Company:
MarketAxess Holdings Inc.
55 Hudson Yards, 15th Floor
New York, New York
Attention: Scott Pintoff
Email: [***]
with copies to (which shall not constitute notice):
Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP
767 Fifth Avenue
New York, New York 10153
Attention: Michael J. Aiello; Matthew J. Gilroy
Email: [***]; [***]
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or to such other persons or addresses as may be designated in writing by the party to receive such notice as provided above.
9.7 Entire Agreement. This Agreement (including any exhibits hereto, the Company Disclosure Letter) and the Mutual Confidentiality Agreement, dated February 5, 2026, between the Company and Intercontinental Exchange Holdings, Inc. (as such agreement may be amended or supplemented from time to time in accordance with its terms, the “Confidentiality Agreement”) and the Certificate of Merger and any other certificate or instrument to be delivered hereunder, collectively constitute the entire agreement, and supersede all other prior agreements, understandings, representations and warranties both written and oral, among the parties, with respect to the subject matter hereof.
9.8 No Third Party Beneficiaries. This Agreement is not intended to, and does not and shall not be deemed to, confer upon any Person other than the parties hereto any rights or remedies hereunder, other than (a) as provided in Section 6.12 (Indemnification; Directors’ and Officers’ Insurance), (b) the right of the Company’s stockholders to receive the Merger Consideration after the Closing, (c) the right of the holders of awards under the Company Stock Plans to receive such consideration as provided for in Section 3.5 after the Closing, (d) Section 8.5(g) (Liability of Company Related Parties and Parent Related Parties), which, to the extent applicable to the Company Related Parties or Parent Related Parties, are intended to benefit and be enforceable by the Company Related Parties or Parent Related Parties (as applicable), and (e) following the valid termination of this Agreement pursuant to ARTICLE VIII, subject to Section 8.5(a) and the last sentence of this Section 9.8, the right of the Company, as sole and exclusive agent for and on behalf of the stockholders of the Company (which stockholders shall not be entitled to pursue such damages on their own behalf) (who are third party beneficiaries hereunder solely to the extent necessary for this clause (e) of this Section 9.8 to be enforceable), to pursue any damages (including damages based on loss of the economic benefit of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement to the stockholders of the Company). Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, the rights granted pursuant to clause (e) of this Section 9.8 and the provisions of Section 8.5(a) with respect to the recovery of damages based on the losses suffered by the stockholders of the Company (including the loss of the economic benefit of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement to the stockholders of the Company) shall only be enforceable on behalf of the stockholders of the Company by the Company in its sole and absolute discretion, as the sole and exclusive agent for the stockholders of the Company; provided, that, in such capacity as sole and exclusive agent for the stockholders of the Company, the Company shall (i) be entitled to reimbursement (from the stockholders of the Company) from any such recovery of damages of its reasonable and documented out-of-pocket costs and expenses (including reasonable and documented out-of-pocket attorneys’ fees determined by reference to standard hourly rates) that have been incurred by the Company in connection with acting as sole and exclusive agent for the stockholders of the Company pursuant to clause (e) of this Section 9.8 and (ii) not be liable to the stockholders of the Company for any action taken, suffered or omitted to be taken by it in good faith except to the extent that the Company’s gross negligence or willful misconduct was the cause of any direct loss to the stockholders of the Company.
9.9 Obligations of Parent and of the Company. Whenever this Agreement requires a Subsidiary of Parent to take any action, such requirement shall be deemed to include an undertaking on the part of Parent to cause such Subsidiary to take such action. Whenever this Agreement requires a Subsidiary of the Company to take any action, such requirement shall be deemed to include an undertaking on the part of the Company to cause such Subsidiary to take such action and, after the Effective Time, on the part of Parent and the Surviving Corporation to cause such Subsidiary to take such action.
9.10 Severability. The provisions of this Agreement shall be deemed severable and in the event any court of competent jurisdiction or arbitral panel finds any provision hereof to be invalid or unenforceable, such invalidity or enforceability shall not affect the validity or enforceability of the other provisions hereof. If any provision of this Agreement, or the application thereof to any Person or any circumstance, is found to be invalid or unenforceable, (a) a suitable and equitable provision negotiated in good faith by the parties hereto shall be substituted therefor in order to carry out, so far as may be valid and enforceable, the intent and purpose of such
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invalid or unenforceable provision and (b) the remainder of this Agreement and the application of such provision to other Persons or circumstances shall not, subject to clause (a) above, be affected by such invalidity or unenforceability, except as a result of such substitution, nor shall such invalidity or unenforceability affect the validity or enforceability of such provision, or the application thereof, in any other jurisdiction.
(a) The table of contents and the Article, Section and paragraph headings or captions herein are for convenience of reference only, do not constitute part of this Agreement and shall not be deemed to limit or otherwise affect any of the provisions hereof. Where a reference in this Agreement is made to a Section or Exhibit, such reference shall be to a Section of or Exhibit to this Agreement unless otherwise indicated. Whenever the words “include”, “includes” or “including” are used in this Agreement, they shall be deemed to be followed by the words “without limitation”. The words “hereof”, “herein” and “hereunder” and words of similar import when used in this Agreement shall refer to this Agreement as a whole and not to any particular provision of this Agreement. The word “or” when used in this Agreement is not exclusive. The word “extent” in the phrase “to the extent” shall mean the degree to which a subject or other thing extends, and such phrase shall not mean simply “if”. All terms defined in this Agreement shall have the defined meanings when used in any certificate or other document made or delivered pursuant hereto unless otherwise defined therein. The definitions contained in this Agreement are applicable to the singular as well as the plural forms of such terms and to the masculine as well as to the feminine and neuter genders of such term. Any Contract or Law defined or referred to herein or in any agreement or instrument that is referred to herein means such Contract or Law as from time to time amended, modified or supplemented, including (in the case of Contracts) by waiver or consent and (in the case of Laws) by succession of comparable successor statutes and references to all attachments thereto and instruments incorporated therein. All references to any Governmental Entity or regulatory body, agency or SRO shall be deemed to include any predecessor or successor thereto.
(b) Any Contract or information referred to herein shall be deemed to have been “delivered”, “provided”, “furnished” or “made available” (or any phrase of similar import) to Parent by the Company if such Contract or information was posted to the data room maintained by the Company in connection with the transaction or otherwise provided directly (including through email) to Parent or any of its Representatives at least one (1) Business Day prior to the execution and delivery of this Agreement. When calculating the period of time before which, within which or following which any act is to be done or step taken pursuant to this Agreement, the date that is the reference date in calculating such period shall be excluded. If the last day of any such period is a day other than a Business Day, the period in question shall end and any such step shall be taken by or on the next succeeding Business Day.
(c) The parties have participated jointly in negotiating and drafting this Agreement. In the event that an ambiguity or a question of intent or interpretation arises, this Agreement shall be construed as if drafted jointly by the parties, and no presumption or burden of proof shall arise favoring or disfavoring any party by virtue of the authorship of any provision of this Agreement.
9.12 Assignment. This Agreement shall not be assigned by operation of law or otherwise without the prior written consent of each of the other parties hereto, and any assignment without such consent shall be null and void.
(a) The parties hereto acknowledge and agree that irreparable damage would occur and that the parties would not have any adequate remedy at Law in the event that any of the obligations, undertakings, covenants or agreements of the parties to this Agreement were not performed in accordance with their specific terms or were otherwise breached, and that monetary damages, even if available, would not be an adequate remedy therefor. It is accordingly agreed that the Company, on the one hand, and Parent and Merger Sub, on the other hand, shall be
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entitled to seek an injunction or injunctions to prevent breaches or threatened breaches of this Agreement by the other, and to enforce specifically the terms and provisions of this Agreement (including Section 6.6, and including to cause Parent and Merger Sub to consummate the Merger and the Closing and to make the payments contemplated by this Agreement, including ARTICLE I and ARTICLE III) by a decree of specific performance, in accordance with Section 9.5 of this Agreement, without the necessity of proving actual harm or damages or posting a bond or other security therefor, this being in addition to any other remedy to which such party is entitled at law or in equity, and each party agrees that it will not oppose the granting of an injunction, specific performance or other equitable relief on the basis that any other party has an adequate remedy at law or that any award of specific performance or other equitable remedy is not an appropriate remedy for any reason at law or in equity. Each party further agrees that it shall not take any position in any legal proceeding concerning this Agreement that is contrary to the terms of this Section 9.13.
(b) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement, the Company’s right to specific performance to cause Parent and Merger Sub to consummate the Merger, effect the Closing and make the payments contemplated by this Agreement shall not be conditioned upon the availability, receipt or funding of any debt, equity or other financing or other funds by Parent, Merger Sub or any of their respective Affiliates. Parent and Merger Sub acknowledge and agree that they shall not assert, and shall cause their Affiliates not to assert, the unavailability, non-receipt, failure or insufficiency of any financing or other funds as a defense to any claim by the Company for specific performance or other equitable relief pursuant to this Section 9.13.
(c) For the avoidance of doubt, in no event shall the exercise of the Company’s or any of its Subsidiaries’ right to seek specific performance pursuant to this Section 9.13 reduce, restrict or otherwise limit the Company’s right to terminate this Agreement pursuant to ARTICLE VIII and/or pursue all applicable remedies at law, including seeking payment of the Parent Regulatory Termination Fee or damages for Fraud or Willful Breach to the extent expressly preserved by Section 8.5(a). Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company shall not be entitled to both (i) the Parent Regulatory Termination Fee and (ii) consummation of the Closing and payment of the Merger Consideration.
9.14 Definitions. For purposes of this Agreement, the following terms, when used herein, shall have the respective meanings set forth below:
“Acceptable Confidentiality Agreement” means an agreement with the Company that is either (i) in effect as of the execution and delivery of this Agreement; or (ii) executed, delivered and effective after the execution and delivery of this Agreement, in either case containing provisions that require any counterparty thereto (and any of its Affiliates and representatives) that receives material non-public information of or with respect to the Company and its Subsidiaries to keep such information confidential; provided, that in each case, the provisions contained therein are no less restrictive in any material respect to such counterparty (and any of its Affiliates and representatives named therein) than the terms of the Confidentiality Agreement, it being understood that such agreement need not contain any “standstill” or similar provisions, or otherwise prohibit the making of, or amendment or modification to, any Acquisition Proposal.
“Acquisition Proposal” means (i) any proposal, offer, inquiry or indication of interest from any Person or group (as defined in or under Section 13 of the Exchange Act) relating to a merger, consolidation, dissolution, liquidation, tender offer, recapitalization, reorganization, share exchange, business combination, joint venture, partnership, dissolution, liquidation, spin-off, extraordinary dividend or similar transaction involving the Company or any of its Subsidiaries which is structured to permit such Person or group to, directly or indirectly, acquire beneficial ownership of fifteen percent (15%) or more of the outstanding Shares, or thirty percent (30%) or more of the consolidated net revenues, net income or total assets of the Company and (ii) any acquisition by any Person or group (as defined in or under Section 13 of the Exchange Act) resulting in, or proposal, offer, inquiry or indication of interest, which if consummated would result in, any Person becoming the beneficial owner of, directly or indirectly, in one or a series of related transactions, fifteen percent (15%) or more of the outstanding Shares, or fifteen percent (15%) or more of the consolidated net revenues, net income or total assets of the Company, in each case, other than the transactions contemplated by this Agreement.
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“Affiliate” means, when used with respect to any party, any Person who is an “affiliate” of that party within the meaning of Rule 405 promulgated under the Securities Act.
“AI Inputs” means any and all data, content or other materials of any nature (including text, numbers, images, photos, graphics, video, audio or computer code) used to train, validate, test, fine-tune, improve, evaluate or deploy any AI Technology.
“AI Technology” means any and all machine learning, deep learning and other artificial intelligence technologies, including statistical learning algorithms, models (including large language models and other foundation models), neural networks and other artificial intelligence tools or methodologies, all Software implementations of any of the foregoing, and related hardware or equipment.
“Anti-Corruption Laws” means the FCPA and all other applicable anti-bribery or anti-corruption Laws of any jurisdiction in which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries conducts or, since the Applicable Date has conducted, business.
“Antitrust Laws” means the Sherman Act, the Clayton Act, the HSR Act, the Federal Trade Commission Act and all other federal, state and foreign statutes, rules, regulations, orders, decrees and other Laws that are designed or intended to prohibit, restrict or regulate actions having the purpose or effect of monopolization or restraint of trade or competition, including the Foreign Investment and Competition Laws.
“Approved Capital Expenditures” means, (i) for fiscal year 2026, the capital expenditures budget adopted by the Company for fiscal year 2026, as set forth on Section 6.1(c) of the Company Disclosure Letter, (ii) for fiscal year 2027, 110% of the capital expenditures made in fiscal year 2026, and (iii) for fiscal year 2028, 110% of the capital expenditures made in fiscal year 2027, as applicable.
“Award Holder” means each holder of Parent Options or Parent RSUs.
“Business Day” means any day of the year other than Saturday, Sunday, or other day on which banks are required or authorized by Law to close in New York City.
“Cause” has the meaning specified in the Company Stock Plan as of immediately prior to the Effective Time.
“Commodity Exchange Act” means the Commodity Exchange Act of 1936, as amended.
“Company Material Adverse Effect” means any change, event, development, circumstance or effect that individually or taken together with any other change, event, development, circumstance or effect has, or would reasonably be expected to (A) have a material adverse effect on the business, assets, financial condition, operations or results of operations of the Company and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole or (B) prevent, materially delay or materially impair the Company’s ability to timely consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, including the Merger; provided, that with respect to the foregoing clause (A), none of the following shall be deemed, either alone or in combination, to constitute, and there shall not be taken into account in determining whether there has been a Company Material Adverse Effect any adverse effect to the extent arising from or attributable or relating to: (i) changes in, or events generally affecting, the U.S. or global financial, securities or capital markets, (ii) general economic or political conditions in the United States or any foreign jurisdiction in which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries operate, including any changes in currency exchange rates, interest rates, monetary policy, inflation or commodity prices, (iii) changes in, or events generally affecting, the industries in which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries operate, (iv) any natural or man-made disaster or acts of God, including earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, tornados, fires, volcanic eruption, epidemics, pandemics or disease outbreak (including any escalation or worsening thereof and any related quarantine, “shelter-in-place,” “stay-at-home,” social distancing, shutdown, closure or other restrictions or
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measures, or the recommendation, withdrawal or modification thereof, by any Governmental Entity) following the date of this Agreement or any acts of terrorism, sabotage, cyber-attack, data breach, hacking, riots, demonstrations, public disorders, military action or war or any escalation or worsening thereof, (v) any failure by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries to meet any internal or published budgets, projections, estimates, forecasts or predictions in respect of financial or operating performance for any period, (vi) a decline in the price of the Shares, a change in the Company’s credit rating, or a change in the trading volume of the Shares, on the Nasdaq, provided, that the exceptions in clauses (v) and (vi) shall not prevent or otherwise affect a determination that any change, effect, circumstance or development underlying such failure or decline or change (if not otherwise falling within any of the exclusions pursuant to the other clauses of this definition) has resulted in, or contributed to, a Company Material Adverse Effect, (vii) changes in Law, (viii) changes in U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) (or authoritative interpretation thereof), (ix) the taking of any specific action expressly required by this Agreement or taken with Parent’s written consent or at Parent’s written request or the failure to take any specific action expressly prohibited by this Agreement, (x) the announcement or pendency of this Agreement and the Merger, including the impact thereof on the relationships with customers, suppliers, distributors, or employees, (xi) any litigation brought by stockholders of the Company alleging breach of fiduciary duty or inadequate disclosure in connection with this Agreement or any of the transactions contemplated hereby or any demand or proceeding for appraisal or the fair value of Shares in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby, (xii) any matters disclosed in the Company Disclosure Letter, or (xiii) Parent or Merger Sub’s breach of this Agreement; provided, however, that the changes, effects, circumstances or developments set forth in the foregoing clauses (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (vii), and (viii) shall be taken into account in determining whether a “Company Material Adverse Effect” has occurred to the extent such changes, effects, circumstances or developments have a material and disproportionate adverse effect on the Company and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, relative to other participants in the industries in which the Company and its Subsidiaries operate, but, in such event, only the incremental disproportionate impact of such changes, effects, circumstances or developments shall be taken into account in determining whether a “Company Material Adverse Effect” has occurred.
“Company Plan” means any benefit and compensation plan, policy, program, practice, agreement, contract, arrangement or other obligation, whether or not in writing and whether or not funded, in each case, which is sponsored or maintained by, or required to be contributed to, or with respect to which any potential liability is borne by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, and any incentive and bonus, deferred compensation, employment, consulting, retirement, supplemental retirement, severance, termination or change in control, equity-based, profit sharing, insurance, medical, welfare, vacation, fringe or other benefits or remuneration of any kind, excluding any statutory plans and multiemployer plans (within the meaning of Section 3(37) of ERISA).
“Constituent Documents” means the certificate of incorporation, bylaws or similar organizational documents of a corporation and comparable organizational documents of other entities.
“Continuing Membership Application” means an application with FINRA filed by the Registered Broker-Dealer pursuant to FINRA Rule 1017 seeking approval of the transactions contemplated hereby.
“Debt Financing Sources” means the Persons that provide or commit to provide, agent, issue, lend, arrange, underwrite or place all or any part of the Debt Financing, from time to time, together with their respective Affiliates, and the respective past, present and future officers, directors, employees, partners, trustees, shareholders, controlling persons, agents and representatives of the foregoing, and their respective successors and assigns, in each case solely in their respective capacities as such; provided, that “Debt Financing Sources” shall not include Parent or Merger Sub.
“Disability” has the meaning specified in the Company Stock Plan as of immediately prior to the Effective Time.
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“DTC” means The Depository Trust Company.
“Environmental Law” means any Law relating to the protection of the environment or natural resources including (a) the protection, investigation, remediation or restoration of the environment, health or safety (as health or safety relates to the handling of hazardous substances) or natural resources; (b) the handling, labeling, management, recycling, generation, use, storage, treatment, transportation, disposal, release or threatened release of any hazardous substance; or (c) any pollution, contamination or any injury or threat of injury to Persons or property relating to any hazardous substance.
“ERISA” means the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended.
“ERISA Plans” means Company Plans that are “employee benefit plans” within the meaning of Section 3(3) of ERISA.
“Exchange Ratio” means the quotient (rounded to four decimal places) obtained by dividing (a) the Merger Consideration by (b) the volume-weighted average trading price per share of Parent Common Stock on the New York Stock Exchange, as reported by Bloomberg L.P. (or, if not reported thereby, by another authoritative source mutually agreed upon by Parent and the Company), for the ten (10) consecutive trading days ending on (and including) the trading day immediately preceding the Closing Date; provided, that the Exchange Ratio shall be equitably adjusted to reflect the effect of any stock split, reverse stock split, stock dividend (including any dividend or distribution of securities convertible into Parent Common Stock), reorganization, recapitalization, reclassification, combination, exchange of shares or other like change with respect to Parent Common Stock occurring on or after the date of this Agreement and prior to the Effective Time.
“FCPA” means the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended.
“FINRA” means the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.
“FINRA Approval” means FINRA’s approval of the Continuing Membership Application in relation to the change of control resulting from the Merger, or any other notice, filing, approval or non-objection of FINRA required under FINRA Rule 1017.
“Fraud” means, with respect to any party, actual and intentional common law fraud as defined by and construed under the Laws of the State of Delaware (and, for the avoidance of doubt, requiring (a) actual and conscious knowledge that a representation or warranty was false when made, (b) an intent to induce the other party to rely thereon, and (c) actual and reasonable reliance thereon by the other party that causes such party to suffer damages) in the making of the representations and warranties set forth in ARTICLE IV or ARTICLE V of this Agreement, as qualified by the Company Disclosure Letter, as applicable, and, for the avoidance of doubt, does not include claims based on constructive or imputed knowledge, negligent misrepresentation or recklessness.
“Good Reason” means: (a) in the case where there is no employment agreement, consulting agreement, change in control agreement or similar agreement in effect between the Company or one of its Affiliates and the Award Holder (or where there is such an agreement but it does not define “good reason” (or words of like import)), (i) a reduction of 10% or more in the Award Holder’s base compensation, or (ii) there is a transfer of the Award Holder’s primary work site to a new primary work site that is more than 20 miles (measured along a straight line) from the Award Holder’s primary work site unless such new primary work site is closer (measured along a straight line) to the Award Holder’s primary residence than the Award Holder’s then current primary work site, provided that the Award Holder must deliver to the Company a written notice of termination within 60 days after the Award Holder has knowledge that the event constituting Good Reason has occurred, give the Company 30 days to cure the event constituting Good Reason, and, if the Company fails to cure such event, actually terminate his or her employment or other service within 60 days after the Company’s failure to cure such
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event; or (b) in the case where there is an employment agreement, consulting agreement, change in control agreement or similar agreement in effect between the Company or one of its Affiliates and the Award Holder that defines “good reason” (or words of like import), “good reason” as defined under such agreement.
“IEX” means the Investors Exchange, a national securities exchange registered with the SEC under the Exchange Act.
“Indebtedness” means, with respect to any Person, without duplication, all obligations or undertakings by such Person (i) for borrowed money (including (x) deposits or advances of any kind to such Person, (y) under the Closing Indebtedness); (ii) evidenced by bonds, debentures, notes or similar instruments; (iii) for capitalized leases or to pay the deferred and unpaid purchase price of property or equipment; (iv) pursuant to securitization or factoring programs or arrangements; (v) pursuant to guarantees and arrangements having the economic effect of a guarantee of any Indebtedness of any other Person (other than between or among any of Parent and its wholly-owned Subsidiaries or between or among the Company and its wholly-owned Subsidiaries); (vi) under swaps, options, derivatives and other hedging agreements, transactions or arrangements (assuming they were terminated on the date of determination and using a mid-market valuation, with any negative valuations increasing Indebtedness and any positive valuations decreasing Indebtedness); or (vii) letters of credit, bank guarantees, and other similar Contracts or arrangements entered into by or on behalf of such Person to the extent they have been drawn upon; provided, however, that in no event shall “Indebtedness” be deemed to include any extensions of credit or guarantees provided in connection with any broker and/or dealer activities of the Registered Broker-Dealer in the Ordinary Course of Business, including (A) the provision of clearance and settlement services and (B) order handling and trading activities, whether acting as agent or principal.
“Information Technology Systems” means all information technology and computer systems, including Software, computers, servers, workstations, hardware, firmware, middleware, routers, hubs, switches, data communications lines, networks and all associated documentation, in each case owned, leased, licensed or otherwise used or held for use (including through cloud-based or other third-party service providers) by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries to transmit, store, maintain, process or operate data, information or functions used in connection with or in the operation of the business of the Company and its Subsidiaries.
“Intellectual Property” means any and all intellectual property and intellectual property rights in any jurisdiction throughout the world, whether registered or unregistered, including such rights in or to: (i) patents (including all reissues, divisions, continuations, continuations-in-part, extensions, reexaminations and renewals thereof) and patent applications (collectively, “Patents”), (ii) trademarks, service marks, trade names, brand names, trade dress, business names, logos and other indicia of origin (in each case, whether registered or unregistered), and all common law rights thereto and related goodwill (collectively, “Trademarks”), (iii) domain names and social media accounts (collectively, “Internet Properties”), (iv) copyrights and works of authorship (whether or not copyrightable and whether registered or unregistered), including rights in Software, databases and other compilations of information, and all associated common law rights and moral rights thereto (collectively, “Copyrights”) (v) trade secrets, know-how, inventions (whether or not patentable), discoveries, methods, processes, formulae, algorithms, data, technology and other confidential or proprietary information, (vi) rights in data and databases, and (vii) all registrations, applications for registration, continuations, renewals, extensions and reversions of any of the foregoing.
“Intervening Event” means a material event, fact, circumstance, development or effect with respect to the Company and its Subsidiaries or the business of the Company and its Subsidiaries, in each case, taken as a whole, that was not known to, or reasonably foreseeable by, the board of directors of the Company prior to the execution of this Agreement (or if known or reasonably foreseeable, the material consequences or magnitude of which were not known or reasonably foreseeable), which effect, or any material consequence thereof, becomes known to, or reasonably foreseeable by, the board of directors of the Company prior to the receipt of the Company Requisite Vote; provided, that: (1) any change in GAAP or in any applicable Law, in each case, that does not have a material and disproportionate impact on the Company and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole,
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relative to other participants in the industries and jurisdictions in which the Company and its Subsidiaries operate (it being understood that only the incremental disproportionate impact of any such change may be taken into account in determining whether an Intervening Event has occurred); or (2) any event (A) that is the result of factors generally affecting the industries in which the Company and its Subsidiaries operate, in the geographic markets in which they operate, in each case, that does not have a material and disproportionate impact on the Company and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, relative to other participants in such industries (it being understood that only the incremental disproportionate impact of any such event may be taken into account in determining whether an Intervening Event has occurred) (B) that involves or relates to an Acquisition Proposal or a Superior Proposal (which, for purposes of this definition, shall be read without reference to any percentages set forth in the definitions of “Acquisition Proposal” and “Superior Proposal”) or any inquiry or communications or matters relating thereto, (C) that results from the announcement or pendency of this Agreement and the transactions contemplated by this Agreement or any actions required to be taken or to be refrained from being taken pursuant to this Agreement (including the timing of any consent, registration, approval, permit or authorization to be obtained from any Governmental Entity or any other actions by or in respect of any Governmental Entity with respect to the transactions contemplated by this Agreement), (D) that results from a breach of this Agreement by the Company, (E) related to the fact that the Company meets or exceeds any internal or analysts’ expectations or projections or (F) resulting from any event after the execution and delivery of this Agreement in the market price or trading volume of the Shares, individually or in the aggregate, shall not be deemed to constitute an Intervening Event; provided, further, that any event (not otherwise excluded under this definition) underlying the facts contemplated by the foregoing clauses (E) and (F) of this definition may be taken into account in determining whether an Intervening Event has occurred.
“IRS” means the United States Internal Revenue Service.
“Knowledge of Parent” means the actual knowledge of Andrew Surdykowski; provided, that the foregoing shall not constitute a waiver of, or otherwise limit, any attorney-client privilege, attorney work product protection or any other similar legal privilege available, to the extent otherwise applicable under Law.
“Knowledge of the Company” means the actual knowledge of the individuals identified on Section 9.14(a) of the Company Disclosure Letter.
“Law” means any federal, state, local, foreign or transnational law, statute or ordinance, common law, rule, regulation, constitution, treaty, convention, code, requirement, or Order enacted, adopted or applied by a Governmental Entity, or any Order.
“Malicious Code” means any “time bomb”, “Trojan horse”, “back door”, “trap door”, “worm”, virus, spyware, ransomware or other software routine, code or component intended or designed to (i) disrupt, disable, harm or otherwise impair the operation of, or provide unauthorized access to, any Information Technology System, Software, hardware, network, computer system or data, or (ii) damage, destroy or alter any data or file without the user’s consent.
“MSRB” means the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board, an SRO established under the Exchange Act.
“Nasdaq” means The Nasdaq Global Select Market.
“Open Source Software” means any Software that is licensed pursuant to (i) any license meeting the Open Source Initiative’s “Open Source Definition” or the Free Software Foundation’s “Free Software Definition”, or (ii) any other license that requires, as a condition of use, modification or distribution, that the Software (or other Software incorporated into, derived from, distributed with or linked to such Software) be (A) disclosed or distributed in source code form, (B) licensed for the purpose of making derivative works, or (C) redistributable at no charge or with limits on the consideration that may be charged, including any license
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that is or has been approved by the Open Source Initiative, the GNU General Public License, the GNU Lesser General Public License, the Mozilla Public License, the Berkeley Software Distribution License, the MIT License and the Apache License.
“Order” means any order, judgment, injunction, ruling, writ, award, decree (including any consent decree or similar agreed order or judgement), directive, settlement, stipulation, ruling, determination, decision or verdict, whether civil, criminal or administrative, in each case, that is entered, issued, made or rendered by any Governmental Entity.
“Ordinary Course of Business” means the ordinary and usual course of operations of the Company and its Subsidiaries consistent with past practice and includes, for clarity, any broker and/or dealer activities of the Registered Broker-Dealer, the MTFs and MarketAxess Capital Limited, including (i) the provision of clearance and settlement services, (ii) order handling and trading activities, whether acting as agent or principal, and (iii) any extensions of credit or guarantees provided in connection with such services, in each case as conducted by the Registered Broker-Dealer in the ordinary course consistent with past practice.
“Parent Material Adverse Effect” means any state of facts, event, change, circumstance, development or effect that, individually or in the aggregate, prevents, materially delays, materially impairs or interferes with, or adversely affects (or would reasonably be expected to prevent, materially delay, materially impair or interfere with, or adversely affect) the ability of Parent or Merger Sub to perform or comply with its obligations under this Agreement or to consummate the Merger and the other transactions contemplated by this Agreement on a timely basis, including the ability of Parent and Merger Sub to pay the aggregate Merger Consideration when due.
“Parent Reports” means forms, statements, certifications, reports and documents required to be filed or furnished by Parent with or to the SEC pursuant to the Exchange Act or the Securities Act since the Applicable Date, as amended.
“Permitted Liens” means (i) Liens for Taxes, assessments, water and sewer charges, and other charges imposed by any Governmental Entity not yet due and payable or delinquent or that are being contested in good faith by appropriate proceedings and for which adequate reserves in the financial statements have been established and provided for, (ii) Liens arising or incurred in the Ordinary Course of Business, including those in favor of vendors, carriers, warehousemen, repairmen, mechanics, workmen, materialmen, construction or similar Liens, in each case, that, if not in the Ordinary Course of Business, are not yet due, payable and unpaid for a period of ninety (90) days, (iii) Liens affecting the interest of the grantor of any easements benefiting any real property and Liens of record attaching to fixtures or leasehold improvements that would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to materially impair the continued use and operation of the assets to which they relate in the business of such entity and its Subsidiaries as presently conducted, (iv) zoning, building, entitlement, subdivision, land use, environmental, health and safety, and other similar Laws, ordinances, codes, rules, regulations, and restrictions imposed by any Governmental Entity, none of which materially impairs the current use of the applicable real property, (v) statutory or contractual rights of landlords, lessors, sublessors, licensors, tenants, subtenants, licensees, or other occupants under any lease, sublease, license, occupancy agreement, or similar agreement affecting the applicable real property, (vi) Liens granted pursuant to the Closing Indebtedness, (vii) Liens, exceptions, defects or irregularities in title, easements, imperfections of title, claims, charges, security interests, rights-of-way, covenants, conditions, encroachments, reservations, declarations, restrictions, and other similar matters of record or that would be disclosed by an accurate survey or physical inspection of the applicable real property, (viii) any non-exclusive license, covenant or other similar non-exclusive right to or under Intellectual Property granted in the Ordinary Course of Business, (ix) gaps or defects in the chain of title for Intellectual Property evident from the publicly-available records of the applicable Governmental Entity maintaining such records, (x) any Liens occurring under the applicable organizational documents and (xi) Liens granted by the Registered Broker-Dealer to custodians, clearing houses, clearing firms, clearing agencies, settlement agents or similar organizations in the Ordinary Course of Business and, without limiting the foregoing, any Lien granted, or deemed granted, by the Registered Broker-Dealer in connection with
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any repurchase agreement, fail to receive and pending trade, open derivative contract and other payables to clearing organizations, brokers, dealers and customers, in each case in the Ordinary Course of Business.
“Person” means any individual, corporation (including not-for-profit), general or limited partnership, limited liability company, joint venture, estate, trust, association, organization, Governmental Entity or other entity of any kind or nature.
“Personal Information” means all information that identifies or could be used to identify an individual person, in addition to any definition for “personal information” or any similar term provided by applicable Law.
“Privacy Laws” means all applicable Laws relating to the Processing of any Personal Information.
“Processing” means the receipt, collection, compilation, use, storage, processing, sharing, safeguarding, security (technical, physical or administrative), disposal, destruction, disclosure or transfer (including cross-border) of any data, including Personal Information.
“Registered Broker-Dealer” means MarketAxess Corporation, a Delaware corporation and wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company.
“Software” means all software, computer programs, operating systems, applications, tools, data, databases, interfaces, firmware, modules, libraries, algorithms and routines (in both source code and object code form), and all documentation and materials relating to any of the foregoing.
“Solvent” when used with respect to any Person, means that, as of any date of determination: (i) the fair salable value (determined on a going concern basis) of its assets and property will, as of such date, exceed the amounts required to pay its debts as they become absolute and mature, as of such date; (ii) such Person will have adequate capital to carry on its business; and (iii) such Person will be able to pay its debts as they become absolute and mature, in the Ordinary Course of Business, taking into account the timing of and amounts of cash to be received by it and the timing of and amounts of cash to be payable on or in respect of its indebtedness.
“Subsidiary” means, with respect to any Person, any other Person of which at least a majority of (a) the securities or ownership interests having by their terms ordinary voting power to elect a majority of the board of directors or other persons performing similar functions or (b) the equity ownership interests of such other Person, in each case is directly or indirectly owned or controlled by such Person and/or by one or more of its Subsidiaries.
“Superior Proposal” means any unsolicited and bona fide written offer, inquiry or indication of interest made by a third party after the date of this Agreement that, if consummated, would result in such third party (or its stockholders) owning, directly or indirectly, more than fifty percent (50%) of the outstanding Shares (or of the stock of the surviving entity in a merger or the direct or indirect parent of the surviving entity in a merger) or more than fifty percent (50%) of the assets of the Company and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, which the Company’s board of directors determines in good faith (after consultation with its outside legal counsel and financial advisor) to be (i) more favorable to the holders of Shares from a financial point of view than the Merger (taking into account all of the terms and conditions of, and the likelihood of completion of, such proposal and this Agreement (including, if applicable at the time of such determination, any changes to the financial terms of this Agreement then committed to in writing by Parent in response to such offer or otherwise)) and (ii) reasonably capable of being completed, taking into account all financial, legal, regulatory and other aspects of such proposal.
“Tax” (including, with a correlative meaning, the term “Taxes”) means all income, profits, capital gains, goods and services, branch, payroll, unemployment, windfall profits, franchise, gross receipts, capital, net worth, sales, use, withholding, value added, ad valorem, registration, employment, social security, disability,
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occupation, real property, personal property (tangible and intangible), stamp, transfer (including real property transfer or gains), conveyance, severance, production, excise, withholdings, duties, levies, imposts, tariffs, custom duties, license, registration, escheat, unclaimed property and other taxes (including any penalties and additions to any such taxes and interest thereon) imposed by any Governmental Entity.
“Tax Return” means all returns, statements, reports, forms or filings with respect to Taxes, including in each case any amendments, schedules or attachments thereto, required to be supplied to a Governmental Entity relating to Taxes.
“Treasury Regulations” means the Treasury Regulations promulgated under the Code.
“Willful Breach” means (i) a breach by a party of any of its obligations under this Agreement that is a consequence of an act or omission knowingly undertaken or omitted by the breaching party with the intent of causing a breach of this Agreement or with the knowledge that such act or omission would cause a breach of this Agreement or (ii) subject to the satisfaction or waiver (by the party for whom such condition may be waived) of the conditions to Closing set forth in ARTICLE VII (other than those conditions that by their terms are to be satisfied at Closing, provided, that those conditions would have been satisfied if the Closing were to occur on such date), the willful or intentional failure of the breaching party to promptly consummate the Merger in accordance with Section 1.2 and the other transactions contemplated by this Agreement to be consummated at the Closing in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Agreement.
9.15 Debt Financing Sources. Notwithstanding anything in this Agreement to the contrary, solely with respect to any action, cause of action, claim, cross-claim or third-party claim against any Debt Financing Source arising out of or relating to the Debt Financing, the Debt Financing Agreements or the performance of services thereunder, each of the parties hereto, on behalf of itself and each of its Affiliates, hereby: (a) agrees that all issues and questions concerning and against the Debt Financing Sources in any way arising out of or relating to this Agreement, the Debt Financing and any documents or definitive agreements entered into in connection with the Debt Financing (collectively, the “Debt Financing Agreements”) or any of the transactions contemplated hereby or thereby or the performance of any services thereunder (whether based in contract, tort or otherwise) or the performance thereof, shall be governed by, and construed in accordance with, the laws of the State of New York, without giving effect to any choice of law or conflict of law rules or provisions (whether of the State of New York or any other jurisdiction) that would cause the application of the laws of any jurisdiction other than the State of New York, (b) agrees that it will not bring or support any action, cause of action, claim, cross-claim or third-party claim of any kind or description, whether in law or in equity, whether in contract or in tort or otherwise, against the Debt Financing Sources in any way arising out of or relating to this Agreement, the Debt Financing, the Debt Financing Agreements or any of the transactions contemplated hereby or thereby or the performance of any services thereunder, in any forum other than the Supreme Court of the State of New York, County of New York, or, if under applicable law exclusive jurisdiction is vested in the federal courts, the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (and the appellate courts thereof) and such party submits for itself and its property with respect to any such action or proceeding to the exclusive jurisdiction of such courts with respect to such matters, (c) agrees that service of process, summons, notice or document by registered mail addressed to it shall be effective service of process against it for any such action or proceeding brought in any such court, (d) agrees to waive and hereby waives, to the fullest extent permitted by law, any objection which it may now or hereafter have to the laying of venue of, and the defense of an inconvenient forum to the maintenance of, any such action or proceeding in any such court, (e) knowingly, intentionally and voluntarily waives to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law trial by jury in any legal action (whether in law or in equity, whether in contract or in tort or otherwise) brought against the Debt Financing Sources in any way arising, directly or indirectly, out of or relating to this Agreement, the Debt Financing, the Debt Financing Agreements or any of the transactions contemplated hereby or thereby or the performance of any services thereunder, (f) agrees that none of the Debt Financing Sources will have any liability to the Company, its Affiliates or their respective directors, officers, employees, agents, partners, managers, members and stockholders relating to or arising out of this Agreement, the Debt Financing, the Debt Financing Agreements or
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any of the transactions contemplated hereby or thereby or the performance of any services thereunder, and that the Company, its Subsidiaries, their respective Affiliates and their respective directors, officers, employees, agents, partners, managers, members and stockholders shall not bring or support any legal action, including any action, cause of action, claim, cross-claim or third-party claim of any kind or description, whether in law or in equity, whether in contract or in tort or otherwise, against any of the Debt Financing Sources relating to or in any way arising out of this Agreement, the Debt Financing, the Debt Financing Agreements or any of the transactions contemplated hereby or thereby or the performance of any services thereunder, and (g) agrees that each of the Debt Financing Sources is an express third-party beneficiary of, and may enforce, the provisions of this Section 9.15 and the defined terms used in this Section 9.15 solely to the extent a modification, waiver or termination of any such defined term would modify the substance of this Section 9.15; provided, that, to the extent any amendment, modification, waiver or termination of this Section 9.15 or any such defined term would be materially adverse to the Debt Financing Sources in their capacity as Debt Financing Sources, such amendment, modification, waiver or termination shall not be effective without the prior written consent of the Debt Financing Sources. Notwithstanding anything contained herein to the contrary, nothing in this Section 9.15 shall in any way affect a party’s rights and remedies under the Debt Financing Agreements to the extent they are a party thereto. For the avoidance of doubt, the provisions of this Section 9.15 are intended solely to benefit the Debt Financing Sources and shall not limit or otherwise modify the obligations of Parent or Merger Sub under this Agreement or the rights and remedies of the Company against Parent or Merger Sub under this Agreement.
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IN WITNESS WHEREOF, this Agreement has been duly executed and delivered by the duly authorized officers of the parties hereto as of the date first written above.
| MARKETAXESS HOLDINGS INC. | ||
| By: | /s/ Christopher R. Concannon | |
| Name: Christopher R. Concannon | ||
| Title: Chief Executive Officer | ||
| INTERCONTINENTAL EXCHANGE, INC. | ||
| By: | /s/ Andrew Surdykowski | |
| Name: Andrew Surdykowski | ||
| Title: Authorized Officer | ||
| IGLOO MERGER SUB II, INC. | ||
| By: | /s/ Andrew Surdykowski | |
| Name: Andrew Surdykowski | ||
| Title: Authorized Officer | ||
[Signature Page to Agreement and Plan of Merger]
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July 29, 2026
The Board of Directors
MarketAxess Holdings Inc.
55 Hudson Yards, 15th Floor
New York, New York 10001
Members of the Board of Directors:
You have requested our opinion as to the fairness, from a financial point of view, to the holders of common stock, par value $0.003 per share (the “Company Common Stock”), of MarketAxess Holdings Inc. (the “Company”) of the consideration to be paid to such holders in the proposed merger (the “Transaction”) of the Company with a wholly-owned subsidiary of Intercontinental Exchange, Inc. (the “Acquiror”). Pursuant to the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of July 29, 2026 (the “Agreement”), among the Company, the Acquiror and its subsidiary, Igloo Merger Sub II, Inc. (“Merger Sub”), the Company will become a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Acquiror, and each outstanding share of Company Common Stock, other than shares of Company Common Stock (i) owned by the Acquiror, Merger Sub or any of their respective subsidiaries; (ii) held by the Company as treasury stock or any subsidiary of the Company (other than Company Common Stock with respect to the Company ESPP, as defined in the Agreement); and (iii) owned by Dissenting Stockholders (as defined in the Agreement), will be converted into the right to receive $167 per share in cash (the “Consideration”).
In connection with preparing our opinion, we have (i) reviewed the Agreement; (ii) reviewed certain publicly available business and financial information concerning the Company and the industries in which it operates; (iii) compared the proposed financial terms of the Transaction with the publicly available financial terms of certain transactions involving companies we deemed relevant and the consideration paid for such companies; (iv) compared the financial and operating performance of the Company with publicly available information concerning certain other companies we deemed relevant and reviewed the current and historical market prices of the Company Common Stock and certain publicly traded securities of such other companies; (v) reviewed certain internal financial analyses and forecasts prepared by the management of the Company relating to its business; and (vi) performed such other financial studies and analyses and considered such other information as we deemed appropriate for the purposes of this opinion.
In addition, we have held discussions with certain members of the management of the Company with respect to certain aspects of the Transaction, and the past and current business operations of the Company, the financial condition and future prospects and operations of the Company, and certain other matters we believed necessary or appropriate to our inquiry.
In giving our opinion, we have relied upon and assumed the accuracy and completeness of all information that was publicly available or was furnished to or discussed with us by the Company or otherwise reviewed by or for us. We have not independently verified any such information or its accuracy or completeness and, pursuant to our engagement letter with the Company, we did not assume any obligation to undertake any such independent verification. We have not conducted or been provided with any valuation or appraisal of any assets or liabilities, nor have we evaluated the solvency of the Company or the Acquiror under any state or federal laws relating to bankruptcy, insolvency or similar matters. In relying on financial analyses and forecasts provided to us or derived therefrom, we have assumed that they have been reasonably prepared based on assumptions reflecting the best
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currently available estimates and judgments by management as to the expected future results of operations and financial condition of the Company to which such analyses or forecasts relate. We express no view as to such analyses or forecasts or the assumptions on which they were based. We have also assumed that the Transaction and the other transactions contemplated by the Agreement will be consummated as described in the Agreement. We have also assumed that the representations and warranties made by the Company, the Acquiror and Merger Sub in the Agreement and the related agreements are and will be true and correct in all respects material to our analysis. We are not legal, regulatory or tax experts and have relied on the assessments made by advisors to the Company with respect to such issues. We have further assumed that all material governmental, regulatory or other consents and approvals necessary for the consummation of the Transaction will be obtained without any adverse effect on the Company or on the contemplated benefits of the Transaction.
Our opinion is necessarily based on economic, market and other conditions as in effect on, and the information made available to us as of, the date hereof. It should be understood that subsequent developments may affect this opinion and that we do not have any obligation to update, revise, or reaffirm this opinion. Our opinion is limited to the fairness, from a financial point of view, of the Consideration to be paid to the holders of the Company Common Stock in the proposed Transaction and we express no opinion as to the fairness of any consideration paid in connection with the Transaction to the holders of any other class of securities, creditors or other constituencies of the Company or as to the underlying decision by the Company to engage in the Transaction. Furthermore, we express no opinion with respect to the amount or nature of any compensation to any officers, directors, or employees of any party to the Transaction, or any class of such persons relative to the Consideration to be paid to the holders of the Company Common Stock in the Transaction or with respect to the fairness of any such compensation.
We note that we were not authorized to and did not solicit any expressions of interest from any other parties with respect to the sale of all or any part of the Company or any other alternative transaction.
We have acted as financial advisor to the Company with respect to the proposed Transaction and will receive a fee from the Company for our services, a substantial portion of which will become payable only if the proposed Transaction is consummated. In addition, the Company has agreed to indemnify us for certain liabilities arising out of our engagement. During the two years preceding the date of this letter, we and our affiliates have had commercial or investment banking relationships with the Company, for which we and such affiliates have received customary compensation. Such services during such period have included acting as joint lead arranger and joint bookrunner on a credit facility in February 2026. During the two years preceding the date of this letter, we and our affiliates have had commercial or investment banking relationships with the Acquiror, for which we and such affiliates have received customary compensation. Such services during such period have included acting as joint bookrunner on a notes offering in November 2025. In addition, Daniel E. Pinto, EVP and Vice Chairman of J.P. Morgan Chase, is a member of the board of directors of the Acquiror. In addition, our commercial banking affiliate is an agent bank and a lender under outstanding credit facilities of the Company, for which it receives customary compensation or other financial benefits. In addition, we and our affiliates hold, on a proprietary basis, less than 1% of the outstanding common stock of each of the Company and the Acquiror. In the ordinary course of our businesses, we and our affiliates actively trade the debt and equity securities or financial instruments (including derivatives, bank loans or other obligations) of the Company or the Acquiror for our own account or for the accounts of customers and, accordingly, we likely hold long or short positions in such securities or other financial instruments.
On the basis of and subject to the foregoing, it is our opinion as of the date hereof that the Consideration to be paid to the holders of the Company Common Stock in the proposed Transaction is fair, from a financial point of view, to such holders.
The issuance of this opinion has been approved by a fairness opinion committee of J.P. Morgan Securities LLC. This letter is provided to the Board of Directors of the Company (in its capacity as such) in connection with and for the purposes of its evaluation of the Transaction. This opinion does not constitute a recommendation to any
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shareholder of the Company as to how such shareholder should vote with respect to the Transaction or any other matter. This opinion may not be disclosed, referred to, or communicated (in whole or in part) to any third party for any purpose whatsoever except with our prior written approval. This opinion may be reproduced in full in any proxy or information statement mailed to shareholders of the Company but may not otherwise be disclosed publicly in any manner without our prior written approval.
Very truly yours,
/s/ J.P. Morgan Securities LLC
J.P. MORGAN SECURITIES LLC
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MARKETAXESS HOLDINGS INC. 55 HUDSON YARDS 15TH FLOOR NEW YORK, NY 10001 |
VOTE BY INTERNET
Before The Meeting - Go to www.proxyvote.com or scan the QR Barcode above
Use the Internet to transmit your voting instructions and for electronic delivery of information up until 11:59 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time on October 28, 2026. Have your proxy card in hand when you access the web site and follow the instructions to obtain your records and to create an electronic voting instruction form.
During The Meeting - Go to www.virtualshareholdermeeting.com/MKTX2026SM
You may attend the meeting via the Internet and vote during the meeting. Have the information that is printed in the box marked by the arrow available and follow the instructions.
VOTE BY PHONE - 1-800-690-6903
Use any touch-tone telephone to transmit your voting instructions up until 11:59 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time on October 28, 2026. Have your proxy card in hand when you call and then follow the instructions.
VOTE BY MAIL
Mark, sign and date your proxy card and return it in the postage-paid envelope we have provided or return it to Vote Processing, c/o Broadridge, 51 Mercedes Way, Edgewood, NY 11717. |
| TO VOTE, MARK BLOCKS BELOW IN BLUE OR BLACK INK AS FOLLOWS: |
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| T04037-S49445 | KEEP THIS PORTION FOR YOUR RECORDS | |||||||||||||||||||
| DETACH AND RETURN THIS PORTION ONLY | ||||||||||||||||||||
THIS PROXY CARD IS VALID ONLY WHEN SIGNED AND DATED.
| MARKETAXESS HOLDINGS INC. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The Board of Directors recommends you vote “FOR” Proposals 1, 2 and 3. |
For | Against | Abstain | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 1. |
To adopt the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of July 29, 2026 (as the same may be amended, modified or supplemented from time to time in accordance with its terms, the “Merger Agreement”), by and among MarketAxess Holdings Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), Intercontinental Exchange, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Parent”), and Igloo Merger Sub II, Inc., a Delaware corporation and a direct wholly owned subsidiary of Parent (“Merger Sub”), a copy of which is attached as Annex A to the accompanying proxy statement, pursuant to which Merger Sub will be merged with and into the Company and the separate corporate existence of Merger Sub shall cease (the “Merger” and, together with the other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, the “Transactions”), with the Company surviving the Merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of Parent (the “Merger Agreement Proposal”). |
☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 2. |
To approve, by a non-binding advisory vote, the compensation that may be paid or become payable to the Company’s named executive officers that is based on or otherwise relates to the Transactions, including the Merger. |
☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 3. |
To adjourn the special meeting to a later date or time, if necessary or appropriate, to ensure that any necessary supplement or amendment to the accompanying proxy statement is provided to Company stockholders a reasonable amount of time in advance of the special meeting or to solicit additional proxies in favor of the Merger Agreement Proposal if there are insufficient votes at the time of the special meeting to adopt the Merger Agreement Proposal. |
☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| NOTE: To transact such other business as may properly come before the meeting or any adjournment or postponement thereof. |
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| Please sign exactly as your name(s) appear(s) hereon. When signing as attorney, executor, administrator, or other fiduciary, please give full title as such. Joint owners should each sign personally. All holders must sign. If a corporation or partnership, please sign in full corporate or partnership name by authorized officer.
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| Signature [PLEASE SIGN WITHIN BOX] | Date | Signature (Joint Owners) | Date | |||||||||||||||||||||
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2026 SPECIAL MEETING OF STOCKHOLDERS OF MARKETAXESS HOLDINGS INC. OCTOBER 29, 2026
This proxy is solicited by the Board of Directors
Please date, sign and mail your proxy card in the envelope provided as soon as possible.
Important Notice Regarding the Availability of Proxy Materials for the Special Meeting: The Notice and Proxy Statement is available at www.proxyvote.com. |
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T04038-S49445 |
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MARKETAXESS HOLDINGS INC.
The undersigned hereby appoints Christopher R. Concannon and Scott Pintoff, jointly and severally, as proxies and attorneys of the undersigned, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, and hereby authorizes each of them to represent and to vote, as designated on the reverse side, all the shares of MarketAxess common stock held of record by the undersigned as of September 16, 2026, at the Special Meeting of Stockholders to be held October 29, 2026 at 9:00 a.m. Eastern Time, or any adjournment or postponement thereof. The meeting will be held virtually at www.virtualshareholdermeeting.com/MKTX2026SM.
THIS PROXY, WHEN PROPERLY EXECUTED, WILL BE VOTED IN THE MANNER DIRECTED HEREIN. IF NO SUCH DIRECTION IS MADE, THIS PROXY WILL BE VOTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS’ RECOMMENDATIONS.
Continued and to be signed on reverse side
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