Good day and thank you for standing by. Welcome to the Tower Semiconductor Second Quarter 2026 Earnings Conference Call and Web Card. At this time, our participants are in listen-only mode. After the speaker's presentation, there will be the question and answer session. To ask a question during the session, you need to press star 1-1 on your top-1 keypad. You will hear an automatic message advising your hand is raised. If you withdraw a question, please press star 1-1 again. Please be advised that this conference is being recorded. I would now like to hand the conference over to our first speaker today, Noek Levy. Please go ahead.

Thank you. Hello, everyone, and thank you for joining us. Welcome to Tower Semiconductor's second quarter of 2026 Financial Resource Conference Call. With us today are Mr. Russell Elwanger, Chief Executive Officer, and Mr. Oren Shirazi, Chief Financial Officer. Before we begin, please note that certain statements made during today's call may be forward-looking and are subject to risk and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially. These risks are detailed in our SEC filings, Form 20F and 6K, as well as filings with the Israeli Securities Authority, all available on our website. Tower assumes no obligation to update forward-looking statements. Our second quarter 2026 results are preserved in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Some data presented may include non-GAAP financial measures as defined under SEC Regulation G. Reconciliation to GAAP figures and full explanations are provided in today's press release and financial tables. For your reference, a supporting slide deck is available on our website and integrated into this webcast. With that, I'd like to turn the call over to our CEO, Mr. Russell Elwanger. Russell?

Hello, everyone. Thank you for joining our call today. I'm truly excited to share with you the status, progress, and future outlook potentials for Tower. The second quarter was quite significant, setting substantial company records across all key metrics. These results continue to validate the growing value of our technology portfolio and the powerful operating leverage embedded in our business model. Our revenue is on a fervent growth trajectory with an accelerated flow-through into earnings. Second quarter revenue was $460 million with a particularly positive profitability, 30% gross margin, 20% operating margin, and 20% net margin, all being company records, excluding non-recurring accounting items, and representing respectively 58%, 55%, and 55% quarter-over-quarter contribution from the increased revenue. These results stand as the first step of continual margin expansion we expect over the next years, driven by market-leading customer partnerships, which dictate a very rich product mix backed by strong operational execution. Looking ahead, we guide the third quarter of 2026 mid-range revenue to be $520 million, representing an annualized revenue run rate of above $2 billion. We began the year stating that Tower will have a very strong second half as the previously announced capacity investments become qualified and converted into shipments. Beginning the second half of 2026 with a $2 billion run rate turns the page into multiple new exciting chapters for the company. The strength of our customer demand, our growing partnerships, our proven execution capabilities, and the strategic investments that we have and still continue to announce provide a powerful catalyst to accelerate our short, mid, and long-term growth. Due to direct and growing customer demand, scale of the market opportunity, and more importantly, our ability to capture it, we have updated our 2028 model to be $3.6 billion in revenues, $1.63 billion in gross profit, or 45% gross profit margin, and $1.2 billion in net profit, or 33% net profit margin. Please see slides four and five. Very important, the profitability gains we delivered in the second quarter are not a one-time achievement, but rather just an initial step towards profitability expansion and cash generation as represented in our updated 2028 model. Equally important, as can be seen in slides 4 and 5, is accompanied by even greater efficiency. Today, we operate at about a 10 percentage point difference between gross margin and operating margin, a highly efficient structure for a company investing strongly in future growth. As revenue expands, we drive greater efficiency with operating expenses as a percentage of revenue, lowering to approximately 7%, 30% lower than current levels. This improvement is not the result of limiting investment in R&D, to the exact opposite. The model includes an increase of R&D investment by over 40% against present levels. Rather, this improvement reflects the enhanced efficiency achieved through our support functions as we grow scale. Now, speed and execution are one of the primary differentiators for high-tech success. We must continue to invest in R&D. This is a core capability. But as well, there must be a focus to streamline context. All of the SG&A function. We are doing this, and likely with numbers that rival or exceed the otherwise best in the industry. Efficiency, driving the speed of execution, of course, yields strong margins. But more importantly, it enables sustained business success through the speed of execution. Three weeks ago, we announced a dual-track, 300-millimeter capacity strategic expansion in Japan for silicon photonics, silicon germanium, and advanced optical packaging capabilities, having gained the support of the government of Japan through the Ministry of Economics, Trade, and Industry, MEDI. By combining TOWER's specialized technology leadership and our best of the best worldwide workforce into Japan's unparalleled manufacturing expertise and quality output, its world-class research institutions, and deeply committed workforce, we are building a strategic platform that will drive innovation, economic growth, and semiconductor leadership for decades to come. Track 1 of this dual track adds significant new 300-millimeter silicon photonics capacity with full production readiness expected during the fourth quarter of 2027. It consists of repurposing the RI facility, formerly Fab 6, for 300-millimeter silicon photonics capacity and advanced packaging capabilities, and as well maximizing the company's Fab 7 300mm output in WOZU, this track one is the driver for updating the 2028 business model. Track two will commence in parallel with the first track and consists of constructing an additional 300mm manufacturing facility adjacent to Fab 7. This facility is expected to provide a 4x increase in our Japanese 300mm manufacturing output, focusing on silicon photonics, silicon germanium, and related advanced optical packaging, positioning TOWER to continue to support our accelerating customer demand for emerging AI and data center applications, driving next-generation optical connectivity requirements, and is planned to provide a seamless path for TOWER and our customers for continued growth post-2028. Moving to our businesses, please refer to slide six as reference for Q2 revenue breakdown. Our RFN search structure revenues for the second quarter represented 49% of corporate revenue with approximately 43% of quarter-over-quarter growth and over 140% year-over-year growth. Silicon photonics revenue itself increased by over 60% quarter-over-quarter and over 270% year-over-year, hitting a Q2 annualized run rate of over $680 million, targeting a $1 billion run rate in Q426 as the previously announced capacity expansion continues to be qualified. The full ramp of wafer starts in these investments is anticipated to occur within the fourth quarter of 2026, creating a wafer start capacity over three times higher than the second quarter silicon photonics revenue shipments, with full financial effect anticipated to be in the second quarter of 2027. After kicking off the year with several breakthrough technology milestones, the second quarter was about further propelling Towers' leadership position in silicon photonics as an added foundation to the next phase of growth. We focus on expanding capacity, advancing our technology capabilities, and deepening our engagements with strategic customers aligned to their long-term roadmaps. The data center industry is undergoing a fundamental transformation as AI performance is no longer defined solely by compute. It is increasingly determined by how efficiently data moves between processors. High bandwidth, low latency, energy efficient optical tonics have become a critical enabler of AI infrastructure, while geographically distributed deployment has become equally important to hyperscalers and the communities. These trends align directly as AI clusters scale thousands of XPUs. Electrical interconnects are rapidly approaching their practical limits. Silicon Photonics has emerged as the leading platform for 800G at 1.6T pluggable optical interconnects, which have, for the most part, already replaced copper for scale-out connections outside the rack. The next frontier is enabling optical interconnects for scale-up, either within a single rack or across multiple racks. And once again, silicon photonics with tower is well-positioned to lead this transition with several near-package optics NPO deployments planned over the next year and many more in design. NPO delivers much greater bandwidth density at reduced energy per bit compared to pluggable optics, And yet, it leverages the same established ecosystem as pluggable, overcoming the reservation from hyperscalers and data center operators about reliability, serviceability, or we announced customer contracts representing approximately $1.3 billion of silicon photonic revenue for 2027, with even higher growth for 2028. With what we've stated about Track 1 investment, substantial additional 300-millimeter capacity will be added throughout 2027. This added 300-millimeter capacity is already requested by and committed to several lead customers, reflecting their confidence in Towers' ability not only to scale manufacturing capacity rapidly, but to continue to execute on highly differentiated technology roadmaps required for future networking architectures. To support the long-term growing demand, we announced a Track 2, a most significant expansion of our manufacturing footprint in Japan, which is expected to more than quadruple its 300mm capacity, positioning tower well to support not only today's workhorse pluggable optics and are rapidly growing, but also the additional future market for co-package optics. Capacity alone, however, is not enough. Growth will also be driven by the next generation of enabling technologies that are already moving through development pipeline. Over the next one to two years, we expect several of these technologies to transition into high-volume manufacturing, including, and especially, heterogeneous integration of 3-5 materials on silicon photonics for integrated lasers, advanced modulators, and optical signal processing. In support of this roadmap, we enter into a multi-year epitaxial wafer supply agreement with IQE, securing a strategic supply of 3-5 epitaxial material, while continuing to internalize key manufacturing steps that enhance both performance and supply chain control. Our long-standing collaboration with Marvell reached an important milestone as the number of SIFO-based coherent optical modules crossed over into multi-millions. This achievement demonstrates Towers' ability to manufacture some of the industry's most complex silicon satonics ICs at high-volume production scale. Looking ahead is expected to play an increasingly important role in scale across AI architectures where multiple data center campuses operate as a single AI factory while distributing power, cooling, and infrastructure requirements across geographically diverse locations. Our silicon germanium business continues to benefit from growing demand for low latency, low power, efficient analog drivers, and transimpedal amplifiers across traditional pluggables as well as linear pluggable optics and linear receive optics. Our 100G per lane and 200G per lane products are in high-volume production across all three 200mm fabs as we advance towards near-package optics as well as 400G per lane solutions, requiring tighter SIC integration and co-design. We're also seeing strong customer pull for our next-generation 300mm silicon germanium platforms. Total revenue represented 12% of our second quarter corporate revenues. As we discussed last quarter, our RFSOI business is undergoing a strategic transition from 200mm to 300mm manufacturing, enabling higher performance, greater integration, and stronger value for our customers. In addition, we are consolidating 300mm RFSOI manufacturing to Fab 7, freeing up Fab 7, I'm sorry, to Fab 10, freeing up Fab 7 capacity for a rapidly growing SIFO and solid germanium business. These factors resulted in a 14% decrease in our 300mm year-over-year RFSOI revenues. Looking forward, it has very strong design wind momentum for our 300mm platform, particularly for premium smartphones. A roadmap replete with best-in-industry figures of merit has gained market excitement and engagement, driving an expected 3x RFSOI increase in 300-millimeter wafer starts by mid-2027 against the Q2-26 shipments. Power management revenue for the second quarter represented 14% of corporate revenues, with year-over-year revenue growth and strong demand for both our 200-millimeter and 300-millimeter BCD offerings. Our technology focus on power delivery for high-performance computing gives us a leadership position in low gate charge and low RDS on LDMOS devices. Our latest generation power technology enables our customers to develop high-frequency, high-efficiency DC-to-DC converters for a variety of growth segments. During this quarter, increased demand from existing customers and also saw very strong new customer acquisitions across our power portfolio. This momentum is primarily driven by growth sectors where power density and thermal efficiency are mission critical. Through close collaboration with our lead customers, we continue to advance our next-generation power management roadmap. Center display for the second quarter represented 12% of our corporate revenue. In our image sensor business, year-over-year revenue is predominantly flat, surge in demand, particularly in the machine vision market, for high-end, high-resolution sensors used in semiconductor inspection driven by the accelerated build-out of DDR and HBM memory assembly lines, and as well in the automotive industry, especially for EV battery inspection. This strong demand is expected to continue to grow over the next two years. We're well positioned to support it with a range of products our lead customers have developed on our state-of-the-art global shutter 300mm platform. Utilizations, high-capacity ramp, Fab 2, Fab 3, and Fab 9, 200mm FABs, operate at utilization rates between 80% and 85%. FAB-5 in Japan was at 75% utilization, FAB-7 continues to be fully utilized, well above our 85% utilization model. Now I'd like to turn the call to our CFO, Mr. Oren Shirazi, please Oren, thank you.

Earlier today we released our financial results for the second quarter to review the highlights of these results as well as the balance sheet, capex investments and our updated business First, looking into the P&M. Revenue for the second quarter of 2026 was $460 million, a record in the company's history, representing 11% quarter-over-quarter growth, compared to $414 million in the first quarter of 2026, and 24% year-over-year growth, compared to $372 million in the second quarter of 2025. for the second quarter of 2026 was a record, $138 million, reflecting a 30% gross margin and an increase of 72% compared to $80 million in the second quarter of 2025. Operating profit for the second quarter of 2026 was $90 million, 2.26 times the operating profit in the second quarter of 2025. Net profit for the second quarter of 2026 was $91 million, reflecting a 20% net margin, and an increase of 95% for $44 million compared to net profit of $47 million in the second quarter of 2025. Earnings per share for the second quarter of 2026 were $0.80 per share basic and $0.79 cents diluted, almost double the $0.49 basic and $0.41 diluted in the second quarter of 2025. Moving to our balance sheet. As we previously announced, we received $290 million in prepayments from SIFO customers in the first quarter of 2026, mostly towards 2027 capacity reservations. These customer prepayments are included in the balance sheet as of the end of June 2026 as liabilities, under short- and long-term customer advances, and are included in the cash flow report for Q126 and for H126 as cash for operating activities. Our balance sheet continues to be strong, evidenced by the following indicators and financial ratios. As of the end of June 2026, our assets totaled $3.8 billion, primarily comprised of $1.6 $6 billion in net fixed assets, predominantly, and $2 billion at the end of June. Since the majority of TPS code rates and the vast majority of TPS code costs are also in yen, we have a natural hedge over most of our Japanese business and operations. Part of the remaining yen exposure, we execute zero-cost cylinder transactions to hedge currency fluctuations. The impact on our margin is limited as seen over the past few quarters, during which the Shekel appreciates executing a $920 million investment plan to expand capacity and capability of SAIGI and TYPO, our 8-inch pets in Israel, Newport Beach, and Texas in Japan. This investment is on track in terms of purchase orders issued, technology and process qualification, equipment arrivals, and ramp planning. Approximately 50% of this $920 million capex investment has been paid to date and is included in our cash flow for investing activity for the reporting period through the second quarter of 2026, while the remaining 50% is expected to be paid 2026 and full year 2027. Business Model As recently announced and presented earlier today by Russell, the company updated its business model, which now includes the planned investment in the ARRI facility, formerly PEB 6, to repurpose it for wafer manufacturing, thereby maximizing the company's 12-inch output in Japan, supported by METI, Japan's Ministry of Economic, Trade and Industry. The update model is based on forward-looking operational business and financial assumptions, including the assumption that all FEDs will operate at 85% utilization post the full installation and qualification of the $920 million in CIFO and CIFO execute to ramp up CIFO and CIFO capacity and capability in our FEDs 2, 3, 5, and 7, and post the planned repurposing of the arrived facilities and qualification of the new equipment tools to be installed Another assumption is the assumption regarding forward-looking wafer selling prices for existing and future products and growth. An assumption, forward-looking assumptions regarding cost and completion date for the successful qualification of tools to be installed, process technologies to be qualified, and customer products to be qualified and ordered from the company. Under the updated model, we target $3.6 billion in annual revenue, which is $760 million higher than the February model, target, reflecting 27% revenue interest, $1.63 billion annual gross profit resulting in a 45% gross margin as compared to 39% in the prior model. This annual gross profit is $510 million higher than the prior February 2026 model representing 67% incremental gross profit derived from the incremental $760 million revenue, reflecting our enhanced product, 38 billion dollars of annual operating profit, 38% operating margin as compared to 32% in the prior model. This annual operating profit is $480 million higher than the prior February 2026 model, representing 63% incremental operating profit, derived from the incremental 760 million dollars. Again, reselecting our enhanced product mix. And lastly, $1.2 billion in annual net profit, resulting in a 33% net margin as compared to 26% in the prior model, and as compared to 20% in the second quarter of 2026. This annual net profit is $450 million higher than the prior February 2026 model, representing 59% incremental net profit derived from the incremental $760 million of additional revenue, reflecting our enhanced products mix. That concludes my prepared remark. Now I'd like to turn the call back to the operator so we can take your question.

Thank you so much, dear participants. As a reminder, if you wish to ask a question, please press star 1-1 on your telephone keypad and wait for a name to be announced. To withdraw your question, please press star 1-1 again. Please stand by, welcome to the Q&A Raw Studies. We'll take a few moments. And now we're going to take over the first question. and the sense line of Cody Ackrey from Benchmark StoneX. Your line is open. Please ask your question.

Hi, Cody. Thanks for taking my questions. Hey, guys. Congrats on another great quarter and great execution. Congrats to everybody. Just a point of clarification and then a couple quick questions. Did you update the cycle bookings number for 27, the 1.3 billion? Ian, would you give a new version of that?

No, no, I did not. I stated in the script that the Q4 start rate, which would be fully realized in Q2 27 revenue, was three times higher than the Q2 shipment. That number is...

Yeah, this can be 680 times 3, but this is capacity.

$0.3 billion is stated additionally.

Is it fair to say? Sorry, go ahead.

I'm just going to state that I think there was no update given on the contracts and the bookings, but there was an update given pretty much on what will be started.

Okay, excellent. Thank you for that. And then just with that level of visibility, you've been able to put up some record sequential and annual growth rates, both on a percentage and on a dollar basis. It's been pretty impressive. With this level of visibility, can you maybe just handicap the likelihood of being able to sustain this kind of growth rate or even accelerate from here?

Um, 2028 reached those numbers at a minimum by run rate, nominally in the full year, um, in 2028. So I think you could estimate what the growth rate is, um, 2028's revenue level.

Okay, and then lastly, Russell, maybe if you can just help me to get a scale on the Japanese projects, Track 1 and Track 2. I'm just trying to understand the wafer volumes or the revenue support that ultimately will be available out of Japan. Not so much Track 1. I think that's clear in your fiscal 28 model that that is assuming full utilization of that Track 1 build-out. Is that the right way to think about it?

Yeah, an 85% utilization, correct.

Okay. And so then how do we think about the scale of TRAC-2?

TRAC-2 would quadruple the 300-millimeter capacity, and that it's predominantly for SIFO and SIGI. We didn't give specific numbers. Part of the reason for not giving numbers is that we're in final negotiations, strong negotiations, not on the pricing part of it, just on the timing part, to complete the facility and complete the facilitization of the facility, and then the negotiations with the suppliers on the equipment itself. So budgets, everything's approved, everything is there. We're focused on everything with and sits nicely in our hands. We're not looking at anything being gated or leveraged by a fundraising event or anything of the sort. There's no dilution within the plans. But we don't yet at this point have the final schedule of tool installations and tool qualifications. Our target is that everything is installed and functioning by Q4 and as stated in the script, that it then provides a seamless into 2029, having reached the full potential of the Track 1 development in 2028. So our target would be to have that grow from there. The exact numbers of how much we would get from that, that we haven't said. Not necessarily prior to give quarterly updates in financial models. But the first quarters, as we get into 2027, that will update a long-term financial model, depending upon how it actually turns out and the amount of tools that we can fit into the built-out factory. So some of that, even some of the building plan, is not yet finalized.

Okay, excellent. Thank you for that detail. And then just to be clear, the 4X quadrupling of the capacity of Track 2, that is just the Wozu facility, or is that quadrupling counting Fab 6?

We're including Fab 6 in that 4X number. So, whatever we would be doing incrementally in Fab 6, which predominantly we'll be using as an epicenter, and also for specialty packaging tools. But yes, the Fab 6 incremental that you see in Track 1 is included into the 4X.

That's very helpful.

Thank you. Now, we're going to take our next question. The question comes to the line of Matthew Hosseini from SIG. Your line is open. Please ask the question.

Yes, thanks for taking my question. I do have a couple. Russell, I just want to better understand the evolving end market demand. As we look into next year and NPO becomes material, does that give you ability to increase your content per given transceiver?

I would say no. It basically would be selling an MPO in those cases, rather than selling a pluggable, and in many instances, most likely be selling both. But the content itself, to the extent that I understand your question.

I'm trying to better understand if there is synergy here, especially as you, I'm under assumption that at some point the PIC itself will require a stacking of SIGI and SIFO, and that's where the question is originating from. So if we have more of a heterogeneous structure, a PIC-based structure, with that, I imagine that would be more positive for you, and I just want to see if I'm in the right frame of mind.

MPO, but on Next Generation. So where we talked about the advanced packaging, a good amount of the advanced packaging that we're putting in place is dyed-a-wafer and wafer-to-wafer bonding.

And I imagine that would also require you to increase CIGI capacity, and that's already embedded in the Phase I of the capacity expansion, right?

It's mainly embedded into the Phase II.

Okay.

Phase I is focused very, very strong directly on SIFO expansion. And as stated, all of that growth that we're doing in Phase I is already spoken.

And then the second question regarding your manufacturing footprint. And given your emphasis in Japan and how you have this phase one and phase two, should I assume that the majority of your U.S.-based customers would be supported through facilities in Japan, or U.S. would present another area where you eventually have to increase capacity?

We continue to increase capacity in both Newport Beach. We're still planning to increase further capacity in both sites. One of the reasons for having chosen Japan is geopolitical neutrality. There's no issues for somebody to be supplied out of Japan. So it's a very good place to grow. I mean, there's multiple reasons to want to have chosen Japan. Most of the R&D that we have in Japan, a bit of Panasonic was the creme de la creme, a top three Japanese company and hiring their choice of people predominantly from Tokyo University. Extremely, extremely far as R&D. Additionally, anybody in the world that's ever been around Japanese manufacturing, the quality of it is just outstanding. It is part of a Japanese mentality. It's hilarious here, but we lived in Japan for a number of years when our youngest daughter was going through kindergarten. And it's a very, very interesting thing. Already at three and a half, four years of age, when a kindergarten student goes to school, part of their uniform is a plastic container with a washcloth in it called an Oshibori. And the school day starts by taking out that washcloth and wiping down their desk. And the school day ends by taking out that washcloth and wiping down their desk. The honoring of the workplace is a very, very big, big thing in Japan. And that culture, when you start at three and a half, four years of age, learning to honor the workplace, that stays with you forever. I mean, I did a film once, it was kind of funny, just about the procedure of returning your tray and dishes after lunch. And the activities in Japan, it's more or less of an assembly line. You know, there's absolutely no degradation of a quality mentality in the regular factory. So when it deals with, you know, very, very high-quality manufacturing, I think Japan is best of the best. So those are multiple reasons for going there. It was, you know, the taxonomy that we have of workforce is fantastic. Education in Japan is amazingly good. And it's geopolitically neutral.

Got it. Thanks for all the detail. And just a very quick follow-up. When should RF mobile revenue stabilize? Your preparing must suggest that you're continuing to consolidate, move manufacturing to 300 millimeter.

Would those changes in your manufacturing footprint stabilize into the second half, or is this something that is going to carry on into 27? incremental growth the tape outs activity the design activity that we've already won that we would see q2 q3 of next year having the largest 300 millimeter manufacturing that we've ever done for RFSLI so but I wouldn't say stabilizing it's just getting to a point of continued growth and then additional plans how do we grow it beyond that but yeah I would think that for the fab 10 factory where we're manufacturing it will be very very full come second third quarter of next year thank you thank you so much and now we're going to take our next question and the question comes line of richard shannon from quake highland capitol group llc your line is open

please ask the question hey richard great russell hi how are you good thank you excellent um i'll Congratulations on wonderful results. Keep up the good work here. My first question is going to be a follow-on from a couple of Cody's questions here and trying to think about the ultimate silicon photonics inside the 300-millimeter capacity after you finish track two and you use the statements of 4x increase in capacity, I think at least 4x capacity. So it seems like we need to understand and characterize how much of the capacity to that point is 200 versus 300. So I was wondering if you could answer that quantitatively, at least qualitatively, to help us think about that more specifically.

I'm honestly not sure I understand the question. Could you just restate it, please?

Sure. You've said that after track two, it's going to increase your 300-millimeter silica tonics and Psy-G capacity by quadrupling. So in order for us to quantify this, I think we need to understand what that position, and what that mix of capacity between 200 and 300 would be at that point before starting that capacity increase. So trying to figure out, I'm wondering if you could answer what that split of capacity is at that point so that you can try to calculate that.

Yeah, I just have to grab my notebook real quick. Sorry, I'll be right back. One second first. I would say that to begin with 27, mid-28. All of the growth that we have in Syji and Syfo, and definitely in Syfo, will be in 300 millimeter. 4X increase in capacity in Japan. The agreement with METI optics, and it's on the silicon photonics and silicon germanium. As a minimum, we would intend to be adding 20,000, 25,000 wafer per month silicon photonics capacity, that could go much, much higher than that, and that's the desire of the company, I mean of the country. So if you multiply that by 2.25, you're dealing with, you know, very, very big amount of wafer capacity versus 200,000. Although I'm not sure why it's so important for you to know that ratio to model something. in silicon photonics is quite big, and the predominant portion coming out of track one, almost 100% of it, will be silicon photonics. You have the delta numbers in revenue from the previous model to the present model. And then when we go into the 300-millimeter facility, the actual split we've not yet announced, but the predominant portion of everything of that 4X growth will be in silicon photonics, and the next biggest portion of it will be in silicon germanium.

Okay, thanks for that. I'll just state, Russ, I think everyone's trying to figure out what the next update on the business model looks like. I think you said you updated us kind of early-ish or some point next year here as well trying to do that work ahead of time. So we'll look forward to more detail when you're able to get it. One of my follow-on questions here is on NPO, and I'd love to get a sense of the degree to which this will be a meaningful contributor in SIFO revenues in 2027. This is going to be – how would you characterize the size, either quantitatively or qualitatively, please?

I think it will be significant. The exact percent, I don't yet know. I would think it will be in the – not in the single digits, but in the tens of the percentage of what will be shipping, especially in the second half of the year.

Okay, great. That's very helpful. And then my last question is on advanced packaging here. I think there's a little bit of contribution in the track one investments in Japan, but I think a bigger part in track two. So I'm going to say a little bit longer term question here, Russell, which is think of the fulsome of time here, after everything is built and how you think the market's going to evolve. How much of your silicotonics related revenues are going to be packaging related?

That's a very good question. I'm not sure how much of it necessarily is packaging related versus being packaging enabled. So, you know, even right now for the integrated laser, for an indium phosphide laser, you could see next year hold tens of millions of revenue from integrated laser. The integrated laser bonding, that's packaging, is right now outsourced, but we'll be bringing that in-house. It's not that we're getting paid per se for packaging and we're not trying to compete with packaging houses. We're bringing more capability in-house that we have control over the end result and certainly much more control over the start to ship time of wafers rather than to depend on a supplier no matter how good they are. But we are not looking at, per se, competing in packaging. We're looking at packaging being an enabler to grow our core business at the highest quality to production of any supplier that there would be. Hopefully that answers your question, Richard. We're not going to separate a packaging revenue. We're not focused on it as a packaging revenue rather than as an enabler for our Silicon Photonics platform.

That is helpful and appreciated. That's all for me, Russell. Thank you.

Thank you. And now we're going to take our next question. And the question comes down of Cody Ackley from Benchmark Stone at RFiola. And it's open. Please ask your question.

Yeah, thanks for the quick follow-ups, guys. But, Russell, with all the capacity additions that have been happening around the industry from some of your peers at their global foundries – Sorry, I broke up on the first part.

I apologize. Could you start the question?

Oh, no, no. It's fine. With all the capacity additions around the industry from some of your peers, global foundries, STMicro, Samsung, have all made announcements about planned capacity additions. If you can look out 12, 18, 24 months, can you maybe just frame your opinion of the supply, demand, health of the industry with all of these different tranches coming in mind?

Supply is certainly increasing. A definite benefit of anyone right now in that we're qualified at the lead customers worldwide with very strong contracts lasting through 28. and at this point, given additional capacity coming online, strong interactions and discussions to maintain contracts well beyond that. I have too good of a feeling for how much added capacity will be coming into the market. I've honestly not followed up on that so strongly. Our focus has really just been how we maintain sole share or majority share of our lead customers, and we're in very good shape there. The most important thing talked about within the – as long as it's going on for not just next generation, but generation plus two, in many cases generation plus three, those programs always enable you to come to the market faster, stronger than anyone else. Tied to that, a business standpoint, if we're working with substantial resources, next generation or multiple generation in the future developments, there's typically exclusivity agreements on both sides. We would enable a lead customer to have a head start, especially for any module that's joint developed, and we would request 100% market share. So I don't, again, for part of your question, I don't really have a good feel for how much capacity is additionally coming into the market. What I think we have a much better feel on is the market share that we'll be maintaining with our lead customers and we believe that will stay extremely high.

And, Russell, thanks for that. Is there, just for my own edification, a figure of merit stratification, I guess, that you can point us to that would be a good reference point so we can just keep an eye on your continued leadership in the industry.

The figure of merit that you're referring to is what? I mean, typically a figure of merit is a technical achievement. What are you looking for? You're looking for something to measure?

Well, no, I guess I'm just trying to gauge some of the industry rhetoric about differing capabilities. from your different competitors around the industry. And I'm just trying to see if there's something you can help us with to help us better understand where it is that Tower really differentiates.

It's not facetious, but we differentiate in figure of merit. Insertion loss is probably one of the biggest things that one can look for. And if you have, at this point, a best-in-breed insertion loss integrator, number one, by not needing to buy more expensive CW lasers because of also the ability to reduce the amount of lasers that's in the package. We have press release before. It was a press release with Inolite about our insertion loss being an enabler to have the amount of CW lasers that they need in the package. I believe it was the having of it. I have to go back to the PRs a couple of years ago. But that becomes really the biggest differentiator that we can have is to lead the industry a figure of merit. If you're looking at next-generation modulators, you know, at the OFC conference, we did a joint PR to have done a 400G modulator in silicon. There's no secret that we, and maybe some others, are working with thin-film lithium niobate. We also are working with indium phosphide for a modulator. So the best way that one could be looking at maintaining market share is, are you working at the next generation or two generations out, and how is your performance in those areas? If that answers your question, Cody, hopefully it does.

It does. That was very helpful. Thank you. And then lastly, you just did mention Inalight. I don't know if you had a chance. I know you're busy this morning, but to see some of the press reports that the administration is maybe looking to limit exports of Chinese technology into the U.S. from an optical standpoint. Just wondering if you had any thoughts there.

Many thoughts, but nothing that I would want to say publicly.

Thank you very much.

Thank you. And now we're going to take our final question for today. Just give us a moment. And question comes line of Lisa Thompson from Zach's Investment Research. Your line is open. Please ask your question.

Good morning. Thank you. I just have a couple, two questions. First off, are you experiencing any shortages or supply chain issues for your own production? I know you worked on the indium phosphate issue.

Big picture, no. We're in very good position on starting materials and with what we would call variable materials that are needed to manufacture. Under somewhat of a crunch for indium phosphide starting material, and we believe that we've addressed that very nicely with the contract with IQE. But other than indium phosphide, which we had several ways that we went after to increase the amount of substrates during a difficult period, and I think that that we've gotten resolved as well, no, we're in very good shape on supply.

Okay, and then my last question is if we're going to do, say, an error analysis on your business model, Where do you think the most variability of outcomes is? Is there going to be expenses or timing or the prices you forecast you'll get for your products? Where is the risk?

Yeah, I think I addressed it in a moment. One of them is the selling price per wafer. The second is the cost assumption. And the third one is that we will utilize 85% of the Fed. And this is the basic assumptions for the model.

Right, but which has the biggest range of outcome, which has the biggest range of outcome, you know, that could be the most important to look at? All right, thanks. We'll keep an eye on that then. Thank you. That's my question.

Thank you. I would now like to hand the conference over to Russell Elwanger for any closing remarks.

Firstly, as I started the call, I'll end it with the same statement. I'm really excited with where we're at, what we're doing, our future prospects. I enjoy being able to share them with you. The most exciting things about being involved in high-tech business, and maybe in particular being in management or the CEO, is the fact that in high tech, nominally you're interfacing, interacting with groupings of people that, from any statistical standpoint, in the upper end of intelligence. And that's, you know, a wonderful thing, a wonderful place to be dealing with. When you couple that with people of very high character, it becomes fantastic, and it's wonderful, wonderful interaction. I can really state that if I look at the board in business, but right now specifically on Silicon Photonics, the customers that we have there, with really out exception, are just outstanding people that we deal with. And every interaction, it's more than joyful. It's a partnership to where you have open communication, you work with each other, and off of that you go into the next generation. We had a very good call the other day with a big customer with regard to having now announced, not announced, but to having very strong additional 300-millimeter capability. And the partnership feeling, the way that we're growing together, it's really an amazing place to be. And one of my really greatest joys about leading Tower is the ability that I have daily inside the company to be dealing with very smart people that are of high character and being able to interact with customers that are very smart of high character and seeing the integration of both together towards making new things. We've talked multiple times, and it was in the script as well, not just of Tower's growth, but of Tower and our customers' growth. And in looking at things in that regard, in that respect, it's a fantastic way to be. So, I truly, if we look at the financial model, if we look at, you know, achieving a 33% net profit, just very, very thrilled about where we're at, where we're going, and all of these opportunities in front of us. It's a wonderful adventure that we're entering into Japan to build out the Silicon Germanian. And we're really at an amazing place that everyone, not that we haven't in the past, but people come to work now even more excited than they did before. There's so much happening, a place to be. So in stating that, my invitation to everyone that's an investor, reach out. We'd love to talk to you. We'd love to have as much interaction as we can, help you better understand what we're doing, where we're at, strong results that we're having in the company. That being said, we refer to engaging with the investment community at the upcoming Jefferies Conference, August 25th, 26th in Chicago, and at the Benchmark StoneX Annual Conference in New York on September 10th. The invitation for interactions with investors, it's real, and the better you understand our story, the better you understand where we're at, where we're going. And we think the best for everybody. And just thank you for your interest and for your support.

That concludes today's conference call. Thank you for participating. You may now all disconnect. Have a nice day.