SolarWindow Technologies, Inc 10-K for FY2024
SolarWindow Technologies, Inc. (WNDW)
About this 10-K
SolarWindow Technologies, Inc filed this 10-K on November 20, 2024, covering the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024 (FY2024).
Headline figures
Fiscal year ended August 31, 2024, as reported in this filing, compared with the same period a year earlier where the filing states it.
- Revenue
- $0
- compared with $0 a year earlier
- Net loss
- $3.46M
- compared with a net loss of $2.4M a year earlier
- Diluted EPS
- -$0.06
- compared with -$0.04 a year earlier
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM
For the fiscal year ended
For the transition period from ___________ to ___________
Commission file number
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
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(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |
(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) |
| (Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code) |
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(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: None
| Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered | ||
| N/A | N/A | N/A |
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer,
as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports
pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports
required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter
period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Yes ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically
every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter)
during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
| Large accelerated filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer | ☐ | |
| ☒ |
Smaller reporting company Emerging growth company |
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If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and
attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section
404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting fi rm that prepared or issued its audit report.
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate
by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously
issued financial statements.
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell
company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.). Yes ☐ No
The aggregate market value of SolarWindow common stock held
by non-affiliates of the registrant as of the last day of our most recently completed second quarter on February 29, 2024, was $
As of November 19, 2024, shares of common stock, par value $0.001, were outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
None.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SOLARWINDOW TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K
FOR THE FISCAL YEARS ENDED AUGUST 31, 2024 and 2023
PART I
Forward-Looking Statements
This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements discuss matters that are not historical facts. Because they discuss future events or conditions, forward-looking statements may include words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “intend,” “could,” “should,” “would,” “may,” “seek,” “plan,” “might,” “will,” “expect,” “predict,” “project,” “forecast,” “potential,” “continue” negatives thereof or similar expressions. Forward-looking statements contained in this Report speak only as of the date of this report, are based on various underlying assumptions and current expectations about the future and are not guarantees. Such statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, level of activity, performance or achievement to be materially different from the results of operations or plans expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements.
Such forward-looking statements include statements regarding, among other things, (a) the potential markets for our technologies, our potential profitability, and cash flows (b) our growth strategies (c) expectations from our ongoing research and development activities (d) anticipated trends in the technology and alternative energy industries (e) our future financing plans and (f) our anticipated needs for working capital. This information may involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance, or achievements to be materially different from the future results, performance, or achievements expressed or implied by any forward-looking statements. These statements may be found at various places throughout this report including, but not limited to the discussions under Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and Item 1. “Business.” Actual events or results may differ materially from those discussed in forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including, without limitation, the matters described in this Form 10-K generally. In light of these risks and uncertainties, there can be no assurance that the forward-looking statements contained in this filing will in fact occur. In addition to the information expressly required to be included in this filing, we will provide such further material information, if any, as may be necessary to make the required statements, in light of the circumstances under which they are made, not misleading.
Although forward-looking statements in this report reflect the good faith judgment of our management, forward-looking statements are inherently subject to known and unknown risks, business, economic and other risks and factors that may cause actual results to be materially different from those discussed in these forward-looking statements. Many of those factors are outside of our control and could cause actual results to differ materially from the results expressed or implied by those forward-looking statements. Accordingly, you are urged not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this report.
We assume no obligation to update any forward-looking statements in order to reflect any event or circumstance that may arise after the date of this report, other than as may be required by applicable law or regulation.
All references to “we,” “us,” “our,” and “SolarWindow” refer to SolarWindow Technologies, Inc, and as applicable, its wholly-owned technologies.
Item 1. Business
SolarWindow® was incorporated in the State of Nevada on May 5, 1998, under the name “Octillion Corp.” On December 2, 2008, we amended our Articles of Incorporation to effect a change of name to New Energy Technologies, Inc. Effective as of March 9, 2015, we amended our Articles of Incorporation to change our name to SolarWindow Technologies, Inc.
SolarWindow® is a pre-revenue company developing proprietary transparent electricity-generating coatings and methods for application to various materials which we refer to as “LiquidElectricity® Coatings”. Our LiquidElectricity® Coatings generate electricity by harvesting light energy from natural sun, artificial light, and low, shaded, or reflected light conditions. We apply ultra-thin layers of LiquidElectricity® Coatings to rigid glass, and flexible glass and plastic surfaces where they transform otherwise ordinary surfaces into organic photovoltaic devices, commonly known as solar cells, or solar modules.
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Our LiquidElectricity® is a framework which utilizes chemistry for different ultra-thin layers applied to a substrate. These layers include hole transport layers, active layers, electron transport layers, and conductive contact points for transmission of electricity. We have developed a specialty expertise in each layer of our LiquidElectricity® to optimize for power, optical clarity, manufacturability, stability, and other qualities. The flexibility engineered into our LiquidElectricity® framework allows us to target a variety of potential off-grid energy solutions spanning multiple industries, including architectural, automotive, agrivoltaic (agricultural greenhouse), aerospace, commercial transportation and marine.
Our LiquidElectricity® Coatings are under development at one of the most respected and advanced solar-photovoltaic research institutions in the world, the U.S. Department of Energy’s (“DOE”) National Renewable Energy Laboratory (“NREL”), through a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (“CRADA”). SolarWindow® also has support from commercial contract firms who provide expertise in chemistry, coatings processes, equipment and manufacturing.
Our commercial development efforts include seeking technology, product licensing, and joint venture arrangements with research institutions, commercial partners, manufacturing and fabrication facilities, and organizations with established technical competencies, market reach, and distribution networks in targeted industries.
Among our near-term product iterations is the electrification of glass surfaces. LiquidElectricity® , when applied to glass using our proprietary processes and methodologies to glass, could be fabricated into a window product to produce electricity-generating windows for potential use in skylights for recreational vehicles and marine vessels, architectural glass in new construction and retrofit construction applications in commercial buildings. We also envision the application of LiquidElectricity® Coatings to existing third-party materials or product surfaces to create electricity-generating products which could become self-powered, or colloquially, “self-charging” products.
We have achieved important milestones and overcome major technical challenges in order to broaden the range of materials and products that we can coat to generate electricity. Our goals in developing electricity-generating products have included transparency and aesthetics, optimizing power generation, developing at-scale manufacturing processes, simplifying production, and lowering costs of coating materials and their related application.
We first coated rigid flat glass with our LiquidElectricity® Coatings to generate electricity. Numerous technological advancements have enabled us to fabricate panes of flat glass layered with LiquidElectricity® coatings at room temperature and ambient pressure; this process represents a significant technical achievement which may provide manufacturing advantages over expensive and cumbersome high temperature and high positive or negative pressure-sensitive manufacturing methods common to conventional solar photovoltaic manufacturing.
Among important field tests, LiquidElectricity® Coatings on flat glass have been successfully processed through the rigorous autoclave system for window glass lamination at a commercial fabricator. At the fabricator’s facilities, glass panes layered with LiquidElectricity® Coatings were subjected to the extremely high heat and pressure of autoclave equipment used in commercial glass lamination. Subsequent performance testing confirmed that glass with LiquidElectricity® Coatings continued to produce power.
LiquidElectricity® Coatings on glass panes have also been subjected to more than 200 freeze/thaw cycles, yielding favorable performance. Our edge sealing processes and materials contributed to the prevention of moisture-related damage, an important feature.
In addition to flat glass, we have successfully applied our LiquidElectricity® Coatings to generate electricity on flexible glass and plastics. On glass surfaces, our electricity-generating coatings could enable new and retrofit architectural applications such as windows for commercial towers, glass walls and curtain walls, room dividers, and other related products. On flexible surfaces, our electricity-generating products present applications in various industries, including automotive, light and commercial trucks, recreational vehicles, marine, aerospace and defense, agrivoltaics, and others.
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In 2022, SolarWindow® successfully applied LiquidElectricity® Coatings using fully-solution processable methodology to create a non-transparent organic photovoltaic device. Fully-solution processable organic photovoltaic methodology offers the potential for industry standard chemical deposition for more capital and time efficient manufacturing and production.
In 2023, LiquidElectricity® Coatings were successfully applied using fully-solution processable methodology to create semi-transparent solar modules. LiquidElectricity® applied with this methodology could benefit the agriculture market through utilizing crop shelter structures which offer protection in adverse climate conditions by generating electricity on greenhouse windows and canopies while simultaneously optimizing light transmission for maximum crop yield.
In 2024, SolarWindow® successfully scaled its fully-solution processable coatings and methodology onto substrates while simultaneously increasing power conversion efficiency, maintaining high visible light transmission, and optical clarity. Simultaneously, SolarWindow® discovered a new laser scribing methodology to decrease the appearance of scribe lines across modules.
Our planned productization and commercialization of SolarWindow® technologies will require significant further product development, equipment requisition, product fabrication, testing, and validation. In addition to our technology development CRADA and engagements with specialty contract groups, we anticipate the need for product development partnerships with commercial partners, as well as additional financing, which may not be readily available, to ascertain the viability of our technologies and products, currently under development.
Our technologies and products, currently under development, use our proprietary chemistries and application processes in order to generate electricity on glass and plastics. Our ongoing research and product development requires the commitment of significant resources to support the extensive invention, design, engineering, testing, prototyping, and intellectual property initiatives carried-out by our scientists, engineers, and consultants.
We cannot accurately predict the amount of funding, or the time required to successfully commercialize products. The actual cost and time required to commercialize our technology may vary significantly depending on, among other things, the results of our product development efforts; the cost of developing, acquiring, or licensing various enabling technologies; changes in the focus and direction of our business or product development plans; competitive and technological advances; the cost of patent filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing claims; demonstrating compliance with regulations and standards; and manufacturing, marketing and other costs that may be associated with product fabrication. Because of this uncertainty, even if financing is available to us, we may secure insufficient funding to effectuate our business and/or product development plans.
The Market Opportunity for our LiquidElectricity® Coatings
SolarWindow® recognizes demand for global energy requirements, including reducing energy costs while using environmentally friendly next-generation renewables, and actively seeks to advance our novel solar photovoltaic solutions in global adoption of new renewable technologies.
Based on our market research, there are no commercially marketed electricity-generating products available for sale in the United States which provide the functionality, features, esthetics, and adaptability of LiquidElectricity® Coatings. Our markets include building window and glass applications, referred to as “architectural flat glass” and “fabricated glass products.” Flat glass is extensively used in the architecture industry in applications such as windows, partitions, and facades. One third-party glass industry report, published in February 2022, by Grandview Research, Inc., projects that the global flat glass market was $273.43 billion in 2021 and is expected to reach $400.38 billion by 2030, growing at a revenue-based compounded annual growth rate (“CAGR”) of 4.3%.
We are also targeting applications for our LiquidElectricity® Coatings in automotive, light and commercial trucks, recreational vehicles, marine, and aerospace and defense sectors, among others. We believe that the rising demand for electric propulsion and autonomous piloting in these segments presents a timely opportunity for our electricity-generating technologies.
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Additionally, the agrivoltaics market for our electricity-generating coatings includes the smart greenhouse market, projected to reach $11 billion by 2032 with a growth rate of 11.7% annually from 2023 to 2032, driven in part by rising food demand due to growing populations and by government initiatives to develop smart farming, according to reports by Precedence Research issued in August 2023 and Research & Markets issued in April 2023. In addition to these smart greenhouses which monitor and control the growth condition of plants and optimize the growing process of the plants, we believe that conventional greenhouse structures, both new and existing, present commercial opportunities for the application of SolarWindow® to these structures.
We believe that our addressable markets in each of the forgoing segments, although fractional may nevertheless present viable commercial opportunities. Our ability to successfully address these markets is also dependent on our ability to effectuate development and commercial partnerships as well as securing adequate financing as needed.
Our Competitive Strengths
We believe that the following strengths of our LiquidElectricity® Coatings and technologies should enable us to compete successfully in the alternative and renewable energy industries:
| · | Performance in Natural and Artificial Light - We propose unique solutions for harvesting the light energy of natural and artificial light sources to generate sustainable electricity; |
| · | Works on Glass and Plastics - Our LiquidElectricity® Coatings are capable of generating electricity on flat glass and flexible glass and plastics; and |
| · | Cost Effective - Our LiquidElectricity® Coatings are engineered for manufacturing using earth abundant materials at a low price point and are suited for high-throughput manufacturing. |
Our Business Strategy
Our commercial development efforts include seeking opportunities for intellectual property in-licensing, out-licensing, cross-licensing, and acquisition. We also seek technology, product licensing and joint venture arrangements with research institutions, commercial partners, manufacturing and fabrication facilities, and organizations with established technical competencies, market reach, and distribution networks in targeted industries. Key elements of our business strategy to implement the forgoing include:
| · | Strategic Commercial Partnerships – We pursue commercial partnerships to enable productization, manufacturing, and marketing of our technologies and products. Our target partnerships include supply chain glass, plastics, window, automotive, greenhouse manufacturing and other related companies; |
| · | Innovative Research and Continuous Product and Technology Enhancement - We seek partnerships with product development groups, manufacturers of specialty chemicals, advanced-manufacturing companies, and others with proven technology expertise and developing additional applications and markets for LiquidElectricity® Coatings. We are currently working with scientists at NREL for the ongoing development of our coatings and applications processes, including high-speed roll-to-roll manufacturing processes development. We work to engage additional firms and institutions with important technical and product development competencies as needed; and |
| · | Management Team Development – Augment our management team with experienced and effective talent in order to, among other competencies, advance our product development and innovation programs, monetize and leverage our intellectual property, develop and implement sales and marketing plans, enhance the Company’s brand positioning in industry and capital markets, and raise capital in order to effectuate our business plan. |
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Competition for Our Technology and Products
The Solar photovoltaic industry is highly competitive and such competition is increasing as the number of participants in the industry continues to grow. Although we are not aware of other products utilizing technology substantially similar to our technology, numerous solar cell technologies have been developed, or are being developed, by a number of companies, from which products may be derived and ultimately compete with our products.
Such technologies include, but are not necessarily limited to, the use of organic materials, advanced crystalline silicon thin film concepts, amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, copper-indium-gallium-selenide, titanium dioxide, and copper indium di-selenide, and others to generate electricity from sunlight. Given sufficient time, investment and advances in manufacturing technologies, any of these competing technologies may achieve lower manufacturing costs, superior performance, or greater market acceptance than our products, currently under development. Among the companies purporting to be developing such technologies, are ONYX Solar, Next Energy Technologies, Solarmer Organic Optoelectronics Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Ubiquitous Energy, Heliatek, Sunew Filmes Fotovoltaicos Impressos S.A. and ASCA GmbH.
We face competition from many companies, major universities and research institutions in the United States and abroad. Many of these companies, universities and research institutions have substantially greater resources, experience in conducting research, experience in obtaining regulatory approvals for their products, operating experience, research and development and marketing capabilities name recognition and production capabilities. We will face competition from companies marketing existing products or developing new products which may render our technologies (and hence future products) obsolete.
These companies, universities and research institutions may have numerous competitive advantages, including:
| • | Significantly greater name recognition; |
| • | established distribution networks; |
| • | more advanced technologies and product development; |
| • | additional lines of products, and the ability to offer rebates, higher discounts or incentives to gain a competitive advantage; |
| • | processes that are operational and manufacturing prototype or final products; |
| • | greater experience in conducting research and development, manufacturing, obtaining regulatory approval for products, and marketing approved products; and |
| • | significantly greater financial and human resources for product development, sales and marketing, and patent litigation. |
If our competitors were to:
| · | succeed in developing products that are more effective in producing electrical energy at a lower cost than our technology, some or all of our products or our technology could be rendered obsolete and non-competitive; |
| · | succeed in bringing their products or services to market earlier than ours, our ability to commercialize our products may be adversely affected, which in turn may impede or limit our ability to generate revenues and achieve profitability. See “Risk Factors.” |
Accordingly, in addition to our research and development efforts, historically, we have undertaken public relations, advertising, and market access outreach programs designed to establish our “brand” name recognition early on in our corporate development; we intend to continue to develop and market our brand name pending commercialization of products, if any, we may derive from our research and development efforts. We believe our strategy ultimately will facilitate development and commercialization partnerships, the marketing, distribution and public acceptance of any products derived from our research and development efforts, and assist in attracting equity capital, if and when needed.
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Our competitive position in the market will also depend on:
| · | our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel, to obtain patent protection, develop proprietary products and processes, protect our intellectual property rights, and to secure sufficient capital resources required during the often-substantial period between technology development and commercial sales; and |
| · | the timing of market introduction of any products utilizing our LiquidElectricity® Coatings. Accordingly, the speed with which we can develop products, complete safety approvals, and ultimately supply commercial quantities of any products we develop to the market is important. |
In addition to the foregoing, ultimately, our commercial success will depend on our ability and the ability of our manufacturing partners, licensee or sub-licensees, if any, to compete effectively in product development areas such as, but not limited to safety, reliability, availability, price, marketing, distribution and patent position.
Intellectual Property
The success of our business depends, in part, on our ability to pursue, maintain, and protect our proprietary technologies, information, processes, and know how. We rely primarily on patent, trademark, copyright, and trade secret laws in the US and similar laws in other countries, confidentiality agreements and procedures, and other contractual arrangements to protect our technologies and products.
The Company periodically reviews its intellectual property portfolio in order to ensure that its portfolio remains germane to its continuing business and operations and, as a cost-saving measure, and if warranted, sell or abandon any intellectual property that is no longer useful or relevant to the Company’s commercialization efforts or to more fully protect the Company’s intellectual property portfolio.
The Company has an international patent portfolio, with pending applications and granted patents in the US, Europe, China, Mexico, Canada, and Hong Kong. Prosecution of the pending applications is ongoing. The Company strategically employs continuation practice in the US to keep important patent families open and vary claim scope to prevent infringers from evading infringement with technicalities. We recently filed two continuation applications to pursue additional scope of protection.
As of the date of this annual report, our proprietary technologies are the subject of fourteen (14) granted United States patents, twelve (12) granted patents in non-US jurisdictions, four (4) US pending patent applications, and sixteen (16) non-US pending patent applications. If maintained to their full term, our issued patents are scheduled to expire on various dates between January 2030 and April 2040. These dates are subject to change depending on the Company’s current and future patent application filings and the Company’s discretion to maintain its various intellectual property assets in accordance with its corporate interests and goals. We continually assess opportunities to seek patent protection for those aspects of our technology, designs, methodologies, and processes that we believe may provide us with significant competitive advantages or additional commercial opportunities. The Company is currently developing and evaluating patent protection on new photovoltaic coatings that improve weight, production scalability, and conversion efficiency. The Company is also exploring strategic expansion of its patent portfolio through acquisition of patent portfolios and entire companies.
The technology represented in the granted patents includes:
| · | using a photovoltaic device as a sensor for an intelligent building energy management system |
| · | forming a photovoltaic film including a transport layer electrically coupled to a first conductor layer and a semiconductor layer (using solvent deposition, evaporation, and annealing) |
| · | an electrochromic, photovoltaic two-pane insulated glass window and associated power-source polarity inverter technology |
| · | for a photovoltaic device, sputter deposition of conducting oxides into scribe lines |
This extensive and diverse portfolio underscores the Company’s strong commitment to IP and to pioneering advancements in photovoltaic technology.
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The Company has also filed various trademark registrations and applications. Currently, the company has fifteen (15) registered trademarks and two (2) pending trademark applications.
Additionally, we believe that many elements of LiquidElectricity® Coatings and related processes, technologies, and products involve proprietary know-how, technology, or data that are not covered by patents or patent applications, including but not limited to technical processes, equipment, design architecture, algorithms, and procedures. Accordingly, we rely on trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to safeguard our interests with respect to this intellectual property.
The Company’s commercial success depends in part on its ability to obtain intellectual property protection of its innovations and designs, to protect its trade secrets, and to conduct business without infringing the intellectual property rights of others.
Government Regulation
Our technology may be subject to certain government regulations and standards. Our ability to remain viable will depend on favorable government decisions at various stages of the technology’s development by various agencies. From time to time, legislation is introduced that could significantly change the statutory or regulatory provisions governing our research and product development processes, as well as approval of the manufacturing and marketing of any products derived from such research and development activities.
The production and marketing of our technology derived products would be subject to existing and future safety & health regulations and standards in the United States and South Korea.
Current safety & health requirements and standards for electrical products can include, but may not be limited to, Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulations, National Electrical Code as approved as an American National Standard by the American National Standards Institute or ANSI/NFPA-70, certification by Underwriters Laboratories and the Society of Automotive Engineers, and compliance with State, Federal, and local building codes. These regulations are subject to change, and our ability to remain viable is contingent upon successfully satisfying regulatory requirements as stipulated by these agencies and/or others as the development of our technology evolves.
Employees and Consultants
The Company utilizes the services of full-time employees as well as part-time employees and consultants on a contract basis. As of the date of this annual report, the Company has two (2) full-time employees, two (2) part-time employees, and one (1) part-time consultant all located in the United States.
From time to time, the Company grants stock options to employees and consultants either pursuant to contract requirements or on a discretionary basis. None of our employees are covered by a collective bargaining agreement. We believe our relations with our employees are good.
Other Information
Our website address is www.solarwindow.com. We make available free of charge through our website our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. The information accessible through our website is not a part of this annual report.
The public may also read and copy any materials we file with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov which site contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers, such as us, that file electronically with the SEC. All statements made in any of our filings, including all forward-looking statements, are made as of the date of the document(s) in which the statement is included, and we do not assume or undertake any obligation to update any of those statements or documents unless we are required to do so by law.
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Our executive office is located at 9375 E Shea Blvd., Suite 107-B, Scottsdale AZ 85260. Our telephone number is (800) 213-0689; our email is info@solarwindow.com. Our website is www.solarwindow.com. Information contained on our web site (or any other website) does not constitute part of this annual report.
Our research and development activities are conducted at the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Renewable Energy Laboratories in Golden, Colorado pursuant to a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement.
Stockholder Communications
Stockholders who wish to communicate with the Board may do so by addressing their correspondence to the Board at SolarWindow Technologies, Inc., Attention: Mr. Amit Singh, 9375 E Shea Blvd., Suite 107-B, Scottsdale AZ 85260. The Board will review and respond to all correspondence received, as appropriate.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Risk Factors
The following risk factors and the forward-looking statements elsewhere in this annual report should be read carefully in connection with evaluating the business of the Company. A wide range of events and circumstances could materially affect our overall performance and our results of operations, and therefore, an investment in us is subject to risks and uncertainties. In addition to the important factors affecting specific business operations and the financial results of those operations identified elsewhere in this annual report, the following important factors, among others, could adversely affect our operations. While each risk is described separately below, some of these risks are interrelated and it is possible that certain risks could trigger the applicability of other risks described below. Also, the risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones that we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us, or that are currently deemed immaterial, could also potentially impair our business, results of operations and potential profitability. These risk factors may be amended, supplemented, or superseded from time to time in filings and reports that we file with the SEC in the future.
Risks Related to Our Financial Condition
We have not generated any revenues and have experienced significant losses to date, and we expect to continue incur losses for the foreseeable future.
We have experienced and continue to experience negative cash flows from operations. We have not generated any revenue since inception and do not expect to generate any substantial amounts of revenue for the foreseeable future. We had a net loss attributable to common stockholders of $3,455,415 and $2,396,395 for the years ended August 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively. As of August 31, 2024, we had cash and short-term investments of $4,249,446 and working capital of $4,668,658. Based on management’s assessment, the Company has sufficient cash and short-term investments to meet its current funding requirements over the next twelve months following the date of this annual report, to meet our projected product development and fabrication goals during this period. However, our current cash and short-term investments may not be sufficient to permit us to maintain or expand our operations beyond this period.
Our ability to use our net operating loss to offset future taxable income may be subject to certain limitations.
As of August 31, 2024, we had U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards (“NOLs”) of approximately $40,949,000 due to prior period losses which if not utilized will begin to expire for federal and state tax purposes beginning in 2024. Realization of these NOLs depends on future income, and there is a risk that our existing NOLs could expire unused and be unavailable to offset future income tax liabilities, which could adversely affect our results of operations.
In general, under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), a corporation that undergoes an “ownership change” is subject to limitations on its ability to utilize its NOLs to offset future taxable income. Our initial public offering, as well as future changes in our stock ownership, the causes of which may be outside of our control, could result in an additional ownership change under Section 382 of the Code. Our NOLs may also be impaired under state laws. In addition, under 2017 legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, NOLs generated in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017, may be utilized to offset no more than 80% of taxable income annually. This change may require us to pay federal income taxes in future years despite generating a cumulative loss for federal income tax purposes. There is also a risk that due to regulatory changes, such as suspensions on the use of NOLs, or other unforeseen reasons, our existing NOLs could expire or otherwise be unavailable to offset future income tax liabilities. For these reasons, we may not be able to realize a tax benefit from the use of our NOLs, whether or not we attain profitability.
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We will require additional financing in the future to maintain and expand operations into advanced stages of product development and fabrication, and failure to obtain such financing would have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects.
We are currently in the advanced stages of our research and early stages of product development and have come to the point where larger, faster, and more precise equipment is necessary for development to continue and to be able to come to market with a commercially viable product.
We expect capital outlays and operating expenditure to increase over the next several years as we work to expand our commercial activities, expand our development activities, expand manufacturing operations and expand our infrastructure. We may need to raise additional capital to, among other things:
| ● | sustain and expand the commercialization of our commercialized of our technology and products; |
| ● | expand and automate our manufacturing capabilities and reduce our cost of sales; |
| ● | increase our sales and marketing efforts to drive market adoption and address competitive developments; |
| ● | finance capital expenditures and our general and administrative expenses; |
| ● | maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio; |
| ● | add operational, financial and management information systems; and |
| ● | hire additional research and development, quality control, scientific, and general and administrative personnel. |
Our present and future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including but not limited to:
| ● | the level of research and development investment required to maintain and improve our technology position; |
| ● | the cost of filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing patent claims and other intellectual property rights, if any; |
| ● | our efforts to acquire or license complementary technologies or acquire complementary businesses; |
| ● | changes in product development plans needed to address any difficulties in commercialization or changing market conditions; |
| ● | competing technological and market developments; and |
| ● | changes in regulatory policies or laws that may affect our operations. |
We cannot assure you that our business will generate sufficient cash flow from operations in an amount sufficient amount, if any, to fund our working capital needs. Accordingly, we may need to undertake or seek out additional equity or debt financings to secure additional capital. We cannot assure you that we would be able to locate additional financing on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Any debt financing that we secure in the future could involve restrictive covenants relating to our capital raising activities and other financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities. If we raise additional funds through future issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing stockholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges superior to those of holders of our common stock. If we are unable to secure additional funding on favorable terms, or at all, when we require it, our ability to continue could be impaired and our business may be harmed.
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Raising additional capital will cause dilution to our existing stockholders and may restrict our operations or require us to relinquish certain intellectual property rights.
We will seek additional capital through a combination of public and private equity offerings, debt financing, strategic partnerships and alliances, licensing arrangements and grants. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interest of our existing stockholders may be diluted, and the terms may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our stockholders. Debt and receivables financing may be coupled with an equity component, such as warrants to purchase shares, which could also result in dilution of our existing stockholders’ ownership. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased fixed payment obligations and could also result in certain restrictive covenants, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt, limitations on our ability to acquire or license intellectual property rights and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. If we raise additional funds through strategic partnerships and alliances and licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our products, or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us. A failure to obtain adequate funds may cause us to curtail certain operational activities, including research and development, sales and marketing, and manufacturing operations, in order to reduce costs and sustain the business, and would have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition. If we raise additional funds by issuing equity or debt securities, further dilution to stockholders may result and new investors could have rights superior to existing stockholders.
Because we cannot currently estimate the amount of funds or time required to commercialize our technologies, even if financing is available to us, we may secure less funding than is actually required to effectuate our business plan.
As noted above, we are currently in the advanced stages of our research and early stages of product development. We have come to the point where larger, faster, and more precise equipment is necessary for all facets of technology and product development to continue and to be able to come to market with a commercially viable product. We, however, cannot accurately predict the amount of funding or the time required to successfully commercialize our technology. The actual cost and time required to commercialize these technologies may vary significantly depending on, among other things, the results of our research and product development efforts; the cost of developing, acquiring, or licensing various enabling technologies, changes in the focus and direction of our research and product development programs; competitive and technological advances; the cost of filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing claims with respect to patents; the regulatory approval process; process manufacturing; marketing and other costs associated with commercialization of these technologies. Because of this uncertainty, even if financing is available to us, we may secure insufficient funding to effectuate our business plan.
Adverse conditions in the alternative energy industry or the global economy generally could have adverse effects on our results of operations and consequently the price of our common stock.
Our business is exposed to significant financial risks, most of which are beyond our control, related to interest rates, State & Federal subsidies, the modified accelerated cost recovery system, taxes, and general economic conditions both domestic and internationally. These risks may affect our ability to effect (i) borrowings or to raise capital through the offer and sale of equity-based securities and (ii) the execution of our business plan and product commercialization efforts by thwarting consumer demand for our products, and thereby adversely impacting our potential revenue and profitability.
An increase in raw material prices could have negative consequences for our long-term profitability.
We face exposure to fluctuations in energy, raw materials, chemicals, and glass and plastic film prices. If we are not able to hedge, compensate or pass on our increased costs through a supply chain or to customers, this could have an adverse impact on our financial results and stability, and deployment of our products.
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Risks Related to Our Technology, Products and Operations
The development of our technology is subject to the risks of failure inherent in the development of any novel technology.
Ultimately, the development and commercialization of our technology is subject to a variety of risks that are particular to the development and commercialization of any novel technology, the occurrence of any one of which may adversely affect our operations. These risks include, but are not limited to, the following:
| · | our research and development efforts may not produce a commercially viable product; |
| · | we may not be able to develop an industrial process required to manufacture a commercial product; |
| · | we may fail to maintain license rights to the SolarWindow® technology (or any of its derivatives); |
| · | we may fail to develop, acquire, or license various enabling technologies that may be integral to the commercialization of the SolarWindow® (or any of its derivatives); |
| · | we may fail to integrate our process into an industrial setting for the manufacturing of products; |
| · | our technology (or any of its derivatives) may ultimately prove to be ineffective, unsafe or otherwise fail to receive necessary regulatory or safe operating approvals; |
| · | our technology (or any of its derivatives), even if safe and effective, may be difficult to manufacture on a large scale or be uneconomical to market; |
| · | our marketing license or proprietary rights to products derived from our technology may not be sufficient to protect our products from competitors; |
| · | the proprietary rights of third parties may preclude us or our collaborators from making, using or marketing products utilizing our technology; or, |
| · | third parties may market superior, more effective, or less expensive technologies or products having comparable performance and appearance characteristics to the LiquidElectricity® Coatings (or any of its derivatives). |
The success of our research and development activities is uncertain. If such efforts are not successful, we will be unable to generate revenues from our operations and we may have to cease doing business.
Commercialization of our technology will require significant further research, development, and testing as we must ascertain whether our technology can form the basis for a commercially viable technology or product. If our research and development efforts fail to prove the commercial viability of our technology, we may need to abandon our business model and/or cease doing business, in which case our shares may have no value, and you may lose your investment. We anticipate remaining engaged in technology and product development for the foreseeable future.
If we ultimately do not obtain the necessary regulatory and safe operation approvals for the commercialization of our technology, we will not achieve profitable operations, and your investment may be lost.
To commercialize our technology, we may need to obtain regulatory approval from various local, state, federal or international agencies; or approval from global safety certifying organizations that will certify safe operation of our products. At this time, we do not have a product to be submitted for regulatory or safe operating approval. The process for obtaining these approvals may be time consuming and costly, and there is no guaranty that we will be able to obtain such approvals. The failure to obtain any necessary approvals could delay or prevent us from achieving revenue or profitability, which could result in the partial or total loss of your investment.
We are operating in a highly fragmented and competitive market and our competitors have several competitive advantages over us.
Our commercial success will depend on our ability to compete effectively in product development areas such as, but not limited to, building integration, safety, efficacy, ease of use, customer compliance, price, marketing and distribution. Our competitors may succeed in developing products that are more effective than any products derived from our research and development efforts or that would render such products obsolete and non-competitive. The alternative and renewable energy industry is characterized by intense competition, rapid product development and technological change.
Most of the competition that we encounter is expected to come from companies, research institutions and universities who are researching and developing technologies and products similar to, or are competitive with, any technology we may develop.
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These companies, research institutions and universities may have several competitive advantages over us, including:
| • | Significantly greater name recognition; |
| • | established distribution networks; |
| • | more advanced technologies and product development; |
| • | additional lines of products, and the ability to offer rebates, higher discounts or incentives to gain a competitive advantage; |
| • | processes that are operational and manufacturing prototype or final products; |
| • | greater experience in conducting research and development, manufacturing, obtaining regulatory approval for products, and marketing approved products; and |
| • | significantly greater financial and human resources for product development, sales and marketing, and patent litigation. |
As a result, we may not be able to compete effectively against these companies or their products.
Any products developed from our technology will face competition from other companies producing solar power and/or energy harvesting or storage products.
The solar power market is intensely competitive and rapidly evolving. Some of our competitors are better capitalized or have more employees than we do; and, unlike us, some have established market positions for their products. There are a number of companies that produce solar power and alternative energy products, which may be competitive with those that we are seeking to develop. Additionally, some of our competitors may be developing or currently producing products based on new solar power and alternative energy technologies that may have a cost basis similar to, or lower than, our projected product costs.
Accordingly, If we fail to attract and retain customers and establish a successful distribution network for our products, we may be unable to achieve adequate sales and market share; or, if our competitors’ products, services or technologies become more accepted than ours, or if they are successful in bringing their products or services to market earlier than us our revenues could be adversely affected.
As noted above, some of our current (and potential competitors) have significantly greater resources and better competitive positions in certain markets than we do. These factors may allow our competitors to respond more effectively than us to new or emerging technologies and changes in market requirements. Our competitors may develop products, features, or services that are similar to ours or that achieve greater market acceptance, may undertake more far-reaching and successful product development efforts or marketing campaigns, or may adopt more aggressive pricing policies. See “Our Business.”
Mergers of, or other strategic transactions by, our competitors could weaken our competitive position or reduce our revenue.
If one or more of our competitors were to merge or partner with another of our competitors, the change in the competitive landscape could adversely affect our ability to compete effectively. A potential result of such expansion is that certain of our current or potential competitors may be acquired by third parties with greater available resources and the ability to further invest in product improvements and initiate or withstand substantial price competition. Our competitors also may establish or strengthen cooperative relationships with our current or future value-added resellers, third-party consulting firms or other parties with whom we have relationships, thereby limiting our ability to promote our products. Disruptions in our business caused by these events could reduce our revenue.
Technological changes could render our products uncompetitive or obsolete, which could prevent us from achieving market share and sales.
The alternative and renewable energy industry is rapidly evolving and highly competitive. Our failure to refine or advance our technologies, and to develop and introduce new products on a timely basis could cause our products to become uncompetitive or obsolete, which could prevent us from achieving market share and sales. We will need to invest significant financial resources in additional technology research & development, and product development to keep pace with technological advances in the industry and to compete in the future; however, we may be unable to secure such financing. We believe that a variety of competing solar and alternative or renewable energy technologies may be in development by other companies that could result in lower manufacturing costs and/or higher product performance than those expected for our products. Our development efforts may be hindered or rendered obsolete by the technological advances of others, and other technologies may prove more advantageous for the commercialization of transparent electricity-generating products.
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To the extent we can develop and commercialize products, if such products do not gain market acceptance, we may not achieve sales and market share.
The development of a successful market for our products may be adversely affected by a number of factors, some of which are beyond our control, including:
| · | customer, architectural and engineering acceptance of our products; |
| · | our failure to produce products that compete favorably against other alternative or renewable energy, or solar-photovoltaic power products on the basis of cost, quality, durability, reliability, and performance; |
| · | our failure to produce products that compete favorably against conventional energy sources and distributed-generation technologies on the basis of cost, quality and performance; |
| · | our failure to qualify for and secure government grants, tax incentives and any other financial subsidies that may be available to consumers for the implementation of alternative or renewable energy technologies such as solar systems at such time as our products become available for commercial sale, and which potential customers for our products may reasonably expect; and |
| · | our failure to develop and maintain successful partnerships with manufacturers, distributors, and other resellers, as well as strategic partners. |
If our products fail to gain market acceptance, we will be unable to achieve sales, market share, or profitability.
If organic solar photovoltaic light energy harvesting technologies are not suitable for widespread adoption or sufficient demand for such products does not develop or takes longer to develop than we anticipate, we may not be able to profitably exploit our technology.
The market for OPV solar-energy related products is emerging and rapidly evolving, and the market for energy harvesting products is generally unproven and not well established. The success of products for these markets is uncertain.
If our OPV solar power or light energy harvesting technologies prove unsuitable for widespread commercial deployment or if demand for such power products fails to develop sufficiently, we would be unable to achieve sales and market share. In addition, demand for such products in the markets and geographic regions we target may not develop or may develop more slowly than we anticipate. Many factors will influence the widespread adoption of organic solar photovoltaic light energy capture and conversion products, including, without limitation, the following:
| · | cost-effectiveness of such technologies as compared with conventional and competitive alternative or renewable energy technologies; |
| · | performance, durability, and reliability of such products as compared with conventional and competitive alternative energy products; |
| · | success of other alternative or renewable energy technologies such as hydrogen fuel cells, wind turbines, bio-diesel generators, and solar thermal technologies; |
| · | public concern regarding energy security, the potential risks that may be associated with global warming, the environmental and social impacts of fossil fuel extraction and use; |
| · | fluctuations in economic and market conditions that impact the viability of conventional and competitive alternative or renewable energy generating products; |
| · | fluctuations in the prices of fossil fuels or their derivatives; |
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| · | capital expenditures by customers, which tend to decrease when domestic or foreign economies slow; |
| · | potential deregulation of the electric power industry and broader energy industry initiatives; and |
| · | availability of government, state, feed-in tariff, and other financial subsidies and incentives. |
Our growth and success depend on our ability to develop new products and services and adapt to market and customer needs.
The sectors in which we operate experience rapid and significant changes due to the introduction of innovative technologies. Introducing new technology products and innovative services, which we must do on an ongoing basis to meet customers' needs, requires a significant commitment to research and development, which may not result in success. The company is pre-revenue and may suffer if it invests in technologies that do not function as expected or are not accepted in the marketplace; its products, systems or service offers are not brought to market in a timely manner; or products become obsolete or are not responsive to our customers' needs or requirements.
Our business model and strategy are based on growth through licensing, joint ventures, collaborative research and development agreements and acquisitions, that may be difficult to execute, and it may disrupt our business, create integration issues, impair our results of operations, dilute our stockholders’ ownership, cause us to incur debt, divert management resources, or cause us to incur significant expense.
We may pursue in the future acquisitions of businesses and assets, as well as technology licensing and joint venture arrangements, that we believe will complement our products or technologies. We also may pursue strategic alliances that leverage our core technologies and industry experience to expand our product offerings or distribution or make investments in other companies. Any acquisition involves a number of risks, many of which could harm our business, or materially impact our stock price, including:
| · | difficulty in integrating the operations, technologies, products, existing contracts, accounting and personnel of the acquired company or business; |
| · | not realizing the anticipated benefits of any acquisition; |
| · | difficulty in transitioning and collaborating with suppliers of the acquired company; |
| · | diversion of financial and management resources from existing operations; |
| · | the risk that the price we pay, costs we incur, or other resources that we devote to the acquisition may exceed the value we realize, or the value we could have realized if we had allocated the purchase price or other resources to another opportunity; |
| · | unanticipated costs and expenses or accounting impacts of an acquisition, licensing arrangement, or other strategic investments; |
| · | potential loss of key employees, customers and strategic alliances from either our current business or the acquired company’s business; |
| · | inability to successfully bring newly acquired products or technologies to market or achieve design wins with such products; |
| · | assumption of unanticipated problems or latent liabilities, such as problems with the quality of the acquired products or technology; |
| · | inability to generate sufficient revenue to offset acquisition costs; |
| · | market or investor reaction to, or perception of, the anticipated benefits, costs, or other consequences of any proposed or consummated acquisition; |
| · | the incurrence of significant costs and diversion of management resources in connection with any potential acquisition, irrespective of whether an acquisition is successfully completed; |
| · | the dilutive effect on the Common Stock as a result of any acquisitions financed through the issuance of equity; |
| · | in the event of international acquisitions, risks associated with accounting and business practices or regulatory requirements that are different from applicable U.S. practices and requirements. |
To finance any acquisitions or investments, we may choose to issue equity or equity-linked securities as consideration, which could dilute the ownership of our stockholders, including materially. If the price of the Common Stock is low or volatile, we may not be able to acquire other companies for equity or equity-linked consideration. In addition, newly issued securities may have rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of existing stockholders. If we raise additional funds by obtaining loans from third parties, the terms of those financing arrangements may include negative covenants or other restrictions on our business that could impair our operating flexibility and would also require us to incur interest expense. Additional funds for acquisitions also may not be available on terms that are favorable to us, or at all.
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As noted above, on a going forward basis, we plan to make acquisitions, which could require significant management attention, disrupt our business, result in dilution to our stockholders, and adversely affect our financial results.
As part of our business strategy, we intend to make acquisitions to add specialized employees, complementary companies, products, or technologies. However, we have not made any acquisitions to date, and, as a result, our ability to acquire and integrate larger or more significant companies, products, or technologies in a successful manner is unproven. In the future, we may not be able to find suitable acquisition technologies or products, and we may not be able to complete acquisitions on favorable terms, if at all. Any acquisitions that we consummate may not achieve our goals and could be viewed negatively by investors. In addition, if we fail to successfully integrate any acquisitions, or the technologies associated with such acquisitions, into our company, the revenue and operating results of the combined company could be adversely affected. Any integration process may require significant time and resources, and we may not be able to manage the process successfully. We may not successfully evaluate or utilize the acquired technology or personnel, or accurately forecast the financial impact of an acquisition transaction, including accounting charges. We may have to pay cash, incur debt, or issue equity securities to pay for any such acquisition, any of which could adversely affect our financial results. The sale of equity or issuance of debt to finance any such acquisitions could result in dilution to our stockholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased fixed obligations and could also include covenants or other restrictions that would impede our ability to manage our operations.
We may be the subject of product liability claims and other adverse effects due to defective products, design faults or harm caused to persons and property.
Our products may not operate properly or could contain design or fabrication faults or defects, which could give rise to disputes in respect of their performance, degradation and reliability giving rise to liability. Product liability related to defective products could lead to a loss of revenue, claims under warranty, and legal proceedings. Such disputes could result in a fall-off in demand or harm our reputation for product performance, safety, and/or quality.
We lack sales, marketing and manufacturing experience and will likely rely on third party marketers.
We have limited experience in sales, marketing, distribution or manufacturing of photovoltaic and energy capture and conversion and generating products. We expect to manufacture, market, sell or otherwise commercialize our technology (or any of its derivatives) through distribution and supply-chain channels, co-marketing, co-promotion, or licensing arrangements with third parties. Therefore, any revenues received by us will be dependent on the efforts of third parties. If any such parties breach or terminate their agreements with us or otherwise fail to conduct marketing activities successfully and in a timely manner, the commercialization of our technology (or any of its derivatives) would be delayed or terminated, which would adversely affect our ability to generate revenues and our profitability.
We may not be able to integrate our process and/or technologies into a manufacturing process necessary to produce a manufacturable product.
Without sufficient capital, human resources, the appropriate process equipment, or required supply chain, the Company may not be capable of integrating its process and/or technologies into a manufacturing process necessary to produce a manufacturable product. The innovation of our processes and technologies is a crucial strategic concern, with mounting pressure to meet anticipated power, financial, and ROI and IRR for our manufacturers, or sales and distribution channels. If we are unable to integrate our processes and/or technologies into industry, our product innovations can rapidly become obsolete. LiquidElectricity® Coatings and related processes and supply chains are highly complex and continuously exposed to a variety of risks such as microeconomics, macroeconomic, face geopolitical pressures, regulatory requirements, environmental risk and responsibilities, construction risk, and emerging markets. Integration of our processes is critical to product development and revenue generation. If the process cannot be integrated into industry, products, or brought to market in a timely manner, the Company, its potential products, and ability to operate may be threatened. Currently, the integration of our technologies into industrial manufacturing processes is uncertain.
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While there are numerous reasons for selecting a manufacturing partner, there is considerable risk in selecting a manufacturing partner that is the correct fit for the Company. The level and severity of risk to the Company is associated with cost, resources and resource management, quality control, scaled production, complicated supply chain, location, corporate culture, management philosophy, market experience, and an adaptable business model. Based on these risks, the Company may not be able to integrate our process or technology into an existing manufacturing process with an acceptable level of risk.
We could be exposed to liability if we experience security breaches or other disruptions, which could harm our reputation and business.
We may be subject to cyber-attacks whereby computer hackers may attempt to access our computer systems or our third-party IT service provider’s systems and, if successful, misappropriate personal or confidential information. In addition, a contractor or other third party with whom we do business may attempt to circumvent our security measures or obtain such information and may purposefully or inadvertently cause a breach involving sensitive information. We will continue to evaluate and implement additional protective measures to reduce the risk and detect cyber incidents, but cyber-attacks are becoming more sophisticated and frequent, and the techniques used in such attacks change rapidly. Even though we take cyber-security measures that are continuously reviewed and updated, our information technology networks, and infrastructure may still be vulnerable due to sophisticated attacks by hackers or breaches.
Even the most well protected IT networks, systems, and facilities remain potentially vulnerable because the techniques used in security breaches are continually evolving and generally are not recognized until launched against a target and, in fact, may not be detected. Any such compromise of our or our third party’s IT service providers’ data security and access, public disclosure, or loss of personal or confidential business information, could result in legal claims proceedings, liability under laws to protect, privacy of personal information, and regulatory penalties, disrupt our operations, require significant management attention and resources to remedy any damages that result, damage our reputation and customers willingness to transact business with us, any of which could adversely affect our business.
Litigation and other legal proceedings may adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
From time to time we may become involved in legal proceedings, claims, government investigations, and other proceedings relating to patent and other intellectual property matters, product liability, labor and employment, competition or antitrust, commercial, tort or contract, privacy, consumer protection, tax, federal regulatory investigations, securities (including class action litigation), and other legal proceedings or investigations, which could have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations and divert the attention of our management from the operation of our business. Litigation is inherently unpredictable and can result in excessive or unanticipated verdicts and/or injunctive relief that affect how we operate our business. We could incur judgments or enter into settlements of claims for monetary damages or for agreements to change the way we operate our business, or both. There may be an increase in the scope of these matters or there may be additional lawsuits, claims, proceedings or investigations in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Adverse publicity about regulatory or legal action against us could damage our reputation and brand image, undermine our members’ confidence and reduce long-term demand for our products, even if the regulatory or legal action is unfounded or not material to our operations.
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We may be held liable for, or incur costs to settle, liability and remediation claims if any products we develop, or any products that use or incorporate any of our technologies, cause injury or are found unsuitable during product testing, manufacturing, marketing, sale or use. These risks exist even with respect to products that have received, or may in the future receive, regulatory approval, registration or clearance for commercial use. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to avoid product liability exposure.
At the stage customary to do so, we expect to maintain product liability insurance at levels we believe are sufficient and consistent with industry standards for like companies and products. However, we cannot guarantee that our product liability insurance will be sufficient to help us avoid product liability-related losses. In the future, it is possible that meaningful insurance coverage may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all. In addition, a product liability claim could result in liability to us greater than our assets or insurance coverage. Moreover, even if we have adequate insurance coverage, product liability claims or recalls could result in negative publicity or force us to devote significant time and attention to these matters, which could harm our business.
Our articles of incorporation provide for indemnification of officers and directors at our expense and limit their liability, which may result in a major cost to us and hurt the interests of our stockholders because corporate resources may be expended for the benefit of officers and/or directors and may inhibit actions against our officers and directors.
Our articles of incorporation and applicable Nevada law provide for the indemnification of our directors, officers, employees, and agents, under certain circumstances, against attorney’s fees and other expenses incurred by them in any litigation to which they become a party arising from their association with or activities on our behalf. We will also bear the expenses of such litigation for any of our directors, officers, employees, or agents, upon such person’s promise to repay us if it is ultimately determined that any such person shall not have been entitled to indemnification. This indemnification policy could result in substantial expenditures by us, which we will be unable to recoup.
The provisions of the Nevada Revised Statutes and our bylaws may discourage stockholders from bringing a lawsuit against our directors for breach of their fiduciary duty. The provisions may also have the effect of reducing the likelihood of derivative litigation against directors and officers, even though such an action, if successful, might otherwise benefit us and our stockholders. Furthermore, a stockholder’s investment may be adversely affected to the extent we pay the costs of settlement and damage awards against directors and officers pursuant to these indemnification provisions. We believe that these amended and restated certificate of incorporation provisions, amended and restated bylaw provisions, indemnification agreements and the insurance are necessary to attract and retain qualified persons as directors and officers.
We have been advised that, in the opinion of the SEC, indemnification for liabilities arising under federal securities laws is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against these types of liabilities, other than the payment by us of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding, is asserted by a director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, we will (unless in the opinion of our counsel, the matter has been settled by controlling precedent) submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction, the question whether indemnification by us is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue. The legal process relating to this matter, if it were to occur, is likely to be very costly and may result in us receiving negative publicity, either of which factors is likely to materially reduce the market and price for our common stock.
Our insurance coverage may not be adequate to protect us from all business risks.
We may be subject, in the ordinary course of business, to losses resulting from products liability, accidents, acts of God, and other claims against us, for which we may have no insurance coverage. As a general matter, the policies that we do have may include significant deductibles or self-insured retentions, and we cannot be certain that our insurance coverage will be sufficient to cover all future losses or claims against us. A loss that is uninsured or which exceeds policy limits may require us to pay substantial amounts, which could adversely affect our financial condition and operating results.
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Risks Related to Compliance with Laws and Regulations
Our business is and may become subject to complex and evolving U.S. and foreign laws and regulations regarding privacy, data use and data protection, content, competition, safety and consumer protection, e-commerce, and other matters. Many of these laws and regulations are subject to change and uncertain interpretation, and could result in claims, changes to our products and business practices, monetary penalties, increased cost of operations, or declines in user growth or engagement, or otherwise harm our business.
We are and may become subject to a variety of laws and regulations in the United States and abroad that involve matters central to our business and business plan, including privacy, data use, data protection and personal information, biometrics, encryption, rights of publicity, content, integrity, intellectual property, advertising, marketing, distribution, data security, data retention and deletion, data localization and storage, data disclosure, artificial intelligence and machine learning, electronic contracts and other communications, competition, protection of minors, consumer protection, civil rights, accessibility, telecommunications, product liability, e-commerce, taxation, economic or other trade controls including sanctions, anti-corruption and political law compliance, securities law compliance, and online payment services. The introduction of new products, expansion of our activities in certain jurisdictions, or other actions that we may take may subject us to additional laws, regulations, or other government scrutiny. In addition, foreign data protection, privacy, content, competition, consumer protection, and other laws and regulations can impose different obligations or be more restrictive than those in the United States.
These U.S. federal, state, and foreign laws and regulations, which in some cases can be enforced by private parties in addition to government entities, are constantly evolving and can be subject to significant change. As a result, the application, interpretation, and enforcement of these laws and regulations are often uncertain, particularly in the new and rapidly evolving industry in which we operate and may be interpreted and applied inconsistently from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and inconsistently with our current policies and practices. For example, regulatory or legislative actions or litigation affecting the manner in which we display content to our users, moderate content, or obtain consent to various practices could adversely affect user growth and engagement. Such actions could affect the manner in which we provide our services or adversely affect our financial results.
These laws and regulations, as well as any associated claims, inquiries, or investigations or any other government actions, have in the past led to, and may in the future lead to, unfavorable outcomes including increased compliance costs, loss of revenue, delays or impediments in the development of new products, negative publicity and reputational harm, increased operating costs, diversion of management time and attention, and remedies that harm our business, including fines or demands or orders that we modify or cease existing business practice.
There may be limitations on the effectiveness of our internal controls, and the failure of our control systems to prevent error or fraud may materially harm our Company.
We do not expect that internal control over financial accounting and disclosure, even if timely and well established, will prevent all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. Failure of our control systems to prevent error or fraud could materially adversely affect our business.
Our products or the application thereof will be subject to environmental, occupational safety & health regulations, as well as regulations dealing with, among other matters, harmful or hazardous materials.
Our products will be subject to extensive and increasingly stringent environmental, occupational safety and health regulations and certifications, including but not limited to, electrical codes, and other state and federal, foreign laws, regulations, and standards (“Operational Regulations”). If violations of these Operation Regulations occur, whether unintentional or otherwise, we could be held liable for damages, penalties and costs of remedial actions. These expenses or this liability could have a significant negative impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
These Operation Regulations could become more stringent over time, imposing greater compliance costs, and increasing risks and penalties associated with violations. There can be no guarantee that we will not be required to pay significant fines or compensation because of past, current, or future breaches of Operation Regulations. This exposure exists even if we are not responsible for the breaches, in cases where they were committed in the past by companies or businesses that were not part of ours that may be exposed to the risk of claims for breaches of these Operational Regulations. Such claims could adversely affect our financial position and reputation and require unplanned capital investment. If we fail to conduct our business in full compliance with the applicable Operation Regulations, the judicial or regulatory authorities could require us to conduct investigations, unplanned capital investments, and/or implement costly curative measures.
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We are subject additional compliance expense as well potential liability for any alleged violations of the securities laws and regulations to which we are or may be subject (the “Securities Laws & Regulations”).
As a public company filing periodic and other reports, whether on a mandatory or voluntary basis, with foreign, federal, or state securities regulators (collectively, “Securities Regulators”), we incur significant accounting, legal and administrative expenses in connection with our efforts to fully comply with the Securities Laws & Regulations. This expense may increase significantly should there be any changes in the Securities Laws & Regulations that impose greater obligations or requirements on us to fully comply. Such costs may adversely impact our other operations including but not limited to, our research and development efforts.
Moreover, should there be a violation of the Securities Laws & Regulations, we may be subject to fines, penalties and other sanctions that could adversely impact our ability to continue our research, product development and commercialization efforts.
Risks Related to Possible Expansion into Foreign Jurisdictions
We may expand our operations abroad where we have limited operating experience and may be subject to increased business and economic risks that could affect our financial results.
As we move forward with our strategy of expanding into new markets, we may enter new international markets where we have limited or no experience in marketing, selling, and deploying our products. Our operations and performance will become significantly more dependent on worldwide economic conditions. Uncertainty about global economic conditions ultimately could have a material negative effect on demand for our products and services and, accordingly, on our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition to the risks inherent in doing business internationally, as noted above, if we are unable to expand internationally and manage the complexity of our global operations successfully, our financial results could be adversely affected.
Risks Related to our Intellectual Property
Our ability to operate profitably is directly related to our ability to develop, protect, and perfect rights in and to our proprietary technology.
We rely on a combination of trademark, trade secret, nondisclosure, know-how, copyright, and patent law to protect our technology, which may afford only limited protection.
We may initiate claims or litigation against third parties for infringement of our proprietary rights or to establish the validity, scope or enforceability of our proprietary rights. Any such claims could be time consuming, result in costly litigation, or force us to enter into royalty or license agreements rather than dispute the merits of such claims, requiring us to pay royalties and/or license fees to third parties. There is always a risk that patents, if issued, may be subsequently invalidated, either in whole or in part and this could diminish or extinguish protection for any technology we may license or may adversely affect our ability to fully commercialize our technologies.
We generally require our employees, consultants, advisors and collaborators to execute appropriate agreements with us, regarding the confidential information developed or made known to such persons during the course of their engagement by us. These agreements provide that any proprietary technologies developed during such engagement are owned by us and that confidential information pertaining to such technologies will be kept confidential and not disclosed to third parties except in specific circumstances. These agreements also provide for the assignment to us by any such person of any patents issued with respect to any such technologies. If these provisions are breached, we may not be able to fully perfect our rights to the technologies in question, and in some instances, we may not have an appropriate remedy available for the damages that we may incur because of any such breach.
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Our proprietary rights may not adequately protect our technologies and products.
Our commercial success will depend, in part, on our ability to obtain patents and/or maintain adequate protection for our technologies and products in the United States and other countries. We will be able to protect our proprietary rights from unauthorized use by third parties only to the extent that our proprietary technologies and products are covered by valid and enforceable patents or are effectively maintained as trade secrets.
We intend to apply for additional patents for our technologies, applications, processes, and products, as we deem appropriate. We may, however, fail to apply for patents on important technologies, products, or processes in a timely manner, if at all. Our existing patents and any future patents we obtain may not be sufficiently broad to prevent others from practicing our technologies or from developing competing products, processes, or technologies. In addition, the patent positions of alternative energy technology companies are highly uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions for which important legal principles and regulations or policies remain unresolved. As a result, the validity and enforceability of our patents cannot be predicted with certainty. In addition, we cannot guarantee that:
| · | we were the first to make the inventions covered by each of our issued patents and pending patent applications; |
| · | we were the first to file patent applications for these inventions; |
| · | we will be able to reduce an invention to fabrication and product practice required for formation beyond conception; |
| · | others will not independently develop similar or alternative technologies or duplicate any of our technologies; |
| · | any of our pending patent applications will result in issued patents; |
| · | any of our patents will be valid or enforceable; |
| · | any patents issued to us will provide us with any competitive advantages, or will not be challenged by third parties; and |
| · | we will develop additional proprietary technologies, products, or processes that are patentable, or the patents of others will not have an adverse effect on our business. |
The actual protection afforded by a patent varies on a product-by-product basis, from country to country and depends on many factors, including the type of patent, the scope of its coverage, the availability of regulatory related extensions, the availability of legal remedies in a particular country and the validity and enforceability of the patents. Our ability to maintain and solidify our proprietary position for our products will depend on our success in obtaining effective claims and enforcing those claims once granted. Our issued patents and those that may be issued in the future, or those licensed to us, may be challenged, invalidated, unenforceable or circumvented, and the rights granted under any issued patents may not provide us with proprietary protection or competitive advantages against competitors with similar products. We also rely on trade secrets to protect some of our technology, especially where it is believed that patent protection is inappropriate or unobtainable. However, trade secrets are difficult to maintain. While we use reasonable efforts to protect our trade secrets, our employees, consultants, contractors, or scientific and other advisors may unintentionally or willfully disclose our proprietary information to competitors. Enforcement of claims that a third party has illegally obtained and is using trade secrets is expensive, time consuming and uncertain. In addition, non-U.S. courts are sometimes less willing than U.S. courts to protect trade secrets. If our competitors independently develop equivalent knowledge, methods, and know-how, we may not be able to assert our trade secrets against them and our business could be harmed.
Confidentiality agreements with employees and others may not adequately prevent disclosure of trade secrets and other proprietary information.
In order to protect our technologies and processes, we rely in part on confidentiality agreements with our employees, independent contractors and other advisors. These agreements may not effectively prevent disclosure of confidential information, including trade secrets, and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized disclosure of confidential information. In addition, others may independently discover our trade secrets and proprietary information, and in such cases we may not be able to assert our trade secret rights against such parties. To the extent that our employees, contractors or other third parties with whom we do business use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights to related or resulting know-how and inventions. The loss of confidential information or intellectual property rights, including trade secret protection, could make it easier for third parties to compete with our products. In addition, any changes in, or unexpected interpretations of, intellectual property laws may compromise our ability to enforce our trade secret and intellectual property rights. Costly and time-consuming litigation could be necessary to enforce and determine the scope of our proprietary rights, and failure to obtain or maintain protection of our trade secrets or other proprietary information could harm our business, results of operations, reputation and competitive position.
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We may not be able to adequately protect our intellectual property right from infringement by unauthorized persons or competitors.
Our business depends on our intellectual property, the protection of which is crucial to the success of our business. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy aspects of technologies, our websites or obtain and use information that we consider proprietary.
We may not be able to discover or determine the extent of any unauthorized use or infringement or violation of our intellectual property or proprietary rights. Third parties also may take actions that diminish the value of our proprietary rights or our reputation. The protection of our intellectual property may require the expenditure of significant financial and managerial resources. Litigation may be necessary in the future to enforce our intellectual property rights, to protect our trade secrets, to determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others or to defend against claims of infringement or invalidity. Such litigation could be costly, time-consuming and distracting to management, result in a diversion of resources, the impairment or loss of portions of our intellectual property and could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results. Furthermore, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights may be met with defenses, counterclaims and countersuits attacking the validity and enforceability of our intellectual property rights. These steps may be inadequate to protect our intellectual property. We will not be able to protect our intellectual property if we are unable to enforce our rights or if we do not detect unauthorized use of our intellectual property. Despite our precautions, it may be possible for unauthorized third parties to use information that we regard as proprietary to create product offerings that compete with ours. We also cannot be certain that others will not independently develop or otherwise acquire equivalent or superior technology or other intellectual property rights, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.
Competitors may adopt service names similar to ours, thereby harming our ability to build brand identity and possibly leading to user confusion. In addition, there could be potential trade name or trademark infringement claims brought by owners of other registered trademarks or trademarks that incorporate variations of the terms ClearlyElectric and SolarWindow.ClearlyElectric® LiquidElectricity® or SolarWindow® any of the other trademarks that we own.
We currently operate primarily in the United States. To the extent that we determine to expand our business internationally, we will encounter additional risks, including different, uncertain or more stringent laws relating to intellectual property rights and protection.
We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.
Filing, prosecuting, and defending patents on all our products in every jurisdiction would be prohibitively expensive. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products. These products may compete with our products and may not be covered by any patent claims or other intellectual property rights.
The laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States, and many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending such rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial cost and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business.
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If we fail to protect our intellectual property rights, our competitors may take advantage of our ideas and compete directly against us.
Our success will depend, to a significant degree, on our ability to secure and protect intellectual property rights and enforce patent and trademark protections relating to our technology. While we believe that the protection of patents and trademarks is important to our business, we also rely on a combination of copyright, trade secret, nondisclosure and confidentiality agreements, know-how and continuing technological innovation to maintain a competitive position. From time to time, litigation may be advisable to protect our intellectual property position. However, these legal means afford only limited protection and may not adequately protect our rights or permit us to gain or keep any competitive advantage. Any litigation in this regard could be costly, and it is possible that we will not have sufficient resources to fully pursue litigation or to protect our intellectual property rights. This could result in the rejection or invalidation of our existing and future patents. Any adverse outcome in litigation relating to the validity of our patents, or any failure to pursue litigation or otherwise to protect our patent position, could materially harm our business and financial condition. In addition, confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, customers, and key vendors may not prevent the unauthorized disclosure or use of our technology. It is possible that these agreements will be breached or that they will not be enforceable in every instance, and that we will not have adequate remedies for any such breach. Enforcement of these agreements may be costly and time consuming. Furthermore, the laws of foreign countries may not protect our intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States of America.
Our intellectual property rights may not be sufficient to protect our competitive position and to prevent others from manufacturing, using or selling competing products.
The scope of our owned property rights may not be sufficient to prevent others from manufacturing, using or selling competing products. Competitors could purchase our product and attempt to replicate some or all of the competitive advantages we derive from our development efforts, willfully infringe our intellectual property rights, design around our protected technology or develop their own competitive technologies and thereby avoid infringing our intellectual property rights. If our intellectual property is not sufficient to effectively prevent our competitors from developing and selling similar products, our competitive position and our business could be adversely affected.
We may be accused of infringing the intellectual property rights of others.
We cannot guarantee that we will not become the subject of infringement claims or legal proceedings by third parties with respect to our current or future technological developments. Any such claims could be time-consuming, result in costly litigation and could ultimately lead to a determination that our technology, or any of its derivatives, infringes on a third party's patent rights.
We may need to curtail or cease operations if, in the future, we are unable to obtain additional licenses pursuant to our collaborative development agreements required to maintain our rights to market products, if any, developed by us.
We may not retain all rights to developments, inventions, patents, and other proprietary information resulting from any collaborative arrangements, whether in effect as of the date hereof or which may be entered into at some future time with third parties. As a result, we may be required to license such developments, inventions, patents, or other proprietary information from such third parties, possibly at significant cost to us. Our failure to obtain and maintain any such licenses could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of our operations. In particular, the failure to obtain a license could prevent us from using or commercializing our technology.
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Our failure to secure trademark registrations could adversely affect our business and our ability to market our products.
Our trademark applications in the United States and any other jurisdictions where we may file may not be allowed for registration, and our registered trademarks may not be maintained or enforced. During trademark registration proceedings, we may receive rejections. Although we are given an opportunity to respond to those rejections, we may be unable to overcome such rejections. In addition, in the USPTO and in corresponding foreign agencies, third parties are given an opportunity to oppose pending trademark applications and to seek to cancel registered trademarks. Opposition or cancellation proceedings may be filed against our applications and/or registrations, and our applications and/or registrations may not survive such proceedings. Failure to secure such trademark registrations in the United States and in foreign jurisdictions could adversely affect our business and our ability to market our products.
We may be unable to adequately prevent disclosure of trade secrets and other proprietary information, or the misappropriation of the intellectual property we regard as our own.
We rely on trade secrets to protect our proprietary know-how and technological advances, particularly where we do not believe patent protection is appropriate or obtainable. Nevertheless, trade secrets are difficult to protect. We rely in part on confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, third party contractors, third party collaborators and other advisors to protect our trade secrets and other proprietary information. These agreements generally require that the other party to the agreement keep confidential and not disclose to third parties all confidential information developed by us or made known to the other party by us during the course of the other party’s relationship with us. These agreements may not effectively prevent disclosure of confidential information and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized disclosure of confidential information. Monitoring unauthorized disclosure is difficult, and we do not know whether the steps we have taken to prevent such disclosure are, or will be, adequate. If we were to seek to pursue a claim that a third party had illegally obtained and was using our trade secrets, it would be expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome would be unpredictable. Further, courts outside the United States may be less willing to protect trade secrets. In addition, others may independently discover our trade secrets and proprietary information and therefore be free to use such trade secrets and proprietary information. Costly and time-consuming litigation could be necessary to enforce and determine the scope of our proprietary rights. In addition, our trade secrets and proprietary information may be misappropriated as a result of breaches of our electronic or physical security systems in which case we may have no legal recourse. Failure to obtain, or maintain, trade secret protection could enable competitors to use our proprietary information to develop products that compete with our products or cause additional, material adverse effects upon our competitive business position.
Our pending or future patent applications may not result in issued patents, and we cannot predict how long it may take for a patent to issue on any of our pending patent applications, assuming a patent is issued.
Other parties may challenge patents issued or exclusively licensed to us, or courts or administrative agencies may hold our patents or the patents we license on an exclusive basis to be invalid or unenforceable. We may not be successful in defending challenges faced with our patents and other intellectual property rights. Any third-party challenge to any of our patents could result in the unenforceability or invalidity of some or all of the claims of such patents and could be time consuming and expensive.
Changes in either the patent laws or in interpretations of patent laws in the United States or other countries may diminish the value of our intellectual property rights.
On September 16, 2011, the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or the Leahy-Smith Act, was signed into law. The Leahy-Smith Act includes a number of significant changes to U.S. patent law. These include provisions that affect the way patent applications are prosecuted, redefine prior art, may affect patent litigation and switch the U.S. patent system from a “first-to-invent” system to a “first-to-file” system. Under a first-to-file system, assuming the other requirements for patentability are met, the first inventor to file a patent application generally will be entitled to the patent on an invention regardless of whether another inventor had made the invention earlier. The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, recently developed new regulations and procedures to govern administration of the Leahy-Smith Act, and many of the substantive changes to patent law associated with the Leahy-Smith Act, including the first-to-file provisions in particular, only became effective on March 16, 2013. Accordingly, it is not clear what, if any, impact the Leahy-Smith Act will have on the operation of our business. However, the Leahy-Smith Act and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our owned and licensed patent applications and the enforcement or defense of issued patents that we own or license, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.
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Patent applications in the United States and many foreign jurisdictions are not published until at least eighteen months after filing and it is possible for a patent application filed in the United States to be maintained in secrecy until a patent issue on the application. In addition, publications in scientific literature often lag behind actual discoveries. We therefore cannot be certain that others have not filed patent applications that cover inventions that are the subject of pending applications that we own or exclusively license or that we were the first to invent the technology (if filed prior to the Leahy-Smith Act) or first to file (if filed after the Leahy-Smith Act). Our competitors may have filed, and may in the future file, patent applications covering technology that is similar to or the same as our technology. Any such patent application may have priority over patent applications that we own and, if a patent is issued on such patent application, we could be required to obtain a license to such patent in order to carry on our business. If another party has filed a U.S. patent application covering an invention that is similar to, or the same as, an invention that we own, we may have to participate in an interference or other proceeding in the USPTO or a court to determine priority of invention in the United States, for applications and patents made prior to the enactment of the Leahy-Smith Act. For applications and patents made following the enactment of the Leahy-Smith Act, we may have to participate in a derivation proceeding to resolve disputes relating to inventorship. The costs of these proceedings could be substantial, and it is possible that such efforts would be unsuccessful, resulting in our inability to obtain or retain any U.S. patent rights with respect to such invention.
The patent prosecution process is expensive and time-consuming, is highly uncertain and involves complex legal and factual questions. Recent patent reform legislation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents.
Our success depends in large part on our ability to obtain and maintain patent protection in the United States and other countries with respect to our proprietary technology and products. We seek to protect our proprietary position by filing in the United States and in certain foreign jurisdictions patent applications related to our novel technologies and products that are important to our business.
The patent prosecution process is expensive and time-consuming, and we may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. It is also possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development output before it is too late to obtain patent protection. In addition, we may not pursue or obtain patent protection in all major markets. Moreover, in some circumstances, we may not have the right to control the preparation, filing or prosecution of patent applications, or to maintain the patents, covering technology that we license from third parties. In some circumstances, our licensors may have the right to enforce the licensed patents without our involvement or consent, or to decide not to enforce or to allow us to enforce the licensed patents. Therefore, these patents and patent applications may not be prosecuted and enforced in a manner consistent with the best interests of our business. If any of our licensors fail to maintain such patents, or lose rights to those patents, the rights that we have licensed may be reduced or eliminated and our right to develop and commercialize any of our products that are the subject of such licensed rights could be adversely affected.
Our pending and future patent applications may not result in patents being issued which protect our technology or products, in whole or in part, or which effectively prevent others from commercializing competitive technologies and products. In particular, during prosecution of any patent application, the issuance of any patents based on the application may depend upon our ability to generate additional nonclinical or clinical data that support the patentability of our proposed claims. We may not be able to generate sufficient additional data on a timely basis, or at all. Moreover, changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the United States or other countries may diminish the value of our patents or narrow the scope of our patent protection.
Moreover, we may be subject to a third-party pre-issuance submission of prior art to the USPTO, or become involved in opposition, derivation, reexamination, inter partes review, post-grant review or interference proceedings or other patent office proceedings or litigation, in the United States or elsewhere, challenging our patent rights or the patent rights of others. An adverse determination in any such submission or proceeding could reduce the scope of, or invalidate, our patent rights; allow third parties to commercialize our technology or products and compete directly with us, without payment to us; or result in our inability to manufacture or commercialize products without infringing third-party patent rights. In addition, if the breadth or strength of protection provided by our owned and licensed patents and patent applications, if any, is threatened, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to license, develop or commercialize current or future product.
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Risks Related to Our Personnel and Management
We are dependent upon hiring and retaining highly qualified management and technical personnel.
Competition for highly qualified management, technical, and scientific personnel is intense in our industry. Future success depends in part on our ability to attract, hire, assimilate and retain engineers and scientists, sales and marketing personnel, and other qualified personnel, especially in the OPV space with focus in our technologies and products. A key risk is our ability to anticipate our needs for certain key competences and to implement human resource solutions to recruit, hire, or improve these competences. If we are not successful in hiring and retaining qualified personnel, our ability to execute on our business model and strategy will be adversely affected and our ability to achieve profitability compromised.
Due to the fact each of our three directors conducts outside business activities and are not our employees, attention and efforts will not be focused solely on our business activities, which may hinder our achieving our business objectives.
Currently we have three directors, none of whom provides their full-time efforts to our business activities. While our directors intend to devote as much time as necessary to the success and development of our technology, each has other business interests or employment obligations requiring their time and attention. While each has generally agreed to provide such time and attention to our business activities as may be reasonably required, there can be no assurance that their priorities will not shift in the future and that the amount of time that each devotes to our activities will be sufficient for us to meet our business objectives. If their outside interests begin to take precedence over their positions with the Company, our business will suffer and may adversely impact our goal of achieving profitability through the commercialization of SolarWindow®. In this event, if effective corrective action is not taken, investors could lose all or part of their investment.
Due to our small size each of our officers and consultants has a significant influence on our operations and access to sensitive information, which, if an officer or consultant goes rogue, could result in significant damage to, without limitation, the Company’s operations, reputation, financial health, and security of our intellectual property.
Due to our small size, each of our officers and consultants exercises a significant degree of authority and influence on our operations, and has access to highly sensitive information, including related to our intellectual property and access to the Company’s assets. While the Company has implemented various operating procedures and a Code of Ethics and Business Conduct that each person affiliated with the Company is required to review and sign, the Company has no direct control over individual persons actions can make no assurance that one of our officers and consultants will adhere to our operating procedures or act in a manner that is consistent with our Code of Ethics. Nor can the Company provide assurance that an officers and a consultant or a former officer and a consultant may take deliberate action(s) to harm the Company. The potential damages that may result from these unintentional or intentional acts could be materially adverse and result in, but not limited to, loss of capital, loss of assets, weakened intellectual property position because of leaked information, and reputational harm.
Risks Related To Ownership of Our Common Stock
We are not a fully reporting company under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, which we refer to as the Exchange Act; therefore, we are subject only to the reporting requirements of Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act.
We are not a fully reporting company under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”); therefore, we are subject only to the reporting requirements of Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Until our Common Stock is registered under the Exchange Act, we will be subject only to the reporting obligations imposed by Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act, which we refer to as Section 15(d). Section15(d) requires that issuers file periodic and current reports with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission” or the “SEC”) when they have issued any class of securities for which a registration statement was filed and became effective pursuant to the Securities Act. The purpose of Section 15(d) is to ensure that investors who buy securities in registered offerings are provided with the same information on an ongoing basis that they would receive if the securities they purchased were listed on a securities exchange or the issuer were otherwise subject to periodic reporting obligations. However, companies that are required to report only under Section 15(d) are not subject to some of the Exchange Act reporting requirements. For example, companies that are required to report only under Section 15(d) are not subject to the short-swing profit reporting requirements contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act, the beneficial ownership reporting requirements contained in Section 13 of the Exchange Act, the institutional investor reporting rules or the third-party tender offer rules, or the Exchange Act’s proxy rules contained in Section 14 of the Exchange Act.
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The reporting obligations under Section15(d) of the Exchange Act are automatically suspended when: (i) any class of securities of the issuer reporting under Section 15(d) is registered under Section 12 of the Exchange Act; or (ii) at the beginning of the issuer’s fiscal year, other than the year in which the applicable registration statement became effective, if the class of securities covered by the registration statement is held of record by fewer than 300 persons. In the latter case, the Company would no longer be subject to periodic reporting obligations so long as the number of holders remained below 300 unless we filed a registration statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission under Section 12 of the Exchange Act. If our obligation to file reports under Section 15(d) is suspended (other than due to our having registered our common stock under Section 12 of the Exchange Act), then investors will have reduced visibility with respect to the Company, its financial condition, and results of operations.
Until our Common Stock is listed on an exchange, we expect to remain eligible for quotation on the OTC PINK Market on another over-the-counter quotation system. In those venues, however, an investor may find it difficult to obtain accurate quotations for our common stock. In addition, if we fail to meet the criteria set forth in SEC regulations, various requirements would be imposed by law on broker-dealers who sell our securities to persons other than established customers and accredited investors. Consequently, such regulations may deter broker-dealers from recommending or selling our common stock, which may further affect the liquidity of your shares. This would also make it more difficult for us to raise additional capital or attract qualified employees or partners. Please refer to “Our common stock is currently quoted on the OTC PINK (Current Information) which may make it more difficult for you to purchase or sell shares of the Company’s Common Stock” below.
Our common stock is currently quoted on the OTC PINK (Current Information) which may make it more difficult for you to purchase or sell shares of the Company’s Common Stock.
The OTC PINK (Current Information) is viewed by most investors as a less desirable, and less liquid, marketplace. As a result, an investor may find it more difficult to purchase, dispose of or obtain accurate quotations as to the value of our common stock. Unless and until we file an application for listing of our shares on a national stock exchange or the OTCQB and such an application is accepted (as to which there is no assurance), we expect that our stock will continue to trade on the OTC PINK (Current Information).
Our common stock is not registered for trading on any national stock exchange and thus, should the price of our stock on the OTC PINK (Current Information) fall below five dollars per share and our net tangible assets fall below two million dollars our stock may be deemed a “penny stock,” in which case, you may find it difficult to, deposit, transfer, sell or purchase the shares of our common stock in open market transactions.
“Penny stocks” are those securities that are not listed on a national securities exchange and are priced under $5. There are exclusions for securities of issuers that have net tangible assets greater than $2 million if they have been in operation at least three years or greater than $5 million if in operation less than three years. Securities of issuers with average revenue of at least $6 million for the last three years are also not considered penny stocks.
More specifically, under Rule 240.3a51-1 a stock is excluded from the penny stock definition if it meets one of the following tests: 1) A price of over $5 per share, 2) the issuer has Average Revenue of at least $6 million for the last 3 years, or 3) the issuer has Net Tangible Assets in excess of $2 million if the issuer has been in continuous operations for at least 3 years or $5 million if less than 3 years.
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The value of our net tangible assets for the fiscal years ended August 31, 2024, and 2023 was approximately $4,958,000 and $5,010,000, respectively. Accordingly, we do not believe our stock is a penny stock. And if we continue to satisfy at least one of the foregoing exemptions, our common stock should continue to be deemed “penny stock exempt.” However, because our stock is not registered for trading on a national stock exchange should we no longer satisfy at least one of the exemption criteria described above, our common stock would be considered a “penny stock.”
The penny stock rules are designed to prevent deceptive or manipulative practices. It provides that a broker cannot sell a penny stock to any person unless it has approved that person's account for penny stock transactions and the broker/dealer has received in writing from customer agreement to the transaction; approving an account includes, among other things, reviewing the customer's financial data and determining the customer's suitability, including the capability to evaluate the risks of trading in penny stocks. Some types of transactions in penny stocks are exempt from these rules. Exempt transactions include those with an established customer (a customer of more than one year or one who has made at least three separate penny stock purchases) and transactions in which the customer is an institutional investor.
In addition, the penny stock regulations require that prior to any non-exempt buy/sell transaction in a penny stock, a disclosure schedule proscribed by the SEC relating to the penny stock market must be delivered by a broker-dealer to the purchaser of such penny stock. This disclosure must include the dollar amount of commissions payable to both the broker-dealer and the registered representative and current price quotations for our common stock. The regulations also require that monthly statements be sent to holders of penny stock that disclose recent price information for the penny stock and information of the limited market for penny stocks. Because of these requirements, many brokerage firms will not process transactions involving low price stocks, especially those that come within the definition of a “penny stock.” Accordingly, these requirements may adversely affect the market liquidity of our common stock.
Should our common stock be deemed a “penny stock,” you may find it difficult to deposit, transfer, sell or purchase the shares of our common stock in open market transactions.
Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) sales practice requirements may also limit a stockholder’s ability to buy and sell our common stock, which could depress the price of our common stock.
In addition to the “penny stock” rules described above, FINRA has adopted rules that require a broker-dealer to have reasonable grounds for believing that the investment is suitable for that customer before recommending an investment to a customer. Prior to recommending speculative low-priced securities to their non-institutional customers, broker-dealers must make reasonable efforts to obtain information about the customer’s financial status, tax status, investment objectives, and other information. Under interpretations of these rules, FINRA believes that there is a high probability that speculative low-priced securities will not be suitable for at least some customers. Thus, the FINRA requirements make it more difficult for broker-dealers to recommend that their customers buy our common stock, which may limit your ability to buy and sell our shares of common stock, have an adverse effect on the market for our shares of common stock, and thereby depress the per share price of, and liquidity for, our common stock.
There is a limited market for our common stock, which may make it difficult for holders of our common stock to sell their stock.
Our common stock currently trades on the OTC PINK (Current Information) under the symbol “WNDW;” there is limited and sporadic trading in our common stock. Accordingly, there can be no assurance as to the liquidity of any markets that may develop for our common stock, the ability of the holders of our common stock to sell our common stock, or the prices at which holders may be able to sell our common stock. Further, many brokerage firms will not process transactions involving low price stocks, especially those that come within the definition of a “penny stock.” If we cease to be quoted, holders of our common stock may find it more difficult to dispose of, or to obtain accurate quotations as to the market value of our common stock, and the market value of our common stock would likely decline.
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The trading price of our common stock has been and will likely continue to be volatile.
The trading price of our common stock has been, and is likely to continue to be, highly volatile and could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control. From December 31, 2019, through the date of this annual report, the stock price of our common stock has ranged from a low of $0.01 to a high of $39.20 per share. In addition to the factors discussed in these “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this report, factors that may cause volatility in our share price include:
| · | changes in projected operational and financial results; |
| · | issuance of new or updated research or reports by securities analysts; |
| · | market rumors or press reports; |
| · | announcements of significant transactions; |
| · | announcements related to our stock repurchase program; |
| · | the use by investors or analysts of third-party data regarding our business that may not reflect our actual performance; |
| · | fluctuations in the valuation of companies perceived by investors to be comparable to us; |
| · | fluctuations in the trading volume of our shares, or the size of our public float relative to the total number of shares of our common stock that are issued and outstanding; |
| · | share price and volume fluctuations attributable to inconsistent trading volume levels of our shares; and |
| · | general economic and market conditions. |
In addition, in recent years, broad stock market indices in general, and smaller capitalization companies in particular, have experienced substantial price fluctuations. In a volatile market, we may experience wide fluctuations in the market price of our common stock. These fluctuations may have a negative effect on the market price of our common stock. Such volatile fluctuations may also make us more susceptible to possible class action lawsuits, which are often initiated following price declines.
If securities or industry analysts do not publish, or cease publishing, research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business or our market, or if they change their recommendations regarding our stock adversely, our stock price and any trading volume could decline.
The trading market for our common stock, which is highly volatile, may depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business, markets, or competitors. Securities and industry analysts do not currently, and may never, publish research on us or our business. If no securities or industry analysts commence coverage of our company, the trading price for our stock would be negatively affected. If securities or industry analysts initiate coverage, and one or more of those analysts downgrade our stock or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business or our market, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our stock could decrease, which might cause our stock price and any trading volume to decline.
The sale or availability for sale of substantial amounts of our common stock could adversely affect their market price.
Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market after the filing of a Form S-1, or pursuant to Rule 144, the perception that these sales could occur, could adversely affect the market price of our common stock, and could materially impair our ability to raise capital through equity offerings in the future. Resale Shares held by our existing stockholders may be sold in the public market in the future subject to the restrictions in Rule 144 and Rule 701 under the Securities Act.
As of the date of this annual report, we have 53,198,399 shares of common stock outstanding. We cannot predict what effect, if any, market sales of securities held by our significant stockholders or any other stockholder or the availability of these securities for future sale will have on the market price of our common stock.
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Adverse publicity about us and/or our brands, including without limitation, through social media or in connection with brand damaging events and/or public perception, could negatively impact our business.
Negative claims, publicity or allegations made by Securities Regulators, involving us, our Board Of Directors, our employees and consultants, our brands, our products, services and experiences, consumer data, or any of our key employees, or suppliers, whether arising through social media outlets or “short and distort” attacks could seriously damage our reputation and the image of our brands, regardless of whether such claims are accurate or true.
Social media, which accelerates and potentially amplifies the scope of negative publicity, can increase the challenges we face in attempting to respond to negative claims. Negative attention or scrutiny on us can also possibly result in negative publicity.
Adverse publicity could also damage our reputation and the image of our brands, undermine consumer confidence in us and reduce long-term demand for our products, even if such adverse publicity is unfounded or not material to our operations. If our reputation, culture, or image is tarnished or receives negative publicity (whether accurate or not), then our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity could be materially adversely affected.
As a smaller reporting company within the meaning of the Securities Act, we may utilize certain modified disclosure requirements, and we cannot be certain if these reduced requirements will make our common stock less attractive to investors.
Generally, a “smaller reporting Company” or (“SRC”) is a company that as of the last business day of its most recently completed second quarter: (i) Had a public float of less than $250 million; or (ii) Had annual revenues of less than $100 million and either: (A) No public float; or (B) A public float of less than $700 million. On February 29, 2024, we had a public float of $6,065,000.
We are a SRC; and, for as long as we continue to be a SRC, we are exempt from various reporting requirements applicable to other public companies but not to a “SRC,” including, for example, not being required to have our independent registered public accounting firm audit our internal control over financial reporting under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute compensation not previously approved. We have in this annual report utilized, and we may in future filings with the SEC continue to utilize, the modified disclosure requirements available to emerging growth companies. As a result, our stockholders may not have access to certain information they may deem important and may therefore find our stock a less attractive investment.
The sale by our stockholders of restricted shares, either pursuant to a resale prospectus or Rule 144, may adversely affect our ability to raise the funds we will require to effectuate our business plan.
As of the date of this annual report, we had 53,198,399 shares issued and outstanding, of which 35,687,541 are deemed “restricted securities” or “control securities” within the meaning of Rule 144. The possibility that substantial amounts of our common stock may be sold into the public market, either under Rule 144, or pursuant to a resale registration statement, may adversely affect prevailing market prices for the common stock and could impair our ability to raise capital in the future through the sale of equity securities because of the perception that future re-sales could decrease our stock price and because of the availability of resale shares to those interested in investing in our common stock. Subject to compliance with our insider trading policies to the extent applicable, sales of such restricted securities or control securities may be made from time to time, at the discretion of the holders of such securities. We may not have knowledge of any such sales until sometime after such sales are made.
Kalen Capital Corporation (“KCC”), a private corporation solely owned by Mr. Harmel S. Rayat, beneficially owns approximately 72.68% of our issued and outstanding stock when giving effect to derivative securities owned by KCC. This ownership interest may preclude you from influencing significant corporate decisions.
As of the date of this annual report, KCC beneficially owns 50,705,598 shares (inclusive of 16,566,667 shares issuable upon exercise of outstanding warrants and 34,138,931 shares of common stock issued and outstanding), or approximately 72.68% of our outstanding common stock, on a fully diluted basis.
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As a result, Mr. Rayat, having voting control of 34,138,931 shares of our total issued and outstanding 53,198,399 shares, can exercise control over matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election of directors and approval of significant corporate transactions, and will have significant control over our management and policies. Mr. Rayat's interests may be different from yours. For example, he may support proposals and actions with which you may disagree, or which are not in your interest. This concentration of ownership could delay, prevent, or cause a change in control should Mr. Rayat sell all or a portion of his shares of our company or otherwise discourage a potential acquirer from attempting to obtain control of our company, which in turn could reduce the price of our common stock, possibly cause acceleration of vesting of outstanding options, result in limits to the utilization of our net operating loss, and may adversely affect your investment. In addition, Mr. Rayat could use his voting influence to maintain our existing management and Board of Directors in office, or support or reject other management and Board members proposals that are subject to stockholder approval, such as the adoption of employee stock plans and significant unregistered and registered financing transactions.
We are a “controlled company” and as a result our stockholders do not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are not “controlled companies.
Mr. Rayat has voting control over 64.17% of our outstanding voting stock and therefore we currently meet the definition of a “controlled company” under the corporate governance standards for Nasdaq listed companies and for so long as we remain a controlled company under this definition, we are eligible to utilize certain exemptions from the corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq.
As long as KCC owns at least 50% of the voting power of our Company, we will be a “controlled company” as defined under applicable rules. For so long as we are a controlled company under that definition, we are permitted to rely on certain exemptions from corporate governance rules, including:
| ● | an exemption from the rule that a majority of our Board must be independent directors; |
| ● | an exemption from the rule that the compensation of our chief executive officer must be determined or recommended solely by independent directors; and |
| ● | an exemption from the rule that our director nominees must be selected or recommended solely by independent directors. |
By relying on the “controlled company” exemption, a majority of the members of our Board might not be independent directors and our nominating and corporate governance and compensation committees might not consist entirely of independent directors. As a result, you will not have the same protection afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to these corporate governance requirements. We would cease our reliance on the ‘controlled company” exemption in the future should we apply for listing on a national stock exchange.
The company may be subject to compliance with rules requiring the adoption of certain corporate governance measures, which require control measures for related party transactions, conflicts of interest and similar matters.
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“SOX”), as well as rule changes proposed and enacted by the SEC, the New York Stock Exchange and the Nasdaq Stock Market, as a result of SOX, require the implementation of various measures relating to corporate governance. These measures are designed to enhance the integrity of corporate management and the securities markets and apply to securities which are listed on those exchanges or the Nasdaq Stock Market.
A significant requirement that applies to accelerated and large accelerated filers under SOX 404(b), but not to non-accelerated filers, is the requirement that accelerated and large accelerated filers have an internal control over financial reporting (“ICFR”) auditor attestation. An ICFR auditor attestation requires the independent accounting firm that prepares or issues the issuer’s financial statement audit report to also attest to, and report on, management’s assessment of the effectiveness of the issuer’s ICFR. SOX Section 404(b), however, exempts non-accelerated filers from the ICFR auditor attestation requirement. As a result of our public float exceeding $75 million (prior to the rule change described below) on February 28, 2018, for our year ended August 31, 2018, the Company was subject to SOX 404(b). As a result of the rule change described below, The Company was not considered an accelerated filer for its fiscal year ended August 31, 2019.
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On March 12, 2020, the SEC approved amendments to Rule 12b-2 that excludes from the definitions of “accelerated filer” and “large, accelerated filer” any issuer that is eligible to be a SRC. To be an eligible SRC that is also a non-accelerated filer, a company must have revenues of less than $100 million in the most recent fiscal year and also have a public float of less than $700 million. As a result of the recent amendments to the definition of an SRC and the resulting increase in the thresholds in revenue and public float value, the Company is not subject to the attest requirements of SOX 404(b). However, should our fiscal year revenues exceed $100 million, and our second quarter public float exceed $250 million, the Company will again be subject to SOX 404(b) and the added additional professional fees and management time required to comply SOX 404(b).
There are options to purchase shares of our common stock currently outstanding.
As of August 31, 2024, we have granted options to purchase shares of our common stock to various persons and entities, under which we could be obligated to issue up to 5,433,000 shares of our common stock. The exercise prices of these options range from $0.33 to $6.21 per share. 5,088,000 of the options contain cashless exercise provisions. If issued, the shares underlying these options would increase the number of shares of our common stock currently outstanding and dilute the holdings and voting rights of our then-existing stockholders.
There are warrants to purchase shares of our common stock currently outstanding.
As of August 31, 2024, we had outstanding warrants to purchase shares of our common stock to various persons and entities, under which we could be obligated to issue up to 16,666,667 shares of common stock with exercise price of $1.70 per share. Each of the Company’s warrants outstanding entitles the holder to purchase one share of the Company’s common stock for each warrant share held. The Company’s unexercised warrants may be exercised on a cashless basis. If issued, the shares underlying these warrants would increase the number of shares of our common stock currently outstanding and dilute the holdings and voting rights of our then-existing stockholders.
We may issue preferred stock which may have greater rights than our common stock.
Our Articles of Incorporation allow our Board to issue up to 1,000,000 shares of preferred stock. Currently, no shares of preferred stock are issued and outstanding. However, we can issue shares of our preferred stock in one or more series and can set the terms of the preferred stock without seeking any further approval from the holders of our common stock. Any preferred stock that we issue may rank ahead of our common stock in terms of dividend priority or liquidation premiums and may have greater voting rights than our common stock. In addition, such preferred stock may contain provisions allowing it to be converted into shares of common stock, which could dilute the value of our common stock to then current stockholders and could adversely affect the market price, if any, of our common stock.
The Company may sell additional equity securities in the future and your ownership interest in the Company may be diluted because of such sales.
The Company may sell additional equity securities to fully implement our business plan. Such sales will be made at prices determined by our Board based on factors deemed appropriate at the time; accordingly, such sales by us could be made at prices less than the price of the shares of our common stock purchased, in which case, investors could experience dilution of their investment.
Our compliance with changing laws and rules regarding corporate governance and public disclosure may result in additional expenses to us which, in turn, may adversely affect our ability to continue our operations.
Keeping abreast of, and in compliance with, changing laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure, including SOX, new SEC regulations and, in the event, we are ever approved for listing on a registered national exchange, such exchange's rules, will require an increased amount of management attention and external resources. We intend to continue to invest all reasonably necessary resources to comply with evolving standards, which may result in increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities. Our failure to adequately comply with any of these laws, regulations, standards, or rules may result in substantial fines or other penalties and could have an adverse impact on our ongoing operations.
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Because we do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future, you should not purchase our shares if you are seeking dividend income.
We currently intend to retain future earnings, if any, to support the development and expansion of our business and do not anticipate paying cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Our payment of any future dividends will be at the discretion of our Board after considering various factors, including but not limited to our financial condition, operating results, cash needs, growth plans and the terms of any credit agreements that we may be a party to at the time. Accordingly, investors must rely on sales of their common stock after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize their investment. Investors seeking cash dividends should not purchase our common stock.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
Item 2. Properties
Our corporate office is located at 9375 E. Shea Blvd., Suite 107-B, Scottsdale, AZ 85260. The office is provided free from rent by a shareholder.
Item 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
We are not party to nor are we aware of any material pending lawsuit, litigation or proceeding.
PART II
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Market Information for Common Stock
Our common stock is quoted on the OTC Pink (Current Information) under the symbol “WNDW.” Our warrants to purchase common stock are not currently traded on any market.
As of November 18, 2024, there were 58 stockholders of record of our common stock, and the closing price of our common stock was $0.38 per share as reported on the OTC Pink (Current Information). Because many of our shares of common stock are held by brokers and other institutions on behalf of stockholders, we are unable to estimate the total number of stockholders represented by these record holders.
Dividend Policy
We have not paid any dividends on our common stock and our Board presently intends to continue a policy of retaining earnings, if any, for use in our operations. The declaration and payment of dividends in the future, of which there can be no assurance, will be determined by the Board considering conditions, then existing, including earnings, financial condition, capital requirements and other factors. The Nevada Revised Statutes prohibit us from declaring dividends where, if after giving effect to the distribution of the dividend:
| · | We would not be able to pay our debts as they become due in the usual course of business; or |
| · | Our total assets would be less than the sum of our total liabilities plus the amount that would be needed to satisfy the rights of stockholders who have preferential rights superior to those receiving the distribution. |
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Except as set forth above, there are no restrictions that currently materially limit our ability to pay dividends or which we reasonably believe are likely to limit materially the future payment of dividends on common stock.
Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans
The following sets forth certain information regarding the common stock that may be issued upon the exercise of options, warrants and other rights that have been or may be granted to employees, directors or consultants under all of our existing equity compensation plans. The 2006 Incentive Stock Option Plan (see below) was our only equity-based compensation plan which expired on March 17, 2023.
2006 Incentive Stock Option Plan (Equity Compensation Plan Approved by Security Holders)
On October 10, 2006, the Board adopted and approved, and on February 7, 2011, shareholders owning a majority of our issued and outstanding stock approved, our 2006 Incentive Stock Option Plan (the “2006 Plan”) that provided for the grant of stock awards, restricted stock purchase offers and stock options to employees, directors, officers, and consultants. On February 1, 2021, the Board extended the 2006 Plan for a period of two years. On January 13, 2023, the Board extended the 2006 Plan for two months. The 2006 Plan expired on March 17, 2023. The 2006 Plan provided for the granting of options to purchase a maximum of 15,000,000 shares of our common stock. Stock options granted to employees under the 2006 Plan generally vest over zero to five years or as otherwise determined by the plan administrator. Stock options to purchase shares of our common stock expire no later than ten years after the date of the grant.
We measure all stock-based compensation awards using a fair value method on the date of grant and recognize such expense in our financial statements over the requisite service period. We use the Black-Scholes option pricing model to calculate the fair value of stock option grants. The Black-Scholes option pricing model requires management to make assumptions regarding the option lives, expected volatility, and risk-free interest rates, all of which impact the fair value of the option and, ultimately, the expense that will be recognized over the life of the option.
The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant for a bond with a similar term. We do not anticipate declaring dividends in the foreseeable future. Volatility is calculated based on the historical daily closing stock prices for the same period as the expected life of the option. We use the “simplified” method for determining the expected term of our “plain vanilla” stock options.
| Plan Category | Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights (a) |
Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights (b) |
Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column
(a)) (c) |
|||||||||
| Equity compensation plans approved by security holders (1) | 560,000 | (2) | $ | 3.76 | - | |||||||
| Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders (2) | 4,873,000 | $ | 2.26 | - | ||||||||
| Total | 5,433,000 | $ | 2.41 | - |
(1) Consists of grants under the 2006 Plan as of August 31, 2024.
(2) Consists of Board approved option grants not issued under any plans. Please refer to ITEM 8, Financial Statements “NOTE–7 - STOCK OPTIONS,” “ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE,” and “ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS.”
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Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
None.
BCSC Cease Trade Order dated January 10, 2023
As previously reported the Company received a Cease Trade Order dated January 10, 2023 (the “CTO”) from the British Columbia Securities Commission (the “BCSC”) which effectively prevents the sale of our securities in Canada until certain actions are taken, including corresponding with the BCSC in the form of filing an Application for Revocation which process involves administrative review, and the requirement of certain disclosures in our filings.
The CTO was issued as a result of the Company’s inability to file its Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2022, and Subsequent quarterly reports for the periods ended November 30, 2022, February 28, 2023 and May 31, 2023 on a timely basis. To have the CTO revoked, the Company is required to (i) be current in its periodic filings, and (ii) file an Application for Revocation of the CTO. The Company became compliant with its periodic filings on October 10, 2023, with the filing of its quarterly report for the three and nine months ended May 31, 2023. The administrative process to apply for a revocation includes, potentially, a number of rounds of comments by the BCSC and responses by the Company which may cause the Company to expend its limited financial and administrative resources with no assurance that the BCSC will grant the revocation.
All of the current directors (other than Mr. Bullinger), and the Company’s Chief Financial Officer held such positions at the time that the CTO was issued.
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial condition and results of operations
The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”) is intended to help the reader understand our results of operations and financial condition. The MD&A is provided as a supplement to, and should be read in conjunction with financial statements and the accompanying notes to the financial statements included in this Form 10-K.
Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
Overview
We are a developer of semi-transparent electricity-generating coatings, and methods for their application to various materials (collectively, “LiquidElectricity® Coatings”). When applied in ultra-thin layers to rigid glass, and flexible glass and plastic surfaces our LiquidElectricity® Coatings transform otherwise ordinary surfaces into photovoltaic devices capable of generating electricity from natural sun, artificial light, and low, shaded, or reflected light conditions while maintaining transparency.
We have overcome major technical challenges and achieved many important milestones resulting in an expansion of the potential applications of LiquidElectricity® Coatings which span multiple industries, including architectural, automotive, agrivoltaic, aerospace, commercial transportation and marine. Our LiquidElectricity® Coatings are under development with support from commercial contract firms and at the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory, through Cooperative Research and Development Agreements.
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We do not currently have any commercial products and there is no assurance that we will successfully be able to design, develop, manufacture, or sell any commercial products in the future. Our product development programs involve ongoing R&D and product development efforts, and the commitment of significant resources to support the extensive invention, design, engineering, testing, prototyping, and intellectual property initiatives carried-out by our contract engineers, scientists, and consultants.
We plan to market any SolarWindow® Products we commercialize through co-marketing and co-promotion, licensing, and distribution arrangements with third party collaborators, to advance the technical development and subsequent commercialization of our SolarWindow® products. We are actively seeking additional technology and product licensing, joint venture arrangements, and manufacturing process integration relationships with commercial partners and industry; and organizations which have established technical competencies, market reach, and mature distribution networks in the solar PV, building-integrated PV, and alternative and renewable energy market industries. We believe that this approach could provide immediate access to existing distribution channels which can increase market penetration and commercial acceptance of our products, and enable us to avoid expending significant funds for development of a large sales and marketing organization. We have not yet entered into any such arrangements for these services.
We cannot accurately predict the amount of funding, or the time required to successfully commercialize or fabricate SolarWindow® products. The actual cost and time required to commercialize our SolarWindow® technology may vary significantly depending on, among other things, the results of our product development efforts; the cost of developing, acquiring, or licensing various enabling technologies; changes in the focus and direction of our business or product development plans; competitive and technological advances; the cost of patent filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing claims; demonstrating compliance with regulations and standards; and manufacturing, marketing and other costs that may be associated with product fabrication. Because of this uncertainty, even if financing is available to us, we may secure insufficient funding to effectuate our business and/or product development plans.
As of August 31, 2024, we had working capital of $4,668,658 and cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments of $4,249,446. Based upon current and near term anticipated level of operations and expenditures, we believe that cash on hand should be sufficient to enable us to continue operations over the next twelve months following the issuance of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Management recognizes that in order for us to meet our capital requirements, and continue to operate, additional financing will be necessary. We expect to raise additional funds through private or public equity investment in order to expand the range and scope of our business operations. We will seek access to private or public equity markets but there is no assurance that such additional funds will be available for us to finance our operations on acceptable terms, if at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital or generate positive cash flow, it is unlikely that we will be able to continue as a going concern. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.
Research and Related Agreements
We are a party to certain agreements related to the development of our technology.
Stevenson-Wydler Cooperative Research and Development Agreement with the Alliance for Sustainable Energy
On March 18, 2011, we entered into the NREL CRADA with Alliance for Sustainable Energy, the operator of the NREL under its U.S. Department of Energy contract to advance the commercial development of our technology. Under terms of the NREL CRADA, NREL researchers make use of our exclusive intellectual property (“IP”), newly developed IP, and NREL’s background IP in order to work towards specific product development goals, established by the Company. Under the terms of the NREL CRADA, we agreed to reimburse Alliance for Sustainable Energy for filing fees associated with all documented, out-of-pocket costs directly related to patent application preparation and filings, and maintenance of the patent applications.
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On March 6, 2013, we entered into Phase II of our NREL CRADA. Under the terms of the agreement, researchers will additionally work towards:
| · | further improving our technology efficiency and transparency; |
| · | optimizing electrical power (current and voltage) output; |
| · | optimizing the application of the active layer coatings and application processes which make it possible for LiquidElectricity® Coatings to generate electricity on glass surfaces; |
| · | developing improved electricity-generating coatings by enhancing performance, processing, reliability, and durability; |
| · | optimizing LiquidElectricity® Coating performance on flexible substrates; and |
| · | developing high speed and large area roll-to-roll (R2R) and sheet-to-sheet (S2S) coating application methods required for commercial-scale building integrated photovoltaic (“BIPV”) products and windows. |
On December 28, 2015, we executed another modification to the NREL CRADA (the “Modification”). Under the Modification, (i) the date of completion was extended to December 2017; and (ii) the Company and the NREL will work jointly towards achieving specific product development goals and objectives for the purpose of preparing to commercialize our OPV-based transparent electricity-generating coatings for various applications, including BIPV, glass and flexible plastics.
Over the course of our collaborative research and development efforts with the NREL under the CRADA, both parties have agreed to modifications to extend the date of completion. The Company and NREL have entered into eleven such No Cost Time Extensions (“NCTE”). Under the terms of each NCTE, all terms and conditions of the NREL CRADA remain in full force and effect without change. The current NCTE was executed on December 6, 2021, and extends the date of completion to December 31, 2024. The Company expects to enter into another NCTE prior to December 31, 2024. As of August 31, 2024, the Company had a capitalized asset balance of $45,706 related to deferred research and development costs for advances to Alliance for Sustainable Energy for work to be performed under the NREL CRADA.
Results of Operations
Year ended August 31, 2024, compared to the year ended August 31, 2023
A summary of our operating expenses for the years ended August 31, 2024, and 2023 follows:
| 2024 compared to 2023 | ||||||||||||||||
| Years Ended August 31, | Change | Percentage | ||||||||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | ($) | Change | |||||||||||||
| Operating expenses: | ||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general & administrative | $ | 1,610,494 | $ | 1,403,300 | $ | 207,194 | 15 | % | ||||||||
| Research and development | 591,873 | 748,322 | (156,449 | ) | -21 | % | ||||||||||
| Stock compensation | 403,520 | 159,382 | 244,138 | 153 | % | |||||||||||
| Total Operating expense | $ | 2,605,887 | $ | 2,311,004 | $ | 294,883 | 13 | % | ||||||||
Selling, General and Administrative
Selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) costs include all expenditures incurred other than research and development related costs, including costs related to personnel, professional fees, travel, public company costs, insurance, and other office related costs. During the year ended August 31, 2024, compared to the year ended August 31, 2023, SG&A costs increased due to higher consulting fees ($292,000), offset by net decreases in insurance costs ($80,000) and personnel and other administrative costs ($5,000).
Research and Product Development
Research and Development (“R&D”) costs represent costs incurred to develop our SolarWindow® technology and are incurred pursuant to our research agreements and agreements with other third-party providers and certain internal R&D cost allocations. Payments under these agreements include salaries and benefits for R&D personnel, allocated overhead, contract services and other costs. R&D costs are expensed when incurred, except for non-refundable advance payments for future research and development activities which are capitalized and recognized as expense as the related services are performed. During the year ended August 31, 2024, compared to the year ended August 31, 2023, R&D costs decreased primarily as a result of a decrease in CRADA costs ($211,000) offset by higher personnel costs ($55,000).
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Stock Based Compensation
The Company grants stock options to its directors, employees and consultants. Stock compensation represents the expense associated with the amortization of our stock options. Expense associated with equity-based transactions is calculated and expensed in our financial statements as required pursuant to various accounting rules and is non-cash in nature. Stock based compensation expense increased primarily due to the modification of certain option grants resulting in a one-time expense of $26,750 and the grant of 1,250,000 options in April 2024 resulting in the expense of $309,375.
Net loss from continuing operations
Consolidated net loss from continuing operations increased $982,953 to $3,047,466 for the year ended August 31, 2024, as compared to a net loss of $2,064,513 for the year ended August 31, 2023. The increase for the year ended August 31, 2024, compared to 2023 is primarily due to the 2024 impairment of assets and higher costs related to consulting fees and stock compensation, offset by lower R&D costs.
Net loss from discontinued operations
Net loss from discontinued operations of $7,949 in the year ended August 31, 2024, is primarily comprised of costs related to accounting fees offset by reversal of certain liabilities. Net loss from discontinued operations of $331,882 in the year ended August 31, 2023, is primarily comprised of costs related to legal and accounting fees ($221,000), personnel ($89,000), and other SG&A ($22,000).
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our primary cash needs are for personnel, professional and R&D related fees and other administrative costs. Our principal sources of liquidity are cash and short-term investments. As of August 31, 2024, and 2023, the Company had cash and short-term investments of $4,249,446 and $5,992,610, respectively. We have financed our operations primarily from the sale of equity and debt securities.
The following table presents a summary of our cash flows for the periods indicated:
| Years Ended August 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | Change | ||||||||||
| Net cash used in operating activities | $ | (1,741,214 | ) | $ | (2,084,734 | ) | $ | 343,520 | ||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | 2,498,051 | (5,500,000 | ) | 7,998,051 | ||||||||
| Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | (1 | ) | (505 | ) | 504 | |||||||
| Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | $ | 756,836 | $ | (7,585,239 | ) | $ | 8,342,075 | |||||
Operating Activities - Operating activities consist of net loss adjusted for certain non-cash items, including depreciation, stock-based compensation expense, impairments and the effect of changes in working capital. The amount of cash used during the year ended August 31, 2024 compared to cash used during the year ended August 31, 2023 decreased $343,520 due to an approximate decrease in cash layouts related to Insurances ($151,000), CRADA advances ($125,000), the Korean Subsidiary ($38,000), working capital items ($154,000), offset by increased personnel and consulting costs ($132,000).
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Investing Activities - We have used cash primarily for liquid short-term investments and computer purchases. In 2024 and 2023, the Company purchased $4,000,000 and $6,000,000, respectively of term deposits, which matured at varying dates resulting in the sale of short-term investments of $6,500,000 and $500,000 during 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Indebtedness
None.
Other Contractual Obligations
None.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
There were no off-balance sheet arrangements for the years ended August 31, 2024 and 2023.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
For more information regarding recent accounting standards and their impact to our results of operations and financial position, see “Note 2- Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to our Financial Statements.
Critical Accounting Policies
Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements required the use of estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of our assets, liabilities, and expenses. Management bases estimates on historical experience and other assumptions it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances and evaluates these estimates on an on-going basis. Actual results may differ from these estimates. For more information regarding our critical accounting policies, see “Note 2- Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to our Financial Statements.
Related Party Transactions
For a discussion of our Related Party Transactions, see “Note–8 - Transactions With Related Persons” to our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
The Company does not carry any balances that are materially exposed to market risk.
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
The report of the independent registered public accounting firm and financial statements listed in the accompanying index are included in Item 15 of this report. See Index to the financial statements on page F-1 of this Form 10-K.
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.
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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain a system of disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act, which are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, our management recognized that any system of controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, as ours is designed to do, and management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. In addition, the design of any system of controls is also based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.
Under supervision and with the participation of the Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer (“Management”), we carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures for the Company and its subsidiaries as of August 31, 2024. Based on that evaluation, Management concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at a reasonable assurance level as of August 31, 2024.
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act). Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed under the supervision of Management to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of our financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with US GAAP. Because of inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
As of August 31, 2024, Management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting using the criteria set forth in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on this assessment, Management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of August 31, 2024.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
This annual report does not include an attestation report of our independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Our Management’s report was not subject to attestation by our independent registered public accounting firm pursuant to the permanent exemption from section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 for non-accelerated filers.
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
(b) Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plans
During the fiscal quarter ended August 31, 2024, none of our directors or executive officers
(as defined in Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended),
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PART III
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS
The following table sets forth the names and ages of all of our directors and executive officers. We have a Board comprised of three members. Each director holds office until a successor is duly elected or appointed. Executive officers serve at the discretion of the Board and are appointed by the Board. Also provided herein are brief descriptions of the business experience of each of the directors and officers during the past five years, and an indication of directorships held by each director in other companies subject to the reporting requirements under the Federal securities law.
| Name | Age | Current Position With Us | Director or Officer Since | |||
| Amit Singh | 44 | President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) | May 1, 2024 | |||
| Bob Levine | 75 | Director | December 7, 2018 | |||
| Joseph Sierchio | 75 | Director | October 1, 2020 | |||
| Timothy Bullinger | 68 | Director | March 15, 2024 | |||
| Justin Frere, CPA | 52 | Treasurer, Interim Chief Financial Officer and Secretary (Principal Financial Officer) | July 5, 2019 |
Business Experience
Set forth below are the names of all our directors and executive officers, all positions and offices held by each person, the period during which each has served as such, and the principal occupations and employment of such persons during at least the last five years, and other director positions held currently or during the last five years:
Current Directors and Officers
Amit Singh. Has served as the Company’s Vice President since February 2021 and President and CEO since May 1, 2024. Mr. Singh has diverse experience with incubating and developing ventures in cleantech and renewables, biomedical devices, drug discovery and development, and financial marketing and advertising. From June 2006 to May 2008, Mr. Singh served as a Risk and Strategy Consultant at Crowe, where he specialized in identifying high-risk areas for public and private companies, specifically detecting weaknesses in business models and helping develop, re-engineer, and implement core business processes. From September 2007 to March 2018, Mr. Singh served as the Executive Director of Sikhcess, a non-profit, where he coordinated the efforts of more than 5,000 global volunteers to break the cycle of homelessness by providing meals, basic needs, education, mentoring, tutoring, and support. Mr. Singh earned his MBA from the University of Michigan in 2006, and an undergraduate business degree from Wayne State University in 2003.
Bob Levine. Mr. Levine has been with Avison Young since 1994 and is one of the founding partners of the company which has 120 offices in 25 countries and 5,000 real estate professionals. Since 2008, Avison Young has been one of the fastest growing commercial real estate companies in the world. Having retired from the Board of Avison Young after 10 years’ service, Mr. Levine remains on Avison Young’s Executive Committee. Mr. Levine has 40 years of experience in commercial real estate sales, leasing, and advisory roles and has worked with many leading developers, equity partners, and renowned investors. Having consummated many billions of dollars in transactions, he has been responsible for the sale of numerous landmark and Class-A office buildings, shopping centers, industrial properties, and major development sites.
Joseph Sierchio. Mr. Sierchio has been engaged in the practice of law as the principal of Sierchio Law LLP, our general corporate counsel since August 2019; prior thereto Mr. Sierchio provided legal services to the Company as a partner of Satterlee Stephens LLP, our counsel, from September 2016 to August 2019. Since 1975, Mr. Sierchio has continuously practiced corporate and securities law in New York City, representing, in the United States, domestic and foreign private and public corporations, investors, brokerage firms, and entrepreneurs. Mr. Sierchio is admitted in all New York state courts and federal courts in the Eastern, Northern, and Southern Districts of the State of New York as well as the federal Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Mr. Sierchio was invited to join the Board due to his experience representing corporations (public and private) and individuals in numerous and various organizational, compliance, administrative, governance, finance (equity and debt private and public offerings), regulatory and legal matters as well as his familiarity with the Company’s business and operations. Mr. Sierchio also served as a director of RenovaCare, Inc. from August 26, 2010, to June 22, 2018. Mr. Sierchio earned his J.D. at Cornell University Law School in 1974, and a B.A., with Highest Distinction in Economics from Rutgers College at Rutgers University in 1971, and where he was also named a Henry Rutgers Scholar.
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Timothy Bullinger. Mr. Bullinger is founder and principal of Arca3 Design Studio Inc., an architecture, interior and landscape design firm. He has served as its president since its formation in 1996. Mr. Bullinger has more than 40 years of experience in architecture and environmental design integrating natural and advanced energy sources including solar, geothermal, wind, and grey water heat recovery systems and developing and incorporating alternate thermal mass materials as part of passive solar systems integrated into his residential and commercial designs. Mr. Bullinger's integration of renewable technologies in architecture has been featured prominently in his bespoke luxury designs. Mr. Bullinger’s expertise also includes the use of specialty glass coating technologies for integration into his designs for residences, estates, hotels, restaurants, spas, yachts and private aircraft. Since 1990, Mr. Bullinger has collaborated with iconic luxury brands including Rolls Royce, Jack Nicklaus, Hermes, Subzero Wolf, Samsung, and Dacor, and worked across the globe, including Beverly Hills, Honolulu, Tokyo, Hong Kong and Paris.
Justin Frere, CPA. Mr. Frere has served as the Company’s Controller since August of 2011 and was appointed Secretary and Interim Chief Financial Officer on July 5, 2019, and July 22, 2020, respectively. Mr. Frere has over 20 years of experience as a hands-on CFO/Controller level finance and administration professional with extensive operational and analytical experience as a consultant, CFO, and controller for numerous public entities. From 2001 through present, Mr. Frere has been principal of Frontline Accounting performing CFO/controller, and financial analyst services for various public and private domestic and international clients. Mr. Frere has been the primary party responsible for accounting, drafting, and filing SEC Forms and interacting with auditors and the SEC in support of public company reporting. Mr. Frere started his career at KPMG in their assurance practice. Mr. Frere earned a Bachelor of Science in accounting and finance from California Polytechnic State University in San Luis Obispo and MBA from San Diego State University.
All our directors are elected annually to serve for one year or until their successors are duly elected and qualified.
Family Relationships and Other Matters
There are no family relationships between any of our officers and directors.
Legal Proceedings
None of our directors or officers are involved in any legal proceedings as described in Regulation S-K (§229.401(f)).
SECTION 16(a) BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP REPORTING COMPLIANCE
Because we do not have a class of equity securities registered pursuant to section 12 of the Exchange Act, we are not required to make the disclosures required by Item 405 of Regulation SK.
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
General
We believe that good corporate governance is important to ensure that our company is managed for the long-term benefit of our stockholders. We periodically review our corporate governance policies and practices and compare them to those suggested by various authorities in corporate governance and the practices of other public companies. As a result, we have adopted policies and procedures that we believe are in the best interests of the Company and our stockholders.
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Corporate Governance Guidelines; Code of Conduct and Ethics; Amended and Restated Insider Trading Policy
Our Corporate Governance Guidelines assist our Board of Directors in the exercise of its duties and responsibilities and to serve the best interests of SolarWindow® and our stockholders. These guidelines, which provide a framework for the conduct of our Board business addresses the role of a director, Board composition, Board meetings, access to management, Board compensation and other topics.
We have adopted a Code of Ethics that applies to all of our officers, directors and employees, including our Acting Principal Executive Officer. The Code of Ethics is designed to deter wrongdoing, and to promote, among other things, honest and ethical conduct, full, fair, accurate, timely, and understandable disclosure in reports and documents that we file with, or submit to the SEC, compliance with applicable governmental laws, rules and regulations, the prompt internal reporting of violations of the Code of Ethics, and accountability for adherence to the Code of Ethics.
We have adopted an Amended and Restated Insider Trading Policy (the “ITP”) that applies to all officers, directors, employees, and other persons, such as contractors or consultants who have access to material nonpublic information. The ITP also applies to family members, other members of a person’s household and entities controlled by a person covered by the ITP. The purpose of the ITP is to provide guidelines with respect to transactions in the Company’s securities and the handling of material nonpublic information about the Company and the companies with which the Company does business. The Company’s Board has adopted this Policy to promote compliance with federal, state and foreign securities laws that prohibit certain persons who are aware of material nonpublic information about a company from: (i) trading in securities of that company; or (ii) providing material nonpublic information to other persons who may trade on the basis of that information. Oversight and implementation of the ITP is performed by the Board and Interim CFO.
We have posted a copy of our Corporate Governance Guidelines, Code of Ethics and Business Conduct, and Amended and Restated Insider Trading Policy on the Investor section of our website at https://www.solarwindow.com/investors/corporate-governance/. Our full Board must approve in advance any waivers of the Code of Ethics. We will post any amendments or waivers from our Code of Ethics that apply to our executive officers and directors on the “Corporate Governance” section of our website.
Board Independence
We are not listed on a major U.S. securities exchange and, therefore, are not subject to the corporate governance requirements of any such exchange, including those related to the independence of directors. However, Our Board considers that a director is independent when the director is not an officer or employee of the Company, does not have any relationship which would, or could reasonably appear to, materially interfere with the independent judgment of such director, and the director otherwise meets the independence requirements under the listing standards of FINRA and the rules and regulations of the SEC. Our Board has reviewed the materiality of any relationship that each of our directors has with the Company, either directly or indirectly. Based on this review, our Board has affirmatively determined that two of our three directors, including Bob Levine and Timothy Bullinger, qualify as an “independent” director.
Board Leadership Structure
We currently have two executive officers, the President and CEO and Interim CFO and Secretary, and three directors; two of which are independent. Mr. Sierchio serves as the Representative Director of SolarWindow Asia Co., Ltd. Actions taken by SolarWindow Asia Co., Ltd. are performed by the Company’s South Korean accounting firm, pursuant to powers of attorney provided by Mr. Sierchio and SolarWindow Asia (USA) Corp.
Our Bylaws provide our Board with flexibility to combine or separate the positions of Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer in accordance with its determination that utilizing one or the other structure would be in the best interests of our Company and its stockholders. Our board has reviewed our current Board leadership structure, our size, the nature of our business, the regulatory framework under which we operate, our stockholder base, our peer group and other relevant factors, and has determined that this structure is currently the most appropriate Board leadership structure for our company.
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Board Committees
Audit Committee
The Board does not currently have a standing Audit Committee. The full Board oversees our accounting and financial reporting processes and the audits of our annual financial statements.
Compensation Committee
The Board does not currently have a standing Compensation Committee. The full Board is responsible for establishing the compensation and benefits for our executive officers. The Board reviews the performance and total compensation package for our executive officers and considers the modification of existing compensation and the adoption of new compensation plans.
Nominating Committee
The board does not currently have a standing Nominating Committee. We do not maintain a policy for considering nominees. Our Bylaws provide that the number of Directors shall be fixed from time to time by the Board, but in no event shall be less than the minimum required by law. The Board should be large enough to maintain our required expertise but not too large to function inefficiently. Director nominees are recommended, reviewed, and approved by the entire Board. The Board believes that this process is appropriate due to the number of directors on the Board and the opportunity to benefit from a variety of opinions and perspectives in determining director nominees by involving the full Board.
While the Board is solely responsible for the selection and nomination of directors, the Board may consider nominees recommended by stockholders as deemed appropriate. The Board evaluates each potential nominee in the same manner regardless of the source of the potential nominee’s recommendation. Although we do not have a policy regarding diversity, the Board does take into consideration the value of diversity among Board members in background, experience, education, and perspective in considering potential nominees for recommendation to the Board for selection. Stockholders who wish to recommend a nominee should send nominations to Mr. Justin Frere, Interim CFO and Secretary, 9375 E. Shea Blvd., Suite 107-B, Scottsdale, AZ 85260, that includes all information relating to such person that is required to be disclosed in solicitations of proxies for the election of directors. The recommendation must be accompanied by the written consent of the individual to stand for election if nominated by the Board and to serve if elected.
Compensation Consultants
We have not historically relied upon the advice of compensation consultants in determining Named Executive Officer (defined below) compensation. Instead, the Board reviews compensation levels and makes adjustments based on their personal knowledge of competition in the marketplace, publicly available information, and informal surveys of human resource professionals.
Board Meetings, Committees of the Board of Directors, and Annual Meeting Attendance
During the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024, all directors attended the meetings of the Board. The Board met seven (7) times and acted by written consent ten (10) times during the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024. We did not have an annual meeting of shareholders during the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024, or 2023.
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Board Role in Risk Oversight
Risk is inherent in every business, and how well a business manages risk can ultimately determine its success. We face a number of risks, including strategic risks, enterprise risks, financial risks, and regulatory risks. While our management is responsible for day-to-day management of various risks we face, the Board, as a whole, is responsible for evaluating our exposure to risk and to satisfy itself that the risk management processes designed and implemented by management are adequate and functioning as designed. The Board reviews and discusses policies with respect to risk assessment and risk management. The Board also has oversight responsibility with respect to the integrity of our financial reporting process and systems of internal control regarding finance and accounting, as well as its financial statements.
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Summary Compensation Table
The following table sets forth compensation information for the two fiscal years ended August 31, 2024 and 2023 of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer who served as vice president prior to their appointment as CEO, and Interim Chief Financial Officer (the “Named Executive Officers”). Elements of compensation for our Named Executive Officers include salary and stock option awards. We do not have a pension plan.
| Name and Principal Position | Year Ended August 31, |
Salary ($) |
Bonus ($) | Option Awards ($) |
All Other Compensation ($) |
Total ($) |
| Amit Singh, President and Chief Executive Officer (former Vice President) (1) | 2024 | 200,000 | - | 165,000 | - | 365,000 |
| 2023 | 180,000 | - | - | - | 180,000 | |
| Justin Frere (2) Interim Chief Financial Officer and Secretary | 2024 | 79,033 | - | 24,750 | - | 103,783 |
| 2023 | 120,000 | - | - | - | 120,000 |
(4) Effective May 1, 2024, the Company and Amit Singh entered into an employment agreement (the “Offer Letter”) whereby Mr. Singh will serve as the Company’s President and Chief Executive Officer. Pursuant to the Offer Letter, in exchange for his full-time efforts, Mr. Singh will receive an annual base salary of $240,000 and a non-statutory stock option with a fair value of $0.33 per share to purchase up to 500,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, at an exercise price of $0.33, term of five (5) years, vesting as to 50% on the date of grant (May 14, 2024) and 50% on the one-year anniversary of date of grant. Pursuant to the Offer Letter, Mr. Sing’s relationship with the Company is at-will and subject to termination upon written notice by either party. Effective July 28, 2020, the Company, Mr. Singh, and Damaak Group, LLC, a U.S. entity wholly-owned by Mr. Singh (“Damaak”), entered into a Business Consulting Agreement (the “BCA”) whereby Mr. Singh supported the executive management team with corporate finance, business development, media & public relations, brand positioning, technology, and investor engagement. Under the BCA, which had an initial term of two (2) years, Damaak was paid a monthly fee of $15,000 effective January 2021. On October 27, 2021, the Board granted Mr. Singh a stock option, with a fair value of $4.92 per share, to purchase up to 15,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $6.21 per share, term of ten (10) years, vesting as to 50% on April 27, 2022, and 50% on October 27, 2022. The aggregate grant date fair value of the aforementioned stock option awards was determined in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. For additional information, see “NOTE 7 – Stock Options” of our notes to financial statements contained in this annual report.
(2) Mr. Frere has served as the Company’s Controller since August of 2011 and was appointed Secretary on July 5, 2019. Effective July 23, 2020, Mr. Frere was appointed to also serve as the Company’s Interim Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer. Mr. Frere is providing his services pursuant to an at-will executive services agreement (the “ESA”) dated November 1, 2023 on an as needed basis. Mr. Frere’s engagement is at will and can be terminated by either party on notice. As of November 1, 2023, Mr. Frere’s fee for his services is $225 per hour. From April 2021 through September 2023, Mr. Frere was paid $10,000 per month. On April 8, 2024, Mr. Frere received a non-statutory stock option with a fair value of $0.33 per share to purchase up to 75,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $0.33, term of five (5) years, vesting as to 50% on the date of grant (May 14, 2024) and 50% on the one-year anniversary of the date of grant. On October 27, 2021, the Board granted Mr. Frere a stock option with a fair value of $4.92 per share to purchase up to 50,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $6.21 per share, term of ten (10) years, vesting as to 50% on April 27, 2022 and 50% on October 27, 2022. The aggregate grant date fair value of the stock option award, determined in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. For additional information, see “NOTE 7 – Stock Options” of our notes to financial statements contained in this annual report.
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Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal-Year End
The following table sets forth information regarding equity awards that have been previously awarded to each of the Named Executives and which remained outstanding as of August 31, 2024.
| Option Awards | ||||
|
Name |
# of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options Exercisable | # of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options Not Currently Exercisable |
Option Exercise Price ($) |
Option Expiration Date |
| Amit Singh (1) | 250,000 | 250,000 | 0.33 | 5/14/2029 |
| 15,000 | - | 6.21 | 10/27/2031 | |
| Justin Frere (2) | 37,500 | 37,500 | 0.33 | 4/8/2029 |
| 50,000 | - | 3.54 | 7/5/2025 | |
| 50,000 | - | 6.21 | 10/27/2031 | |
(1) In exchange for services, the Company granted the following stock options: 1) 500,000 options with a fair value of $0.33 per share granted on May 14, 2024, at an exercise price of $0.33 per share, term of five (5) years and vesting as to 50% on the date of grant and 50% on the one-year anniversary of the date of grant, and 2) 15,000 options with a fair value of $4.92 per share granted on October 27, 2021, at an exercise price of $6.21 per share, term of ten (10) years and vesting as to 50% six months from the date of grant and 50% on the one-year anniversary of the date of grant. For additional information, see “NOTE 7 – Stock Options” of our notes to financial statements contained in this annual report.
(2) In exchange for services, the Company granted the following stock options: 1) 75,000 options with a fair value of $0.33 per share granted on April 8, 2024, with an exercise price of $0.33 per share, term of five (5) years and vesting as to 50% on the grant date and 50% on the one-year anniversary of the grant date, 2) 50,000 options with a fair value of $4.92 per share granted on October 27, 2021, at an exercise price of $6.21 per share, term of ten (10) years and vesting as to 50% six months from the date of grant and 50% on the one-year anniversary of the date of grant, and 3) 50,000 options granted on July 5, 2019, with an exercise price of $3.54 per share, term of six (6) years and vesting over five (5) years at the rate of 2,500 shares per quarter. For additional information, see “NOTE 7 – Stock Options” of our notes to financial statements contained in this annual report.
Termination and Change of Control
Not applicable.
Option Exercises and Stock Vested
Not applicable.
COMPENSATION OF DIRECTORS
Our directors play a critical role in guiding our strategic direction and overseeing the management of our Company. Ongoing developments in corporate governance and financial reporting have resulted in an increased demand for such highly qualified and productive public company directors. The many responsibilities and risks and the substantial time commitment of being a director of a public company require that we provide adequate incentives for our directors’ continued performance by paying compensation commensurate with our directors’ workload. Our non-employee directors are compensated based upon their respective levels of Board participation and responsibilities, including service on Board Committees. Our employee directors receive no separate compensation for their service as directors. Our Board determines the non-employee directors’ compensation for serving on the Board and its committee(s). In establishing director compensation, the Board is guided by the following goals:
| · | compensation should consist of a combination of cash and equity awards that are designed to fairly pay the directors for work required for a company of our size and scope; |
| · | compensation should align the directors’ interests with the long-term interests of stockholders; and |
| · | compensation should assist with attracting and retaining qualified directors. |
For their services as directors, non-employee directors received cash compensation of $2,500 per quarter during fiscal 2024 and 2023.
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During fiscal 2024, the Company granted 200,000 options to each of the three directors. The options fair value was calculated to be $0.33 per share using the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model. No equity-based grants were awarded to the other Board members in fiscal 2023.
Director Compensation Table
The following table sets forth the compensation earned by each non-employee director for service as a director during Fiscal 2024 and 2023:
| Name | Fees Earned or Paid in Cash ($) | Stock Awards ($) (1) | Total ($) | |||||||||
| Joseph Sierchio (1) | 10,000 | 66,000 | 76,000 | |||||||||
| Bob Levine (1) | 10,000 | 66,000 | 76,000 | |||||||||
| Timothy Bullinger (1) | 5,000 | 66,000 | 71,000 | |||||||||
| Total 2024 director compensation | 25,000 | 198,000 | 223,000 | |||||||||
| Joseph Sierchio | 10,000 | - | 10,000 | |||||||||
| Bob Levine | 10,000 | - | 10,000 | |||||||||
| Total 2023 director compensation | 20,000 | - | 20,000 |
(1) For their services on the Board, on April 8, 2024, the Company granted each of its three directors an option with a fair value of $0.33 per share to purchase 200,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $0.33 per share, term of five (5) years, vesting as to 50% on the date of grant and 50% on one-year anniversary of the date of grant. The aggregate grant date fair value of the stock option award was determined in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. For additional information, see “NOTE 7 – Stock Options” of our notes to financial statements contained in this annual report.
Director Compensation - Equity
The following table shows the total number of unvested and total option awards held by each of our non-employee directors as of August 31, 2024:
| Name | Vested Stock Options Outstanding (#) | Unvested Stock Options Outstanding (#) | ||||||
| Bob Levine (1) | 182,000 | 100,000 | ||||||
| Joseph Sierchio (2) | 235,000 | 100,000 | ||||||
| Timothy Bullinger (3) | 100,000 | 100,000 | ||||||
| Total | 517,000 | 300,000 |
(1) Includes the following option grants: 1) 52,000 options granted on July 5, 2019 ,with a six (6) year life and exercise price of $3.54 per share, 2) 30,000 options granted on October 27, 2021 with a ten (10) year life and exercise price of $6.21 per share, and 3) 200,000 options granted on April 8, 2024 with a five (5) year life and exercise price of $0.33 per share with 100,000 vested as of the date of this annual report on form 10-K. For additional information, see “NOTE 7 – Stock Options” of our notes to financial statements contained in this annual report.
(2) Includes the following option grants: 1) 20,000 options granted on November 21, 2017 with a ten (10) year life and exercise price of $4.87 per share; 2) 50,000 options granted on July 5, 2019 with a six (6) year life and exercise price of $3.54 per share; 3) 50,000 options granted on October 19, 2020 with a six (6) year life and exercise price of $3.42 per share, 4) 15,000 options granted on October 27, 2021 with a ten (10) year life and exercise price of $6.21 per share, and 3) 200,000 options granted on April 8, 2024 with a five (5) year life and exercise price of $0.33 per share with 100,000 vested as of the date of this annual report on form 10-K. For additional information, see “NOTE 7 – Stock Options” of our notes to financial statements contained in this annual report.
(3) Includes 200,000 options granted on April 8, 2024 with a five (5) year life and exercise price of $0.33 per share with 100,000 vested as of the date of this annual report on form 10-K. For additional information, see “NOTE 7 – Stock Options” of our notes to financial statements contained in this annual report.
Limitation on Directors' Liabilities; Indemnification of Officers and Directors
Our Amended and Restated Bylaws designate the relative duties and responsibilities of our officers and establish procedures for actions by directors and stockholders and other items. Our bylaws also contain extensive indemnification provisions, which will permit us to indemnify our officers and directors to the maximum extent provided by Nevada law. For additional information, see Exhibit 4.34 to this Annual Report.
| 46 |
Directors' and Officers' Liability Insurance
We have obtained directors' and officers' liability insurance, which expires on September 30, 2025.
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
The following table sets forth certain information as of the date of this annual report, by (i) all persons who are known by us to beneficially own more than 5% of our outstanding shares of common stock, (ii) each director, director nominee, and Named Executive Officer; and (iii) all executive officers and directors as a group. To our knowledge, no other person beneficially owns more than 5% of our common stock.
| Name and Address of Beneficial Owner (1) | Number of shares Beneficially Owned (2) |
% of Class Owned (2) | ||||||
| Directors and Officers | ||||||||
| Bob Levine (3) | 491,333 | * | ||||||
| Joseph Sierchio (4) | 1,681,567 | 3.15 | ||||||
| Timothy Bullinger (5) | 100,000 | * | ||||||
| Amit Singh (6) | 265,000 | * | ||||||
| Justin Frere (7) | 144,443 | * | ||||||
| All Directors and Officers as a Group | 2,682,343 | 4.96 | ||||||
| 5% Shareholders | ||||||||
| Jatinder S. Bhogal (8) | 3,713,000 | 6.53 | ||||||
Kalen Capital Corporation (9) 688 West Hastings St. 7th Floor Vancouver, BC V6B 1P1 | 50,705,598 | 72.68 |
* less than 1%
(1) Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with SEC rules and generally includes voting or investment power with respect to securities. Each of the beneficial owners listed above has direct ownership of and sole voting power and investment power with respect to the shares of our common stock and except as indicated the address of each beneficial owner is 9375 E Shea Blvd., Suite 107-B, Scottsdale, AZ 85260.
(2) Calculated pursuant to rule 13d-3(d) of the Exchange Act. Beneficial ownership is calculated based on 53,198,399 shares of common stock issued and outstanding as of the date of this annual report. Under Rule 13d-3(d) of the Exchange Act, shares not outstanding which are subject to options, warrants, rights, or conversion privileges exercisable within 60 days are deemed outstanding for the purpose of calculating the number and percentage owned by such person, but are not deemed outstanding for the purpose of calculating the percentage owned by each other person listed.
(3) Includes 276,000 shares of common stock, 33,333 shares of common stock reserved for issuance upon the exercise of a Series T Warrant and 182,000 shares of common stock reserved for issuance upon the exercise of vested stock options. Does not include 100,000 shares of common stock reserved for issuance upon exercise of granted stock options that have not yet vested.
(4) Includes 1,446,567 shares of common stock and 235,000 shares of common stock reserved for issuance upon the exercise of vested stock options. Does not include 100,000 shares of common stock reserved for issuance upon exercise of granted stock options that have not yet vested.
| 47 |
(5) Includes 100,000 shares of common stock reserved for issuance upon the exercise of vested stock options. Does not include 100,000 shares of common stock reserved for issuance upon exercise of granted stock options that have not yet vested.
(6) Includes 265,000 shares of common stock reserved for issuance upon the exercise of vested stock options. Does not include 250,000 shares of common stock reserved for issuance upon exercise of granted stock options that have not yet vested.
(7) Includes 6,493 shares of common stock and 137,500 shares of common stock reserved for issuance upon the exercise of vested stock options. Does not include 37,500 shares of common stock reserved for issuance upon exercise of granted stock options that have not yet vested.
(8) Includes 90,000 shares of common stock and 3,623,000 shares of common stock reserved for issuance upon the exercise of vested stock options.
(9) Kalen Capital Corporation is a private Alberta corporation wholly owned by Mr. Harmel Rayat. In such capacity, Mr. Rayat may be deemed to have beneficial ownership of these shares. The number of shares reflected above is based upon the review of our transfer records and information provided to us by Kalen Capital Corporation and includes: (a) 34,138,931 shares owned by Kalen Capital Corporation and its wholly owned subsidiary; and (b) 16,566,667 shares issuable upon exercise of a Series T Warrant.
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
The Board establishes policies and procedures, and sets standards regarding operations and governance. Accordingly, the Company adopted a policy and procedures pertaining to related-party transactions (“RPTs”) as they relate to the Company’s employees, officers and directors.
The Board recognizes that RPTs must be managed to prevent the risk of perceived or actual conflicts of interest. The Company’s RPT policy and procedures addresses these transactions as they may occur. The Board is responsibe for reviewing and approving RPTs in accordance with the adopted policy and procedures. The Board may review the RPT policy and procedures from time to time and accordingly recommend amendments for consideration and/or implementation.
The Board will review and approve all RPTs over $25,000 with the option to review and approve all RPTs if, in their judgment, it would be in the best interests of the Company for the proposed transaction to be reviewed.
Under SEC rules (Section 404 (a) of Regulation S-K), a related person is a director, officer, nominee for director, or 5% stockholder of our outstanding shares of common stock since the beginning of the previous fiscal year, and their immediate family members. Immediate family members include spouses, parents, stepparents, children, stepchildren, siblings, mothers- and fathers-in-law, sons- and daughters-in-law, and brothers- and sisters-in-law and anyone residing in such person’s home (other than a tenant)
The Board has determined that, barring additional facts or circumstances, a related person does not have a direct or indirect material interest in the following categories of transactions:
| · | any transaction with another company for which a related person’s only relationship is as an employee (other than an executive officer), director, or beneficial owner of less than 10% of that company’s shares, if the amount involved does not exceed the greater of $1 million or 2% of that company’s total annual revenue; |
| · | compensation to executive officers determined by the Board; |
| · | compensation to directors determined by the Board; |
| · | transactions in which all security holders receive proportional benefits; and |
| 48 |
| · | banking-related services involving a bank depository of funds, transfer agent, registrar, trustee under a trust indenture, or similar service. |
The Board reviews transactions involving related persons who are not included in one of the above categories and makes a determination whether the related person has a material interest in a transaction and may approve, ratify, rescind, or take other action with respect to the transaction in its discretion. The Board reviews all material facts related to the transaction and takes into account, among other factors it deems appropriate, whether the transaction is on terms no less favorable than terms generally available to an unaffiliated third party under the same or similar circumstances; the extent of the related person’s interest in the transaction; and, if applicable, the availability of other sources of comparable products or services. An interested related party who serves on the Board shall recuse their self from the review and approval of a RPT in which they have an interest in the transaction.
Our employees are expected to disclose personal interests that may conflict with ours and they may not engage in personal activities that conflict with their responsibilities and obligations to us. Periodically, we inquire as to whether or not any of our Directors have entered into any transactions, arrangements or relationships that constitute related party transactions. If any actual or potential conflict of interest is reported, our Board will review the transaction and relationship disclosed and make a determination regarding appropriatness and recommend modifications to the RPT if the transaction is deemed to present a conflict of interest.
Transactions with Related Persons
The following is a description of each transaction since the beginning of fiscal 2023, and each currently proposed transaction, in which:
| • | we have been or are to be a participant; |
| • | the amount involved exceeds the lesser of $120,000 or 1% of the average of our total assets for the last two completed fiscal years; and |
| • | any of our directors, executive officers, or holders of more than 5% of any class of our capital stock at the time of the transactions in issue, or any immediate family member of or person sharing the household with any of these individuals, had or will have a direct or indirect material interest. |
For additional information, please refer to see “NOTE 8 – Transactions with Related Persons” under the Notes to Financial Statements for the Years Ended August 31, 2024, and 2023.
Director Independence
Please refer to “Director Independence” under the section titled “CORPORATE GOVERNANCE” in “ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE.”
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
INDEPENDENT PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS
PKF O’Connor Davies, LLP (“PKF”) currently serves as our independent registered public accounting firm to audit our financial statements for the fiscal year ending August 31, 2024 and 2023. PKF has served as the company’s independent registered public accounting firm since May 28, 2020. To the knowledge of management, neither such firm nor any of its members has any direct or material indirect financial interest in us or any connection with us in any capacity otherwise than as independent accountant.
| 49 |
PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
The following table represents aggregate fees billed or expected to be billed to us for services related to the fiscal years ended August 31, 2024 and 2023, by PKF:
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| Audit Fees (1) | $ | 63,000 | $ | 54,000 | ||||
| Audit Related Fees (2) | - | - | ||||||
| Tax Fees (3) | 7,225 | 6,000 | ||||||
| All Other Fees (4) | - | - | ||||||
| Total | $ | 70,225 | $ | 60,000 |
(1) Consists of fees and expenses billed for professional services rendered in connection with the audit of our consolidated financial statements, reviews of our quarterly consolidated financial statements, related accounting consultations, and services provided in connection with our registration statements, and other regulatory filings.
(2) Consists of fees billed for assurance and related services that are reasonably related to the performance of the audit or review of our consolidated financial statements and not reported under “Audit Fees,” such as due diligence related to mergers and acquisitions.
(3) Tax Fees consist of fees for professional services for domestic and international tax advisory services for tax planning, compliance, and advice.
(4) Consists of aggregate fees billed for services provided by the independent registered
public accounting firm other than those disclosed above.
| 50 |
PART IV
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES.
| (a) | The following documents are filed as a part of this Form 10-K: |
| (a)(1) | Financial Statements and Schedules |
The following financial statements, notes related thereto and report of independent auditors, are included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K:
| · | Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm; |
| · | Balance Sheets as of August 31, 2024, and 2023; |
| · | Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the years ended August 31, 2024, and 2023; |
| · | Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended August 31, 2024, and 2023; |
| · | Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended August 31, 2024, and 2023; and |
| · | Notes to Financial Statements |
| (a)(2) | Financial Statements and Schedules |
All schedules have been omitted since they are either not applicable or the information is contained within the accompanying financial statements.
| (b) | Exhibit Index |
The following is a list of exhibits filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
| Exhibit No. | Description of Exhibit |
| 51 |
| 52 |
| 53 |
| 54 |
| 101.INS | Inline XBRL Instance Document** |
| 101.SCH | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension - Schema Document** |
| 101.CAL | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension - Calculation Linkbase Document** |
| 101.DEF | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension - Definition Linkbase Document** |
| 101.LAB | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension - Label Linkbase Document** |
| 101.PRE | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension - Presentation Linkbase Document** |
| 104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL Document) |
*Filed herewith.
§ Management contract or compensatory plan.
** Furnished herewith. XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language) information is furnished and not filed or a part of a registration statement or prospectus for purposes of Sections 11 or 12 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, is deemed not filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and otherwise is not subject to liability under these sections.
ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY
None.
| 55 |
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Sections 13 or 15(d) of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
SolarWindow Technologies, Inc.
| By: | /S/ Amit Singh | ||
| Amit Singh | |||
| Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) | |||
| Date: | November 20, 2024 | ||
| By: | /S/ Justin Frere, CPA | ||
| Justin Frere, CPA | |||
| Interim Chief Financial Officer | |||
| (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer) | |||
| Date: | November 20, 2024 | ||
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
| Signature | Title | Date | ||
| /s/ Bob Levine | Chairman and Director | November 20, 2024 | ||
| Bob Levine | ||||
| /s/ Timothy Bullinger | Director | November 20, 2024 | ||
| Timothy Bullinger | ||||
| /s/ Joseph Sierchio | Director | November 20, 2024 | ||
| Joseph Sierchio |
| 56 |
SOLARWINDOW TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
| F-1 |
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Board of Directors and
Stockholders of SolarWindow Technologies, Inc.
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of SolarWindow Technologies, Inc. (the “Company”) as of August 31, 2024 and 2023, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, consolidated stockholders’ equity, and consolidated cash flows for each of the two years in the in the period ended August 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of August 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended August 31, 2024, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matters
Critical audit matters are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. We determined that there were no critical audit matters.
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2020.
/s/
New
York,
November 20, 2024
PCAOB
ID No.
* * * * *
| F-2 |
| SOLARWINDOW TECHNOLOGIES, INC. | ||||||||
| CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS | ||||||||
| August 31, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| ASSETS | ||||||||
| Current assets | ||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | $ | ||||||
| Short-term investments | ||||||||
| Deferred research and development costs | ||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | ||||||||
| Current assets of discontinued operations | ||||||||
| Total current assets | ||||||||
| Property and Equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $ | ||||||||
| Total assets | $ | $ | ||||||
| LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY | ||||||||
| Current liabilities | ||||||||
| Accounts payable and accrued expenses | $ | $ | ||||||
| Related party payables | ||||||||
| Current liabilities of discontinued operations | ||||||||
| Total current liabilities | ||||||||
| Total liabilities | ||||||||
| Commitments and contingencies | ||||||||
| Stockholders' equity | ||||||||
| Preferred stock: $ par value; shares authorized, shares issued and outstanding | ||||||||
| Common stock: $ par value; shares authorized, shares issued and outstanding at August 31, 2024 and 2023 | ||||||||
| Additional paid-in capital | ||||||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Retained deficit | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Total stockholders' equity | ||||||||
| Total liabilities and stockholders' equity | $ | $ | ||||||
(The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements)
| F-3 |
| SOLARWINDOW TECHNOLOGIES, INC. | ||||||||
| CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS | ||||||||
| Years Ended August 31, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| Revenue | $ | $ | ||||||
| Operating expenses | ||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | ||||||||
| Research and development | ||||||||
| Total operating expenses | ||||||||
| Loss from operations | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Other income (expense) | ||||||||
| Interest income | ||||||||
| Impairment of fixed assets | ( | ) | ||||||
| Total other income (expense) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Net loss from continuing operations | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
| Net loss from discontinued operations | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Deemed dividend attributable to warrant modification | ( | ) | ||||||
| Net loss attributable to common stockholders | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
| Other comprehensive income (loss) | ||||||||
| Foreign currency translation gain/(loss) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Comprehensive income (loss) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
| Loss per Share from continuing operations basic and diluted | $ | ) | $ | ) | ||||
| Loss per Share from discontinued operations basic and diluted | $ | ) | $ | ) | ||||
| Loss per Share basic and diluted | $ | ) | $ | ) | ||||
| Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - basic and diluted | ||||||||
(The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements)
| F-4 |
| SOLARWINDOW TECHNOLOGIES, INC. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common Stock | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares | Amount | Additional Paid-in Capital | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | Retained Deficit | Total Stockholders' Equity | |||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, August 31, 2022 | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | |||||||||||||||
| Stock based compensation due to common stock purchase options | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency translation adjustments | — | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss for the year ended August 31, 2023 | — | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, August 31, 2023 | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock based compensation due to common stock purchase options | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Deemed dividend attributable to warrant modification | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency translation adjustments | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss for the year ended August 31, 2024 | — | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, August 31, 2024 | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | |||||||||||||||
(The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements)
| F-5 |
| SOLARWINDOW TECHNOLOGIES, INC. | ||||||||
| CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS | ||||||||
| Years Ended August 31, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| Cash flows from operating activities | ||||||||
| Loss from continuing operations | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
| Loss from discontinued operations | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash flows used in operating activities: | ||||||||
| Depreciation | ||||||||
| Stock based compensation expense | ||||||||
| Impairment of assets | ||||||||
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities: | ||||||||
| Deferred research and development costs | ||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other assets | ( | ) | ||||||
| Accounts payable and accrued expenses | ( | ) | ||||||
| Related party payable | ||||||||
| Net cash used in operating activities | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Cash flows from investing activities | ||||||||
| Purchase of short-term investments | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Redemption of short-term investments | ||||||||
| Capital expenditures | ( | ) | ||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | ( | ) | ||||||
| Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | ( | ) | ||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year | ||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents at end of year | $ | $ | ||||||
(The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements)
| F-6 |
SOLARWINDOW TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEARS ENDED AUGUST 31, 2024 AND 2023
NOTE 1 – Organization and Liquidity
Organization
SolarWindow Technologies, Inc. was incorporated in the State of Nevada on May 5, 1998 (“SWT” and together with its controlled subsidiary companies, SolarWindow Asia (USA) Corp., and SolarWindow Asia Co. Ltd, collectively, the “Company”). SolarWindow® technology harvests light energy from the sun and from artificial light sources using a transparent and ultra-lightweight coating of organic photovoltaic (“OPV”) solar cells applied to glass and plastics, thereby generating electricity. The Company’s ticker symbol is WNDW.
On August 24, 2020, SolarWindow Technologies, Inc. formed wholly owned SolarWindow Asia (USA) Corp., a Nevada Corporation, as the holding company for SolarWindow Asia Co. Ltd., (the “Korean Subsidiary”) a company formed in the Republic of Korea for the purpose of expansion into the Asian markets. On January 13, 2023, the Board formally elected to dissolve the Korean Subsidiary. SWT has retained a local accountant and counsel in South Korea to assist in the dissolution of the Korean Subsidiary.
Liquidity
The Company has not generated any revenue since inception and has sustained
recurring losses and negative cash flows from operations since inception. We expect to incur losses as we continue to develop and further
refine and promote our technologies and potential product applications. As of August 31, 2024, the Company had $
NOTE 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of presentation and Use of Estimates
The Management of the Company is responsible for the selection and use of appropriate accounting policies and their application. Critical accounting policies and practices are those that are both most important to the portrayal of the Company’s financial condition and results and require management’s most difficult, subjective, or complex judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effects of matters that are inherently uncertain. The Company’s significant and critical accounting policies and practices are disclosed below as required by generally accepted accounting principles.
Basis of presentation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements and related notes have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”).
Use of Estimates
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the accounting period. The Company considers its accounting policies relating to stock-based compensation to be the most significant accounting policy that involves management estimates and judgments. The Company has made accounting estimates based on the facts and circumstances available as of the reporting date. Actual amounts could differ from these estimates, and such differences could be material.
| F-7 |
Fiscal Year-End
The Company’s quarterly periods end on November 30, February 29 and May 31 with August 31 being the Company’s fiscal year end.
Principles of Consolidation
These consolidated financial statements presented are those of SolarWindow Technologies, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries, SolarWindow Asia (USA) Corp., and SolarWindow Asia Co. Ltd. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.
Cash and Highly Liquid Investments
Cash includes cash on hand and highly liquid investments with original
maturities of three months or less from the date of purchase. The Company had $
| Schedule of cash and highly liquid investments | ||||||||
| August 31, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| Cash | $ | $ | ||||||
| Short-term investments | ||||||||
| Total cash and short-term investments | $ | $ | ||||||
Short-term investments
The Company determines the balance sheet classification of its investments
at the time of purchase and evaluates the classification at each balance sheet date. Money market funds, certificates of deposit, and
time deposits with maturities of greater than three months but no more than twelve months are carried at cost, which approximates
fair value and are recorded in the consolidated balance sheets in short-term investments.
Fair Value Measurements
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The Company utilizes a three-tier fair value hierarchy which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (level 1 measurement) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (level 3 measurements). These tiers include:
Level 1, defined as observable inputs such as quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets;
Level 2, defined as inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are either directly or indirectly observable such as quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets or quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and
| F-8 |
Level 3, defined as unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions, such as valuations derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable.
During the periods covered by this report, the Company did not have any assets or liabilities that were required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis or on a non-recurring basis.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The Company’s financial instruments consist of accounts payable and accrued expenses. The carrying amounts of the Company’s financial instruments approximate fair value because of the short-term maturity of these items. These fair value estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and, therefore, cannot be determined with precision. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect those estimates. We do not hold or issue financial instruments for trading purposes, nor do we utilize derivative instruments.
Stock-Based Compensation
The Company accounts for stock-based compensation in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 718, Stock Based Compensation. ASC 718 requires all stock-based payments to directors, employees and consultants, including grants of stock options, to be recognized in the consolidated statements of operations based on their fair values. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model (the “Black-Scholes Model”) to determine the weighted-average fair value of options granted and recognizes the compensation expense of stock-based awards on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the award. If a stock-based award contains performance-based conditions, at the point that it becomes probable that the performance conditions will be met, the Company records a cumulative catch-up of the expense from the grant date to the current date, and then amortizes the remainder of the expense over the remaining service period. Management evaluates when the achievement of a performance-based condition is probable based on the expected satisfaction of the performance conditions as of the reporting date.
The determination of the fair value of stock-based payment awards utilizing the Black-Scholes option pricing model requires the use of the following assumptions: expected volatility of our common stock, which is based on our own calculated historical rate; expected life of the option award, which we elected to calculate using the simplified method; expected dividend yield, which is 0%, as we have not paid and do not have any plans to pay dividends on our common stock; and the risk-free interest rate, which is based on the U.S. Treasury rate in effect at the time of grant with maturities equal to the stock option award’s expected life. The Company evaluates the assumptions used to value the awards at each grant date and if factors change and different assumptions are utilized, stock-based compensation expense may differ significantly from what has been recorded in the past. If there are any modifications or cancellations of the underlying unvested securities, the Company may be required to accelerate, increase or cancel any remaining unearned stock-based compensation expense. Forfeitures are accounted for as they occur. See “NOTE 5 – Common Stock and Warrants” and “NOTE 6 - Stock Options” for additional information on the Company’s stock-based compensation plans.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
The Company monitors the carrying value of long-lived assets for potential impairment and tests the recoverability of such assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts may not be recoverable. If a change in circumstance occurs, the Company performs a test of recoverability by comparing the carrying value of the asset or asset group to its undiscounted expected future cash flows. If cash flows cannot be separately and independently identified for a single asset, the Company will determine whether impairment has occurred for the group of assets for which the Company can identify the projected cash flows. If the carrying values are in excess of undiscounted expected future cash flows, the Company measures any impairment by comparing the fair value of the asset or asset group to its carrying value.
Property and Equipment
Fixed assets are carried at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Major improvements are capitalized, while repair and maintenance are expensed when incurred. Renewals and betterments that materially extend the life of the assets are capitalized. When assets are retired or otherwise disposed of, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts, and any resulting gain or loss is reflected in that period.
| F-9 |
Depreciation is computed on a straight-line basis over estimated useful lives of the related assets. The estimated useful lives of depreciable assets are:
| Schedule of estimated useful lives | ||
| Estimated | ||
| Useful Lives | ||
| Computer equipment and software | ||
| Equipment, furniture and fixtures |
Patent and Trademark Costs
Costs related to filing and pursuing patent applications are recorded as general and administrative expense and expensed as incurred since recoverability of such expenditures is uncertain.
Research and Product Development
Research and product development costs represent costs incurred to develop the Company’s technology, including salaries and benefits for research and development personnel, allocated overhead and facility occupancy costs, supplies, equipment purchase and repair and other costs. Research and product development costs are expensed when incurred, except for advance payments for future research and development activities which are deferred and recognized as expense as the related services are performed.
Income Taxes
The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method. Under the asset and liability method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributed to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and tax credits and loss carry-forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences and carry-forwards are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to amounts expected to be realized. The Company reports a liability for unrecognized tax benefits resulting from uncertain income tax positions, if any, taken or expected to be taken in an income tax return. Estimated interest and penalties are recorded as a component of interest expense or other expense, respectively.
Segment Reporting
The Company’s business is considered to be operating in one segment based upon the Company’s organizational structure, the way in which the operations are managed and evaluated, the availability of separate financial results and materiality considerations.
The computation of basic earnings per share (“EPS”) is based on the weighted average number of shares that were outstanding during the period, including shares of common stock that are issuable at the end of the reporting period. The computation of diluted EPS is based on the number of basic weighted-average shares outstanding plus the number of common shares that would be issued assuming the exercise of all potentially dilutive common shares outstanding using the treasury stock method. The computation of diluted net income per share does not assume conversion, exercise or contingent issuance of securities that would have an antidilutive effect on earnings per share. Therefore, when calculating EPS if the Company experienced a loss, there is no inclusion of dilutive securities as their inclusion in the EPS calculation is antidilutive. Furthermore, options and warrants will have a dilutive effect under the treasury stock method only when the average market price of the common stock during the period exceeds the exercise price of the options or warrants (they are in the money).
| F-10 |
The shares listed below were not included in the computation of diluted losses per share because to do so would be antidilutive for the periods presented:
| Schedule of computation of diluted losses per share | ||||||||
| Years Ended August 31, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| Stock options | ||||||||
| Warrants | ||||||||
Foreign Currency Translation Gain and Comprehensive Income (Loss)
In countries in which the Company operates, and the functional currency
is other than the U.S. dollar, assets and liabilities are translated using published exchange rates in effect at the consolidated balance
sheet date. Expenses and cash flows are translated using an approximate weighted average exchange rate for the period. Resulting translation
adjustments are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income on the accompanying consolidated balance sheet. For
the years ended August 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized comprehensive income and comprehensive loss of $
As of and for the years ended August 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company used the following exchange rates.
| Schedule of exchange rates | ||||||||||||||||
| Approximate weighted | Approximate weighted | |||||||||||||||
| average exchange rate | average exchange rate | |||||||||||||||
| Exchange rate at | For the year ended | Exchange rate at | For the year ended | |||||||||||||
| Currency | August 31, 2024 | August 31, 2024 | August 31, 2023 | August 31, 2023 | ||||||||||||
| Korean Won | ||||||||||||||||
Accounting Pronouncements
The Company reviews new accounting standards as issued. Although some of these accounting standards issued or effective after the end of the Company’s previous fiscal year may be applicable, the Company has not identified any standards that the Company believes merit further discussion.
Recent accounting pronouncements not yet adopted
In November 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures” (“ASU 2023-07”). ASU 2023-07 expands annual and interim disclosure requirements for reportable segments, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, which means that it will be effective for our annual periods beginning September 1, 2024, and our interim periods beginning September 1, 2025. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact that the updated standard will have on our disclosures within our consolidated financial statements.
Recently adopted accounting pronouncements
None.
NOTE 3 – Discontinued Operations
On January 13, 2023, the Board determined that it is in the best interests of the Company to discontinue operations in South Korea and to dissolve the Korean Subsidiary. The Company is working to dispose the Korean Subsidiary other than by sale in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 360-10-45-15, Long-Lived Assets to Be Disposed of Other Than by Sale
| F-11 |
In accordance with ASC 205-20, Discontinued Operations, the results of the Korean Subsidiary are presented as discontinued operations in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss, and, as such, have been excluded from continuing operations. Further, the Company reclassified the assets and liabilities of the Korean Subsidiary as assets and liabilities of discontinued operations in the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of August 31, 2022. The Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows are presented on a consolidated basis for both continuing operations and discontinued operations.
The following table summarizes the significant items included in income from discontinued operations, net of tax in the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the years ended August 31, 2024 and 2023:
| Schedule of statement of operations and comprehensive loss | ||||||||
| Years Ended August 31, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| Operating expenses | ||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | $ | $ | ||||||
| Research and development | ||||||||
| Total operating expenses | ||||||||
| Other income (expense) | ||||||||
| Interest income | ||||||||
| Net loss from discontinued operations | $ | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||
The following table summarizes the carrying value of the significant classes of assets and liabilities classified as discontinued operations as of August 31, 2024 and 2023:
| Schedule of significant classes of assets and liabilities | ||||||||
| August 31, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| Current assets | ||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | $ | $ | ||||||
| Total current assets | ||||||||
| Total assets | $ | $ | ||||||
| Current liabilities | ||||||||
| Accounts payable and accrued expenses | $ | $ | ||||||
| Total current liabilities | $ | $ | ||||||
The cash flows related to discontinued operations have not been segregated and are included in the consolidated statements of cash flows
for all periods presented.
NOTE 4 - Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets
Prepaid expenses and other current assets includes the following items:
| Schedule of prepaid expenses and other current assets | ||||||||
| August 31, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| Prepaid expenses | $ | $ | ||||||
| Prepaid insurance premium | ||||||||
| Interest income receivable (a) | ||||||||
| Equipment deposit refund receivable (b) | ||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | ||||||
| (a) |
| (b) |
| F-12 |
NOTE 5 – Property and Equipment
Property and equipment consists of the following:
| Schedule of property and equipment | ||||||||||||
| August 31, | Increase/ | |||||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | (decrease) | ||||||||||
| Computers, office equipment and software | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Equipment | ||||||||||||
| In-process equipment | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Total property and equipment | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Accumulated depreciation | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Property and equipment, net | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | |||||||
During the year ended August 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company purchased $
During the year ended August 31, 2019, the Company made deposits for in-process
equipment totaling $
NOTE 6 – Common Stock and Warrants
Common Stock
At August 31, 2024, the Company had authorized shares of common stock with a par value of $ per share, and shares of common stock outstanding.
2006 Long-Term Incentive Plan
In 2006 the Company’s Board and stockholders adopted and approved shares for grant under the 2006 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the “2006 Plan”). The 2006 Plan was extended by the Board on February 7, 2021 for a period of two years. On January 13, 2023, the Board extended the 2006 Plan for two months. The 2006 Plan expired on March 17, 2023. The 2006 Plan provided for the grant of incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, stock appreciation rights, and other types of awards to employees, consultants, and directors. Stock options granted pursuant to the 2006 Plan vest from zero to five years and expire from six to ten years after the date of grant with the exercise price equal to the fair value of the underlying stock on the date of grant. See “NOTE 7 - Stock Options” for additional information.
Warrants
Each of the Company’s warrants outstanding entitles the holder to purchase one share of the Company’s common stock for each warrant share held. Other than the Series P Warrants, all of the following warrants may be exercised on a cashless basis. A summary of the Company’s warrants outstanding and exercisable as of August 31, 2024 and 2023 is as follows:
| F-13 |
| Schedule of warrants outstanding and exercisable | ||||||||||||||||
| Shares of Common Stock Issuable from Warrants Outstanding as of August 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| Description | 2024 | 2023 | Weighted Average Exercise Price | Date of Issuance | Expiration | |||||||||||
| Series T | $ | |||||||||||||||
During the year ended August 31, 2023, warrants expired unexercised.
On February 5, 2024, the Board modified the terms of the Series T warrants
to extend the expiration date for an additional five (5) years. No other term was modified. The modification was not was not linked to
any other financing arrangements. The Company calculated the incremental fair value of the modification at $
The Company measures share-based compensation cost on the grant date, based on the fair value of the award, and recognizes the expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for awards expected to vest. The Company estimated the grant date fair value of stock options using a Black-Scholes valuation model using the following weighted-average assumptions:
| Schedule of weighted-average assumptions | ||||||||
| Years Ended August 31, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| Expected dividend yield | ||||||||
| Expected stock price volatility | % - % | |||||||
| Risk-free interest rate | % - % | |||||||
| Expected term (in years)(simplified method) | - | — | ||||||
| Exercise price | $ - $ | |||||||
| Weighted-average grant date fair-value | $ | |||||||
A summary of the Company’s stock option activity for the years ended August 31, 2024 and 2023 and related information follows:
| Schedule of stock option activity | ||||||||||||||||
| Number of Shares Subject to Option Grants | Weighted Average Exercise Price ($) | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (years) | Aggregate Intrinsic Value ($) | |||||||||||||
| Outstanding at August 31, 2022 | ||||||||||||||||
| Forfeitures and cancellations | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||
| Outstanding at August 31, 2023 | ||||||||||||||||
| Grants | ||||||||||||||||
| Forfeitures and cancellations | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||
| Outstanding at August 31, 2024 | ||||||||||||||||
| Exercisable at August 31, 2024 | ||||||||||||||||
The aggregate intrinsic value in the table above represents the total pretax
intrinsic value for all “in-the-money” options (i.e. the difference between the Company’s closing stock price on the
last trading day of the period covered by this report and the exercise price, multiplied by the number of shares) that would have been
received by the option holders had all in-the-money option holders exercised their vested options on August 31, 2024. The intrinsic value
of the option changes based upon the fair market value of the Company’s common stock. Since
the closing stock price was $
| F-14 |
Year Ended August 31, 2024
Modification – On February 5, 2024, the Board granted replacement
options with a five (5) year life in amounts equal to and on substantially the same terms as certain previous grants totaling
options, including The Company accounted for
the New Grant as a modification based on the substance of the issuance. The difference in the fair value, as calculated using the Black-Scholes
Model, was $
Grants - On April 8, 2024,
the Company’s Board granted options to its officers and directors, with an exercise price of $
Forfeitures and cancellations – These totaled and included 1) options owned by a prior Director that expired unexercised; and 2) options owned by a prior consultant that expired unexercised.
Year Ended August 31, 2023
Forfeitures and cancellations - totaled options, including the expiration of , three (3) year, fully vested stock options granted on August 31, 2020 to Mr. John Rhee, former CEO and Chairman; and the cancellation of options which expired unexercised.
The following table sets forth the share-based compensation cost resulting from stock option grants, including those previously granted and vesting over time, that were recorded in the Company’s Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the years ended August 31, 2024 and 2023:
| Schedule of share-based compensation | ||||||||
| Years Ended August 31, | ||||||||
| Stock compensation expense: | 2024 | 2023 | ||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | $ | $ | ||||||
| Research and development | ||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | ||||||
As of August 31, 2024, the Company had $ of unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock options which is expected to be recognized over a period of year.
The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding and exercisable at August 31, 2024:
| Schedule of stock options outstanding and exercisable | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock Options Outstanding | Stock Options Exercisable | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Range of Exercise Prices | Number of Shares Subject to Outstanding Options | Weighted Average Contractual Life (years) | Weighted Average Exercise Price ($) | Number of Shares Subject To Options Exercise | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) | Weighted Average Exercise Price ($) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 0.33 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2.32 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2.60 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3.42 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3.46 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3.54 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4.87 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 6.21 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| F-15 |
NOTE 8 - Transactions with Related Persons
A related party with respect to the Company is generally defined as any person (i) (and, if a natural person, inclusive of his or her immediate family) that holds 10% or more of the Company’s securities, (ii) that is part of the Company’s management, (iii) that directly or indirectly controls, is controlled by or is under common control with the Company, or (iv) who can significantly influence the financial and operating decisions of the Company. A transaction is considered to be a related party transaction when there is a transfer of resources or obligations between related parties.
Joseph Sierchio, one of the Company’s directors, has maintained his
role as the Company’s general counsel since its inception, and, beginning in August 2020, as Principal of Sierchio Law, LLP pursuant
to an engagement letter which provided for an annual fee of $175,000 in exchange for general counsel services, and the reimbursement of
expenses. Beginning November 2023, Mr. Sierchio began serving as general counsel on an hourly basis at the rate of $750 per hour. Fees
for legal services and expense reimbursement billed by Sierchio Law, LLP totaled $
All related party transactions are recorded at the exchange amount established and agreed to between related parties and are in the normal course of business.
NOTE 9 – Income Taxes
Provision for Income Taxes
The components of loss before income taxes follows:
| Schedule of loss before income taxes | ||||||||
| Years Ended August 31, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| United States | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
| Foreign | ( | ) | ||||||
| Loss before income taxes | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets at August 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows:
| Schedule of deferred tax assets and liabilities | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| Deferred tax assets: | ||||||||
| Net operating loss carryforwards | $ | $ | ||||||
| Capitalized research and development | ||||||||
| Impairment of fixed assets | ||||||||
| Stock based compensation | ||||||||
| Gross deferred tax assets | ||||||||
| Less: valuation allowance | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Total deferred tax assets | $ | $ | ||||||
| Deferred tax liabilities: | ||||||||
| Depreciation | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
| Gross deferred tax liabilities | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Net deferred taxes | $ | $ | ||||||
| F-16 |
The net increase in the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets was
$
For federal income tax purposes, the Company has U.S. federal net operating
loss carry forwards at August 31, 2024 available to offset future federal taxable income, if any, of $
The effects of state income taxes were insignificant for the years ended August 31, 2024 and 2023.
The following is a reconciliation between expected income tax benefit and
actual, using the applicable statutory income tax rate of
| Schedule of expected income tax benefit | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| Income tax benefit at statutory rate | $ | $ | ||||||
| Foreign rate differential | ( | ) | ||||||
| Permanent differences | ( | ) | ||||||
| Stock options | ( | ) | ||||||
| Other | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Change in valuation allowance | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Total | $ | $ | ||||||
The fiscal years 2022 through 2024 remain open to examination by federal authorities and other jurisdictions in which the Company operates.
The Company does
NOTE 10 – Commitments and Contingencies
On June 9, 2022, the Company was served the Notice of Civil Claim dated May 16, 2022 (the “Notice of Claim”), and related Notice of Application (the “Application”) and Order Made After Application (the “Order”) copies of which are referenced in this report as Exhibit 99.0. The Notice of Claim, the Application and Order are collectively referred to herein as the “Complaint.” Please refer to our Form 8-K filed on June 15, 2022 and Exhibit 99.0 hereto.
NOTE 11 – Subsequent Events
Management has reviewed material events subsequent of the period ended August 31, 2024 and through the date of filing of financial statements in accordance with FASB ASC 855 “Subsequent Events”. In managements opinion, no material subsequent events have occurred as of the date of this annual report.
F-17
Exhibit 19.1
SOLARWINDOW TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
Amended and Restated Insider Trading Policy
Adopted and Effective as of June 8, 2021
This Amended and Restated Insider Trading Policy
amends, restates and replaces the Company’s previous policy.
PURPOSE
It is the policy and practice of SolarWindow Technologies, Inc. (the “Company”) to comply strictly with laws governing the use of material nonpublic information, sometimes more commonly referred to as “inside information.”
This Amended and Restated Insider Trading Policy (the “Policy”) provides guidelines with respect to transactions in the Company’s securities and the handling of material nonpublic information (as more fully described under the heading “Material Nonpublic Information”) about the Company and the companies with which the Company does business. The Company’s Board of Directors has adopted this Policy to promote compliance with federal, state and foreign securities laws that prohibit certain persons who are aware of material nonpublic information about a company from: (i) trading in securities of that company; or (ii) providing material nonpublic information to other persons who may trade on the basis of that information.
The unlawful use or communication of material nonpublic information by the Company’s personnel could have dire consequences for the Company and such persons. As such, all Company personnel to whom this Policy applies are required to be familiar with this Policy and comply with the procedures described below. Anyone with questions as to the application of this Policy should contact any member of the Company’s Compliance Committee on Exhibit A to this Policy.
Note: All references in this Policy to the “Company” includes the Company and its subsidiaries and affiliated entities.
PERSONS SUBJECT TO THE POLICY
This Policy applies to all officers of the Company and its subsidiaries, all members of the Company’s Board of Directors and all employees of the Company and its subsidiaries. The Company may also determine that other persons should be subject to this Policy, such as contractors or consultants who have access to material nonpublic information. This Policy also applies to Family Members, other members of a person’s household and entities controlled by a person covered by this Policy, as described below. The term “Family Members” includes your spouse, children (including adopted children and step-children), grandchildren, siblings, parents, grandparents, and any in-laws with which you share your household. Persons covered by this Policy are sometimes referred to in this Policy as “Covered Persons.”
This Policy also applies to any entities that you influence or control, including any corporations, partnerships or trusts (collectively referred to as “Controlled Entities”), and transactions by these Controlled Entities should be treated for the purposes of this Policy and applicable securities laws as if they were for your own account.
| 1 |
INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY OF COVERED PERSONS
Covered Persons have ethical and legal obligations to maintain the confidentiality of information about the Company and to not engage in transactions in Company Securities while in possession of material nonpublic information. Each individual is responsible for making sure that he or she complies with this Policy, and that any family member, household member or entity whose transactions are subject to this Policy, as discussed below, also comply with this Policy.
In all cases, the responsibility for determining whether an individual is in possession of material nonpublic information rests with that individual, and any action on the part of the Company, the Compliance Committee members, the Chief Legal Officer, or any other employee or director pursuant to this Policy (or otherwise) does not in any way constitute legal advice or insulate an individual from liability under applicable securities laws and you agree to hold each of the foregoing harmless from any losses or liability you may incur. You could be subject to severe legal penalties and disciplinary action by the Company for any conduct prohibited by this Policy or applicable securities laws, as described below in more detail under the heading “Consequences of Violations.”
ADMINISTRATION OF THE POLICY
This Policy shall be administered by the Compliance Committee and shall be governed by the Compliance Committee Charter. All determinations and interpretations by the Compliance Committee must be approved by a majority of the Compliance Committee and shall be final and not subject to further review.
STATEMENT OF POLICY
It is the policy of the Company that no director, officer or other employee of the Company (or any other person designated by this Policy or by the Compliance Committee as subject to this Policy) who is aware of material nonpublic information relating to the Company may, directly, or indirectly through family members or other persons or entities:
| 1. | Engage in transactions in Company Securities (as defined below), except as otherwise specified in this Policy under the headings “Transactions Under Company Plans,” “Transactions Not Involving a Purchase or Sale” and “Rule 10b5-1 Plans;” |
| 2. | Recommend the purchase or sale of any Company Securities; |
| 3. | Disclose material nonpublic information to persons within the Company whose jobs do not require them to have that information, or outside of the Company to other persons, including, but not limited to, family, friends, business associates, investors and expert consulting firms, unless any such disclosure is made in accordance with the Company’s policies regarding the protection or authorized external disclosure of information regarding the Company; or |
| 2 |
| 4. | Assist anyone engage in the above activities. |
In addition, it is the policy of the Company that no director, officer or other employee of the Company (or any other person designated as subject to this Policy) who, in the course of working for the Company, learns of material nonpublic information about a company with which the Company does business, including a customer or supplier of the Company, may trade in that company’s securities until the information becomes public or is no longer material.
There are no exceptions to this Policy, except as specifically noted herein. Transactions that may be necessary or justifiable for independent reasons (such as the need to raise money for an emergency expenditure), or small transactions, are not excepted from this Policy. The securities laws do not recognize any mitigating circumstances, and, in any event, even the appearance of an improper transaction must be avoided to preserve the Company’s reputation for adhering to the highest standards of conduct.
DEFINITION OF MATERIAL NONPUBLIC INFORMATION
Material Information
Information is considered “material” if a reasonable investor would consider that information important in making a decision to buy, hold or sell securities. Any information that could be expected to affect a company’s stock price, whether it is positive or negative, should be considered material. There is no bright-line standard for assessing materiality; rather, materiality is based on an assessment of all of the facts and circumstances, and is often evaluated by enforcement authorities with the benefit of hindsight. While it is not possible to define all categories of material information, some examples of information that ordinarily would be regarded as material are:
| • | Projections of future earnings or losses, or other earnings guidance; |
| • | Changes to previously announced earnings guidance, or the decision to suspend earnings guidance; |
| • | A pending or proposed merger, acquisition or tender offer; |
| • | A pending or proposed acquisition or disposition of a significant asset; |
| • | A pending or proposed joint venture; |
| • | A company restructuring; |
| • | Significant related party transactions; |
| 3 |
| • | A change in dividend policy, the declaration of a stock split, or an offering of additional securities; |
| • | Bank borrowings or other financing transactions out of the ordinary course; |
| • | The establishment of a repurchase program for company securities; |
| • | A change in the company’s pricing or cost structure; |
| • | Major marketing changes; |
| • | A change in the company’s executive management; |
| • | A change in auditors or notification that the auditor’s reports may no longer be relied upon; |
| • | Development of a significant new product, process, or service; |
| • | Pending or threatened significant litigation, or the resolution of such litigation; |
| • | Impending bankruptcy or the existence of severe liquidity problems; |
| • | The gain or loss of a significant customer or supplier; |
| • | A significant cybersecurity incident, such as a data breach, or any other significant disruption in the company’s operations or loss, potential loss, breach or unauthorized access of its property or assets, whether at its facilities or through its information technology infrastructure; or |
| • | The imposition of an event-specific restriction on trading in Company Securities or the securities of another company or the extension or termination of such restriction. |
When Information is Considered Public
Information that has not been disclosed to the public is generally considered to be nonpublic information. In order to establish that the information has been disclosed to the public, it may be necessary to demonstrate that the information has been widely disseminated. Information generally would be considered widely disseminated if it has been disclosed through the Dow Jones “broad tape,” newswire services, a broadcast on widely available radio or television programs, publication in a widely available newspaper, magazine or news website, or public disclosure documents filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) that are available on the SEC’s website.
By contrast, information would likely not be considered widely disseminated if it is available only to the Company’s employees, or if it is only available to a select group of analysts, brokers and institutional investors.
| 4 |
Once information is widely disseminated, it is still necessary to provide the investing public with sufficient time to absorb the information. As a general rule, information should not be considered fully absorbed by the marketplace until after the second business day after the day on which the information is released. If, for example, the Company were to make an announcement on a Monday, you should not trade in Company Securities until Thursday. Depending on the particular circumstances, the Compliance Committee may determine that a longer or shorter period should apply to the release of specific material nonpublic information. Absent specific notice from the Compliance Committee, you should abide by the above rule.
TRANSACTIONS SUBJECT TO THE POLICY
Generally, this Policy applies to transactions in the Company’s securities (collectively referred to in this Policy as “Company Securities”), including the Company’s common stock, options to purchase common stock, or any other type of securities that the Company may issue, including (but not limited to) preferred stock, convertible debentures and warrants, as well as derivative securities that are not issued by the Company, such as exchange-traded put or call options or swaps relating to the Company’s Securities.
Transactions By Family Members And Others
This Policy applies to your Family Members who reside with you (including a spouse, a child, a child away at college, stepchildren, grandchildren, parents, stepparents, grandparents, siblings and in-laws), anyone else who lives in your household, and any Family Members who do not live in your household but whose transactions in Company Securities are directed by you or are subject to your influence or control, such as parents or children who consult with you before they trade in Company Securities. You are responsible for the transactions of these other persons and therefore should make them aware of the need to confer with you before they trade in Company Securities, and you should treat all such transactions for the purposes of this Policy and applicable securities laws as if the transactions were for your own account. This Policy does not, however, apply to personal securities transactions of Family Members where the purchase or sale decision is made by a third party not controlled by, influenced by or related to you or your Family Members.
Transactions Under Company Plans
This Policy does not apply in the case of the following transactions, except as specifically noted:
Stock Option Exercises.
This Policy does not apply to the exercise of an employee stock option acquired pursuant to the Company’s plans, or to the exercise of a tax withholding right pursuant to which a person has elected to have the Company withhold shares subject to an option to satisfy tax withholding requirements. This Policy does apply, however, to any sale of stock as part of a broker-assisted cashless exercise of an option, or any other market sale for the purpose of generating the cash needed to pay the exercise price of an option.
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Restricted Stock Awards.
This Policy does not apply to the vesting of restricted stock, or the exercise of a tax withholding right pursuant to which you elect to have the Company withhold shares of stock to satisfy tax withholding requirements upon the vesting of any restricted stock. The Policy does apply, however, to any market sale of restricted stock.
Other Similar Transactions.
Any other purchase of Company Securities from the Company or sales of Company Securities to the Company are not subject to this Policy.
Transactions Not Involving a Purchase or Sale
Bona fide gifts of Company securities are not deemed to be transactions for the purposes of this Policy. Whether a gift is truly bona fide will depend on the circumstances surrounding each gift. The more unrelated the donee is to the donor, the more likely the gift would be considered “bona fide” and not a “transaction”. For example, gifts to charities, churches and service organizations would clearly not be “transactions”. On the other hand, gifts to dependent children followed by a sale of the “gift” securities in close proximity to the time of the gift may imply some economic benefit to the donor and, therefore, make the gift non-bona fide.
Further, transactions in mutual funds that are invested in Company Securities are not transactions subject to this Policy.
Special and Prohibited Transactions
The Company has determined that there is a heightened legal risk and/or the appearance of improper or inappropriate conduct if the persons subject to this Policy engage in certain types of transactions. It therefore is the Company’s policy that any persons covered by this Policy may not engage in any of the following transactions, or should otherwise consider the Company’s preferences as described below:
Short-Term Trading.
Short-term trading of Company Securities may be distracting to the person and may unduly focus the person on the Company’s short-term stock market performance instead of the Company’s long-term business objectives. For these reasons, any director, officer or other employee of the Company who purchases Company Securities in the open market may not sell any Company Securities of the same class during the six months following the purchase (or vice versa).
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Short Sales.
Short sales of Company Securities (i.e., the sale of a security that the seller does not own) may evidence an expectation on the part of the seller that the securities will decline in value, and therefore have the potential to signal to the market that the seller lacks confidence in the Company’s prospects. In addition, short sales may reduce a seller’s incentive to seek to improve the Company’s performance. For these reasons, short sales of Company Securities are prohibited. In addition, Section 16(c) of the Exchange Act prohibits officers and directors from engaging in short sales. (Short sales arising from certain types of hedging transactions are governed by the paragraph below captioned “Hedging Transactions”).
Publicly-Traded Options.
Given the relatively short term of publicly-traded options, transactions in options may create the appearance that a director, officer or employee is trading based on material nonpublic information and focus a director’s, officer’s or other employee’s attention on short-term performance at the expense of the Company’s long-term objectives. Accordingly, transactions in put options, call options or other derivative securities, if any, on an exchange or in any other organized market, are prohibited by this Policy.
Hedging Transactions.
Hedging or monetization transactions can be accomplished through a number of possible mechanisms, including through the use of financial instruments such as prepaid variable forwards, equity swaps, collars and exchange funds. Such transactions may permit a director, officer or employee to continue to own Company Securities obtained through employee benefit plans or otherwise, but without the full risks and rewards of ownership. When that occurs, the director, officer or employee may no longer have the same objectives as the Company’s other shareholders. Therefore, the Company strongly discourages you from engaging in such transactions.
Any person wishing to enter into such an arrangement must first submit the proposed transaction for approval by the Compliance Committee. Any request for pre-clearance of a hedging or similar arrangement must be submitted to the Compliance Committee at least five (5) days. prior to the proposed execution of documents evidencing the proposed transaction and must set forth a justification for the proposed transaction.
Margin Accounts and Pledged Securities.
Securities held in a margin account as collateral for a margin loan may be sold by the broker without the customer’s consent if the customer fails to meet a margin call. Similarly, securities pledged (or hypothecated) as collateral for a loan may be sold in foreclosure if the borrower defaults on the loan. Because a margin sale or foreclosure sale may occur at a time when the pledgor is aware of material nonpublic information or otherwise is not permitted to trade in Company Securities, directors, officers and other employees are prohibited from holding Company Securities in a margin account or otherwise pledging Company Securities as collateral for a loan. Pledges of Company Securities arising from certain types of hedging transactions are governed by the paragraph above captioned “Hedging Transactions”.
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Standing and Limit Orders.
Standing and limit orders (except standing and limit orders under approved Rule 10b5-1 Plans, as described below) create heightened risks for insider trading violations similar to the use of margin accounts. There is no control over the timing of purchases or sales that result from standing instructions to a broker, and as a result the broker could execute a transaction when a director, officer or other employee is in possession of material nonpublic information. The Company therefore discourages placing standing or limit orders on Company Securities. If a person subject to this Policy determines that they must use a standing order or limit order, the order should be limited to short duration and should otherwise comply with the restrictions and procedures outlined below under the heading “Additional Procedures.”
Additional Procedures
The Company has established additional procedures in order to assist the Company in the administration of this Policy, to facilitate compliance with laws prohibiting insider trading while in possession of material nonpublic information, and to avoid the appearance of any impropriety. These additional procedures are applicable only to those individuals described below.
Pre-Clearance Procedures.
The persons designated by the Compliance Committee as being subject to these procedures, as well as the Family Members and Controlled Entities of such persons, may not engage in any transaction in Company Securities without first obtaining pre-clearance of the transaction from the Compliance Officer. A request for pre-clearance should be submitted to the Compliance Committee at least five (5) business days in advance of the proposed transaction. The Compliance Committee is under no obligation to approve a transaction submitted for pre-clearance, and may determine not to permit the transaction. If a person seeks pre- clearance and permission to engage in the transaction is denied, then he or she should refrain from initiating any transaction in Company Securities, and should not inform any other person of the restriction.
To facilitate the process, the Company has prepared a pre-clearance form, attached hereto as Exhibit C, to be completed and provided to the Compliance Committee. The Compliance Committee will assist with the approval process. No trade or transfer may be effected until the requesting employee, officer or director has received the approved Pre-Clearance Request Form, even if five (5) business days have passed since the Pre-Clearance Request Form was submitted.
When a request for pre-clearance is made, the requestor should carefully consider whether he or she may be aware of any material nonpublic information about the Company, and should describe fully those circumstances to the Compliance Officer. The requestor should also indicate whether he or she has effected any non-exempt “opposite-way” transactions within the past six months, and should be prepared to report the proposed transaction on an appropriate Form 4 or Form 5, if required. The requestor should also be prepared to comply with SEC Rule 144 and file Form 144, if necessary, at the time of any sale.
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Quarterly Trading Restrictions.
The persons designated by the Compliance Committee as subject to this restriction, as well as their Family Members or Controlled Entities, may not conduct any transactions involving the Company’s Securities (other than as specified by this Policy), during a “Blackout Period.” The Company’s blackout period with respect to each fiscal quarter or year end, as applicable, of the Company begins on the close of business on the fifteenth (15th) calendar day of the month following the close of the quarter or year end, as applicable, and ends on the opening of the second (3rd) business day following the Company’s filing with the SEC of the Company’s quarterly or annual financial reports (or public release of quarterly or annual financial information). In other words, these persons may only conduct transactions in Company Securities during the “Window Period” beginning on the 3rd business day following the filing of the Company’s Form 10-Q or Form 10-K, as the case may be, and ending fifteen (15) days following the close of the Company’s fiscal quarter or year end, as applicable.
Event-Specific Trading Restriction Periods.
From time to time, an event may occur that is material to the Company and is known by only a few directors, officers and/or employees. So long as the event remains material and nonpublic, the persons designated by the Compliance Committee may not trade Company Securities. In addition, the Company’s financial results may be sufficiently material in a particular fiscal quarter that, in the judgment of the Compliance Officer, designated persons should refrain from trading in Company Securities even sooner than the typical Blackout Period described above. In that situation, the Compliance Committee may notify these persons that they should not trade in the Company’s Securities, without disclosing the reason for the restriction. The existence of an event-specific trading restriction period or extension of a Blackout Period will not be announced to the Company as a whole, and should not be communicated to any other person. Even if the Compliance Committee has not designated you as a person who should not trade due to an event-specific restriction, you should not trade while aware of material nonpublic information. Exceptions will not be granted during an event-specific trading restriction period.
Exceptions.
The quarterly trading restrictions and event-specific trading restrictions do not apply to those transactions to which this Policy does not apply, as described above under the headings “Transactions Under Company Plans” and “Transactions Not Involving a Purchase or Sale.” Further, the requirement for pre-clearance, the quarterly trading restrictions and event-specific trading restrictions do not apply to transactions conducted pursuant to approved Rule 10b5-1 plans, described under the heading “Rule 10b5-1 Plans.”
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Rule 10b5-1 Plans
Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act provides a defense from insider trading liability under Rule 10b-5. In order to be eligible to rely on this defense, a person subject to this Policy must enter into a Rule 10b5-1 plan for transactions in Company Securities that meets certain conditions specified in the Rule (a “Rule 10b5-1 Plan”). If the plan meets the requirements of Rule 10b5-1, Company Securities may be purchased or sold without regard to certain insider trading restrictions. To comply with the Policy, a Rule 10b5-1 Plan must be approved by the Compliance Committee and meet the requirements of Rule 10b5-1 and the Company’s “Guidelines for Rule 10b5-1 Plans,” as set forth below in Exhibit B, to this Policy. In general, a Rule 10b5-1 Plan must be entered into at a time when the person entering into the plan is not aware of material nonpublic information. Once the plan is adopted, the person must not exercise any influence over the amount of securities to be traded, the price at which they are to be traded or the date of the trade. The plan must either specify the amount, pricing and timing of transactions in advance or delegate discretion on these matters to an independent third party.
Any Rule 10b5-1 Plan must be submitted for approval five (5) business days prior to the entry into the Rule 10b5-1 Plan. No further pre-approval of transactions conducted pursuant to the Rule 10b5-1 Plan will be required.
Changes to, or Termination of, Rule 10b5-1 Plans
Modifying a Rule 10b5-1 Plan: While amendments to Rule 10b5-1 plans are permitted as long as the modifier does not possess material nonpublic information at the time of the modification and meets all of the elements required at the plan inception, modifications should be avoided, because they may create the perception that the person is manipulating the plan to benefit from material non-public information, jeopardizing the good faith element and the availability of the affirmative defense.
Suspending a Rule 10b5-1 Plan: The affirmative defense will be unavailable if it appears that the person trading under the plan is exerting subsequent influence over the plan. In addition, suspension of a Rule 10b5-1 plan can lead to the same issues as modification of a plan: it may appear that the plan is being manipulated, jeopardizing the good faith element and the availability of the affirmative defense. When reinstating the ability to trade under the plan, all of the elements required at the inception of the plan must be met again.
Terminating a Rule 10b5-1 Plan: Termination of a plan, by itself, is not a violation of Rule 10b-5, because the termination does not occur in connection with the sale or purchase of securities. However, termination of a plan may jeopardize the good faith element and the availability of the affirmative defense. Once a Rule 10b5-1 plan is terminated, the affirmative defense may not apply to any trades that were made pursuant to that plan if such termination calls into question whether the good faith requirement was met or whether the plan was part of a plan or scheme to evade Rule 10b5-1. The problem is increased if the insider terminates and establishes plans serially.
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After modifying, suspending or terminating a Rule 10b5-1 Plan you are advised to wait at least ninety (90) days prior to either reinstating or adopting a new Rule 10b5-1 Plan and may do so only when you are not in possession of material nonpublic information.
Post-Termination Transactions
This Policy continues to apply to transactions in Company Securities for a period of ninety (90) days after termination of service to the Company; provided, however, if an individual is in possession of material nonpublic information when his or her service terminates, that individual may not trade in Company Securities until that information has become public or is no longer material. The pre-clearance procedures specified under the heading “Additional Procedures” above, however, will cease to apply to transactions in Company Securities upon the expiration of any Blackout Period or other Company-imposed trading restrictions applicable at the time of the termination of service.
CONSEQUENCES OF VIOLATIONS
The purchase or sale of securities while aware of material nonpublic information, or the disclosure of material nonpublic information to others who then trade in the Company’s Securities, is prohibited by the federal and state laws. Insider trading violations are pursued vigorously by the SEC, U.S. Attorneys and state enforcement authorities as well as the laws of foreign jurisdictions. Punishment for insider trading violations is severe, and could include significant fines and imprisonment. While the regulatory authorities concentrate their efforts on the individuals who trade, or who tip inside information to others who trade, the federal securities laws also impose potential liability on companies and other “controlling persons” if they fail to take reasonable steps to prevent insider trading by company personnel.
In addition, an individual’s failure to comply with this Policy may subject the individual to Company-imposed sanctions, including dismissal for cause, whether or not the employee’s failure to comply results in a violation of law. Needless to say, a violation of law, or even an SEC investigation that does not result in prosecution, can tarnish a person’s reputation and irreparably damage a career.
COMPANY ASSISTANCE
Any person who has a question about this Policy or its application to any proposed transaction may obtain additional guidance from any member of the Compliance Committee who can be reached by telephone or email as set forth on Exhibit A to this Policy.
CERTIFICATION
All persons subject to this Policy must certify their understanding of, and intent to comply with, this Policy. The Company may require that you execute a certification on an annual basis.
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CERTIFICATION
I certify that:
| 1. | I have read and understand the Company’s Amended and Restated Insider Trading Policy (the “Policy”). I understand that the Compliance Committee is available to answer any questions I have regarding the Policy. |
| 2. | Since June 8, 2021, or such shorter period of time that I have been a contractor, employee or Director of the Company, I have complied with the Policy. |
| 3. | I will continue to comply with the Policy for as long as I am subject to the Policy, including for a period of at least ninety (90) days after termination of my services or employment. |
| 4. | I understand that the responsibility for determining whether I am in possession of material nonpublic information rests with me, and any action on the part of the Company, the Compliance Committee members, the Chief Legal Officer, or any other employee or director pursuant to this Policy (or otherwise) does not in any way constitute legal advice or insulate me from liability under applicable securities laws and I agree to hold each of the foregoing harmless from any losses or liability I may incur with respect to may trading in Company Securities. |
Print name:
Signature:
Date:
| 12 |
Exhibit A
To the
SolarWindow Technologies, Inc.
Amended and Restated Insider Trading Policy
Adopted and Effective as of June 8, 2021
***
COMPLIANCE COMMITTEE MEMBERS AND CONTACT INFORMATION
Joseph Sierchio
joseph@sierchiolaw.com
(212) 246-3030
Justin Frere
Justin@solarwindow.com
(619) 917-5042
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Exhibit B
To the
SolarWindow Technologies, Inc.
Amended and Restated Insider Trading Policy
Adopted and Effective as of June 8, 2021
(the “Policy”)
***
GUIDELINES FOR RULE 10B5-1 PLANS
Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act provides a defense from insider trading liability under Rule 10b-5. In order to be eligible to rely on this defense, a person subject to this Policy must enter into a Rule 10b5-1 plan for transactions in Company Securities that meets certain conditions specified in the Rule (a “Rule 10b5-1 Plan”). All capitalized terms used in these guidelines that are not defined shall have the meaning ascribed to such terms in the Policy.
Any individual who has access to the Company’s material nonpublic information may establish a Rule 10b5-1 Plan. Rule 10b5-1 Plans may also be established by entities. Plans may be used for both the sale or purchase of Company Securities. If the plan meets the requirements of Rule 10b5-1, Company Securities may be purchased or sold without regard to certain insider trading restrictions. In general, a Rule 10b5-1 Plan must be entered into at a time when the person entering into the plan is not aware of material nonpublic information. Once the plan is adopted, the person must not exercise any influence over the amount of securities to be traded, the price at which they are to be traded or the date of the trade. The plan must either specify the amount, pricing and timing of transactions in advance or delegate discretion on these matters to an independent third party.
As specified in the Policy, a Rule 10b5-1 Plan must be approved by the Compliance Committee and meet the requirements of Rule 10b5-1 and these guidelines. Any Rule 10b5-1 Plan must be submitted for approval five (5) business days prior to the entry into the Rule 10b5-1 Plan. No further pre-approval of transactions conducted pursuant to the Rule 10b5-1 Plan will be required.
The following guidelines apply to all Rule 10b5-1 Plans:
| · | You may not enter into, modify or terminate a trading program during a Blackout Period or while in possession of material nonpublic information. |
| · | The Rule 10b5-1 Plan must be in writing, made in good faith and not for the purpose of evading insider trading prohibitions. |
| · | All Rule 10b5-1 Plans must have a duration of the lesser of a) the date all shares under the 10b5-1 Plan are sold, or b) 6 months and no more than 2 years. |
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| · | If a Rule 10b5-1 Plan is terminated prior to its expiration and as directed by the individual, you must wait at least 45 days before trading outside of the Rule 10b5-1 Plan. |
| · | If a trading program is terminated prior to its expiration and as directed by the individual, you must wait until the commencement of the next Window Period before a new Rule 10b5-1 Plan may be adopted. |
| · | If a trading program expires, you may initiate a new Rule 10b5-1 Plan if the Company is not in a Blackout Period or while in possession of material nonpublic information. |
| · | The Rule 10b5-1 Plan shall include a provision requiring the broker executing the trade transaction to provide, within one (1) business day after each day on which a sale of stock is made, the Company with the number of Company Securities purchased or sold, the sales prices of each of such purchases or sales and such other information as the Company may reasonably require in order to permit timely compliance by the Company or its affiliates, as applicable, with the requirements of Section 16 of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, to the extent applicable. |
| · | All Rule 10b5-1 Plans must specify a non-discretionary trading method by: |
| o | (A) Identifying the (i) amount (the number of or dollar value) of Company Securities to be sold or purchased, (ii) price (market price on a particular date, limit price or particular dollar price), and (iii) date (in the case of a market order, a specified day (or as soon thereafter as is practicable under ordinary principles of best execution) or, a day on which a limit order is in force) for each particular purchase of sale; or (B) including a written formula, algorithm, or program to determine the amount, price, and date for each transaction; and |
| o | not permitting the Rule 10b5-1 Plan creator to exercise subsequent influence over how, when, or whether to effect trades. Any person who pursuant to the Rule 10b5-1 Plan, did exercise such influence must not have been aware of the material nonpublic information when doing so. |
| · | All Rule 10b5-1 Plans must provide for an effective date (i.e., the date on which the first trade will be made under the 10b5-1 Plan) at least thirty (30) days following submission of the Plan for pre-clearance. |
Additional Best Practices:
Rule 10b5-1 Plans can be a valuable tool if best practices are followed, including:
| · | Do not use multiple, overlapping Rule 10b5-1 Plans that cover the same Company Securities. |
| 15 |
| · | Avoid multiple plan modifications. |
| · | Do not use Rule 10b5-1 Plans for one-off trades. |
| 16 |
NOTE: Rule 10b5-1 Plans must still comply with other regulatory requirements, including:
| · | Rule 144 of the Securities Act: If an insider is selling securities pursuant to Rule 144 as opposed to a resale registration statement, he may need to file a Form 144. Adoption of a Rule 10b5-1 Plan to sell securities in reliance on Rule 144 does not change the due date for the Form 144. The Form must be transmitted for filing concurrently with either the placement of a sell order for a brokerage transaction, o the execution of the sale with the market maker. The Form 144 filing may be made prior to the adoption of the Rule 10b5-1 Plan. The notice is effective for only ninety (90) days, so sales over a longer period may involve multiple filings. |
| · | Section 13 and 16 of the Exchange Act: Although currently not applicable, should they become applicable trades made pursuant to the Rule 10b5-1 Plan will need to be disclosed on Forms 4, 5 or Schedules 13D or 13G as applicable. If Section 16 is applicable, each director, officer and other Section 16 insider understands that the approval or adoption of a pre-planned selling program in no way reduces or eliminates such person’s obligations under Section 16 of the Exchange Act, including such person’s disclosure and short-swing trading liabilities thereunder. If any questions arise, such person should consult with their own counsel in implementing a Rule 10b5-1 Plan. The rules on recovery of short-swing profits are absolute and do not depend on whether a person has material nonpublic information. |
| 17 |
Exhibit C
To the
SolarWindow Technologies, Inc.
Amended and Restated Insider Trading Policy
Adopted and Effective as of June 8, 2021
(the “Policy”)
To: SolarWindow Technologies, Inc. (the “Company”) Compliance Committee
From: _________________________
Re: Proposed transaction in the Company’s Securities
Date:
This is to advise you that the undersigned intends to execute a transaction in the Company’s securities on ___________ _____, 20_____ and thereafter until the trading window shall close and does hereby request that the Company pre-clear the transaction as required by the Company’s Amended and Restated Insider Trading Policy (the “Policy”).
The general nature of the transaction is as follows:
The undersigned is not in possession of material nonpublic information (as defined in the Policy) about the Company and will not enter into the transaction if the undersigned comes into possession of material nonpublic information about the Company between the date hereof and the proposed trade execution date. The undersigned has read and understands the Policy and certifies that the above proposed transaction will not violate the Policy.
The undersigned agrees to advise the Company promptly if, as a result of future developments, any of the foregoing information becomes inaccurate or incomplete in any respect. The undersigned understands that the Company may require additional information about the transaction, and agrees to provide such information upon request.
Dated: , 20____
Very truly yours,
________________________________
[Signature]
Print Name:
18
Exhibit 23.1
Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statement of SolarWindow Technologies, Inc. on Form S-1 (File No. 333-282721), of our report dated November 20, 2024 with respect to our audit of the financial statements of SolarWindow Technologies, Inc. as of August 31, 2024 and 2023 and for each of the two years in the period ended August 31, 2024, which report is included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K of SolarWindow Technologies, Inc. for the year ended August 31, 2024.
/s/ PKF O’Connor Davies, LLP
New York, New York
November 20, 2024
* * * * *
Exhibit 31.1
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO RULE 13A-14(A) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
I, Amit Singh, certify that:
1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of SolarWindow Technologies, Inc. (the “Registrant”);
2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4. As the registrant’s certifying officer I am responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under my supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant is made known to me by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under my supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report my conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5. As the registrant’s certifying officer I have disclosed, based on my most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
| Date: November 20, 2024 | /s/ Amit Singh | ||
| Amit Singh | |||
| Chief Executive Officer | |||
| (Acting Principal Executive Officer) | |||
Exhibit 31.2
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO RULE 13A-14(A) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
I, Justin Frere, certify that:
1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of SolarWindow Technologies, Inc. (the “Registrant”);
2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4. As the registrant’s certifying officer,I am responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under my supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant is made known to me by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under my supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report my conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5. As the registrant’s certifying officer I have disclosed, based on my most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
| Date: November 20, 2024 | /s/ Justin Frere, CPA | ||
| Justin Frere, CPA | |||
| Interim Chief Financial Officer | |||
| (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer) | |||
Exhibit 32.1
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
The undersigned, as the Acting Principal Executive Officer and the Interim Chief Financial Officer of SolarWindow Technologies, Inc., respectively, certifies that, to the best of their knowledge and belief, the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended August 31, 2024 that accompanies this certification fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the information contained in the annual report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of SolarWindow Technologies, Inc. at the dates and for the periods indicated. The foregoing certification is made pursuant to 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (18 U.S.C. 1350) and shall not be relied upon for any other purpose.
| Date: November 20, 2024 | /s/ Amit Singh | ||
| Amit Singh | |||
| Chief Executive Officer | |||
| (Principal Executive Officer) | |||
| Date: November 20, 2024 | /s/ Justin Frere, CPA | ||
| Justin Frere, CPA | |||
| Interim Chief Financial Officer | |||
| (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer) | |||