Modular Medical, Inc 10-K for FY2026
Modular Medical, Inc. (MODD)
About this 10-K
Modular Medical, Inc filed this 10-K on June 29, 2026, covering the fiscal year ended March 31, 2026 (FY2026).
Headline figures
Fiscal year ended March 31, 2026, as reported in this filing, compared with the same period a year earlier where the filing states it.
- Net loss
- $28.24M
- compared with a net loss of $18.82M a year earlier
- Diluted EPS
- -$12.36
- compared with -$15.26 a year earlier
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ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K
FOR THE YEAR ENDED MARCH 31, 2026
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS AND OTHER INFORMATION
This Annual Report on Form 10-K (this “Report”) contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), that relate to future events or to our future operations or financial performance. Any forward-looking statement involves known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to differ materially from any future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statement.
Words such as, but not limited to, “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “forecast,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “targets,” “likely,” “will,” “would,” “could,” “should,” “continue,” “scheduled” and similar expressions or phrases, or the negative of those expressions or phrases, are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. Although we believe that we have a reasonable basis for each forward-looking statement contained in this report, we caution you that these statements are based on our estimates or projections of the future that are subject to known and unknown risks and uncertainties and other important factors that may cause our actual results, level of activity, performance, experience or achievements to differ materially from those expressed or implied by any forward-looking statement. Actual results, level of activity, performance, experience or achievements may differ materially from those expressed or implied by any forward-looking statement as a result of various important factors, including our critical accounting policies and risks and uncertainties relating to:
| ● | our strategies, prospects, plans, expectations, forecasts or objectives; |
| ● | our ability to achieve marketable products (i.e., our insulin pump products) and the costs and timing thereof; |
| ● | acceptance of our product by our target market and our ability to compete in such market; |
| ● | our ability to raise additional financing when needed and the terms and timing thereof; |
| ● | our ability to expand, protect and maintain our intellectual property rights; |
| ● | our future operations, financial position, revenues, costs, expenses, uses of cash, capital requirements, our need for additional financing or the period for which our existing cash resources will be sufficient to meet our operating requirements; |
| ● | our analysis of the target market for our insulin pump; |
| ● | our ability to obtain regulatory approvals and clearances relating to our insulin pump products, including those of the United States Food and Drug Administration, or FDA; |
| ● | regulatory developments in the United States and other countries; |
| ● | the timing and costs of our obtaining all regulatory approvals and clearances identified immediately above; |
| ● | our compliance with all applicable laws, rules and regulations, including those of the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, and the Food and Drug Administration, or FDA; |
| ● | our ability to compete in the diabetes marketplace with larger and more substantial medical device companies; |
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| ● | general economic, business, political and social conditions; |
| ● | our reliance on and our ability to retain (and if necessary, timely recruit and replace) our officers, directors and key employees and their ability to timely and competently perform at levels expected of them; |
| ● | our ability to generate significant revenues and achieve profitability; |
| ● | our ability to manage the growth of our business; |
| ● | our commercialization, marketing and manufacturing capabilities and strategies; |
| ● | our ability to expand, protect and maintain our intellectual property position; |
| ● | the success of competing third-party products; |
| ● | our ability to comply with regulatory requirements relating to our business, and the costs of compliance with those requirements, including those on data privacy and security; |
| ● | the specific risk factors discussed under the heading “Risk Factors” set forth in this Report; and |
| ● | various other matters, many of which are beyond our control. |
Our fiscal year ends on March 31 of each calendar year. Each reference to a fiscal year in this Report refers to the fiscal year ended March 31 of the calendar year indicated (for example, fiscal 2026 refers to the fiscal year ended March 31, 2026). Unless the context requires otherwise, references to “we,” “us,” “our,” and the “Company” refer to Modular Medical, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiary.
Note Regarding Reverse Stock Split
We effected a reverse stock split of our outstanding common stock at a ratio of 1-for-30, effective as of March 31, 2026, for the purpose of complying with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2). We have reflected the reverse stock split herein, unless otherwise indicated.
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PART I
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Overview
We are a medical device company focused on the design, development, and commercialization of innovative insulin pumps using modernized technology to increase pump adoption in the diabetes marketplace. Through the creation of an innovative two-part patch pump, we seek to fundamentally alter the trade-offs between cost and complexity and access to the higher standards of care that presently require considerable motivation from the patient to use the available insulin pump offerings. By simplifying and streamlining the user experience from the initial introduction of the patient to our product, prescription assistance, establishing insurance reimbursement, streamlined training and day-to-day use with strong clinical support, we seek to expand the wearable insulin delivery device market beyond the highly motivated “super users” to expand the category into the mass market. Our product seeks to serve both the type 1 and the rapidly growing, especially in terms of device adoption, type 2 diabetes markets for those individuals requiring multiple daily doses of insulin. In January 2024, we submitted a 510(k) premarket notification to the United States Food and Drug Administration, or the FDA, for our initial insulin pump product, the MODD1, and, in September 2024, we received FDA clearance to market and sell our MODD1 pump in the United States. In August 2025, we announced the first human use of our MODD1 pump delivering insulin to a human patient. In addition, in August 2025, we announced our next-generation patch pump, branded as Pivot™, and began converting our cartridge manufacturing line to Pivot production. Our Pivot product is a tubeless insulin delivery system that integrates the infusion set under the removable pump into a true tubeless patch. The Pivot is expected to provide us with cost and usability improvements and improved manufacturability, allowing our marketing to be focused on low cost, ease of use and learnability. We submitted a 510(k) premarket notification to the FDA for our Pivot product in November 2025, and, in April 2026, we received FDA clearance to market and sell our Pivot pump in the United States. We do not intend to commercialize our MODD1 product. In June 2026, we announced commercial availability, and commenced initial shipments of, our Pivot insulin delivery system in the United States. We intend to expand commercial activities across metropolitan markets by late 2026. We also intend to obtain Conformite Europeenne, or CE, mark clearance for our Pivot product, which would allow us to market and sell in Europe and certain other international markets. We expect to obtain CE mark clearance by the second quarter of 2027.
Differentiation
We believe that there are a number of shortcomings and issues with currently available insulin pumps that prevent a substantial number of people, estimated to be almost two-thirds of individuals with diabetes, who require insulin on a daily basis from choosing an insulin pump to treat their diabetes. We believe that, by tailoring our insulin pump to address such factors, we can expand the scope and adoption rate of insulin pump usage by the less capable, less motivated sector of the market. We believe that to achieve broader market acceptance, an insulin pump must be easier to learn to use, be less time-consuming to operate, more intuitive to both patients and physicians, and meet the standards for coverage by insurance providers so that co-payments required from patients are affordable and the hurdles to insurance coverage are significantly reduced.
Among the more prominent issues are:
| ● | Complexity: Many existing pumps are highly complex and require significant technical expertise to use effectively. We believe such pumps were designed for “super users,” who have high levels of motivation and technical competence. The complexity of pumps can be daunting to less technically inclined, less motivated users. |
| ● | Cumbersome: We believe that a majority of existing pumps are bulky and difficult to manage, requiring a means of carrying the pump around and up to 48 inches of tubing to the injection site to connect the catheter to a pump. The tubing and the cartridge, which holds the insulin, must be replaced every few days. This requires users to carry spare parts and other equipment adding to the difficulty of using the pump. In comparison, our product only requires a cartridge change every few days. |
| ● | Cost: Costs associated with insulin pump therapy can be high and prohibitive, especially for those on fixed or limited incomes. These costs vary by pump and insurance coverage, but multi-thousand-dollar upfront payments, often with substantial co-payments in addition to possible additional co-payments on consumables, can easily place current pumps out of reach for many patients. The leading patch pump on the market today also discards all the electronics required for pumping and communication every three days, creating a higher cost architecture and significant waste. We believe the reusability of our product will provide us with a significant cost advantage in the marketplace with our reusable pumping system. |
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| ● | Outdated style: Consumer electronics devices have evolved in both form and function. Diabetes pumps have not experienced similar progress. We believe that consumers will be more receptive of products designed with the user experience in mind and that many have low tolerance for complex, difficult procedures for use and maintenance of products. |
| ● | Pump mechanism limitations: Traditional pumps generally utilize a syringe and plunger mechanism to deliver insulin. We believe this design limits the ability to reduce the size of the pump, and also potentially exposes the user to the unintended delivery of the full volume of insulin within the pump, which can cause hypoglycemia or death. We believe that the fear of adverse health events due to technical malfunctions related to traditional pump mechanism limitations deters the adoption of insulin pump therapy. |
Our team has substantial knowledge of the diabetes industry and experience in developing, obtaining marketing authorization for, and bringing insulin pumps to market. Based on this experience, we believe that our innovative insulin pump, using a new and proprietary method of pumping insulin, can address most or all of these shortcomings. It provides a state-of-the-art insulin pump capable of both basal (steady flow) and bolus (mealtime dosing) insulin disbursement. It also has been designed considering a natural migration path to multi-chamber/multi-liquid pumps, potentially offering an exciting array of new therapies to patients with diabetes and other conditions.
With the commercial launch of our Pivot pump, our goal is to become the leader in expanding access to insulin pump technology to a wider portion of people with diabetes by delivering an affordable, easy-to-use solution — not just for the highly motivated “super users,” but “diabetes care for the rest of us.”
While our initial target market is people with Type 1 diabetes, we believe there is a substantial opportunity to penetrate the Type 2 marketplace, through our Pivot product, which would be the only 3 milliliter, tubeless removable patch pump on the market. People with Type 2 diabetes tend to use more insulin than the present pump offerings can hold, requiring more frequent changes of the pump and incurring higher expense.
The Pivot is a high-precision pump, which we believe represent the best choice for new pump patients because it is affordable, easy to learn and use, and has a revolutionary design and internal technology that enable precision with low-cost manufacture and high reproducibility.
Key features include:
| ● | Three parts — one reusable, two disposable (the cartridge and the set) — snap together to form the working system; |
| ● | One button interface, easy to learn and use; |
| ● | Phone software for those who want to access more information on the product; |
| ● | 90-day reusable, 3-day disposable; |
| ● | Removable system; |
| ● | No external controller required, no charging, no battery replacement; and |
| ● | Slim profile, lighter weight. |
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Diabetes Classifications and Therapies
Diabetes is typically classified as either Type 1 or Type 2:
| ● | Type 1 diabetes, or T1D, is an auto-immune condition characterized by the body’s nearly complete inability to produce insulin. It is frequently diagnosed during childhood or adolescence, although it can sometimes have onset in adulthood. Individuals with T1D require daily insulin therapy to survive. |
| ● | Type 2 diabetes, or T2D, represents over 90% of all individuals diagnosed with diabetes and is characterized by the body’s inability to either properly utilize insulin or produce sufficient insulin. Initially, many people with T2D attempt to manage their condition with improvements in diet and exercise and/or the use of oral medications and/or injection of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) drugs. However, as their diabetes advances, patients often progress to requiring insulin therapies such as once-daily long-acting insulin and ultimately to intensified mealtime rapid-acting insulin therapy. This represents an important portion of the diabetes market with an estimated 1.6 million individuals with T2D intensively treated with insulin currently in the United States. |
Glucose, the primary source of energy for cells, must be maintained at certain levels in the blood in order to permit optimal cell function and health. The brain works on pure glucose, and, when sufficient glucose is available, the brain allows insulin to be released that allows the cells to absorb glucose. In people with diabetes, blood glucose levels are not well controlled by the brain due to the shortage of insulin. Frequently, blood glucose levels become very high, a condition known as hyperglycemia, or very low, a condition called hypoglycemia. Hyperglycemia can lead to serious long-term complications, including blindness, kidney disease, nervous system disorders, occlusive vascular diseases, lower-limb amputation, stroke, cardiovascular disease, and death. Hypoglycemia can lead to confusion or loss of consciousness, often requiring a visit to the emergency room or, in certain cases, result in seizures, coma, and/or death.
All people with T1D, which is our primary market, require daily insulin. According to the Seagrove 2026 Diabetes Blue Book, there are approximately 4.2 million potential users for insulin pumps, split evenly between type 1 and type 2. In this Report, we refer to people with T1D and people with T2D who require mealtime insulin as “insulin-requiring people with diabetes.”
Currently, there are two primary therapies available for insulin-requiring people with diabetes: multiple daily insulin injections directly into the body through syringes or insulin pens (a type of syringe), referred to as Multiple Daily Injection, or MDI therapy, or the use of an insulin pump to deliver mealtime insulin boluses to help with glucose absorption after carbohydrate consumption and a continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, or CSII therapy, into the body. Generally, CSII therapy is considered to provide a number of advantages over MDI therapy, primarily an improvement in glycemic control, as measured by certain diabetes management tests such as hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) measure and more recently Time in Range (TIR) where a continuous glucose measuring device is used to calculate this test.
Notwithstanding these advantages, we believe the difficulty in use resulting from the complexity and cumbersome design of available insulin pumps, as well as high and often prohibitive costs for both the patient and insurance provider, has resulted not only in dissatisfaction among many existing pump users. We believe the cost and complexity to the user has severely limited the adoption rate of insulin pumps by a large segment of the diabetes population using MDI therapy, whom we refer to in this Report as “Almost Pumpers.”
We define “Almost Pumpers” as insulin-requiring people with diabetes who are aware of pumps and their potential benefits but because of past experiences, pump shortcomings, cost, complexity, and time and learning required to adopt and utilize currently available insulin pumps, continue to receive their daily insulin through MDI therapy. We undertook one-on-one interviews with over 200 of these individuals to understand their past experiences on or considering pumps, existing pump shortcomings, the cost and insurance challenges, complexity to learn and time and complexity to operate that drives them to remain on MDI. With this detailed understanding, we brought a series of prototype models to them to react to, so we could refine the design and include features that would motivate them to be able to use this technology to better care for their diabetes. Our pump offering has been well received by these individuals and our clinical advisors, as applicable for this sector of the marketplace.
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Our research, along with marketplace data provided by Seagrove in 2026, estimates that 43% of Americans with T1D have an insulin pump and 28% of Americans with T1D (44% of those who currently utilize MDI) can be classified as having an interest in pump adoption and meeting the American Diabetes Association guidelines of glucose control if their objections to the currently available suite of products can be overcome. They do not want to closely manage their glucose levels and incur the associated time and effort involved; however, they understand, or are advised by their clinical care team, that they need to do more to achieve a reasonable level of glucose. They are the Almost Pumpers. We have developed what we believe to be the most technologically advanced delivery system overcome the objections and provide motivation for this market. We believe that there are four addressable hurdles to adoption:
| ● | Usability: the device needs to be easy to learn and to operate; |
| ● | Affordability: we will focus on overcoming copay and insurance hurdles rather than leaving the “insurance journey” to the clinician and patient; |
| ● | Accessibility and Education: we will seek to engage patients to sample this new technology by supplying clinicians with free samples and simple training to allow people to see first-hand the typical barriers to adoption that have been overcome; and |
| ● | Service and Support: where we will answer their questions and concerns during this diabetes experience. |
We believe this conversion process, engaging people to try and thereby receive the benefits of our technology will substantially increase adoption of insulin pumps among with patients with T1D and T2D who remain reliant upon MDI. Diabetes is a disease that appears randomly throughout the world. Therefore, we cannot segment the market by socioeconomics, education or level of care. We intend to create an insulin pump that appeals to all Almost Pumpers.
Market
The International Diabetes Federation estimated that, in 2025, approximately 357 million people were diagnosed with diabetes worldwide, and, by 2045, this number will increase to approximately 456 million people.
An estimated 34 million people in the United States live with diabetes. Within this group, T1D accounts for approximately 2.1 million people with the remainder being T2D. All people with T1D require daily insulin. However, of the approximately 32.2 million people with T2D, about 2.1 million of them require MDI therapy to manage their diabetes. This represents a large and growing market with the effects of diabetes accounting for roughly 25% of all healthcare dollars spent annually in the United States.
Insulin pumps have been shown to provide a higher level of care for insulin-dependent people with diabetes and result in better glycemic control, fewer comorbidities, fewer trips to the emergency room, and higher overall quality of life. They also result in lower overall costs to the healthcare system, reducing typical expense per patient year from approximately $27,000 to $17,000.
Despite these benefits, only 1 in 3 (33%) of the 1.8 million Americans with T1D and very few of the 1.6 million T2D intensively treated with insulin currently use an insulin pump, for a total of approximately 670,000 current users, with only a slow increase of insulin pump use. The remaining 68% of individuals with T1D and virtually all with T2D rely on MDI therapy for glucose control. Decades of advances in technology advances have left these non-pumpers at a significant disadvantage from a control perspective versus their “pumping” counterparts.
We have identified a large segment of the market that we refer to as “Almost Pumpers.” Almost Pumpers are those insulin-requiring people with diabetes (T1D or T2D) who feel that they would adopt the pump if it were less expensive, less time consuming, less technically intimidating, and if there was no separate controller. We believe that they represent approximately 32% of the T1D market correlating to a $1.9 billion market opportunity.
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Insulin pumps on the market today require a substantial amount of time to manage the therapy, have high out-of-pocket costs that place these technologies out of reach for a large part of the population, and are feature-heavy with complex systems, which we believe have hampered adoption and intimidated many users. The most commonly used insulin pumps today require extensive training and hours of daily management. The average pump user must go through 42 steps of setup and refill process every 72 hours to “stay on track.” Our product only requires nine steps for setup and refill every 72 hours.
The current reluctance to adopt the insulin pump has had serious consequences on the healthcare system. In the United States, people living with T1D have struggled to attain glycemic targets. According to the American Diabetes Association, only 23% of U.S. adults and 17% of children with T1D achieved the ADA A1c goal (<7.0%). Further, according to a study published in JAMA Internal Medicine, researchers found no significant improvements in diabetes care between 2005 and 2016, with persistent gaps in care related to socioeconomic status.
Another transition in the care of diabetes is the measuring of glucose from finger-stick tests to continuous glucose monitoring, or CGM, sensors, which are wearable devices. These sensors are placed under the skin and give a reading every five minutes of the user’s glucose level. While Dexcom has been a market leader in this field, the introduction and rapid adoption of the Freestyle Libre by Abbott Labs has made CGM easier and more affordable, expanded the product category, and doubled the market size. The Freestyle Libre product is a more affordable, easier to use and smaller version of the popular Dexcom, Inc. (Dexcom) CGM product. Now, for the first time, there is an easy, less painful, i.e., no more finger sticks, way for patients to have the data they need to understand more about their glucose levels and their insulin requirements. Access to such data has motivated patients to ask their diabetes clinician how they can achieve better glycemic control and made them more comfortable with using technology and wearables to treat their diabetes. Pumps offer a clear pathway to better control and better overall care. We believe that the insulin pump market is ready for a similar transition as that experienced in the CGM space. We believe our Pivot pump represents a new and better offering, which can assist and induce a wide variety of patients to make the transition and overcome the objections to superior control by becoming a “pumper.”
We believe the present pump marketplace is approximately a $1.9 billion market, comprising 33% of T1D pumpers and a small group of T2D pumpers. Seagrove surveyed clinicians, and, in a 2021 report, estimated that 28% of T1D patients and 25% of T2D patients would adopt technology that was easier to use, learn and access and eligible for insurance reimbursement. We believe this represents a total addressable market of approximately $3 billion for us, assuming prescription cartridge revenue of approximately $4,100 per patient, per year.
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We are dedicated to helping all people with diabetes gain access to high quality care. We aim to help people with diabetes — especially Almost Pumpers and the historically underserved communities — gain access to insulin pump technology by making it affordable and easy to use.
Diabetes Care is at an Inflection Point
We believe that the insulin pump market stands at a crossroads as a confluence of events makes the timing for a new product introduction ideal.
At the same time, reimbursement for patch pumps has been increasingly moving to a pharmacy benefits manager (PBM) model, which simplifies reimbursement and will further aid in a “frictionless launch.” This represents a fundamental shift in the insulin pump market, making onboarding rapid and simplifying a previously complex and time-consuming “insurance journey.”
We believe these CGM device users are increasingly interested in adopting technology and wearables to manage their diabetes. We believe CGM device users are a natural market for a new type of pump, if it can meet their needs and address their objections and that the conjunction of the above trends represents a unique opportunity in the insulin pump market’s history. The CGM device provides glucose-level data, and, as necessary, the user can respond to address any issues with a simple button push on a pump to deliver their insulin versus taking out a syringe and injecting glucose.
Diabetes technology companies understand that we are at a turning point with new markets (T2D, T1D that are currently not using technologies). This can be seen with increased discussion around this topic during recent national diabetes conferences, as well as an increase in marketing promotion.
All these recent changes support the high proportion of T1D and T2D intensively treated with insulin that we consider to be Almost Pumpers, and we expect the number of Almost Pumpers to grow in the coming years and be more reachable with appropriate marketing strategies.
Our Insulin Pump
Instead of building complex, bespoke, and difficult to manufacture and maintain pumping and control systems, we began with the technology and the user in mind. Using proprietary methods of insulin measurement, we were able to eschew complex mechanisms and instead built a product, our MODD1, using only parts from high volume consumer electronics manufacturing lines, breaking the cost vs functionality curve that has existed in the insulin pump space and representing the first truly modern insulin pump design. We consider this to be a new kind of product for a new kind of patient.
In September 2024, we received clearance from the FDA to market and sell our MODD1 product in the United States, and, in August 2025, we demonstrated the first human use of our MODD1 pump delivering insulin to a human patient. We announced our next-generation patch pump, branded as Pivot, in August 2025, and we began converting our cartridge manufacturing line to Pivot production. Our Pivot product is a tubeless insulin delivery system that integrates the set into a true tubeless patch. The Pivot is expected to provide us with cost and usability improvements and improved manufacturability, allowing our marketing to be focused on low cost, ease of use and learnability. In April 2026, we received FDA clearance to market and sell our Pivot pump in the United States. We do not intend to commercialize our MODD1 product. In June 2026, we announced commercial availability of, and commenced initial shipments of, our Pivot insulin delivery system in the United States, and we intend to expand commercial activities across metropolitan markets by late 2026.
We have established our initial production line with our manufacturing partner, Phillips Medisize, a Molex company, a large tier-one medical device manufacturer, which will manage and operate our production for human use. We believe that Phillips Medisize will be able to rapidly scale our production to higher volumes at lower cost. We continue to devote substantial time and resources, including exhibiting at major diabetes conferences, to better understand the needs and preferences of Almost Pumpers and the specific patient/provider/payor requirements to motivate change from MDI therapy. By making the bolus delivery at meals simple, we believe we will drive improved health outcomes.
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Our Pivot product has several distinguishing features:
| (1) | The pump has a simple button to press to deliver insulin as the patient requires it. The electronic pump uses a simple motor for rotating a cam to motivate the insulin into the patient along with low power Bluetooth and near-field communication (NFC) chips to optionally allow the patient to communicate with a smart phone, tablet, or other mobile computing device. |
| (2) | The pump snaps together with a three-day disposable cartridge, which the patient fills with insulin for delivery. It includes a simple coin cell, which allows it to run through the 80-hour life of the cartridge. |
| (3) | The infusion set is built into the adhesive pad that the pump attaches to and the needle can be safely removed and discarded by the user after application. Despite this true patch form factor, the pump is removable by the user during the three days of wear. |
The system will deliver a small continuous rate called a basal that will provide approximately 50% of the total daily dose required, and the user will use the on-pump button to administer boluses, typically before and after meals. The objective is to make the product simple to acquire and take home, simple to learn and most importantly, simple to use and live with, to expand the pump market, drive adoption and, ultimately, improve clinical outcomes.
Technological Advantages
The adoption of new ultra-high volume manufacturing technologies will result in far easier production scale up, as parts sourcing and assembly processes are far easier. Our pump products have been designed from the beginning for mass manufacturing, and we have partnered with Phillips Medisize to establish processes and “lights out” or near lights out production assembly lines whereby a minimal number of workers will be required in the production facility. This advantage is compounded by the high availability and already optimized cost reduction in its components. When we achieve production scale, we believe this should result in a cost of goods for our Pivot pump, estimated on the competitors’ announced margins and sales, of approximately 50% lower than our closest patch pump competitor.
The adoption of modern, miniaturized technologies has led to numerous other advantages, as well. For example, our Pivot pump is smaller in overall volume than Insulet’s popular Omnipod product and has a lower profile to the skin. Despite this, our Pivot pump holds a full 3 milliliter, or mL, (300 units) of insulin, in line with full sized pumps such as those offered by Tandem and Medtronic, 50% more than the 2 mL reservoir in the Omnipod. We believe that this volume advantage over other patch pumps will be significant as 24% of type 1 and over 50% of the rapidly growing Type 2 market require more than 2mL of insulin every three days (the expected wear time of patch pumps).
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In addition, our new pumping modality will provide what we believe is the most even (and thus closest to the function of a healthy pancreas) delivery of basal insulin in the industry. We intend to demonstrate the impact of our system on glycemic control in a clinical study specifically focused on improved adherence, more bolus deliveries per day and providing the clinicians with clear data on patient use.
The technology allows the patient to simply add insulin and operate. The battery is included in each cartridge, and the device is operated without a controller. As a result, no charging is required. The Pivot pump has also been made push-button simple to deliver insulin to appeal to a wider audience of users.
This new technology has made our Pivot pump lighter than existing offerings. Compared to the Insulet Omnipod, our Pivot pump weighs 20 grams (vs. 26 grams) empty and 23 grams (vs. 28 grams) fully filled (despite carrying 50% more insulin), reductions of 23% and 18%, respectively. Also, unlike existing patch pumps, our Pivot pump can be removed from the needle and taken off and replaced later if the user desires. This avoids loss of insulin in a pump due to accidental dislodging of the soft canula, an issue for other patch pumps with which users have expressed considerable dissatisfaction.
Our approach to the care of diabetes can be further enhanced by leveraging our single-pumping chamber technology and reusable pump approach to apply to dual (or more) chamber pumping solutions. We believe that such multi-chamber pumps will be integral to the realization of high time-in-range artificial pancreas solutions that require no human intervention because of the application of, for instance, drugs to raise glucose levels coupled with drugs to lower glucose. They will be the next step forward from the cumbersome and awkward solutions today that require the user to announce meals, count and input carbohydrates, and adjust delivery for exercise and sleep to prevent overdosing of insulin. Instead, if a user overdosed insulin, the user would simply pump in a drug to release sugar stores to raise it up. We believe that a pre-filled peel and stick patch pump with the ability to function in a fully autonomous closed loop system with a CGM device, which is measuring and transmitting glucose-level information, represents the next generation of diabetes care. We believe that we have demonstrated our technology and have secured, and will continue securing, intellectual property protection on our approach.
We believe this technology, especially applied in a dual chamber capacity, will open up numerous applications outside of diabetes where medication compliance of complex therapy regimes is difficult. Example applications would include weight loss, fertility, and simplifying the delivery of complex multi-drug cocktails, especially those with diverse and challenging dosing schedules.
Our Solution
Our Pivot pump has been designed and developed to address the aforementioned shortcomings of the existing pump market and to appeal to: (i) the substantial group of Almost-Pumpers, who may be interested in using an insulin pump, but have not done so because of the complexity, cost or cumbersome nature of existing products and (ii) people who are using one of the currently available insulin pumps but are dissatisfied with such products. We believe that, owing to our new proprietary technology, our Pivot pump is the simplest and least expensive product on the market and the easiest for providers to prescribe.
Our current pump has been built to test what we believe to be our novel approach to insulin pumps. By providing a pump that we believe will establish industry standards in terms of technology, simplicity to understand, ease of use and price, we believe our Pivot pump will offer the vast majority of benefits afforded by more expensive and complex pumps, but it will remain accessible to a substantially greater percentage of diabetes sufferers requiring daily insulin therapy.
We believe people generally will not use technology that intimidates them, especially for a life-sustaining therapy. In addition, we believe that physicians are hesitant to prescribe such technology due to the level of training and support required with the present pump product offerings. It is our belief that broadly-needed medical products, such as our Pivot pump, must be user-friendly and affordable. We believe this approach is fundamentally different from that applied to the existing pump market today, where most pumps are continuously adding complex features appealing to super users and leaving the other people with diabetes further behind.
Our current goal is to expand commercialization of our Pivot pump product across metropolitan markets in the United States and obtain all required regulatory approvals to offer the product for sale in multiple international markets.
Our long-term goal is to become a leading provider of insulin pump therapy by focusing on both consumer and clinical needs.
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To achieve our above stated immediate and current goals, we intend to pursue the following business strategies:
| ● | Use of innovative proprietary technology. |
Based on the substantial experience of Paul DiPerna, our President, Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Chairman of our board of directors, in engineering design and innovative technology in the medical device industry and, in particular, with the invention, market vision and technical development of insulin pumps, we have generated proprietary technology that has been incorporated into our Pivot insulin pump. We believe this technology allowing for a two-part, yet small enough to wear, pump product, along with simplified mechanics for pumping, has greatly assisted us in creating a simpler, user-friendly pump. We believe the completed design, engineering and technology being incorporated into our pump will make it substantially simpler and more affordable than those currently available. These features, together with the safety and reliability of our Pivot pump, are designed to create the next generation of insulin pumps that will feature important and well-differentiated attributes compared to those currently available and make it available to consumers across mostly all socioeconomic groups in the United States and around the world.
| ● | Use of go-to market commercialization technology. |
We plan to commercialize our Pivot product line using a highly differentiated go-to-market strategy. Generally, current pumps are marketed by a large, direct sales force to end users directly, and the manufacturer provides all training and support, as the current training reimbursement offered by insurance providers is inadequate to motivate clinicians to provide such training to patients. We intend to employ a different strategy and utilize i) distributors to target the daily insulin users who are still managed by a primary care physician and ii) a small direct sales force to directly engage with diabetes educator practices. Specifically, our direct sales force will engage with larger diabetes educator practices, which currently prescribe a high volume of pumps and deliver a consultative message focused on those users that indicate a desire to use a pump but have rejected all of the currently available options. We engaged Seagrove to conduct a survey of physicians and diabetes educators, and the resulting data suggested that approximately 25% of multiple daily injectors could be receptive to our offering. We believe that the modest 30-minute training requirement for our product, combined with the more limited feature set for our Pivot pump, will incentivize nurse practitioners to identify and train new users who have not been offered pumps before. This would also allow us to offer virtual or second level training support and not require us to be the primary training provider. In addition, in June 2026, we launched PivotPump.com, a patient-focused website designed to support individuals seeking a simpler path to insulin pump therapy. The PivotPump.com website provides accessible, educational content on insulin pump therapy and highlights our focus on real-world usability and supporting patients in evaluating and adopting pump-based diabetes care.
In June 2026, we announced commercial availability of our Pivot product in the United States and commenced initial patient shipments. We intend to expand commercial activities across metropolitan markets by late 2026.
We have also begun the process of obtaining Conformite Europeenne, or CE, mark clearance for our Pivot product, which would allow us to market and sell in European and certain other international markets. We expect to obtain clearance by the second quarter of 2027. Our initial strategy to address European markets is to partner with distributors to bring the Pivot to market in those countries that accept the CE mark and have acceptable reimbursement. During fiscal 2026, we hired a head of international operations in Switzerland, who has significant experience in launching competitive insulin pump systems in Europe. We believe that the combination of our patch pump form factor, lower cost at scale and lower training burden is well suited for European markets where there are very few physicians or nurses available to provide training. This would allow the Pivot to gain rapid adoption in areas where pump penetration is currently much lower than in the United States. We will target other select international markets using the same approach.
We believe the combination of these differentiated approaches will enable us to take reasonable initial market share, while not incurring the significant overhead cost of existing commercialization strategies employed by the incumbents, where competition for users is intense.
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Manufacturing
Our pump product comprises the pump, a disposable cartridge that holds the insulin reservoir, a baseplate that affixes the pump product to the user’s body and the infusion set, which includes a cannula to infuse the insulin into the body. We intend to manufacture the pump, the cartridge and the baseplate and purchase the infusion set from third parties. Prior to shipment, our pump product will be packaged with an infusion set. In connection therewith:
| ● | We have installed automation machines in our facility that will be capable of assembling the cartridges at a rate sufficient to supply 6,000 patients (60,000 cartridges per month), and we plan to have this capacity moved to the Pivot product in 2026. We also have ordered production molding for more than three times this number of users, so we can quickly scale up with demand. |
| ● | Product packaging will initially be performed manually by our personnel, while the cartridge automation is being refined. We expect to purchase and implement packaging automation equipment as the second phase of automation of the cartridge. |
Phillips Medisize, our manufacturing partner, performs all manufacturing operations to ensure compliance with FDA regulations.
FDA Clearance
The FDA requires us to meet all applicable regulations for insulin pumps, a subcategory of infusion pumps, which are generally considered Class II devices by the FDA. As discussed above, we have obtained the required FDA clearance for our MODD1 and Pivot insulin pump products.
Commercialization Steps
To commercialize our product, we must successfully complete a number of material steps, including:
| ● | Continue to ensure it meets: |
| ● | FDA requirements for 510(k) clearance, including taking such actions, if any, as may be required by the FDA as a condition to granting approval and providing 510(k) clearance for our insulin pump; |
| ● | the general needs and preferences of our Almost-Pumper target market based on our knowledge of the diabetes industry, information gathered from our soft launch and other information available and/or obtained by us from Almost Pumpers and their caregivers; and |
| ● | the general guidelines of third-party payors, private and public insurance companies, preferred provider organizations and other managed care providers with particular focus on the guidelines established by the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services, or CMS which administers the United States Medicare program, or Medicare. To assist us in making such modifications and refinements, we have retained independent consultants to focus on ensuring that our products and product candidates satisfy the existing coverage and reimbursement criteria of third-party payors. |
| ● | Transfer our manufacturing equipment and process to Phillips Medisize prior to product launch; and |
| ● | Hire and retain appropriate sales and marketing personnel to develop, implement and launch a promotional campaign for our insulin pump substantially focused on our target market. |
As with any medical device attempting to enter and successfully compete with existing products in an established and competitive marketplace, we will face significant hurdles to accomplish the above steps to commercialization including:
| ● | Obtaining any other FDA-required authorizations, in addition to FDA 510(K) clearance, with regard to our product, as required by the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or FDCA, which is administered by the FDA; |
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| ● | Educating endocrinologists, physician’s assistants, nurse practitioners and nurse educators, who typically prescribe pump usage, and certified diabetes educators and dieticians, who provide education and guidance to diabetes patients, as to what we believe to be the superior qualities of our products. We attend and exhibit at multiple diabetes industry conferences and trade shows; |
| ● | Demonstrating to select general practitioners, who have historically been skeptical of the heightened support inherent in insulin pumps, our product’s ease of use and convenience; |
| ● | Ensuring that our products do, in fact, meet the needs of Almost Pumpers; |
| ● | Overcoming the historic obstacles and reluctance of Almost Pumpers to using insulin pumps to treat their diabetes; and |
| ● | Ensuring that third-party payors agree to cover all or a substantial portion of the purchase price and recurring costs of the use of our insulin pump products. |
Looking Forward
Going forward, we expect to continue to evolve our Pivot pump and its capabilities and functionality both in response to patient needs and as part of our current platform roadmap.
| ● | With future Pivot products, we intend to seek to add phone-based control and Alternative Controller Enabled (“ACE”) and Automated Insulin Deliver (“AID”) capability to allow integration with popular continuous glucose monitors. We believe this will expand our available market to include many existing pumpers. The new model has the same modular design and low-cost components as MODD1 and provides a much desired breakthrough for patients — two-factor command authentication that allows the wearer to use an application on his/her cell phone as the controller. |
| ● | AID-control functionality is being developed and will be added via an ACE designation on the pump. |
| ● | Any approved AID controller can drive insulin delivery in “auto” mode, when appropriate. |
| ● | CGM integration allows the controller to potentially adjust basal insulin rate for meals and exercise with an approved algorithm. |
| ● | With our future Pivot product, we will seek to move to a full-featured, multi-chamber pump optimized for high time-in-range fully autonomous close loop insulin delivery utilizing the form factor and cost advantages of its pumping designs to create an affordable, easy to use drug delivery system to realize the aspiration of true “artificial pancreas” systems. We envision moving to a drug prefill model, such that cartridges can be filled with insulin or other drugs and shipped cold chain to patients, further simplifying the use process. |
Competition
Today, in the United States, five companies are commercializing insulin pumps to T1D patients and insulin treated T2D patients and only three have significant market share:
| ● | Insulet — commercializes a disposable patch pump, which held approximately 43% of the US market in 2026. |
| ● | Tandem — commercializes a durable pump available with or without automated dosing algorithms. In 2026, they held approximately 34% of the US insulin pump market. | |
| ● | Minimed — commercializes a durable insulin delivery pump and continues to offer a range of older durable pumps. In 2026, they held approximately 21% of the US insulin pump market. |
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These three insulin pump offerings are vying for the attention of the most motivated and well insured in hope of converting them away from their reliance on MDI. We believe the each of the two leading durable pump products receive in excess of $4,000 through durable medical equipment (DME) and daily consumable insurance coverage reimbursements. Daily consumable reimbursement would also cover on an ongoing basis cartridge, tubing and sets for each three-day period, as well. These products have controllers integrated into the pump, making them cumbersome and bulky, along with long (greater than 20 inch) tubing between the pump and the cannular site. The third offering is a patch pump that attaches to the body for 72 hours and uses a separate controller to manage the insulin delivery process. Insurance coverage for patch pumps of this type can be provided via DME but is primarily provided through the Pharmacy Benefit (PB). These patch pumps can be more expensive per day and less accurate than other insulin pumps, according to a Mende 2022 study. Around 38% of people living with T1D are currently using insulin pumps; of these, the vast majority are using one of these three offerings, a statistic that has not changed significantly over the last five years.
All of these pump products require extensive training to initiate and two to four hours per day to use and manage on an ongoing basis. We believe this level of sophistication and effort combined with the cost and awkwardness of these products contribute to the limited uptake.
There are purely mechanical pumps available to patients, and a modest percentage of T2D patients use Mannkind’s mechanical patch pump, which provides a fixed basal rate and a button to deliver small boluses. This pump is simple to use, though gives little performance decision to the user (e.g., no possibility to change the basal rate, no possibility to stop bolus doses, small reservoir, pump that needs to be changed every day, etc.). Lastly, Cequr offers another patch pump, providing a bolus only delivery option without basal delivery or any electronic reporting. Cequr recently disclosed it has slightly more than 15,000 users. Beta Bionics, Inc. launched its durable pump in October 2023 and reported approximately 35,000 users at the end of 2025. Deka Research and Development Corp. (Deka) received clearance for its durable pump in July of 2023. Deka has launched broadly with a large sales force in the United States, but it has not yet publicly disclosed the number of users.
Minimed’s flagship durable pump is available in some European countries with an advanced algorithm, but there has not been an obvious change in hardware. Tandem is now selling a small, no display pump with a small 2mL reservoir that is controlled by a separate unit, similar in concept to existing patch pump controllers. Insulet has also launched a new version of its patch pump that includes an AID algorithm and improved low-power Bluetooth.
Approximately 79% of the people who rely upon MDI therapy choose to not administer a shot outside of their house, which creates a poorly controlled group. Our pump products are designed to focus upon a segment of these people and mobilize them via a simple, easy to use, affordable product.
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Intellectual Property
Our success depends in part on our ability to obtain patents and trademarks, maintain trade secret and know-how protection, enforce our proprietary rights against infringers, and operate without infringing on the proprietary rights of third parties. Because of the length of time and expense associated with developing new products and bringing them through the regulatory approval process, the health care industry places considerable emphasis on obtaining patent protection and maintaining trade secret protection for new technologies, products, processes, know-how, and methods.
As of June 29, 2026, we held eight U.S. utility and six foreign patents, and we have numerous applications pending and in various stages of review by the USPTO and foreign patent agencies. The patents and patent applications cover various aspects of our technology, including our proprietary fluid movement technology and associated features of our insulin delivery methodology. There can be no assurance that the pending patent applications will result in the issuance of patents, that patents issued to or licensed by us will not be challenged or circumvented by competitors, or that these patents will be found to be valid or sufficiently broad to protect our technology or provide us with a competitive advantage.
Government Regulation
Our operations are subject to comprehensive federal, state, and local laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which we or our research and development partners do business. The laws and regulations governing our business and interpretations of those laws and regulations and are subject to frequent change. Our ability to operate profitably will depend in part upon our ability, and that of our research and development partners and affiliates, to operate in compliance with applicable laws and regulations. The laws and regulations relating to medical products and healthcare services that apply to our business and that of our partners and affiliates continue to evolve, and we must, therefore, devote significant resources to monitoring developments in legislation, enforcement, and regulation in such areas. As the applicable laws and regulations change, we are likely to make conforming modifications in our business processes from time to time. We cannot provide assurance that a review of our business by courts or regulatory authorities will not result in determinations that could adversely affect our operations or that the regulatory environment will not change in a way that restricts our operations.
FDA Regulation
In the United States, medical devices are strictly regulated by the FDA. Under the FDCA, a medical device is defined as “an instrument, apparatus, implement, machine, contrivance, implant, in vitro reagent, or other similar or related article, including a component, part or accessory which is, among other things: intended for use in the diagnosis of disease or other conditions, or in the cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease, in man or other animals; or intended to affect the structure or any function of the body of man or other animals, and which does not achieve its primary intended purposes through chemical action within or on the body of man or other animals and which is not dependent upon being metabolized for the achievement of any of its primary intended purposes.” This definition provides a clear distinction between a medical device and other FDA regulated products such as drugs. If the primary intended use of a medical product is achieved through chemical action or by being metabolized by the body, the product is usually a drug or biologic. If not, it is generally a medical device.
We have developed an insulin pump delivery system, which is regulated by the FDA as a medical device under the FDCA, as implemented and enforced by the FDA. The FDA regulates the development, testing, manufacturing, labeling, packaging, storage, installation, servicing, advertising, promotion, marketing, distribution, import, export, and market surveillance of medical devices.
Device Premarket Regulatory Requirements
Before being introduced into the U.S. market, each medical device must obtain marketing clearance or approval from the FDA through the premarket notification (or 510(k)) process, the de novo classification process, or the premarket approval, or PMA, process, unless they are determined to be Class I devices or to otherwise qualify for an exemption from one of these available forms of premarket review and authorization by the FDA. Under the FDCA, medical devices are classified into one of three classes — Class I, Class II or Class III — depending on the degree of risk associated with each medical device and the extent of control needed to provide reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness. Classification of a device is important because the class to which a device is assigned determines, among other things, the necessity and type of FDA review required prior to marketing the device. Class I devices are those for which reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness can be maintained through adherence to general controls which include compliance with the applicable portions of the FDA’s Quality System Regulation (the “QSR”), as well as regulations requiring facility registration and product listing, reporting of adverse medical events, and appropriate, truthful and non-misleading labeling, advertising, and promotional materials. The Class I designation also applies to devices for which there is insufficient information to determine that general controls are sufficient to provide reasonable assurance of the safety and effectiveness of the device or to establish special controls to provide such assurance, but that are not life-supporting or life-sustaining or for a use which is of substantial importance in preventing impairment of human health, and that do not present a potential, unreasonable risk of illness or injury.
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Class II devices are those for which general controls alone are insufficient to provide reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness and there is sufficient information to establish “special controls.” These special controls can include performance standards, post-market surveillance requirements, patient registries and FDA guidance documents describing device-specific special controls. While most Class I devices are exempt from the premarket notification requirement, most Class II devices require a premarket notification prior to commercialization in the United States; however, the FDA has the authority to exempt Class II devices from the premarket notification requirement under certain circumstances. As a result, manufacturers of most Class II devices must submit premarket notifications to the FDA under Section 510(k) of the FDCA (21 U.S.C. § 360(k)) in order to obtain the necessary clearance to market or commercially distribute such devices. To obtain 510(k) clearance, manufacturers must submit to the FDA adequate information demonstrating that the proposed device is “substantially equivalent” to a “predicate device” that is already on the market. A predicate device is a legally marketed device that is not subject to PMA, meaning, (i) a device that was legally marketed prior to May 28, 1976 (“pre-amendments device”) and for which a PMA is not required, (ii) a device that has been reclassified from Class III to Class II or I or (iii) a device that was found substantially equivalent through the 510(k) process. If the FDA agrees that the device is substantially equivalent to the predicate device identified by the applicant in a premarket notification submission, the agency will grant 510(k) clearance for the new device, permitting the applicant to commercialize the device. Premarket notifications are subject to user fees, unless a specific exemption applies.
If there is no adequate predicate to which a manufacturer can compare its proposed device, the proposed device is automatically classified as a Class III device. In such cases, a device manufacturer must then fulfill the more rigorous PMA requirements or can request a risk-based classification determination for its device in accordance with the de novo classification process.
Devices that are intended to be life sustaining or life supporting, devices that are implantable, devices that present a potential unreasonable risk of harm or are of substantial importance in preventing impairment of health, and devices that are not substantially equivalent to a predicate device and for which safety and effectiveness cannot be assured solely by the general controls and special controls are placed in Class III. Such devices generally require FDA approval through the PMA process, unless the device is a pre-amendments device not yet subject to a regulation requiring premarket approval. The PMA process is more demanding than the 510(k) process. For a PMA, the manufacturer must demonstrate through extensive data, including data from preclinical studies and one or more clinical trials, that the device is safe and effective for its proposed indication. The PMA must also contain a full description of the device and its components, a full description of the methods, facilities and controls used for manufacturing, and proposed labeling. Following receipt of a PMA submission, the FDA determines whether the application is sufficiently complete to permit a substantive review. If the FDA accepts the application for review, it has 180 days under the FDCA to complete its review and determine whether the proposed device can be approved for commercialization, although in practice, PMA reviews often take significantly longer, and it can take up to several years for the FDA to issue a final decision. Before approving a PMA, the FDA generally also performs an on-site inspection of manufacturing facilities for the product to ensure compliance with the QSR.
The de novo classification process allows a manufacturer whose novel device is automatically classified into Class III to request down-classification of its device to Class I or Class II, on the basis that the device presents low or moderate risk, as an alternative to following the typical Class III device pathway requiring the submission and approval of a PMA application. The FDA has confirmed our MODD1 product qualifies as a 510(k) eligible device and does not require a de novo classification.
Clinical trials are almost always required to support PMAs and are sometimes required to support 510(k) and de novo classification submissions. In our case, usability studies of our intended users are required and have been completed. All clinical investigations of devices to determine safety and effectiveness must be conducted in accordance with the FDA’s investigational device exemption, or IDE, regulations that govern investigational device labeling, prohibit promotion of investigational devices, and specify recordkeeping, reporting and monitoring responsibilities of study sponsors and study investigators. If the device presents a “significant risk,” as defined by the FDA, the agency requires the study sponsor to submit an IDE application to the FDA, which must become effective prior to commencing human clinical trials. The IDE will automatically become effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless the FDA denies the application or notifies the sponsor that the investigation is on hold and may not begin until the sponsor provides supplemental information about the investigation that satisfies the agency’s concerns. If the FDA determines that there are deficiencies or other concerns with an IDE that require modification of the study, the FDA may permit a clinical trial to proceed under a conditional approval. The FDA may also notify the sponsor that the study is approved as proposed or approved with specific requested modification. Furthermore, the agency may withdraw approval of an IDE under certain circumstances. In addition, the study must be approved by, and conducted under the oversight of, an institutional review board, or IRB, for each clinical site. If the device presents a non-significant risk to the patient according to criteria established by the FDA as part of the IDE regulations, a sponsor may begin the clinical trial after obtaining approval for the trial by one or more IRBs without separate authorization from the FDA, but must still comply with abbreviated IDE requirements, such as monitoring the investigation, ensuring that the investigators obtain informed consent, and labeling and record-keeping requirements.
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Post-Marketing Restrictions and Enforcement
After a device is placed on the market, numerous regulatory requirements apply. These include, but are not limited to:
| ● | submitting and updating establishment registration and device listings with the FDA; |
| ● | compliance with the QSR, which requires manufacturers to follow stringent design, testing, control, documentation, record maintenance, including maintenance of complaint and related investigation files, and other quality assurance controls during the manufacturing process; |
| ● | unannounced routine or for-cause device facility inspections by the FDA, which may include our suppliers’ facilities; and |
| ● | labeling regulations, which prohibit the promotion of products for uncleared or unapproved (or “off-label”) uses and impose other restrictions relating to promotional activities; |
| ● | corrections and removal reporting regulations, which require that manufacturers report to the FDA field corrections or removals if undertaken to reduce a risk to health posed by a device or to remedy a violation of the FDCA that may present a risk to health; and |
| ● | post-market surveillance regulations, which apply to certain Class II or III devices when necessary to protect the public health or to provide additional safety and effectiveness data for the device. |
In addition, under the FDA medical device reporting, or MDR, regulations, medical device manufacturers are required to report to the FDA information that a device has or may have caused or contributed to a death or serious injury or has malfunctioned in a way that would likely cause or contribute to death or serious injury if the malfunction of the device or a similar device of such manufacturer were to recur. The decision to file an MDR involves a judgment by the manufacturer. If the FDA disagrees with the manufacturer’s determination, the FDA can take enforcement action.
The MDR requirements also extend to health-care facilities that use medical devices in providing care to patients, or “device user facilities,” which include hospitals, ambulatory surgical facilities, nursing homes, outpatient diagnostic facilities, or outpatient treatment facilities, but not physician offices. A device user facility must report any device-related death to both the FDA and the device manufacturer, or any device-related serious injury to the manufacturer (or, if the manufacturer is unknown, to the FDA) within 10 days of the event. Device user facilities are not required to report device malfunctions that would likely cause or contribute to death or serious injury if the malfunction were to recur but may voluntarily report such malfunctions through MedWatch, the FDA’s Safety Information and Adverse Event Reporting Program.
The FDA also has the authority to require the recall of commercialized medical device products in the event of material deficiencies or defects in design or manufacture. The authority to require a recall must be based on an FDA finding that there is a reasonable probability that the device would cause serious adverse health consequences or death. Manufacturers may, under their own initiative, recall a product if any distributed devices fail to meet established specifications, are otherwise misbranded or adulterated under the FDCA, or if any other material deficiency is found. The FDA requires that certain classifications of recalls be reported to the FDA within ten working days after the recall is initiated.
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The failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements can result in enforcement action by the FDA, which may include any of the following sanctions:
| ● | warning letters, fines, injunctions or civil penalties; |
| ● | recalls, detentions or seizures of products; |
| ● | operating restrictions; |
| ● | delays in the introduction of products into the market; |
| ● | total or partial suspension of production; |
| ● | delay or refusal of the FDA or other regulators to grant 510(k) clearance, PMA approvals, or other marketing authorization to new products; |
| ● | withdrawals of marketing authorizations; or |
| ● | in the most serious cases, criminal prosecution. |
To ensure compliance with regulatory requirements, medical device manufacturers are subject to market surveillance and periodic, pre-scheduled and unannounced inspections by the FDA, and these inspections may include the manufacturing facilities of subcontractors.
Federal Trade Commission Regulatory Oversight
Our advertising for our products and services will be subject to federal truth-in-advertising laws enforced by the Federal Trade Commission (the “FTC”) as well as comparable state consumer protection laws. Under the Federal Trade Commission Act (the “FTC Act”), the FTC is empowered, among other things, to (a) prevent unfair methods of competition and unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce; (b) seek monetary redress and other relief for conduct injurious to consumers; and (c) gather and compile information and conduct investigations relating to the organization, business, practices, and management of entities engaged in commerce. The FTC has very broad enforcement authority, and failure to abide by the substantive requirements of the FTC Act and other consumer protection laws can result in administrative or judicial penalties, including civil penalties, injunctions affecting the manner in which we would be able to market services or products in the future, or criminal prosecution.
Healthcare Law and Regulation
United States
We will have to comply with various U.S. federal and state laws, rules and regulations pertaining to healthcare fraud and abuse, including anti-kickback laws and physician self-referral laws, rules and regulations. Violations of the fraud and abuse laws are punishable by criminal and civil sanctions, including, in some instances, exclusion from participation in federal and state healthcare programs, including Medicare and Medicaid. These laws include the following:
| ● | the federal Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits, among other things, persons from knowingly and willfully soliciting, offering, receiving or providing remuneration, directly or indirectly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, order or recommendation of, any good or service, for which payment may be made, in whole or in part, under a federal healthcare program such as Medicare and Medicaid; |
| ● | the federal False Claims Act imposes civil penalties, and provides for civil whistleblower or qui tam actions, against individuals or entities for knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, to the federal government, claims for payment that are false or fraudulent or making a false statement to avoid, decrease or conceal an obligation to pay money to the federal government; |
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| ● | the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, imposes criminal and civil liability for executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or making false statements relating to healthcare matters; |
| ● | HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act and its implementing regulations, also imposes obligations, including mandatory contractual terms, with respect to safeguarding the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information; |
| ● | the federal false statements statute prohibits knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any materially false statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services; |
| ● | the federal transparency requirements under the Physician Payments Sunshine Act require manufacturers of FDA-approved drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies covered by Medicare or Medicaid to report, on an annual basis, to the Department of Health and Human Services information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians, teaching hospitals, and certain advanced non-physician health care practitioners and physician ownership and investment interests; and |
| ● | analogous state and foreign laws and regulations, such as state anti-kickback and false claims laws, may apply to sales or marketing arrangements and claims involving healthcare items or services reimbursed by nongovernmental third-party payors, including private insurers. |
Some state laws require pharmaceutical or medical device companies to comply with the relevant industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government in addition to requiring drug and device manufacturers to report information related to payments to physicians and other health care providers or marketing expenditures.
State and foreign laws also govern the privacy and security of health information in some circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts. We also may be subject to, or may in the future become subject to, U.S. federal and state, and foreign laws and regulations imposing obligations on how we collect, use, disclose, store and process personal information. Our actual or perceived failure to comply with such obligations could result in liability or reputational harm and could harm our business. Ensuring compliance with such laws could also impair our efforts to maintain and expand our customer base and thereby decrease our future revenues.
The European Union approves the use of medical devices in a very different way. They have similar regulations and requirements to adhere to, however, a Notified Body, in the form of a private company, will represent their interests and is required to have sufficient expertise to review all applications and the company’s internal processes to ensure the safety of the product for which approval is being requested. We have identified a Notified Body to represent us, and we are following our FDA submission process with regard to preparing the materials and processes required to meet the regulations and gain clearance.
European Union
EEA
In the European Economic Area, or EEA, which is comprised of the 27 member states of the European Union plus Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein, manufacturers of medical devices need to comply with the Essential Requirements laid out in Annex I to the EU Medical Devices Directive (Council Directive 93/42/EEC) or with the General Safety and Performance Requirements (GSPR) of the new EU Medical Devices Regulation (EU 2017/745). Compliance with these requirements is a prerequisite to be able to affix the CE mark to medical devices, without which they cannot be marketed or sold in the EEA. To demonstrate compliance with the Essential Requirements and the GSPR and obtain the right to affix the CE mark, manufacturers of medical devices must undergo a conformity assessment procedure, which varies according to the type of medical device and its classification. Except for low-risk medical devices (Class I with no measuring function and which are not sterile), where the manufacturer can issue an EC Declaration of Conformity based on a self-assessment of the conformity of its products with the Essential Requirements and the GSPR, a conformity assessment procedure requires the intervention of a Notified Body, which is an organization designated by a competent authority of an EEA country to conduct conformity assessments. Depending on the relevant conformity assessment procedure, the Notified Body would audit and examine the Technical File and the quality system for the manufacture, design and final inspection of the devices. The Notified Body issues a CE Certificate of Conformity following successful completion of a conformity assessment procedure conducted in relation to the medical device and its manufacturer and their conformity with the Essential Requirements and GSPR. This Certificate entitles the manufacturer to affix the CE mark to its medical devices after having prepared and signed a related EC Declaration of Conformity. As a general rule, demonstration of conformity of medical devices and their manufacturers with the Essential Requirements and GSPR must be based, among other things, on the evaluation of clinical data supporting the safety and performance of the products during normal conditions of use. Specifically, a manufacturer must demonstrate that the device achieves its intended performance during normal conditions of use, that the known and foreseeable risks, and any adverse events, are minimized and acceptable when weighed against the benefits of its intended performance, and that any claims made about the performance and safety of the device are supported by suitable evidence.
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All manufacturers placing medical devices into the market in the EEA must comply with the EU Medical Device Vigilance System. Under this system, incidents must be reported to the relevant authorities of the member states of the EEA, and manufacturers are required to take Field Safety Corrective Actions, or FSCAs, to reduce a risk of death or serious deterioration in the state of health associated with the use of a medical device that is already placed on the market. An incident is defined as any malfunction or deterioration in the characteristics and/or performance of a device, as well as any inadequacy in the labeling or the instructions for use which, directly or indirectly, might lead to or might have led to the death of a patient or user or of other persons or to a serious deterioration in their state of health. An FSCA may include the recall, modification, exchange, destruction or retrofitting of the device. FSCAs must be communicated by the manufacturer or its legal representative to its customers and/or to the end users of the device through Field Safety Notices. Where appropriate, our products commercialized in Europe are CE marked and classified as either Class I or Class II.
In 2017, the European Parliament passed the Medical Devices Regulation, which repeals and replaces the EU Medical Devices Directive. Unlike directives, which must be implemented into the national laws of the EEA member states, the regulations would be directly applicable (i.e., without the need for adoption of EEA member State laws implementing them) in all EEA member states and are intended to eliminate current differences in the regulation of medical devices among EEA member States. The Medical Devices Regulation, among other things, is intended to establish a uniform, transparent, predictable and sustainable regulatory framework across the EEA for medical devices and in vitro diagnostic devices and ensure a high level of safety and health while supporting innovation.
The Medical Device Regulation became applicable on May 26, 2021. Devices lawfully placed on the market pursuant to the EU Medical Devices Directive prior to May 26, 2021 may generally continue to be made available on the market or put into service until May 26, 2026. The Medical Devices Regulation, among other things:
| ● | strengthens the rules on placing devices on the market and reinforces surveillance once they are available; |
| ● | establishes explicit provisions on manufacturers’ responsibilities for the follow-up of the quality, performance and safety of devices placed on the market; |
| ● | improves the traceability of medical devices throughout the supply chain to the end-user or patient through a unique identification number; |
| ● | sets up a central database to provide patients, healthcare professionals and the public with comprehensive information on products available in the EU; and |
strengthens rules for the assessment of certain high-risk devices, such as implants, which may have to undergo an additional check by experts before they are placed on the market.
Available Information
Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to such reports filed or furnished pursuant to section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as well as section 16 reports on Form 3, 4, or 5, are available free of charge on our website at www.modular-medical.com. as soon as it is reasonably practicable after they are filed or furnished with the SEC. Our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and the charters for the Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating and Governance Committee are also available on our website. The Code of Business Conduct and charters are also available in print to any stockholder upon request without charge. Requests for such documents should be directed to Modular Medical, Inc., 10740 Thornmint Road, San Diego CA 92127, Attn. CFO. Our Internet website and the information contained on it or connected to it are not part of, or incorporated by, reference into this Report. Our filings with the SEC are also available on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.
Corporate Information
We are a Nevada corporation, and Quasuras, Inc., a Delaware corporation, is our only subsidiary. Our corporate headquarters and operating facilities are located at 10740 Thornmint Road, San Diego, CA 92127. Our telephone number is (858) 800-3500. We maintain a website at www.modular-medical.com.
Employees
As of March 31, 2026, we had 51 employees, all located in the United States of which 50 of are full-time, consisting of 42 in research and development and manufacturing operations, six in general and administrative functions and three in sales and marketing.
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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties, such as statements of our objectives, expectations and intentions. The cautionary statements made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K should be read as applicable to all forward-looking statements wherever they appear in this report. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed herein. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include those discussed below, as well as those discussed elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Summary of Risk Factors
The following summarizes the risks and uncertainties that could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operation and stock price. You should read this summary together with the more detailed description of each risk factor contained below.
Risks Related to Our Business, Operations and Industry
| ● | We might not be able to continue as a going concern. |
| ● | We are an early commercial-stage medical device company and have a history of significant operating losses; we expect to continue to incur operating losses, and we may never achieve or maintain profitability. |
| ● | We will need substantial additional funding to complete subsequent phases of the development of our insulin pump products and to operate our business and such funding may not be available or, if it is available, such financing is likely to substantially dilute our existing stockholders. |
| ● | We have a limited operating history and historical financial information upon which you may evaluate our performance. |
| ● | The amount of financing we require will depend on a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control. Our results of operations, financial condition and stock price are likely to be adversely affected if our funding requirements increase or are otherwise greater than we expect. |
| ● | Our future cash requirements may differ significantly from our current estimates. |
| ● | We may not be able to utilize a significant portion of our net operating losses and tax credits. |
| ● | Technological breakthroughs in diabetes monitoring, treatment or prevention could render our insulin pump products obsolete. |
| ● | Any failure to attract and retain skilled directors, executives, employees and consultants could impair our product development and commercialization activities. |
| ● | Our operations are substantially dependent upon key personnel. |
| ● | We have and will need to outsource and rely on third parties for various aspects relating to the development, manufacture, sales and marketing of our insulin pump products, as well as in connection with assisting us in the preparation and filing of our regulatory submissions, and our future success will be dependent on the timeliness and effectiveness of the efforts of these third parties. |
| ● | We may not be able to identify, negotiate and maintain the strategic alliances necessary to develop and commercialize our products and technologies, and we will be dependent on our corporate partners if we do. |
| ● | We may not receive the necessary regulatory clearance or approvals for our insulin pump products, and failure to timely obtain necessary clearances and/or approvals could harm our then operations, including our ability to commercialize our products. |
| ● | We have a limited operating history upon which to evaluate our business and forecast our future sales and operating results and may face difficulties frequently encountered by companies in competitive and rapidly-evolving markets. |
| ● | We have a limited commercial history and limited experience marketing and selling our products. We only recently launched our commercial product, which may make it difficult to evaluate the prospects for our future viability and predict our future performance. |
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| ● | Obtaining marketing authorization in the United States will not obviate the need to obtain marketing authorization in other jurisdictions. We must obtain approval from foreign regulatory authorities before we can market and sell any of our product candidates in countries outside the United States. We will incur additional costs in seeking such approvals, may experience delays in obtaining such approvals and cannot be certain that such approvals will be granted. |
| ● | Our competitors may develop products that are more effective, safer and less expensive than ours. |
| ● | We expect to rely on third-party manufacturers and will be dependent on their quality and effectiveness. |
| ● | We may not be able to successfully scale-up manufacturing of our products in sufficient quality and quantity, which would delay or prevent us from developing and commercializing our products and product candidates. |
| ● | We are dependent upon third-party suppliers to manufacture our products, and this makes us vulnerable to supply shortages and price increases; we may not be able to obtain an adequate supply of components on a timely basis or at all. |
| ● | We may be subject to potential product liability and other claims that could materially impact our business and financial condition. |
| ● | Legislative, regulatory, or medical cost reimbursement changes may adversely impact our business. |
| ● | We are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA, which could restrict the sales and marketing of our insulin pump products and could cause us to incur significant costs. |
| ● | Although our insulin pump products do not presently require clinical trials to apply to the FDA for clearance, and even if a clinical trial is completed, the results of our clinical testing may not demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the device or may be equivocal or otherwise not be sufficient for us to obtain approval of our product candidates. |
| ● | Our success depends substantially upon our ability to obtain and maintain intellectual property protection relating to our insulin pump products and research technologies. |
| ● | If we are sued for infringing on third-party intellectual property rights, it will be costly and time-consuming, and an unfavorable outcome would have a significant adverse effect on our business. |
| ● | If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our proprietary information, the value of our technology and products could be adversely affected. |
| ● | Intellectual property rights do not necessarily address all potential threats to our competitive advantage. |
| ● | Healthcare reform and drug-pricing reform laws could adversely affect our products and financial condition. |
| ● | Even if we are able to obtain all regulatory approvals and have completed all other steps needed to be taken to commercialize our insulin pump products, if we or any contract manufacturers we select fail to comply with the FDA’s quality system regulations, the manufacturing and distribution of our products could be interrupted, and our product sales and operating results could suffer. |
| ● | We may become involved in disputes with our present or future contract partners over intellectual property ownership or other matters, which would have a significant effect on our business. |
| ● | Our insulin pump products will be subject to recalls, which would harm our reputation, business operations and financial results. |
| ● | Our current insulin pump product does not yet have reimbursement and is not approved for insurance coverage. If in the future we are otherwise able to commercialize our insulin pump, but are unable to obtain adequate reimbursement or insurance coverage for such product from third-party payors, we will be unable to generate significant revenue. |
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Risks Related to Our Securities
| ● | We are subject to oversight by the SEC and other regulatory agencies. Investigations by those agencies could divert management’s focus and could have a material adverse effect on our reputation and financial condition. |
| ● | If we are unable to satisfy the continued listing requirements of the Nasdaq, our common stock could be delisted and the price and liquidity of our common stock may be adversely affected. |
| ● | We are a “smaller reporting company” and, as a result of the reduced disclosure and governance requirements applicable to smaller reporting companies, our common stock may be less attractive to investors. |
| ● | We do not expect any cash dividends to be paid on our shares of common stock for the foreseeable future. |
| ● | If the beneficial ownership of our common stock continues to be concentrated, it may prevent our stockholders from influencing significant corporate decisions. |
| ● | Future sales of our securities could adversely affect the market price of our common stock and our future capital-raising activities could involve the issuance of equity securities, which would dilute your investment and could result in a decline in the trading price of our common stock. |
| ● | The effective increase in the number of shares of our common stock available for issuance as a result of our reverse stock split could result in further dilution to our existing stockholders and have antitakeover implications. |
| ● | Our articles of incorporation allow for our board of directors to create new series of preferred stock without further approval by our stockholders, which could adversely affect the rights of the holders of our common stock. |
| ● | If we fail to establish and maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may not be able to report our financial results accurately or prevent fraud. Any inability to report and file our financial results accurately and timely could harm our reputation and adversely affect the trading price of our common stock. |
| ● | Sustained inflation could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity. |
| ● | Our board of directors is able to adopt recapitalizations through forward or reverse splits of our outstanding shares of common stock without stockholder approval. |
Risks Related to Our Business, Operations and Industry
We might not be able to continue as a going concern.
Our consolidated financial statements as of March 31, 2026 have been prepared under the assumption that we will continue as a going concern twelve months from the date of issuance of this Report. At March 31, 2026, we had cash and cash equivalents of $6.9 million and an accumulated deficit of $113.0 million. Subsequent to March 31, 2026, in April 2026, we closed a public offering for net proceeds of approximately $3.0 million. Even with these proceeds, we do not believe that our cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to fund our operations for the next 12 months, and we will need to raise additional capital. As a result of our expected operating losses and cash burn for the foreseeable future and recurring losses from operations, if we are unable to raise sufficient capital through additional debt or equity arrangements, there will be uncertainty regarding our ability to maintain liquidity sufficient to operate our business effectively, which raises substantial doubt as to our ability to continue as a going concern. If we cannot continue as a viable entity, our shareholders would likely lose most or all of their investment in us. If we are unable to generate sustainable operating profit and sufficient cash flows, then our future success will depend on our ability to raise capital. We intend to seek additional financing and evaluate financing alternatives in order to meet our cash requirements for the foreseeable future. We cannot be certain that raising additional capital, whether through selling additional debt or equity securities or obtaining a line of credit or other loan, will be available to us or, if available, will be on terms acceptable to us. If we issue additional securities to raise funds, these securities may have rights, preferences, or privileges senior to those of our common stock, and our current stockholders may experience dilution. If we are unable to obtain funds when needed or on acceptable terms, we may be required to curtail our current product development programs, cut operating costs, forego future development and other opportunities or even terminate our operations.
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We are an early commercial-stage medical device company and have a history of significant operating losses; we expect to continue to incur operating losses, and we may never achieve or maintain profitability.
We do not currently have revenues to generate cash flows to cover operating expenses. Since our inception, we have incurred operating losses each year due to costs incurred in connection with research and development activities and general and administrative expenses associated with our operations. For the years ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, we incurred net losses of approximately $28.2 million and $18.8 million, respectively. As a result, we will need to raise additional capital in the future, which may or may not be available to us at all or only on unfavorable terms.
We expect to incur losses for the foreseeable future as we continue to commercialize and seek to expand market acceptance of our insulin pump products. Our Pivot insulin pump is currently our only commercial product, and, if it fails to gain market acceptance, we may not be able to generate sufficient revenue, or explore other opportunities to enhance stockholder value, such as through a sale. If we fail to generate sufficient revenue and eventually become profitable, or if we are unable to fund our continuing losses, our stockholders could lose all or a substantial part of their investment.
We will need substantial additional funding to complete subsequent phases of the development of our insulin pump products and to operate our business and such funding may not be available or, if it is available, such financing is likely to substantially dilute our existing stockholders.
The discovery, development, and commercialization of new medical devices, such as our insulin pump, entails significant costs. We have completed the engineering and mechanical development of our insulin pump and cartridge, and obtained FDA clearance for our Pivot product. In addition, we have also implemented a production-level manufacturing process with a tier-one manufacturing partner. In June 2026, we announced commercial availability of our Pivot product and commenced initial shipments. To enable us to expand commercial activities and continue to operate our business, we will need to raise substantial additional capital and/or enter into strategic partnerships or joint ventures to enable us to:
| ● | seek European regulatory approvals with appropriate clinical studies, as required; |
| ● | expand and continue to improve our manufacturing and commercialization capabilities; |
| ● | develop, test, and, if approved, market our future product candidates; |
| ● | acquire or license additional internal systems and other infrastructure; and |
| ● | hire and support additional management, administrative, sales and marketing, and technical personnel. |
Until we can generate a sufficient amount of product revenue to finance our cash requirements, which we may never achieve, we expect to finance our cash needs primarily through public or private equity offerings, debt financings or through the establishment of possible strategic alliances. We may in the future seek additional capital from public or private offerings of our capital stock or borrow additional amounts under new credit lines or from other sources. If we issue equity or debt securities to raise additional funds, our existing stockholders may experience dilution, we may incur significant financing costs, and the new equity or debt securities may have rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of our existing stockholders. In addition, if we raise additional funds through collaborations, licensing, joint ventures, strategic alliances, partnership arrangements or other similar arrangements, it may be necessary to relinquish valuable rights to our pump products or our potential future products or proprietary technologies or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us.
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We cannot be certain that additional funding will be available on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are not able to secure additional equity funding when needed, we may have to delay, reduce the scope of, or eliminate one or more of our post-market clinical studies, development programs or future commercialization initiatives. In addition, any additional equity funding that we do obtain will dilute the ownership held by our existing equity holders. The amount of this dilution may be substantially increased if the trading price of our common stock is lower at the time of any financing. Regardless, the economic dilution to stockholders will be significant if our stock price does not increase significantly, or if the effective price of any sale is below the price paid by a particular stockholder. Any debt financing that we obtain in the future could involve substantial restrictions on activities and creditors could seek a pledge of some or all of our assets. We have not identified potential sources for such financing that we will require, and we do not have commitments from any third parties to provide any future debt financing. If we fail to obtain funding as needed, we may be forced to cease or scale back operations, and our business, prospects, results of operations, financial condition and stock price would be adversely affected.
We have a limited operating history and historical financial information upon which you may evaluate our performance.
You should consider, among other factors, our prospects for success in light of the risks and uncertainties encountered by companies that, like us, are in their early stages of development. We may not successfully address these risks and uncertainties or successfully complete our studies and/or implement our existing and new products. If we fail to do so, it could materially harm our business and impair the value of our common stock. Unanticipated problems, expenses and delays are frequently encountered in establishing a new business, conducting research, and developing new products. These include, but are not limited to, inadequate funding, failure to obtain regulatory approval, unforeseen research issues, lack of consumer, physician or third-party payor acceptance, competition, sluggish product development, and inadequate sales and marketing. The failure by us to meet any of these conditions would have a materially adverse effect upon us and may force us to reduce or curtail operations. No assurance can be given that we can or will ever operate profitably.
The amount of financing we require will depend on a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control. Our results of operations, financial condition and stock price are likely to be adversely affected if our funding requirements increase or are otherwise greater than we expect.
Our future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including, but not limited to:
| ● | the testing costs for our insulin pump product candidates and other development activities conducted by us directly, and our ability to successfully conclude the studies and activities and achieve favorable results; |
| ● | our ability to attract future strategic partners to pay for or share costs related to our product development efforts; |
| ● | the costs and timing of seeking and obtaining regulatory clearance and approvals for our product candidates; |
| ● | the costs of filing, prosecuting, maintaining and enforcing any patents and other intellectual property rights that we may have and defending against potential claims of infringement; |
| ● | decisions to hire additional scientific, engineering or administrative personnel or consultants; |
| ● | our ability to manage administrative and other costs of our operations; and |
| ● | the presence or absence of adverse developments in our research program. |
If any of these factors cause our funding needs to be greater than expected, our operations, financial condition, ability to continue operations and stock price may be adversely affected.
Our future cash requirements may differ significantly from our current estimates.
Our cash requirements may differ significantly from our estimates from time to time, depending on a number of factors, including:
| ● | the costs and results of our clinical studies regarding our insulin pump product candidates; |
| ● | the time and costs involved in obtaining regulatory clearance and approvals; |
| ● | whether we are able to obtain funding under future licensing agreements, strategic partnerships, or other collaborative relationships, if any; |
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| ● | the costs of compliance with laws, regulations, or judicial decisions applicable to us; and |
| ● | the costs of general and administrative infrastructure required to manage our business and protect corporate assets and stockholder interests. |
If we fail to raise additional funds on a timely basis, we will need to scale back our business plans, which would adversely affect our business, prospects, results of operations, financial condition, and stock price, and we may even be forced to discontinue our operations and liquidate our assets.
We may not be able to utilize a significant portion of our net operating losses and tax credits.
As of March 31, 2026, our federal and state net operating loss carryforwards (“NOLs”) totaled $74.6 million and $93.6 million, respectively. These NOLs are available to reduce future taxable income and will expire at various times from 2037 through 2046, except federal NOLs from fiscal 2018 and later, which will never expire. In addition, we had federal R&D tax credit carryforwards of $3.2 million which will expire in various years between 2038 through 2045.
Under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, a corporation that undergoes an “ownership change” is subject to limitations on its ability to utilize its pre-change net operating losses and other tax attributes to offset future taxable income or income tax. In general, an “ownership change” occurs if there is a greater than 50 percentage point change (by value) in a corporation’s equity ownership by certain stockholders over a rolling three year period. We may have experienced ownership changes in the past and may experience ownership changes in the future as a result of subsequent shifts in our stock ownership (many of which are outside our control). If it is determined that we have in the past experienced an ownership change, or if we undergo one or more ownership changes as a result of future transactions in our stock then we may not be able to utilize a material portion of our net operating losses prior to their expiration, even if we were to achieve profitability. To the extent we are not able to offset future taxable income with our net operating losses, our net income and cash flows may be adversely affected.
Technological breakthroughs in diabetes monitoring, treatment or prevention could render our insulin pump products obsolete.
The diabetes treatment market is subject to rapid technological change and product innovation. Our insulin pump products are based on our proprietary technology, but a number of companies, medical researchers and existing pharmaceutical companies are pursuing new delivery devices, delivery technologies, sensing technologies, procedures, drugs and other therapeutics for the monitoring, treatment and/or prevention of insulin-dependent diabetes. Any technological breakthroughs in diabetes monitoring, treatment or prevention could render our products obsolete, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, results of operations and financial condition and could result in stockholders losing their entire investment.
Any failure to attract and retain skilled directors, executives, employees and consultants could impair our product development and commercialization activities.
Our business depends on the skills, performance, and dedication of our directors, executive officers and key engineering, scientific and technical advisors. Many of our current engineering or scientific advisors are independent contractors and are either self employed or employed by other organizations. As a result, they may have conflicts of interest or other commitments, such as consulting or advisory contracts with other organizations, which may affect their ability to provide services to us in a timely manner. We will need to recruit additional directors, executive management employees, and advisers, particularly engineering, scientific and technical personnel, which will require additional financial resources. In addition, there is currently intense competition for skilled directors, executives and employees with relevant engineering, scientific and technical expertise, and this competition is likely to continue. If we are unable to attract and retain persons with sufficient engineering, scientific, technical and managerial experience, we may be forced to limit or delay our product development activities or may experience difficulties in successfully conducting our business, which would adversely affect our business, prospects, results of operations and financial condition.
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Our operations are substantially dependent upon key personnel.
Our performance is substantially dependent on the continued services and performance of our senior management and certain other key personnel. In particular, we are dependent on the performance and continued engagement of Paul DiPerna, our chairman, president and principal financial officer. Although we believe we will be able to engage qualified personnel for such purposes, an inability to do so could materially adversely affect our ability to market, sell, and enhance our products. While Mr. DiPerna is currently devoting his full-time working efforts to us, other employees and consultants may only be available to us on a part-time basis. The loss of services of one or more of our executive officers, especially Mr. DiPerna, or other key employees or our inability to hire and retain other qualified employees, including but not limited to research and development, sales, manufacturing, and administrative support staff, could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, results of operations and financial condition.
We have and will need to outsource and rely on third parties for various aspects relating to the development, manufacture, sales and marketing of our insulin pump products, as well as in connection with assisting us in the preparation and filing of our regulatory submissions, and our future success will be dependent on the timeliness and effectiveness of the efforts of these third parties.
We are dependent on third parties for important aspects of our business strategy. We do not have the required financial resources and personnel to carry out independently all aspects of the development of our products, and have limited resources to manufacture, market and sell our current product candidate. As a result, we contract with and rely on third parties for important functions, including in connection with certain aspects of the development and finalization of our products, the preparation and filing of our regulatory submissions and manufacturing and commercialization of our pump products. We have in the past and will continue to enter into multiple agreements with third parties for such services. If problems develop in our relationships with third parties, or if such parties fail to perform as expected, it could lead to delays or lack of progress in obtaining regulatory clearance, significant cost increases, changes in our strategies, and even failure of our product initiatives.
We may not be able to identify, negotiate and maintain the strategic alliances necessary to develop and commercialize our products and technologies, and we will be dependent on our corporate partners if we do.
We may seek to enter into a strategic alliance with a diabetes-related service providing company for the further development and approval of our insulin pump product candidate. At this time, we have not entered into any such strategic alliance. Strategic alliances, if entered into, could potentially provide us with additional funds, expertise, access, and other resources in exchange for exclusive or non-exclusive licenses or other rights to the product that we are currently developing or a product we may explore in the future. We cannot give any assurance that we will be able to enter into strategic relationships with a diabetes-related service providing company or others in the near future or at all. In addition, we cannot assure you that any agreements that we do reach will allow us to achieve our goals or that such grants will be on terms that prove to be economically beneficial to us. When we do enter into strategic or contractual relationships, we become dependent on the successful performance of our partners or counter-parties. If they fail to perform as expected, such failure could adversely affect our financial condition, lead to increases in our capital needs, or hinder or delay our development efforts. See “Our Business-Employees” below.
We may not receive the necessary regulatory clearance or approvals for our insulin pump products, and failure to timely obtain necessary clearances and/or approvals could harm our then operations, including our ability to commercialize our products.
Before we can market a new medical device, such as our insulin pump, we must first receive clearance under Section 510(k) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or the “FDCA.” In the 510(k) clearance process, before a device may be marketed, the FDA must determine that such proposed device is “substantially equivalent” to a legally-marketed “predicate” device, which includes a device that has been previously cleared through the 510(k) process, a device that was legally marketed prior to May 28, 1976 (preamendments device), a device that was originally on the U.S. market pursuant to a premarket approval (PMA) and later down classified, or a 510(k)-exempt device. To be “substantially equivalent,” the proposed device must have the same intended use as the predicate device, and either have the same technological characteristics as the predicate device or have different technological characteristics and not raise different questions of safety or effectiveness than the predicate device. We have received FDA clearance to market and sell our initial pump products, our MODD1 and Pivot, in the United States. Our Pivot product is the product that we intend to commercialize in the fall of 2026.
We expect that future versions of our pump products will require FDA 510(k) approvals. The 510(k) clearance process can be expensive, lengthy and uncertain. The FDA’s 510(k) clearance process usually takes less than 12 months, but it can last longer. Despite the time, effort and cost, a device may not be approved or cleared by the FDA. Any delay or failure to obtain necessary regulatory authorizations could harm our business, including our ability to commercialize our future product candidates and our stockholders could lose their entire investment. Furthermore, even if we are granted the required regulatory authorizations, such authorizations may be subject to significant limitations on the indicated uses for the device, which may limit the market for our future product candidates.
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If the FDA requires us to go through a lengthier, more rigorous examination for our future product candidates than we had expected, product introductions or modifications could be delayed or canceled, which could adversely affect our ability to grow our business.
The FDA can delay, limit or deny clearance or approval for our product candidates for many reasons, including, for example:
| ● | our inability to demonstrate to the satisfaction of the FDA that a product candidate is substantially equivalent to the proposed predicate device; |
| ● | the disagreement of the FDA with the design or implementation of our performance testing protocols or the interpretation of data from our performance testing; |
| ● | the data from performance testing may be insufficient to support a determination of substantial equivalence or that our device meets required special controls or applicable performance standards; |
| ● | our inability to demonstrate that the benefits of our pump outweigh the risks; |
| ● | the manufacturing process or facilities we intend to use may not meet applicable requirements; for example, we experienced issues maintaining insulin stability on an initial version of our MODD1 product, and we attributed this issue to the materials used in the initial production process; we made the necessary changes to our materials and process to address this issue to obtain FDA clearance for the MODD1 product; and |
| ● | the potential for approval policies or regulations of the FDA to change significantly in a manner rendering our data or regulatory filings insufficient for clearance or approval. |
In addition, the FDA may change its clearance and approval policies, adopt additional regulations or revise existing regulations, or take other actions, which may prevent or delay approval or clearance of our future product candidates or impact our ability to modify our future product candidate after clearance on a timely basis. Such policy or regulatory changes could impose additional requirements upon us that could delay our ability to obtain clearance for our proposed future pump products, increase the costs of compliance or restrict our ability to maintain our current approval.
As a general rule, demonstration of conformity of medical devices and their manufacturers with the essential requirements must be based, among other things, on the evaluation of data supporting the safety and performance of the product candidates during normal conditions of use. Specifically, a manufacturer must demonstrate that the device achieves its intended performance during normal conditions of use, that the known and foreseeable risks, and any adverse events, are minimized and acceptable when weighed against the benefits of its intended performance, and that any claims made about the performance and safety of the device are supported by suitable evidence.
We have a limited operating history upon which to evaluate our business and forecast our future sales and operating results and may face difficulties frequently encountered by companies in competitive and rapidly-evolving markets.
We have a limited operating history upon which to evaluate our business and forecast our future sales and operating results. In June 2026, we announced commercial availability of, and commenced initial shipments of, our Pivot insulin delivery system in the United States, and we intend to expand commercial activities across metropolitan markets by late 2026. This is our first commercial product launch. We previously received FDA clearance for our MODD1 pump in September 2024, but we do not intend to commercialize the MODD1 product. In assessing our business prospects, you should consider these factors as well as the various risks and difficulties frequently encountered by companies in competitive and rapidly evolving markets, particularly those facing emerging growth companies that manufacture and sell medical devices.
These risks include our ability to:
| ● | implement and execute our business strategy; |
| ● | manage and improve the productivity of our sales, clinical and marketing infrastructure to grow sales of our Pivot insulin pump and any future products; |
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| ● | gain acceptance of our Pivot pump among people with insulin-dependent diabetes, their caregivers and healthcare providers, particularly the “Almost Pumpers,” who are our primary target market; |
| ● | comply with a broad range of regulatory requirements within a highly regulated industry; |
| ● | enhance our manufacturing capabilities with our manufacturing partner, Phillips Medisize, increase production of our Pivot pump efficiently while maintaining quality standards, and adapt our manufacturing facilities to the production of new products; |
| ● | respond effectively to competitive pressures from established insulin pump manufacturers such as Medtronic, Tandem and Insulet; |
| ● | enhance our Pivot pump and develop future products; |
| ● | obtain and maintain regulatory clearance or approval to enhance our existing products and commercialize proposed products; |
| ● | perform any required clinical trials with respect to our existing products and proposed products; and |
| ● | attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel in various areas of our business. |
Due to our limited operating history, we may not have the institutional knowledge or experience to be able to effectively address these and other risks that may face our business. In addition, we may not be able to develop insights into trends that could emerge and negatively affect our business and may fail to respond effectively to those trends. As a result of these or other risks, we may not be able to execute key components of our business strategy, and our business, financial condition and operating results may suffer.
We have a limited commercial history and limited experience marketing and selling our products. We only recently launched our commercial product, which may make it difficult to evaluate the prospects for our future viability and predict our future performance.
We are a commercial-stage medical device company with limited commercial history and may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other known and unknown obstacles. We announced commercial availability of our Pivot insulin delivery system in June 2026 and therefore do not have a long history operating as a commercial company. Our limited commercial history and limited number of cleared products makes it difficult to evaluate our current business and predict our future performance. These factors also make it difficult for us to forecast our future financial performance and growth. Although we intend to expand commercial activities across metropolitan markets by late 2026, any assessment of our future revenue, profitability or prediction about our future success or viability is subject to significant uncertainty. We have encountered in the past, and will encounter in the future, risks and uncertainties frequently experienced by growing companies in emerging and rapidly changing industries, including scaling up our infrastructure and headcount, developing relationships with distributors and diabetes educator practices, and building brand awareness among Almost Pumpers and healthcare providers. If our assumptions regarding these risks and uncertainties, which we use to plan and operate our business, are incorrect or change, or if we do not address these risks successfully, our results of operations could differ materially from our expectations, and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
Obtaining marketing authorization in the United States will not obviate the need to obtain marketing authorization in other jurisdictions We must obtain approval from foreign regulatory authorities before we can market and sell any of our product candidates in countries outside the United States. We will incur additional costs in seeking such approvals, may experience delays in obtaining such approvals and cannot be certain that such approvals will be granted.
The development, manufacture, and marketing of our product candidates outside the United States is subject to government regulation. In most foreign countries, we must complete rigorous pre-clinical testing and extensive human clinical trials that demonstrate the safety and efficacy of a product in order to apply for regulatory approval to market the product. If foreign regulatory authorities grant regulatory approval of a product, the approval may be limited to specific indications or limited with respect to its distribution. Expanded or additional indications for approved devices may not be approved, which could limit our potential revenues. Foreign regulatory authorities may refuse to grant any approval. Consequently, even if we believe that preclinical and clinical data are sufficient to support regulatory approval for our products, foreign regulatory authorities may not ultimately grant approval for commercial sale in any jurisdiction. If our product candidates are not approved in such jurisdictions, our ability to generate revenues will be limited and our business will be adversely affected.
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Our competitors may develop products that are more effective, safer and less expensive than ours.
Existing insulin pumps are expensive, with the more popular models receiving reimbursement exceeding $4,000 under durable medical equipment or pharmacy benefit coverage from individuals without health insurance and often requiring significant patient copays. Others have daily use costs that exceed the reimbursement rates of many health insurance plans, forcing some users to spend thousands of dollars a year in copays. We believe this makes insurers hesitant to pay for any pumps and places pumps out of reach for many patients who cannot afford such out of pocket expenses.
We are engaged in the diabetes treatment sector of the healthcare marketplace, which is intensely competitive. There are current products that are quite effective at addressing the effects of diabetes, and we expect that new developments by other companies and academic institutions in the areas of diabetes treatment will continue. If approved for marketing by the FDA, depending on the approved clinical indication, our product will be competing with existing and future products related to treatments for diabetes.
Our competitors may:
| ● | develop product candidates and market products that increase the levels of safety or efficacy that our product candidates will need to show in order to obtain regulatory approval; |
| ● | develop product candidates and market products that are less expensive or more effective than ours; |
| ● | commercialize competing products before we can launch any products we are working to develop; |
| ● | hold or obtain proprietary rights that could prevent us from commercializing our products; or |
| ● | introduce therapies or market medical products that render our current product and future product candidates obsolete. |
We expect to compete against large medical device companies, such as Medtronic, Inc., Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc. and Insulet Corporation, smaller companies that are collaborating with larger medical device companies, new companies, academic institutions, government agencies and other public and private research organizations. These competitors, in nearly all cases, produce similar products relative to the treatment of diabetes and have substantially greater financial resources than we do. Some of our competitors also have significantly greater experience in:
| ● | developing medical device and other product candidates; |
| ● | undertaking testing and clinical studies; |
| ● | building relationships with key customers and opinion-leading physicians; |
| ● | obtaining and maintaining FDA and other regulatory approvals; |
| ● | formulating and manufacturing medical devices; |
| ● | launching, marketing and selling medical devices; |
| ● | providing management oversight for all of the above-listed operational functions; and |
| ● | obtaining insurance coverage and reimbursement for their competitive products. |
If we fail to achieve acceptance over other existing or newly developed products, we may be unable to obtain regulatory approval or successfully commercialize our future insulin pump product candidates. If our competitors’ market medical devices that are less expensive, safer or more effective than our insulin pump, or that gain or maintain greater market acceptance, we may not be able to compete effectively, which would adversely affect our business, prospects, results of operations and financial condition. See “Business - Competition.”
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We expect to rely on third-party manufacturers and will be dependent on their quality and effectiveness.
Our insulin pump requires precise, high-quality manufacturing. The failure to achieve and maintain high manufacturing standards, including failure to detect or control anticipated or unanticipated manufacturing errors or the frequent occurrence of such errors, could result in patient injury or death, discontinuance or delay of ongoing or planned clinical studies, delays or failures in product testing or delivery, cost overruns, product recalls or withdrawals and other problems that could seriously hurt our business. Contract medical device manufacturers often encounter difficulties involving production yields, quality control and quality assurance and shortages of qualified personnel. These manufacturers are subject to stringent regulatory requirements, including the FDA’s current good-manufacturing-practices regulations. If our contract manufacturers fail to maintain ongoing compliance at any time, the production of our product could be interrupted, resulting in delays or discontinuance of our clinical studies, additional costs and loss of potential revenues.
We may not be able to successfully scale-up manufacturing of our products in sufficient quality and quantity, which would delay or prevent us from commercializing our products.
In order to conduct larger-scale or late-stage clinical studies and for commercialization of our insulin pump products, we will need to manufacture it in larger quantities. We may not be able to successfully increase the manufacturing capacity for our Pivot product or future product candidates in a timely or cost-effective manner, or at all. In addition, quality issues may arise during scale-up activities. If we are unable to successfully scale up the manufacture of our product candidates in sufficient quality and quantity, the development and testing of our product candidates and regulatory approval or commercial launch may be delayed, which could significantly harm our business.
We are dependent upon third-party suppliers to manufacture our product, and this makes us vulnerable to supply shortages and price increases; we may not be able to obtain an adequate supply of components on a timely basis or at all.
The manufacture of our product will require the timely delivery of sufficient amounts of components from multiple suppliers in various countries. We have been working closely with our suppliers to ensure continuity of supply, but we cannot guarantee these efforts will be successful. Due to the supply chain issues experienced by the semiconductor industry, at times, we have experienced delays obtaining integrated circuits from certain suppliers. We may need to enter into “take or pay” contracts with suppliers. We have also seen price increases for various components. We do not have supply agreements with any of our suppliers, and we make purchases based on individual purchase orders. An interruption, delay, or inability to obtain components from our third-party suppliers at acceptable prices in a timely manner, could hinder our ability to manufacture our products and have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.
We may be subject to potential product liability and other claims that could materially impact our business and financial condition.
The marketing and sale of our insulin pump exposes us to the risk of significant damages from product liability and other claims, and the use of our product in clinical studies may result in adverse effects from liability claims. We cannot predict all the possible harms or adverse effects that may result. We have obtained product liability insurance to provide some protection from potential claims. Nonetheless, we may not have sufficient resources to pay for any liabilities resulting from a personal injury or other claim, even if it is partially covered by insurance. In addition to the possibility of direct claims, we may be required to indemnify third parties against damages and other liabilities arising out of our development, commercialization and other business activities, which would increase our liability exposure. If third parties that have agreed to indemnify us fail to do so, we may be held responsible for those damages and other liabilities as well.
Legislative, regulatory, or medical cost reimbursement changes may adversely impact our business.
New laws, regulations and judicial decisions, or new interpretations of existing laws, regulations and decisions, that relate to the health care system in the U.S. and in other jurisdictions may change the nature of and regulatory requirements relating to innovations in medical devices, testing and regulatory approvals, limit or eliminate payments for medical procedures and treatments, or subject the pricing of medical devices to government control. In addition, third-party payors in the U.S. are increasingly attempting to contain health care costs by limiting both coverage and the level of reimbursement of new products. Consequently, significant uncertainty exists as to the reimbursement status of newly approved health care products. Significant changes in the health care system in the U.S. or elsewhere, including changes resulting from adverse trends in third-party reimbursement programs, could have a material adverse effect on our projected future operating results and our ability to raise capital, commercialize products, and remain in business.
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We are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA, which could restrict the sales and marketing of our insulin pump products and could cause us to incur significant costs.
Our insulin pump products are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA. These regulations relate to manufacturing, labeling, sale, promotion, distribution and shipping. Before a new medical device, or a new intended use of a legally marketed device, can be marketed in the United States, it must be cleared or approved by the FDA through the applicable premarket review process (510(k), PMA, or de novo classification), unless an exemption applies. While we have received 510(k) clearance for our initial insulin pump products, the MODD1 and Pivot, we may be required to obtain new 510(k) clearances for significant, post-market modifications to our pump products. Each premarket submission and review process can be expensive and lengthy, and entail significant user fees, unless exempt.
Medical devices may be marketed only for the indications for which they are approved or cleared. Further, 510(k) clearance can be revoked if safety or effectiveness problems develop once the device is on the market.
The current regulatory requirements to which we are subject may change in the future in a way that adversely affects us. If we fail to comply with present or future regulatory requirements that are applicable to us, we may be subject to enforcement action by the FDA, which may include any of the following sanctions:
| ● | untitled letters, warning letters, fines, injunctions, consent decrees and civil penalties; |
| ● | customer notification, or orders for repair, replacement or refunds; |
| ● | voluntary or mandatory recall or seizure of our current or future products; |
| ● | administrative detention by the FDA of medical devices believed to be adulterated or misbranded; |
| ● | imposing operating restrictions, suspension or shutdown of production; |
| ● | refusing our requests for 510(k) clearance, PMA or de-novo classification of any new products, new intended uses or modifications to our insulin pump; |
| ● | rescinding 510(k) clearance that has already been granted; and |
| ● | criminal prosecution. |
The occurrence of any of these events would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and could result in stockholders losing their entire investment.
Although our insulin pump products do not presently require clinical trials to apply to the FDA for clearance, and even if a clinical trial is completed, the results of our clinical testing may not demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the device or may be equivocal or otherwise not be sufficient for us to obtain approval of our product candidates.
Clinical trials are almost always required to support a PMA application and may also be required to support 510(k) submissions, although at this time our products do not require a PMA. If the device presents a “significant risk” to human health as defined by the FDA, the FDA requires the study sponsor to submit an investigational device exemption, or IDE, application and obtain IDE approval prior to commencing human clinical trials. The IDE must be supported by appropriate data, such as animal and laboratory testing results, showing that it is safe to test the device in humans and that the testing protocol is scientifically sound. An IDE will automatically become effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless the FDA denies the application or notifies the sponsor that the investigation is on hold and may not begin until the sponsor provides supplemental information about the investigation that satisfies the agency’s concerns. The FDA may also notify the sponsor that the study is approved as proposed. If the FDA determines that there are deficiencies or other concerns with an IDE that require modification of the study, the FDA may permit a clinical trial to proceed under conditional approval. Furthermore, the agency may withdraw approval of an IDE under certain circumstances. Clinical trials for a significant risk device may begin once an IDE is approved by the FDA and the appropriate Institutional Review Board, or IRB, at each clinical trial site. If the product is deemed a “non-significant risk” device, IDE approval from the FDA would not be required, but the clinical trial would need to meet other requirements including IRB approval. Our clinical trials must be conducted in accordance with FDA regulations and federal and state regulations concerning human subject protection, including informed consent and healthcare privacy. A clinical trial may be suspended by the FDA or at a specific site by the relevant IRB at any time for various reasons, including a determination that the risks to the trial participants outweigh the benefits of participation in the clinical trial. Even if a clinical trial is completed, the results of our clinical testing may not demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the device or may be equivocal or otherwise not be sufficient for us to obtain approval of our product.
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Our success depends substantially upon our ability to obtain and maintain intellectual property protection relating to our insulin pump products and research technologies.
We have applied to the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or the USPTO, and various foreign patent agencies for patents on our proprietary fluid movement technology and our insulin delivery methodology. To date, the USPTO has granted six patents to us, and we have been awarded four patents by foreign jurisdictions. We have additional applications pending and in various stages of review by the USPTO and foreign patent agencies. There can be no assurance that we will be issued additional patents by the USPTO or foreign patent agencies and that any of our patents will prevent other companies from competing with us. We will continue to attempt to patent our innovations, as appropriate, to help ensure a sustainable competitive advantage.
Due to evolving legal standards relating to the patentability, validity and enforceability of patents covering health care product inventions, our ability to enforce our existing patents and to obtain and enforce patents that may issue from any pending or future patent applications is uncertain and involves complex legal, scientific and factual questions. To date, no consistent policy has emerged regarding the breadth of claims allowed in medical device patents. Thus, we cannot be sure that any patents will issue from any pending or future patent applications owned by or licensed to us. Even if patents do issue, we cannot be sure that the claims of these patents will be held valid or enforceable by a court of law, will provide us with any significant protection against competing products, or will afford us a commercial advantage over competitive products. If, at some point in the future, one or more products resulting from our product candidates is approved for sale by the FDA and we do not have adequate intellectual property protection for those products, competitors could duplicate them for approval and sale in the United States without repeating the extensive testing required of us to obtain FDA approval.
If we are sued for infringing on third-party intellectual property rights, it will be costly and time-consuming, and an unfavorable outcome would have a significant adverse effect on our business.
Our ability to commercialize our pump products depends on our ability to use, manufacture and sell our product current and future product candidates without infringing the patents or other proprietary rights of third parties. Numerous U.S. and foreign issued patents and pending patent applications owned by third parties exist in the diabetes medical device area. There may be existing patents, unknown to us, on which our activities with our insulin pump products could infringe.
If a third party claims that our actions infringe on its patents or other proprietary rights, we could face a number of issues that could materially harm our competitive position, including, but not limited to:
| ● | infringement and other intellectual property claims that, even if meritless, can be costly and time-consuming, delay the regulatory approval process and divert management’s attention from our core business operations; |
| ● | an order that we pay substantial damages for infringement, including consequential damages for lost of profits or market share, if a court determines that our products or technologies infringe on a third party’s patent or other proprietary rights; |
| ● | a court prohibiting us from selling or licensing our products or technologies unless the holder licenses the patent or other proprietary rights to us, which it is not required to do; and |
| ● | even if a license is available from a holder, we may have to pay substantial royalties or grant cross-licenses to our patents or other proprietary rights. |
If any of these events occur, it could significantly harm our operations and financial condition and negatively affect our stock price.
If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our proprietary information, the value of our technology and products could be adversely affected.
In addition to patented technology and technology for which patent protection is being sought, we rely on our unpatented technology, trade secrets and know-how. We generally seek to protect this information by confidentiality, non-disclosure and assignment of invention agreements with our officers, employees, contractors and other service providers and with parties with which we do business. These agreements may be breached, which breach may result in the misappropriation of such information, and we may not have adequate remedies for any such breach. We cannot be certain that the steps we have taken will prevent unauthorized use or reverse engineering of our technology.
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Moreover, our trade secrets may be disclosed to or otherwise become known or be independently developed by competitors. To the extent that our officers, employees, contractors, other service providers, or other third parties with whom we do business use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related or resulting know-how and inventions. If, for any of the above reasons, our intellectual property is disclosed or misappropriated, it would harm our ability to protect our rights and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Intellectual property rights do not necessarily address all potential threats to our competitive advantage.
The degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual property rights is uncertain because intellectual property rights have limitations, and may not adequately protect our business, or permit us to gain and maintain a competitive advantage. The following examples are illustrative:
| ● | others may be able to make devices that are similar to our insulin pump but that are not covered by the claims of the patents that we own; |
| ● | we or any collaborators might not have been the first to make the inventions covered by the issued patents or pending patent applications that we own; |
| ● | we might not have been the first to file patent applications covering certain of our inventions; |
| ● | others may independently develop similar or alternative technologies or duplicate any of our technologies without infringing our intellectual property rights; |
| ● | it is possible that our pending patent applications will not lead to issued patents; |
| ● | issued patents that we own may not provide us with any competitive advantages, or may be held invalid or unenforceable as a result of legal challenges; |
| ● | our competitors might conduct research and development activities in the U.S. and other countries that provide a safe harbor from patent infringement claims for certain research and development activities, as well as in countries where we do not have patent rights, and then use the information learned from such activities to develop competitive products for sale in our major commercial markets; and |
| ● | we may not develop additional proprietary technologies that are patentable. |
Healthcare reform and drug-pricing reform laws could adversely affect our products and financial condition.
In the United States, there have been, and continue to be, a number of legislative initiatives to contain healthcare costs. In March 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Affordability Reconciliation Act (ACA), was enacted in the United States, which made a number of substantial changes in the way healthcare is financed by both governmental and private insurers. Among other ways in which it may affect our business, the ACA implemented payment system reforms, including a national pilot program on payment bundling to encourage hospitals, physicians, and other providers to improve the coordination, quality, and efficiency of certain healthcare services through bundled payment models and expanded the eligibility criteria for Medicaid programs. Since its enactment, there have been judicial, executive, and Congressional challenges to certain aspects of the ACA. It is unclear how the ACA and its implementation, as well as efforts to repeal or replace, or invalidate, the ACA, or portions thereof, will affect our insulin pump or our business. Additional legislative changes, regulatory changes, and judicial challenges related to the ACA remain possible. It is possible that the ACA, as currently enacted or as it may be amended in the future, and other healthcare reform measures that may be adopted in the future, could have an adverse effect on our industry generally and on our ability to commercialize our insulin pump products and achieve profitability. We have assumed in all of our financial projections that there is not an increase in the reimbursement for our products through the pharmacy or durable medical equipment routes.
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Drug pricing continues to be a subject of debate at the executive and legislative levels of U.S. government. The American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 eliminated the statutory cap on rebates that drug manufacturers pay to Medicaid beginning January 1, 2024. With the elimination of the rebate cap, manufacturers may be required to compensate states in an amount greater than what the state Medicaid programs pay for the drug. Additionally, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 contains substantial drug pricing reforms, including the establishment of a drug price negotiation program within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services that would require manufacturers to charge a negotiated “maximum fair price” for certain selected drugs or pay an excise tax for noncompliance, the establishment of rebate payment requirements on manufacturers of certain drugs payable under Medicare Parts B and D to penalize price increases that outpace inflation, and requires manufacturers to provide discounts on Part D drugs. Substantial penalties can be assessed for noncompliance with the drug pricing provisions in the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022. The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 could have the effect of reducing the prices we can charge and reimbursement we receive for our products, if approved, thereby reducing our profitability, and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects. The effect of Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 on our business and the pharmaceutical industry in general is not yet known.
At the state level, legislatures have increasingly passed legislation and implemented regulations designed to control pharmaceutical product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing. We expect that additional federal, state and foreign healthcare reform measures will be adopted in the future, any of which could limit the amounts that federal and state governments will pay for healthcare products and services, which could result in limited coverage and reimbursement and reduced demand for our products, once approved, or additional pricing pressures.
These and other healthcare reform measures that may be adopted in the future may result in more rigorous coverage criteria and in additional downward pressure on the price that we receive for any current product or future product candidate. Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare or other government healthcare programs may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payors. The implementation of cost containment measures or other healthcare reforms may prevent us from being able to generate revenue, attain profitability or commercialize our products. Legislative and regulatory proposals have been made to expand post approval requirements and restrict sales and promotional activities for drugs. We cannot be sure whether additional legislative changes will be enacted, or whether the FDA regulations, guidance or interpretations will be changed, or what the impact of such changes on the marketing approvals of any current or future product candidates, if any, may be. In addition, increased Congressional scrutiny of the FDA’s approval process may significantly delay or prevent marketing approval, as well as subject us to more stringent product labeling and post-marketing testing and other requirements.
Even if we are able to obtain all regulatory approvals and have completed all other steps needed to be taken to commercialize our insulin pump, if we or any contract manufacturers we select fail to comply with the FDA’s quality system regulations, the manufacturing and distribution of our products could be interrupted, and our sales and operating results could suffer.
We have established initial, low-volume manufacturing capability in our facility and with a tier one medical device contract manufacturer. We and the contract manufacturer of our insulin pump products will be required to comply with the FDA’s quality system regulations, which impose a complex regulatory framework that covers the procedures and documentation of the design, testing, production, control, quality assurance, labeling, packaging, sterilization, storage and shipping of medical devices. The FDA enforces its quality system regulations through periodic unannounced inspections. We cannot assure that, in the future, any manufacturing facilities owned by us or any contract manufacturer will pass any quality system inspection. In the event that our or any contract manufacturer’s facilities fails a quality system inspection, the manufacturing or distribution of our products could be interrupted and our operations disrupted. Failure to take adequate and timely corrective action in response to an adverse quality system inspection could force a suspension or shutdown of any packaging and labeling operations or then manufacturing operations of any contract manufacturers, or a recall of our insulin pump products. If any of these events were to occur, we at such time would not be able to provide our customers with the quantity of insulin pumps that they require on a timely basis, our reputation could be harmed and we could lose any customers we then have, any or all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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We may bring infringement claims or other legal proceedings against third parties, causing us to spend substantial resources on litigation and exposing our own intellectual property portfolio to challenge.
We may come to believe that third parties are infringing on our patents or other proprietary rights. To prevent infringement or unauthorized use, we may need to file infringement and/or misappropriation suits, which are very expensive and time-consuming, could result in meritorious counterclaims against us and would distract management’s attention. Also, in an infringement or misappropriation proceeding, a court may decide that one or more of our patents is invalid, unenforceable, or both, in which case third parties may be able to use our technology without paying license fees or royalties. Even if the validity of our patents is upheld, a court may refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue on the grounds that the other party’s activities are not covered by our patents. See “Business - Patents,” below.
We may become involved in disputes with our present or future contract partners over intellectual property ownership or other matters, which would have a significant effect on our business.
Inventions discovered in the course of performance of contracts with third parties or contractors may become jointly owned by such third-party contractors and us, in some cases, and the exclusive property of one of us, in other cases. Under some circumstances, it may be difficult to determine who owns a particular invention or whether it is jointly owned, and disputes could arise regarding ownership or use of those inventions or jointly developed improvements thereto. Other disputes may also arise relating to the performance or alleged breach of our agreements with third parties. Any disputes could be costly and time-consuming, and an unfavorable outcome could have a significant adverse effect on our business.
Our insulin pump products may be subject to recalls, which would harm our reputation, business operations and financial results.
The FDA has the authority to require the recall of our pump products, if we commence manufacturing of our insulin pumps, and we, or any contract manufacturers we retain, fail to comply with relevant regulations pertaining to manufacturing practices, labeling, advertising or promotional activities, or if new information is obtained concerning the safety or efficacy of the device. A government-mandated recall could occur if the FDA finds that there is a reasonable probability that our device would cause serious, adverse health consequences or death. A voluntary recall by us could occur as a result of manufacturing defects, labeling deficiencies, packaging defects or other failures to comply with applicable regulations. Any recall would divert management’s attention and financial resources and harm our reputation with customers. A recall involving our insulin pump products would be particularly harmful to our business, financial condition and results of operations because these are currently our only products.
Our current insulin pump product does not yet have reimbursement and is not approved for insurance coverage. If, in the future, we are otherwise able to commercialize our insulin pump products, but are unable to obtain adequate reimbursement or insurance coverage for such product from third-party payors, we will be unable to generate significant revenue.
Our Pivot insulin pump is not yet eligible for reimbursement and is not approved for insurance coverage. The future availability of insurance coverage and reimbursement for newly approved medical devices is highly uncertain. In the United States, patients using insulin pumps are generally reimbursed for all or part of the product cost by Medicare or other third-party payors. Any future commercial success of our insulin pump products will be substantially dependent on whether third-party coverage and reimbursement is available for future customers. Medicare, Medicaid, health maintenance organizations and other third-party payors are increasingly attempting to contain healthcare costs by limiting both coverage and the level of reimbursement of new medical devices, and, as a result, they may not cover or provide adequate reimbursement for our insulin pump, assuming we are able to fully develop and obtain all regulatory approval to market it in the United States. In addition, in certain countries, no uniform policy of coverage and reimbursement for medical device products and services exists among third- party payors. Therefore, coverage and reimbursement for medical device products and services can differ significantly from payor to payor. In addition, payors continually review new technologies for possible coverage and can, without notice, deny coverage for these new products and procedures. As a result, the coverage determination process is often a time-consuming and costly process that will require us to provide scientific and clinical support for the use of our products to each payor separately, with no assurance that coverage and adequate reimbursement will be obtained or maintained, if obtained. Reimbursement systems in international markets vary significantly by country and by region within some countries, and reimbursement approvals must be obtained on a country-by-country basis. In many international markets, a product must be approved for reimbursement before it can be approved for sale in that country. Further, many international markets have government-managed healthcare systems that control reimbursement for new devices and procedures. Accordingly, unless government and other third-party payors provide coverage and reimbursement for our insulin pump products, patients may not use it, which would cause investors to lose their entire investment.
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Risks Related to Our Securities
Any disruption and/or instability in economic conditions and capital markets could adversely affect our ability to access the capital markets, and thus adversely affect our business and liquidity.
Negative economic conditions and instability or uncertainty in the financial markets could have a negative impact on our ability to access the capital markets, and thus have a negative impact on our then operations and liquidity. We face certain risks in the event of a sustained deterioration of financial market liquidity, as well as in the event of sustained deterioration in the liquidity, or failure, of our banking, cash management and custodial financial institutions. A general shortage of liquidity and credit combined with the substantial losses in worldwide equity markets could lead to an extended worldwide recession in the future. If such occurred, we would face significant challenges if conditions in the capital markets did not improve. Our ability to access the capital markets under such circumstances could be severely restricted at a time when we need to access such markets, which could have a negative impact on our business plans. Even if we are able to raise capital under such circumstances, it may not be at a price or on terms that are favorable to us. We cannot predict the occurrence of future disruptions or how long such negative conditions might continue.
International trade policies, including protectionist trade policies, such as tariffs and sanctions, could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Due to the interconnectedness of the global economy, policy changes in one area of the world can have an immediate and material adverse impact on markets around the world. Changes in international trade policies, including: (i) changes to existing trade agreements; (ii) greater restrictions on free trade generally; and (iii) significant increases in customs duties and tariffs on goods imported into the United States and reciprocal actions by other countries, could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Current or future tariffs or other restrictive trade measures may raise the costs of raw materials, components or finished goods, which may adversely impact both our product offerings and our operational expenses. Such cost increases may reduce our margins and require us to increase prices, which could harm our competitive position, reduce customer demand and damage customer relationships.
Trade disputes, trade restrictions, tariffs and other political tensions between the U.S. and other countries may also exacerbate unfavorable macroeconomic conditions including inflationary pressures, foreign exchange volatility, financial market instability, and economic recessions or downturns, which may also negatively impact customer demand for our products or services, delay purchases or renewals, limit expansion opportunities with customers, limit our access to capital, or otherwise negatively impact our business and operations. Ongoing tariff, trade restrictions and macroeconomic uncertainty has and may continue to contribute to volatility in the price of our common stock.
Ongoing uncertainty regarding trade policies may also complicate our short- and long-term strategic planning, and that of our partners and customers, including decisions regarding hiring, product strategy, capital investment, supply chain design and geographic expansion.
While we continue to monitor trade developments, the ultimate impact of these risks remains uncertain and any prolonged economic downturn, escalation in trade tensions, or deterioration in international perception of U.S.-based companies could materially and adversely affect our supply chain, as well as our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, tariffs and other trade developments have and may continue to heighten the risks related to the other risk factors described in this Report.
Third parties might attempt to gain unauthorized access to our network or seek to compromise our products.
Our business is dependent on the security and efficacy of our networks and computer and data management systems, and we rely on our internal computer networks for many of the systems we use to operate our business generally. From time to time, we may face attempts by others to gain unauthorized access through the Internet or otherwise or to introduce malicious software to our information technology systems. We or our products may be a target of computer hackers, organizations or malicious attackers who attempt to:
| ● | gain access to our network; |
| ● | steal proprietary information related to our business, products and employees; or |
| ● | interrupt our systems. |
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From time to time, we may encounter attempts at gaining unauthorized access to our network, and we periodically run security checks. While we seek to detect and investigate unauthorized attempts and attacks against our network and products of which we become aware, and to prevent their recurrence where practicable through changes to our internal processes and tools and/or changes to our products, we remain potentially vulnerable to additional known or unknown threats. In addition to intentional security breaches, the integrity and confidentiality of Company and customer data and our intellectual property may be compromised as a result of human error, product defects, or technological failures. Different geographic markets may have different regulations regarding data protection, raising potential compliance risks. Further, retaliatory acts by foreign governments or terrorist organizations in response to policies of the United States government could include cyber-attacks that could disrupt the economy more generally or that could also impact our operations directly or indirectly. Any failure or perceived failure by us or our service providers to prevent information security breaches or other incidents or system disruptions, or any compromise of security that results in or is perceived or reported to result in unauthorized access to, or loss, theft, alteration, release or transfer of, our information, or any personal information, confidential information, or other data could result in loss or theft of proprietary or sensitive data and intellectual property, could harm our reputation and competitive position and could expose us to legal claims, regulatory investigations and proceedings, and fines, penalties, and other liability. Any such actual or perceived security breach, incident or system disruption could also divert the efforts of our personnel, and could require us to incur significant costs and operational consequences in connection with investigating, remediating, eliminating and putting in place additional tools, devices, policies, and other measures designed to prevent actual or perceived security breaches and other incidents and system disruptions, and in, for example, rebuilding internal systems, reduced inventory value, providing modifications to our products and services, defending against claims and litigation, responding to regulatory inquiries or actions, paying damages, or taking other remedial steps with respect to third parties. Moreover, we could be required or otherwise find it appropriate to expend significant capital and other resources to respond to, notify third parties of, and otherwise address the incident or breach and its root cause, and to notify individuals, regulatory authorities and others of security breaches involving certain types of data.
Further, we cannot assure that any limitations of liability provisions in our current or future contracts that may be applicable would be enforceable or adequate or would otherwise protect us from any liabilities or damages with respect to any particular claim relating to a security breach or other security-related matter. We also cannot be sure that any insurance coverage will continue to be available on acceptable terms or will be available in sufficient amounts to cover claims related to a security breach or incident, or that the insurer will not deny coverage as to any future claim. The successful assertion of claims against us that exceed available insurance coverage, or the occurrence of changes in our insurance policies, including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements, could have a material adverse effect on our business, including our financial condition, operating results, and reputation.
We are subject to oversight by the SEC and other regulatory agencies. Investigations by those agencies could divert management’s focus and could have a material adverse effect on our reputation and financial condition.
We are subject to the regulation and oversight of the SEC and state regulatory agencies, in addition to the FDA. As a result, we may face legal or administrative proceedings by these agencies. We are unable to predict the effect of any investigations on our business, financial condition or reputation. In addition, publicity surrounding any investigation, even if ultimately resolved in our favor, could have a material adverse effect on our business.
If we are unable to satisfy the continued listing requirements of Nasdaq, our common stock could be delisted and the price and liquidity of our common stock may be adversely affected.
Our common stock may lose value and could be delisted from Nasdaq due to several factors or a combination of such factors. While our common stock is currently listed on Nasdaq, we can give no assurance that we will be able to maintain compliance with the continued listing requirements of Nasdaq, including, but not limited to, the corporate governance requirements, the minimum closing bid price requirement or the minimum equity requirement. If we fail to maintain compliance with any such continued listing requirement, there can also be no assurance that we will be able to regain compliance with any such continued listing requirement in the future or that our common stock will not be delisted in the future.
If we were to be delisted, we would expect our common stock to be traded in the over-the-counter market which could adversely affect the liquidity of our common stock. Additionally, we could face significant material adverse consequences, including:
| ● | a limited availability of market quotations for our common stock; |
| ● | a decreased ability to issue additional securities or obtain additional financing in the future; |
| ● | reduced liquidity for our stockholders; |
| ● | potential loss of confidence by customers, collaboration partners and employees; and |
| ● | loss of institutional investor interest. |
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In the event of a delisting, we can provide no assurance that any action taken by us to restore compliance with listing requirements would allow our common stock to become listed again, stabilize the market price or improve the liquidity of our common stock, prevent our common stock from dropping below the Nasdaq minimum bid price requirement, or prevent future non-compliance with Nasdaq’s listing requirements.
We are a “smaller reporting company” and, as a result of the reduced disclosure and governance requirements applicable to smaller reporting companies, our common stock may be less attractive to investors.
We are a “smaller reporting company,” and are subject to lesser disclosure obligations in our SEC filings compared to other issuers. Specifically, “smaller reporting companies” are able to provide simplified executive compensation disclosures in their filings, are exempt from the provisions of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requiring that independent registered public accounting firms provide an attestation report on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting and have certain other decreased disclosure obligations in their SEC filings, including, among other things, only being required to provide two years of audited financial statements in annual reports. Decreased disclosures in our SEC filings due to our status as a “smaller reporting company” may make it harder for investors to analyze our operating results and financial prospects.
We do not expect any cash dividends to be paid on our shares of common stock for the foreseeable future.
We have never declared or paid a cash dividend and we do not anticipate declaring or paying dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future. We expect to use future financing proceeds and earnings, if any, to fund operating expenses. Consequently, stockholders’ only opportunity to achieve a return on their investment is if the price of our stock appreciates and they sell their shares at a profit. We cannot assure stockholders of a positive return on their investment when they sell their shares or that stockholders will not lose the entire amount of their investment.
If the beneficial ownership of our common stock continues to be concentrated, it may prevent our stockholders from influencing significant corporate decisions.
As of March 31, 2026, our executive officers, directors and certain persons, who may be deemed affiliates, owned approximately 5.4% of our issued and outstanding common stock. Specifically, James Besser, our chief executive officer, and Morgan Frank, a member of our board of directors, are the principals of Manchester Explorer, L.P., our largest stockholder. As of March 31, 2026, in the aggregate, Messrs. Besser and Frank were the owners of approximately 3.4% of our outstanding common stock. As a result, such persons may exercise substantial influence over the outcome of corporate actions requiring stockholder approval including, without limitation, the election of directors, certain mergers, consolidations and sales of all or substantially all of our assets or any other significant corporate transactions. Such persons may also vote against a change of control, even if such a change of control would benefit our other stockholders. Thus, investors in our common stock cannot reasonably expect to have any influence over the election of our directors or other matters submitted to a vote of our stockholders. Instead, our existing significant stockholders may exert a substantial influence on the election of our directors and any actions requiring or otherwise put to a stockholder vote, potentially in a manner that you do not support. The concentrated amount of control over our affairs held by a relatively few significant investors could serve to reduce the attractiveness or liquidity of our common stock, and thereby depress its trading price. Additionally, conflicts of interest may arise between these executive officers, directors and other affiliates, on the one hand, and us and our other stockholders, on the other hand. In resolving these conflicts of interests, these investors may favor their own interests and the interests of their affiliates, over the interests of our other stockholders, which could cause a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.
Future sales of our securities could adversely affect the market price of our common stock and our future capital-raising activities could involve the issuance of equity securities, which would dilute your investment and could result in a decline in the trading price of our common stock.
We may sell securities in the public or private equity markets at prices per share below the current market price of our common stock, even if we do not have an immediate need for additional capital at that time. Sales of substantial amounts of shares of our common stock, or the perception that such sales could occur, could adversely affect the prevailing market price of our shares and our ability to raise capital. We may issue additional shares of common stock in future financing transactions or as incentive compensation for our executive management and other key personnel, consultants and advisors. Issuing any equity securities would be dilutive to the equity interests represented by our then-outstanding shares of common stock. Moreover, sales of substantial amounts of shares in the public market, or the perception that such sales could occur, may adversely affect the prevailing market price of our common stock and make it more difficult for us to raise additional capital. Such resulting significant downward pressure on the price of our common stock could also encourage short sales by third parties. Such an event could place further downward pressure on the price of our common stock.
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The effective increase in the number of shares of our common stock available for issuance as a result of our reverse stock split could result in further dilution to our existing stockholders and have antitakeover implications.
The reverse stock split effected in March 2026 alone had no effect on our authorized capital stock, and the total number of authorized shares remains the same as before the reverse stock split. The reverse stock split of our issued and outstanding shares increased the number of shares of our common stock (or securities convertible or exchangeable for our common stock) available for issuance by decreasing the number of shares of our common stock issued and outstanding. The additional available shares are available for issuance from time to time at the discretion of our board of directors when opportunities arise, without further stockholder action or the related delays and expenses, except as may be required for a particular transaction by law, the rules of any exchange on which our securities may then be listed, or other agreements or restrictions. Any issuance of additional shares of our common stock would increase the number of outstanding shares of our common stock and (unless such issuance was pro-rata among existing stockholders) the percentage ownership of existing stockholders would be diluted accordingly. In addition, any such issuance of additional shares of our common stock could have the effect of diluting the earnings per share and book value per share of outstanding shares of our common stock.
Additionally, the effective increase in the number of shares available for issuance could, under certain circumstances, have anti-takeover implications. For example, the additional shares of common stock that have become available for issuance could be used by us to oppose a hostile takeover attempt or to delay or prevent changes in control or our management. Although our reverse stock split is prompted by other considerations and not by the threat of any hostile takeover attempt, stockholders should be aware that our reverse stock split could facilitate future efforts by us to deter or prevent changes in control, including transactions in which our stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares over then-current market prices.
Our articles of incorporation allow for our board of directors to create new series of preferred stock without further approval by our stockholders, which could adversely affect the rights of the holders of our common stock.
Our board of directors has the authority to fix and determine the relative rights and preferences of preferred stock. Currently, our board of directors has the authority to designate and issue up to 5,000,000 shares of our preferred stock without further stockholder approval. In the future, our board of directors could authorize the issuance of one or more series of preferred stock that would grant to holders, among other rights, the preferred right to our assets upon liquidation, the right to receive dividend payments before dividends are distributed to the holders of common stock and the right to the redemption of our preferred shares acquired by such persons, together with a premium, prior to the redemption of our common stock. In addition, our board of directors could authorize the issuance of a series of preferred stock that has greater voting power than our common stock or that is convertible into our common stock, which could decrease the relative voting power of our common stock or result in dilution to our existing stockholders.
If we fail to establish and maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may not be able to report our financial results accurately or prevent fraud. Any inability to report and file our financial results accurately and timely could harm our reputation and adversely affect the trading price of our common stock.
Effective internal controls are necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and prevent fraud. If we cannot provide reliable financial reports or prevent fraud, we may not be able to manage our business as effectively as we would if an effective control environment existed, and our business and reputation with investors may be harmed. If we are unable to maintain effective internal controls, we may not have adequate, accurate or timely financial information, and we may be unable to meet our reporting obligations as a public company, including the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the Sarbanes-Oxley Act). In addition, we may be unable to accurately report our financial results in future periods or report them within the timeframes required by the requirements of the SEC or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Failure to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, when and as applicable, could also potentially subject us to sanctions or investigations by the SEC or other regulatory authorities. Any failure to maintain or implement required new or improved controls, or any difficulties we encounter in their implementation, could result in identification of material weaknesses or significant deficiencies, cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations or result in material misstatements in our financial statements. As previously reported in our Form 10-Q for the period ended December 31, 2025, we identified a material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. We did not design and maintain effective controls related to the accounting for the warrants issued in the public offering completed in December 2025. In response to this identified material weakness, our management, with the oversight of the Audit Committee of our board of directors, has been actively engaged in remediating the above material weakness. During the quarter ended March 31, 2026, we implemented remediation measures designed to remediate this material weakness. Furthermore, Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and related regulations require our management to evaluate the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of the end of each fiscal year. Based on its evaluation, our management concluded that our internal controls over financial reporting were effective as of March 31, 2026. We cannot provide assurance that, in the future, a material weakness or significant deficiency will not exist or otherwise be discovered. If that were to happen, it could harm our operating results and cause stockholders to lose confidence in our reported financial information. Any such loss of confidence would have a negative effect on the trading price of our securities.
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Furthermore, Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and related regulations require our management to evaluate the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of the end of each fiscal year. Based on its evaluation, our management concluded that our internal controls over financial reporting were effective as of March 31, 2026. We cannot provide assurance that, in the future, a material weakness or significant deficiency will not exist or otherwise be discovered. If that were to happen, it could harm our operating results and cause stockholders to lose confidence in our reported financial information. Any such loss of confidence would have a negative effect on the trading price of our securities.
Sustained inflation could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.
Inflation rates in the United States have remained elevated and may continue to rise. Inflation over the last several months has led us to experience higher costs, including, among others, labor and transportation. Some of our suppliers have raised their prices and may continue to raise prices, and, as we expand commercialization of our product, in the future, we may not be able to make corresponding price increases to obtain adequate gross margins and achieve profitability. If inflation rates continue to rise or remain elevated for a sustained period of time, they could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.
Our board of directors is able to adopt recapitalizations through forward or reverse splits of our outstanding shares of common stock without stockholder approval.
Pursuant to our amended and restated articles of incorporation, our board of directors has the power, without obtaining stockholder approval, to effectuate recapitalizations of us through forward or reverse splits of our outstanding common stock. As a result of such provision, our board of directors can implement recapitalizations of us by effectuating a forward or reverse stock split of our outstanding common stock, which would increase or decrease each of our stockholder’s number of shares owned, and our stockholders will have no right to approve or disapprove any such action even if such actions have a material adverse effect on them.
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None
ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY
We believe a robust and proactive approach to cybersecurity risks and threats is essential to achieving our strategic business objectives and protecting our business. We may face a wide range of cybersecurity threats, such as ransomware and denial-of-service attacks. Our customers, suppliers and other business partners may also face similar cybersecurity threats, and a cybersecurity incident impacting us or any of these third parties could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. Due to the risks that cybersecurity threats can pose to our business, we continually evaluate best practices and methods, including cyber defense systems and training programs, to protect our business from a wide range of potential threats.
We continue to evaluate our cybersecurity control processes and procedures to address the evolving cybersecurity risks that we may face in an increasingly technically capable environment. We have implemented practices and intend to implement policies to educate and provide guidance to our personnel, including a security awareness training program and other related cybersecurity best practices. Through our outsourced information technology (“IT”) provider, we are implementing an ongoing security awareness training program for all personnel that includes annual and onboarding training, periodic simulated phishing campaigns, and continuous reinforcement, with participation tracked and reported. Safeguards currently in place include enforced multi-factor authentication for email and cloud services, managed endpoint detection and response, monitored data backup, and access controls, which are reviewed on an ongoing basis. We conduct technical risk assessments to
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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Our principal administrative, operations, and research and development functions are located in a leased facility in San Diego, California. We currently occupy approximately 24,000 square feet of space in the San Diego facility, and the lease extends through January 2027. Under the lease, in addition to the minimum lease payments, we are responsible for property taxes, insurance and certain other operating costs. We believe that our existing facility is adequate to meet our current needs.
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
We are not a party to any material legal proceeding that we believe is likely to have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position or results of operations. From time to time, we may be subject to legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of business. These claims, even if not meritorious, could result in the expenditure of significant financial resources and diversion of management efforts. To the knowledge of our management, we are not a party to any pending legal proceeding. To the knowledge of our management, no federal, state or local governmental agency is presently contemplating any proceeding against us. No director, executive officer or affiliate of ours or owner of record or beneficially of more than five percent of our common stock is a party adverse to us or has a material interest adverse to us in any proceeding.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
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PART II
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Market Information for Common Stock
Our common stock is currently listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “MODD.”
Authorized Capital
We are authorized by our Certificate of Incorporation to issue an aggregate of up to 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock, $0.001 par value per share, and 250,000,000 shares of common stock, $0.001 par value per share. As of March 31, 2026, zero and 4,661,160 shares of preferred stock and common stock, respectively, were issued and outstanding.
Holders of Record
As of March 31, 2026, we had 76 stockholders of record. The actual number of stockholders is greater than this number of stockholders of record and includes stockholders who are beneficial owners but whose shares are held in street name by brokers and other nominees. This number of stockholders of record also does not include stockholders whose shares may be held in trust by other entities.
Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plan
For information regarding securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans, please refer to Item 12, Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.
Dividend Policy
We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our capital stock. We do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future and we intend to retain all of our earnings, if any, to finance our growth and operations and to fund the expansion of our business. Payment of any dividends will be made in the discretion of our board of directors, after taking into account various factors, including our financial condition, operating results, current and anticipated cash needs and plans for expansion. Any dividends that may be declared or paid on our common stock, must also be paid in the same consideration or manner, as the case may be, on our shares of preferred stock, if any.
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
Except as disclosed below, during the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we have not sold any equity securities that were not registered under the Securities Act that were not previously reported in a Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q or in a Current Report on Form 8-K.
Director Compensation
During the years ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, we issued a total of 2,777 and 2,778 shares of our common stock, respectively, to a non-employee director upon vesting of restricted stock units.
On each of March 31, 2024, December 30, 2023, and June 30, 2023 we issued a total of 213 shares of our common stock to a total of four of our non-employee directors in accordance with our Outside Director Compensation Plan (the “Director Plan”). On September 30, 2023, we issued a total of 208 shares of our common stock to a total of four of our non-employee directors in accordance with the Director Plan.
Service Providers
On August 26, 2024, we issued 666 shares of our common stock to a service provider. On April 9, 2024 we issued 333 shares of our common stock to a service provider. In August 2023, we issued 47 shares of our common stock to a service provider. The aforementioned issuances were made pursuant to exemptions from registration pursuant to Section 4(2) and/or Rule 506 of Regulation D of the Securities Act.
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ITEM 6. RESERVED
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSIONANDANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITIONAND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and related notes included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, or the Report. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations may contain statements that are forward-looking. These statements are based on current expectations and assumptions that are subject to risk, uncertainties and other factors. These statements are often identified by the use of words such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “could,” “estimate,” or “continue,” and similar expressions or variations. Actual results could differ materially because of the factors discussed in Part I, Item 1A, These risks and uncertainties may cause actual results to differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements.
Our fiscal year ends on March 31 of each calendar year. Each reference to a fiscal year in this Report, refers to the fiscal year ended March 31 of the calendar year indicated (for example, fiscal 2026 refers to the fiscal year ending March 31, 2026). Unless the context requires otherwise, references to “we,” “us,” “our,” and the “Company” refer to Modular Medical, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiary.
Overview
We are a commercial-stage medical device company focused on the design, development and commercialization of innovative insulin pumps using modernized technology to increase pump adoption in the diabetes marketplace. Through the creation of a novel two part patch pump, we seek to fundamentally alter the trade-offs between cost and complexity and access to the higher standards of care that presently-available insulin pumps provide. By simplifying and streamlining the user experience from introduction, prescription, reimbursement, training and day-to-day use, we seek to expand the wearable insulin delivery device market beyond the highly motivated “super users” and expand the category into the mass market. The product seeks to serve both the type 1 and the rapidly growing, especially in terms of device adoption, type 2 diabetes markets. In January 2024, we submitted a 510(k) premarket notification to the United States Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”) for our initial product, our MODD1, and, in September 2024, we received FDA clearance to market and sell our MODD1 pump in the United States. In August 2025, we announced the first human use of our MODD1 pump delivering insulin to a human patient. In addition, in August 2025, we announced our next-generation patch pump, branded as Pivot. We submitted a 510(k) premarket notification to the FDA for our Pivot product on November 13, 2025, and we received regulatory approval on April 9, 2026. In June 2026, we announced commercial availability of our Pivot product and commenced initial shipments. We are actively working to i) expand commercial activities for our Pivot product across metropolitan markets, ii) obtain regulatory clearance to market and sell our Pivot product in foreign jurisdictions, iii) improve the manufacturability and usability of our Pivot product and iv) develop new pump products.
On April 19, 2026, we entered into a placement agency agreement with Maxim Group LLC (“Maxim”), relating to a registered direct offering (the “April 2026 Offering”) of 750,000 shares of our common stock, par value $0.001 per share. The gross proceeds to us from the April 2026 Offering were approximately $3.375 million, before deducting offering expenses. The April 2026 Offering closed on April 21, 2026.
Historically, we have financed our operations principally through private placements and public offerings of our common stock and warrants and sales of convertible promissory notes. Based on our current operating plan, there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern for a period of at least one year from June 29, 2026. Our ability to continue as a going concern depends on our ability to raise additional capital, through the sale of equity or debt securities, to support our future operations. If we are unable to secure additional capital, we will be required to curtail our research and development initiatives and take additional measures to reduce costs. We do not currently have revenues to generate cash flows to cover operating expenses. Since our inception, we have incurred operating losses and negative cash flows in each year due to operating expenses and capital expenditures incurred to conduct our operations. We incurred net losses of approximately $28.2 million and $18.8 million for the years ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively, and we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $113.0 million as of March 31, 2026. These and prior year losses have resulted in significant negative cash flows and have necessitated that we raise substantial amounts of additional capital during this period. This raises significant doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, which was also expressed by our independent registered public accounting firm in its report on our consolidated financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2026. Our ability to continue as a going concern depends on our ability to raise additional capital, through the sale of equity or debt securities to support our future operations.
World Unrest
World unrest due to wars and terrorist attacks have led to economic disruptions. Mounting inflationary cost pressures and recessionary fears have negatively impacted the global economy. Since mid-2022, at times, the U.S. Federal Reserve has addressed elevated inflation by increasing interest rates. Market conditions may prevent us from accessing the capital markets, and additional capital may only be available to us on terms that could be significantly detrimental to our existing stockholders and to our business.
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Results of Operations
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Report.
Research and Development
| Year ended March 31, | Year-over-Year Change | |||||||||||||||
| 2026 | 2025 | 2025 to 2026 | ||||||||||||||
| Research and development | $ | 19,973 | $ | 14,697 | $ | 5,276 | 35.9 | % | ||||||||
Our research and development, or R&D, expenses include personnel, consulting, testing, materials and supplies, depreciation and amortization and other operational costs associated with the production of our insulin pump products. We expense R&D costs as they are incurred. R&D expenses increased in fiscal 2026 compared with fiscal 2025 primarily due to increases in engineering and operations personnel costs of $2.9 million, consulting expenses of $1.2 million, depreciation and amortization of $0.6 million, shipping expenses $0.5 million and materials and supply expenditures of approximately $0.4 million. The increase in personnel costs was attributable to increased average headcount year over year, salary increases effected during fiscal 2026 and higher payroll taxes. The increase in consulting expenditures and material and supply expenditures was primarily due to an increase in utilization of consultants and material and job supplies, in support of our FDA submission of our new Pivot product in fiscal year 2026. The increase in depreciation and amortization expenses was primarily due to an increase in machinery and equipment purchased and placed in service to further develop and expand our manufacturing capabilities. The increases in R&D expense were partially offset by a decrease in stock-based compensation expenses of $0.5 million. R&D expenses included stock-based compensation expenses of approximately $1.3 million and $1.8 million for fiscal 2026 and fiscal 2025, respectively.
We expect R&D expenses will increase in fiscal 2027, as we continue to hire additional engineering, quality assurance, and operations personnel, optimize our manufacturing process at our medical device contract manufacturer and continue to advance the product development roadmap for our pump products.
General and Administrative
| Year ended March 31, | Year-over-Year Change | |||||||||||||||
| 2026 | 2025 | 2025 to 2026 | ||||||||||||||
| General and administrative | $ | 7,587 | $ | 4,351 | $ | 3,236 | 74.4 | % | ||||||||
General and administrative, or G&A, expenses consist primarily of personnel and related overhead costs for facilities, finance, human resources, general management and marketing.
G&A expenses increased in fiscal 2026 compared with fiscal 2025 primarily due to increases in general and administrative personnel costs of $1.5 million, consulting expenses of $1.3 million, sales and marketing activities of $0.5 million, The increase in personnel costs was attributable to increased average headcount year over year, salary increases effected during fiscal 2026 and higher payroll taxes. The increases in G&A expense were partially offset by a decrease in stock-based compensation expenses of $0.2 million. G&A expenses included stock-based compensation expenses of approximately $0.4 million and $0.6 million for fiscal 2026 and fiscal 2025, respectively. We expect G&A expenses to increase in fiscal 2027, as we expect to increase headcount, as we continue to expand our limited sales and marketing organization, add finance and administration personnel and implement additional systems to support our anticipated growth and commercialization of our product during fiscal 2027.
Liquidity and Capital Resources; Changes in Financial Condition
Going Concern
We do not currently have revenues to generate cash flows to cover operating expenses. Since our inception, we have incurred operating losses and negative cash flows in each year due to costs incurred associated with our operations. For the years ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, we incurred net losses of approximately $28.2 million and $18.8 million, respectively. At March 31, 2026, we had a cash balance of $6.9 million and an accumulated deficit of approximately $113.0 million. When considered with our current operating plan, these conditions raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern for a period of at least one year from the date that the financial statements included in Item 8 of this Report are issued. Our financial statements do not include adjustments to the amounts and classification of assets and liabilities that may be necessary should we be unable to continue as a going concern. Our operating needs include the planned costs to operate our business, including amounts required to fund continued research and development activities, working capital and capital expenditures. Our ability to continue as a going concern depends on our ability to raise additional capital, through the sale of equity or debt securities to support our future operations.
43
In March 2026, the Company completed a securities purchase agreement public offering of its common stock and pre-funded warrants for gross proceeds of approximately $12.0 million. Our future capital requirements and the adequacy of our available funds will depend on many factors, including, without limitation, our ability to successfully commercialize our product, competing technological and market developments, and the need to enter into collaborations with other companies or acquire other companies or technologies to enhance or complement our product offerings. If we are unable to secure additional capital timely, we may be required to curtail R&D initiatives, reduce headcount and take additional measures to reduce costs in order to conserve our cash.
Purchase Obligations
Our primary purchase obligations include purchase orders for machinery and equipment. At March 31, 2026, we had outstanding purchase orders for machinery and equipment and related expenditures of approximately $1.6 million. At March 31, 2026, we had outstanding purchase orders for supplies and inventory components of approximately $431,000.
Liquidity
In fiscal 2026, we used approximately $23.8 million in operating activities, which primarily resulted from our net loss of approximately $28.2 million, as increased by changes to operating assets and liabilities of approximately $0.2 million, and as adjusted for non-cash charges and gains, which included approximately $1.8 million of stock-based compensation expenses, depreciation and amortization expenses of approximately $1.7 million, change in fair value of warrant liabilities of approximately $0.8 million and other immaterial adjustments. The changes in operating assets and liabilities primarily related to the timing of payments to vendors.
In fiscal 2025, we used approximately $15.7 million in operating activities, which primarily resulted from our net loss of approximately $18.8 million, less changes to operating assets and liabilities of approximately $0.4 million, as adjusted for non-cash charges and gains, which included stock-based compensation expenses of approximately $2.4 million, depreciation and amortization of approximately $1.1 million and other immaterial adjustments. The changes in operating assets and liabilities primarily related to the timing of payments to vendors.
For fiscal 2026 and fiscal 2025, cash used in investing activities of approximately $3.9 million and $2.5 million, respectively, was for the purchase of property and equipment.
Cash provided by financing activities for fiscal 2026 totaled approximately $21.5 million and was primarily attributable to net proceeds of approximately $15.7 million from a public offering of common stock and warrants, which closed in March 2026, net proceeds of approximately $4.0 million from the issuance of common stock and warrants in a warrant inducement offering in September 2025 and proceeds of approximately $1.9 million from the sale of shares under the ATM Agreement
Cash provided by financing activities for fiscal 2025 totaled approximately $22.1 million and was primarily attributable to proceeds of approximately $11.4 million from a private placement of common stock and warrants, which closed in March 2025, net proceeds of approximately $7.3 million from the issuance of common stock and warrants in a public offering, which closed in November 2024, proceeds of approximately $1.3 million for the exercise of common stock purchase warrants and approximately $2.1 million from the sale of shares under the ATM Agreement.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of this Report describes the significant accounting policies and methods used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. We have identified the accounting policies below as some of the more critical to our business and the understanding of our results of operations. These policies may involve estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. Although we believe our judgments and estimates are appropriate, actual future results may differ from our estimates, and if different assumptions or conditions were to prevail, the results could be materially different from our reported results.
Use of estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Estimates may include those pertaining to accruals, stock-based compensation and income taxes. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates.
44
Stock-based compensation
We periodically issue stock options, restricted stock units and stock awards to employees and non-employees. We account for such awards based on Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 718, whereby the value of the award is measured on the date of grant and recognized as compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, usually the vesting period. With respect to performance-based awards, we assess the probability of achieving the requisite performance criteria before recognizing compensation expense. We estimate the fair value of stock options on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes-Merton Option Pricing (“Black Scholes”) model which uses certain assumptions related to risk-free interest rates, expected volatility, expected life of the options, and future dividends. Compensation expense is recorded based upon the value derived from the Black-Scholes model. The assumptions used in the Black-Scholes model could materially affect compensation expense recorded in future periods.
Income taxes
We determine deferred tax assets and liabilities based upon the differences between the financial statement and tax bases of our assets and liabilities using tax rates in effect for the year in which we expect the differences to affect taxable income. A valuation allowance is established for any deferred tax assets for which it is more likely than not that all or a portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Based on the available information and other factors, management believes it is more likely than not that our federal and state net deferred tax assets will not be fully realized, and we have recorded a full valuation allowance.
We account for uncertain tax positions in accordance with ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes. When tax returns are filed, it is likely that some positions taken would be sustained upon examination by the taxing authorities, while others are subject to uncertainty about the merits of the position taken or the amount of the position that would be ultimately sustained. The benefit of a tax position is recognized in the consolidated financial statements in the period during which, based on all available evidence, management believes it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including the resolution of appeals or litigation processes, if any. Tax positions taken are not offset or aggregated with other positions. Tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold are measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50 percent likely of being realized upon settlement with the applicable taxing authority. The portion of the benefits associated with tax positions taken that exceeds the amount measured as described above is reflected as a liability for unrecognized tax benefits in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets along with any associated interest and penalties that would be payable to the taxing authorities upon examination. Interest associated with unrecognized tax benefits is classified as interest expense and penalties are classified in general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.
Leases
We account for our leases under ASC 842, Leases (“ASC 842”), and related ASUs, which provide supplementary guidance and clarifications. Under ASC 842, all significant lease arrangements are generally recognized at lease commencement. Operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the commencement date. ROU assets and corresponding lease liabilities are not recorded for leases with an initial term of 12 months or less (short-term leases), and we recognize lease expense for these leases as incurred over the lease term.
ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset during the reasonably certain lease terms, and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Our lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. We use our incremental borrowing rate, based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The operating lease ROU asset also includes any lease payments related to initial direct cost and prepayments and excludes lease incentives. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We do not maintain any off-balance sheet arrangements or obligations that are reasonably likely to have a material current or future effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity or capital resources.
Contractual Obligations
As a “smaller reporting company,” as defined by Item 10 of Regulation S-K, we are not required to provide the information requested by paragraph (a)(5) of this Item.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of this Report for a full description of relevant recent accounting pronouncements.
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Not applicable.
45
ITEM 8: FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
F-1
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Audit Committee and Stockholders of Modular Medical, Inc.
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Modular Medical, Inc. (the “Company”) as of March 31, 2026 and 2025, and the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended March 31, 2026, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of March 31, 2026 and 2025, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended March 31, 2026, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Substantial Doubt about the Company’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared to assume the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has incurred losses from operations and will need to raise additional funds to sustain its operations and meet future obligations until profitability is achieved. These circumstances raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 1. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
F-2
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
Going Concern
As described further in Note 1, the Company has incurred losses since inception, and expects to continue to incur operating losses for the foreseeable future and incur cash outflows from operations as it continues to invest in the development and future commercialization of its product. The Company expects that its operating expenses will continue to increase, and, as a result, the Company will need to generate significant product revenues to achieve profitability. These circumstances raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that these consolidated financial statements are issued.
We identified management’s assessment of the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern as a critical audit matter due to the inherent complexities and uncertainties related to the Company’s projections of operations.
The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included:
| — | We evaluated the reasonableness of key assumptions underlying management’s conclusion. |
| — | We evaluated that the disclosures included in the Form 10-K were complete and accurate and in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. |
| — | We evaluated the impact of the Company’s existing financing arrangements and future capital needs over the next 12 months on its ability to continue as a going concern. |
Stock Based Compensation
As discussed in Note 6, during the year ended March 31, 2026, the Company granted options to purchase shares of its common stock to employees, directors and consultants. Management is required to analyze the fair value of each option granted and recognize the expense over the appropriate period.
We identified the valuation recognition of stock-based compensation of granted stock options as a critical audit matter due to the significant judgments and assumptions required by management when developing the fair value of the options and the potential for material impact. The fair value includes subjective assumptions including the expected stock price volatility and expected term of the granted options.
The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included:
| — | We gained an understanding of Company’s processes and controls in place for determining the fair value of options granted. |
| — | We evaluated the option price model management selected to determine the fair value, and analyzed the underlying data and assumptions used in the calculations. | |
| — | We evaluated the timing and recognition of expense, including for awards with conditional vesting. |
| — | We performed independent recalculations of the fair value of granted stock options using our own assumptions and compared the results to the Company’s estimates. |
/s/
PCAOB Firm ID
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2018.
June 29, 2026
F-3
Modular Medical, Inc.
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(In thousands, except par value)
| March 31, | ||||||||
| 2026 | 2025 | |||||||
| ASSETS | ||||||||
| CURRENT ASSETS | ||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | $ | ||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other | ||||||||
| TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS | ||||||||
| Property and equipment, net | ||||||||
| Right of use assets, net | ||||||||
| Other assets | ||||||||
| TOTAL ASSETS | $ | $ | ||||||
| LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY | ||||||||
| CURRENT LIABILITIES | ||||||||
| Accounts payable | $ | $ | ||||||
| Accrued expenses | ||||||||
| Short-term lease liabilities | ||||||||
| TOTAL CURRENT LIABILITIES | ||||||||
| Long-term lease liabilities | ||||||||
| TOTAL LIABILITIES | ||||||||
| Commitments and Contingencies (Note 8) | ||||||||
| STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY | ||||||||
| Preferred Stock, $ | ||||||||
| Common Stock, $ | ||||||||
| Additional paid-in capital | ||||||||
| Accumulated deficit | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| TOTAL STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY | ||||||||
| TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY | $ | $ | ||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these audited consolidated financial statements.
F-4
Modular Medical, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Operations
(In thousands, except per-share data)
| Year Ended March 31, | ||||||||
| 2026 | 2025 | |||||||
| Operating expenses | ||||||||
| Research and development | $ | $ | ||||||
| General and administrative | ||||||||
| Total operating expenses | ||||||||
| Loss from operations | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Other income | ||||||||
| Change in fair value of warrant liabilities | ( | ) | ||||||
| Loss before income taxes | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Provision for income taxes | ||||||||
| Net loss | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
| Net loss per share | ||||||||
| Basic and diluted | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
| Shares used in computing net loss per share | ||||||||
| Basic and diluted | ||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these audited consolidated financial statements.
F-5
Modular Medical, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’
Equity
(In thousands)
| Common Stock | Additional Paid-In | Accumulated | Stockholders’ | |||||||||||||||||
| Shares | Amount | Capital | Deficit | Equity | ||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of March 31, 2024 | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock and warrants in private placement, net | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock and warrants in public offering, net | ||||||||||||||||||||
| At-the-market sales of stock, net | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Exercise of warrants | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares issued for services | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuances under equity incentive plan | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss | — | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||
| Balance as of March 31, 2025 | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock upon public offering, net | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock and warrants from warrant inducement offering, net | ||||||||||||||||||||
| At-the-market sales of stock, net | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Exercise of warrants | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares issued for services | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuances under equity incentive plan | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Reclassification of liability-classified warrants to equity | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss | — | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||
| Balance as of March 31, 2026 | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ||||||||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these audited consolidated financial statements.
F-6
Modular Medical, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(In thousands)
| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||
| 2026 | 2025 | |||||||
| Cash Flows from operating activities | ||||||||
| Net loss | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
| Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: | ||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense | ||||||||
| Change in fair value of warrant liabilities | ||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | ||||||||
| Shares issued for services | ||||||||
| Other | ) | |||||||
| Changes in assets and liabilities: | ||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other assets | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Lease right-of-use assets | ||||||||
| Accounts payable and accrued expenses | ( | ) | ||||||
| Lease liabilities | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Net cash used in operating activities | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Cash flows from investing activities | ||||||||
| Purchases of property and equipment | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Net cash used in investing activities | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Cash flows from financing activities | ||||||||
| Proceeds from issuance of promissory note | ||||||||
| Repayment of promissory note | ( | ) | ||||||
| Proceeds from at-the-market sales of common stock, net | ||||||||
| Proceeds from exercise of common stock warrants | ||||||||
| Proceeds from offerings of common stock and warrants, net | ||||||||
| Proceeds from private placement of common stock and warrants, net | ||||||||
| Proceeds from warrant inducement offering, net | ||||||||
| Net cash provided by financing activities | ||||||||
| Net increase in cash and cash equivalents | ( | ) | ||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents, at beginning of year | ||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents, at end of year | $ | $ | ||||||
| Supplemental disclosure: | ||||||||
| Noncash investing and financing activities: | ||||||||
| Initial recognition of warrant liabilities | $ | $ | ||||||
| Cash paid for: | ||||||||
| Income taxes | $ | $ | ||||||
| Interest | $ | $ | ||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these audited consolidated financial statements.
F-7
MODULAR MEDICAL, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 1 — THE COMPANY AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Modular Medical, Inc. (the “Company”) was incorporated in Nevada in October 1998 under the name Bear Lake Recreation, Inc. The Company had no material business operations until approximately 2017 when it acquired all of the issued and outstanding shares of Quasuras, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Quasuras”), and changed its name from Bear Lake Recreation, Inc. to Modular Medical, Inc.
The Company is a commercial-stage medical device company focused on the design, development and commercialization of innovative insulin pumps using modernized technology to increase pump adoption in the diabetes marketplace. Through the creation of an innovative two-part patch pump, its initial product, the MODD1, the Company seeks to fundamentally alter the trade-offs between cost and complexity and access to the higher standards of care requiring considerable motivation that presently available insulin pumps provide. By simplifying and streamlining the user experience from introduction, prescription, reimbursement, training and day-to-day use, the Company seeks to expand the wearable insulin delivery device market beyond the highly motivated “super users” and expand the category into the mass market. The product seeks to serve both the type 1 and the rapidly growing, especially in terms of device adoption, type 2 diabetes markets. In January 2024, the Company submitted a 510(k) premarket notification to the United States Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”) for its initial product, the MODD1, and, in September 2024, the Company received FDA clearance to market and sell the MODD1 pump in the United States. In August 2025, the Company announced the first human use of the MODD1 pump delivering insulin to a human patient. In addition, in August 2025, the Company announced its next-generation patch pump, branded as Pivot. The Company submitted a 510(k) premarket notification to the FDA for its Pivot product in November 2025, and the Company received regulatory approval in April 2026. In June 2026, the Company announced commercial availability of its Pivot product and commenced initial shipments in the United States. The Company is actively working to i) expand commercial activities for its Pivot product across metropolitan markets, ii) obtain regulatory clearance to market and sell its Pivot product in foreign jurisdictions, iii) improve the manufacturability and usability of its Pivot product and iv) develop new pump products.
Liquidity and Going Concern
The Company does not currently have revenues to generate cash flows to cover operating expenses. Since its inception, the Company has incurred operating losses and negative cash flows in each year due to costs incurred in connection with its operations. The Company expects to continue to incur operating losses for the foreseeable future and incur cash outflows from operations as it continues to invest in the development and commercialization of its products. The Company expects that its operating expenses will continue to increase, and, as a result, it will eventually need to generate significant revenue to achieve profitability. When considered with its current operating plan, these conditions raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that these financial statements are issued. In addition, the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, in its report on the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended March 31, 2026, expressed substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. These consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from this uncertainty. Implementation of the Company’s plans and its ability to continue as a going concern will depend upon the Company’s ability to raise additional capital, through the sale of additional equity or debt securities, to support its future operations. There can be no assurance that such additional capital, whether in the form of debt or equity financing, will be sufficient or available and, if available, that such capital will be offered on terms and conditions acceptable to the Company. The Company’s operating needs include the planned costs to operate its business, including amounts required to fund working capital and capital expenditures. The Company’s future capital requirements and the adequacy of its available funds will depend on many factors, including the Company’s ability to successfully commercialize its pump products, competing technological and market developments, and the need to enter into collaborations with other companies or acquire other companies or technologies to enhance or complement its product offering. If the Company is unable to secure additional capital, it may be required to curtail its product commercialization and research and development initiatives and take additional measures to reduce costs in order to conserve its cash.
Basis of Presentation
The consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The Company’s fiscal year ends on March 31 of each calendar year. Each reference to a fiscal year in these notes to the consolidated financial statements refers to the fiscal year ended March 31 of the calendar year indicated (for example, fiscal 2026 refers to the fiscal year ending March 31, 2026). The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Quasuras. All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.
Reverse Stock Split
On March 30, 2026, the Company filed a certificate of amendment to its amended and restated certificate of incorporation with the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada (the “Amendment”) to effect a one (1)-for-thirty (30) reverse stock split of the Company’s shares of common stock. Such Amendment and ratio were previously approved by a majority of the Company’s stockholders and by the board of directors.
F-8
MODULAR MEDICAL, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 1 — THE COMPANY AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (cont.)
As a result of the reverse stock split, which was effective for trading purposes on March 31, 2026, every 30 shares of the Company’s pre-reverse split outstanding common stock and exchangeable shares were combined and reclassified into one share of common stock. Proportionate voting rights and other rights of holders of common stock were not affected by the reverse stock split. Any fractional shares of common stock resulting from the reverse stock split were rounded up to the nearest whole share. All stock options and restricted stock units outstanding and common stock reserved for issuance under the Company’s equity incentive plan and warrants outstanding immediately prior to the reverse stock split were adjusted by dividing the number of affected shares of common stock by 30 and, as applicable, multiplying the exercise price by 30, as a result of the reverse stock split. All share and per-share amounts in these consolidated financial statements have been restated to reflect the reverse stock split as if it had occurred at the beginning of the earliest period presented.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amount of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Estimates may include those pertaining to accruals, stock-based compensation and income taxes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Research and Development
The Company expenses research and development expenditures as incurred.
General and Administrative
General and administrative expenses consist primarily of payroll and benefit costs, rent, stock-based compensation, legal and accounting fees, and facility and other finance and administrative expenses.
Risks and Uncertainties
The Company is subject to risks from, among other things, competition associated with the industry in general, other risks associated with financing, liquidity requirements, rapidly changing customer requirements, limited operating history and the volatility of public markets.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents include cash held in demand deposit and money market accounts, certificates of deposit and all highly liquid debt instruments with original maturities of three months or less.
Pre-launch Inventory
The Company capitalizes inventories produced in preparation for product launches when commercialization of the related products is deemed probable, risks and uncertainties regarding ultimate regulatory approval and market acceptance have been significantly reduced and the Company has determined it is probable that these capitalized costs will provide some future economic benefit in excess of capitalized costs. The determination to capitalize is based on the particular facts and circumstances including but not limited to factors such as uncertainties surrounding receipt and analysis of positive clinical trial results, results from meetings with the relevant regulatory authorities prior to the filing of regulatory applications, all relevant communication with regulatory authorities during the regulatory application process, the status of the regulatory approval process, the Company’s historical experience with manufacturing and commercializing similar products and the relevant product candidate, existence of specific issues identified relating to safety, efficacy, manufacturing, marketing or labeling, shelf lives and anticipated volume, timing and estimated selling prices of future sales.
Capitalized pre-launch inventory, if any, is measured in accordance with ASC 330 at the lower of cost or net realizable value and is assessed each reporting period for impairment, including risks associated with delays in regulatory approval or changes in expected demand, with any write-downs recognized in earnings.
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment are recorded at historical cost. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, generally to
F-9
MODULAR MEDICAL, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 1 — THE COMPANY AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (cont.)
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The Company measures the fair value of financial instruments using a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels:
| ● | Level 1 inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. |
| ● | Level 2 inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument. |
| ● | Level 3 inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement. |
Due to their short-term nature, the carrying values of cash equivalents, accounts payable and accrued expenses, approximate fair value.
Leases
The Company’s right-of-use assets consist of leased assets recognized in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) ASC No. 842, Leases, which requires lessees to recognize a lease liability and a corresponding lease asset for virtually all lease contracts. Right-of-use assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and the lease liability represents the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease, both of which are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at the commencement date. Leases with a lease term of 12 months or less at inception are not recorded on the consolidated balance sheets and are expensed on a straight-line basis over the lease term in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss. The Company determines the lease term by agreement with the lessor. In cases where the lease does not provide an implicit interest rate, the Company uses the Company’s incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of future payments.
Stock-Based Compensation
The Company periodically issues stock options, restricted stock units and stock awards to employees and non-employees. The Company accounts for such awards based on FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 718, whereby the value of the award is measured on the date of grant and recognized as compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, usually the vesting period. With respect to performance-based awards, the Company assesses the probability of achieving the requisite performance criteria before recognizing compensation expense. The fair value of the Company’s stock options is estimated using the Black-Scholes-Merton Option Pricing (“Black Scholes”) model, which uses certain assumptions related to risk-free interest rates, expected volatility, expected life of the options, and future dividends. Compensation expense is recorded based upon the value derived from the Black-Scholes model. The assumptions used in the Black-Scholes model could materially affect compensation expense recorded in future periods. The expected option term is computed using the “simplified” method as permitted under the provisions of ASC Topic 718. The Company uses the simplified method to calculate expected term of share options and similar instruments, as the Company does not have sufficient historical exercise data to provide a reasonable basis upon which to estimate the expected term.
Per-Share Amounts
Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing loss for the period by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding (“WASO”) during the period. In addition, the Company includes the number of shares of common stock issuable under pre-funded warrants as outstanding for purposes of the WASO calculation. Diluted net loss per share gives effect to all potentially dilutive common shares outstanding during the period. Potentially dilutive common shares consist of incremental shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of stock options and exercise of warrants.
The following table sets forth securities outstanding which were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share as their inclusion would be anti-dilutive (in thousands):
| March 31, | ||||||||
| 2026 | 2025 | |||||||
| Options to purchase common stock | ||||||||
| Unvested restricted stock units | ||||||||
| Common stock purchase warrants | ||||||||
| Total | ||||||||
Reclassifications
Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified for consistency with the current period presentation. These reclassifications had no effect on the reported results of operations or cash flows.
F-10
MODULAR MEDICAL, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 1 — THE COMPANY AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (cont.)
Income Taxes
The Company determines deferred tax assets and liabilities based upon the differences between the financial statement and tax bases of the Company’s assets and liabilities using tax rates in effect for the year in which the Company expects the differences to affect taxable income. A valuation allowance is established for any deferred tax assets for which it is more likely than not that all or a portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Based on the available information and other factors, management believes it is more likely than not that its federal and state net deferred tax assets will not be fully realized, and the Company has recorded a full valuation allowance.
The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes. When tax returns are filed, it is likely that some positions taken would be sustained upon examination by the taxing authorities, while others are subject to uncertainty about the merits of the position taken or the amount of the position that would be ultimately sustained. The benefit of a tax position is recognized in the consolidated financial statements in the period during which, based on all available evidence, management believes it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including the resolution of appeals or litigation processes, if any. Tax positions taken are not offset or aggregated with other positions. Tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold are measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50 percent likely of being realized upon settlement with the applicable taxing authority. The portion of the benefits associated with tax positions taken that exceeds the amount measured as described above is reflected as a liability for unrecognized tax benefits in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets along with any associated interest and penalties that would be payable to the taxing authorities upon examination. Interest associated with unrecognized tax benefits is classified as interest expense and penalties are classified in general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740) Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures by providing information to better assess how an entity’s operations and related tax risks and tax planning and operational opportunities affect its tax rate and prospects for future cash flows. The Company adopted ASU No. 2023-09 prospectively on March 31, 2025 for fiscal 2026. See Note 7 for additional information.
The Company files U.S. federal and state income tax returns in jurisdictions with varying statutes of limitations. The Company’s historical net operating loss and credit carryforwards may be adjusted by the federal and state tax authorities until the statute closes on the year in which such tax attributes are utilized.
Comprehensive Loss
Comprehensive loss represents the changes in equity of an enterprise, other than those resulting from stockholder transactions. Accordingly, comprehensive loss may include certain changes in equity that are excluded from net loss. For the years ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, the Company’s comprehensive loss was the same as its net loss.
Recently Adopted and Issued Accounting Pronouncements
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. The new standard requires disclosures about specific types of expenses included in the expense captions presented on the face of the income statement as well as disclosures about selling expenses. The standard is effective for the Company for annual periods beginning April 1, 2027 and interim periods beginning April 1, 2028, with early adoption permitted. The standard may be applied either prospectively to financial statements issued for reporting periods after the effective date or retrospectively to any or all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Company is evaluating the impact that this ASU will have on the presentation of its consolidated financial statements.
In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-06, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40) (“ASU 2025-06”), to modernize the accounting for software costs that are accounted for under Subtopic 350-40, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software. For all entities, the amendments in this Update are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027 and interim periods within those annual reporting periods. Early adoption is permitted as of the beginning of an annual reporting period. The Company early adopted ASU 2025-06 effective April 1, 2025 using the modified-transition approach, and the adoption did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.
In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-11, Interim Reporting (Topic 270): Narrow-Scope Improvements (the “Update”), an amendment to improve the guidance in Topic 270, Interim Reporting, by improving the navigability of the required interim disclosures and clarifying when that guidance is applicable. The amendments add to Topic 270 a principle that requires entities to disclose events since the end of the last annual reporting period that have a material impact on the entity. The amendments in this Update clarify interim disclosure requirements and the applicability of Topic 270 apply to all entities that provide interim financial statements and notes in accordance with GAAP. In addition, the amendments in this Update result in a comprehensive list of interim disclosures that are required by GAAP with the objective to provide clarity about the current requirements. The Update is effective for the Company for interim reporting periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The Update can be applied either prospectively or retrospectively to any or all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Company is evaluating the impact that the Update will have on the presentation of its consolidated financial statements.
F-11
MODULAR MEDICAL, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 2 — CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET DETAIL
| March 31, | ||||||||
| 2026 | 2025 | |||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||
| Prepaid and other current assets: | ||||||||
| Prepaid expenses | $ | $ | ||||||
| Other receivables | ||||||||
| $ | $ | |||||||
| March 31, | ||||||||
| 2026 | 2025 | |||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||
| Property and equipment, net: | ||||||||
| Machinery and equipment | $ | $ | ||||||
| Computer equipment and software | ||||||||
| Construction-in-process | ||||||||
| Leasehold improvements | ||||||||
| Office equipment | ||||||||
| Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| $ | $ | |||||||
| March 31, | ||||||||
| 2026 | 2025 | |||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||
| Accrued expenses: | ||||||||
| Accrued wages | $ | $ | ||||||
| Other | ||||||||
| $ | $ | |||||||
NOTE 3 — LEASES
Thornmint Road, San Diego, CA
The
F-12
MODULAR MEDICAL, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 3 — LEASES (cont.)
Future minimum payments under the facility operating lease, as of March 31, 2026, are listed in the table below (in thousands).
| Fiscal year ending March 31, | ||||
| 2027 | $ | |||
| Total future lease payments | ||||
| Less: Imputed interest | ( | ) | ||
| Present value of lease liabilities | $ | |||
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities was approximately $
NOTE 4 — STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Reverse Stock Split
As disclosed in Note 1, effective March 31, 2026, the Company effected a
Increase in Authorized Shares
On January 23, 2026, the Company’s stockholders approved an amendment to the Company’s Articles of Incorporation (the “Authorized Shares Amendment”) to increase the number of authorized shares of common stock from
ATM Offering
In November 2023, the Company entered into a Sales Agreement (the “ATM Agreement”) with Leerink Partners LLC (“Leerink”) under which the Company may offer and sell, from time to time at its sole discretion, shares of its common stock through an “at the market offering” program under which Leerink will act as sales agent or principal. The ATM Agreement provides that Leerink will be entitled to compensation for its services equal to
March 2026 Public Offering
In March 2026, the Company entered into a placement agency agreement (the “Placement Agency Agreement”) with Maxim Group LLC (“Maxim”) and securities purchase agreements with multiple investors, relating to a best-efforts offering (the “March 2026 Offering”) of (i)
F-13
MODULAR MEDICAL, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 4 — STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (cont.)
The combined public offering price for each share of common stock, together with a common warrant to purchase one share of common stock, was $
December 2025 Offering
In December 2025, the Company entered into an Underwriting Agreement (the “Underwriting Agreement”) with Newbridge Securities Corporation (“Newbridge”) relating to a firm commitment underwritten offering (the “Offering”) of (i)
F-14
MODULAR MEDICAL, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 4 — STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (cont.)
September 2025 Warrant Inducement Offering
In September 2025, the Company entered into inducement offer letter agreements (the “Inducement Letters”) with certain holders (the “Holders”) of warrants issued in May 2023 (the “2023 Warrants”) and in March 2025 (the “March 2025 Warrants,” and, collectively with the 2023 Warrants, the “Existing Warrants”) to purchase up to an aggregate of
March 2025 Private Placement
On March 20, 2025, the Company entered into securities purchase agreements (the “Purchase Agreements”) with investors (the Investors) for the private placement (the “Private Placement”) of
The Warrants have an exercise price of $
Newbridge Securities Corporation (the “Placement Agent”) acted as the Company’s placement agent in connection with the Private Placement, pursuant to that certain engagement letter, dated as of February 10, 2025, between the Company and the Placement Agent, pursuant to which the Company paid the Placement Agent (i) a cash fee equal to
F-15
MODULAR MEDICAL, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 4 — STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (cont.)
November 2024 Public Offering
In November 2024, the Company entered into an underwriting agreement (the “Agreement”) with Titan Partners Group LLC, a division of American Capital Partners, LLC (“Titan”), relating to a firm commitment underwritten offering (the “November 2024 Offering”) of
Pursuant to the Agreement, as partial compensation for its services, the Company issued to Titan on the Closing Date, warrants (the “Underwriter Warrants”) to purchase an aggregate of
Issuances of Common Stock and Warrants
During the years ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, the Company issued
The following table sets forth changes in the number of common stock purchase warrants outstanding during fiscal 2026 (share amounts in thousands):
| Type | Number of Shares | Exercise Prices ($) | Expiration Dates | |||||||
| Balance as of March 31, 2025 | ||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock warrants | ||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock warrants | ||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock warrants | ||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock warrants | ||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock warrants | ||||||||||
| Common stock warrants exercised | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Common stock warrants exercised | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Common stock warrants exercised | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Balance as of March 31, 2026 | ||||||||||
As of March 31, 2026, the Company had the following equity-classified warrants outstanding (share amounts in thousands):
| Number of | Exercise | Expiration | ||||||||
| Type | Shares | Prices ($) | Dates | |||||||
| Common stock | $ | |||||||||
| Common stock | ||||||||||
| Common stock | ||||||||||
| Common stock | ||||||||||
| Common stock | ||||||||||
| Common stock | ||||||||||
| Common stock | ||||||||||
| Common stock | ||||||||||
| Common stock | ||||||||||
| Common stock | ||||||||||
| Common stock | ||||||||||
| Common stock | ||||||||||
| Total | ||||||||||
F-16
MODULAR MEDICAL, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 5 – WARRANTS CLASSIFIED AS LIABILITIES
In December 2025, as of the Closing Date and Over-Allotment Closing Date, the Company did not have adequate authorized shares of common stock to settle all of the Firm Warrants, the Over-allotment Warrants and the Underwriter Warrants (collectively, the “Offering Warrants”). Therefore, pursuant to ASC No. 480, the Company classified the Offering Warrants as liabilities in its consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2025. The classification of the Offering Warrants, including whether the Offering Warrants should be recorded as liabilities or as equity, is evaluated at the end of each reporting period with changes in the fair value reported in other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations.
The fair values of the Firm Warrants and Underwriter Warrants issued on the Closing Date were determined using the Black Scholes model with the following assumptions: (i) expected term based on the remaining contractual terms, (ii) risk-free interest rate of
The fair values of the Underwriter Warrants and Over-Allotment Warrants issued on the Over-Allotment Closing Date, were determined using the Black Scholes model with the following assumptions: (i) expected term based on the remaining contractual terms, (ii) risk-free interest rate of
On January 23, 2026, the Company filed the Authorized Shares Amendment and increased its authorized shares such that the Company had adequate authorized shares to settle the Offering Warrants. Accordingly, the Company reclassified the Offering Warrants to equity effective January 23, 2026.
The fair values of the Offering Warrants at January 23, 2026, were determined using the Black Scholes model with the following assumptions: (i) expected term based on the remaining contractual terms, (ii) risk-free interest rate of
As of March 31, 2026, the Company had the following liability-classified warrants outstanding (amounts in thousands):
| Number of Warrants | ||||||||
| on Common Shares | Amount ($) | |||||||
| Balance as of March 31, 2025 | ||||||||
| Recognition of warrant liabilities | ||||||||
| Loss on change in fair value of warrants | ||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2025 | ||||||||
| Loss on change in fair value of warrants | ||||||||
| Reclassification of warrant liabilities to equity | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Balance as of March 31, 2026 | ||||||||
NOTE 6 — STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION
Amended 2017 Equity Incentive Plan
In October 2017, the Company’s board of directors (the “Board”) approved the Amended and Restated 2017 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (the “Plan”) with
Stock-Based Compensation Expense
Stock options granted by the Company generally vest over 36 months and have a
F-17
MODULAR MEDICAL, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 6 — STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION (cont.)
In April 2025, under its Two-Part FDA Submission and Product Milestone Bonus Program (the “Program”), the Company granted stock options to purchase
In February 2026, the Company granted a stock option to purchase
The weighted-average grant date fair values of stock options granted during the years ended March 31, 2026 and 2025 was $
| Year Ended March 31, | ||||||||
| 2026 | 2025 | |||||||
| Risk-free interest rates | ||||||||
| Volatility | ||||||||
| Expected life (years) | ||||||||
| Dividend yield | ||||||||
The fair values of options at the grant date were estimated utilizing the Black-Scholes valuation model, which includes simplified methods to establish the fair term of options. The expected volatility is based on the historical volatility of the Company’s stock price. The risk-free interest rate was derived from the Daily Treasury Yield Curve Rates, as published by the U.S. Department of the Treasury as of the grant date for terms equal to the expected terms of the options. A dividend yield of zero was applied because the Company has never paid dividends and has no intention to pay dividends in the foreseeable future. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur.
The following table summarizes the activity in the shares available for grant under the Plan during the years ended March 31, 2026 and 2025:
| Options Outstanding | ||||||||||||
| Shares Available for Grant | Number of Shares | Weighted Average Exercise Price ($) | ||||||||||
| Balance at March 31, 2024 | ||||||||||||
| Additional shares authorized under the Plan | ||||||||||||
| Options granted | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Options exercised | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Share awards | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Options cancelled and returned to the Plan | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Balance at March 31, 2025 | ||||||||||||
| Additional shares authorized under the Plan | ||||||||||||
| Options granted | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Reverse stock split adjustment | ||||||||||||
| Share awards | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Options cancelled and returned to the Plan | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Balance at March 31, 2026 | ||||||||||||
F-18
MODULAR MEDICAL, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 6 — STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION (cont.)
A summary of RSU activity under the Plan is presented below.
| Weighted | ||||||||
| Average | ||||||||
| Grant-Date | ||||||||
| Number of | Fair Value | |||||||
| Shares | ($) | |||||||
| Balance at March 31, 2024 | ||||||||
| Vested | ( | ) | ||||||
| Balance at March 31, 2025 | ||||||||
| Vested | ( | ) | ||||||
| Balance at March 31, 2026 | ||||||||
The total intrinsic value of RSUs outstanding as of March 31, 2026 was approximately $
The following table summarizes the range of outstanding and exercisable options as of March 31, 2026:
| Options Outstanding | Options Exercisable | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Range of Exercise Price | Number Outstanding | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (in Years) | Weighted Average Exercise Price ($) | Number Exercisable | Weighted Average Exercise Price ($) | Aggregate Intrinsic Value ($) | ||||||||||||||||||
| $5.40 – $68.40 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| $118.50 – $225.30 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| $258.30 – $531.00 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| $5.40 – $531.00 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
The intrinsic value per share is calculated as the excess of the closing price of the common stock on the Company’s principal trading market over the exercise price of the option at March 31, 2026.
NOTE 7 — INCOME TAXES
The income tax provision consisted of the following:
| Year Ended March 31, | ||||||||
| 2026 | 2025 | |||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||
| Current provision: | ||||||||
| Federal | $ | $ | ||||||
| State | ||||||||
| Deferred provision: | ||||||||
| Federal | ||||||||
| State | ||||||||
| Total income tax provision | $ | $ | ||||||
F-19
MODULAR MEDICAL, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 7 — INCOME TAXES (cont.)
A reconciliation of income taxes provided at the federal statutory rate to the actual income tax provision is as follows:
| Year Ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2026 | 2025 | |||||||||||||||
| U.S. Federal Statutory Tax Rate | $ | ( | ) | % | $ | ( | ) | % | ||||||||
| State Taxes, Net of Federal Benefit (1) | ( | ) | % | ( | ) | % | ||||||||||
| Tax Credits | ||||||||||||||||
| Research & development tax credits | ( | ) | % | ( | ) | % | ||||||||||
| Nontaxable or Nondeductible Items, net: | ||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | ( | )% | ( | )% | ||||||||||||
| Revaluation gain/loss | ( | )% | % | |||||||||||||
| Other adjustments | ( | )% | ( | )% | ||||||||||||
| Change in Valuation Allowance | ( | )% | ( | )% | ||||||||||||
| Changes in Unrecognized Tax Benefits | ( | )% | ( | )% | ||||||||||||
| Other Reconciling Items | ( | )% | % | |||||||||||||
| Total Tax Provision | $ | % | $ | % | ||||||||||||
(1) -
The losses before income tax provision for the years ended March 31, 2026 and 2025 were solely attributable to US operations.
Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities were (in thousands):
| March 31, | ||||||||
| 2026 | 2025 | |||||||
| Net operating loss carryforwards | $ | $ | ||||||
| Capitalized research and development expense | ||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense | ||||||||
| Research and development tax credits | ||||||||
| Lease liability | ||||||||
| Reserves, accruals and other | ||||||||
| Total gross deferred tax assets | ||||||||
| Right-of-use asset | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Property and equipment | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Total deferred tax liabilities | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Less: valuation allowance | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Deferred tax assets, net | $ | $ | ||||||
Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Based on the available information and other factors, management believes it is more likely than not that the net deferred tax assets at March 31, 2026 and 2025, will not be fully realizable. Accordingly, management has recorded a full valuation allowance against its net deferred tax assets at March 31, 2026 and 2025.
At March 31, 2026, the Company had net operating loss carryforwards (“NOLs”) of approximately $
The Company also had federal research and development tax credit carryforwards of approximately $
Internal Revenue Code Sections 382 and 383 place a limitation on the amount of net operating loss and income tax credit carryforwards that can offset taxable income after a change in control (generally a greater than
F-20
MODULAR MEDICAL, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 7 — INCOME TAXES (cont.)
The Company’s unrecognized tax benefits were as follows (in thousands):
| Year Ended March 31, | ||||||||
| 2026 | 2025 | |||||||
| Beginning balance | $ | $ | ||||||
| Additions based on tax positions related to the current year | ||||||||
| Additions for tax positions of prior years | ||||||||
| Ending balance | $ | |||||||
There are no unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would impact the Company’s effective tax rate. The Company’s policy is to include interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within the Company’s provision for income taxes. As of March 31, 2026, the Company had no accrual for interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits. The Company does not expect any unrecognized tax benefits to be recognized within the next 12 months.
The Company files U.S. federal and various state income tax returns. The Company is not currently under audit by any taxing authorities. The federal and state income tax returns are generally subject to examination for tax years 2022 through 2025. The statute of limitations for U.S. net operating losses and research and development tax credit carryovers begin to toll in the year they are used; therefore, all carryovers are subject to examination.
The amount of income taxes paid by the Company were (in thousands):
| Year Ended March 31, | ||||||||
| 2026 | 2025 | |||||||
| Federal | $ | |||||||
| California | ||||||||
| Other states | ||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | ||||||
NOTE 8 — COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Litigations, Claims and Assessments
In the normal course of business, the Company may be involved in legal proceedings, claims and assessments arising in the ordinary course of business. The Company records legal costs associated with loss contingencies as incurred and accrues for all probable and estimable settlements.
Indemnification
In the ordinary course of business, the Company enters into contractual arrangements under which it may agree to indemnify the counterparties from any losses incurred relating to breach of representations and warranties, failure to perform certain covenants, or claims and losses arising from certain events as outlined within the particular contract, which may include, for example, losses arising from litigation or claims relating to past performance. Such indemnification clauses may not be subject to maximum loss clauses. The Company has also entered into indemnification agreements with its officers and directors. No amounts were reflected in the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the years ended March 31, 2026 and 2025 related to these indemnifications. The Company has not estimated the maximum potential amount of indemnification liability under these agreements due to the limited history of prior claims and the unique facts and circumstances applicable to each particular agreement. To date, the Company has not made any payments related to these indemnification agreements.
Purchase Obligations
The Company’s primary purchase obligations include purchase orders for machinery and equipment. At March 31, 2026, the Company had outstanding purchase orders for machinery and equipment and related expenditures of approximately $
F-21
MODULAR MEDICAL, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 9 — BUSINESS SEGMENTS, CONCENTRATIONS OF CREDIT RISKS AND SIGNIFICANT CUSTOMER
Segment Information
The Company determines its reporting units in accordance with ASC No. 280, Segment Reporting (“ASC 280”), as amended by ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. Management evaluates a reporting unit by first identifying its operating segments under ASC 280. The Company then evaluates each operating segment to determine if it includes one or more components that constitute a business. If there are components within an operating segment that meet the definition of a business, the Company evaluates those components to determine if they must be aggregated into one or more reporting units. If applicable, when determining if it is appropriate to aggregate different operating segments, the Company determines if the segments are economically similar and, if so, the operating segments are aggregated.
Significant segment expenses include research and development expenditures, salaries and benefits, and stock-based compensation. Operating expenses include all remaining costs necessary to operate the Company’s business, which primarily include facilities, external professional services and other administrative expenses.
| Year Ended March 31, | ||||||||
| 2026 | 2025 | |||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||
| Research and development | $ | $ | ||||||
| Compensation | ||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | ||||||||
| Other operating expenses | ||||||||
| Other income and expense | ( | ) | ||||||
| Net loss | $ | $ | ||||||
Concentrations
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash held in demand deposit accounts. The Company maintains its cash at high credit quality financial institutions within the United States, which are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation up to limits of approximately $
The following table lists significant vendors that represented more than 10% of the Company’s total accounts payable balance at each respective balance sheet date:
| March 31, | ||||||||
| 2026 | 2025 | |||||||
| Vendor A | % | % | ||||||
| Vendor B | % | % | ||||||
| Vendor C | % | % | ||||||
| Vendor D | % | |||||||
| Vendor E | % | |||||||
| * |
F-22
MODULAR MEDICAL, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 10 — RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
Offerings of Equity Securities
Manchester Management Company, LLC (“MMC”), as the general partner of Manchester Explorer, L.P. (“Explorer”), combined with the holdings of its affiliates, JEB Partners LP, James Besser and Morgan Frank, owned approximately
Two members of the Board purchased a total of
Two members of the Board participated in the Offering and purchased
Promissory Note
In February 2026, the Company issued a promissory note (the “Bridge Note”) to Mr. Besser that provided the Company with a $
Compensation
A family member of one of the Company’s executive officers was an employee of the Company until March 15, 2026. During the years ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, the Company paid the family member approximately $
A second family member of one of the Company’s executive officers consulted with and became an employee of the Company during 2025. During the year ended March 31, 2026, the Company paid the family member approximately $
Royalty Agreement
In July 2017, the Company entered into a royalty agreement with its founder, who currently serves as an executive officer of the Company (the “Founder”). Pursuant to the agreement, the Founder assigned and transferred all of his rights in the intellectual property of Quasuras in return for future royalty payments on the Company’s product. The Company is obligated to make royalty payments under the agreement to the Founder on any sales of the royalty product sold or otherwise commercialized by the Company equal to (a) $
NOTE 11 — SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
April 2026 Offering
On April 19, 2026, the Company entered into a placement agency agreement with Maxim relating to a registered direct offering (the “April 2026 Offering”) of
ATM Agreement
On April 17, 2026, the ATM Agreement was terminated.
Maxim ATM Agreement
On April 23, 2026, the Company entered into a Sales Agreement (the “2026 ATM Agreement”) with Maxim under which the Company may offer and sell, from time to time at its sole discretion, up to $
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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports filed under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act. Based on this evaluation, our management concluded that as of March 31, 2026, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management necessarily is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls. Internal control over financial reporting is the process designed by, or under the supervision of, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, and effected by our board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and includes those policies and procedures that: (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect our transactions and dispositions of assets; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
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Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, we conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In making this assessment, we used the criteria based on the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013 Framework) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on the assessment, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of March 31, 2026.
Remediation of a Previously Reported Material Weakness in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
As previously reported in our Form 10-Q for the period ended December 31, 2025, we identified a material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. We did not design and maintain effective controls related to the accounting for the warrants issued in the public offering completed in December 2025. In response to this identified material weakness, our management, with the oversight of the Audit Committee of our board of directors, has been actively engaged in remediating the above material weakness. During the quarter ended March 31, 2026, we implemented remediation measures designed to remediate this material weakness, including:
| ● | Engaging external technical accounting specialists to assist management in evaluating the accounting for financing transactions involving warrants and similar financial instruments; and |
| ● | Designing and implementing formal review and approval controls over management’s accounting analyses for such transactions, to be performed by personnel with the appropriate level of technical accounting knowledge, experience and training. |
Management has concluded that the remediation measures described above related to the accounting for warrants, and similar financial instruments have been implemented, and operated effectively for a sufficient period of time for management to conclude, based on the results of our testing over the design and operating effectiveness of these controls, that the previously identified material weakness has been remediated as of March 31, 2026.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Except for the remediation measures described above, there were no additional changes in our internal controls over financial reporting during the fourth fiscal quarter of 2026 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls and Procedures
Because of its inherent limitations, cost-effective internal controls over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention of overriding controls. Accordingly, even effective internal control over financial reporting can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to consolidated financial statement preparation. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS.
Not applicable.
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PART III
ITEM 10: DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS, AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
The names of our directors, executive officers and certain information about each of them are set forth below.
| Name | Age | Position | ||
| James Besser | 50 | Chief Executive Officer | ||
| Paul DiPerna | 67 | President, Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Chairman of the Board of Directors | ||
| Kevin Schmid | 67 | Chief Operating Officer | ||
| Duane DeSisto(1) | 71 | Director | ||
| Steven Felsher(2)(3) | 77 | Director | ||
| Morgan C. Frank | 54 | Director | ||
| Jeffrey Goldberg(1) (3) | 60 | Director | ||
| Philip Sheibley(2)(3) | 67 | Director | ||
| Carmen Volkart(1)(2) | 65 | Director | ||
| Ellen O’Connor Vos | 70 | Director |
| (1) | Member of Compensation Committee |
| (2) | Member of Audit Committee |
| (3) | Member of Nominating and Governance Committee |
There are no family relationships among any of our directors or executive officers.
The principal occupations and positions for at least the past five years of our directors and executive officers are described below.
James “Jeb” Besser. Mr. Besser has served as our chief executive officer since February 2022 and combines over 25 years of experience in alternative investments, strategic advisory, corporate strategy and corporate governance. Since 1999, he has been a managing member at Manchester Management Company, LLC (“Manchester”), an investment management firm. Mr. Besser is also currently a director of River Stone Biotech, a development stage specialty bioprocessing company. He holds a B.A. in history from Brown University. We believe that Mr. Besser is qualified to serve as member of our board of directors due to his extensive prior experience conducting financial analysis of public companies (certain of which were in the development stage), including such public companies’ management teams, products, including products in the development stage, the potential markets for such products and other factors that could affect the likelihood and timing of success and market penetration of such entities’ products as well as his capital raising activities. We believe this provides us with valuable insights into the financial markets and investment criteria of institutional and other investors as well as capital raising activities.
Paul DiPerna. Mr. DiPerna has been our chairman, chief financial officer, president and treasurer since we acquired Quasuras, Inc. (“Quasuras”) in July 2017. He also served as our chief executive officer from July 2017 until August 2021, and as our Secretary from July 2017 to October 2021. In 2015, he founded Quasuras, an early-stage medical device company developing an insulin pump product, and, until its acquisition by us, he served as its chief executive officer and chairman. Prior to that, Mr. DiPerna founded Fuel Source Partners, LLC to incubate early stage medical device products and accumulate technical talent. Our current pump product was one of such proposed products and was spun-out to Quasuras in 2015. From 2012 to 2015, he served as a co-inventor at a private company with property rights in a medical device used for blood borne infection control called the Curos Cap, which was acquired by 3M Corporation. In 2003, Mr. DiPerna founded Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc. (“Tandem”) and held various positions, including as director, chief executive officer and chief technology officer and was primarily responsible for the design concept and development of Tandem’s initial insulin pump. Prior to that, he held executive and management positions at Baxter Healthcare Corporation (“Baxter”) where he was tasked with identifying synergistic opportunities in the diabetes industry. As a result, Mr. DiPerna developed substantial expertise and knowledge in the diabetes industry and led attempts by Baxter to acquire three insulin pump manufacturers. Previously, he held mechanical design engineering positions in the automated test equipment and blood separation sciences industries. Mr. DiPerna holds approximately 70 patents in medical device and microfluidic technology and has achieved numerous product clearances with the FDA. He has also achieved multiple successful exits with previous companies. Mr. DiPerna received a Masters in Engineering Management from Northeastern University and a B.S. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Massachusetts and has spent over 35 years in the medical-device industry. We believe that Mr. DiPerna is qualified to serve as the chairman of our board of directors due to his extensive knowledge and experience in the medical-device industry generally, and, in particular, with regard to insulin pumps and the diabetes industry, as well as his management and leadership experience from holding director and senior executive positions in other public and private companies and leading project development teams of medical device companies.
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Kevin Schmid. Mr. Schmid has served as our chief operating officer since July 2022. He has over 19 years of experience in medical device senior management and high-volume global manufacturing operations. He served as a consultant to the Company from March 2022 until his hire date. Mr. Schmid served as a member of the board of directors of Eitan Medical, an Israel based provider of connected infusion and wearable drug delivery solutions, from 2018 to 2022. From 2018 through June 2021, he served as the chief executive officer and a board member of Common Sensing, Inc., a disposable injector pen dose monitoring and reporting technology company. From 2016 to 2017, Mr. Schmid was vice president of drug delivery systems for the Stevanato Group, a provider of innovative packaging and drug delivery solutions for the pharmaceutical industry. From 2003 to 2015, Mr. Schmid was vice president of manufacturing, operations, and drug delivery systems for Insulet Corporation. He has a BSME degree from Clarkson University and an MBA from Sacred Heart University.
Duane DeSisto. Mr. DeSisto was appointed to our board of directors in July 2023. He has over 45 years of progressive management experience and over 25 years of experience in the medical device industry as a member of senior management and as a board member at multiple public companies. Currently retired, he previously served as the chief executive officer of Insulet Corporation (“Insulet”), manufacturer of the world’s first patch insulin pump, from 2003 to 2014. Prior to 2001, he held executive positions with Paper Exchange, an e-business solution for the pulp and paper industry, AAI-Foster Grant, a sunglass and eyeglass provider to point-of-purchase retail, and Zoll Medical, a defibrillator manufacturer. He has an undergraduate degree from Providence College and a masters of business administration degree from Bryant University. We believe that Mr. DeSisto is qualified to serve on our board of directors because of his extensive background in operational leadership and commercialization of advanced medical devices and therapies, including insulin pumps. In addition, he has served as an executive officer and member of the board of directors at multiple public companies.
Steven Felsher. Mr. Felsher was appointed to our board of directors in November 2021. Mr. Felsher is an experienced executive with respect to finance, administration, governance and other aspects of public and private company management. He served as a member of the board of directors of Signal Hill Acquisition Corp., a special purpose acquisition company, from March 2021 to February 2023. From August 2018 to July 2020, he served as a member of the board of directors of Sito Mobile, Inc., a publicly-traded company that provided customized, data-driven solutions for brands spanning all forms of media. From January 2011 to June 2019, Mr. Felsher was a senior advisor at Quadrangle Group LLC, a private investment firm focused on the information and communications technology sectors. Currently retired, he spent a substantial portion of his career with Grey Global Group Inc., a global marketing services company, where he served as a senior executive from 1979 until 2007, most recently as vice chairman and chief financial officer. He holds a BA in classical Greek from Dickinson College and a J.D. from Yale University School of Law. We believe that Mr. Felsher is qualified to serve on our board of directors because of his extensive business experience with administration, governance, capital allocation and other aspects of public and private company management.
Morgan C. Frank. Mr. Frank was appointed to our board of directors in April 2017. In August 2022, he was appointed as chairman of the board of directors of SANUWAVE Health, Inc., a publicly-traded provider of wound-care products, and, in May 2023, was appointed its chief executive officer. Mr. Frank served as portfolio manager at Manchester since May 2002, and, prior to such time, he was a founder and managing director at First Principles Group, a boutique consultancy and principal investor specializing in corporate restructuring, restarts, intellectual property assessment and salvage, and spin outs. Prior to such time, Mr. Frank spent approximately five years as an analyst and portfolio manager at Hollis Capital, a San Francisco based hedge fund and prior thereto, Mr. Frank worked for an independent private client group at Paine Webber specializing in primary research to develop investment ideas (particularly short sale ideas) for institutional clients. Prior to his employment at Paine Webber, Mr. Frank was a currency trader for Eastern Vanguard. Mr. Frank holds a BA in Economics and in Political Science from Brown University. We believe that Mr. Frank is qualified to serve as member of our board of directors due to his extensive prior experience conducting financial analysis of public companies (certain of which were in the development stage), including such public companies’ management teams, products, including products in the development stage, the potential markets for such products and other factors that could affect the likelihood and timing of success and market penetration of such entities’ products as well as his capital raising activities. We believe this provides us with valuable insights into the financial markets and investment criteria of institutional and other investors as well as capital raising activities.
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Jeffrey Goldberg. Mr. Goldberg was appointed to our board of directors in May 2025. He is an experienced executive who currently and in the past has served as a member and chair of the board of directors of multiple companies. In May 2026, Mr. Goldberg was appointed to the board of directors of Beasley Broadcast Group Inc., a Nasdaq-listed multiplatform media company providing advertising and digital marketing solutions across the United States. Since December 2023, he has served as a member of the board of directors of ATI Physical Therapy, Inc., a publicly-traded nationwide provider of physical therapy services. Mr. Goldberg also currently serves as a member of the board of directors of the following companies: Eating Recovery Centers/Pathlight, Lannett Company, Inc. and Banza. He earned his J.D. from UCLA School of Law and his A.B. with a concentration in Philosophy from Harvard College. The Board believes that Mr. Goldberg is qualified to serve on our board of directors because of his extensive leadership experience, including serving as a member and chair of the board of directors of a number of companies in the healthcare and technology industries.
Philip Sheibley. Mr. Sheibley was appointed to our board of directors in November 2021. Mr. Sheibley is an experienced executive and venture capitalist. Since 2011, he has served as a principal at Alumni Investment Partners, a private equity firm. From 1981 to 2010, Mr. Sheibley served as a management and technology consultant with Accenture, where he focused on the life sciences area, holding a variety of leadership positions, including North American industry director for life sciences and global lead for management consulting. Mr. Sheibley holds a B.S. in industrial and systems engineering with a business minor from Lehigh University. We believe that Mr. Sheibley is qualified to serve on our board of directors because of his extensive business experience in the life sciences area and experience with venture capital investment and consulting, including financing transactions for early-stage and scale-up stage companies, assisting with scale-up strategy/execution, and participating as a board member in the medical products industry.
Carmen Volkart. Ms. Volkart was appointed to our board of directors in December 2019. Since January 2023, she has served as a member of the board of directors of Tactile Systems Technology, Inc. (Tactile Medical), a Nasdaq-listed, medical technology company developing and marketing at-home therapies for people suffering from underserved, chronic conditions. Ms. Volkart served as chief financial officer of Natureworks LLC, an advanced materials company offering a portfolio of renewably-sourced polymers, from October 2018 to September 2023. She served as a member of the board of directors, including as a member of the audit committee of Antares Pharma, Inc., a Nasdaq-listed, specialty pharmaceutical company, from October 2021 to May 2022, when it was acquired by another Nasdaq-listed company. From October 2012 to July 2018, Ms. Volkart served as chief financial officer and, for a portion of that time, as senior vice president of commercialization for NxThera, Inc., a medical device company pioneering the application of convective radiofrequency thermotherapy to treat endourological conditions. She served as global chief financial officer of Tornier N.V. from 2010 to 2012, and was chief operating and financial officer, corporate secretary, compliance officer and treasurer of Spine Wave, Inc. from 2006 to 2010. Prior to 2006, Ms. Volkart held various executive and financial positions at American Medical Systems, Inc., Medtronic, Inc. and Honeywell, Inc. She holds a B.S. in accounting from the University of North Dakota and an MBA with a concentration in strategic management from the University of Minnesota. We believe that Ms. Volkart is qualified to serve on our board of directors because of her substantial financial and public-company experience, as she has served as chief financial officer at multiple medical device and other companies.
Ellen O’Connor Vos. Ms. Vos has served as a member of the Board of Directors since May 2021 and served as our chief executive officer from August 2021 until February 23, 2022. Ms. Vos has served as a member of VosHealth LLC, a healthcare consultancy firm, since November 2020. Prior to that, she served as the president and chief executive officer of the Muscular Dystrophy Association from October 2017 to November 2020. Previously, Ms. Vos had been chief executive officer of ghg | greyhealth group from 1996 to 2017, and she has been a champion of using digital capabilities to improve the public health. Ms. Vos also serves on the board of OptimizeRX Corporation, a publicly-traded digital health company, and the Jed Foundation, a leading nonprofit dedicated to protecting the emotional health of college students, and was a founding board member of MMRF, a pioneering cancer research foundation. Ms. Vos holds a B.S. in nursing from Alfred University. We believe that Ms. Vos is qualified to serve on our board of directors because of her executive experience and extensive executive skills in digital marketing, commercialization and communications in the healthcare industry.
Family Relationships.
There are no family relationships between any of our directors or executive officers.
Involvement in Legal Proceedings
To our knowledge, none of our executive officers or our directors has, during the last ten years:
| ● | had any bankruptcy petition filed by or against the business or property of the person, or of any partnership, corporation or business association of which he was a general partner or executive officer, either at the time of the bankruptcy filing or within two years prior to that time; |
| ● | been subject to any order, judgment, or decree, not subsequently reversed, suspended or vacated, of any court of competent jurisdiction or federal or state authority, permanently or temporarily enjoining, barring, suspending or otherwise limiting, his involvement in any type of business, securities, futures, commodities, investment, banking, savings and loan, or insurance activities, or to be associated with persons engaged in any such activity; |
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| ● | been found by a court of competent jurisdiction in a civil action or by the SEC or the Commodity Futures Trading Commission to have violated a federal or state securities or commodities law, and the judgment has not been reversed, suspended, or vacated; |
| ● | been the subject of, or a party to, any federal or state judicial or administrative order, judgment, decree, or finding, not subsequently reversed, suspended or vacated (not including any settlement of a civil proceeding among private litigants), relating to an alleged violation of any federal or state securities or commodities law or regulation, any law or regulation respecting financial institutions or insurance companies including, but not limited to, a temporary or permanent injunction, order of disgorgement or restitution, civil money penalty or temporary or permanent cease-and-desist order, or removal or prohibition order, or any law or regulation prohibiting mail or wire fraud or fraud in connection with any business entity; or |
| ● | been the subject of, or a party to, any sanction or order, not subsequently reversed, suspended or vacated, of any self-regulatory organization (as defined in Section 3(a)(26) of the Exchange Act), any registered entity (as defined in Section 1(a)(29) of the Commodity Exchange Act), or any equivalent exchange, association, entity or organization that has disciplinary authority over its members or persons associated with a member. |
To our knowledge, there are no material proceedings to which any director, officer or affiliate of ours, any owner of record or beneficially of more than 5% of any class of voting securities of us, or any associate of any such director, officer, affiliate of ours, or security holder is a party adverse to us or any of our subsidiaries or has a material interest adverse to us or any of our subsidiaries.
Communications with our Board of Directors
Stockholders who desire to communicate with the board of directors, or a specific director, may do so by sending the communication addressed to either the board of directors or any individual director, c/o Modular Medical, Inc., 10740 Thornmint Road, San Diego, California 92127. These communications will be delivered to the board of directors, or any individual director, as specified.
Corporate Governance
Board Leadership Structure and Role in Risk Oversight
Due to our small size and early stage, we have not adopted a formal policy on whether the chairman and chief executive officer positions should be separate or combined. Since 2017, Mr. DiPerna has been serving as our chairman, and, since February 2022, Mr. Besser has been serving as our chief executive officer. Our board of directors has oversight responsibility for our risk management processes. Our board of directors receives and reviews periodic reports from management, auditors, legal counsel, and others, as considered appropriate, regarding our assessment of risks. Our board of directors will focus on the most significant risks facing us and our general risk management strategy, and also ensure that risks undertaken by us are consistent with our appetite for risk. While our board of directors oversees our risk management processes, management is responsible for day-to-day risk management processes. We believe this division of responsibilities is the most effective approach for addressing the risks facing us and that the leadership structure of our board of directors supports this approach.
We have established an audit committee, a compensation committee, and a nominating and governance committee. Each committee’s members and functions are described below.
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Audit Committee
Our board of directors established the audit committee (the “Audit Committee”) for the purpose of overseeing the accounting and financial reporting processes and audits of our financial statements. The Audit Committee also is charged with reviewing any internal control violations under our whistleblower policy. The responsibilities of our audit committee are described in the Audit Committee Charter adopted by our board of directors, a current copy of which can be found on the investors section of our website, www.modular-medical.com.
Mr. Felsher, Mr. Sheibley and Ms. Volkart are the current members of the Audit Committee. Mr. Felsher serves as the chairperson and has been designated by the board of directors as the “audit committee financial expert,” as defined by Item 407(d)(5) of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act. That status does not impose duties, liabilities or obligations that are greater than the duties, liabilities or obligations otherwise imposed on Mr. Felsher as a member of the audit committee and the board of directors, however. Our board of directors has determined that each of our Audit Committee members satisfies the “independence” requirements of the Nasdaq listing rules and meets the independence standards under Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act.
Compensation Committee
Our board of directors established the compensation committee (the “Compensation Committee”) for the purpose of reviewing, recommending and approving our compensation policies and benefits, including the compensation of all of our executive officers and directors. Mr. DeSisto, Ms. Volkart and Mr. Goldberg are the current members of the compensation committee, and Ms. Volkart serves as the chairperson. Each of our Compensation Committee members satisfies the “independence” requirements of the Nasdaq listing rules and meets the independence standards under Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act.
Our Compensation Committee is responsible for reviewing, recommending and approving our compensation policies and benefits, including the compensation of all of our executive officers and directors, and it also has the principal responsibility for the administration of our equity incentive plan. The responsibilities of our compensation committee are more fully described in the Compensation Committee Charter adopted by our board of directors, a current copy of which can be found on the investors section of our website, www.modular-medical.com.
Nominating and Governance Committee
Our board of directors established the nominating and governance committee (the “Nominating and Governance Committee”) for the purpose of (i) carrying out the responsibilities delegated by the board of directors relating to our director nominations process, (ii) developing and assessing our corporate governance policies, (iii) reviewing our strategies, activities, and policies regarding environmental, social, and governance (“ESG”) matters and (iv) provide oversight for the evaluation of the performance of the board of directors and its committees. The Nominating and Governance Committee consists of Mr. Sheibley, Mr. Felsher and Mr. Goldberg, and Mr. Sheibley serves as the chairperson. Each of the members of our Nominating and Governance Committee satisfies the “independence” requirements of the Nasdaq listing rules and meets the independence standards under Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act. The responsibilities of our Nominating and Governance committee are more fully described in the Nominating and Governance Committee Charter adopted by our board of directors, a current copy of which can be found on the investors section of our website, www.modular-medical.com. The Nominating and Governance Committee will consider persons recommended by stockholders for inclusion as nominees for election to our board of directors if the information required by our bylaws is submitted in writing in a timely manner addressed and delivered to our secretary at the address of our executive offices. The Nominating and Governance Committee will identify and evaluate nominees for our board of directors, including nominees recommended by stockholders, based on numerous factors it considers appropriate, some of which may include strength of character, mature judgment, career specialization, relevant technical skills, diversity, and the extent to which the nominee would fill a present need on our board of directors.
Director Independence
Our board of directors has determined that each of the current directors, with the exception of Mr. DiPerna and Mr. Frank, is “independent,” as defined by the listing rules of the NASDAQ Stock Market (“Nasdaq”) and the rules and regulations of the SEC. Our board of directors has standing audit, compensation and nominating and governance committees, each of which is comprised solely of independent directors in accordance with the Nasdaq listing rules.
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No director qualifies as independent unless the board of directors affirmatively determines that he has no direct or indirect relationship with us that would impair his independence. We independently review the relationship of the Company to any entity employing a director or on whose board of directors such director is serving currently.
Insider Trading Compliance Program
We have adopted an insider trading compliance program that governs the purchase, sale and other dispositions of our securities that applies to our officers and directors, as well as our employees that have regular access to material, nonpublic information about the Company in the normal course of their duties. We believe that our insider trading compliance program is reasonably designed to promote compliance with insider trading laws, rules and regulations, and listing standards applicable to us. A copy of our insider trading compliance program is filed as an exhibit to this Report.
Code of Business Conduct and Ethics for Employees, Executive Officers and Directors
We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (the “Code of Conduct”) applicable to all of our employees, executive officers and members of our board of directors. The Code of Conduct is available on our website at www.modular-medical.com. Our Nominating and Governance Committee is responsible for overseeing the Code of Conduct, and our board of directors must approve any waivers of the Code of Conduct. In addition, we intend to post on our website all disclosures that are required by law concerning any amendments to, or waivers from, any provision of the Code of Conduct.
Board Diversity
We seek diversity in experience, viewpoint, education, skill, and other individual qualities and attributes to be represented on our board of directors. We believe directors should have various qualifications, including individual character and integrity; business experience; leadership ability; strategic planning skills, ability, and experience; requisite knowledge of our industry and finance, accounting, and legal matters; communications and interpersonal skills; and the ability and willingness to devote time to our company. We also believe the skill sets, backgrounds, and qualifications of our directors, taken as a whole, should provide a significant mix of diversity in personal and professional experience, background, viewpoints, perspectives, knowledge, and abilities. Nominees are not to be discriminated against on the basis of race, religion, national origin, sex, sexual orientation, disability, or any other basis proscribed by law. The assessment of prospective directors is made in the context of the perceived needs of our board of directors from time to time.
All of our directors have held high-level positions in business or professional service firms and have experience in dealing with complex issues. We believe that all of our directors are individuals of high character and integrity, are able to work well with others, and have committed to devote sufficient time to the business and affairs of our company. In addition to these attributes, the description of each director’s background set forth above indicates the specific qualifications, skills, perspectives, and experience necessary to conclude that each individual should continue to serve as a director of ours.
Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports
Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act requires our directors, executive officers and persons who beneficially own 10% or more of a class of securities registered under Section 12 of the Exchange Act to file reports of beneficial ownership and changes in beneficial ownership with the SEC. Directors, executive officers and greater than 10% stockholders are required by the rules and regulations of the SEC to furnish us with copies of all reports filed by them in compliance with Section 16(a).
Based solely upon a review of Forms 3 and 4 and amendments thereto furnished to us during fiscal 2026, including those reports that we filed on behalf of our directors and executive officers, no director, executive officer, beneficial owner of more than 10% of the outstanding common stock, or any other person subject to Section 16 of the Exchange Act, failed to file with the SEC on a timely basis during fiscal 2026, except that:
| ● | Mr. DeSisto failed to timely file a Form 4 to report a stock option granted on March 31, 2026; |
| ● | Mr. Felsher failed to timely file a Form 4 to report a stock option granted on March 31, 2026 |
| ● | Mr. Frank failed to timely file Form 4s to report stock options granted on September 30, 2025 and March 31, 2026; |
| ● | Mr. Frank failed to timely file a Form 4 to report a stock option granted on March 31, 2026; |
| ● | Mr. Goldberg failed to timely file Form 4s to report stock options granted on September 30, 2025 and March 31, 2026; |
| ● | Mr. Sheibley failed to timely file a Form 4 to report a stock option granted on March 31, 2026; |
| ● | Ms. Volkart failed to timely file a Form 4 to report a stock option granted on March 31, 2026; and |
| ● | Ms. Vos failed to timely file a Form 4 to report a stock option granted on March 31, 2026. |
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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
SUMMARY COMPENSATION TABLE
The following table sets forth compensation information for fiscal 2026 and 2025 for each of our named executive officers.
| Name and Principal Position | Year | Salary ($) | Stock Awards ($) | Option Awards ($)(1) | Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation ($) | All Other Compensation ($) | Total ($) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| James E. Besser, | 2026 | — | — | 46,999 | — | — | 46,999 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Chief Executive Officer(2) | 2025 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Paul DiPerna, | 2026 | 360,000 | — | 302,871 | — | — | 662,871 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| President, President | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Chairman | 2025 | 360,000 | — | 215,751 | — | — | 575,751 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Kevin Schmid, | 2026 | 300,000 | — | 75,718 | — | — | 375,718 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Chief Operating Officer | 2025 | 300,000 | — | 100,967 | — | — | 400,967 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| (1) | Award amounts reflect the aggregate grant date fair value with respect to awards granted, as determined pursuant to Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) ASC Topic 718. The assumptions used to calculate the aggregate grant date fair value of option awards are set forth in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included in item 8 of this Report. These amounts do not reflect actual compensation earned or to be earned by our named executive officers. |
| (2) | Mr. Besser is paid de minimis annual compensation of $1.00. |
Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End
The following table shows certain information regarding outstanding equity awards held by our named executive officers as of March 31, 2026.
| Number of | Number of | |||||||||||||
| Securities | Securities | |||||||||||||
| Underlying | Underlying | Option | ||||||||||||
| Unexercised | Unexercised | Exercise | Option | |||||||||||
| Options (#) | Options (#) | Price | Expiration | |||||||||||
| Name | Exercisable | Unexercisable | ($) | Date(1) | ||||||||||
| James E. Besser | 4,505 | (2) | — | 33.30 | 10/2/2033 | |||||||||
| 2,084 | (3) | — | 28.20 | 04/24/2035 | ||||||||||
| Paul DiPerna | 39 | (4) | — | 284.40 | 6/1/2030 | |||||||||
| 39 | (5) | — | 284.40 | 5/1/2030 | ||||||||||
| 39 | (6) | — | 284.40 | 4/1/2030 | ||||||||||
| 56 | (7) | — | 223.20 | 3/2/2030 | ||||||||||
| 59 | (8) | — | 223.20 | 2/1/2030 | ||||||||||
| 58 | (9) | — | 223.20 | 1/1/2030 | ||||||||||
| 61 | (10) | — | 202.50 | 12/1/2029 | ||||||||||
| 61 | (11) | — | 202.50 | 11/1/2029 | ||||||||||
| 58 | (12) | — | 202.50 | 10/1/2029 | ||||||||||
| 56 | (13) | — | 202.50 | 9/15/2029 | ||||||||||
| 56 | (14) | — | 202.50 | 8/15/2029 | ||||||||||
| 56 | (15) | — | 202.50 | 7/15/2029 | ||||||||||
| 55 | (16) | — | 202.50 | 6/15/2029 | ||||||||||
| 56 | (17) | — | 202.50 | 5/15/2029 | ||||||||||
| 55 | (18) | — | 202.50 | 4/15/2029 | ||||||||||
| 57 | (18) | — | 202.50 | 3/15/2029 | ||||||||||
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| Number of | Number of | |||||||||||||
| Securities | Securities | |||||||||||||
| Underlying | Underlying | Option | ||||||||||||
| Unexercised | Unexercised | Exercise | Option | |||||||||||
| Options (#) | Options (#) | Price | Expiration | |||||||||||
| Name | Exercisable | Unexercisable | ($) | Date(1) | ||||||||||
| 55 | (20) | — | 202.50 | 2/15/2029 | ||||||||||
| 54 | (21) | — | 202.50 | 1/15/2029 | ||||||||||
| 60 | (22) | — | 202.50 | 12/15/2028 | ||||||||||
| 60 | (23) | — | 202.50 | 11/15/2028 | ||||||||||
| 201 | (24) | — | 59.40 | 10/15/2028 | ||||||||||
| 201 | (25) | — | 59.40 | 09/15/2028 | ||||||||||
| 201 | (26) | — | 59.40 | 08/15/2028 | ||||||||||
| 3,334 | (27) | — | 202.50 | 11/25/2029 | ||||||||||
| 1,500 | (28) | — | 127.20 | 4/14/2032 | ||||||||||
| 1,620 | (29) | 47 | (29) | 49.50 | 4/3/2033 | |||||||||
| 3,004 | (2) | — | 33.30 | 10/2/2033 | ||||||||||
| 2,130 | (31) | 1,204 | (31) | 45.60 | 4/8/2034 | |||||||||
| 1,952 | (32) | — | 51.30 | 8/22/2034 | ||||||||||
| 6,667 | (3) | — | 28.20 | 4/24/2035 | ||||||||||
| Kevin Schmid | 5,834 | (33) | — | (33) | 127.20 | 7/21/2032 | ||||||||
| 3,241 | (29) | 93 | (29) | 45.00 | 4/3/2033 | |||||||||
| 1,252 | (2) | — | 33.30 | 10/2/2033 | ||||||||||
| 1,065 | (31) | 602 | (31) | 45.60 | 4/8/2034 | |||||||||
| 814 | (32) | — | 51.30 | 8/22/2034 | ||||||||||
| 1,667 | (3) | — | 28.20 | 4/24/2035 | ||||||||||
| (1) | The standard option term is ten years, but all of the options expire automatically unless exercised within 90 days after the cessation of service as an employee, director or consultant. |
| (2) | The option was granted on October 2, 2023 and vested on January 19, 2024 upon our 510(k) premarket submission to the FDA for our initial pump product. |
| (3) | The option was granted on April 24, 2025 and vested upon our 510(k) premarket submission to the FDA for our Pivot pump product. |
| (4) | The option was granted on June 1, 2020, and the shares subject to this option were fully vested on the grant date. |
| (5) | The option was granted on May 1, 2020, and the shares subject to this option were fully vested on the grant date. |
| (6) | The option was granted on April 1, 2020, and the shares subject to this option were fully vested on the grant date. |
| (7) | The option was granted on March 2, 2020, and the shares subject to this option were fully vested on the grant date. |
| (8) | The option was granted on February 1, 2020, and the shares subject to this option were fully vested on the grant date. |
| (9) | The option was granted on January 1, 2020, and the shares subject to this option were fully vested on the grant date. |
| (10) | The option was granted on December 1, 2019, and the shares subject to this option were fully vested on the grant date. |
| (11) | The option was granted on November 1, 2019, and the shares subject to this option were fully vested on the grant date. |
| (12) | The option was granted on October 1, 2019, and the shares subject to this option were fully vested on the grant date. |
| (13) | The option was granted on September 15, 2019, and the shares subject to this option were fully vested on the grant date. |
| (14) | The option was granted on August 15, 2019, and the shares subject to this option were fully vested on the grant date. |
| (15) | The option was granted on July 15, 2019, and the shares subject to this option were fully vested on the grant date. |
| (16) | The option was granted on June 15, 2019, and the shares subject to this option were fully vested on the grant date. |
| (17) | The option was granted on May 15, 2019, and the shares subject to this option were fully vested on the grant date. |
| (18) | The option was granted on April 15, 2019, and the shares subject to this option were fully vested on the grant date. |
| (19) | The option was granted on March 15, 2019, and the shares subject to this option were fully vested on the grant date. |
| (20) | The option was granted on February 15, 2019, and the shares subject to this option were fully vested on the grant date. |
| (21) | The option was granted on January 15, 2019, and the shares subject to this option were fully vested on the grant date. |
| (22) | The option was granted on December 15, 2018, and the shares subject to this option were fully vested on the grant date. |
| (23) | The option was granted on November 15, 2018, and the shares subject to this option were fully vested on the grant date. |
| (24) | The option was granted on October 15, 2018, and the shares subject to this option were fully vested on the grant date. |
| (25) | The option was granted on September 15, 2018, and the shares subject to this option were fully vested on the grant date. |
| (26) | The option was granted on August 15, 2018, and the shares subject to this option were fully vested on the grant date. |
| (27) | The option was granted on November 25, 2019, and the shares subject to this option vested monthly over three years commencing January 1, 2020, subject to continued service as an employee, director or consultant. |
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| (28) | The option was granted on April 14, 2022, and the shares subject to this option vest: i) one-third on the annual anniversary of the grant date and ii) the remaining two-thirds monthly over the next two years, subject to continued service as an employee, director or consultant |
| (29) | The option was granted on April 3, 2023, and the shares subject to this option vest: i) one-third on the annual anniversary of the grant date and ii) the remaining two-thirds monthly over the next two years subject to continued service as an employee, director or consultant. |
| (30) | The option was granted on October 2, 2023, and the shares subject to this option vested in January 2024 upon the Company’s 510(k) premarket submission to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) for its initial pump product. |
| (31) | The option was granted on April 8, 2024, and the shares subject to this option vest: i) one-third on the annual anniversary of the grant date and ii) the remaining two-thirds vest over the next two years subject to continued service as an employee, director or consultant. |
| (32) | The option was granted on August 22, 2024, and the shares subject to this option vested in September 2024 upon the Company’s receipt of clearance from the FDA for its MODD1 product. |
| (33) | The option was granted on July 21, 2022, and the shares subject to this option vest: i) one-third on the annual anniversary of the grant date and ii) the remaining two-thirds monthly over the next two years subject to continued service as an employee, director or consultant. |
Employment Agreements
We have entered into our standard form of employment, confidential information and invention assignment agreement with each of our named executive officers. We also have entered into agreements to indemnify our directors and executive officers, in addition to the indemnification provided for in our articles of incorporation and bylaws. These agreements, among other things, provide for indemnification of our directors and certain executive officers for many expenses, including attorneys’ fees, judgments, fines and settlement amounts incurred by any such person in any action or proceeding, including any action by or in the right of the Company, arising out of such person’s services as a director or executive officer of ours, any subsidiary of ours or any other company or enterprise to which such person provided services at our request.
The DiPerna Employment and Related Agreements
We entered into an employment agreement dated August 1, 2018, with Mr. DiPerna, as amended (the “DiPerna Agreement”), pursuant to which Mr. DiPerna is currently employed by us as our president and chief financial officer. Mr. DiPerna’s employment agreement had an initial two-year term and automatically renews for additional one-year terms. Effective April 1, 2024, we amended the DiPerna Agreement to increase Mr. DiPerna’s annual base salary to $360,000.
The DiPerna Agreement provides benefits that are intended to encourage the continued dedication of Mr. DiPerna and to mitigate potential disincentives to the consideration of a transaction that would result in a change in control, particularly where the services of Mr. DiPerna may not be required by a potential acquirer. Mr. DiPerna will receive change of control payments and benefits in accordance with the terms and conditions of the DiPerna Agreement. The DiPerna Agreement provides for benefits for Mr. DiPErna in the event of a “Change of Control,” which is generally defined as: the removal of Mr. DiPerna as an executive and chair of our board of directors as the result of the occurrence of any of the following events:
| ● | the sale, lease, conveyance or other disposition of all or substantially all of our assets as an entirety or substantially as an entirety to any person, entity or group of persons acting in concert; (B) any “person” (as such term is used in Sections 13(d) and 14(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended), other than any then currently existing shareholder as of the Change of Control date, becoming the “beneficial owner,’’ as defined in Rule 13d-3 under said act, directly or indirectly, of securities of the Company representing 50% or more of the total voting power represented by our then outstanding voting securities but in no event shall the completion of an offering (i) of our common stock pursuant to a registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission in our initial public offering or (ii) a private offering of shares of the capital stock of us constitute a Change of Control; or |
| ● | a merger or consolidation of us with any other corporation or not affiliated with any currently existing shareholder, other than a merger or consolidation, which would result in the voting securities of us outstanding immediately prior thereto continuing to represent (either by remaining outstanding or by being converted into voting securities of the surviving entity) at least 50% of the total voting power represented by the voting securities of us or such surviving entity outstanding immediately after such merger or consolidation. |
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If a change of control occurred on March 31, 2026, under the DiPerna Agreement, Mr. DiPerna would be entitled to the following:
| ● | payment of a lump sum of $360,000 within 60 days of the time at which such Change of Control takes place. |
| ● | accelerated vesting of 1,251 shares of common stock under unvested stock options. The value of the shares subject to accelerated vesting is calculated as the intrinsic value per share multiplied by the number of shares that would become fully vested upon a change of control. The intrinsic value per share would be calculated as the excess of the closing price of the common stock of $4.55 on the Nasdaq Capital Market on March 31, 2026 over the exercise price of the option. As of March 31, 2026, the shares subject to accelerated vesting had no intrinsic value. |
In connection with our acquisition of Quasuras, we entered into an Intellectual Property Transfer Agreement, dated as of July 24, 2017, with Quasuras and Mr. DiPerna, pursuant to which Mr. DiPerna transferred to us all intellectual property rights owned directly and/or indirectly by him related to our business. Separately, we agreed to pay Mr. DiPerna, as part of his compensation for services to be performed for us, pursuant to a royalty agreement, certain fees based upon future sales, if any, of our potential product subject to a maximum $10,000,000 cap on the aggregate amount of fees that Mr. DiPerna could earn from such arrangement.
Director Compensation
In the first quarter of fiscal 2022, our board of directors approved our outside (non-employee) director compensation plan (the “Director Plan”). Pursuant to the Director Plan, outside directors are paid the following annual retainers:
| ● | $25,000 for service as a member of the board of directors; and |
| ● | $5,000 for service as chair of a committee of the board of directors. |
The annual retainers are paid in quarterly installments in either cash, options to purchase shares of our common stock or in shares of our common stock, as directed by each director based on an annual election.
In addition, under the Director Plan, each director receives an annual service equity award of $100,000 paid in quarterly installments in either options to purchase shares of our common stock or shares of our common stock, as directed by each director based on an annual election. In July 2022, the Board amended the Director Plan to provide that a minimum price of $300.00 per share of common stock would be used to calculate the number of shares subject to options or share awards.
The following table summarizes the compensation earned by our non-employee directors in fiscal 2026:
| Name | Fee Compensation ($) | Option Awards ($)(1)(2) | All Other Compensation ($)(1)(3) | Total ($) | ||||||||||||
| Duane DeSisto | 30,000 | — | 4,728 | 34,728 | ||||||||||||
| Steven Felsher | — | 11,032 | 1,419 | 12,451 | ||||||||||||
| Morgan Frank | — | 13,789 | — | 13,789 | ||||||||||||
| Jeffrey Goldberg | 21,497 | 8,792 | — | 30,289 | ||||||||||||
| Philip Sheibley | 30,000 | 11,032 | — | 41,032 | ||||||||||||
| Carmen Volkart | — | — | 5,906 | 5,906 | ||||||||||||
| Ellen O’Connor Vos | 25,000 | 11,032 | — | 36,032 | ||||||||||||
| (1) | Award amounts reflect the aggregate grant date fair value with respect to awards granted, as determined pursuant to FASB ASC Topic 718. The assumptions used to calculate the aggregate grant date fair value of option awards are set forth in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. These amounts do not reflect actual compensation earned or to be earned by our directors. |
| (2) | As of March 31, 2026, our non-employee directors each held outstanding options to purchase the following number of shares of our common stock: Steven Felsher, 5,271; Morgan Frank, 8,427; Jeffrey Goldberg, 860; Philip Sheibley, 2,556; Carmen Volkart, 6,021, Ellen O’Connor Vos, 7,535. |
| (3) | Represents stock awards under the Director Plan; we calculated the estimated fair value of the stock awards issued using the closing price per share of our common stock on the day prior to the grant date in accordance with the Director Plan. |
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ITEM 12: SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
The following table sets forth certain information as of June 1, 2026 concerning the ownership of our common stock by:
| ● | each stockholder known by us to be the beneficial owner of more than 5% of the outstanding shares of our common stock (currently our only class of voting securities); |
| ● | each of our directors; |
| ● | each of our executive officers; and |
| ● | all directors and executive officers as a group. |
Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with Rule 13d-3 of the Exchange Act, and includes all shares over which the beneficial owner exercises voting or investment power. Shares that are issuable upon the exercise of options, warrants and other rights to acquire common stock that are presently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of June 1, 2026 are reflected in a separate column in the table below. These shares are taken into account in the calculation of the total number of shares beneficially owned by a particular holder and the total number of shares outstanding for the purpose of calculating percentage ownership of the particular holder. We have relied on information supplied by our officers, directors and certain stockholders and on information contained in filings with the SEC. Except as otherwise indicated, and subject to community property laws where applicable, we believe, based on information provided by these persons, that the persons named in the table have sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares of common stock shown as beneficially owned by them. The percentage of beneficial ownership is based on 5,411,160 shares of common stock outstanding as of June 1, 2026.
Unless otherwise stated, the business address of each of our directors and executive officers listed in the table is 10740 Thornmint Road, San Diego, California 92127.
| Number of Shares Beneficially Owned (Excluding Outstanding Equity Awards and | Number of Shares Issuable on Exercise of Outstanding Equity Awards and | Percent of | ||||||||||
| Name and principal position | Warrants)(1) | Warrants(2) | Class | |||||||||
| JEB Partners, L.P | 11,014 | (3) | 11,014 | * | ||||||||
| Manchester Explorer, L.P | 126,851 | (4) | 30,463 | 2.89 | ||||||||
| Manchester Management Company, LLC | 137,865 | (5) | 30,463 | 3.09 | ||||||||
| AWM Investment Company | 366,666 | (6) | 233,834 | 9.99 | ||||||||
| Pathfinder Asset Management Ltd | 299,775 | (7) | — | 5.54 | ||||||||
| Solas Capital Management, LLC | 288,095 | (8) | 176,755 | 8.32 | ||||||||
| Directors and Officers: | ||||||||||||
| James Besser | 14,066 | (9) | 9,192 | * | ||||||||
| Paul DiPerna | 85,119 | (10) | 23,310 | 2.00 | ||||||||
| Kevin Schmid | — | 14,151 | * | |||||||||
| Duane DeSisto | 7,774 | 2,556 | * | |||||||||
| Steven Felsher | 8,464 | 5,271 | * | |||||||||
| Morgan C. Frank | 6,874 | (11) | 695 | * | ||||||||
| Philip Sheibley | 3,250 | 8,427 | * | |||||||||
| Carmen Volkart | 715 | 6,021 | * | |||||||||
| Ellen O’Connor Vos | 617 | 7,535 | * | |||||||||
| Jeffrey Goldberg | — | 860 | * | |||||||||
| All current directors and executive officers as a group (10 persons) | 126,879 | 78,018 | 3.78 | |||||||||
| * | Represents holdings of less than 1% |
| (1) | Excludes shares subject to outstanding options, restricted stock units and warrants to acquire common stock that are exercisable within 60 days of June 1, 2026. |
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(2) | Represents the number of shares subject to outstanding options, restricted stock units and warrants to acquire common stock that are exercisable within 60 days of June 1, 2026. |
| (3) | Includes 11,014 shares directly held by JEB Partners, L.P., of which: (a) 8,417 shares were purchased in a private placement in 2017 (the “2017 Placement”); (b) 1,777 shares were purchased in a private placement in 2018 (the “2018 Placement”) and (c) 387 shares were purchased in a private placement in 2020 (the “2020 Placement”) and (d) 433 shares were purchased in the open market. |
| (4) | Includes 126,851 shares directly held by Manchester Explorer, L.P. of which: (a) 50,505 shares were purchased in the 2017 Placement, (b) 5,234 shares were purchased in the 2018 Placement, (c) 387 were purchased in the 2020 Placement, (d) 10,000 shares were purchased in a public offering in February 2022, (e) 7,809 shares were acquired upon the conversion of a convertible note in February 2022, (f) 30,000 shares were purchased in our February 2024 public offering, (g) 5,555 shares purchased in a public offering in November 2024 and (h) 17,361 shares purchased in a private placement in March 2025 (the “2025 Placement”); (iii) 11,016 shares held by JEB Partners, L.P. of which (a) 8,417 shares were purchased in the 2017 Placement, (b) 1,777 shares were purchased in the 2018 Placement and (c) 387 shares were purchased in the 2020 Placement; and (iv) 6,874 shares held by Mr. Frank, which shares were received upon our acquisition of Quasuras in exchange for Mr. Frank’s shares of Quasuras. Mr. Besser, as the managing member, and Mr. Frank, as the portfolio manager and consultant of Manchester Management Company, LLC, (“MMC”) the general partner of Manchester Explorer, L.P. and JEB Partners, L. P., have shared voting and dispositive power over shares held by Manchester Explorer, L.P. and JEB Partners, L.P. The address for Manchester Explorer, L.P is 2 Calle Candina, No. 1701, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00907. |
| (5) | Includes 126,851 shares directly held by Manchester Explorer, L.P. and 11,014 shares held by JEB Partners, L.P. Mr. Besser, as the managing member, and Mr. Frank, as the portfolio manager and consultant of MMC and JEB Partners, L. P., have shared voting and dispositive power over shares held by Manchester Explorer, L.P. and JEB Partners, L.P. The address for MMC, JEB Partners, L.P., and Manchester Explorer, L.P is 2 Calle Candina, No. 1701, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00907. |
| (6) | Based on information reported on a Schedule 13G filed with the SEC on May 4, 2026 by AWM Investment Company, Inc. AWM), which is the investment adviser to Special Situations Cayman Fund, L.P. (“SSCF”), Special Situations Fund III QP, L.P. (“SSFQP”), Special Situations Private Equity Fund, L.P. (“SSPE”) and Special Situations Life Sciences Fund, L.P. (“SSLS”). David M. Greenhouse (“Greenhouse”) and Adam C. Stettner (“Stettner”) are members of: SSCayman, L.L.C. (“SSCAY”), the general partner of SSCF; MGP Advisers Limited Partnership (“MGP”), the general partner of SSFQP; MG Advisers, L.L.C. (“MG”), the general partner of SSPE and LS Advisers, L.L.C. (“LS”). Greenhouse and Stettner are also controlling principals of AWM. As the investment adviser to the Funds, AWM holds sole voting power over 55,186 Shares, 1,003 pre-funded warrants and 85,288 warrants to purchase 85,288 shares held by SSCF; 189,258 shares, 103,231 pre-funded warrants and 292,490 warrants to purchase 292,490 shares held by SSFQP; 61,111 shares, 33,333 pre-funded warrants and 110,894 warrants to purchase 110,894 Shares of Common Stock held by SSPE; and 61,111 Shares, 33,333 pre-funded warrants and 94,444 warrants to purchase 94,444 shares held by SSLS. AWM is the investment adviser to each of the Funds. AWM holds sole investment power over 55,186 shares, 30,102 pre-funded warrants and 85,288 pre-split warrants to purchase 85,288 Shares held by SSCF; 189,258 Shares, 103,231 pre-funded warrants and 292,490 warrants to purchase 292,490 Shares held by SSFQP; 61,111 Shares, 33,333 pre-funded warrants and 110,8943 pre-split warrants to purchase 110,894 shares held by SSPE; and 61,111 Shares, 33,333 pre-funded warrants and 94,4444 pre-split warrants to purchase 94,444 shares held by SSLS. The principal business address for AWM, SSCF, SSFQP, SSPE, SSLS, Greenhouse and Stettner is 527 Madison Avenue, Suite 2600, New York, NY 10022. |
| (7) | Based on information reported on a Schedule 13G filed with the SEC on March 23, 2026 by Pathfinder Asset Management Ltd (“Pathfinder”). The principal business address for Pathfinder is 1450 - 1066 West Hastings St., Vancouver, BC, V6E 3X1, Canada. |
| (8) | Based on information reported on a Schedule 13G filed with the SEC on May 15, 2026 by Solas Capital Management, LLC (“Solas”). Solas serves as the investment manager to two private funds (“Funds”) and as sub-adviser to another private fund (“Other Fund”), which hold securities for the benefit of their investors, and Mr. Frederick Tucker Golden, as portfolio manager of Solas, with the power to exercise investment and voting discretion, may be deemed to be the beneficial owner of all shares of Common Stock held by the Funds and by the Other Fund. Each of the Funds expressly disclaims beneficial ownership over any of our shares of common stock. The address for Solas is 1063 Post Road, 2nd Floor, Darien, CT 06820. |
| (9) | Includes 14,066 shares directly held by Mr. Besser, of which: (a) 2,009 shares were received in exchange for Mr. Besser’s shares as a result of our acquisition of Quasuras; (b) 987 shares were purchased in a private placement in 2018 (the “2018 Placement”) and (c) 1,161 shares were purchased in a private placement in the 2020 Placement, (d) 4,700 shares were purchased in the open market and (e) 5,208 shares were purchased in the 2025 Placement. The address for Mr. Besser is c/o MMC, 2 Calle Candina, No. 1701, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00907. |
| (10) | Includes (i) 66,666 shares directly held by the Paul DiPerna Irrevocable Trust, (ii) 11,111 shares directly held by Mr. DiPerna’s adult daughters, Kelsie DiPerna and Alaria DiPerna, which shares Mr. DiPerna has sole voting power over; (iii) 6,930 shares directly held by the Paul DiPerna Trust, of which 3,367 shares were purchased in the 2017 Placement and 780 shares were acquired upon the conversion off a convertible note in February 2022 and (iv) 411 shares held by Mr. DiPerna. The 66,666 shares held by the Paul DiPerna Irrevocable Trust, 11,111 shares held by Mr. DiPerna’s adult daughters and 2,449 shares held by the Paul DiPerna Trust that were issued in 2017 to Mr. DiPerna transferred to such persons in December 2020 by Mr. DiPerna. Mr. DiPerna is the chairman of our board of directors, and also serves as our president, chief financial officer and treasurer. Mr. DiPerna is the trustee of both the Paul DiPerna Irrevocable Trust and the Paul DiPerna Trust. |
| (11) | Includes 6,874 shares directly held by Mr. Frank, of which: (a) 2,009 shares were received in exchange for Mr. Frank’s shares as a result of our acquisition of Quasuras and (b) 4,865 shares were purchased in the open market. The address for Mr. Frank is c/o MMC, 2 Calle Candina, No. 1701, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00907. |
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Changes in Control
We are not aware of any arrangement that may result in a “change in control,” as that term is defined by the provisions of Item 403(c) of Regulation S-K.
Equity Compensation Plan Information
The following table shows the number of securities to be issued upon exercise or vesting of outstanding equity awards under the 2017 Plan as of March 31, 2026.
| Number of securities to be issued upon exercise or vesting of outstanding equity awards (a) | Weighted- average exercise price of outstanding options (b) | Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column(a)) (c) | ||||||||||
| Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders | 326,095 | $ | 51.97 | 117,362 | ||||||||
ITEM 13: CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
Transactions with Related Persons
Below we describe any transactions to which we have been a participant, in which the amount involved in the transaction exceeds or will exceed the lesser of $120,000 or one percent of the average of our total assets at year-end for the last two completed fiscal years and in which any of our directors, director nominees, executive officers, or holders of more than 5% of our capital stock, or any immediate family member of, or person sharing the household with, any of these individuals, had or will have a direct or indirect material interest since April 1, 2024. In accordance with the Audit Committee Charter, our Audit Committee is responsible for reviewing and approving all related party transactions.
Offerings of Equity Securities
Manchester Management Company, LLC (“MMC”), as the general partner of Manchester Explorer, L.P. (“Explorer”), combined with the holdings of its affiliates, JEB Partners LP, James Besser and Morgan Frank, owned approximately 3.4% of our outstanding shares of common stock at March 31, 2026. Mr. Besser is our chief executive officer and a managing member of MMC. Mr. Frank is a member of our Board, and he serves as the portfolio manager of Explorer and as a managing member of MMC. In March 2025, we completed a private placement of units, consisting of shares of common stock and common stock purchase warrants (the “2025 Placement”), and Explorer purchased 260,416 units in the 2025 Placement for aggregate gross proceeds to us of $500,000. In addition, Mr. Besser purchased 78,125 units in the 2025 Placement for aggregate gross proceeds to us of approximately $150,000.
Two members of the Board purchased a total of 35,937 units in the 2025 Placement for gross proceeds to us of $69,000.
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Two members of the Board participated in a confidentially marketed placement offering of our common stock and common stock purchase warrants in December 2025 and purchased 2,000 and 737 shares, respectively, and accompanying warrants for net proceeds to us of $46,200 and $16,940, respectively.
Promissory Note
In February 2026, we issued a secured promissory note (the “Bridge Note”) to Mr. Besser that provided us with a $350,000 revolving credit facility with all amounts being drawn down by us thereunder being due and payable, subject to acceleration in the event of a default, on March 25, 2026 (the “Maturity Date”). Interest at the rate of 12% was payable on each drawn down without regard to the draw down date or the date when interest is paid. The principal amount of the Bridge Note and interest due thereon was payable to Mr. Besser no later than the earlier of: (i) the Maturity Date and (ii) the date on which we have received proceeds in excess of $2,000,000 from a transaction or series of related transactions occurring prior to the Maturity Date, which such transactions constitute equity financings or other issuances of the Company’s equity securities. During the three months ended March 31, 2026, we made draws on the Bridge Note of $250,000 and incurred interest charges of $30,000. In March 2026, subsequent to the completion of the March 2026 Offering, the Bridge Note and accrued interest were paid in full.
Compensation
A daughter of Mr. DiPerna was an employee of ours until March 15, 2026, and, during the years ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, we paid her approximately $153,900 and $169,000, respectively, which includes the aggregate grant date fair values, as determined pursuant to FASB ASC Topic 718, of any stock options granted during each period.
Another daughter of Mr. DiPerna’s consulted with us and became an employee during 2025. During the year ended March 31, 2026, we paid the family member approximately $66,600, which includes the aggregate grant date fair values, as determined pursuant to FASB ASC Topic 718, of stock options granted during fiscal 2026.
See “Management” above for other related-party transactions involving our executive officers and directors.
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
The following table shows the fees billed to us by Farber Hass Hurley LLP, or Farber, our independent registered public accounting firm, for the audit of our consolidated financial statements and other services provided (in thousands).
| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||
| 2026 | 2025 | |||||||
| Audit fees(1) | $ | 102 | $ | 94 | ||||
| Audit-related fees(2) | 30 | 16 | ||||||
| Total(3) | $ | 132 | $ | 110 | ||||
| (1) | Audit fees consisted of fees for professional services rendered for the audit of our annual consolidated financial statements and reviews of our quarterly consolidated financial statements. |
| (2) | Audit-related fees consisted of fees for services related to our filing of SEC registration statements and sales of our securities under registration statements. |
| (3) | Farber did not provide any non-audit or other services other than those reported under “Audit fees” and “Audit-related fees.” |
The Audit Committee meets with our independent registered public accounting firm at least four times a year. At such times, the Audit Committee reviews and approves both audit and non-audit services performed by the independent registered public accounting firm, as well as the fees charged for such services. The Audit Committee is responsible for pre-approving all auditing services and non-auditing services (other than non-audit services falling within the de minimis exception set forth in Section 10A(i) (1)(B) of the Exchange Act and non-audit services that independent auditors are prohibited from providing to us) in accordance with the following guidelines: (1) pre-approval policies and procedures must be detailed as to the particular services provided; (2) the Audit Committee must be informed about each service; and (3) the Audit Committee may delegate pre-approval authority to one or more of its members, who shall report to the full committee, but shall not delegate its pre-approval authority to management. Among other things, the Audit Committee examines the effect that performance of non-audit services may have upon the independence of the auditors.
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PART IV
ITEM 15: EXHIBITS
| (a) | Consolidated Financial Statements |
The following documents are filed as part of this Report:
| ● | Consolidated Financial Statements and Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, all of which are set forth are set forth under Part II, Item 8 of this Report. |
| (b) | Financial Statement Schedules |
Financial statement schedules may omitted because they are not applicable, not required, or because the required information is included in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto.
| (c) | Exhibits: |
Required exhibits are incorporated by reference or are filed with this Report.
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| * | Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement. |
| ** | Certain schedules, exhibits and similar attachments have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K. Modular Medical, Inc. hereby undertakes to furnish copies of such omitted materials supplementally upon request by the SEC. |
ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY
Not applicable.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on June 29, 2026.
| MODULAR MEDICAL, INC. | ||
| By: | /s/ James E. Besser | |
| James E. Besser | ||
| Chief Executive Officer, | ||
| (Principal Executive Officer) | ||
POWER OF ATTORNEY
KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints James E. Besser and Paul DiPerna as her/his true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agent, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for her and him and in her or his name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorney-in-fact and agent full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in connection therewith, as fully to all intents and purposes as he might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorney-in-fact and agent, or his substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
| Name | Title | Date | ||
| /s/ James E. Besser | Chief Executive Officer | June 29, 2026 | ||
| James E. Besser | (Principal Executive Officer) | |||
| /s/ Paul DiPerna | Chairman, President and Chief Financial Officer | June 29, 2026 | ||
| Paul DiPerna | (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) | |||
| /s/ Duane DeSisto | Director | June 29, 2026 | ||
| Duane DeSisto | ||||
| /s/ Steven Felsher | Director | June 29, 2026 | ||
| Steven Felsher | ||||
| /s/ Morgan C. Frank | Director | June 29, 2026 | ||
| Morgan C. Frank | ||||
| /s/ Jeffrey Goldberg | Director | June 29, 2026 | ||
| Jeffrey Goldberg | ||||
| /s/ Philip Sheibley | Director | June 29, 2026 | ||
| Philip Sheibley | ||||
| /s/ Carmen Volkart | Director | June 29, 2026 | ||
| Carmen Volkart | ||||
| /s/ Ellen O’Connor Vos | Director | June 29, 2026 | ||
| Ellen O’Connor Vos |
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Exhibit 4.1
MODULAR MEDICAL, INC.
AMENDED AND RESTATED 2017 EQUITY INCENTIVE PLAN
(Effective January 23, 2020, August 11, 2021, January 17, 2023, February 13, 2024, February 28, 2025 and January 23, 2026)
1. Purposes of the Plan.
The purposes of this Equity Incentive Plan are to attract and retain the best available personnel, to provide additional incentive to Employees, Directors and Consultants and to promote the success of the Company’s business.
2. Definitions.
As used herein, the following definitions shall apply:
(a) “Administrator” means the Board or any Committee appointed to administer the Plan.
(b) “Affiliate” and “Associate” shall have the respective meanings ascribed to such terms in Rule 12b-2 promulgated under the Exchange Act.
(c) “Applicable Laws” means the legal requirements relating to the administration of stock incentive plans, if any, under applicable provisions of federal securities laws, state corporate and securities laws, the Code, the rules of any applicable stock exchange or national market system, and the rules of any foreign jurisdiction applicable to Awards granted to residents therein.
(d) “Award” means the grant of an Option, SAR, Dividend Equivalent Right, Restricted Stock, Performance Unit, Performance Share, or other right or benefit under the Plan.
(e) “Award Agreement” means the written agreement evidencing the grant of an Award executed by the Company and the Grantee, including any amendments thereto.
(f) “Board” means the Board of Directors of the Company.
(g) “Cause” means, with respect to the termination by the Company or a Related Entity of the Grantee’s Continuous Service, that such termination is for “Cause” as such term is expressly defined in a then-effective written agreement between the Grantee and the Company or such Related Entity, or in the absence of such then-effective written agreement and definition, is based on, in the determination of the Administrator, the Grantee’s:
(i) refusal or failure to act in accordance with any specific, lawful direction or order of the Company or a Related Entity;
(ii) unfitness or unavailability for service or unsatisfactory performance (other than as a result of Disability);
(iii) performance of any act or failure to perform any act, in bad faith and to the detriment of the Company or a Related Entity;
(iv) dishonesty, intentional misconduct or material breach of any agreement with the Company or a Related Entity; or
(v) commission of a crime involving dishonesty, breach of trust, or physical or emotional harm to any person.
(h) “Code” means the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.
(i) “Committee” means any committee appointed by the Board to administer the Plan.
(j) “Common Stock” means the common stock of the Company.
(k) “Company” means Modular Medical, Inc., a Nevada corporation.
(l) “Consultant” means any person (other than an Employee or a Director, solely with respect to rendering services in such person’s capacity as a Director) who is engaged by the Company or any Related Entity to render consulting or advisory services to the Company or such Related Entity.
(m) “Continuous Service” means that the provision of services to the Company or a Related Entity in any capacity of Employee, Director or Consultant, is not interrupted or terminated. Continuous Service shall not be considered interrupted in the case of (i) any leave of absence approved by the Company or Related Entity, (ii) transfers between locations of the Company or among the Company, any Related Entity, or any successor, in any capacity of Employee, Director or Consultant, or (iii) any change in status as long as the individual remains in the service of the Company or a Related Entity in any capacity of Employee, Director or Consultant (except as otherwise provided in the Award Agreement). For purposes of Incentive Stock Options, no such approved leave of absence may exceed ninety (90) days, unless re-employment upon expiration of such leave is guaranteed by statute or contract.
(n) “Corporate Transaction” means any of the following transactions:
(i) a merger or consolidation in which the Company is not the surviving entity, except for a transaction the principal purpose of which is to change the state in which the Company is incorporated;
(ii) the sale, transfer or other disposition of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company (including the capital stock of the Company’s subsidiary corporations) in connection with the complete liquidation or dissolution of the Company;
(iii) any reverse merger in which the Company is the surviving entity but in which securities possessing more than eighty percent (80%) of the total combined voting power of the Company’s outstanding securities are transferred to a person or persons different from those who held such securities immediately prior to such merger; or
(iv) an acquisition by any person or related group of persons (other than the Company or by a Company-sponsored employee benefit plan) of beneficial ownership (within the meaning of Rule 13d-3 of the Exchange Act) of securities possessing more than eighty percent (80%) of the total combined voting power of the Company’s outstanding securities, but excluding any such transaction that the Administrator determines shall not be a Corporate Transaction.
(o) “Director” means a member of the Board or the board of directors of any Related Entity.
(p) “Disability” means that a Grantee is permanently unable to carry out the responsibilities and functions of the position held by the Grantee by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment. A Grantee will not be considered to have incurred a Disability unless he or she furnishes proof of such impairment sufficient to satisfy the Administrator in its discretion.
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(q) “Dividend Equivalent Right” means a right entitling the Grantee to compensation measured by dividends paid with respect to Common Stock.
(r) “Employee” means any person, including an Officer or Director, who is an employee of the Company or any Related Entity. The payment of a director’s fee by the Company or a Related Entity shall not be sufficient to constitute “employment” by the Company.
(s) “Exchange Act” means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
(t) “Fair Market Value” means, as of any date, the value of Common Stock determined as follows:
(i) Where there exists a public market for the Common Stock, the Fair Market Value shall be (A) the closing price for a Share for the last market trading day prior to the time of the determination (or, if no closing price was reported on that date, on the last trading date on which a closing price was reported) on the stock exchange or national market system determined by the Administrator to be the primary market for the Common Stock, or (B) if the Common Stock is not traded on any such exchange or national market system, the average of the closing bid and asked prices of a share on the OTC Bulletin Board or other inter-dealer quotation service for the day prior to the time of the determination (or, if no such prices were reported on that date, on the last date on which such prices were reported), in each case, as reported in The Wall Street Journal or such other source as the Administrator deems reliable; or (ii) in the absence of an established market for the Common Stock of the type described in subparagraph (i), above, the Fair Market Value shall be determined by the Administrator in good faith.
(u) “Grantee” means an Employee, Director or Consultant who receives an Award pursuant to an Award Agreement under the Plan.
(v) “Incentive Stock Option” means an Option intended to qualify as an incentive stock option within the meaning of Section 422 of the Code.
(w) “Non-Qualified Stock Option” means an Option not intended to qualify as an Incentive Stock Option.
(x) “Officer” means a person who is an officer of the Company or a Related Entity within the meaning of Section 16 of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.
(y) “Option” means an option to purchase Shares pursuant to an Award Agreement granted under the Plan.
(z) “Parent” means a “parent corporation”, whether now or hereafter existing, as defined in Section 424(e) of the Code.
(aa) “Performance Shares” means Shares or an Award denominated in Shares which may be earned in whole or in part upon attainment of performance criteria established by the Administrator.
(bb) “Performance Units” means an Award which may be earned in whole or in part upon attainment of performance criteria established by the Administrator and which may be settled for cash, Shares or other securities or a combination of cash, Shares or other securities as established by the Administrator.
(cc) “Plan” means this 2017 Equity Incentive Plan.
(dd) “Related Entity” means any Parent, Subsidiary and any business, corporation, partnership, limited liability company or other entity in which the Company, a Parent or a Subsidiary holds a substantial ownership interest, directly or indirectly.
(ee) “Restricted Stock” means Shares issued under the Plan to the Grantee for such consideration, if any, and subject to such restrictions on transfer, rights of first refusal, repurchase provisions, forfeiture provisions, and other terms and conditions as established by the Administrator.
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(ff) “Rule 16b-3” means Rule 16b-3 promulgated under the Exchange Act or any successor thereto.
(gg) “SAR” means a stock appreciation right entitling the Grantee to Shares or cash compensation, as established by the Administrator, measured by appreciation in the value of Common Stock.
(hh) “Share” means a share of the Common Stock.
(ii) “Subsidiary” means a “subsidiary corporation”, whether now or hereafter existing, as defined in Section 424(f) of the Code.
(jj) “Related Entity Disposition” means the sale, distribution or other disposition by the Company of all or substantially all of the Company’s interests in any Related Entity effected by a sale, merger or consolidation or other transaction involving that Related Entity or the sale of all or substantially all of the assets of that Related Entity.
3. Stock Subject to the Plan.
(a) Subject to the provisions of Section 10, below, the maximum aggregate number of Shares which may be issued pursuant to all Awards (including Incentive Stock Options) is 13,666,667 Shares. The Shares to be issued pursuant to Awards may be authorized, but unissued, or reacquired Common Stock.
(b) Any Shares covered by an Award (or portion of an Award) which is forfeited or canceled, expires or is settled in cash, shall be deemed not to have been issued for purposes of determining the maximum aggregate number of Shares which may be issued under the Plan. If any unissued Shares are retained by the Company upon exercise of an Award in order to satisfy the exercise price for such Award or any withholding taxes due with respect to such Award, such retained Shares subject to such Award shall become available for future issuance under the Plan (unless the Plan has terminated). Shares that actually have been issued under the Plan pursuant to an Award shall not be returned to the Plan and shall not become available for future issuance under the Plan, except that if unvested Shares are forfeited, or repurchased by the Company at their original purchase price, such Shares shall become available for future grant under the Plan.
4. Administration of the Plan.
(a) Plan Administrator.
(i) Administration with Respect to Directors and Officers. With respect to grants of Awards to Directors or Employees who are also Officers or Directors of the Company, the Plan shall be administered by (A) the Board or (B) a Committee designated by the Board, which Committee shall be constituted in such a manner as to satisfy the Applicable Laws and to permit such grants and related transactions under the Plan to be exempt from Section 16(b) of the Exchange Act in accordance with Rule 16b-3. Once appointed, such Committee shall continue to serve in its designated capacity until otherwise directed by the Board.
(ii) Administration With Respect to Consultants and Other Employees. With respect to grants of Awards to Employees or Consultants who are neither Directors nor Officers of the Company, the Plan shall be administered by (A) the Board or (B) a Committee designated by the Board, which Committee shall be constituted in such a manner as to satisfy the Applicable Laws. Once appointed, such Committee shall continue to serve in its designated capacity until otherwise directed by the Board. The Board may authorize one or more Officers to grant such Awards and may limit such authority as the Board determines from time to time. Except for the power to amend the Plan as provided in Section 13 and except for determinations regarding Employees who are subject to Section 16 of the Exchange Act or certain key Employees who are, or may become, as determined by the Board or the Committee, subject to Section 162(m) of the Code compensation deductibility limit, and except as may otherwise be required under applicable stock exchange rules, the Board or the Committee may delegate any or all of its duties, powers and authority under the Plan pursuant to such conditions or limitations as the Board of the Committee may establish to any Officer or Officers of the Company
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(iii) Administration Errors. In the event an Award is granted in a manner inconsistent with the provisions of this subsection, such Award shall be presumptively valid as of its grant date to the extent permitted by Applicable Laws.
(b) Powers of the Administrator. Subject to Applicable Laws and the provisions of the Plan (including any other powers given to the Administrator hereunder), and except as otherwise provided by the Board, the Administrator shall have the authority, in its discretion:
(i) to select the Employees, Directors and Consultants to whom Awards may be granted from time to time hereunder;
(ii) to determine whether and to what extent Awards are granted hereunder;
(iii) to determine the number of Shares or the amount of other consideration to be covered by each Award granted hereunder;
(iv) to approve forms of Award Agreements for use under the Plan;
(v) to determine the terms and conditions of any Award granted hereunder;
(vi) to amend the terms of any outstanding Award granted under the Plan, provided that any amendment that would adversely affect the Grantee’s rights under an outstanding Award shall not be made without the Grantee’s written consent;
(vii) to construe and interpret the terms of the Plan and Awards granted pursuant to the Plan, including without limitation, any notice of Award or Award Agreement, granted pursuant to the Plan;
(viii) to establish additional terms, conditions, rules or procedures to accommodate the rules or laws of applicable foreign jurisdictions and to afford Grantees favorable treatment under such laws; provided, however, that no Award shall be granted under any such additional terms, conditions, rules or procedures with terms or conditions which are inconsistent with the provisions of the Plan; and
(ix) to take such other action, not inconsistent with the terms of the Plan, as the Administrator deems appropriate.
(c) Effect of Administrator’s Decision. All decisions, determinations and interpretations of the Administrator shall be conclusive and binding on all persons.
5. Eligibility. Awards other than Incentive Stock Options may be granted to Employees, Directors and Consultants. Incentive Stock Options may be granted only to Employees of the Company, a Parent or a Subsidiary. An Employee, Director or Consultant who has been granted an Award may, if otherwise eligible, be granted additional Awards. Awards may be granted to Employees, Directors or Consultants who are residing in foreign jurisdictions.
6. Terms and Conditions of Awards.
(a) Type of Awards. The Administrator is authorized under the Plan to award any type of arrangement to an Employee, Director or Consultant that is not inconsistent with the provisions of the Plan and that by its terms involves or might involve the issuance of (i) Shares, (ii) an Option, a SAR or similar right with a fixed or variable price related to the Fair Market Value of the Shares and with an exercise or conversion privilege related to the passage of time, the occurrence of one or more events, or the satisfaction of performance criteria or other conditions, or (iii) any other security with the value derived from the value of the Shares. Such awards include, without limitation, Options, SARs, sales or bonuses of Restricted Stock, Dividend Equivalent Rights, Performance Units or Performance Shares, and an Award may consist of one such security or benefit, or two (2) or more of them in any combination or alternative.
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(b) Designation of Award. Each Award shall be designated in the Award Agreement. In the case of an Option, the Option shall be designated as either an Incentive Stock Option or a Non-Qualified Stock Option. However, notwithstanding such designation, to the extent that the aggregate Fair Market Value of Shares subject to Options designated as Incentive Stock Options which become exercisable for the first time by a Grantee during any calendar year (under all plans of the Company or any Parent or Subsidiary) exceeds $100,000, such excess Options, to the extent of the Shares covered thereby in excess of the foregoing limitation, shall be treated as Non-Qualified Stock Options. For this purpose, Incentive Stock Options shall be taken into account in the order in which they were granted, and the Fair Market Value of the Shares shall be determined as of the date the Option with respect to such Shares is granted.
(c) Conditions of Award. Subject to the terms of the Plan, the Administrator shall determine the provisions, terms, and conditions of each Award including, but not limited to, the Award vesting schedule, repurchase provisions, rights of first refusal, forfeiture provisions, form of payment (cash, Shares, or other consideration) upon settlement of the Award, payment contingencies, and satisfaction of any performance criteria. The performance criteria established by the Administrator may be based on any one of, or combination of, increase in share price, earnings per share, total stockholder return, return on equity, return on assets, return on investment, net operating income, cash flow, revenue, economic value added, personal management objectives, or other measure of performance selected by the Administrator. Partial achievement of the specified criteria may result in a partial payment or vesting as specified in the Award Agreement.
(d) Acquisitions and Other Transactions. The Administrator may issue Awards under the Plan in settlement, assumption or substitution for, outstanding awards or obligations to grant future awards in connection with the Company or a Related Entity acquiring another entity, an interest in another entity or an additional interest in a Related Entity whether by merger, stock purchase, asset purchase or other form of transaction.
(e) Deferral of Award Payment. The Administrator may establish one or more programs under the Plan to permit selected Grantees the opportunity to elect to defer receipt of consideration upon exercise of an Award, satisfaction of performance criteria, or other event that absent the election would entitle the Grantee to payment or receipt of Shares or other consideration under an Award. The Administrator may establish the election procedures, the timing of such elections, the mechanisms for payments of, and accrual of interest or other earnings, if any, on amounts, Shares or other consideration so deferred, and such other terms, conditions, rules and procedures that the Administrator deems advisable for the administration of any such deferral program.
(f) Award Exchange Programs. The Administrator may establish one or more programs under the Plan to permit selected Grantees to exchange an Award under the Plan for one or more other types of Awards under the Plan on such terms and conditions as determined by the Administrator from time to time.
(g) Separate Programs. The Administrator may establish one or more separate programs under the Plan for the purpose of issuing particular forms of Awards to one or more classes of Grantees on such terms and conditions as determined by the Administrator from time to time.
(h) Early Exercise. The Award Agreement may, but need not, include a provision whereby the Grantee may elect at any time while an Employee, Director or Consultant to exercise any part or all of the Award prior to full vesting of the Award. Any unvested Shares received pursuant to such exercise may be subject to a repurchase right in favor of the Company or a Related Entity or to any other restriction the Administrator determines to be appropriate.
(i) Term of Award. The term of each Award shall be the term stated in the Award Agreement, provided, however, that the term of an Incentive Stock Option shall be no more than ten (10) years from the date of grant thereof. However, in the case of an Incentive Stock Option granted to a Grantee who, at the time the Option is granted, owns stock representing more than ten percent (10%) of the voting power of all classes of stock of the Company or any Parent or Subsidiary, the term of the Incentive Stock Option shall be five (5) years from the date of grant thereof or such shorter term as may be provided in the Award Agreement.
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(j) Transferability of Awards. Except as otherwise provided in this Section, all Awards under the Plan shall be nontransferable and shall not be assignable, alienable, saleable or otherwise transferable by the Grantee other than by will or the laws of descent and distribution except pursuant to a domestic relations order entered by a court of competent jurisdiction. Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, the Board or the Committee may provide that any Award of Non-Qualified Stock Options may be transferable by the recipient to family members or family trusts established by the Grantee. The Board or the Committee may also provide that, in the event that a Grantee terminates employment with the Company to assume a position with a governmental, charitable, educational or similar non-profit institution, a third party, including but not limited to a “blind” trust, may be authorized by the Board or the Committee to act on behalf of and for the benefit of the respective Grantee with respect to any outstanding Awards. Except as otherwise provided in this Section, during the life of the Grantee, Awards under the Plan shall be exercisable only by him or her except as otherwise determined by the Board or the Committee. In addition, if so permitted by the Board or the Committee, a Grantee may designate a beneficiary or beneficiaries to exercise the rights of the Grantee and receive any distributions under the Plan upon the death of the Grantee.
(k) Time of Granting Awards. The date of grant of an Award shall for all purposes be the date on which the Administrator makes the determination to grant such Award, or such other date as is determined by the Administrator. Notice of the grant determination shall be given to each Employee, Director or Consultant to whom an Award is so granted within a reasonable time after the date of such grant.
7. Award Exercise or Purchase Price, Consideration, Taxes and Reload Options.
(a) Exercise or Purchase Price. The exercise or purchase price, if any, for an Award shall be as follows:
(i) In the case of an Incentive Stock Option: (A) granted to an Employee who, at the time of the grant of such Incentive Stock Option owns stock representing more than ten percent (10%) of the voting power of all classes of stock of the Company or any Parent or Subsidiary, the per Share exercise price shall be not less than one hundred ten percent (110%) of the Fair Market Value per Share on the date of grant; or (B) granted to any Employee other than an Employee described in the preceding clause, the per Share exercise price shall be not less than one hundred percent (100%) of the Fair Market Value per Share on the date of grant.
(ii) In the case of a Non-Qualified Stock Option, the per Share exercise price shall be not less than one hundred percent (100%) of the Fair Market Value per Share on the date of grant unless otherwise determined by the Administrator.
(iii) In the case of other Awards, such price as is determined by the Administrator.
(iv) Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Section 7(a),in the case of an Award issued pursuant to Section 6(d), above, the exercise or purchase price for the Award shall be determined in accordance with the principles of Section 424(a) of the Code.
(b) Consideration. Subject to Applicable Laws, the consideration to be paid for the Shares to be issued upon exercise or purchase of an Award including the method of payment, shall be determined by the Administrator (and, in the case of an Incentive Stock Option, shall be determined at the time of grant). In addition to any other types of consideration the Administrator may determine, the Administrator is authorized to accept as consideration for Shares issued under the Plan the following, provided that the portion of the consideration equal to the par value of the Shares must be paid in cash or other legal consideration permitted by the applicable laws of the jurisdiction in which the Company is then incorporated.
(i) cash;
(ii) check;
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(iii) delivery of Grantee’s promissory note with such recourse, interest, security, and redemption provisions as the Administrator determines is appropriate;
(iv) surrender of Shares or delivery of a properly executed form of attestation of ownership of Shares as the Administrator may require including withholding of Shares otherwise deliverable upon exercise of the Award) which have a Fair Market Value on the date of surrender or attestation equal to the aggregate exercise price of the Shares as to which said Award shall be exercised (but only to the extent that such exercise of the Award would not result in an accounting compensation charge with respect to the Shares used to pay the exercise price unless otherwise determined by the Administrator);
(v) with respect to options, payment through a broker-dealer sale and remittance procedure pursuant to which the Grantee (A) shall provide written instructions to a Company designated brokerage firm to effect the immediate sale of some or all of the purchased Shares and remit to the Company, out of the sale proceeds available on the settlement date, sufficient funds to cover the aggregate exercise price payable for the purchased Shares and (B) shall provide written directives to the Company to deliver the certificates for the purchased Shares directly to such brokerage firm in order to complete the sale transaction; or
(vi) with respect to options provided there is then an established market for the Common Stock, by a “cashless exercise” as a result of which the Grantee shall be entitled to receive that number of shares of Common Stock equal to the quotient of (i) the number of Options surrendered for exercise and (ii) the difference between the Fair Market Value (determined in accordance with clause (i) of Section 2(t) hereof) and the exercise price of the Option, in which case the number of Options surrendered for exercise shall be cancelled;
(vii) any combination of the foregoing methods of payment.
(c) Taxes. No Shares shall be delivered under the Plan to any Grantee or other person until such Grantee or other person has made arrangements acceptable to the Administrator for the satisfaction of any foreign, federal, state, or local income and employment tax withholding obligations, including, without limitation, obligations incident to the receipt of Shares or the disqualifying disposition of Shares received on exercise of an Incentive Stock Option. Upon exercise of an Award, the Company shall withhold or collect from Grantee an amount sufficient to satisfy such tax obligations.
(d) Reload Options. In the event the exercise price or tax withholding of an Option is satisfied by the Company or the Grantee’s employer withholding Shares otherwise deliverable to the Grantee, the Administrator may issue the Grantee an additional Option, with terms identical to the Award Agreement under which the Option was exercised, but at an exercise price as determined by the Administrator in accordance with the Plan.
8. Exercise of Award.
(a) Procedure for Exercise; Rights as a Stockholder.
(i) Any Award granted hereunder shall be exercisable at such times and under such conditions as determined by the Administrator under the terms of the Plan and specified in the Award Agreement.
(ii) An Award shall be deemed to be exercised upon the later of (x) receipt by the Company of written notice of such exercise in accordance with the terms of the Award by the person entitled to exercise the Award and (y) full payment for the Shares with respect to which the Award is exercised, including, to the extent selected, use of the broker-dealer sale and remittance procedure to pay the purchase price as provided in Section 7(b)(v).
(iii) Until the issuance (as evidenced by the appropriate entry on the books of the Company or of a duly authorized transfer agent of the Company) of the stock certificate evidencing such Shares, no right to vote or receive dividends or any other rights as a stockholder shall exist with respect to Shares subject to an Award, notwithstanding the exercise of an Option or other Award. The Company shall issue (or cause to be issued) such stock certificate promptly upon exercise of the Award. No adjustment will be made for a dividend or other right for which the record date is prior to the date the stock certificate is issued, except as provided in the Award Agreement or Section 10, below.
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(b) Exercise of Award Following Termination of Continuous Service.
(i) An Award may not be exercised after the termination date of such Award set forth in the Award Agreement and may be exercised following the termination of a Grantee’s Continuous Service only to the extent provided in the Award Agreement.
(ii) Where the Award Agreement permits a Grantee to exercise an Award following the termination of the Grantee’s Continuous Service for a specified period, the Award shall terminate to the extent not exercised on the last day of the specified period or the last day of the original term of the Award, whichever occurs first.
(iii) Any Award designated as an Incentive Stock Option to the extent not exercised within the time permitted by law for the exercise of Incentive Stock Options following the termination of a Grantee’s Continuous Service shall convert automatically to a Non-Qualified Stock Option and thereafter shall be exercisable as such to the extent exercisable by its terms for the period specified in the Award Agreement.
(c) Buyout Provisions. The Administrator may at any time offer to buy out for a payment in cash or Shares, an Award previously granted, based on such terms and conditions as the Administrator shall establish and communicate to the Grantee at the time that such offer is made.
9. Conditions Upon Issuance of Shares.
(a) Shares shall not be issued pursuant to the exercise of an Award unless the exercise of such Award and the issuance and delivery of such Shares pursuant thereto shall comply with all Applicable Laws, and shall be further subject to the approval of counsel for the Company with respect to such compliance.
(b) As a condition to the exercise of an Award, the Company may require the person exercising such Award to represent and warrant at the time of any such exercise that the Shares are being purchased only for investment and without any present intention to sell or distribute such Shares if, in the opinion of counsel for the Company, such a representation is required by any Applicable Laws.
10. Adjustments Upon Changes in Capitalization. Subject to any required action by the stockholders of the Company, the Administrator may, in its discretion, proportionately adjust the number of Shares covered by each outstanding Award, and the number of Shares which have been authorized for issuance under the Plan but as to which no Awards have yet been granted or which have been returned to the Plan, the exercise or purchase price of each such outstanding Award, as well as any other terms that the Administrator determines require adjustment for (a) any increase or decrease in the number of issued Shares resulting from a stock split, reverse stock split, stock dividend, combination or reclassification of the Shares, (b) any other increase or decrease in the number of issued Shares effected without receipt of consideration by the Company, or (c) as the Administrator may determine in its discretion, any other transaction with respect to Common Stock to which Section 424(a) of the Code applies; provided, however that conversion of any convertible securities of the Company shall not be deemed to have been “effected without receipt of consideration.” Such adjustment shall be made by the Administrator and its determination shall be final, binding and conclusive. Except as the Administrator determines, no issuance by the Company of shares of stock of any class, or securities convertible into shares of stock of any class, shall affect, and no adjustment by reason hereof shall be made with respect to, the number or price of Shares subject to an Award.
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11. Corporate Transactions and Related Entity Dispositions. Except as may be provided in an Award Agreement:
(a) The Administrator shall have the authority, exercisable either in advance of any actual or anticipated Corporate Transaction or Related Entity Disposition or at the time of an actual Corporate Transaction or Related Entity Disposition and exercisable at the time of the grant of an Award under the Plan or any time while an Award remains outstanding, to provide for the full automatic vesting and exercisability of one or more outstanding unvested Awards under the Plan and the release from restrictions on transfer and repurchase or forfeiture rights of such Awards in connection with a Corporate Transaction or Related Entity Disposition, on such terms and conditions as the Administrator may specify. The Administrator also shall have the authority to condition any such Award vesting and exercisability or release from such limitations upon the subsequent termination of the Continuous Service of the Grantee within a specified period following the effective date of the Corporate Transaction or Related Entity Disposition. Effective upon the consummation of a Corporate Transaction or Related Entity Disposition, all outstanding Awards under the Plan, shall remain fully exercisable until the expiration or sooner termination of the Award.
(b) The portion of any Incentive Stock Option accelerated under this Section 11 in connection with a Corporate Transaction or Related Entity Disposition shall remain exercisable as an Incentive Stock Option under the Code only to the extent the $100,000 dollar limitation of Section 422(d) of the Code is not exceeded. To the extent such dollar limitation is exceeded, the accelerated excess portion of such Option shall be exercisable as a Non-Qualified Stock Option.
12. Effective Date and Term of Plan. The Plan shall become effective upon the earlier to occur of its adoption by the Board or its approval by the stockholders of the Company. It shall continue in effect for a term of ten (10) years unless sooner terminated. Subject to Section 13 below, and Applicable Laws, Awards may be granted under the Plan upon its becoming effective.
13. Amendment, Suspension or Termination of the Plan.
(a) The Board may at any time amend, suspend or terminate the Plan. To the extent necessary to comply with Applicable Laws, the Company shall obtain stockholder approval of any Plan amendment in such a manner and to such a degree as required.
(b) No Award may be granted during any suspension of the Plan or after termination of the Plan.
(c) Any amendment, suspension or termination of the Plan (including termination of the Plan under Section 12, above) shall not affect Awards already granted, and such Awards shall remain in full force and effect as if the Plan had not been amended, suspended or terminated, unless mutually agreed otherwise between the Grantee and the Administrator, which agreement must be in writing and signed by the Grantee and the Company.
14. Reservation of Shares.
(a) The Company, during the term of the Plan, will at all times reserve and keep available such number of Shares as shall be sufficient to satisfy the requirements of the Plan.
(b) The inability of the Company to obtain authority from any regulatory body having jurisdiction, which authority is deemed by the Company’s counsel to be necessary to the lawful issuance and sale of any Shares hereunder, shall relieve the Company of any liability in respect of the failure to issue or sell such Shares as to which such requisite authority shall not have been obtained.
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Exhibit 23.1
CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
We consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements on Form S-3 (Nos. 333-286768, 333-287313 and 333-286768), Form S-8 (Nos. 333-278808 and 333-294388), Form S-1 (No. 333-293842) and Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 to Form S-1 (No. 333-271413), as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, of our report dated June 29, 2026, with respect to the consolidated balance sheets of Modular Medical, Inc. as of March 31, 2026 and 2025 and the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the years then ended.
/s/ Farber Hass Hurley LLP
Chatsworth, California
June 29, 2026
Exhibit 31.1
CERTIFICATION
PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-
OXLEY ACT OF 2002
I, James E. Besser, certify that:
| 1. | I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Modular Medical, Inc. for the period ended March 31, 2026; |
| 2. | Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; |
| 3. | Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; |
| 4. | The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: |
| (a) | Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; |
| (b) | Designed such internal controls over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; |
| (c) | Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; |
| (d) | Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal controls over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and |
| 5. | The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): |
| (a) | All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal controls over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and |
| (b) | Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. |
| /s/ James E. Besser | Date: June 29, 2026 |
| James E. Besser |
| Chief Executive Officer |
Exhibit 31.2
CERTIFICATION
PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE
SARBANES- OXLEY ACT OF 2002
I, Paul M. DiPerna, certify that:
| 1. | I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Modular Medical, Inc. for the period ended March 31, 2026; |
| 2. | Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; |
| 3. | Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; |
| 4. | The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: |
| (a) | Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; |
| (b) | Designed such internal controls over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; |
| (c) | Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; |
| (d) | Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal controls over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and |
| 5. | The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): |
| (a) | All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal controls over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and |
| (b) | Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. |
/s/ Paul M. DiPerna |
Date: June 29, 2026 |
| Paul M. DiPerna |
| Chairman, President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer |
Exhibit 32.1
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C.
SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT
OF 2002
In connection with the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Modular Medical, Inc. (the “Company”) for the twelve months ended March 31, 2026, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), each of James E. Besser, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, and Paul M. DiPerna, Chairman, President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer, hereby certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, to the best of his knowledge, that:
| 1. | The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and |
| 2. | The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and the results of operations of the Company. |
| By: | /s/ James E. Besser |
Date: June 29, 2026 |
| James E. Besser | ||
| Chief Executive Officer | ||
| By: | /s/ Paul M. DiPerna | Date: June 29, 2026 |
| Paul M. DiPerna | ||
| Chairman, President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer | ||
This certification accompanies this Report pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and shall not, except to the extent required by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or otherwise required, be deemed filed by the Company for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.