WVE DEF 14A
Wave Life Sciences, Inc. (WVE)
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| ☐ | Preliminary Proxy Statement |
| ☐ | Confidential, for Use of the Commission Only (as permitted by Rule 14a-6(e)(2)) |
| ☒ | Definitive Proxy Statement |
| ☐ | Definitive Additional Materials |
| ☐ | Soliciting Material Under §240.14a-12 |
| ☒ | No fee required. |
| ☐ | Fee previously paid with preliminary materials. |
| ☐ | Fee computed on table in exhibit required by Item 25(b) per Exchange Act Rules 14a-6(i)(1) and 0-11. |
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WAVE LIFE SCIENCES LTD.
(Incorporated in the Republic of Singapore)
(Company Registration Number 201218209G)
NOTICE OF 2025 ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING OF SHAREHOLDERS
TIME: 11:30 a.m., Eastern Time
DATE: August 5, 2025
PLACE: Wave Life Sciences Ltd., 733 Concord Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138
To Our Shareholders:
You are cordially invited to attend the 2025 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders of Wave Life Sciences Ltd. to be held at 11:30 a.m., Eastern Time, on Tuesday, August 5, 2025 at 733 Concord Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138. In this Notice, we refer to the 2025 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders as the “2025 AGM” and we refer to Wave Life Sciences Ltd. as “Wave,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our.” Details regarding the 2025 AGM, the business to be conducted at the 2025 AGM, and information about the Company that you should consider when you vote your shares are described in the attached proxy statement. Shareholders should note that we may be required or it may be advisable to change our meeting arrangements for the 2025 AGM on short notice. Shareholders should refer to Wave’s website at https://ir.wavelifesciences.com/ and/or its announcements for the latest updates on the status of the 2025 AGM.
The 2025 AGM will be held for the following purposes:
As Special Business
| 1. | (a) To elect Paul B. Bolno, M.D., MBA to serve on the Board of Directors; |
(Ordinary Resolution 1(a))
| (b) | To elect Mark H.N. Corrigan, M.D. to serve on the Board of Directors; |
(Ordinary Resolution 1(b))
| (c) | To elect Christian Henry to serve on the Board of Directors; |
(Ordinary Resolution 1(c))
| (d) | To elect Peter Kolchinsky, Ph.D. to serve on the Board of Directors; |
(Ordinary Resolution 1(d))
| (e) | To elect Adrian Rawcliffe to serve on the Board of Directors; |
(Ordinary Resolution 1(e))
| (f) | To elect Ken Takanashi to serve on the Board of Directors; |
(Ordinary Resolution 1(f))
| (g) | To elect Aik Na Tan to serve on the Board of Directors; |
(Ordinary Resolution 1(g))
| (h) | To elect Gregory L. Verdine, Ph.D. to serve on the Board of Directors; |
(Ordinary Resolution 1(h))
| (i) | To elect Heidi L. Wagner, J.D. to serve on the Board of Directors; |
(Ordinary Resolution 1(i))
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As Ordinary Business
| 2. | To approve the re-appointment of KPMG LLP to serve as our independent registered public accounting firm and independent Singapore auditor for the year ending December 31, 2025, and to authorize the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors to fix KPMG LLP’s remuneration for services provided through the date of our 2026 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders; |
(Ordinary Resolution 2)
| 3. | To approve our payment of cash and equity-based compensation to non-employee directors for service on the Board of Directors and its committees, in the manner and on the basis as set forth under “Proposal 3: Non-Employee Directors’ Compensation” in the attached proxy statement; |
(Ordinary Resolution 3)
As Special Business
| 4. | To approve a proposed amendment to our 2021 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended, to increase the total number of ordinary shares available for issuance under the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended, by 8,000,000 ordinary shares in the manner and on the basis as set forth under “Proposal 4: Approval of an Amendment to the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended” in the attached proxy statement; |
(Ordinary Resolution 4)
| 5. | Pursuant to the provisions of Section 161 of the Companies Act 1967 of Singapore (the “Singapore Companies Act”), and also subject to the provisions of the Singapore Companies Act and our Constitution, authority be, and hereby is, given to our Board of Directors: |
| (a) | to: |
| (i) | allot and issue ordinary shares in our capital; and/or |
| (ii) | make or grant offers, agreements, options or other instruments (including the grant of awards or options pursuant to our equity-based incentive plans and agreements in effect from time to time) that might or would require ordinary shares to be allotted and issued, whether such allotment or issuance would occur during or after the expiration of this authority (including but not limited to, the creation and issuance of warrants, rights, units, purchase contracts, debentures or other instruments (including debt instruments) convertible into or exercisable for ordinary shares), |
at any time to and/or with such persons and upon such terms and conditions, for such purposes and for consideration as our directors may in their sole discretion deem fit, and with such rights or restrictions as our directors may think fit to impose and as are set forth in our Constitution; and
| (b) | to allot and issue ordinary shares in our capital pursuant to any offer, agreement, option or other agreement made, granted or authorized by our directors while this resolution was in effect, regardless of whether the authority conferred by this resolution may have ceased to be in effect at the time of the allotment and issuance, |
and that such authority, if approved by our shareholders, shall continue in effect until the earlier of the conclusion of our 2026 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders or the expiration of the period within which our 2026 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders is required by law to be held;
(Ordinary Resolution 5)
| 6. | To approve, on a non-binding, advisory basis only, the compensation of our named executive officers: |
“RESOLVED, on a non-binding, advisory basis only, that the compensation paid to the named executive officers of the Company, as disclosed pursuant to the compensation disclosure rules of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, including the Compensation Discussion and Analysis, the compensation tables and the related material disclosed in this proxy statement, is hereby APPROVED.”
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This non-binding advisory resolution is being proposed to shareholders as required pursuant to the requirements of Section 14A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). The shareholders’ vote on this proposal is solely advisory and non-binding in nature, will have no legal effect for purposes of Singapore law and will not be enforceable against our Company or our Board of Directors;
(Non-Binding Advisory Resolution 6)
| 7. | To approve, on a non-binding, advisory basis only, the frequency of holding future shareholder advisory votes on the compensation of our named executive officers: |
“RESOLVED, on a non-binding, advisory basis only, that the shareholders recommend that a non-binding, advisory vote to approve the compensation paid to the named executive officers of the Company be put to shareholders for their consideration with one of the following three frequencies:
| (a) | every year; |
| (b) | every two years; or |
| (c) | every three years.” |
This non-binding advisory resolution is being proposed to shareholders as required pursuant to the requirements of Section 14A of the Exchange Act. The shareholders’ vote on this proposal is solely advisory and non-binding in nature, will have no legal effect for purposes of Singapore law and will not be enforceable against our Company or our Board of Directors; and
(Non-Binding Advisory Resolution 7)
| 8. | To transact such other business as may properly come before the 2025 AGM and all adjournments or postponements thereof. |
The Board of Directors recommends the approval of each of the first six proposals and every year on Proposal 7.
All of the above proposals should be read in conjunction with the attached proxy statement, which sets out the specific parameters of the proposals.
Each of the matters to be voted on at the 2025 AGM (other than Proposals 6 and 7, which are the only non-binding advisory resolutions) may be passed by ordinary resolution pursuant to our Constitution.
Notes About the Annual General Meeting of Shareholders
Eligibility to Vote at 2025 AGM. The Board of Directors has fixed the close of business on June 6, 2025 as the record date for determining those shareholders who will be entitled to receive copies of this Notice and the attached proxy statement. As of June 6, 2025, we had 155,562,665 ordinary shares issued and outstanding. However, under Singapore law, only registered holders of our ordinary shares (i.e., persons whose names appear on the Register of Members of the Company maintained in accordance with Section 190 of the Singapore Companies Act), or “shareholders of record,” on the date of the 2025 AGM, August 5, 2025, will be entitled to vote at the 2025 AGM. If you have sold or transferred any of your ordinary shares after June 6, 2025 and prior to the 2025 AGM, you should immediately forward this Notice and the attached proxy statement and proxy card to the purchaser or transferee of such shares, or to the bank, broker or agent through whom the sale of such shares was effected, for onward transmission to the purchaser or transferee. If you hold shares other than in registered form as a shareholder of record, and instead hold your shares as, or through, a participant in DTC (i.e., in “street name”), we understand that in order for your vote to be counted at the 2025 AGM, you must also have been a holder of shares on the date of the 2025 AGM, August 5, 2025.
Proxies. All shareholders of record as of the date of the 2025 AGM are cordially invited to attend the 2025 AGM or appoint a proxy to attend and vote in their place (referred to as a “legal proxy”). A legal proxy need not also be a shareholder of record. Whether or not you plan to attend the 2025 AGM, we urge you to vote and submit
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your proxy card by mail in order to ensure the presence of a quorum. A proxy card must be received by Vote Processing, c/o Broadridge, 51 Mercedes Way, Edgewood, NY 11717 not less than 48 hours before the time appointed for holding the 2025 AGM or within such other time as may be required by the Singapore Companies Act. Completion and submission of the proxy card shall not preclude a shareholder of record from attending and voting at the 2025 AGM. Any appointment of a legal proxy or proxies will be revoked if a shareholder of record attends and votes in person at the 2025 AGM, and in such event, we reserve the right to refuse to admit any person or persons appointed under the instrument of proxy or proxies to the meeting.
For the avoidance of doubt, the reference to “proxy” in this Notice does not mean a “legal proxy” entitled under Singapore law to attend and vote on behalf of a shareholder of record. The reference to “soliciting your proxy” means that a shareholder of record may appoint the persons identified on the proxy card as such shareholder’s legal proxies to vote in accordance with such shareholder’s instructions given via proxy or to authorize such persons to vote freely.
Beneficial or “Street Name” Holders. If your shares are held in “street name” (i.e., in the name of a bank, broker or other shareholder of record), you will receive instructions from the shareholder of record. You must follow the instructions of the shareholder of record in order for your shares to be voted. If your shares are not registered in your own name and you plan to vote your shares in person at the 2025 AGM, you should contact your broker or agent to obtain a legal proxy or broker’s proxy card and bring it to the 2025 AGM in order to vote as a legal proxy.
Singapore Audited Accounts. At the 2025 AGM, our shareholders will have the opportunity to discuss and ask questions regarding our Singapore audited accounts, which we refer to as our Singapore Statutory Financial Statements, for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, together with the directors’ statement and independent auditors’ report thereon, in compliance with the laws of Singapore. Shareholder approval of our Singapore Statutory Financial Statements is not being sought by the attached proxy statement and will not be sought at the 2025 AGM.
Meeting Arrangements. Shareholders should note that we may be required or it may be advisable to change our meeting arrangements for the 2025 AGM on short notice. Shareholders should refer to our website at https://ir.wavelifesciences.com/ and/or our announcements for the latest updates on the status of the 2025 AGM.
When you have finished reading the attached proxy statement, you are urged to vote in accordance with the instructions set forth in the proxy statement. We encourage you to vote by proxy so that your shares will be represented and voted at the 2025 AGM, whether or not you can attend. Thank you for your continued support of Wave Life Sciences Ltd.
BY ORDER OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS
| June 23, 2025 | Paul B. Bolno, M.D., MBA | |||
| President, Chief Executive Officer and Director |
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| PAGE | ||||
| 2 | ||||
| Important Information About the Annual General Meeting of Shareholders and Voting |
3 | |||
| Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management |
10 | |||
| 13 | ||||
| 26 | ||||
| 47 | ||||
| 51 | ||||
| 52 | ||||
| 53 | ||||
| 55 | ||||
| 56 | ||||
| 58 | ||||
| Proposal 4: Approval of an Amendment to the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended |
60 | |||
| 68 | ||||
| 70 | ||||
| 71 | ||||
| 72 | ||||
| 72 | ||||
| 72 | ||||
| Appendices |
||||
| Appendix A — Singapore Statutory Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2024 |
A-1 | |||
| B-1 | ||||
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IMPORTANT NOTICE REGARDING THE AVAILABILITY OF PROXY MATERIALS
FOR THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING OF SHAREHOLDERS
TO BE HELD ON AUGUST 5, 2025
The Notice, this proxy statement and our 2024 annual report to shareholders are available for viewing, printing and downloading at www.proxyvote.com. You can elect to receive distributions of our proxy statements and annual reports to shareholders for future annual general meetings by electronic delivery. For specific instructions on making such an election, please refer to the instructions on the proxy card or voting instruction form.
At no charge, we are providing each person from whom a proxy is solicited a copy of, and access to, our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, as amended (our “2024 Form 10-K”). Additionally, you can find a copy of our 2024 Form 10-K on the website of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), at www.sec.gov, or in the “Investors” section of our website at http://ir.wavelifesciences.com/ under the heading “SEC Filings.” You may also obtain a printed copy of our 2024 Form 10-K, free of charge, from us by sending a written request to Investor Relations, Wave Life Sciences Ltd., 733 Concord Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138 or by email to [email protected]. Exhibits to our 2024 Form 10-K will be provided upon written request and payment of an appropriate processing fee.
The information provided on our website (www.wavelifesciences.com) is referenced in this proxy statement for information purposes only. The information on our website shall not be deemed to be a part of or incorporated by reference into this proxy statement or any other filings we make with the SEC or any solicitation of proxies by us.
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WAVE LIFE SCIENCES LTD.
733 CONCORD AVENUE
CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138
PROXY STATEMENT FOR THE WAVE LIFE SCIENCES LTD.
2025 ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING OF SHAREHOLDERS
TO BE HELD ON AUGUST 5, 2025
This proxy statement, along with the accompanying Notice of 2025 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders (the “Notice”), contains information about the 2025 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders of Wave Life Sciences Ltd. (including any adjournments or postponements thereof), which we refer to in this proxy statement as the “2025 AGM.” We are holding the 2025 AGM at 11:30 a.m., Eastern Time, on Tuesday, August 5, 2025, at 733 Concord Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138. Shareholders should note that we may be required or it may be advisable to change our meeting arrangements for the 2025 AGM on short notice. Shareholders should refer to Wave’s website at https://ir.wavelifesciences.com/ and/or its announcements for the latest updates on the status of the 2025 AGM.
In this proxy statement, we refer to Wave Life Sciences Ltd. as “Wave,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our.”
This proxy statement relates to the solicitation of proxies by our Board of Directors for use at the 2025 AGM.
On or about June 23, 2025, we intend to begin sending this proxy statement, the Notice and the enclosed proxy card to shareholders of record as of June 6, 2025. Although not part of this proxy statement, we are also sending, along with this proxy statement, our 2024 annual report to shareholders, which includes our financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024. Except as otherwise stated herein, all monetary amounts in this proxy statement have been presented in U.S. dollars.
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CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This proxy statement contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements concern, among other things, expectations about our clinical trials and pre-clinical activities and programs, regulatory submissions, collaborations, the anticipated benefits of our therapeutic candidates, our financial and operating results, and our future performance and our ability to implement our strategy. These statements involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions and are based on the current estimates and assumptions of the management of the Company as of the date of the proxy statement and are subject to uncertainty and changes. Given these uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those indicated by such forward-looking statements include, among others, those set forth under the heading “Risk Factors” contained in our 2024 Form 10-K, as well as any updates to those risk factors filed from time to time in our periodic and current reports filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. All information in this proxy statement is as of the date of this proxy statement and the Company undertakes no duty to update this information unless required by law.
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IMPORTANT INFORMATION ABOUT THE
ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING OF SHAREHOLDERS AND VOTING
Why is the Company Soliciting My Proxy?
The Board of Directors of Wave Life Sciences Ltd. (the “Board”) is soliciting your proxy to vote at the 2025 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders (the “2025 AGM”) to be held at 733 Concord Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138 on Tuesday, August 5, 2025, at 11:30 a.m., Eastern Time, and any adjournments or postponements of the 2025 AGM. Shareholders should note that we may be required or it may be advisable to change our meeting arrangements for the 2025 AGM on short notice. This proxy statement, along with the Notice, summarizes the purposes of the meeting and the information you need to know to vote at the 2025 AGM.
We have made available to you on the Internet or have sent you this proxy statement, the Notice, the proxy card, and our 2024 annual report to shareholders because you owned ordinary shares of Wave Life Sciences Ltd. on the record date for determining those shareholders who will be entitled to receive copies of the Notice and this proxy statement. We intend to begin distributing the proxy materials to shareholders on or about June 23, 2025.
For the avoidance of doubt, the reference to “proxy” in this proxy statement does not mean a “legal proxy” entitled under Singapore law to attend and vote on behalf of a shareholder of record. The reference to “soliciting your proxy” means that a shareholder of record may appoint the persons identified on the proxy card as such shareholder’s legal proxy to vote in accordance with such shareholder’s instructions given via proxy or to authorize such persons to vote freely.
Who Can Vote?
The Board has fixed the close of business on June 6, 2025 as the record date for determining those shareholders who will be entitled to receive copies of the Notice and this proxy statement. As of June 6, 2025, we had 155,562,665 ordinary shares issued and outstanding. However, under Singapore law, only registered holders of our ordinary shares, or “shareholders of record,” on the date of the 2025 AGM, August 5, 2025, will be entitled to vote at the 2025 AGM. If you have sold or transferred any of your ordinary shares after the record date of June 6, 2025 and prior to the 2025 AGM, you should immediately forward the Notice, this proxy statement and the proxy card to the purchaser or transferee of such shares, or to the bank, broker or agent through whom the sale of such shares was effected, for onward transmission to the purchaser or transferee. If you hold shares other than in registered form as a shareholder of record, and instead hold your shares as, or through, a participant in DTC (i.e., in “street name”), in order for your vote to be counted at the 2025 AGM, you must also be a holder of shares on the date of the 2025 AGM, August 5, 2025.
All shareholders of record as of the date of the 2025 AGM are cordially invited to attend the 2025 AGM or appoint a legal proxy to attend and vote in their place. A legal proxy need not also be a shareholder of record. Whether or not you plan to attend the 2025 AGM, we urge you to vote and submit your proxy card by mail in order to ensure the presence of a quorum. A proxy card must be received by Vote Processing, c/o Broadridge, 51 Mercedes Way, Edgewood, NY 11717 not less than 48 hours before the time appointed for holding the 2025 AGM or within such other time as may be required by the Singapore Companies Act. Completion and submission of the proxy card shall not preclude a shareholder of record from attending and voting at the 2025 AGM. Any appointment of a legal proxy or proxies will be revoked if a shareholder of record attends and votes in person at the 2025 AGM, and in such event, we reserve the right to refuse to admit any person or persons appointed under the instrument of proxy or proxies to the meeting. Shareholders of record may change or revoke their legal proxies at any time before their shares are voted at the 2025 AGM. For instructions on how to change or revoke your legal proxy, see “May I Change or Revoke My Proxy?” below.
How Many Votes Do I Have?
Each ordinary share that you own or represent as a legal proxy entitles you to one vote at the 2025 AGM. The Series A preferred shares of the Company are not entitled to vote on any of the matters being proposed at the 2025 AGM.
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How Do I Vote?
If you are not planning to attend the 2025 AGM, we urge you to vote by proxy. All shares represented by valid proxies that we receive through this solicitation, and that are not revoked, will be voted in accordance with your instructions on the proxy card. You may specify whether your shares should be voted for, against or abstain for each nominee for director, whether your shares should be voted for, against or abstain with respect to Proposals 2-6, and whether your shares should be voted for one year, two years, three years, or abstain with respect to Proposal 7. If you properly submit a proxy card without giving specific voting instructions, your shares will be voted in accordance with the Board’s recommendations as noted below, except as described under “Will My Shares be Voted if I Do Not Vote or Provide Voting Instructions?” Voting by proxy will not affect your right to attend the 2025 AGM. If you are a shareholder of record such that your shares are registered directly in your name through our transfer agent, Computershare Trust Company, N.A., or you have share certificates registered in your name, you may vote:
| • | By mail. If you received a proxy card by mail, you can vote by mail by completing, signing, dating and returning the proxy card as instructed on the card. If you sign the proxy card but do not specify how you want your shares voted, they will be voted in accordance with the Board’s recommendations as noted below. |
| • | In person at the meeting. If you attend the meeting, you may vote by completing a ballot, which will be available at the meeting. |
A proxy card must be received by Vote Processing, c/o Broadridge, 51 Mercedes Way, Edgewood, NY 11717 not less than 48 hours before the time appointed for holding the 2025 AGM or within such other time as may be required by the Singapore Companies Act.
If your shares are held in “street name” (i.e., in the name of a bank, broker or other shareholder of record), you will receive instructions from the shareholder of record. You must follow the instructions of the shareholder of record in order for your shares to be voted. If your shares are not registered in your own name and you plan to vote your shares in person at the 2025 AGM, you should contact your broker or agent to obtain a legal proxy or broker’s proxy card and bring it to the 2025 AGM in order to vote.
How Does the Board of Directors Recommend That I Vote on the Proposals?
The Board of Directors recommends that you vote as follows:
| • | “FOR” each of the resolutions for the election of the nominees for director; |
| • | “FOR” the approval of the re-appointment of KPMG LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm and independent Singapore auditor for the year ending December 31, 2025, and the authorization of the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors to fix KPMG LLP’s remuneration for services provided through the date of our 2026 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders; |
| • | “FOR” the approval of cash and equity-based compensation to be paid to the non-employee members of the Board of Directors for service on the Board of Directors and its committees, as described under “Proposal 3: Non-Employee Directors’ Compensation”; |
| • | “FOR” the approval of an increase in the total number of ordinary shares available for issuance under the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended; |
| • | “FOR” the authorization of the Board of Directors to allot and issue ordinary shares of the Company; |
| • | “FOR” the non-binding advisory resolution on compensation of our named executive officers, as disclosed in this proxy statement; and |
| • | “FOR” the non-binding advisory resolution on the frequency of holding an advisory vote on the compensation of our named executive officers every year. |
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If any other matter is presented at the 2025 AGM, your proxy card provides that your shares will be voted by the proxy holder listed in the proxy card in accordance with the proxy holder’s judgment. At the time this proxy statement was first made available, we knew of no matters that needed to be acted on at the 2025 AGM, other than those discussed in this proxy statement.
May I Change or Revoke My Proxy?
If you give us your proxy, you may change or revoke it at any time before or at the 2025 AGM in any one of the following ways:
| • | if you received a proxy card, by signing and submitting a new proxy card with a date later than your previously delivered proxy card, which must be received by Vote Processing, c/o Broadridge, 51 Mercedes Way, Edgewood, NY 11717 not less than 48 hours before the time appointed for holding the 2025 AGM or within such other time as may be required by the Singapore Companies Act; or |
| • | by attending and voting at the 2025 AGM in person. Any appointment of a legal proxy or proxies will be revoked if a shareholder of record attends and votes in person at the 2025 AGM. |
Your most current vote is the one that will be counted.
What if I Receive More Than One Proxy Card?
You may receive more than one proxy card if you hold any of our ordinary shares in more than one account, which may be in registered form or held in street name. Please vote in the manner described above under “How Do I Vote?” for each account to ensure that all of your shares are voted.
Will My Shares be Voted if I Do Not Vote or Provide Voting Instructions?
If your shares are registered in your name or if you have share certificates, they will not be counted if you do not vote as described above under “How Do I Vote?”. If your shares are held in street name and you do not provide voting instructions to the bank, broker or other nominee that holds your shares as described above, the bank, broker or other nominee that holds your shares has the authority to vote your unvoted shares without receiving instructions from you on Proposal 2: the approval of the re-appointment of KPMG LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm and independent Singapore auditor and the authorization of KPMG’s remuneration. We encourage you to provide voting instructions to your bank, broker or other nominee to ensure your shares will be voted at the 2025 AGM and in the manner you desire. A “broker non-vote” will occur if your broker cannot vote your shares on a particular matter because it has not received instructions from you and does not have discretionary voting authority on that matter or because your broker chooses not to vote on a matter for which it does have discretionary voting authority.
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What Vote is Required to Approve Each Proposal and How are Votes Counted?
| Proposal 1: Elect Directors | Each nominee for director who receives the affirmative vote of a majority of the votes cast by the holders of ordinary shares voting either in person or by proxy at the 2025 AGM will be elected to serve until the next annual general meeting of shareholders (meaning the number of shares voted “for” a nominee must exceed the number of shares voted “against” such nominee).
You may vote either “for” or “against” each of the nominees, or you may “abstain” from voting for one or more nominees. If you “abstain” from voting with respect to one or more nominees, your vote will have no effect on the election of such nominees. Brokerage firms do not have authority to vote customers’ unvoted shares held by the firms in street name with respect to this proposal. As a result, any shares not voted by a customer will be treated as a broker non-vote. Such broker non-votes will have no effect on the results of this vote. | |
| Proposal 2: Approve the Re-Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm and Independent Singapore Auditor and Authorize the Auditor’s Remuneration | The affirmative vote of a majority of the votes cast by holders of ordinary shares voting in person or by proxy at the 2025 AGM is required to approve the re-appointment of KPMG LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm and our independent Singapore auditor and to authorize the Audit Committee to fix the auditor’s remuneration (meaning the number of shares voted “for” the proposal must exceed the number of shares voted “against” the proposal).
You may vote either “for” or “against” or “abstain” from voting on this proposal. Abstentions will have no effect on the results of this vote. Brokerage firms have authority to vote customers’ unvoted shares held by the firms in street name on this proposal. If a broker does not exercise this authority, such broker non-votes will have no effect on the results of this vote. | |
| Proposal 3: Approve the Non-Employee Directors’ Compensation | The affirmative vote of a majority of the votes cast by holders of ordinary shares voting in person or by proxy at the 2025 AGM is required to approve the non-employee directors’ compensation policy (meaning the number of shares voted “for” the proposal must exceed the number of shares voted “against” the proposal).
You may vote either “for” or “against” or “abstain” from voting on this proposal. Abstentions will have no effect on the results of this vote. Brokerage firms do | |
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| not have authority to vote customers’ unvoted shares held by the firms in street name with respect to this proposal. As a result, any shares not voted by a customer will be treated as a broker non-vote. Such broker non-votes will have no effect on the results of this vote. | ||
| Proposal 4: Approve an Amendment to the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended | The affirmative vote of a majority of the votes cast by holders of ordinary shares voting in person or by proxy at the 2025 AGM is required to approve an amendment to the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended, to increase the total number of ordinary shares available for issuance under the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended, by 8,000,000 ordinary shares (meaning the number of shares voted “for” the proposal must exceed the number of shares voted “against” the proposal). | |
| You may vote either “for” or “against” or “abstain” from voting on this proposal. Abstentions will have no effect on the results of this vote. Brokerage firms do not have authority to vote customers’ unvoted shares held by the firms in street name with respect to this proposal. As a result, any shares not voted by a customer will be treated as a broker non-vote. Such broker non-votes will have no effect on the results of this vote. | ||
| Proposal 5: Authorize the Board to Allot and Issue Ordinary Shares of the Company | The affirmative vote of a majority of the votes cast by holders of ordinary shares voting in person or by proxy at the 2025 AGM is required to authorize the Board to allot and issue ordinary shares of the Company (meaning the number of shares voted “for” the proposal must exceed the number of shares voted “against” the proposal).
You may vote either “for” or “against” or “abstain” from voting on this proposal. Abstentions will have no effect on the results of this vote. Brokerage firms do not have authority to vote customers’ unvoted shares held by the firms in street name with respect to this proposal. As a result, any shares not voted by a customer will be treated as a broker non-vote. Such broker non-votes will have no effect on the results of this vote. | |
| Proposal 6: Approve a Non-Binding Advisory Resolution on the Compensation of our Named Executive Officers | This non-binding advisory resolution is being proposed to shareholders as required pursuant to Section 14A of the Exchange Act. The shareholders’ vote on this proposal is solely advisory and non-binding in nature, will have no legal effect for purposes of Singapore law and will not be enforceable against our Company or our Board. For the avoidance of doubt, this is not an Ordinary Resolution. | |
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| The affirmative vote of a majority of the votes cast by holders of ordinary shares voting in person or by proxy at the 2025 AGM is required to approve, on a non-binding, advisory basis only, the compensation of our named executive officers, as described in this proxy statement (meaning the number of shares voted “for” the proposal must exceed the number of shares voted “against” the proposal).
You may vote either “for” or “against” or “abstain” from voting on this proposal. Abstentions will have no effect on the results of this vote. Brokerage firms do not have authority to vote customers’ unvoted shares held by the firms in street name with respect to this proposal. As a result, any shares not voted by a customer will be treated as a broker non-vote. Such broker non-votes will have no effect on the results of this vote. | ||
| Proposal 7: Approve a Non-Binding Advisory Resolution on the Frequency of Holding an Advisory Vote on the Compensation of our Named Executive Officers | This non-binding advisory resolution is being proposed to shareholders as required pursuant to Section 14A of the Exchange Act. The shareholders’ vote on this proposal is solely advisory and non-binding in nature, will have no legal effect for purposes of Singapore law and will not be enforceable against our Company or our Board. For the avoidance of doubt, this is not an Ordinary Resolution.
Solely for the purposes of indicating the level of support of the shareholders for the frequency of holding an advisory vote on the compensation of our named executive officers – every year, every two years or every three years – the Compensation Committee of the Board and the Board will consider the frequency receiving the highest number of affirmative votes cast out of the total number of votes cast on this proposal, to be the frequency approved by our shareholders (meaning the option for which the highest number of shares were voted “for” will be considered to be the “approved” option for the purposes of this non-binding advisory resolution).
You may vote “for” only ONE of the said three options, or choose to “abstain” from voting on any of the three options. Abstentions will have no effect on the results of this vote. Brokerage firms do not have authority to vote customers’ unvoted shares held by the firms in street name with respect to this proposal. As a result, any shares not voted by a customer will be treated as a broker non-vote. Such broker non-votes will have no effect on the results of this vote. | |
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Where Can I Find the Voting Results of the 2025 AGM?
The preliminary voting results will be announced at the 2025 AGM, and we will publish preliminary results, or final results if available, in a Current Report on Form 8-K within four business days after the 2025 AGM. If final results are unavailable at the time we file the Form 8-K, then we will file an amended report on Form 8-K to disclose the final voting results within four business days after the final voting results are known.
What Are the Costs of Soliciting these Proxies?
We will pay all of the costs of soliciting these proxies. Our directors and employees may solicit proxies in person or by telephone or email. We will pay these employees and directors no additional compensation for these services. We will ask banks, brokers and other institutions, nominees and fiduciaries to forward these proxy materials to their principals and to obtain authority to execute proxies. We will then reimburse them for their expenses.
We have engaged Innisfree to act as our proxy solicitor in connection with the proposals to be acted upon at our 2025 AGM. Pursuant to our agreement with our proxy solicitor, our proxy solicitor will, among other things, provide advice regarding proxy solicitation issues and solicit proxies from our shareholders on our behalf in connection with the 2025 AGM. For these services, we will pay a fee of approximately $25,000 plus expenses. If you have any questions or require any assistance, you may contact Innisfree using a dedicated toll-free number at 877-800-5192.
What Constitutes a Quorum for the 2025 AGM?
In order to hold the meeting, there must be a quorum. The presence, in person or by proxy, of at least two shareholders holding in aggregate at least a majority of all issued and outstanding ordinary shares entitled to vote at the 2025 AGM is necessary to constitute a quorum at the 2025 AGM. Votes of shareholders of record who are present in person or represented by proxy at the 2025 AGM, abstentions and broker non-votes are counted for purposes of determining whether a quorum exists.
Attending the 2025 AGM
The 2025 AGM will be held at 11:30 a.m., Eastern Time, on Tuesday, August 5, 2025 at 733 Concord Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138. When you arrive, signs will direct you to the appropriate meeting rooms. You need not attend the 2025 AGM in person in order to vote, provided that your proxy is present to represent your vote. Shareholders should note that we may be required or it may be advisable to change our meeting arrangements for the 2025 AGM on short notice. Shareholders should refer to our website at https://ir.wavelifesciences.com/ and/or our announcements for the latest updates on the status of the 2025 AGM.
Singapore Statutory Financial Statements
Our Singapore audited financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, prepared in conformity with the provisions of the laws of Singapore, and the accompanying directors’ statement and the independent auditors’ report thereon are required under Singapore law and our Constitution to be provided to shareholders for discussion at the 2025 AGM. We refer to such materials herein collectively as the “Singapore Statutory Financial Statements.” The Singapore Statutory Financial Statements are provided as Appendix A to this proxy statement solely to satisfy this requirement. At the 2025 AGM, our shareholders will have the opportunity to discuss and ask questions regarding the Singapore Statutory Financial Statements. Shareholder approval of the Singapore Statutory Financial Statements is not being sought by this proxy statement for the 2025 AGM and will not be sought at the 2025 AGM. The Singapore Statutory Financial Statements shall not be deemed to be “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the SEC nor shall such information be incorporated by reference into any filings under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or under the Exchange Act, or be subject to the liabilities of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, except to the extent that we specifically incorporate this information by reference into any such filing.
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SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF
CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT
The following table sets forth certain information with respect to the beneficial ownership of our ordinary shares as of June 6, 2025 for (i) the named executive officers (“NEOs”) named in the Summary Compensation Table appearing elsewhere in this proxy statement, (ii) each of our directors, (iii) all of our current directors and executive officers as a group, and (iv) each shareholder known by us to own beneficially more than 5% of our ordinary shares. Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC and includes voting or investment power with respect to the securities. We deem ordinary shares that may be acquired by an individual or group within 60 days after June 6, 2025 pursuant to the exercise of options, the vesting of restricted share unit awards, the exercise of pre-funded warrants, or the conversion of our outstanding Series A preferred shares into ordinary shares to be outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of such individual or group, but such shares are not deemed to be outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other individual or group shown in the table. Except as indicated in footnotes to this table, we believe that the shareholders named in this table have sole voting and investment power with respect to all ordinary shares shown to be beneficially owned by them based on information provided to us by these shareholders. Percentage ownership is based on 155,562,665 ordinary shares outstanding on June 6, 2025.
| Ordinary Shares Beneficially Owned |
||||||||
| Name |
Shares | Percent | ||||||
| 5% Beneficial Owners: |
||||||||
| RA Capital Management, L.P.(1) |
25,462,510 | 15.64 | % | |||||
| GSK plc(2) |
16,775,691 | 10.78 | % | |||||
| Adage Capital Partners, L.P.(3) |
12,516,500 | 8.05 | % | |||||
| Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd.(4) |
9,606,408 | 6.02 | % | |||||
| BlackRock, Inc.(5) |
9,360,163 | 6.02 | % | |||||
| Maverick Capital, Ltd.(6) |
8,261,242 | 5.31 | % | |||||
| Directors and Named Executive Officers: |
||||||||
| Paul B. Bolno, M.D., MBA(7) |
2,415,163 | 1.53 | % | |||||
| Chandra Vargeese, Ph.D.(8) |
1,029,209 | * | ||||||
| Kyle Moran, CFA(9) |
653,477 | * | ||||||
| Christopher Francis, Ph.D.(10) |
465,768 | * | ||||||
| Mark H. N. Corrigan, M.D.(11) |
178,075 | * | ||||||
| Christian Henry(12) |
156,345 | * | ||||||
| Peter Kolchinsky, Ph.D.(13) |
25,462,510 | 15.64 | % | |||||
| Adrian Rawcliffe(14) |
166,845 | * | ||||||
| Ken Takanashi(15) |
9,773,253 | 6.12 | % | |||||
| Gregory L. Verdine, Ph.D.(16) |
626,714 | * | ||||||
| Heidi Wagner(11) |
178,075 | * | ||||||
| Aik Na Tan(12) |
156,345 | * | ||||||
| All current directors and executive officers as a group (12 individuals)(17) |
41,261,779 | 23.98 | % | |||||
| * | Represents less than 1% of ordinary shares outstanding on June 6, 2025. |
| (1) | Based on information reported by RA Capital Management, L.P. (“RA Capital”) on Schedule 13D/A filed with the SEC on October 1, 2024. Consists of (i) 18,202,009 ordinary shares held by RA Capital Healthcare Fund, L.P. (the “Fund”), (ii) 150,730 ordinary shares underlying options exercisable within 60 days after June 6, 2025 held by Dr. Peter Kolchinsky, a member of our Board, (iii) 16,115 restricted share units vesting within 60 days after June 6, 2025 held by Dr. Kolchinsky, and (iv) 7,093,656 ordinary shares that the Fund beneficially owns based on the right to acquire upon exercise of pre-funded warrants. RA Capital Healthcare Fund GP, LLC is the general partner of the Fund. The general partner of RA Capital is RA Capital |
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| Management GP, LLC, of which Dr. Kolchinsky and Mr. Rajeev Shah are the controlling persons. RA Capital serves as investment adviser for the Fund and may be deemed a beneficial owner of any securities of the Company held by the Fund. The Fund has delegated to RA Capital the sole power to vote and the sole power to dispose of all securities held in the Fund’s portfolio, including the ordinary shares held by the Fund. Because the Fund has divested itself of voting and investment power over the reported securities it holds and may not revoke that delegation on less than 61 days’ notice, the Fund disclaims beneficial ownership of the securities it holds for purposes of Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act. As managers of RA Capital, Dr. Kolchinsky and Mr. Shah may be deemed beneficial owners, for purposes of Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act, of any securities of the Company beneficially owned by RA Capital. RA Capital, Dr. Kolchinsky, and Mr. Shah disclaim beneficial ownership of securities reported herein. The address for RA Capital is 200 Berkeley Street, 18th Floor, Boston, MA 02116. |
| (2) | Based on information reported by GSK plc on Form 4 filed with the SEC on October 1, 2024. Consists of ordinary shares held of record by Glaxo Group Limited, a wholly-owned subsidiary of GSK plc. The address of GSK plc is 980 Great West Road, Brentford, Middlesex TW8 9GS, England. |
| (3) | Based on information reported by Adage Capital Partners, L.P. on Schedule 13G/A filed with the SEC on May 12, 2025. Consists of ordinary shares held of record by Adage Capital Partners GP, L.L.C. The address of Adage Capital Partners, L.P. is 200 Clarendon Street, 52nd Floor, Boston, Massachusetts 02116. |
| (4) | Based on information reported by Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd. (“SNBL”) on Schedule 13D/A filed with the SEC on August 12, 2022. Consists of (i) 1,697,467 ordinary shares held by SNBL; (ii) 4,007,593 ordinary shares held by SNBL USA, Ltd. (“SNBL USA”); (iii) 1,801,348 ordinary shares underlying immediately convertible Series A preferred shares held by SNBL; and (iv) 2,100,000 ordinary shares underlying immediately convertible Series A preferred shares held by SNBL USA. The Series A preferred shares can be converted at any time on a one-for-one basis into ordinary shares at the discretion of the holder. Ken Takanashi, a member of our Board, is an executive officer of SNBL and an executive officer and director of SNBL USA. SNBL and Mr. Takanashi share voting and dispositive power with respect to such shares and may be deemed to beneficially own such shares. The address of SNBL is 2438 Miyanoura-cho, Kagoshima City, Kagoshima 891-1394, Japan; the address of SNBL USA is 2333 Seaway Boulevard, Everett, WA 98203; and the address of Mr. Takanashi is St. Luke’s Tower 28F, 8-1,Akashi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0044, Japan. |
| (5) | Based on information reported by BlackRock, Inc. on Schedule 13G/A filed with the SEC on February 5, 2025. Consists of ordinary shares held of record by BlackRock, Inc. The address of BlackRock, Inc. is 50 Hudson Yards, New York, NY 10001. |
| (6) | Based on information reported by Maverick Capital, Ltd., Maverick Capital Management, LLC and Lee S. Ainslie III on Schedule 13G/A filed with the SEC on February 14, 2025. Maverick Capital, Ltd. is an investment adviser registered under Section 203 of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 and, as such, may be deemed to have beneficial ownership of the ordinary shares reported herein through the investment discretion it exercises over its clients’ accounts. Maverick Capital Management, LLC is the General Partner of Maverick Capital, Ltd. Mr. Ainslie is the manager of Maverick Capital Management, LLC. The principal business address of (i) Maverick Capital, Ltd. and Maverick Capital Management, LLC is 1900 N. Pearl Street, 20th Floor, Dallas, Texas, 75201, and (ii) Mr. Ainslie is 360 South Rosemary Ave., Suite 1440, West Palm Beach, Florida 33401. |
| (7) | Consists of (i) 217,351 ordinary shares held by Dr. Bolno and (ii) 2,197,812 ordinary shares underlying options exercisable within 60 days of June 6, 2025 held by Dr. Bolno. |
| (8) | Consists of (i) 302,310 ordinary shares held by Dr. Vargeese and (ii) 726,899 ordinary shares underlying options exercisable within 60 days of June 6, 2025 held by Dr. Vargeese. |
| (9) | Consists of (i) 25,000 ordinary shares held by Mr. Moran and (ii) 628,477 ordinary shares underlying options exercisable within 60 days of June 6, 2025 held by Mr. Moran. |
| (10) | Consists of ordinary shares underlying options exercisable within 60 days of June 6, 2025 held by Dr. Francis. |
| (11) | Consists of (i) 161,960 ordinary shares underlying options exercisable within 60 days of June 6, 2025 and (ii) 16,115 restricted share units vesting within 60 days after June 6, 2025. |
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| (12) | Consists of (i) 140,230 ordinary shares underlying options exercisable within 60 days of June 6, 2025 and (ii) 16,115 restricted share units vesting within 60 days after June 6, 2025. |
| (13) | See Footnote (1) above. |
| (14) | Consists of (i) 150,730 ordinary shares underlying options exercisable within 60 days of June 6, 2025 and (ii) 16,115 restricted share units vesting within 60 days after June 6, 2025 held by Mr. Rawcliffe. |
| (15) | See Footnote (4) above. Also includes (i) 150,730 ordinary shares underlying options exercisable within 60 days of June 6, 2025 and (ii) 16,115 restricted share units vesting within 60 days after June 6, 2025 held by Mr. Takanashi. |
| (16) | Consists of (i) 296,402 ordinary shares, (ii) 314,197 ordinary shares underlying options exercisable within 60 days of June 6, 2025, and (iii) 16,115 restricted share units vesting within 60 days after June 6, 2025 held by Dr. Verdine. |
| (17) | Consists of (i) 5,389,723 ordinary shares underlying options exercisable within 60 days of June 6, 2025 held by our current directors and executive officers, (ii) 128,920 restricted share units vesting within 60 days after June 6, 2025 held by our current directors, (iii) 24,748,132 outstanding ordinary shares beneficially owned by our current directors and executive officers and entities affiliated with certain of our directors, (iv) 3,901,348 Series A preferred shares, which can be converted at any time on a one-for-one basis into ordinary shares at the discretion of the holder, held by entities affiliated with one of our directors, and (v) exercisable pre-funded warrants to purchase 7,093,656 ordinary shares, held by an entity affiliated with one of our directors. |
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MANAGEMENT AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Board of Directors
Pursuant to our Constitution, there is no maximum number of directors that may hold office at any time. Our Board of Directors (our “Board”) currently consists of nine members and each of our directors is elected annually. Our Constitution requires that each of our directors retire at each annual general meeting of our shareholders, and each retiring director is then eligible for re-election. On June 11, 2025, our Board accepted the recommendation of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee and voted to nominate Paul B. Bolno, M.D., MBA, Mark H.N. Corrigan, M.D., Christian Henry, Peter Kolchinsky, Ph.D., Adrian Rawcliffe, Ken Takanashi, Aik Na Tan, Gregory L. Verdine, Ph.D., and Heidi L. Wagner, J.D., each currently a director of the Company, for election at the 2025 AGM. If each such nominee is elected, they will serve on our Board until our 2026 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders and until their successor has been elected and qualified.
Pursuant to the Singapore Companies Act and our Constitution, our Board must have at least one director who is ordinarily resident in Singapore. Ms. Tan is currently our Singapore resident director. Due to the Singapore Companies Act requirement that we have at least one director who is ordinarily resident in Singapore in office at all times, the sole resident director cannot resign or step down unless there is at least one other resident director. In the event that Ms. Tan is not elected at the 2025 AGM, she will continue in office after the 2025 AGM as a member of our Board until her qualifying successor (i.e., a Singapore resident director) is appointed.
Set forth below are the names of our directors, their ages as of June 6, 2025, their offices in our Company, if any, their principal occupations or employment for at least the past five years, the length of their tenure as directors and the names of other public companies in which they hold or have held directorships during the past five years. In addition, information about the specific experience, qualifications, attributes or skills that led to our Board’s conclusion at the time of filing of this proxy statement that each person listed below should serve as a director, is set forth below:
| Name |
Age | Position/Title | |||||
| Paul B. Bolno, M.D., MBA |
51 | President, Chief Executive Officer and Director | |||||
| Christian Henry |
57 | Chair of the Board | |||||
| Mark H.N. Corrigan, M.D. |
67 | Director | |||||
| Peter Kolchinsky, Ph.D. |
48 | Director | |||||
| Adrian Rawcliffe |
53 | Director | |||||
| Ken Takanashi |
61 | Director | |||||
| Aik Na Tan |
54 | Director | |||||
| Gregory L. Verdine, Ph.D. |
65 | Director | |||||
| Heidi L. Wagner, J.D. |
60 | Director | |||||
Paul B. Bolno, M.D., MBA has served as our President and Chief Executive Officer since December 2013 and as a director since April 2014. Since May 2020, Dr. Bolno has served as Chairman of the Scientific Advisory Group for the Nucleic Acid Therapy Accelerator (NATA) in the United Kingdom, and since December 2024, as Chairman of the Board of Directors to ExpressionEdits, a privately-held biotechnology company. From June 2020 through March 2024, Dr. Bolno served on the board of directors of SQZ Biotechnologies, a publicly-traded life sciences company that was acquired by STEMCELL Technologies Canada Acquisitions, Inc. in March 2024. Prior to joining us, he served at GlaxoSmithKline plc from 2009 to 2013 in various roles, including Vice President, Worldwide Business Development—Head of Asia BD and Investments, Head of Global Neuroscience BD, a director of Glaxo Welcome Manufacturing, Pte. Ltd. in Singapore and Vice President, Business Development for the Oncology Business Unit, where he helped establish GlaxoSmithKline’s global oncology business and served as a member of the Oncology Executive Team, Oncology Commercial Board and Cancer Research Executive Team. Prior to GlaxoSmithKline, he served as director of Research at Two River LLC, a health care private equity firm from 2004 to 2009. Dr. Bolno earned a medical degree from MCP-Hahnemann School of Medicine and an M.B.A. from Drexel University. He was a general surgery resident and cardiothoracic
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surgery postdoctoral research fellow at Drexel University College of Medicine. We believe that Dr. Bolno’s experience serving as our President and Chief Executive Officer since 2013, his medical degree and clinical training in cardiothoracic surgery, his business degree and experience evaluating life sciences companies in healthcare private equity, and his extensive business development and operating experience working in various roles at one of the world’s largest global healthcare companies qualify him to serve on our Board.
Christian Henry has served as a director since November 2016, and as Chair of our Board since October 2017. Mr. Henry currently serves as the President and Chief Executive Officer of Pacific Biosciences, a publicly traded life sciences company, a position he has held since September 2020, and has also served on its board of directors since 2018. Mr. Henry has served on the board of directors of Ginkgo Bioworks, a publicly-traded synthetic biology company, since 2016, and previously served on the board of directors CM Life Sciences III Inc., a publicly-traded special purpose acquisition company, from April 2021 through December 2021. Mr. Henry served as Executive Vice President & Chief Commercial Officer of Illumina, Inc. from 2015 through January 2017, and previously served as Senior Vice President & Chief Commercial Officer from 2014 to 2015, Senior Vice President & General Manager Genomic Solutions from 2012 to 2014, Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer & General Manager Life Sciences from 2010 to 2012, Senior Vice President, Corporate Development & Chief Financial Officer from 2009 to 2010, Senior Vice President & Chief Financial Officer from 2007 to 2009, and Vice President & Chief Financial Officer from 2005 to 2006. Prior to joining Illumina, Inc., Mr. Henry served as the Chief Financial Officer of Tickets.com, Inc. from 2003 to 2005. From 1999 to 2003, Mr. Henry served as Vice President, Finance & Corporate Controller of Affymetrix, Inc. (acquired by Thermo Fisher Scientific in 2016). In 1997, Mr. Henry joined Nektar Therapeutics (formerly Inhale Therapeutic Systems, Inc.), as Corporate Controller, and later as its Chief Accounting Officer from 1997 to 1999. In 1996, Mr. Henry served as General Accounting Manager of Sugen, Inc. Mr. Henry began his career in 1992 at Ernst & Young LLP, where he was a Senior Accountant through 1996. Mr. Henry earned his B.A. in biochemistry and cell biology from the University of California, San Diego, and his M.B.A., with a concentration in finance, from the University of California, Irvine. We believe he is qualified to serve on our Board and as our Chair because of his proven strengths in corporate strategy, finance and operations, along with his extensive experience leading various functions at one of the largest and most innovative genetic healthcare companies, and his experience as a board member, board committee member and chief executive officer of publicly-traded life sciences companies.
Mark H. N. Corrigan, M.D. has served as a director since September 2019. Dr. Corrigan currently serves on the board of directors of Silver Creek Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and AstronauTx LLC, both privately-held companies. Dr. Corrigan also serves as a Strategic Advisor to Ceretype Neuromedicine. Dr. Corrigan served as a member of the board of directors of Nabriva Therapeutics plc, a publicly traded commercial-stage biopharmaceutical company, from June 2021 to December 2023, and previously served on its board of directors from June 2017 to May 2020. Dr. Corrigan also served as chairman of the board of directors of Elios Therapeutics, LLC, a privately-held development-stage immuno-oncology company. Dr. Corrigan served as the Chief Executive Officer of Correvio Pharma Corp. (“Correvio”), from March 2019 to May 2020. Prior to joining Correvio, Dr. Corrigan was President of Research and Development at Tremeau Pharmaceuticals (of which he is also a co-founder) from 2016 to March 2019. Dr. Corrigan served as President and Chief Executive Officer of Zalicus, Inc. (formerly CombinatoRx) from 2010 to 2014. Prior to that time, from 2003 to 2009, Dr. Corrigan held the role of Executive Vice President, Research and Development at Sepracor Inc. From 2000 to 2003, Dr. Corrigan served as Group Vice President, Clinical Research & Experimental Medicine at Pharmacia Corporation. Prior to this, Dr. Corrigan held various roles at The Upjohn Company, The University of North Carolina, and the National Institute of Mental Health Center for Psychoneuroendocrinology in Adults and Children at Dorthea Dix Hospital. Dr. Corrigan previously served as a member of the board of directors of Avanir Pharmaceuticals, Inc., CoLucid Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Correvio Pharma Corp., and Cubist Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Dr. Corrigan holds an M.D. from the University of Virginia and received specialty training in psychiatry at Maine Medical Center and Cornell University. He received a Bachelor of Arts in Psychology from the University of Virginia. We believe he is qualified to serve on our Board because of his extensive experience working with clinical-stage, publicly-traded biopharmaceutical companies as a board member, board committee member and chief executive officer, his medical degree and clinical training in psychiatry, and his clinical and regulatory expertise.
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Peter Kolchinsky, Ph.D. has served as a director since January 2015. Dr. Kolchinsky is a founder and Managing Partner of RA Capital, a multi-stage investment manager which is dedicated to evidence-based investing in healthcare and life science companies that are developing drugs, medical devices, diagnostics, services and research tools, where he has worked since 2001. RA Capital is the investment manager of RA Capital Healthcare Fund, L.P. Dr. Kolchinsky has served as a member of the board of directors of ARS Pharmaceuticals Inc., a publicly-traded biopharmaceutical company, since August 2021, in addition to serving as a member of the board of directors of a number of privately-held companies. Dr. Kolchinsky previously served as a member of the board of directors of Forma Therapeutics Holdings, Inc., from December 2019 through October 2022, Dicerna Pharmaceuticals, Inc., from July 2013 to December 2019, Icosavax, Inc. from July 2021 to December 2023, Research Alliance Corporation I from April 2020 to June 2021, Research Alliance Corporation II from July 2020 to December 2022, and Synthorx, Inc., from May 2018 to January 2020, all of which were publicly-traded biopharmaceutical companies. Dr. Kolchinsky also leads RA Capital’s engagement and publishing efforts, which aim to make a positive social impact and spark collaboration among healthcare stakeholders, including patients, physicians, researchers, policymakers, and industry. He served on the Board of Global Science and Technology for the National Academy of Sciences from 2009 to 2012, is the author of “The Great American Drug Deal” and “The Entrepreneur’s Guide to a Biotech Startup”, and frequently writes and speaks on the future of biotechnology innovation. Dr. Kolchinsky earned his Ph.D. in virology from Harvard University and earned his bachelor’s degree in Biology from Cornell University. We believe he is qualified to serve on our Board because of his scientific acumen, his strong reputation as a thought leader in the life sciences industry, his extensive experience investing in and forming, building and growing life sciences companies and mentoring their management teams, as well as his experience as an institutional investor and his experience serving as a board member, board committee member, and board observer of various publicly-traded and privately-held healthcare and life science companies.
Adrian Rawcliffe has served as a director since February 2017. Since September 2019, Mr. Rawcliffe has served as the Chief Executive Officer and on the board of directors of Adaptimmune Therapeutics plc. (“Adaptimmune”), a publicly traded clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company. Mr. Rawcliffe also serves on the board of directors of Adaptimmune Ltd., a privately-held company and subsidiary of Adaptimmune. From 2015 to September 2019, he served as Adaptimmune’s Chief Financial Officer. Prior to joining Adaptimmune, Mr. Rawcliffe served in various roles at GlaxoSmithKline plc, including Senior Vice President Finance, North America Pharmaceuticals and Global Franchises from 2011 to 2015; Senior Vice President, Worldwide Business Development and R&D Finance from 2006 to 2011; Vice President, Worldwide Business Development Transactions and Ventures from 2003 to 2005; and Vice President, Deal Structuring from 2001 to 2003. From 2005 to 2006, Mr. Rawcliffe served as the President and Managing Partner of SR One Ltd. Mr. Rawcliffe began his career as a supervisor at Coopers & Lybrand (now PricewaterhouseCoopers) from 1993 to 1997. Mr. Rawcliffe received his B.Sc. in Natural Sciences from the University of Durham, England. Mr. Rawcliffe also received Chartered Accountancy training through The Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales (ICAEW). We believe he is qualified to serve on our Board because of his global operating and business leadership experience working in the biopharmaceutical industry, his experience as a board member, board committee member, chief financial officer and chief executive officer of publicly-traded biotechnology companies, and his extensive operating and corporate development experience working in various roles at one of the world’s largest global healthcare companies.
Ken Takanashi has served as a director since July 2012. Since 2002, Mr. Takanashi has served in various executive management and director roles at Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories Ltd. (“SNBL”) and its affiliates and currently serves as its Executive Vice President, Representative Director. Mr. Takanashi was the Chief Financial Officer of SNBL USA, Ltd., a subsidiary of Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, from 2012 to 2014. Since 2016, Mr. Takanashi has also served on the board of directors of Satsuma Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company that was previously publicly-traded and became a privately-held company and wholly-owned subsidiary of SNBL on June 8, 2023. Mr. Takanashi also serves as a member of the board of directors of TMS Co., Ltd., a biopharmaceutical company listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange, since March 2022. Mr. Takanashi earned an M.B.A. from the University of Warwick and received his bachelor’s degree from
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the University of Tokyo and is a Chartered Public Accountant. We believe he is qualified to serve on our Board because of his extensive experience leading global research and development organizations in the biopharmaceutical industry, his experience forming, building and taking life sciences companies public, his experience serving as a board member and board committee member of various publicly-traded life sciences companies, his long-standing history with Wave, his close familiarity with our Japanese operations, and his business, financial and accounting credentials.
Aik Na Tan has served as a director since August 2020. Ms. Tan currently serves as Senior Vice-President (Administration) at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore (NTU), a position she has held since January 2020. From when she joined NTU in August 2016 to December 2017, she served as NTU’s Chief Financial Officer. She also served as NTU’s Chief Administrative Officer from April 2017 to December 2017 and as NTU’s Vice-President (Administration) from January 2018 to December 2019. Prior to joining NTU, Ms. Tan served as Global Finance Transformation Leader & Managing Director of the Chemours Company Singapore Pte Ltd, a spin-off from DuPont, from 2015 to 2016. From 1994 to 2015, Ms. Tan held numerous global and regional leadership roles at DuPont in accounting, corporate treasury, six sigma, financial systems, supply chain, operations, financial and strategic planning, including various positions at DuPont Company (Singapore) Pte Ltd, most recently serving as the Chief Financial Officer of DuPont Titanium Technologies from November 2011 to February 2015. Ms. Tan began her professional career as a tax assistant at Price Waterhouse. Ms. Tan holds a Bachelor of Accountancy degree from the Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, and is a member of the Institute of Singapore Chartered Accountants. We believe she is qualified to serve on our Board because of her extensive experience as a chief financial officer and chief administrative officer, her broad operations experience working in Singapore corporations, her experience working on boards of directors and committees thereof, as well as her business, financial and accounting credentials.
Gregory L. Verdine, Ph.D. is one of our founders and has served as a director since July 2013. He was our President, Chief Executive Officer and Chief Scientific Officer from our inception through December 2013 and served as Chairman of our Board from July 2013 through September 2017. Since 1989, Dr. Verdine has served as the Erving Professor of Chemistry in the Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology at Harvard University and Harvard Medical School; he is now Erving Professor of Chemistry, Emeritus. Dr. Verdine co-founded the non-profit Gloucester Marine Genomics Institute and Gloucester Biotechnology Academy in 2013 and served as the Founding President until 2016. He is the co-founder of Parabilis Medicines (formerly Fog Pharmaceuticals Inc.), a privately-held company, and served as President and Chief Executive Officer of the company from October 2015 to June 2023 and Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors from June 2023 to June 2024. He is also President and Chief Executive Officer and serves on the board of directors of LifeMine Therapeutics Inc., a privately-held company. Since August 2024, Dr. Verdine has served as Executive Chair at Biggie Bio, LLC and as sole Director of wholly-owned subsidiary VidaVinci, Inc., both privately held companies. Dr. Verdine also serves as Managing General Partner of LoLa Capital Partners, a new modality venture capital fund. He is also the founder of Warp Drive Bio (merged with Revolution Medicines, Inc. (Nasdaq: RVMD)) and served in various roles, from Chief Scientific Officer to Chief Executive Officer, from the company’s inception in 2012 until April 2016. Dr. Verdine founded Enanta Pharmaceuticals and served as a member of its board of directors from 1990 through its initial public offering in 2013. He has served as a Venture Partner at WuXi Healthcare Ventures, AppleTree Ventures, TPG Biotech and Third Rock Ventures, and he is currently a Venture Partner at Andreessen Horowitz. He has served on the Board of Scientific Counselors of the National Cancer Institute, and on the Board of Scientific Consultants of the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, and was a Senior Advisor to Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories Ltd, Hofmann La Roche, Pfizer and Merck. Dr. Verdine is also a co-founder of Eleven Biotherapeutics, Tokai Therapeutics, Aileron Therapeutics, and Gloucester Pharmaceuticals (acquired by Celgene in 2010). He has also served as a director of the Chemical Biology Initiative and the Program in Cancer Chemical Biology at the Dana- Farber Cancer Institute. Dr. Verdine received his Ph.D. in Chemistry from Columbia University and completed postdoctoral work in Molecular Biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard Medical School. We believe he is qualified to serve on our Board because of his expertise and deep knowledge of our technology as one of our co-founders, his vast expertise in new modality therapeutics, including as a co-inventor
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of the core Wave Life Sciences stereochemistry technology and leading expert in the field of stereopure oligonucleotide therapeutics, and his long track record of founding, advising and leading multiple successful biopharmaceutical companies.
Heidi L. Wagner, J.D. has served as a director since September 2019. Ms. Wagner currently serves as Global Head of Government Affairs at ElevateBio, LLC, a privately-held biopharmaceutical company, a position she has held since March 2023. Ms. Wagner served as Senior Vice President, Government Affairs and Policy at Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc., from 2018 through January 2021. Prior to joining Global Blood Therapeutics, Ms. Wagner served as Senior Vice President, Global Governmental Affairs and a member of the Executive Committee at Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. from 2012 to 2018, and as Vice President, Global Government Affairs from 2009 to 2012. Ms. Wagner held the role of Senior Director of Government Affairs at Genentech, Inc. from 2000 to 2009, and as Director, Government Affairs from 1998 to 1999. Prior to that time, she served as Health Policy Director and Consultant at Healthcare Leadership Council, and in various roles at Epstein Becker & Green and Groom & Nordberg, and the U.S. House of Representatives. Ms. Wagner currently serves as a member of the board of directors of the Lieber Institute for Brain Development, and as an advisory board member of the University of Colorado, College of Media, Communication and Information. Ms. Wagner also serves as a member of the board of directors and as a Trustee for the University of Colorado Foundation. From 2015 to 2018, she also served as a member of the board of directors of the European Confederation of Pharmaceutical Entrepreneurs. Ms. Wagner earned a J.D. from George Mason University School of Law and received a Bachelor of Science in Journalism and Mass Communication from the University of Colorado. We believe she is qualified to serve on our Board because of her enterprise leadership experience and her extensive experience as a government affairs executive driving strategy for government policy, pricing, reimbursement and patient access for various biopharmaceutical companies, including leading the pricing and reimbursement strategy, and implementing the global compliance programs for leading rare disease biopharmaceutical organizations.
Director Independence and Director Commitments
Our Board believes that independence is one important component of a high-functioning board capable of objective decision-making that represents the long-term interests of our shareholders and the Company. Since our initial public offering in 2015, our Board has enhanced its independence by replacing two previous directors — a founder and a representative of an investor with five directors who are independent and not affiliated with any of our principal shareholders. We further enhanced our Board’s independent leadership by appointing Christian Henry as our independent Chair. Our Board is committed to ensuring that its members reflect an appropriate level of independence in conjunction with the combination of qualifications, qualities and skills required to exercise its duties and responsibilities and serve the best interests of our Company and our shareholders. In accordance with our Corporate Governance Guidelines and Nasdaq rules, we hold executive sessions of our independent directors in conjunction with our regularly scheduled board meetings and otherwise as appropriate. In addition, our Compensation Committee meets in executive session with no members of management present, as necessary or appropriate, to address various compensation matters, including deliberations regarding our Chief Executive Officer’s performance and compensation.
Our Board has reviewed the materiality of any relationship that each of our directors has with our Company, either directly or indirectly. Based upon this review, our Board has determined that the following members of the Board are “independent directors” as defined by The Nasdaq Stock Market: Mses. Tan and Wagner, Drs. Kolchinsky and Corrigan, and Messrs. Henry, Rawcliffe and Takanashi.
Our Board believes that our directors should limit the number of other public company boards on which they serve so that they are able to devote adequate time to their duties to Wave, including preparing for and attending our board meetings. Our Corporate Governance Guidelines indicate that our directors should advise the Chair of our Board and the Chair of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee before accepting an invitation to serve on other publicly-traded company boards, and that any such service shall comply with our conflict of
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interest policies. Our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee has reviewed our directors’ current commitments and determined that such commitments are consistent with our guidelines. Furthermore, our Board has concluded that each of the members of our Board is qualified and should continue to serve on our Board based on their contributions to our Company, current experience, qualifications, attributes and skills, which our Board believes each has continued to demonstrate since their respective appointments as directors. As our Company has evolved, our directors’ respective tenures with Wave, collective experiences, including that of sitting on other public company boards, and engagement with our Company have remained steadfast. Our Board believes that our directors continue to demonstrate their commitment and dedication, particularly as we advance towards being a commercial organization. Our Corporate Governance Guidelines are publicly available on our website at http://ir.wavelifesciences.com/ under the heading “Corporate Governance.”
Committees of the Board of Directors and Meetings
Meeting Attendance
During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, our Board held four meetings, and the various committees of the Board met a total of 18 times. No director attended fewer than 75% of the total number of meetings of the Board and of committees of the Board on which such director served during 2024. The Board has adopted a policy under which our directors make reasonable efforts to attend our annual general meetings of shareholders. As a Singapore company, we are required to prepare annual Singapore statutory audited financial statements (our “second annual audit”) and to deliver them to our shareholders in connection with our annual general meetings of shareholders. Our second annual audit can only be conducted following our first annual audit, which requires our preparation and filing of annual U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) audited consolidated financial statements with the SEC. As a result, these multiple audits do not allow us to schedule our quarterly board meetings at the same time as our annual general meetings of shareholders and we typically hold our annual general meetings during the summertime.
Audit Committee
Our Audit Committee held seven meetings during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024. Our Audit Committee currently has four members: Mr. Rawcliffe (Chair), Dr. Corrigan, Mr. Henry, and Ms. Tan. Our Audit Committee’s role and responsibilities are set forth in the Audit Committee’s written charter and include the responsibility to retain and terminate the services of our independent registered public accounting firm. In addition, the Audit Committee’s enumerated role and responsibilities include the review of annual financial statements and oversight of data privacy and cybersecurity matters, consideration of matters relating to accounting policy and internal controls, and review of the scope of annual audits.
Dr. Corrigan, Messrs. Henry and Rawcliffe, and Ms. Tan satisfy the current independence standards promulgated by the SEC and by The Nasdaq Stock Market, as such standards apply specifically to members of audit committees. Our Board has determined that each member of the Audit Committee meets the financial literacy requirements of The Nasdaq Stock Market Rules and that each of Messrs. Henry and Rawcliffe and Ms. Tan qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert,” as the SEC has defined that term in Item 407 of Regulation S-K.
The Audit Committee’s written charter is publicly available on our website at www.wavelifesciences.com.
Compensation Committee
Our Compensation Committee met four times during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024. The Compensation Committee currently has three members: Mr. Henry (Chair), Mr. Rawcliffe, and Ms. Wagner. Our Compensation Committee’s role and responsibilities are set forth in the Compensation Committee’s written charter and include reviewing, approving and making recommendations regarding our compensation policies,
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practices and procedures to ensure that legal and fiduciary responsibilities of the Board are carried out and that such policies, practices and procedures contribute to our success. Our Compensation Committee also administers our 2021 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended most recently on August 6, 2024 (the “2021 Plan”), our 2014 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (the “2014 Plan”), and our 2019 Employee Share Purchase Plan, as amended (the “2019 ESPP”). The Compensation Committee is responsible for determining the compensation of our executive officers.
Each member of the Compensation Committee qualifies as independent under the definition promulgated by The Nasdaq Stock Market.
The Compensation Committee’s written charter is publicly available on our website at www.wavelifesciences.com.
Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee
Our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee met four times during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee currently has three members: Ms. Wagner (Chair), Mr. Takanashi and Dr. Corrigan. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee’s role and responsibilities are set forth in the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee’s written charter and include evaluating and making recommendations to the full Board as to the size and composition of the Board and its committees, evaluating and making recommendations as to potential candidates, evaluating current Board members’ performance, and overseeing our practices related to human capital management.
Each member of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee qualifies as independent under the definition promulgated by The Nasdaq Stock Market.
The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee is responsible for identifying individuals qualified to serve as directors on our Board, consistent with criteria approved by the Board, and recommending the persons to be nominated for election as directors, except where we are legally required by contract, law or otherwise to provide third parties with the right to nominate.
The process followed by the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee to identify and evaluate director candidates includes making requests to Board members and others for recommendations, holding meetings from time to time to evaluate biographical information and reviewing background material relating to potential candidates and interviews of selected candidates by members of the committee and the Board. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee is also authorized by its charter to retain search firms to identify director candidates. The qualifications, qualities and skills that the committee believes must be met by a committee-recommended nominee for a position on our Board are as follows:
| • | Nominees should have a reputation for integrity, honesty and adherence to high ethical standards. |
| • | Nominees should have demonstrated business acumen, experience and ability to exercise sound judgments in matters that relate to our current and long-term objectives and should be willing and able to contribute positively to our decision-making process. |
| • | Nominees should have a commitment to understand Wave and our industry and to regularly attend and participate in meetings of the Board and its committees. |
| • | Nominees should have the interest and ability to understand the sometimes conflicting interests of our various constituencies, which include shareholders, employees, customers, governmental units, creditors and the general public, and to act in the interests of all shareholders. |
| • | Nominees should not have, nor appear to have, a conflict of interest that would impair the nominee’s ability to represent the interests of all of our shareholders and to fulfill the responsibilities of a director. |
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| • | Nominees shall not be discriminated against on the basis of race, religion, national origin, sex, sexual orientation, disability or any other basis proscribed by law. Diversity of thought, background and experience on our Board is highly valued and is actively considered in the nomination process as well as in the Board’s performance evaluation. |
| • | Nominees should generally be able to serve for at least five years before reaching the age of 70. |
The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee strives to achieve a balance of backgrounds, perspectives, and experiences on our Board and its committees. We believe that our current Board represents diversity of thought, background and most importantly, experience, which has and continues to serve us well as we grow and have transitioned from a preclinical to an early stage, and now a late stage clinical development organization. Our Board and management seek out highly qualified candidates with diverse backgrounds, skills and experiences as part of each search they conduct for qualified directors and executive officers, respectively.
The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee’s written charter and our Corporate Governance Guidelines, which set forth our nominee requirements, are publicly available on our website at www.wavelifesciences.com.
Research and Development Committee
Our Research and Development Committee met three times during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024. The Research and Development Committee currently has three members: Drs. Corrigan (Chair), Kolchinsky and Verdine. Our Research and Development Committee’s role and responsibilities are set forth in the Research and Development Committee’s written charter and generally include assisting us in evaluating research, development and technology (“R&D”) issues and decisions; reviewing and providing feedback to our R&D management on our current and planned R&D programs and initiatives; serving as a sounding board for our R&D organization on research and development matters; and identifying and discussing with our Board significant emerging scientific and clinical issues and trends.
Procedures by which Shareholders may Nominate Directors
The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee shall review and evaluate information available to it regarding candidates proposed by shareholders and shall apply the same criteria, and shall follow substantially the same process in considering them, as it does in considering other candidates. The factors generally considered by the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee are set out in our Corporate Governance Guidelines, which are publicly available on our website at http://ir.wavelifesciences.com/ under the heading “Corporate Governance.” If a shareholder wishes to nominate a candidate to be considered by the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee for election as a director at our 2026 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders, it must give timely notice of the nomination in writing to our General Counsel not less than 45 days prior to the date that is one year following the date on which we first mail our proxy statement relating to our 2025 AGM. All shareholder proposals should be marked for the attention of General Counsel, Wave Life Sciences Ltd., 733 Concord Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138.
Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation
None of the members of our Compensation Committee during the last fiscal year (which included Mr. Henry (Chair), Mr. Rawcliffe, and Ms. Wagner) was an officer or employee of our Company. During the last fiscal year, none of our executive officers served as a member of the board of directors or compensation committee of any entity that has one or more executive officers serving on our Board or Compensation Committee.
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Familial Relationships
There are no familial relationships between any of our executive officers and directors.
Board Leadership Structure and Role in Risk Oversight
The positions of Chair of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of Wave are presently separate. We believe that separating these positions allows our Chief Executive Officer to focus on our day-to-day business operations and strategy, while allowing our Chair of the Board to lead the Board in its fundamental role of providing advice to, and independent oversight of, management. Our Board recognizes the time, effort and energy that the Chief Executive Officer is required to devote to their position in the current business environment, as well as the commitment required to serve as our Chair, particularly as the Board’s oversight responsibilities continue to grow. Our Board also believes that this structure ensures a greater role for the independent directors in the oversight of Wave and active participation of the independent directors in setting agendas and establishing priorities and procedures for the work of our Board. The Board retains the authority to modify this leadership structure as and when appropriate to best address our unique circumstances at any given time and to serve the best interests of our shareholders.
Our Board oversees the risk management activities designed and implemented by our management and considers specific risks, including, for example, risks associated with our strategic plan, business operations, and capital structure. Our Board executes its oversight responsibility for risk management both directly and through delegating oversight of certain of these risks to its committees. The committees oversee and regularly report to our Board with respect to the risks delegated to them or when a matter rises to the level of a material or enterprise level risk. In addition, our Board receives regular reports from members of our management team and other personnel that include assessments and potential mitigation of the risks and exposures involved with their respective areas of responsibility. Some examples of these risks include matters relating to our operations, research and development efforts, clinical trials, manufacturing capabilities, financial position and liquidity, and our communications strategy.
Our Board delegates to the Audit Committee oversight of certain aspects of our risk management process. Specifically, the Audit Committee receives regular reports from members of senior management on areas of material risk to us, including operational, financial, legal, regulatory, strategic and reputational risks, and risks related to IT, data privacy and cyber security. Our Compensation Committee assists the Board in fulfilling its oversight responsibilities with respect to the management of risks arising from our executive compensation policies, practices and goal setting, including whether such policies balance risk and reward appropriately, align with shareholder interests, and are consistent with best practices. Our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee assists the Board in fulfilling its oversight responsibilities with respect to the management of risks associated with Board organization, membership and structure, succession planning for our directors and executive officers, corporate governance and human capital practices.
Environmental, Social and Governance Practices
As we continue our work to build a world-class organization unlocking the broad potential of RNA medicines to transform human health, we remain focused on our environmental, social and governance practices and identifying risks related thereto. We are committed to strengthening our initiatives that support our employees’ success, advocacy and community outreach efforts, best practices for corporate governance, and implementing environmental sustainability initiatives.
Environmental Stewardship: We recognize the importance of taking measures to reduce our environmental footprint and to be good corporate citizens. As we continue to expand our operations, we have implemented certain projects to track our environmental impact, and where feasible, have taken measures to increase our sustainability efforts. Some of our efforts include our commitment to reduce, reuse or recycle where possible and
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appropriate; energy efficient projects to lower energy use within our office areas and laboratories, composting in our Lexington facility, and having processes in place that send over 90% of hazardous waste to an energy conversion center with all biologically contaminated plastics being recycled. Our Green Team, a cross-functional group of employees, is actively working to build awareness of environmental concerns and create opportunities for employees to participate in environmentally-focused initiatives, including educational and volunteer events.
Social Factors and Workforce Engagement: Our approach to how we recruit, develop, reward, retain and manage our talent is driven by our values statement: Making an impact through innovation, inclusion, and inspiration. Our values are at the core of who we are as an organization, and what drive us to reimagine possible for science, for medicine, and for human health. Critical to achieving our strategic imperatives is our ability to build and retain an exceptional, highly engaged team that shares a purposeful connection with the communities we serve and in which each member plays a unique and important role. We were previously recognized by the Boston Business Journal and won the distinction of being one of the 2024 “Best Places to Work”, which underscores our employees’ recognition of our collective focus, resilience, and commitment to our mission of unlocking the broad potential of RNA medicines to transform human health. This commitment is company-wide, and our people and culture strategies are overseen by the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee.
Environmental Health and Safety: Compliance with environmental, health and safety (“EH&S”) laws and regulations forms the basis of the EH&S policy and programs we have in place, which include occupational health and safety measures that apply to all of our employees, contractors and visitors. These programs detail the proactive, risk-based approach that we take to prevent workplace injuries and protect the health and safety of our employees and the communities around us. In addition, we engage independent third parties to evaluate and audit our compliance with EH&S laws and regulations. We foster a culture that strives to embed safety into all aspects of our operations, which includes implementing design safeguards for our employees and patients. Our EH&S management system engages all levels of the organization to monitor and track the effectiveness of our programs, ensure EH&S compliance, respond to incidents and manage corrective actions to reinforce safeguards. Our training programs provide training to our employees that is commensurate with their level of risk exposure and are designed to ensure that employees have the knowledge and equipment available to mitigate risk. Employees are also required to report any incidents, no matter how small, and are encouraged to voice any health or safety concerns to management or a member of our EH&S team.
Advocacy and Community Engagement: Our community engagement activities are focused on seeking to better understand the lived experience of people impacted by rare and prevalent diseases and identifying opportunities to support these communities. We believe that listening to, learning from, and partnering with individuals impacted by the diseases we are aiming to address, including families and caregivers, connects us more deeply to our mission and enhances our ability to discover and develop meaningful therapies. Through collaboration with patient communities and advocacy organizations, including participation in community- focused conferences and events, we aim to incorporate community voices and perspectives into every aspect of our work. Insights from the community inform the design and execution of our clinical trials, shape our corporate culture, and drive activities and initiatives that are intended to make a positive impact on people’s lives. Employee volunteering is another important component of our community engagement initiatives. By participating in a broad range of volunteer activities, our employees donate time and resources to support individuals and families in our community and beyond.
Cybersecurity and Data Protection: As an organization, we understand that we share a collective stake in protecting our company against cybersecurity threats and breaches. Robust data protection practices, including responsible stewardship of our intellectual property and the secure processing, storage, maintenance and transmission of critical information by us and other third parties with whom we do business is vital to our operations and business strategy. Accordingly, we take preventative measures to safeguard our employees and sensitive business information, and have measures in place that are designed to detect and respond to any potential security incidents or breaches of privacy. Throughout the year, we conduct security training programs and training modules for our employees. We also have systems in place at our facilities to mitigate disruptions to
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our network and communications systems. To further strengthen our data protection practices, we regularly conduct business continuity and disaster recovery testing. For additional information, please refer to Item 1C of our 2024 Form 10-K.
Governance, Ethics, and Compliance: Our Board is committed to robust corporate governance practices, risk oversight, shareholder rights, corporate sustainability, ethics and compliance in order to protect the long-term interests of our Company, employees, shareholders and the patients we serve. Our Board adheres to our Corporate Governance Guidelines, which present a framework for good corporate governance practices, including responsible oversight and management of the Company, effective controls and processes, compliance with SEC and Nasdaq Stock Market rules and regulations, maintaining an engaged board of directors and a board structure that recognizes the importance of appropriate compensation practices and succession planning, among other matters. In addition, our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics sets forth channels through which employees may anonymously report suspected violations and express concerns regarding compliance with our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics or other policies of the Company. Any manager that receives such a report is required to immediately inform the Chair of our Audit Committee, our Chief Executive Officer or our Chief Financial Officer. A copy of the Corporate Governance Guidelines and our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is publicly available on our website at www.wavelifesciences.com.
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Name |
Age |
Title | ||||
Christopher Francis, Ph.D. |
47 | Senior Vice President, Corporate Development, Head of Emerging Areas | ||||
Kyle Moran, CFA |
55 | Chief Financial Officer | ||||
Chandra Vargeese, Ph.D. |
64 | Chief Technology Officer, Head of Platform Discovery Sciences | ||||
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Christopher Francis, Ph.D. has served as our Senior Vice President, Corporate Development, Head of Emerging Areas since May 2017. During the period January 2017 to May 2017, Dr. Francis served as our Senior Vice President, Corporate Development & Portfolio Management. Prior to that, Dr. Francis served as our Vice President, Head of Business Development since April 2014. Prior to joining us, Dr. Francis held senior operational, strategic and business development roles within GlaxoSmithKline Oncology from 2009 to 2014 and was a member of the team that established GlaxoSmithKline’s Rare Disease Unit. Before GlaxoSmithKline, Dr. Francis was a health care private equity associate at Two River LLC from 2008 to 2009. Dr. Francis has served as a Member of the Investment Review Committee for WEHI Ventures in Australia since 2023. He began his career in pharmaceutical pricing and reimbursement consulting at IMS Health. Dr. Francis earned undergraduate and graduate degrees in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology from the University of Melbourne and was a doctoral research associate at the University of Cambridge.
Kyle Moran, CFA has served as our Chief Financial Officer since December 2020. Prior to this appointment, Mr. Moran served as our Vice President, Head of Finance from July 2014 to August 2016; Vice President, Technical Operations from August 2016 to December 2017; Senior Vice President, Technical Operations, from December 2017 to November 2018; Senior Vice President, Operations and Business Analytics from November 2018 to January 2020; and most recently as Senior Vice President, Finance and Operations from January 2020 through his promotion to Chief Financial Officer in December 2020. Prior to joining us, Mr. Moran served as Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer of Veroha, Inc., an information assurance software company focused on electronic notary solutions, from 2010 to 2014. He was also a founding partner of Context Financial Services, LLC, a boutique consulting firm that provided interim CFO-services to start-up and middle market companies undergoing rapid expansion or needing expert financial counsel and worked there from 2006 to 2014. In addition, Mr. Moran held senior operational and financial roles at leading global financial services firms, including Zurich Scudder Investments, JPMorgan Chase and Putnam Investments. Mr. Moran holds a bachelor’s degree in Economics from Boston College and attended the Lemberg Master’s Program in International Economics and Finance at Brandeis University. Mr. Moran is a Chartered Financial Analyst.
Chandra Vargeese, Ph.D. has served as our Chief Technology Officer, Head of Platform Discovery Sciences since May 2020. During the period of August 2014 to April 2020, Dr. Vargeese served as Senior Vice President, Head of Drug Discovery. Before joining us, Dr. Vargeese served as Novartis’ Executive Director and Head of RNA Chemistry and Delivery, a position she held from 2008 to 2014. Prior to joining Novartis, Dr. Vargeese led siRNA delivery in the RNA Therapeutics division at Merck & Co., where she served as Senior Director and Head of RNA Chemistry and Delivery. Dr. Vargeese joined Merck through its acquisition of Sirna Therapeutics (“Sirna”), where she was Vice President of Chemistry. Before Sirna, Dr. Vargeese served as Associate Director of Chemistry at NeXstar Pharmaceuticals and is the co-inventor of Macugen (pegaptanib), an approved therapy for treating wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD). Dr. Vargeese earned a Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India and completed post-doctoral work at the University of Rhode Island.
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EXECUTIVE OFFICER AND DIRECTOR COMPENSATION
Compensation Discussion and Analysis
Introduction
In the paragraphs that follow, we have provided an overview and analysis of our compensation program and policies, the material compensation decisions we have made under those programs and policies, and the material factors that we considered in making those decisions. Following this section, you will find a series of tables containing specific information about the compensation earned or paid in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 to the following NEOs:
| Name |
Principal Position | |
| Paul B. Bolno, M.D., MBA |
President and Chief Executive Officer | |
| Christopher Francis, Ph.D. |
Senior Vice President, Corporate Development, Head of Emerging Areas | |
| Kyle Moran, CFA |
Chief Financial Officer | |
| Chandra Vargeese, Ph.D. |
Chief Technology Officer, Head of Platform Discovery Sciences |
At our 2024 Annual General Meeting (“2024 AGM”), our shareholders approved, on an advisory basis, the compensation of the NEOs, as disclosed in the proxy statement for that meeting, pursuant to the compensation disclosure rules of the SEC. The proposal was supported by over 99% of the total votes cast. Our Compensation Committee reviewed the advisory vote results and, based on the strong level of support, determined that no significant changes to our executive compensation program were necessary for 2024. Our Compensation Committee will continue to monitor and evaluate our executive compensation program going forward in light of our shareholders’ views and our transforming business needs. Our Compensation Committee expects to continue to consider the outcome of our say-on-pay votes and our shareholders’ views when making future compensation decisions for the NEOs.
Executive Compensation Philosophy
Our Compensation Committee regularly reviews the elements of the individual compensation packages for our Chief Executive Officer and our other executive officers to achieve the following primary objectives:
| • | Attract, retain and motivate superior executive talent across all areas of our business; |
| • | Provide incentives that reward the achievement of performance goals that directly correlate to the enhancement of shareholder value, which we seek to achieve through the discovery, development and potential commercialization of transformative medicines; |
| • | Ensure the majority of compensation is performance-based and “at-risk”; and |
| • | Align our executive officers’ interests with those of our shareholders through long-term incentives linked to specific performance. |
We aim for simplicity in our compensation program so that it is easy for our employees and our shareholders to understand the various components of the program and the incentives designed to drive our Company performance. The three key components of our executive compensation program are base salary, annual cash performance-based incentives and equity-based long-term incentive awards.
2024 Business Highlights
In 2024, we delivered on multiple key milestones across our pipeline, elucidating the potential of our best-in-class platform to advance transformative medicines. Highlights of our accomplishments and milestones that informed the annual cash performance-based incentive component of our executive compensation program are described below.
| • | Obesity — Executed our WVE-007 development strategy on time and on budget by delivering candidate selection for INHBE, submitting multiple clinical trial applications (CTAs) for our Phase 1 |
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| clinical trial for obesity (INLIGHT), preparing to initiate dosing in the INLIGHT trial in the first quarter of 2025 and to deliver proof-of-concept clinical data in 2025. |
| • | Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency — Executed our WVE-006 development strategy on time and on budget by completing first patient cohort in RestorAATion-2; delivering proof-of-mechanism data from a single dose of WVE-006 in the RestorAATion-2 clinical trial of Pi*ZZ AATD patients, representing the first-ever clinical demonstration of RNA editing in humans; and completing multi-dosing of healthy volunteers in the top cohort of RestorAATion-1 at a dose level greater than those planned for any cohort of the RestorAATion-2 patient study. |
| • | Duchenne muscular dystrophy — Executed our WVE-N531 development strategy on time and on budget by delivering positive interim results of Phase 2 FORWARD-53 trial that demonstrated highly consistent dystrophin expression, best-in-class muscle delivery, multiple indicators of improved muscle health, and safe and well-tolerated profile; all patients having elected to continue treatment in the planned extension portion with monthly dosing of WVE-N531; and preparations to deliver 48-week data and feedback from regulators on a pathway to accelerated approval in first quarter of 2025. |
| • | Huntington’s disease — Executed our WVE-003 development strategy on time and on budget by delivering SELECT-HD multi-dose data for WVE-003 that demonstrated the first-ever allele-selective reduction in CSF mutant huntingtin (mHTT) protein and preservation of healthy, wild-type huntingtin (wtHTT) protein, as well as a statistically significant correlation between mHTT reduction and slowing of caudate atrophy. Received supportive initial feedback from FDA, who are receptive to and engaged with Wave regarding a potential pathway to accelerated approval. |
| • | Discovery pipeline — Advanced and announced three wholly owned GalNAc-AIMer programs that offer first-in-class approaches to address unmet needs in cardiometabolic diseases. These new programs include PNPLA3, which aims to use mRNA correction for those at high risk for a variety of liver diseases, and LDLR and APOB, which utilize first-in-class mRNA upregulation and mRNA correction (respectively) to achieve target LDL-c levels in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia patients. |
| • | GSK collaboration — Advanced our strategic collaboration with GSK by advancing first two GSK collaboration programs following successful target validation and earning milestones in connection therewith. Both programs use Wave’s GalNAc-siRNA format, while the discovery collaboration continues to encompass all Wave modalities, including RNA editing. |
| • | Publications — Executed on publication strategy by publishing two new manuscripts, submitting an additional new manuscript and providing 28 oral presentations during 2024. |
| • | Resourced for sustainability — Raised approximately $230 million in our September 2024 public offering, which was catalyzed by our delivery of positive interim data from our FORWARD-53 trial, thereby extending our cash runway into 2027. |
| • | Human capital — Implemented a talent and culture strategy designed to support our organizational evolution, added key, critical, high-caliber talent throughout the organization, and maintained low employee turnover. |
| • | Fiscal responsibility — Actively managed spend and delivered well beyond our 2024 corporate goals within our 2024 budget. |
Roles and Responsibilities in the Decision-making Process
Role of the Compensation Committee
Pursuant to its charter, our Compensation Committee creates the policies that govern base salary, annual cash performance-based incentives, our long-term incentive program and other compensation and benefits for our executive officers. Our Compensation Committee also oversees various executive and employee compensation plans and programs and is responsible for monitoring these plans and programs to confirm that they adhere to our
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compensation philosophy and objectives. Our Compensation Committee determines the appropriate compensation levels for our executive officers, evaluates officer and director compensation plans, policies and programs, and reviews benefit plans for our executive officers. Our Compensation Committee believes that the total compensation paid to our executive officers should be fair, reasonable and competitive, and that a significant portion of the total compensation should be tied to our Company’s annual and long-term performance. Each year, our Compensation Committee reviews and discusses our executive officers’ proposed compensation with the Chief Executive Officer for all executives other than the Chief Executive Officer. The Chief Executive Officer’s compensation is determined solely by the Compensation Committee.
Role of Management
Our Compensation Committee works with members of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer (except with respect to his own compensation), and our human resources, finance and legal professionals. Typically, our management assists the Compensation Committee by providing information on corporate and individual performance and management’s perspective and recommendations on compensation matters for each executive officer. Our Chief Executive Officer provides recommendations to the Compensation Committee regarding most compensation matters, including executive compensation and our annual and long-term incentive programs. However, the Compensation Committee does not delegate any of its functions to others in setting the compensation of our NEOs.
Role of Compensation Consultant
Our Compensation Committee has the authority to retain the services and obtain the advice of external advisors, including compensation consultants, legal counsel and other advisors to assist in the evaluation of executive officer compensation. Our Compensation Committee engaged Aon Consulting Inc. (“Aon”), through its Human Capital Solutions, a division of Aon plc., and an independent executive compensation consulting firm, to review our executive compensation policies and practices and to conduct an executive compensation market analysis.
For 2024, Aon reviewed and advised on all principal aspects of our executive compensation program, including:
| • | Assisting in developing a peer group of publicly traded companies to be used to help assess executive compensation; |
| • | Assisting in developing a competitive compensation strategy and consistent executive compensation assessment practices relevant to a public company, including review and recommendation of the annual performance-based cash incentive program as well as the equity strategy for the Company covering dilution, grant levels and type of equity; and |
| • | Meeting with the Compensation Committee to review elements of executive compensation including the competitiveness of the executive compensation program. |
Our Compensation Committee has assessed the independence of Aon consistent with The Nasdaq Stock Market listing requirements and has concluded that the engagement of Aon does not raise any conflicts of interest.
Peer Companies and Use of Market Data
In determining market competitiveness of executive officer compensation, our Compensation Committee, with the assistance of its independent compensation consultant, Aon, evaluates the market competitiveness of compensation for each of our executive officers in order to guide target compensation decisions for the coming year. Our Compensation Committee references a peer group of publicly traded companies in the biopharmaceutical industry for purposes of gathering data to compare with our existing executive compensation levels and practices and as context for future compensation decisions. Our Compensation Committee reviews and updates the compensation peer group each year, as appropriate, to include companies that the Compensation
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Committee believes are therapeutic focus, market capitalization, number of employees, structure, financial profile and geographic proximity to the Cambridge biotech cluster, as applicable. We also recognize that it is unlikely for companies to align equally on all factors, so we consider companies that meet a majority of the criteria. Due to the nature of our business, we compete for executive talent with many companies much larger than we are. Our Compensation Committee considers peer group and other industry compensation data and the recommendations of our compensation consultant when making decisions related to executive compensation, ultimately giving consideration to the competitiveness of our compensation program, internal perceptions of equity and individual performance and role.
In November 2023, our Compensation Committee determined that our peer group for purposes of setting 2024 executive compensation would consist of the following 15 companies that were selected among publicly traded biopharmaceutical companies:
| • | Alector, Inc. |
| • | Arcturus Therapeutics Holdings, Inc. |
| • | Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals, Inc. |
| • | Avidity Biosciences, Inc. |
| • | Beam Therapeutics, Inc. |
| • | Denali Therapeutics, Inc. |
| • | Dyne Therapeutics, Inc. |
| • | Editas Medicine, Inc. |
| • | Intellia Therapeutics, Inc. |
| • | Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. |
| • | Prime Medicine, Inc. |
| • | PTC Therapeutics, Inc. |
| • | Sangamo Therapeutics |
| • | Stoke Therapeutics, Inc. |
| • | Verve Therapeutics, Inc. |
Our Compensation Committee finds comparative data from our peer group to be useful in setting and adjusting executive compensation, but it does not target our programs or any particular element of compensation to be at or within a particular percentile or range compared to our peers. Our Compensation Committee uses the peer group data primarily to ensure that our executive compensation program and its constituent elements are and remain competitive in relation to our peers, and applies judgment and discretion in establishing targeted compensation levels taking into account not only competitive market data but also the experience of the executive, scope of responsibility, critical skill sets and expertise.
Pay Practices
In evaluating, designing and implementing our executive compensation program, the Compensation Committee considers the latest industry trends in compensation governance and compensation best practices. As a result of our review of our executive compensation program, we have adopted a number of best practices that we believe reflect the high standards our Compensation Committee seeks to attain to support our compensation philosophy.
Pay practices we use:
| • | Independent directors — Our Compensation Committee is comprised of all independent directors. |
| • | Annual compensation review — Our Compensation Committee undertakes a comprehensive review of compensation of our executives, including our named executive officers, on an annual basis. |
| • | Independent compensation consultant — Our Compensation Committee engages its own compensation consultant and reviews its independence from management. |
| • | Avoids inappropriate risk-taking — We review the structure of our executive compensation program to minimize the risk of inappropriate risk-taking by our executive officers. |
| • | Multi-year vesting — The equity awards granted to our executive officers generally vest over multi-year periods, consistent with current market practice and our retention objectives. |
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| • | Robust clawback policy — Our Clawback Policy complies with SEC and Nasdaq rules requiring recovery from certain officers of erroneously awarded incentive compensation in the event of a covered restatement of our financial statements. |
Pay practices we do NOT use:
| • | Reprice share options and other awards without shareholder approval. |
| • | Allow employees or Board members to engage in short sales, purchasing or pledging our ordinary shares on margin, or entering into any hedging, derivative, or similar transactions. |
| • | Provide tax gross-ups. |
| • | Provide excessive perquisites (perquisites are limited to those with a clear business-related rationale). |
| • | Repurchase underwater share options. |
| • | Award mega-grants, discounted share options, in-the-money share options or immediately vested equity. |
Components of Executive Compensation
The primary elements of our executive compensation program are:
| • | Base salary; |
| • | Annual performance-based cash incentive compensation; and |
| • | Long-term equity incentive awards. |
We also provide broad-based health and welfare benefits and have certain severance and change-in-control benefits. Our intention is to structure these components of our executive compensation program in a way that achieves the objectives of the program of linking and emphasizing pay to performance over both the short- and long-term, aligning executives’ interests with the interests of shareholders and attracting, motivating and retaining highly skilled and experienced executives.
Base Salary
Annual base salary is designed to provide a competitive fixed rate of pay, recognizing different levels of responsibility and performance. Actual salaries reflect the judgment and consideration of numerous factors by the Compensation Committee. These factors include the NEO’s experience, importance of position, expected future contributions, performance, comparative survey data, internal pay equity, scope of responsibilities, expertise, the criticality of the NEO’s position within the Company, the other elements of compensation received by the NEO, and the NEO’s compensation in comparison to similarly situated executive officers at comparable companies in our peer group.
The salary increases for 2024 for all of our NEOs were made to ensure better alignment with market data and in consideration of internal pay equity.
The following were the annual base salaries of our NEOs in effect for 2023 and 2024:
| 2023 | 2024 | |||||||||||
| Name | Base Salary | Base Salary | % Increase | |||||||||
| Paul B. Bolno, M.D., MBA |
$ | 636,400 | $ | 655,500 | 3 | % | ||||||
| Christopher Francis, Ph.D. |
$ | 425,500 | $ | 438,300 | 3 | % | ||||||
| Kyle Moran, CFA |
$ | 471,300 | $ | 497,200 | 5.5 | % | ||||||
| Chandra Vargeese, Ph.D. |
$ | 473,340 | $ | 487,540 | 3 | % | ||||||
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Annual Performance-Based Cash Incentive Compensation
The Compensation Committee believes that, in order to reward performance and overall Company success, a portion of an executive officer’s compensation should be tied to the achievement of the Company’s goals in the form of an annual cash incentive payment. Our executive officers are eligible to receive annual cash incentive awards, with the target bonus opportunity determined as a percentage of their base salary. We established this program in order to focus and incentivize our executives to achieve short-term strategic business objectives.
For 2024, the target bonus opportunity for each NEO was the same as for 2023.
Our executive officers are eligible to receive annual cash incentive awards, with the target bonus opportunity for 2024 determined as a percentage of their base salary. At the end of 2024, our Board approved ambitious corporate goals and objectives that our Compensation Committee then used to design our annual cash incentive program for 2024. Under this program, the Compensation Committee determined that the corporate goals would apply uniformly to all of our executive officers. Our 2024 corporate goals that were set by our Board to determine our 2024 corporate performance, plus our additional achievements that proved to be helpful or important to our operations during 2024, are described above in “Compensation Discussion and Analysis — 2024 Business Highlights.”
Based on our Board’s assessment and consideration of the relative weighting and importance of our goals, our Board determined that we achieved 125% of our 2024 corporate goals. The Compensation Committee then determined that bonuses for 2024 performance be paid to our NEOs based on these results.
In early 2025, our Chief Executive Officer and other NEOs were awarded their incentive payouts in connection with meeting the 2024 corporate goals at 125% of their incentive target amounts with the exception of Dr. Vargeese, who received 131% of the target incentive amount. The following table sets forth the cash bonus payments for 2024 performance:
| Name | Incentive Target Amount (as a % of Base Salary) |
Actual Award | ||||||||
| Paul B. Bolno, M.D., MBA |
65 | % | $ | 532,600 | ||||||
| Christopher Francis, Ph.D. |
45 | % | $ | 246,550 | ||||||
| Kyle Moran, CFA |
45 | % | $ | 279,675 | ||||||
| Chandra Vargeese, Ph.D. |
45 | % | $ | 287,975 | ||||||
Long-Term Incentive Compensation
We view long-term incentive compensation in the form of equity awards as a critical element of our executive compensation program. Our program is designed to reward demonstrated leadership and performance, align our executive officers’ interests with those of our shareholders through sustained, long-term value creation while retaining and motivating our executive officers for future performance.
2025 Long-Term Incentive Program
In 2025, the long-term incentive component of the compensation of our NEOs consisted of a mix of share options and time-based restricted share units (“RSUs”). We changed the type of awards granted to a mix of two types of equity awards to combine the retention and downside risk benefits inherent in RSUs with the shareholder-value-creation benefits inherent in share options, while mitigating the potential risk that may manifest itself through using a single type of award. The share options were granted to each of our NEOs by our Compensation Committee on February 4, 2025, at an exercise price of $11.74 per share, and vest over a four year term, with 25% vesting on February 8, 2026, and the remainder vesting quarterly thereafter. The RSUs were granted to each of our NEOs by our Compensation Committee on February 4, 2025 and vest annually in equal installments of 25% over a four-year term beginning on February 8, 2026.
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2024 Long-Term Incentive Program
In 2024, the long-term incentive component of the compensation of our NEOs consisted solely of share options. These share options were granted to each of our NEOs by our Compensation Committee on February 5, 2024, at an exercise price of $3.87 per share, and vest over a four-year term, with 25% vesting on February 5, 2025, and the remainder vesting quarterly thereafter. The Compensation Committee determined to grant share options to best align employees, including NEOs, with investors’ interests to build long-term shareholder value in our Company.
We have a broad-based equity compensation program designed to reward and motivate our employees, including our NEOs. Equity awards help align the interests of our NEOs and other employees with the long-term interests of our shareholders and provide an opportunity for employees to acquire an ownership interest in our Company. The granting of equity awards is also consistent with our compensation philosophy of attracting, retaining and motivating our NEOs to deliver sustainable long-term value and aligning the interests of our executives with those of our shareholders. In determining the size and type of equity awards to grant, our Compensation Committee considered evolving market practices, as well as the retentive value provided by our equity grants.
Our 2021 Plan allows for the grant of options, restricted share awards, RSUs, and other share or cash-based awards and dividend equivalent awards to employees, non-employee directors and consultants. Equity grants during the 2024, 2023, and 2022 fiscal years were made in the form of share options.
For the details regarding our 2024 equity awards, see the “2024 Fiscal Year Grants of Plan-Based Awards” table below.
Employee Benefits and Perquisites
Benefits offered to our NEOs serve a different purpose than do the other elements of total compensation. In general, they are designed to provide a safety net of protection against the financial catastrophes that can result from illness, disability or death and provide for some benefits upon retirement. Benefits offered to our NEOs are the same as those offered to the general employee population, except for the car service provided to our Chief Executive Officer, which is reflected in the “All Other Compensation” column in the “Summary Compensation Table” below. The Compensation Committee determined it is in the best interest of our Company to provide car service for our Chief Executive Officer in order to promote the efficient use of his work time for our Company and to provide safe transportation given the demands of his role, which often require the participation on conference calls during commuting hours, as well as extended work hours.
401(k) Plan
We maintain a defined contribution 401(k) plan that is intended to qualify under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). In general, all of our U.S. employees, including our NEOs, are eligible to participate in the 401(k) plan. Under the 401(k) plan, employees may elect to reduce their current compensation by up to the statutorily prescribed annual limit, which was equal to $23,000 in 2024, and to have the amount of such reduction contributed to the 401(k) plan. In addition, employees who turn age 50 before the end of the 2024 calendar year may also defer up to an additional $7,500. We currently match 50% of an employee’s 401(k) contributions up to a maximum of 6% of the participant’s includable compensation. Matching contributions are 100% vested upon completion of one year of service with our Company. Matching contributions made to each of our NEOs are included in the “Summary Compensation Table” below. We do not provide defined benefit retirement plans, post-retirement health coverage, or any other supplemental retiree benefits for our NEOs.
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Employee Share Purchase Plan
The Wave Life Sciences Ltd. Employee Share Purchase Plan, as amended (“ESPP”), allows full-time and certain part-time employees to purchase the Company’s ordinary shares at a discount to fair market value. Eligible employees may enroll in a six-month offering period beginning every January 15th and July 15th. Shares are purchased at a price equal to 85% of the lower of the fair market value of the Company’s ordinary shares on the first business day or the last business day of an offering period. As of December 31, 2024, there were 2,314,002 ordinary shares available for issuance under the ESPP.
Employment Agreements and Severance Benefits with Our Named Executive Officers
Each of our NEOs entered into an employment agreement with us in connection with the commencement of their employment. All employment agreements generally provide for at-will employment and that our NEOs are eligible to participate in employee benefit plans of general applicability to other employees, which we maintain from time to time.
Paul B. Bolno, M.D., MBA
In May 2020, we entered into an amended and restated employment agreement with Dr. Bolno, pursuant to which he serves as our President and Chief Executive Officer. The employment agreement amends and restates the prior employment arrangement between us and Dr. Bolno. As of January 1, 2024, Dr. Bolno’s annual base salary was $655,500 and the Compensation Committee established his annual target bonus percentage at 65% of his annual base salary, with the actual amount to be paid determined based on the achievement of annual performance milestones defined by our Board in its sole discretion. Effective January 1, 2025, the Compensation Committee approved an increase of Dr. Bolno’s annual base salary to $700,000. In February 2025, in recognition of his 2024 performance supporting the achievement of our corporate goals, as discussed above, the Compensation Committee authorized a cash bonus for Dr. Bolno of $532,600 that was equal to 125% of his 2024 target bonus. In addition, in February 2025, the Compensation Committee approved an award to Dr. Bolno of an option to purchase 1,000,000 of our ordinary shares and 121,000 RSUs under our 2021 Plan as a 2025 long-term incentive plan (“2025 LTIP”) award, with such options and RSUs vesting over a four-year period, with 25% vesting on the first anniversary of the date of grant and the remainder vesting quarterly thereafter.
Pursuant to Dr. Bolno’s employment agreement, if we terminate his employment without cause or if he terminates his employment for good reason, Dr. Bolno will be entitled to receive continued payment of his then-current annual base salary for 18 months following termination; continued payment of health insurance premiums at our then-normal rate of contribution until the earlier of 18 months following termination or until he commences new employment; and the payment of a separation bonus equal to his then annual target bonus opportunity prorated through the termination date. In addition, if a change of control occurs and within one year following the change of control Dr. Bolno is terminated without cause or if Dr. Bolno terminates his employment for good reason, he will be entitled to receive a lump sum cash payment equal to 18 months of his then-current annual base salary; continued payment of health insurance premiums at our then-normal rate of contribution until the earlier of 18 months following termination or until he commences new employment; and the payment of a separation bonus equal to his then annual target bonus opportunity. Pursuant to applicable equity agreements with Dr. Bolno, all unvested shares underlying outstanding options and RSUs that were granted to him on or after January 1, 2018 will become fully vested upon his termination without cause or for good reason within 12 months following a change of control. Receipt of the severance and change of control benefits described above is subject to execution of a release of claims against us and compliance with certain restrictive covenants following the termination of his employment.
Chris Francis, Ph.D.
In November 2022, we entered into an amended and restated employment agreement with Dr. Francis, pursuant to which he serves as our Senior Vice President, Corporate Development, Head of Emerging Areas. The
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employment agreement amends and restates the prior employment arrangement between us and Dr. Francis. As of January 1, 2024, Dr. Francis’s annual base salary was $438,300, and the Compensation Committee established his annual target bonus percentage at 45% of his annual base salary, with the actual amount to be paid determined based on the achievement of annual performance milestones defined by our Board in its sole discretion. Effective January 1, 2025, the Compensation Committee approved an increase of Dr. Francis’s annual base salary to $451,400. In February 2025, in recognition of his 2024 performance supporting the achievement of our corporate goals, as discussed above, the Compensation Committee authorized a cash bonus for Dr. Francis of $246,550 that was equal to 125% of his 2024 target bonus. In addition, in February 2025, the Compensation Committee approved an award to Dr. Francis of an option to purchase 151,000 of our ordinary shares and 25,000 RSUs under our 2021 Plan as a 2025 LTIP award, with such options and RSUs vesting over a four-year period, with 25% vesting on the first anniversary of the date of grant and the remainder vesting quarterly thereafter.
Pursuant to Dr. Francis’s employment agreement, if we terminate his employment without cause or if he terminates his employment for good reason, Dr. Francis will be entitled to receive continued payment of his then-current annual base salary for 12 months following termination; continued payment of health insurance premiums at our then-normal rate of contribution until the earlier of 12 months following termination or until he commences new employment; and the payment of a separation bonus equal to his then annual target bonus opportunity prorated through the termination date. In addition, if a change of control occurs and within one year following the change of control Dr. Francis is terminated without cause or if Dr. Francis terminates his employment for good reason, he will be entitled to receive a lump sum cash payment equal to 12 months of his then-current annual base salary; continued payment of health insurance premiums at our then-normal rate of contribution until the earlier of 12 months following termination or until he commences new employment; and the payment of a separation bonus equal to his then annual target bonus opportunity. Pursuant to applicable equity agreements with Dr. Francis, all unvested shares underlying outstanding options and RSUs that were granted to him on or after January 1, 2018 will become fully vested upon his termination without cause or for good reason within 12 months following a change of control. Receipt of the severance and change of control benefits described above is subject to execution of a release of claims against us and compliance with certain restrictive covenants following the termination of his employment.
Kyle Moran, CFA
In January 2021, we entered into an amended and restated employment agreement with Mr. Moran, pursuant to which he serves as our Chief Financial Officer. The employment agreement amends and restates the prior employment arrangement between us and Mr. Moran. As of January 1, 2024, Mr. Moran’s annual base salary was $497,200, and the Compensation Committee established his annual target bonus percentage at 45% of his annual base salary, with the actual amount to be paid determined based on the achievement of annual performance milestones defined by our Board in its sole discretion. Effective January 1, 2025, the Compensation Committee approved an increase of Mr. Moran’s annual base salary to $520,100. In February 2025, in recognition of his 2024 performance supporting the achievement of our corporate goals, as discussed below, the Compensation Committee authorized a cash bonus for Mr. Moran of $279,675 that was equal to 125% of his 2024 target bonus. In addition, in February 2025, the Compensation Committee approved an award to Mr. Moran of an option to purchase 252,000 of our ordinary shares and 42,000 RSUs under our 2021 Plan as a 2025 LTIP award, with such options and RSUs vesting over a four-year period, with 25% vesting on the first anniversary of the date of grant and the remainder vesting quarterly thereafter.
Pursuant to Mr. Moran’s employment agreement, if we terminate his employment without cause or if he terminates his employment for good reason, Mr. Moran will be entitled to receive continued payment of his then-current annual base salary for 12 months following termination; continued payment of health insurance premiums at our then-normal rate of contribution until the earlier of 12 months following termination or until he commences new employment; and the payment of a separation bonus equal to his then annual target bonus opportunity prorated through the termination date. In addition, if a change of control occurs and within one year following the change of control Mr. Moran is terminated without cause or if Mr. Moran terminates his employment for good
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reason, he will be entitled to receive a lump sum cash payment equal to 12 months of his then current annual base salary; continued payment of health insurance premiums at our then-normal rate of contribution until the earlier of 12 months following termination or until he commences new employment; and the payment of a separation bonus equal to his then annual target bonus opportunity. Pursuant to applicable equity agreements with Mr. Moran, all unvested shares underlying outstanding options and RSUs that were granted to him on or after January 1, 2018 will become fully vested upon his termination without cause or for good reason within 12 months following a change of control. Receipt of the severance and change of control benefits described above is subject to execution of a release of claims against us and compliance with certain restrictive covenants following the termination of his employment.
Chandra Vargeese, Ph.D.
In May 2020, we entered into an amended and restated employment agreement with Dr. Vargeese, pursuant to which she serves as our Chief Technology Officer, Head of Platform Discovery Sciences. The employment agreement amends and restates the prior employment arrangement between us and Dr. Vargeese. As of January 1, 2024, Dr. Vargeese’s annual base salary was $487,540, and the Compensation Committee established her annual target bonus percentage at 45% of her annual base salary, with the actual amount to be paid determined based on the achievement of annual performance milestones defined by our Board in its sole discretion. Effective January 1, 2025, the Compensation Committee approved an increase of Dr. Vargeese’s annual base salary to $502,200. In February 2025, in recognition of her 2024 performance supporting the achievement of our corporate goals, as discussed below, the Compensation Committee authorized a cash bonus for Dr. Vargeese of $287,975 that was equal to 131% of her 2024 target bonus. In addition, in February 2025, the Compensation Committee approved an award to Dr. Vargeese of an option to purchase 224,000 of our ordinary shares and 37,000 RSUs under our 2021 Plan as a 2025 LTIP award, with such options and RSUs vesting over a four-year period, with 25% vesting on the first anniversary of the date of grant and the remainder vesting quarterly thereafter.
Pursuant to Dr. Vargeese’s employment agreement, if we terminate her employment without cause or if she terminates her employment for good reason, Dr. Vargeese will be entitled to receive continued payment of her then-current annual base salary for 12 months following termination; continued payment of health insurance premiums at our then-normal rate of contribution until the earlier of 12 months following termination or until she commences new employment; and the payment of a separation bonus equal to her then annual target bonus opportunity prorated through the termination date. In addition, if a change of control occurs and within one year following the change of control Dr. Vargeese is terminated without cause or if Dr. Vargeese terminates her employment for good reason, she will be entitled to receive a lump sum cash payment equal to 12 months of her then-current annual base salary; continued payment of health insurance premiums at our then-normal rate of contribution until the earlier of 12 months following termination or until she commences new employment; and the payment of a separation bonus equal to her then annual target bonus opportunity. Pursuant to applicable equity agreements with Dr. Vargeese, all unvested shares underlying outstanding options and RSUs that were granted to her on or after January 1, 2018 will become fully vested upon her termination without cause or for good reason within 12 months following a change of control. Receipt of the severance and change of control benefits described above is subject to execution of a release of claims against us and compliance with certain restrictive covenants following the termination of her employment.
Other Provisions Applicable to Named Executive Officers
In addition, as a condition of their employment, each of our NEOs has entered into a non-competition and non-solicitation agreement pursuant to which they have agreed not to compete with us for a period of 12 months following the termination of their employment with us. All agreements generally provide for at-will employment and that our NEOs are eligible to participate in employee benefit plans of general applicability to other senior executives, which we maintain from time to time.
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Name and Principal Position |
Year |
Salary ($) |
Option Awards ($) (1) |
Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation ($) |
All Other Compensation ($) (2) |
Total ($) |
||||||||||||||||||
Paul B. Bolno, M.D., MBA |
2024 | 655,500 | 3,064,934 | 532,600 | 19,266 | 4,272,299 | ||||||||||||||||||
President and Chief Executive Officer |
2023 | 636,400 | 2,744,529 | 475,700 | 17,671 | 3,874,300 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 617,900 | 1,565,220 | 461,900 | 22,977 | 2,667,997 | |||||||||||||||||||
Kyle Moran, CFA |
2024 | 497,200 | 1,128,914 | 279,675 | 11,592 | 1,917,381 | ||||||||||||||||||
Chief Financial Officer |
2023 | 471,300 | 970,730 | 243,900 | 11,142 | 1,697,072 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 439,875 | 470,923 | 227,600 | 10,392 | 1,148,790 | |||||||||||||||||||
Chandra Vargeese, Ph.D. |
2024 | 487,540 | 1,099,134 | 287,975 | 13,914 | 1,888,563 | ||||||||||||||||||
Chief Technology Officer, Head of Platform Discovery Sciences |
2023 | 473,340 | 1,051,535 | 245,000 | 13,464 | 1,783,339 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 459,540 | 521,740 | 237,800 | 12,714 | 1,231,794 | |||||||||||||||||||
Christopher Francis, Ph.D. |
2024 | 438,300 | 870,312 | 246,550 | 11,260 | 1,566,422 | ||||||||||||||||||
Senior Vice President, Corporate Development and Head of Emerging Areas |
2023 | 425,500 | 871,059 | 220,200 | 10,710 | 1,527,469 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 407,800 | 391,305 | 211,000 | 540 | 1,010,645 | |||||||||||||||||||
| (1) | Amounts represent the aggregate grant date fair value for the option awards identified, computed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. A discussion of the assumptions used in determining grant date fair value may be found in Note 7 to the financial statements included in our 2024 Form 10-K. |
| (2) | For 2024, the amounts include 401(k) matching contributions of $10,350 made to each of Drs. Bolno, Vargeese, and Francis and Mr. Moran, as well as the value of annual premiums paid by us with respect to a life insurance policy for the benefit of each of the NEOs. For 2024, the amount for Dr. Bolno also includes reimbursement of commuting expenses of $6,052 and the related tax gross up of $1,431. |
Name |
Grant Date |
Estimated Future Payouts Under Non-Equity Incentive Plan Awards: Target ($) (1) |
All Other Option Awards: Number of Securities Underlying Options (#) (2) |
Exercise or Base Price of Option Awards ($/Sh) (3) |
Grant Date Fair Value of Option Awards ($) (4) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Paul B. Bolno, M.D., MBA |
426,075 | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 2/5/2024 | — | 1,008,600 | $ | 3.87 | 3,064,934 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Kyle Moran, CFA |
223,740 | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 2/5/2024 | — | 371,500 | $ | 3.87 | 1,128,914 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Chandra Vargeese, Ph.D. |
219,393 | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 2/5/2024 | — | 361,700 | $ | 3.87 | 1,099,134 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Christopher Francis, Ph.D. |
197,235 | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 2/5/2024 | — | 286,400 | $ | 3.87 | 870,312 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (1) | Represents the potential 2025 cash incentive bonus payouts assuming target achievement of corporate goals, based upon the NEO’s cash incentive bonus target and base salary in effect on December 31, 2024. No minimum threshold amount or maximum amount beyond the target amount was established. See the column entitled “Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation” in the “Summary Compensation Table” for the cash incentive bonuses earned by the NEOs in 2024. See “Compensation Discussion and Analysis — Components of Executive Compensation — Annual Performance-Based Cash Incentive Compensation |
| (2) | Represents the grant of share options made in 2024. Such awards have a four-year vesting period, with 25% of the shares subject to the award vesting on February 5, 2025 and the remainder vesting quarterly in equal installments over the following 12 quarters, subject to such NEO’s continued service with us on each vesting date. |
| (3) | Represents the closing market price of the shares on the grant date. |
| (4) | Amounts represents the aggregate grant date fair value for the options and restricted share unit awards, as applicable, computed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. A discussion of the assumptions used in determining grant date fair value may be found in Note 7 to the financial statements included in the 2024 Form 10-K. |
Table of Contents
Outstanding Equity Awards at 2024 Fiscal Year-End
The following table shows grants of options and unvested restricted share unit awards outstanding on the last day of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 to each of the NEOs.
| Option Awards | Share Awards | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Name |
Option Grant Date |
Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options Exercisable (#) |
Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options Unexercisable (#) |
Option Exercise Price ($) |
Option Expiration Date |
Number of Shares or Units That Have Not Vested (#) |
Market Value of Shares or Units That Have Not Vested ($) |
Equity Incentive Plan Awards: Number of Unearned Shares, Units or Other Rights That Have Not Vested (#) |
Equity Incentive Plan Awards: Market or Payout Value of Unearned Shares, Units or Other Rights That Have Not Vested ($)(5) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Paul B. Bolno, M.D., MBA |
3/10/2015 | 169,025 | — | $ | 2.48 | 3/10/2025 | — | — | — | $ | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 6/16/2016 | 236,400 | — | $ | 18.79 | 6/16/2026 | — | — | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1/25/2017 | 72,500 | — | $ | 29.05 | 1/25/2027 | — | — | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1/23/2018 | 109,000 | — | $ | 40.05 | 1/23/2028 | — | — | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3/3/2020 | 63,000 | — | $ | 8.17 | 3/3/2030 | — | — | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2/1/2021 | 200,000 | — | $ | 10.48 | 2/1/2031 | — | — | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1/1/2022 | 412,500 | 187,500 | (1) | $ | 3.14 | 1/1/2032 | — | — | — | $ | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 7/25/2022 | 180,000 | — | $ | 2.83 | 7/25/2032 | — | — | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2/17/2023 | 337,312 | 433,688 | (2) | $ | 4.75 | 2/17/2033 | — | — | — | $ | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2/5/2024 | — | 1,008,600 | (3) | $ | 3.87 | 2/5/2034 | — | — | — | $ | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| — | — | $ | — | — | — | — | 92,500 | (4) | $ | 1,144,225 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kyle Moran, CFA |
6/16/2016 | 21,647 | — | $ | 18.79 | 6/16/2026 | — | — | — | $ | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1/23/2018 | 15,000 | — | $ | 40.05 | 1/23/2028 | — | — | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3/3/2020 | 36,000 | — | $ | 8.17 | 3/3/2030 | — | — | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2/1/2021 | 50,000 | — | $ | 10.48 | 2/1/2031 | — | — | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1/1/2022 | 120,312 | 54,688 | (1) | $ | 3.14 | 1/1/2032 | — | — | — | $ | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 7/25/2022 | 60,000 | — | $ | 2.83 | 7/25/2032 | — | — | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2/17/2023 | 119,306 | 153,394 | (2) | $ | 4.75 | 2/17/2033 | — | — | — | $ | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2/5/2024 | — | 371,500 | (3) | $ | 3.87 | 2/5/2034 | — | — | — | $ | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| — | — | $ | — | — | — | — | 15,000 | (4) | $ | 185,550 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chandra Vargeese, Ph.D. |
3/10/2015 | 137,754 | — | $ | 2.48 | 3/10/2025 | — | — | — | $ | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 6/16/2016 | 49,600 | — | $ | 18.79 | 6/16/2026 | — | — | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1/25/2017 | 19,500 | — | $ | 29.05 | 1/25/2027 | — | — | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1/23/2018 | 35,000 | — | $ | 40.05 | 1/23/2028 | — | — | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3/3/2020 | 36,000 | — | $ | 8.17 | 3/3/2030 | — | — | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2/1/2021 | 50,000 | — | $ | 10.48 | 2/1/2031 | — | — | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1/1/2022 | 137,500 | 625,00 | (1) | $ | 3.14 | 1/1/2032 | — | — | — | $ | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 7/25/2022 | 60,000 | — | $ | 2.83 | 7/25/2032 | — | — | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2/17/2023 | 129,237 | 166,163 | (2) | $ | 4.75 | 2/17/2033 | — | — | — | $ | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2/5/2024 | — | 361,700 | (3) | $ | 3.87 | 2/5/2034 | — | — | — | $ | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| — | — | $ | — | — | — | — | 50,000 | (4) | $ | 618,500 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Christopher Francis, Ph.D. |
6/16/2016 | 37,100 | — | $ | 18.79 | 6/16/2026 | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1/25/2017 | 19,500 | — | $ | 29.05 | 1/25/2027 | — | — | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1/23/2018 | 26,000 | — | $ | 40.05 | 1/23/2028 | — | — | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2/1/2021 | 50,000 | — | $ | 10.48 | 2/1/2031 | — | — | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1/1/2022 | 37,500 | 46,875 | (1) | $ | 3.14 | 1/1/2032 | — | — | — | $ | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 7/25/2022 | 22,500 | — | $ | 2.83 | 7/25/2032 | — | — | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2/17/2023 | 107,056 | 137,644 | (2) | $ | 4.75 | 2/17/2033 | — | — | — | $ | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2/5/2024 | — | 286,400 | (3) | $ | 3.87 | 2/5/2034 | — | — | — | $ | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| — | — | $ | — | — | — | — | 32,500 | (4) | $ | 402,025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| (1) | 25% vested on January 1, 2023 and the remainder vests in equal quarterly installments over the following 12 quarters, subject to such officer’s continued service with us on each such vesting date. The award shall become fully vested upon termination without cause or for good reason within 12 months following a change of control. |
| (2) | 25% vested on February 17, 2024 and the remainder vests in equal quarterly installments over the following 12 quarters, subject to such officer’s continued service with us on each such vesting date. The award shall become fully vested upon termination without cause or for good reason within 12 months following a change of control. |
| (3) | 25% vests on February 5, 2025 and the remainder vests in equal quarterly installments over the following 12 quarters, subject to such officer’s continued service with us on each such vesting date. The award shall become fully vested upon termination without cause or for good reason within 12 months following a change of control. |
| (4) | On May 4, 2022, 50% of the 2019 performance-based RSUs vested upon the achievement of the PN chemistry milestone and of the shares listed, if prior to March 7, 2029 the regulatory approval milestone is achieved, 80% of the unvested performance-based RSUs will be earned and vest, and if the commercial sale milestone is achieved, 20% of the unvested 2019 performance-based RSUs will be earned and vest. |
| (5) | The market value of the 2019 Performance-Based RSUs is based on the closing price of our ordinary shares of $12.37 per share at December 31, 2024. |
Option Exercises in 2024
The following table shows information regarding exercises of options to purchase our ordinary shares held by each of our NEOs during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.
| Option Awards | ||||||||||
| Name |
Number of Shares Acquired on Exercise (#) |
Value Realized on Exercise ($)(1) | ||||||||
| Paul B. Bolno, M.D., MBA |
50,000 | $ | 626,000 | |||||||
| Kyle Moran, CFA |
25,000 | $ | 153,250 | |||||||
| Chandra Vargeese, Ph.D. |
68,210 | $ | 252,036 | |||||||
| Christopher Francis, Ph.D. |
165,122 | $ | 1,648,690 | |||||||
| (1) | The value realized on the exercise of options was calculated by multiplying the number of options exercised on the applicable exercise date by the difference between the sale price of the shares and the exercise price of the options. |
Pension Benefits
We do not have any qualified or non-qualified defined benefit plans.
Nonqualified Deferred Compensation
We do not have any nonqualified defined contribution plans or other deferred compensation plan.
Employee Benefits
Our NEOs participate in employee benefit programs available to our employees generally, including medical and dental insurance, and a tax-qualified 401(k) plan.
Potential Payments Upon Termination or Change-In-Control
The following table sets out the estimated potential payments upon termination or a change in control for each of our NEOs, based on the assumptions discussed above and assuming such event occurred on December 31, 2024, the last business day of 2024. In accordance with SEC rules, the potential payments were determined under the terms of our contracts, agreements, plans and arrangements as in effect on December 31, 2024. The tables do not include any previously vested equity awards or accrued benefits. Because the payments to be made to an NEO
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depend on several factors, the actual amounts to be paid out upon a triggering event can only be determined at the time of the triggering event.
| Name |
Compensation Component |
Involuntary Not for Cause Termination ($) |
Voluntary for Good Reason Termination ($) |
Acceleration of Vesting Upon a Change of Control ($) |
Termination Without Cause or For Good Reason Within 12 Months Following a Change of Control ($) |
|||||||||||||
| Paul B. Bolno, M.D., MBA |
Base Salary | 983,250 | (2) | 983,250 | (2) | — | 983,250 | (2) | ||||||||||
| Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation | 426,075 | (3) | 426,075 | (3) | — | 426,075 | (3) | |||||||||||
| Acceleration of unvested options and RSUs(1) | — | — | 13,608,428 | 1,144,225 | ||||||||||||||
| Benefits and Perquisites | 50,254 | (4) | 50,254 | (5) | — | 50,254 | (5) | |||||||||||
| Kyle Moran, CFA |
Base Salary | 497,200 | (6) | 497,200 | (6) | — | 497,200 | (6) | ||||||||||
| Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation | 223,740 | (3) | 223,740 | (3) | — | 223,740 | (3) | |||||||||||
| Acceleration of unvested options and RSUs(1) | — | — | 4,831,383 | 185,550 | ||||||||||||||
| Benefits and Perquisites | 28,483 | (5) | 28,483 | (5) | — | 28,483 | (5) | |||||||||||
| Chandra Vargeese, Ph.D. |
Base Salary | 487,540 | (6) | 487,540 | (6) | — | 487,540 | (6) | ||||||||||
| Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation | 219,393 | (3) | 219,393 | (3) | — | 219,393 | (3) | |||||||||||
| Acceleration of unvested options and RSUs(1) | — | — | 4,917,487 | 618,500 | ||||||||||||||
| Benefits and Perquisites | 21,782 | (5) | 21,782 | (5) | — | 21,782 | (5) | |||||||||||
| Christopher Francis, Ph.D. |
Base Salary | 438,300 | (6) | 438,300 | (6) | — | 438,300 | (6) | ||||||||||
| Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation | 197,235 | (3) | 197,235 | (3) | — | 197,235 | (3) | |||||||||||
| Acceleration of unvested options and RSUs(1) | — | — | 3,915,904 | 402,025 | ||||||||||||||
| Benefits and Perquisites | 33,503 | (5) | 33,503 | (5) | — | 33,503 | (5) | |||||||||||
| (1) | Value attributable to accelerated vesting of (i) then unvested options, determined by multiplying the number of shares accelerated by the difference between the exercise price of the option and the closing price of our ordinary shares on December 31, 2024, and (ii) then unvested RSUs, determined by multiplying the number of RSUs accelerated by the closing price of our ordinary shares on December 31, 2024. |
| (2) | Eighteen months of 2024 base salary continuation. |
| (3) | Target non-equity incentive compensation for 2024. |
| (4) | Payment of COBRA premiums for eighteen months based on executive’s current benefits elections. |
| (5) | Payment of COBRA premiums for twelve months based on executive’s current benefit elections. |
| (6) | Twelve months of 2024 base salary continuation. |
For a further description of the employment agreements with our NEOs, including a summary of each NEO’s severance and change in control benefits, please refer to “Compensation Discussion and Analysis — Employment Agreements and Severance Benefits with Our Named Executive Officers.”
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Director Compensation
The following table shows the total compensation earned during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 by each of our non-employee directors. Directors who are also employees are not compensated for their service on our Board.
| Name |
Fees Earned or Paid in Cash ($)(1) |
Share Awards ($)(2) |
Option Awards ($)(3) |
Total ($) | ||||||||||||||||
| Christian Henry |
99,375 | 86,538 | 100,303 | 286,216 | ||||||||||||||||
| Mark H. N. Corrigan, M.D. |
71,875 | 173,075 | 202,520 | 447,471 | ||||||||||||||||
| Peter Kolchinsky, Ph.D.(4) |
47,500 | 86,538 | 100,303 | 234,341 | ||||||||||||||||
| Adrian Rawcliffe |
66,250 | 86,538 | 100,303 | 253,091 | ||||||||||||||||
| Ken Takanashi |
47,500 | 86,538 | 100,303 | 234,341 | ||||||||||||||||
| Aik Na Tan |
49,375 | 86,538 | 100,303 | 236,216 | ||||||||||||||||
| Gregory L. Verdine, Ph.D. |
47,500 | 86,538 | 100,303 | 234,341 | ||||||||||||||||
| Heidi L. Wagner |
62,500 | 173,075 | 202,520 | 438,096 | ||||||||||||||||
| (1) | Amounts represent fees earned during 2024 under our Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy. |
| (2) | Amount represents the aggregate grant date fair value for the share awards identified, computed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. A discussion of the assumptions used in determining grant date fair value may be found in Note 7 to the financial statements included in our 2024 Form 10-K. |
| (3) | Amount represents the aggregate grant date fair value for the option awards granted in 2024 to our non-employee directors, computed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. A discussion of the assumptions used in determining grant date fair value may be found in Note 7 to the financial statements included in our 2024 Form 10-K. |
| (4) | Pursuant to the terms of the RA Capital Healthcare Fund, L.P. governing documents, Dr. Kolchinsky is required to remit to RA Capital Management, L.P. (“RA Capital”) both the cash and the equity compensation, and RA Capital and not Dr. Kolchinsky individually is the beneficial owner of such compensation. |
The following table shows the aggregate number of shares subject to options held by each of our non-employee directors as of December 31, 2024:
| Name |
Aggregate Number of Shares Subject to Options |
|||
| Christian Henry |
150,730 | |||
| Mark H. N. Corrigan, M.D. |
161,960 | |||
| Peter Kolchinsky, Ph.D. |
150,730 | |||
| Adrian Rawcliffe |
150,730 | |||
| Ken Takanashi |
150,730 | |||
| Aik Na Tan |
140,230 | |||
| Gregory L. Verdine, Ph.D.(1) |
580,599 | |||
| Heidi L. Wagner, J.D. |
161,960 | |||
| (1) | In October 2022, the Compensation Committee granted Dr. Verdine a non-qualified share option for 163,467 ordinary shares as form of payment under his consulting agreement for the service period of October 1, 2022 through December 31, 2024, the vesting of which is subject to Dr. Verdine’s continued service under the consulting agreement. |
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2024 Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy
At our 2024 AGM, our shareholders approved our 2024 Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy, under which our non-employee directors are compensated for their service as directors, including as members of the various committees of our Board on which they serve, for the Board service period that commenced on the date of our 2024 AGM and runs through the date of our 2025 AGM. The terms of the 2024 Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy are as follows:
(A) Cash Compensation:
| • | Board of Directors: Annual cash compensation of $40,000 to each non-employee director, other than the Chair of the Board, and cash compensation of $75,000 to the non-employee Chair of the Board. |
| • | Audit Committee: Additional annual cash compensation of $20,000 to the Chair of the Audit Committee and $10,000 to each member of the Audit Committee other than the Chair. |
| • | Compensation Committee: Additional annual cash compensation of $15,000 to the Chair of the Compensation Committee and $7,500 to each member of the Compensation Committee other than the Chair. |
| • | Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee: Additional annual cash compensation of $15,000 to the Chair of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee and $7,500 to each member of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee other than the Chair. |
| • | Research and Development Committee: Additional annual cash compensation of $15,000 to the Chair of the Research and Development Committee and $7,500 to each member of the Research and Development Committee other than the Chair. |
| • | Proration: Additional pro rata cash compensation of the annual cash compensation amounts set forth above shall be made, as applicable, to (i) any director who ceases to be a director, Chair of the Board or member or chair of any committee of the Board and (ii) any new non-employee director who is appointed by the Board, any independent director who is appointed to the position of Chair of the Board or chair of any such committee of the Board or any independent director who is appointed to serve on any such committee of the Board, for their services rendered as a director and/or committee member, for the portion of the year in which such director so served. |
(B) Equity Compensation:
| • | Initial Equity Grant: One-time equity grant upon initial appointment or election to the Board of (i) an option to purchase 64,460 ordinary shares, which shall vest as to 12.5% of the shares on a quarterly basis during the two-year period following the grant date; and (ii) a restricted share unit of 32,230 ordinary shares, which shall vest as to 50% of the shares on the earlier of (x) the following year’s annual general meeting of shareholders or (y) the following year’s anniversary of the grant date, in each case during the two-year period following the grant date. |
| • | Refresh Equity Grant: Each non-employee director whose initial equity grant has an expiration date within twelve months following the 2024 AGM shall be granted (i) an option to purchase 64,460 ordinary shares, which shall vest as to 12.5% of the shares on a quarterly basis during the two-year period following the grant date; and (ii) a restricted share unit of 32,230 ordinary shares, which shall vest as to 50% of the shares on the earlier of (x) the following year’s annual general meeting of shareholders or (y) the following year’s anniversary of the grant date, in each case during the two-year period following the grant date. |
| • | Annual Equity Grant: Annual equity grant of (i) an option to purchase 32,230 ordinary shares, which shall vest as to 100% of the shares on the earlier of the 2025 AGM or the first anniversary |
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| of the grant date; and (ii) a restricted share unit of 16,115 ordinary shares, which shall vest as to 100% of the shares on the earlier of the 2025 AGM or the first anniversary of the grant date. |
| • | Limitation on Equity Grants: A non-employee director shall be eligible to receive only one type of option grant at the 2024 AGM, which shall be an initial equity grant, a refresh equity grant, or an annual equity grant, in each case as described above. |
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Year |
Summary Compensation Table Total for PEO 1 ($) |
Compensation Actually Paid to PEO 1, 2, 3 ($) |
Average Summary Compensation Table Total for Non-PEO NEOs 1 ($) |
Average Compensation Actually Paid to Non-PEO NEOs 1,2,3 ($) |
Value of Initial Fixed $100 Investment based on 4 |
Net Income ($ Millions) |
||||||||||||||||||||||
| TSR ($) |
Peer Group TSR ($) |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2024 |
( |
) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2023 |
( |
) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2022 |
( |
) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2021 |
( |
) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1. | Non-PEO NEOs for each year presented are listed below. |
2021 |
2022 |
2023 |
2024 | |||
Michael Panzara, M.D., MPH |
Kyle Moran, CFA | Kyle Moran, CFA | Christopher Francis, Ph.D. | |||
Chandra Vargeese, Ph.D. |
Chandra Vargeese, Ph.D. | Chandra Vargeese, Ph.D. | Kyle Moran, CFA | |||
| Chandra Vargeese, Ph.D. |
| 2. | The amounts shown for Compensation Actually Paid have been calculated in accordance with Item 402(v) of Regulation S-K and do not reflect compensation actually earned, realized, or received by the Company’s NEOs. These amounts reflect the Summary Compensation Table Total with certain adjustments as described in footnote 3 below. |
| 3. | Compensation Actually Paid reflects the exclusions and inclusions of certain amounts for the PEO and the Non-PEO NEOs as set forth below. Equity values are calculated in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. Amounts in the Exclusion of Stock and Option Awards column are the totals from the Option Awards column set forth in the Summary Compensation Table. |
Year |
Summary Compensation Table Total for PEO ($) |
Exclusion of Stock and Option Awards for PEO ($) |
Inclusion of Equity Values for PEO ($) |
Compensation Actually Paid to PEO ($) | ||||||||||||||||
2024 |
( |
) | ||||||||||||||||||
Year |
Average Summary Compensation Table Total for Non-PEO NEOs ($) |
Average Exclusion of Stock and Option Awards for Non-PEO NEOs ($) |
Average Inclusion of Equity Values for Non- PEO NEOs ($) |
Average Compensation Actually Paid to Non- PEO NEOs ($) | ||||||||||||||||
2024 |
( |
) | ||||||||||||||||||
Year |
Year-End Fair Value of Equity Awards Granted During Year That Remained Unvested as of Last Day of Year for PEO ($) |
Change in Fair Value from Last Day of Prior Year to Last Day of Year of Unvested Equity Awards for PEO ($) |
Vesting-Date Fair Value of Equity Awards Granted During Year that Vested During Year for PEO ($) |
Change in Fair Value from Last Day of Prior Year to Vesting Date of Unvested Equity Awards that Vested During Year for PEO ($) |
Fair Value at Last Day of Prior Year of Equity Awards Forfeited During Year for PEO ($) |
Total - Inclusion of Equity Values for PEO ($) |
||||||||||||||||||
2024 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Year |
Average Year- End Fair Value of Equity Awards Granted During Year That Remained Unvested as of Last Day of Year for Non-PEO NEOs ($) |
Average Change in Fair Value from Last Day of Prior Year to Last Day of Year of Unvested Equity Awards for Non-PEO NEOs ($) |
Average Vesting-Date Fair Value of Equity Awards Granted During Year that Vested During Year for Non-PEO NEOs($) |
Average Change in Fair Value from Last Day of Prior Year to Vesting Date of Unvested Equity Awards that Vested During Year for Non- PEO NEOs ($) |
Average Fair Value at Last Day of Prior Year of Equity Awards Forfeited During Year for Non- PEO NEOs ($) |
Total - Average Inclusion of Equity Values for Non-PEO NEOs ($) |
||||||||||||||||||
2024 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4. |
2024 | ||||
| Alector, Inc. | Denali Therapeutics Inc. | Prime Medicine, Inc | ||
| Arcturus Therapeutics Holdings Inc. | Dyne Therapeutics, Inc. | PTC Therapeutics, Inc. | ||
| Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals Inc | Editas Medicine, Inc. | Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc. | ||
| Avidity Biosciences Inc. | Intellia Therapeutics, Inc. | Stoke Therapeutics, Inc. | ||
| Beam Therapeutics, Inc. | Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Verve Therapeutics, Inc. | ||
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EQUITY COMPENSATION PLAN INFORMATION
The following table provides certain information with respect to our 2021 Plan and 2014 Plan (together, the “Equity Compensation Plans”) in effect as of December 31, 2024.
| Plan Category |
Number of Securities to be Issued upon Exercise of Options, Warrants and Rights |
Weighted-Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights |
Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans | ||||||||||||
| Equity compensation plans approved by security holders |
19,923,174 | (1) | 5.78 | (2) | 9,366,138 | (3) | |||||||||
| Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders |
362,000 | (4) | 5.85 | (5) | — | ||||||||||
| Total |
20,285,174 | 5.78 | 9,366,138 | ||||||||||||
| (1) | Consists of (i) options to purchase 19,091,131 of our ordinary shares outstanding under the Equity Compensation Plans, (ii) 291,264 of our ordinary shares subject to performance-based RSUs outstanding under the Equity Compensation Plans, and (iii) 540,779 of our ordinary shares subject to time-based RSUs outstanding under the Equity Compensation Plans, in each case as of December 31, 2024. |
| (2) | Reflects the weighted average exercise price of the options to purchase 19,091,131 of our ordinary shares outstanding under the Equity Compensation Plans, as of December 31, 2024. |
| (3) | Consists of 7,052,136 of our ordinary shares available for future grants under the Equity Compensation Plans, as well as 2,314,002 of our ordinary shares that remain available for sale under the 2019 Employee Share Purchase Plan, as amended, in each case as of December 31, 2024. |
| (4) | Consists of options to purchase 362,000 of our ordinary shares granted outside of the Equity Compensation Plans in accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(c)(4), outstanding as of December 31, 2024. The options have an exercise price of $5.85 per share, the closing price of our ordinary shares on the grant date, and vests over four years with 25% vesting on May 8, 2025 and the remainder vesting in equal quarterly installments over the following three years. |
| (5) | Reflects the weighted average exercise price of the options to purchase 362,000 of our ordinary shares granted in accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(c)(4), outstanding as of December 31, 2024. |
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REPORT OF AUDIT COMMITTEE
The Audit Committee of the Board of Directors has furnished the following report:
The Audit Committee assists the Board in overseeing and monitoring the integrity of our financial reporting process, compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, the quality of internal and external audit processes, and related person transaction policies and procedures. The committee’s role and responsibilities are set forth in the Audit Committee charter adopted by the Board, which is available on our website at www.wavelifesciences.com. The Audit Committee reviews and reassesses its charter annually and recommends any changes to the Board for approval. The Audit Committee is responsible for overseeing our overall financial reporting process, for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, and for the appointment, compensation, retention and oversight of the work of KPMG LLP. In fulfilling its responsibilities for the financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, the Audit Committee took the following actions:
| • | Reviewed and discussed the audited financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 with management and KPMG LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm and independent Singapore auditor; |
| • | Discussed with KPMG LLP the matters required to be discussed by the applicable requirements of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (“PCAOB”) and the SEC; and |
| • | Received written disclosures and the letter from KPMG LLP regarding its independence as required by applicable requirements of the PCAOB regarding KPMG LLP communications with the Audit Committee and the Audit Committee further discussed with KPMG LLP their independence. The Audit Committee also considered the status of pending litigation, taxation matters and other areas of oversight relating to the financial reporting and audit process that the committee determined appropriate. |
Based on the Audit Committee’s review of the audited financial statements and discussions with management and KPMG LLP, the Audit Committee recommended to the Board that the audited financial statements be included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 for filing with the SEC.
| Members of the Audit Committee Adrian Rawcliffe, Chair Christian Henry Mark H.N. Corrigan, M.D. Aik Na Tan |
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CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED PERSON TRANSACTIONS
The following includes a summary of transactions since January 1, 2024 to which we have been a party, in which the amount involved in the transaction exceeded $120,000, and in which any of our directors, executive officers or beneficial owners of more than 5% of our ordinary shares, or any member of the immediate family of any of the foregoing persons had or will have a direct or indirect material interest, other than equity and other compensation, termination, change in control and other arrangements, which are described under, “Executive Officer and Director Compensation.” We refer to such transactions as “related party transactions” or “related person transactions” and such persons as “related parties” or “related persons.” With the approval of our Board, we have engaged in the related party transactions described below.
Indemnification Agreements with Officers and Directors
We have entered into deeds of indemnity with our directors and our executive officers. These agreements will require us to indemnify these individuals to the fullest extent permitted under Singapore law against liabilities that may arise by reason of their service to us as a result of any proceeding against them as to which they could be indemnified. These indemnification rights shall not be exclusive of any other right which an indemnified person may have or hereafter acquire under any statute, provision of our Constitution, agreement, vote of shareholders or disinterested directors or otherwise if they are subsequently found to have been negligent or otherwise have breached their trust or fiduciary duties or to be in default thereof, or where the Singapore courts have declined to grant relief.
Consulting Agreement with Gregory L. Verdine, Ph.D.
Gregory L. Verdine, Ph.D., a member of our Board, entered into a consulting agreement with Wave Life Sciences USA, Inc. (“Wave USA”), our wholly owned subsidiary, dated as of April 1, 2012, pursuant to which Dr. Verdine serves as a scientific advisor. The consulting agreement does not have a specified term and may be terminated by either party upon 14 days’ prior written notice. Wave USA paid Dr. Verdine $12,500 per month pursuant to the consulting agreement and, in January 2022 through September 2022, Dr. Verdine was paid $112,500 under this agreement. In October 2022, the Compensation Committee approved a grant to Dr. Verdine of a non-qualified share option for 163,467 ordinary shares in lieu of cash payment under this consulting agreement for the service period of October 1, 2022 through December 31, 2024 and vests in equal monthly installments over that period, subject to Dr. Verdine’s continued service under the consulting agreement.
Agreements with GSK and its Affiliate
On December 13, 2022, Wave Life Sciences USA, Inc. and Wave Life Sciences UK Limited, two of our direct, wholly-owned subsidiaries entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement (the “GSK Collaboration Agreement”) with GlaxoSmithKline Intellectual Property (No. 3) (“GSK”), which became effective on January 27, 2023. Pursuant to the GSK Collaboration Agreement, we and GSK have agreed to collaborate on the research, development, and commercialization of oligonucleotide therapeutics, including a global exclusive license to WVE-006. The discovery collaboration has an initial four-year research term and combines our proprietary discovery and drug development platform, PRISMTM, with GSK’s unique insights from human genetics and its global development and commercial capabilities.
Under the terms of the GSK Collaboration Agreement, we received an upfront payment of $170.0 million, which included a cash payment of $120.0 million and a $50.0 million equity investment. With respect to the $50.0 million equity investment, on December 13, 2022, we entered into a Share Purchase Agreement (the “GSK Share Purchase Agreement”) with Glaxo Group Limited (“GGL”), an affiliate of GSK, pursuant to which we sold 10,683,761 of our ordinary shares to GGL (the “GSK Shares”) at a purchase price of $4.68 per share. In connection with the GSK Share Purchase Agreement, GGL and we agreed upon certain rights and restrictions as set forth in the Investor Agreement, dated as of January 26, 2023 (the “GSK Investor Agreement”). Under the
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GSK Investor Agreement, during the 30-month period after the date of the GSK Investor Agreement, GGL and its affiliates will be bound by certain “standstill” provisions. The GSK Shares are subject to a lock-up restriction, such that GGL will not, and will also cause its affiliates not to, without our prior approval, sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of the GSK Shares during the 30-month period after the effective date of the GSK Investor Agreement. For a certain period following the expiration of the lock-up period, subject to certain conditions and limitations, we agreed to provide certain demand registration rights to GGL in order to register all or a portion of the GSK Shares purchased by GGL. We also provided GGL with certain “piggyback” registration rights for a certain period following the expiration of the lock-up period, subject to certain conditions and limitations, such that when we propose to register our ordinary shares for our account, GGL will have the right to include some or all of the GSK Shares in such registration. The GSK Investor Agreement also contains other customary terms and conditions of the parties with respect to the registration of GSK Shares.
Participation in Our Underwritten Offerings
On September 27, 2024, we closed an underwritten public offering (the “September 2024 Offering”) in which we issued and sold (i) 23,125,001 ordinary shares at a public offering price of $8.00, and (ii) to certain investors in lieu of additional ordinary shares, pre-funded warrants to purchase up to 1,875,023 ordinary shares at a public offering price of $7.9999. As a part of the September 2024 Offering, GSK plc, a 5% or greater holder of our ordinary shares, purchased 2,791,930 ordinary shares at the public offering price of $8.00 per share.
Contract Research Services Provided by SNBL
In April 2023, we engaged SNBL to provide approximately $2.8 million in certain non-human primates (NHPs) contract research services to us. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we paid SNBL $0.9 million for a portion of these services.
Related Person Transaction Policy
Our Board has adopted a written related person transaction policy that requires future transactions between us and any director, executive officer, holder of 5% or more of any class of our ordinary shares or any member of the immediate family of, or entities affiliated with, any of them, or any other related persons, as defined in Item 404 of Regulation S-K, or their affiliates, in which the amount involved is equal to or greater than $120,000, be approved in advance by our Audit Committee, or if Audit Committee approval would be inappropriate, by another independent body of our Board. In approving or rejecting such proposed related person transaction, the committee is to consider all available information deemed relevant by the committee, including, but not limited to, the extent of the related person’s interest in the transaction and whether the transaction is on terms no less favorable to us than terms we could have generally obtained from an unaffiliated third party under the same or similar circumstances. The committee approves only those transactions that, in light of known circumstances, are deemed to be in our best interests. In the event that any member of the committee is not a disinterested person with respect to the related person transaction under review, that member is excluded from the review and approval or rejection of such related person transaction; provided, however, that such committee member may be counted in determining the presence of a quorum at the meeting of the committee at which such transaction is considered. If we become aware of an existing related person transaction which has not been approved under the policy, the matter will be referred to the committee. The committee evaluates all options available, including ratification, revision or termination of such transaction. In the event that management determines that it is impractical or undesirable to wait until a meeting of the committee to consummate a related person transaction, the chair of the committee may approve such transaction in accordance with the related person transaction approval policy. Any such approval must be reported to the committee at the next regularly scheduled meeting.
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PROPOSAL 1: ELECTION OF DIRECTORS
Our Constitution requires that each of our directors retire at each annual general meeting of our shareholders, and each retiring director is then eligible for re-election. The Board, acting on the recommendation of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, has nominated each of Paul B. Bolno, M.D., MBA, Mark H.N. Corrigan, M.D., Christian Henry, Peter Kolchinsky, Ph.D., Adrian Rawcliffe, Ken Takanashi, Aik Na Tan, Gregory L. Verdine, Ph.D. and Heidi L. Wagner, J.D. for election at the 2025 AGM. Voting on the election of each nominee will be done separately. If each such nominee is elected, they will serve on our Board until our 2026 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders and until their successor has been elected and qualified.
Pursuant to the Singapore Companies Act and our Constitution, our Board must have at least one director who is ordinarily resident in Singapore. Ms. Tan is our Singapore resident director. Due to the Singapore Companies Act requirement that we have at least one director who is ordinarily resident in Singapore in office at all times, the sole resident director cannot resign or step down unless there is at least one other resident director. In the event that Ms. Tan is not elected at the 2025 AGM, she will continue in office after the 2025 AGM as a member of our Board until her qualifying successor (i.e., a Singapore resident director) is appointed.
Each of the nominees has indicated a willingness to continue to serve as director, if elected. We have no reason to believe that any nominee will be unable or unwilling to serve as a director. In addition, our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee has reviewed each nominee for director’s current commitments, including relating to serving on other publicly-traded company boards, and determined that such commitments are consistent with our guidelines. Furthermore, our Board has concluded that each of the members of our Board is qualified and should continue to serve on our Board based on their contributions to our Company, current experience, qualifications, attributes and skills, which our Board believes each has continued to demonstrate since their respective appointments as directors. As our Company has evolved, our directors’ respective tenures with Wave, collective experiences, including that of sitting on other public company boards, and engagement with our Company have remained steadfast. Our Board believes that our directors continue to demonstrate their commitment and dedication, particularly as we advance towards being a commercial organization.
Each nominee for director who receives the affirmative vote of a majority of the votes cast by the holders of ordinary shares voting either in person or by proxy at the 2025 AGM will be elected (meaning the number of shares voted “for” a nominee must exceed the number of shares voted “against” such nominee).
THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS RECOMMENDS A VOTE “FOR” THE ELECTION OF PAUL B. BOLNO, M.D., MBA, MARK H.N. CORRIGAN, M.D., CHRISTIAN HENRY, PETER KOLCHINSKY, PH.D., ADRIAN RAWCLIFFE, KEN TAKANASHI, AIK NA TAN, GREGORY L. VERDINE, PH.D. AND HEIDI L. WAGNER, J.D. AS DIRECTORS, AND PROXIES SOLICITED BY THE BOARD WILL BE VOTED IN FAVOR THEREOF UNLESS A SHAREHOLDER HAS INDICATED OTHERWISE ON THE PROXY CARD.
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PROPOSAL 2: INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM AND
INDEPENDENT SINGAPORE AUDITOR AND
AUDITOR REMUNERATION
The Audit Committee has appointed KPMG LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm and independent Singapore auditor to audit our financial statements for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2025.
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, KPMG LLP was our independent registered public accounting firm and independent Singapore auditor of our Singapore Statutory Financial Statements. Pursuant to Section 205(2) and 205(4) of the Singapore Companies Act, any re-appointment after the initial appointment of our independent Singapore auditor, or its subsequent removal, requires the approval of our shareholders. The Board proposes that the shareholders approve the re-appointment of KPMG LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm and independent Singapore auditor of our Singapore Statutory Financial Statements.
We expect that representatives of KPMG LLP will be present at the 2025 AGM, will be able to make a statement if they so desire, and will be available to respond to appropriate questions.
Pursuant to Section 205(16) of the Singapore Companies Act, the remuneration of a company’s auditor appointed by the company at a general meeting shall be fixed by the shareholders in a general meeting or the shareholders may authorize directors to fix the remuneration. Our Board believes that it is appropriate for the Audit Committee, as part of its oversight responsibilities, to fix the auditor’s remuneration. Our Board therefore also proposes that the shareholders authorize the Audit Committee to fix KPMG LLP’s remuneration for services rendered as our independent registered public accounting firm and independent Singapore auditor through the date of our 2026 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders.
In deciding to re-appoint KPMG LLP, the Audit Committee reviewed auditor independence issues and existing commercial relationships with KPMG LLP and concluded that KPMG LLP has no commercial relationship with the Company that would impair its independence for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2025.
Principal Accountant Fees and Services
Our independent registered public accounting firm is KPMG LLP, Boston, MA, Auditor Firm ID: 185.
The following table presents fees for professional audit services rendered by KPMG LLP for the services described in the table. Fees disclosed below include fees actually billed or expected to be billed for services pertaining to the applicable fiscal year.
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| Audit fees(1) |
$ | 1,739,629 | $ | 1,338,799 | ||||
| Audit-related fees(2) |
— | — | ||||||
| Tax fees(2) |
— | — | ||||||
| All other fees(2) |
— | — | ||||||
| (1) | Audit fees consist of fees for the professional services rendered for the audit of our financial statements, the audit of our internal control over financial reporting, and the review of the interim financial statements included in our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, as well as work generally only the independent registered public accounting firm and independent Singapore and United Kingdom auditor can reasonably be expected to provide, such as statutory audits and the provision of comfort letters and consents in connection with the filing of registration statements and related amendments, as well as other filings. |
| (2) | There were no audit-related, tax or other fees in 2024 or 2023. |
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Policy on Audit Committee Pre-Approval of Audit and Permissible Non-Audit Services of Independent Public Accounting Firm
In connection with our initial public offering, we adopted a policy under which the Audit Committee must pre-approve all audit and permissible non-audit services to be provided by the independent registered public accounting firm and independent Singapore auditor. As part of its review, the Audit Committee also considers whether the categories of pre-approved services are consistent with the rules on accountant independence of the SEC and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. The Audit Committee pre-approved all services performed since the pre-approval policy was adopted.
Prior to engagement of an independent registered public accounting firm and independent Singapore auditor for the next year’s audit, management will submit an aggregate of services expected to be rendered during that year for each of four categories of services to the Audit Committee for approval.
1. Audit services include audit work rendered for the audit of our financial statements, the audit of our internal control over financial reporting, and the review of the interim financial statements included in our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, as well as work that generally only an independent registered public accounting firm and independent Singapore and United Kingdom auditor can reasonably be expected to provide, including comfort letters, statutory audits, and attest services and consultation regarding financial accounting and/or reporting standards.
2. Audit-related services are for assurance and related services that are traditionally performed by an independent registered public accounting firm and independent Singapore auditor, including due diligence related to mergers and acquisitions, employee benefit plan audits, and special procedures required to meet certain regulatory requirements.
3. Tax services include all services performed by an independent registered public accounting firm’s tax personnel except those services specifically related to the audit of the financial statements, and include fees in the areas of tax compliance, tax planning, and tax advice.
4. Other fees are those associated with services not captured in the other categories. We generally do not request such services from our independent registered public accounting firm and independent Singapore auditor.
Prior to engagement, the Audit Committee pre-approves these services by category of service. During the year, circumstances may arise when it may become necessary to engage our independent registered public accounting firm and independent Singapore auditor for additional services not contemplated in the original pre-approval. In those instances, the Audit Committee requires specific pre-approval before engaging our independent registered public accounting firm and independent Singapore auditor. The Audit Committee may delegate pre-approval authority to one or more of its members. The member to whom such authority is delegated must report, for informational purposes only, any pre-approval decisions to the Audit Committee at its next scheduled meeting.
The affirmative vote of a majority of the votes cast by holders of ordinary shares voting in person or by proxy at the 2025 AGM is required to approve the re-appointment of KPMG LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm and our independent Singapore auditor and to authorize the Audit Committee to fix the auditor’s remuneration (meaning the number of shares voted “for” the proposal must exceed the number of shares voted “against” the proposal).
THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS RECOMMENDS A VOTE “FOR” THE APPROVAL OF THE RE-APPOINTMENT OF KPMG LLP AS OUR INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM AND INDEPENDENT SINGAPORE AUDITOR FOR THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND THE AUTHORIZATION OF THE AUDIT COMMITTEE TO FIX KPMG LLP’S REMUNERATION FOR SUCH SERVICES, AND PROXIES SOLICITED BY THE BOARD WILL BE VOTED IN FAVOR OF SUCH APPROVAL AND AUTHORIZATION UNLESS A SHAREHOLDER INDICATES OTHERWISE ON THE PROXY CARD.
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PROPOSAL 3: NON-EMPLOYEE DIRECTORS’ COMPENSATION
Under the laws of Singapore, our shareholders must approve the compensation we pay to our directors for services rendered in their capacity as directors. Directors who are also our employees are not eligible to receive compensation from us for services rendered in their capacity as directors.
Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy. At our 2024 AGM, our shareholders approved our 2024 Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy, under which our directors were compensated for their service as directors, including as members of the various committees of our Board on which they serve, for the Board service period that commenced on the date of our 2024 AGM and runs through our 2025 AGM.
We are now asking our shareholders to approve the terms of our 2025 Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy, which would take effect on the date shareholder approval is obtained for this Proposal 3 and enable us to provide payment of the compensation described under (A) Cash Compensation and (B) Equity Compensation below to our non-employee directors for their service on our Board and its committees for the service period commencing on the date of our 2025 AGM and running through the date on which our 2026 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders is held. The terms of our 2025 Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy we are asking that you approve are described below.
| (A) | Cash Compensation: |
| • | Board of Directors: Annual cash compensation of $45,000 to each non-employee director, other than the Chair of the Board, and cash compensation of $75,000 to the non-employee Chair of the Board. |
| • | Audit Committee: Additional annual cash compensation of $20,000 to the Chair of the Audit Committee and $10,000 to each member of the Audit Committee other than the Chair. |
| • | Compensation Committee: Additional annual cash compensation of $15,000 to the Chair of the Compensation Committee and $7,500 to each member of the Compensation Committee other than the Chair. |
| • | Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee: Additional annual cash compensation of $15,000 to the Chair of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee and $7,500 to each member of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee other than the Chair. |
| • | Research and Development Committee: Additional annual cash compensation of $15,000 to the Chair of the Research and Development Committee and $7,500 to each member of the Research and Development Committee other than the Chair. |
| • | Proration: Additional pro rata cash compensation of the annual cash compensation amounts set forth above shall be made, as applicable, to (i) any director who ceases to be a director, Chair of the Board or member or chair of any committee of the Board and (ii) any new non-employee director who is appointed by the Board, any non-employee director who is appointed to the position of Chair of the Board or chair of any such committee of the Board or any non-employee director who is appointed to serve on any such committee of the Board, for their services rendered as a director and/or committee member, for the portion of the year in which such director so served. |
| (B) | Equity Compensation: |
| • | Initial Equity Grant: One-time equity grant upon initial appointment or election to the Board of (i) an option to purchase 152,400 ordinary shares, which shall vest as to 12.5% of the shares on a quarterly basis during the two-year period following the grant date; and (ii) a restricted share unit award of 25,400 ordinary shares, which shall vest as to 50% of the shares on the earlier of (x) the following year’s annual general meeting of shareholders or (y) the following year’s anniversary of the grant date, in each case during the two-year period following the grant date. |
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| • | Refresh Equity Grant: Each non-employee director whose initial equity grant has an expiration date within twelve months following the 2025 AGM shall be granted (i) an option to purchase 152,400 ordinary shares, which shall vest as to 12.5% of the shares on a quarterly basis during the two-year period following the grant date; and (ii) a restricted share unit award of 25,400 ordinary shares, which shall vest as to 50% of the shares on the earlier of (x) the following year’s annual general meeting of shareholders or (y) the following year’s anniversary of the grant date, in each case during the two-year period following the grant date. |
| • | Annual Equity Grant: Annual equity grant of (i) an option to purchase 76,200 ordinary shares, which shall vest as to 100% of the shares on the earlier of the 2026 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders or the first anniversary of the grant date; and (ii) a restricted share unit award of 12,700 ordinary shares, which shall vest as to 100% of the shares on the earlier of the 2026 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders or the first anniversary of the grant date. |
| • | Limitation on Equity Grants: A non-employee director shall be eligible to receive only one type of option grant at the 2025 AGM, which shall be an initial equity grant, a refresh equity grant, or an annual equity grant, in each case as described above. |
* * *
Singapore law requires that options granted to our directors who do not hold a salaried office or employment in Wave or its related corporations (“non-employee directors”) have a term of no more than five years. By contrast, our peer companies incorporated in the United States are able to grant options with significantly longer terms and, when granting options to their non-employee directors, generally grant options with 10-year terms. This significant difference in term of options may put us at a competitive disadvantage with our peer companies in connection with the recruitment and retention of independent directors. In addition, certain of our long-standing non-employee directors have been serving on our Board for periods approaching or exceeding five years and, as a result, have had, or may have in the near future, their prior option grants expire. In order to address this disparity with our peer companies resulting from the impact of the five-year term limitation on options for non-employee directors under Singapore law, we are proposing to increase the size of the option awards to non-employee directors compared to prior years, to continue to make equity grants to non-employee directors, including both options and restricted share units, and to make a refresh equity grant of options and restricted share units to any non-employee director whose initial equity grant has an expiration date within twelve months following the 2025 AGM, as described above.
We believe the authorizations requested in this Proposal 3 will benefit our shareholders by enabling us to attract and retain qualified individuals to serve as members of our Board and to continue to provide advice to, and independent oversight of, management.
The affirmative vote of a majority of the votes cast by holders of ordinary shares voting in person or by proxy at the 2025 AGM is required to approve the non-employee directors’ compensation policy (meaning the number of shares voted “for” the proposal must exceed the number of shares voted “against” the proposal).
THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS RECOMMENDS A VOTE “FOR” THE APPROVAL OF THE NON-EMPLOYEE DIRECTORS’ COMPENSATION AND PROXIES SOLICITED BY THE BOARD WILL BE VOTED IN FAVOR THEREOF UNLESS A SHAREHOLDER HAS INDICATED OTHERWISE ON THE PROXY CARD.
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PROPOSAL 4: APPROVAL OF AN AMENDMENT TO THE 2021 EQUITY INCENTIVE PLAN, AS AMENDED
General
Our Board is requesting that our shareholders approve an amendment to the Wave Life Sciences Ltd. 2021 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (the “2021 Plan”), to increase the total number of ordinary shares available for issuance by 8,000,000, as recommended by the Compensation Committee and approved by our Board on June 11, 2025, such amendment to be effective upon approval by our shareholders at the 2025 AGM. If this proposal is approved, the number of shares authorized for issuance of awards under the 2021 Plan will be increased from 22,950,000 to an aggregate of 30,950,000 ordinary shares.
As of June 6, 2025, a total of 2,247,681 ordinary shares remained available for issuance under the 2021 Plan and options to purchase 22,308,553 ordinary shares and awards for 1,538,309 restricted share units, and 290,449 performance-based restricted share units were outstanding under both our 2021 Plan and our 2014 Plan. The shares currently available for future issuance under the 2021 Plan represent less than one-half of our projected needs for the next year, which provides limited availability and flexibility for our equity usage as part of our broad-based equity program. We expect the increase in shares under the 2021 Plan that we are requesting to last at least through our 2026 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders. As of June 6, 2025, the Company’s equity overhang, represented by (a) the sum of all outstanding share options and other awards, plus the number of shares available for issuance pursuant to future awards under the 2021 Plan, as a percentage of (b) the sum of (i) the number of ordinary shares outstanding as of June 6, 2025, plus (ii) the number of shares described in clause (a) above, was 14.5%. If the amendment to the 2021 Plan is approved by our shareholders, the equity overhang would be 18.1%.
As of June 6, 2025, 27% of our outstanding share options were underwater, with such underwater options having a weighted-average exercise price of $14.15 per share, a weighted average term of 7.23 years and individual option exercise prices ranging up to $50 per share, as compared to the $6.75 per share closing price of our ordinary shares as reported by The Nasdaq Stock Market on June 6, 2025. As of June 6, 2025, all outstanding share options had a weighted-average exercise price of $6.82 per share and weighted average term of 7.39 years.
The purpose of the 2021 Plan is to assist the Company and its subsidiaries in attracting, motivating, retaining and rewarding high-quality executives and other employees, officers, directors, and consultants who provide services to the Company or its subsidiaries, by enabling such persons to acquire or increase a proprietary interest in the Company to align the interests between such persons and the Company’s shareholders, and providing such persons with incentives to expend their maximum efforts in the creation of shareholder value.
Reasons for an Amendment to the 2021 Plan
| • | The Board believes that the number of ordinary shares currently remaining available for issuance pursuant to future awards under the 2021 Plan (as of June 6, 2025) is not sufficient for the Company’s future granting needs. As of June 6, 2025, there were approximately 302 employees and consultants, and eight non-employee directors eligible to participate in the 2021 Plan. Our Board, the Compensation Committee and management believe that the effective use of share-based long-term incentive compensation is vital to our ability to achieve strong performance in the future. |
| • | We believe that maintaining the broad-based equity program is essential to aligning shareholder and employees’ interests while providing high motivation, retention, and potential upside value over the long term. |
| • | In addition, our future success depends, in large part, upon our ability to maintain a competitive position in attracting, retaining, and motivating key personnel. We believe that an increase in the number of ordinary shares available for issuance under our 2021 Plan is essential to permit us to |
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| continue to provide long-term, equity-based incentives to present and future employees, directors, and consultants. |
The 2021 Plan authorizes the Board or a committee of the Board to grant incentive share options, non-qualified share options, share appreciation rights and restricted share and share unit awards to eligible employees, non-employee directors and consultants of the Company. By its terms, the 2021 Plan may be amended by the Board provided that any amendment that the Board determines requires shareholder approval is subject to receiving such shareholder approval. Approval by our shareholders is required by the listing rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market. In addition, shareholder approval is required in order to ensure favorable federal income tax treatment for grants of incentive share options under Section 422 of the Code.
Promotion of Good Corporate Governance Practices
The 2021 Plan includes the following provisions:
| • | No Liberal Share Recycling — ordinary shares that are withheld to satisfy any tax withholding obligation related to any share award, for payment of the exercise price or purchase price of any share award, and ordinary shares repurchased by the Company on the open market with the proceeds of the exercise price of an option or share appreciation right will not become available again for issuance under the 2021 Plan; |
| • | No Discounted Share Options or Share Appreciation Rights — share options and share appreciation rights may not be granted with exercise prices lower than the fair market value of the underlying ordinary shares on the grant date except to replace equity awards due to a corporate transaction; |
| • | No Repricing without Shareholder Approval — we may not, without shareholder approval, reprice the purchase price or the exercise price of any outstanding award; |
| • | No Evergreen Provision — the number of authorized shares under the 2021 Plan, if amended following the approval of this proposal, will be fixed at 30,950,000 ordinary shares. The 2021 Plan, does not include an “evergreen” feature that would cause the number of authorized shares to automatically increase in future years under the 2021 Plan; |
| • | No Transferability — awards generally may not be transferred, except by will or the laws of descent and distribution, unless approved by the Compensation Committee; |
| • | Clawback Policy — awards will be subject to recoupment in accordance with any clawback policy that the Company is required to adopt pursuant to the listing standards of any national securities exchange or association on which its securities are listed or as is otherwise required by the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act or other applicable law, including the Company’s Clawback Policy adopted in October 2023. In addition, the Company may impose other clawback, recovery or recoupment provisions allowing the Company to recover from a participant any compensation received from any award (whether or not vested or settled) or cause a participant to forfeit any award (whether or not vested); and |
| • | No Dividends or Dividend Equivalents — we may not pay dividends or dividend equivalents before the vesting of the underlying award. |
The following is a brief summary of the 2021 Plan. This summary is qualified in its entirety by reference to the text of the 2021 Plan, as amended, a copy of which is attached as Appendix B to this proxy statement.
Summary of Material Features of our 2021 Plan
Eligibility. The 2021 Plan allows us, under the direction of our Compensation Committee, to make grants of incentive share options, non-qualified share options, share appreciation rights and restricted share and share unit awards to employees, consultants and directors who, in the opinion of the Compensation Committee, are in a
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position to make a significant contribution to our long-term success. All employees, directors and consultants of the Company and its affiliates are eligible to participate in the 2021 Plan.
Shares Available for Issuance. The 2021 Plan, if amended following the approval of this proposal, provides for the issuance of up to 30,950,000 ordinary shares plus the number of ordinary shares underlying any awards under the 2014 Plan that are forfeited, canceled or otherwise terminated (other than by exercise or withheld by the Company to satisfy any tax withholding obligation) on or after the date the 2021 Plan was initially approved by our shareholders. Generally, ordinary shares that are reserved for awards under the 2021 Plan, that lapse or are canceled (other than by exercise) will be added back to the share reserve available for future awards. However, ordinary shares tendered in payment for an award, ordinary shares withheld for taxes, ordinary shares covered by a share-settled share appreciation right or other award that was not issued upon the settlement of the award, and ordinary shares repurchased by the Company on the open market with the proceeds of the exercise price of an option or share appreciation right are not available again for future awards.
Share Options. Share options granted under the 2021 Plan, may either be incentive share options, which are intended to satisfy the requirements of Section 422 of the Code, or non-qualified share options, which are not intended to meet those requirements. Incentive share options may be granted to U.S. employees of the Company and its affiliates. Non-qualified share options may be granted to employees, directors and consultants of the Company and its affiliates. The exercise price of a share option may not be less than 100% of the fair market value of our ordinary shares on the date of grant and the term of the option may not be longer than ten years, except for non-qualified share options granted to non-employee directors and consultants which will have a maximum term of five years. If an incentive share option is granted to an individual who owns more than 10% of the combined voting power of all classes of our share capital, the exercise price may not be less than 110% of the fair market value of our ordinary shares on the date of grant and the term of the option may not be longer than five years.
Award agreements for share options include rules for exercise of the share options after termination of service. Share options may not be exercised unless they are vested, and no share option may be exercised after the end of the term set forth in the award agreement. Generally, share options will be exercisable for three months after termination of service for any reason other than death or total and permanent disability, and for 12 months after termination of service on account of death or total and permanent disability but will not be exercisable if the termination of service was due to cause.
Restricted Shares. Restricted shares are ordinary shares that are subject to restrictions, including a prohibition against transfer and a substantial risk of forfeiture, until the end of a “restricted period” during which the recipient must satisfy certain vesting conditions. If the recipient does not satisfy the vesting conditions by the end of the restricted period, the restricted shares are forfeited.
During the restricted period, the holder of restricted shares has the rights and privileges of a regular shareholder, except that the holder of such restricted shares is not entitled to receive dividends during the restricted period and the restrictions set forth in the applicable award agreement apply. For example, the holder of restricted shares may vote and accrue dividends on the restricted shares; but they may not sell the shares until the restrictions are lifted and dividends will be forfeited if the restricted shares are forfeited.
Restricted Share Units. A restricted share unit is an award entitling the recipient to receive ordinary shares to be delivered at the time such award vests pursuant to the terms and conditions established in the award agreement. The award agreement may provide the recipient with the right to receive dividends or other distributions declared and paid on an equal number of outstanding ordinary shares, which we refer to as dividend equivalents. Dividend equivalents must be subject to the same restrictions on transfer and forfeitability as the restricted share units with respect to which they are paid. A recipient will have no voting rights with respect to any restricted share units unless and until ordinary shares are issued.
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Restricted awards may be granted at the sole discretion of the Compensation Committee, with vesting conditions based on the attainment of written performance goals. The Compensation Committee shall determine the performance period and whether, with respect to a performance period, the applicable performance goals have been met.
Share Appreciation Rights. A share appreciation right is an award entitling the recipient, upon exercise, to receive an amount payable in cash or ordinary shares equal to the number of ordinary shares subject to the share appreciation right that is being exercised multiplied by the excess of (a) the fair market value of an ordinary share on the date the award is exercised, over (b) the exercise price. The exercise price may not be less than 100% of the fair market value on the date the share appreciation right is granted and may not be granted with a term in excess of ten years.
Plan Administration. In accordance with the terms of the 2021 Plan, our Board has authorized our Compensation Committee to administer the 2021 Plan. The Compensation Committee may delegate part of its authority and powers under the 2021 Plan, to one or more of our directors and/or officers, but only the Compensation Committee can make awards to participants who are subject to the reporting and other requirements of Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In accordance with the provisions of the 2021 Plan, our Compensation Committee determines the terms of awards, including:
| • | which employees, directors and consultants will be granted awards; |
| • | the number of ordinary shares subject to each award; |
| • | the vesting provisions of each award; |
| • | the termination or cancellation provisions applicable to awards; and |
| • | all other terms and conditions upon which each award may be granted in accordance with the 2021 Plan. |
In addition, our Compensation Committee may, in its discretion, amend any term or condition of an outstanding award provided (i) such term or condition as amended is permitted by our 2021 Plan, and (ii) any such amendment shall be made only with the consent of the participant to whom such award was made, if the amendment is adverse to the participant; and provided, further, that, without the prior approval of our shareholders, awards will not be repriced, replaced or regranted through cancellation or by lowering the exercise price of a previously granted award.
Share Dividends and Share Splits. If our ordinary shares shall be subdivided or combined into a greater or smaller number of ordinary shares or if we issue any ordinary shares as a share dividend, the number of ordinary shares deliverable upon exercise of an option issued or upon issuance of an award shall be appropriately increased or decreased proportionately, and appropriate adjustments shall be made in the purchase price per share and performance goals applicable to performance awards, if any, to reflect such subdivision, combination or share dividend.
Corporate Transactions. If we are acquired, our Board or Compensation Committee will with respect to share options and share appreciation rights: (i) make appropriate provision for the continuation of the share option or share appreciation right by substituting on an equitable basis for the ordinary shares then subject to such share option or share appreciation right either the consideration payable with respect to the outstanding ordinary shares in connection with the corporate transaction or securities of any successor or acquiring entity; (ii) cancel or arrange for the cancellation of the share options or share appreciation rights, to the extent not vested or exercised prior to the effective time of the transaction, in exchange for a payment in cash or ordinary shares as determined by our Board, in an amount equal to the amount by which the then fair market value of the ordinary shares subject to such vested share option or share appreciation right exceeds the exercise price; or (iii) after giving holders an opportunity to exercise to the extent vested their outstanding share options or share appreciation rights, terminate
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any or all unexercised share options and share appreciation rights at such time as the Board deems appropriate. With respect to outstanding restricted awards, our Board or Compensation Committee shall make appropriate provision for the continuation of such restricted awards on the same terms and conditions by substituting on an equitable basis for the ordinary shares then subject to such restricted awards either the consideration payable with respect to the outstanding ordinary shares in connection with the transaction or securities of any successor or acquiring entity. In lieu of the foregoing, if we are acquired, our Board may provide that, upon consummation of the acquisition, each outstanding restricted award shall be terminated in exchange for payment of an amount equal to the consideration payable upon consummation of such transaction to a holder of the number of ordinary shares comprising such restricted award to the extent then vested.
Amendment and Termination. The 2021 Plan may be amended by our shareholders. It may also be amended by our Board, provided that any amendment approved by our Board which is of a scope that requires shareholder approval as required by (i) the rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market, (ii) in order to ensure favorable federal income tax treatment for any incentive share options under Code Section 422, or (iii) for any other reason, is subject to obtaining such shareholder approval. In addition, other than in connection with share dividends, share splits, recapitalizations or reorganizations, the Compensation Committee may not without shareholder approval reduce the exercise price or cancel any outstanding option in exchange for a replacement option having a lower exercise price. In addition, we may not take any other action that is considered a direct or indirect “repricing” for purposes of the shareholder approval rules of the applicable securities exchange or inter-dealer quotation system on which the ordinary shares are listed, including any other action that is treated as a repricing under generally accepted accounting principles. However, no such action may adversely affect any rights under any outstanding award without the holder’s consent.
Duration of 2021 Plan. The 2021 Plan will expire by its terms on August 10, 2031.
Federal Income Tax Considerations
The material federal income tax consequences of the issuance and exercise of share options and other awards under the 2021 Plan, based on the current provisions of the Code and regulations, are as follows. Changes to these laws could alter the tax consequences described below. This summary assumes that all awards granted under the 2021 Plan are exempt from or comply with, the rules under Section 409A of the Code related to nonqualified deferred compensation. This summary is not intended to be exhaustive and does not discuss the income tax laws of any local, state or foreign jurisdiction in which a participant may reside. The information is based upon current federal income tax rules and therefore is subject to change when those rules change. Because the tax consequences to any participant may depend on their particular situation, each participant should consult the participant’s tax adviser regarding the federal, state, local and other tax consequences of the grant or exercise of an award or the disposition of ordinary shares acquired under the 2021 Plan.
| Incentive Share Options: | Incentive share options are intended to qualify for treatment under Section 422 of the Code. An incentive share option does not result in taxable income to the optionee or deduction to us at the time it is granted or exercised, provided that no disposition is made by the optionee of the ordinary shares acquired pursuant to the incentive share option within two years after the date of grant of the incentive share option nor within one year after the date of issuance of ordinary shares to the optionee (referred to as the “ISO holding period”). However, the difference between the fair market value of the ordinary shares on the date of exercise and the incentive share option exercise price will be an item of tax preference includible in “alternative minimum taxable income” of the optionee. Upon disposition of the ordinary shares after the expiration of the ISO holding period, the optionee will generally recognize long term capital gain or loss based on the difference between the disposition proceeds and the incentive share option exercise price paid for the ordinary shares. If the ordinary shares are disposed of prior to the expiration of the |
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| ISO holding period, the optionee generally will recognize taxable compensation, and we will have a corresponding deduction, in the year of the disposition, equal to the excess of the fair market value of the ordinary shares on the date of exercise of the incentive share option over the incentive share option exercise price. Any additional gain realized on the disposition will normally constitute capital gain. If the amount realized upon such a disqualifying disposition is less than fair market value of the ordinary shares on the date of exercise, the amount of compensation income will be limited to the excess of the amount realized over the optionee’s adjusted basis in the ordinary shares. | ||
| Non-Qualified Share Options: | Options otherwise qualifying as incentive share options, to the extent the aggregate fair market value of ordinary shares with respect to which such options are first exercisable by an individual in any calendar year exceeds $100,000, and share options designated as non-qualified share options will be treated as options that are not incentive share options. | |
| A non-qualified share option ordinarily will not result in income to the optionee or deduction to us at the time of grant. The optionee will recognize compensation income at the time of exercise of such non-qualified share option in an amount equal to the excess of the then value of the ordinary shares over the option exercise price per share. Such compensation income of optionees may be subject to withholding taxes, and a deduction may then be allowable to us in an amount equal to the optionee’s compensation income. | ||
| An optionee’s initial basis in ordinary shares so acquired will be the amount paid on exercise of the non-qualified share option plus the amount of any corresponding compensation income. Any gain or loss as a result of a subsequent disposition of the ordinary shares so acquired will be capital gain or loss. | ||
| Share Grants: | With respect to share grants under our 2021 Plan that result in the issuance of ordinary shares that are either not restricted as to transferability or not subject to a substantial risk of forfeiture, the grantee must generally recognize ordinary income equal to the fair market value of ordinary shares received. Thus, deferral of the time of issuance will generally result in the deferral of the time the grantee will be liable for income taxes with respect to such issuance. We generally will be entitled to a deduction in an amount equal to the ordinary income recognized by the grantee. | |
| With respect to share grants involving the issuance of ordinary shares that are restricted as to transferability and subject to a substantial risk of forfeiture, the grantee must generally recognize ordinary income equal to the fair market value of the ordinary shares received at the first time the ordinary shares become transferable or are not subject to a substantial risk of forfeiture, whichever occurs earlier. A grantee may elect to be taxed at the time of receipt of ordinary shares rather than upon lapse of restrictions on transferability or substantial risk of forfeiture, but if the grantee subsequently forfeits such ordinary shares, the grantee would not be entitled to any tax deduction, including as a capital loss, for the value of the ordinary shares on which the grantee previously paid tax. The grantee must file such election with the Internal Revenue Service within 30 days of the receipt of the ordinary shares. We generally will be entitled to a deduction in an amount equal to the ordinary income recognized by the grantee. | ||
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| Restricted Share Units: | The grantee recognizes no income until the issuance of the ordinary shares. At that time, the grantee must generally recognize ordinary income equal to the fair market value of the ordinary shares received. We generally will be entitled to a deduction in an amount equal to the ordinary income recognized by the grantee. | |
| Share Appreciation Rights: | Generally, if a share appreciation right is granted with an exercise price equal to the fair market value of the underlying ordinary shares on the grant date, the grantee will recognize ordinary income equal to the fair market value of the ordinary shares received upon such exercise. We generally will be entitled to a deduction in an amount equal to the ordinary income recognized by the grantee. | |
Limitation on Our Deductions. As a general rule, the Company will be entitled to a deduction in the same amount and at the same time as the compensation income is received by a participant, except to the extent the deduction limits of Section 162(m) of the Code apply. Section 162(m) of the Code denies a deduction to any publicly held corporation for compensation paid to any “covered employee” in a taxable year to the extent that compensation to such covered employee exceeds $1,000,000. It is possible that compensation attributable to a covered employee, including awards under the 2021 Plan, may cause this limitation to be exceeded in any particular year.
Plan Benefits
Since the adoption of the 2021 Plan through June 6, 2025, we have granted the following share options and restricted share unit awards under the 2021 Plan to the individuals and groups listed below. In all cases, the securities underlying such share options and restricted share unit awards were our ordinary shares:
| Name and Position |
Number of Share Options |
Number of Restricted Share Unit Awards | ||||||||
| Paul B. Bolno, M.D., MBA |
3,559,600 | 121,000 | ||||||||
| Chandra Vargeese, Ph.D. |
1,141,100 | 37,000 | ||||||||
| Kyle Moran, CFA |
1,131,200 | 42,000 | ||||||||
| Christopher Francis, Ph.D. |
877,100 | 25,000 | ||||||||
| All current executive officers as a group |
6,709,000 | 225,000 | ||||||||
| All current directors who are not executive officers as a group |
1,286,767 | 161,150 | ||||||||
| All current employees who are not executive officers as a group |
14,966,825 | 1,429,840 | ||||||||
Other than as discussed above in our director compensation policy in the section entitled “Executive Officer and Director Compensation,” the amounts of future grants under the 2021 Plan, are not determinable as awards under the 2021 Plan, and will be granted at the sole discretion of the Compensation Committee, or other delegated persons and we cannot determine at this time either the persons who will receive awards under the 2021 Plan, or the amount or types of any such awards.
On June 6, 2025, the closing market price per share of our ordinary shares was $7.22 as reported by The Nasdaq Stock Market.
Accordingly, our Board seeks shareholder approval of Ordinary Resolution 4 as set out in the Notice. The affirmative vote of a majority of the votes cast by holders of ordinary shares voting in person or by proxy at the 2025 AGM is required to approve the amendment to the 2021 Plan (meaning the number of shares voted “for” the proposal must exceed the number of shares voted “against” the proposal).
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THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS RECOMMENDS A VOTE “FOR” THE AMENDMENT TO THE 2021 EQUITY INCENTIVE PLAN, AS AMENDED, TO INCREASE THE TOTAL NUMBER OF ORDINARY SHARES AVAILABLE FOR ISSUANCE UNDER THE 2021 EQUITY INCENTIVE PLAN, AS AMENDED, BY 8,000,000 ORDINARY SHARES AND PROXIES SOLICITED BY THE BOARD WILL BE VOTED IN FAVOR THEREOF UNLESS A SHAREHOLDER HAS INDICATED OTHERWISE ON THE PROXY CARD.
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PROPOSAL 5: ORDINARY SHARE ALLOTMENTS AND ISSUANCES
We are incorporated in the Republic of Singapore and our ordinary shares are listed for trading on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol “WVE”. We are submitting this proposal to authorize our Board (or a committee thereof) to allot and issue our ordinary shares from time to time, as set forth below, because we are required to do so under the laws of Singapore before we can issue any ordinary shares in connection with our equity compensation plans, possible future strategic transactions, or public and private equity offerings. Under the laws of Singapore, our directors may only issue ordinary shares and make offers or agreements or grant options that might or would require the issuance of ordinary shares with the prior approval of our shareholders.
Many of our peer companies are incorporated and listed in the United States, and are thus not subject to similar share issuance restrictions mandated by the laws of Singapore. We are asking you to approve this proposal to allow us to continue to execute on our business and growth strategy in a timely and competitive manner, appreciating that we are required to comply with The Nasdaq Stock Market rules (e.g., which impose a 20% limitation, subject to shareholder approval, under several circumstances), as further described below.
If this proposal is approved, the authorization would be effective from the date of the 2025 AGM and continue until the earlier of (i) the conclusion of our 2026 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders; or (ii) the expiration of the period within which our 2026 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders is required by the laws of Singapore to be held. Our 2026 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders is required to be held no later than 15 months after the date of the 2025 AGM or within six months after the 2025 financial year end, whichever is earlier. The laws of Singapore allow for an application to be made to the Singapore Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority to extend the deadline for holding an annual general meeting for an additional sixty days, which may be granted in the discretion of that authority.
Our Board believes that it is advisable and in the best interests of our shareholders for our shareholders to authorize the directors to issue ordinary shares and to make, enter into or grant offers, agreements or options that might or would require the issuance of ordinary shares. In the future, the directors may need to issue ordinary shares or make agreements that would require the allotment and issuance of new ordinary shares. For example, we may issue ordinary shares:
| • | in connection with strategic transactions and acquisitions; |
| • | pursuant to public and private offerings of our ordinary shares, as well as instruments (including debt instruments) convertible into our ordinary shares; or |
| • | in connection with our equity compensation plans and arrangements. |
Notwithstanding this general authorization to allot and issue our ordinary shares, we will be required to seek shareholder approval with respect to future issuances of ordinary shares, where required under The Nasdaq Stock Market rules, such as if we were to propose an issuance of ordinary shares that would result in a change in control of the Company, which Nasdaq generally considers to occur where a stockholder acquires 20% or more of a company’s outstanding ordinary shares or voting power, or in connection with certain transactions involving the issuance of ordinary shares representing 20% or more of our outstanding ordinary shares. Furthermore, our Board is bound by its fiduciary duties to our shareholders, which duties include requiring board members to act in good faith and in the best interests of the Company and its shareholders, to exercise due care, skill and diligence in the performance of their duties, and to avoid conflicts of interest. Accordingly, in connection with any future issuances of equity securities, our Board will need to conclude that any such issuance is in the best interest of our shareholders, including, without limitation, taking into account the dilutive impact of any such issuance on existing shareholders, same as the Board has concluded in connection with prior such issuances.
We believe the approval of this annually required proposal will provide us with the continued ability to operate and raise equity capital through our next annual general meeting, at which time we would need to return to
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shareholders for additional approval. We believe it is in the interests of all shareholders to ensure that we retain the ability to raise equity capital on reasonably short notice if advisable. This proposal is consistent with U.S. capital markets practice and governance standards, and, if approved, will keep us on an equal footing with our peer companies who are incorporated and listed in the United States.
We expect that we will continue to issue ordinary shares and instruments convertible into our ordinary shares and grant share options and other equity-based awards in the future under circumstances similar to those in the past. As of the date of this proxy statement, other than issuances of ordinary shares or agreements that would require the issuance of new ordinary shares in connection with (i) our equity compensation plans and arrangements (including the amendments to the total number of ordinary shares available for issuance under 2021 Plan, if they are approved by shareholders), including any equity compensation plans and awards we have assumed or may assume as a result of any acquisitions we may make, and (ii) any conversion into ordinary shares of our pre-funded warrants or outstanding Series A preferred shares, we have no specific plans, agreements or commitments to issue any ordinary shares for which approval of this proposal is required. Nevertheless, our Board believes that it is advisable and in the best interests of our shareholders for our shareholders to provide this general authorization in order to avoid the delay and expense of obtaining shareholder approval at a later date, and to provide us with greater flexibility to pursue strategic transactions and acquisitions and raise additional capital through public and private offerings of our ordinary shares, as well as instruments convertible into our ordinary shares. Access to capital and the ability to raise equity capital at short notice have been important factors that have contributed to our ability to execute on our long-term growth strategy. Subject to receiving shareholder approval, we intend to responsibly raise capital and issue shares in order to appropriately execute our business plan.
If this proposal is approved, our directors would be authorized to allot and issue ordinary shares, during the period described above, subject to our Constitution, applicable Singapore laws and The Nasdaq Stock Market rules. The issuance of a large number of ordinary shares (or instruments convertible into ordinary shares) could be dilutive to existing shareholders or reduce the trading price of our ordinary shares on The Nasdaq Global Market.
If this proposal is not approved, we would not be permitted to issue ordinary shares (other than shares issuable on exercise or settlement of outstanding options and other instruments convertible into or exercisable for ordinary shares or the like, which were previously granted or issued). If we are unable to rely upon equity as a component of compensation, we would have to review our compensation practices, and would likely have to substantially increase cash compensation to retain key personnel. Furthermore, if this proposal is not approved, we would be required to seek shareholder approval in connection with specific issuances of shares on a case-by-case basis by convening general meetings from time to time, which we do not believe to be a workable alternative. The delays we would experience in seeking and obtaining such approval could be harmful to the terms of any such share issuance and could negatively impact our ability to retain our employees. In addition, the case-by-case approval approach ignores market windows and other deal timing and competitive realities.
Accordingly, our Board seeks shareholder approval of Ordinary Resolution 5 as set out in the Notice. The affirmative vote of a majority of the votes cast by holders of ordinary shares voting in person or by proxy at the 2025 AGM is required to authorize the Board to allot and issue ordinary shares of the Company (meaning the number of shares voted “for” the proposal must exceed the number of shares voted “against” the proposal).
THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS RECOMMENDS A VOTE “FOR” THE AUTHORIZATION OF ORDINARY SHARE ALLOTMENTS AND ISSUANCES AND PROXIES SOLICITED BY THE BOARD WILL BE VOTED IN FAVOR THEREOF UNLESS A SHAREHOLDER HAS INDICATED OTHERWISE ON THE PROXY CARD.
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PROPOSAL 6: NON-BINDING ADVISORY RESOLUTION ON APPROVAL OF EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION AS DISCLOSED IN THIS PROXY STATEMENT
We are seeking your advisory vote (on a non-binding, advisory basis only) as required by Section 14A of the Exchange Act on the approval of the compensation of our named executive officers as described in the Compensation Discussion and Analysis, compensation tables and related material contained in this proxy statement. Because your vote is advisory, it will not be binding on our Compensation Committee or our Board. However, our Compensation Committee and our Board will review the voting results and take them into consideration when making future decisions regarding executive compensation. We have determined to hold an advisory vote to approve the compensation of our named executive officers annually, and the next such advisory vote will occur at our 2026 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders.
Our compensation philosophy is designed to align each executive’s compensation with our short-term and long- term performance and to provide the compensation and incentives needed to attract, motivate and retain key executives who are crucial to our long-term success. Shareholders are urged to read the Compensation Discussion and Analysis section of this proxy statement, which discusses how our compensation policies and procedures implement our compensation philosophy. Our Compensation Committee and our Board believe that our compensation policies and procedures are effective in implementing our compensation philosophy and in achieving its goals. Therefore, we are asking our shareholders to indicate their support for our named executive officer compensation as described in this proxy statement. This proposal, commonly known as a “say on pay” proposal, gives our shareholders the opportunity to express their views on our named executive officers’ compensation. This vote is not intended to address any specific item of compensation, but rather the overall compensation of our named executive officers and the compensation philosophy, policies and practices described in this proxy statement.
In accordance with the rules of the SEC, the following proposal is being submitted for a non-binding, advisory shareholder vote at the 2025 AGM:
“RESOLVED, on a non-binding, advisory basis only, that the compensation paid to the named executive officers of the Company, as disclosed pursuant to the compensation disclosure rules of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, including the Compensation Discussion and Analysis, the compensation tables and the related material disclosed in this proxy statement, is hereby APPROVED.”
This non-binding advisory resolution is being proposed to shareholders as required pursuant to the requirements of Section 14A of the Exchange Act. The shareholders’ vote on this proposal is solely advisory and non-binding in nature, will have no legal effect for purposes of Singapore law, and will not be enforceable against our Company or our Board. For the avoidance of doubt, this is not an Ordinary Resolution.
The affirmative vote of a majority of the votes cast by holders of ordinary shares voting in person or by proxy at the 2025 AGM is required to approve, on a non-binding, advisory basis only, the compensation of our named executive officers, as described in this proxy statement (meaning the number of shares voted “for” the proposal must exceed the number of shares voted “against” the proposal). Although the advisory resolution is non-binding, our Compensation Committee and our Board will review the voting results and take them into consideration when making future decisions regarding executive compensation.
THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS RECOMMENDS A VOTE “FOR” THE APPROVAL (ON A NON-BINDING, ADVISORY BASIS ONLY) OF THE COMPENSATION OF OUR NAMED EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND PROXIES SOLICITED BY THE BOARD WILL BE VOTED IN FAVOR THEREOF UNLESS A SHAREHOLDER HAS INDICATED OTHERWISE ON THE PROXY CARD.
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PROPOSAL 7: NON-BINDING ADVISORY RESOLUTION ON APPROVAL OF THE FREQUENCY OF HOLDING AN ADVISORY VOTE ON THE COMPENSATION OF OUR NAMED EXECUTIVE OFFICERS
We are seeking your input (on a non-binding, advisory basis only) as required by Section 14A of the Exchange Act with regard to the frequency of holding future shareholder advisory votes on the compensation of our named executive officers. In particular, we are asking whether the advisory vote on the compensation of our named executive officers (Proposal 6) should occur every year, every two years, or every three years. Because your vote is advisory, it will not be binding on our Compensation Committee or our Board. However, the Compensation Committee and our Board will review the voting results and take them into consideration when making future decisions regarding how frequently it should present the advisory vote on the compensation of our named executive officers to our shareholders.
Our Board believes that an annual executive compensation advisory vote will facilitate more direct shareholder input about executive compensation and is consistent with our policy of reviewing our compensation program annually and with us being accountable to our shareholders on corporate governance and executive compensation matters. We believe an annual vote (on a non-binding, advisory basis only) would be the best governance practice for Wave at this time.
Accordingly, the following proposal is being submitted for a non-binding, advisory shareholder vote at the 2025 AGM:
“RESOLVED, that the shareholders recommend that a non-binding, advisory vote to approve the compensation paid to the named executive officers of the Company be put to shareholders for their consideration with one of the following three frequencies:
(a) every year;
(b) every two years; or
(c) every three years.”
This non-binding advisory resolution is being proposed to shareholders as required pursuant to the requirements of Section 14A of the Exchange Act. The shareholders’ vote on this proposal is solely advisory and non-binding in nature, will have no legal effect for purposes of Singapore law and will not be enforceable against our Company or our Board. For the avoidance of doubt, this is not an Ordinary Resolution. The proxy card provides shareholders with the opportunity to choose among three options (holding the vote every one, two or three years, or in the alternative, shareholders may abstain from casting a vote at all) and, therefore, shareholders will not be voting to approve or disapprove our Board’s recommendation. The shareholders’ vote on this proposal will not be binding on our Compensation Committee or our Board, but the frequency which carries the highest total number of affirmative votes will be considered to be the frequency approved, on a non-binding, advisory basis only, by our shareholders.
THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS RECOMMENDS A VOTE TO APPROVE (ON A NON-BINDING, ADVISORY BASIS ONLY) THE FREQUENCY OF HOLDING A VOTE ON THE COMPENSATION OF OUR NAMED EXECUTIVE OFFICERS EVERY YEAR AND PROXIES SOLICITED BY THE BOARD WILL BE VOTED IN FAVOR OF SUCH FREQUENCY UNLESS A SHAREHOLDER HAS INDICATED OTHERWISE ON THE PROXY CARD.
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CODE OF BUSINESS CONDUCT AND ETHICS
We have adopted a code of business conduct and ethics that applies to all of our employees, including our principal executive officer and principal financial and accounting officer. The text of the code of conduct and ethics is posted on our website at www.wavelifesciences.com. Disclosure regarding any amendments to, or waivers from, provisions of the code of conduct and ethics that apply to our directors, principal executive officer or principal financial officer will be included in a Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC within four business days following the date of the amendment or waiver, unless website posting or the issuance of a press release of such amendments or waivers is then permitted by the rules of The Nasdaq Stock Market.
OTHER MATTERS
The Board knows of no other business which will be presented at the 2025 AGM. If any other business is properly brought before the 2025 AGM, proxies will be voted in accordance with the judgment of the persons named therein.
SHAREHOLDER PROPOSALS AND NOMINATIONS FOR DIRECTOR
To be considered for inclusion in the proxy statement relating to our 2026 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders, we must receive shareholder proposals (other than for director nominations) no later than February 23, 2026, To be considered for presentation at our 2026 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders, although not included in the proxy statement, proposals (including director nominations that are not requested to be included in our proxy statement) must be received no later than May 9, 2026. Shareholder proposals are also subject to the requirements of the Singapore Companies Act as described in the paragraph below. In addition to satisfying the foregoing advance notice requirements, to comply with the universal proxy rules under the Exchange Act, stockholders who intend to solicit proxies in support of director nominees other than the Company’s nominees must follow the requirements set forth in Rule 14a-19 as promulgated under the Exchange Act.
Proposals that are not received in a timely manner will not be voted on at our 2026 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders. If a proposal is received on time, the proxies that management solicits for the meeting may still exercise discretionary voting authority on the proposal under circumstances consistent with the proxy rules of the SEC. All shareholder proposals should be marked for the attention of General Counsel, Wave Life Sciences Ltd., 733 Concord Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138.
In addition, under Section 183 of the Singapore Companies Act, only registered shareholders representing not less than 5% of the total voting rights or registered shareholders representing not fewer than 100 registered shareholders having an average paid up sum of at least S$500 (Singapore dollars) each may, at their expense, request that we include and give notice of their proposal for our 2026 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders. Subject to satisfaction of the requirements of Section 183 of the Singapore Companies Act, any such requisition must be signed by all the shareholders making the request and be deposited at our registered office in Singapore, 7 Straits View #12-00, Marina One East Tower, Singapore 018936, at least six weeks prior to the date of our 2026 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders in the case of a request requiring notice of a resolution, or at least one week prior to the date of our 2026 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders in the case of any other request.
Cambridge, Massachusetts
June 23, 2025
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Table of Contents
Appendix A
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Registration Number: 201218209G
Singapore Statutory Financial Statements
Year ended December 31, 2024
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Singapore Statutory Financial Statements
Year ended December 31, 2024
Index
2
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Directors’ Statements
Year ended December 31, 2024
Directors’ Statements
The directors are pleased to submit this annual report to the members of Wave Life Sciences Ltd. (“the Parent”), together with these directors’ statements, the audited financial statements for the financial year ended December 31, 2024, and the auditors’ report thereon.
In our opinion:
| a) | other than as discussed in the Investment in Subsidiaries paragraph in Note 2 to the supplementary financial information, the consolidated financial statements of Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its subsidiaries (together “the Company”) and the supplementary financial information of the Parent set out on pages F-1 to F-50 are drawn up so as to give a true and fair view of the financial position of the Company and of the Parent as at December 31, 2024, the financial performance, changes in equity and cash flows of the Company for the year ended on that date in accordance with the provisions of the Singapore Companies Act 1967 and Generally Accepted Accounting Principles of the United States of America; and |
| b) | at the date of this statement, there are reasonable grounds to believe that Wave Life Sciences Ltd. will be able to pay its debts as and when they fall due. |
The board of directors has, on the date of this statement, authorized these financial statements for issue.
Directors
The directors in office at the date of this statement are as follows:
| Paul B. Bolno |
Chief Executive Officer | |
| Mark H. N. Corrigan |
||
| Christian O. Henry |
||
| Peter Kolchinsky |
||
| Aik Na Tan |
||
| Adrian Rawcliffe |
||
| Ken Takanashi |
||
| Gregory L. Verdine |
||
| Heidi L. Wagner |
3
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Directors’ Statements
Year ended December 31, 2024
Directors’ Interests
According to the register kept by Wave Life Sciences Ltd. for the purposes of Section 164 of the Singapore Companies Act 1967 (“the Act”) and the Wave Life Sciences Ltd. option ledger, particulars of interests of directors who held office at the end of the financial year (including those held by their spouses and infant children) in shares, debentures, warrants and share options of Wave Life Sciences Ltd. or in related corporations (other than wholly-owned subsidiaries) are as follows:
|
|
Holdings as of January 1, 2024 |
Holdings as of December 31, 2024 |
||||||
| Paul B. Bolno |
||||||||
| Wave Life Sciences Ltd. |
||||||||
| - Ordinary shares |
407,425 | 217,351 | ||||||
| - Options to purchase ordinary shares at: |
||||||||
| - US$2.48 between March 10, 2015 and March 10, 2025 |
219,025 | 169,025 | ||||||
| - US$18.79 between June 16, 2016 and June 16, 2026 |
236,400 | 236,400 | ||||||
| - US$29.05 between January 25, 2017 and January 25, 2027 |
72,500 | 72,500 | ||||||
| - US$40.05 between January 23, 2018 and January 23, 2028 |
109,000 | 109,000 | ||||||
| - US$8.17 between March 3, 2020 and March 3, 2030 |
63,000 | 63,000 | ||||||
| - US$10.48 between February 1, 2021 and February 1, 2031 |
200,000 | 200,000 | ||||||
| - US$3.14 between January 1, 2022 and January 1, 2032 |
600,000 | 600,000 | ||||||
| - US$2.83 between July 25, 2022 and July 25, 2032 |
180,000 | 180,000 | ||||||
| - US$4.75 between February 17, 2023 and February 17, 2033 |
771,000 | 771,000 | ||||||
| - US$3.87 between February 5, 2024 and February 5, 2034 |
— | 1,008,600 | ||||||
| - Performance-based restricted share units |
92,500 | 92,500 | ||||||
| Mark H. N. Corrigan |
||||||||
| Wave Life Sciences Ltd. |
||||||||
| - Options to purchase ordinary shares at: |
||||||||
| - US$21.03 between September 4, 2019 and September 4, 2024 |
21,000 | — | ||||||
| - US$9.13 between August 18, 2020 and August 18, 2025 |
10,500 | 10,500 | ||||||
| - US$5.97 between August 16, 2021 and August 16, 2026 |
21,000 | 21,000 | ||||||
| - US$3.50 between August 15, 2022 and August 15, 2027 |
21,000 | 21,000 | ||||||
| - US$4.585 between August 7, 2023 and August 7, 2028 |
45,000 | 45,000 | ||||||
| - US$5.37 between August 12, 2024 and August 12, 2029 |
— | 64,460 | ||||||
| - Time-based restricted share units granted on August 12, 2024 |
— | 32,230 | ||||||
| Christian O. Henry |
||||||||
| Wave Life Sciences Ltd. |
||||||||
| - Options to purchase ordinary shares at: |
||||||||
| - US$20.34 between August 15, 2019 and August 15, 2024 |
10,500 | — | ||||||
| - US$9.13 between August 18, 2020 and August 18, 2025 |
10,500 | 10,500 | ||||||
| - US$5.97 between August 16, 2021 and August 16, 2026 |
42,000 | 42,000 | ||||||
| - US$3.50 between August 15, 2022 and August 15, 2027 |
21,000 | 21,000 | ||||||
| - US$4.585 between August 7, 2023 and August 7, 2028 |
45,000 | 45,000 | ||||||
| - US$5.37 between August 12, 2024 and August 12, 2029 |
— | 32,230 | ||||||
| - Time-based restricted share units granted on August 12, 2024 |
— | 16,115 | ||||||
4
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Directors’ Statements
Year ended December 31, 2024
|
|
Holdings as of January 1, 2024 |
Holdings as of December 31, 2024 |
||||||
| Peter Kolchinsky |
||||||||
| Wave Life Sciences Ltd. |
||||||||
| - Options to purchase ordinary shares at: |
||||||||
| - US$20.34 between August 15, 2019 and August 15, 2024 |
10,500 | — | ||||||
| - US$9.13 between August 18, 2020 and August 18, 2025 |
10,500 | 10,500 | ||||||
| - US$5.97 between August 16, 2021 and August 16, 2026 |
42,000 | 42,000 | ||||||
| - US$3.50 between August 15, 2022 and August 15, 2027 |
21,000 | 21,000 | ||||||
| - US$4.585 between August 7, 2023 and August 7, 2028 |
45,000 | 45,000 | ||||||
| - US$5.37 between August 12, 2024 and August 12, 2029 |
— | 32,230 | ||||||
| - Time-based restricted share units granted on August 12, 2024 |
— | 16,115 | ||||||
| Aik Na Tan |
||||||||
| Wave Life Sciences Ltd. |
||||||||
| - Options to purchase ordinary shares at: |
||||||||
| - US$9.13 between August 18, 2020 and August 18, 2025 |
21,000 | 21,000 | ||||||
| - US$5.97 between August 16, 2021 and August 16, 2026 |
21,000 | 21,000 | ||||||
| - US$3.50 between August 15, 2022 and August 15, 2027 |
21,000 | 21,000 | ||||||
| - US$4.585 between August 7, 2023 and August 7, 2028 |
45,000 | 45,000 | ||||||
| - US$5.37 between August 12, 2024 and August 12, 2029 |
— | 32,230 | ||||||
| - Time-based restricted share units granted on August 12, 2024 |
— | 16,115 | ||||||
| Adrian Rawcliffe |
||||||||
| Wave Life Sciences Ltd. |
||||||||
| - Options to purchase ordinary shares at: |
||||||||
| - US$20.34 between August 15, 2019 and August 15, 2024 |
10,500 | — | ||||||
| - US$9.13 between August 18, 2020 and August 18, 2025 |
10,500 | 10,500 | ||||||
| - US$5.97 between August 16, 2021 and August 16, 2026 |
42,000 | 42,000 | ||||||
| - US$3.50 between August 15, 2022 and August 15, 2027 |
21,000 | 21,000 | ||||||
| - US$4.585 between August 7, 2023 and August 7, 2028 |
45,000 | 45,000 | ||||||
| - US$5.37 between August 12, 2024 and August 12, 2029 |
— | 32,230 | ||||||
| - Time-based restricted share units granted on August 12, 2024 |
— | 16,115 | ||||||
| Ken Takanashi |
||||||||
| Wave Life Sciences Ltd. |
||||||||
| - Options to purchase ordinary shares at: |
||||||||
| - US$20.34 between August 15, 2019 and August 15, 2024 |
10,500 | — | ||||||
| - US$9.13 between August 18, 2020 and August 18, 2025 |
10,500 | 10,500 | ||||||
| - US$5.97 between August 16, 2021 and August 16, 2026 |
42,000 | 42,000 | ||||||
| - US$3.50 between August 15, 2022 and August 15, 2027 |
21,000 | 21,000 | ||||||
| - US$4.585 between August 7, 2023 and August 7, 2028 |
45,000 | 45,000 | ||||||
| - US$5.37 between August 12, 2024 and August 12, 2029 |
— | 32,230 | ||||||
| - Time-based restricted share units granted on August 12, 2024 |
— | 16,115 | ||||||
5
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Directors’ Statements
Year ended December 31, 2024
|
|
Holdings as of January 1, 2024 |
Holdings as of December 31, 2024 |
||||||
| Gregory L. Verdine |
||||||||
| Wave Life Sciences Ltd. |
||||||||
| - Ordinary shares |
30,000 | 30,000 | ||||||
| - Options to purchase ordinary shares at: |
||||||||
| - US$2.48 between March 10, 2015 and March 10, 2025 |
266,402 | 266,402 | ||||||
| - US$20.34 between August 15, 2019 and August 15, 2024 |
10,500 | — | ||||||
| - US$9.13 between August 18, 2020 and August 18, 2025 |
10,500 | 10,500 | ||||||
| - US$5.97 between August 16, 2021 and August 16, 2026 |
42,000 | 42,000 | ||||||
| - US$3.50 between August 15, 2022 and August 15, 2027 |
21,000 | 21,000 | ||||||
| - US$4.37 between October 27, 2022 and October 27, 2027 |
163,467 | 163,467 | ||||||
| - US$4.585 between August 7, 2023 and August 7, 2028 |
45,000 | 45,000 | ||||||
| - US$5.37 between August 12, 2024 and August 12, 2029 |
— | 32,230 | ||||||
| - Time-based restricted share units granted on August 12, 2024 |
— | 16,115 | ||||||
| Heidi L. Wagner |
||||||||
| Wave Life Sciences Ltd. |
||||||||
| - Options to purchase ordinary shares at: |
||||||||
| - US$21.03 between September 4, 2019 and September 4, 2024 |
21,000 | — | ||||||
| - US$9.13 between August 18, 2020 and August 18, 2025 |
10,500 | 10,500 | ||||||
| - US$5.97 between August 16, 2021 and August 16, 2026 |
21,000 | 21,000 | ||||||
| - US$3.50 between August 15, 2022 and August 15, 2027 |
21,000 | 21,000 | ||||||
| - US$4.585 between August 7, 2023 and August 7, 2028 |
45,000 | 45,000 | ||||||
| - US$5.37 between August 12, 2024 and August 12, 2029 |
— | 64,460 | ||||||
| - Time-based restricted share units granted on August 12, 2024 |
— | 32,230 | ||||||
Except as disclosed in this statement, no director who held office at the end of the financial year had interests in shares, debentures, warrants or share options of Wave Life Sciences Ltd., or of its related corporations, either at the beginning of the financial year, or date of appointment to this board of directors, if later, or at the end of the financial year.
Except as disclosed in Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements, there were no unissued shares of Wave Life Sciences Ltd. or its subsidiaries under options granted by Wave Life Sciences Ltd. or its subsidiaries as of the end of the financial year.
6
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Directors’ Statements
Year ended December 31, 2024
Auditors
KPMG LLP were re-appointed as auditors of Wave Life Sciences Ltd. on August 6, 2024. The auditors, KPMG LLP, have indicated their willingness to accept re-appointment.
| On behalf of the board of directors, |
| /s/ Adrian Rawcliffe |
| Adrian Rawcliffe |
| Director |
| /s/ Paul B. Bolno, M.D. |
| Paul B. Bolno, M.D. |
| Director |
7
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Independent Auditors’ Report
Year ended December 31, 2024
Independent auditors’ report
Members of the Company
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its subsidiaries
Report on the audit of the financial statements
Qualified opinion
We have audited the accompanying consolidated financial statements of Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) and the supplementary financial information of Wave Life Sciences Ltd. (the “Parent”), which comprise the balance sheets of the Company and Parent as at December 31, 2024, consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, consolidated statements of series A preferred shares and shareholders’ equity, and consolidated statements of cash flows of the Company for the year then ended, and notes to the financial statements, including a summary of significant accounting policies, as set out on pages F-1 to F-50 (collectively, the “financial statements”).
In our opinion, except for the effects of the matter described in the “Basis for qualified opinion” section of our report, the consolidated financial statements of the Company and the balance sheet of the Parent are properly drawn up in accordance with the provisions of the Singapore Companies Act 1967 (the “Act”) and Generally Accepted Accounting Principles of the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) (the use of which is approved by the Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority of Singapore) so as to give a true and fair view of the financial position of the Company and of the Parent as at December 31, 2024 and of the financial performance, changes in equity and cash flows of the Company for the year ended on that date.
Basis for qualified opinion
U.S. GAAP requires that the Parent prepare consolidated financial statements. The Act requires that a balance sheet of the parent company be presented with the consolidated financial statements. In order to comply with the Act’s requirement to present a separate standalone balance sheet of the Parent, the Parent reported these investments and the balances with subsidiaries as separate lines on the Parent’s standalone balance sheet. Our audit opinion on the financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023 dated May 15, 2024 also included a modification on the same matter.
We conducted our audit in accordance with Singapore Standards on Auditing (“SSAs”). Our responsibilities under those standards are further described in the “Auditors’ responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements” section of our report. We are independent of the Company in accordance with the Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority Code of Professional Conduct and Ethics for Public Accountants and Accounting Entities (“ACRA Code”) together with the ethical requirements that are relevant to our audit of the financial statements in Singapore, and we have fulfilled our other ethical responsibilities in accordance with these requirements and the ACRA Code. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our qualified opinion.
Key audit matters
Key audit matters are those matters that, in our professional judgement, were of most significance in our audit of the financial statements of the current period. These matters were addressed in the context of our audit of the financial statements as a whole, and in forming our opinion thereon, and we do not provide a separate opinion on these matters. In addition to the matter described in the “Basis for qualified opinion” section, we have determined the matter described below to be the key audit matter to be communicated in our report.
8
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Independent Auditors’ Report
Year ended December 31, 2024
| Evaluation of revenue recognition for certain research and development services | ||
| Refer to Note 5 Collaboration Agreements and the accounting policy note on revenue recognition in the consolidated financial statements. | ||
| The key audit matter | How the matter was addressed in our audit | |
| As discussed in Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company is party to a collaboration agreement with GlaxoSmithKline (“GSK”) which has two performance obligations, including the promise to provide research and development (“R&D”) services. The Company recognizes R&D services revenue over time using an input method. This method measures progress based on costs incurred in relation to the R&D activities and the costs expected to be incurred in the future to satisfy each performance obligation. Amounts received by the Company before performance are recorded as deferred revenue. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recognized over-time revenue under the GSK collaboration agreement of $37.0 million. In addition, as of December 31, 2024, a portion of the Company’s current and long-term deferred revenue relates to R&D services.
We identified the evaluation of revenue recognition for certain R&D services as a key audit matter. Specifically, evaluating the estimate of total costs expected to be incurred in satisfying certain R&D performance obligations requires especially challenging auditor judgment. This involved an assessment of the nature of work to be performed and the method for measuring progress. |
The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this key audit matter. For a selection of R&D performance obligations, we read the underlying contract with the customer, evaluated the determination of the method for measuring progress, and tested the Company’s estimate of total contract costs to be incurred by (1) comparing the Company’s initial estimates to actual costs incurred to assess the Company’s ability to estimate accurately; (2) inspecting underlying documentation and third-party evidence and comparing them to management’s assumptions and inputs; (3) inquiring of R&D personnel of the Company to evaluate factors related to the nature of the work to be performed and their impact on the total contract costs to be incurred, including progress to date and the estimate of remaining contract costs; and (4) assessing the Company’s history of estimating costs to be incurred in satisfying R&D performance obligations under similar contracts. | |
The above key audit matter applies to both the consolidated financial statements and the balance sheet of the Parent.
Other information
Management is responsible for the other information contained in the Singapore Statutory Financial Statements. Other information is defined as all information in the Singapore Statutory Financial Statements other than the financial statements and our auditors’ report thereon. We have obtained all other information, which comprises the directors’ statement, prior to the date of this auditors’ report.
Our opinion on the financial statements does not cover the other information and we do not express any form of assurance conclusion thereon.
9
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Independent Auditors’ Report
Year ended December 31, 2024
In connection with our audit of the financial statements, our responsibility is to read the other information and, in doing so, consider whether the other information is materially inconsistent with the financial statements or our knowledge obtained in the audit or otherwise appears to be materially misstated. If, based on the work we have performed, we conclude that there is a material misstatement of this other information, we are required to report that fact. We have nothing to report in this regard.
Responsibilities of management and directors for the financial statements
Management is responsible for the preparation of financial statements that give a true and fair view in accordance with the provisions of the Act and U.S. GAAP, and for devising and maintaining a system of internal accounting controls sufficient to provide a reasonable assurance that assets are safeguarded against loss from unauthorised use or disposition; and transactions are properly authorised and that they are recorded as necessary to permit the preparation of true and fair financial statements and to maintain accountability of assets.
In preparing the financial statements, management is responsible for assessing the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern, disclosing, as applicable, matters related to going concern and using the going concern basis of accounting unless management either intends to liquidate the Company or to cease operations, or has no realistic alternative but to do so.
The directors are responsible for overseeing the Company’s financial reporting process.
Auditors’ responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements
Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, and to issue an auditors’ report that includes our opinion. Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance, but is not a guarantee that an audit conducted in accordance with SSAs will always detect a material misstatement when it exists. Misstatements can arise from fraud or error and are considered material if, individually or in the aggregate, they could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of these financial statements.
As part of an audit in accordance with SSAs, we exercise professional judgement and maintain professional skepticism throughout the audit. We also:
| • | Identify and assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to fraud or error, design and perform audit procedures responsive to those risks, and obtain audit evidence that is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion. The risk of not detecting a material misstatement resulting from fraud is higher than for one resulting from error, as fraud may involve collusion, forgery, intentional omissions, misrepresentations, or the override of internal controls. |
| • | Obtain an understanding of internal controls relevant to the audit in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal controls. |
| • | Evaluate the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of accounting estimates and related disclosures made by management. |
| • | Conclude on the appropriateness of management’s use of the going concern basis of accounting and, based on the audit evidence obtained, whether a material uncertainty exists related to events or conditions that may cast significant doubt on the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. If we conclude that a material uncertainty exists, we are required to draw attention in our auditors’ report to the related disclosures in the financial statements or, if such disclosures are inadequate, to modify our opinion. Our conclusions are |
10
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Independent Auditors’ Report
Year ended December 31, 2024
| based on the audit evidence obtained up to the date of our auditors’ report. However, future events or conditions may cause the Company to cease to continue as a going concern. |
| • | Evaluate the overall presentation, structure and content of the financial statements, including the disclosures, and whether the financial statements represent the underlying transactions and events in a manner that achieves fair presentation. |
| • | Plan and perform the audit to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence regarding the financial information of the entities or business units within the Company to as a basis for forming an opinion on the financial statements. We are responsible for the direction, supervision and review of the audit work performed for purposes of the audit. We remain solely responsible for our audit opinion. |
We communicate with the directors regarding, among other matters, the planned scope and timing of the audit and significant audit findings, including any significant deficiencies in internal controls that we identify during our audit.
We also provide the directors with a statement that we have complied with relevant ethical requirements regarding independence, and communicate with them all relationships and other matters that may reasonably be thought to bear on our independence, and where applicable, related safeguards.
From the matters communicated with the directors, we determine those matters that were of most significance in the audit of the financial statements of the current period and are therefore the key audit matters. We describe these matters in our auditors’ report unless the law or regulations preclude public disclosure about the matter or when, in extremely rare circumstances, we determine that a matter should not be communicated in our report because the adverse consequences of doing so would reasonably be expected to outweigh the public interest benefits of such communication.
Report on other legal and regulatory requirements
In our opinion, the accounting and other records required by the Act to be kept by the Parent have been properly kept in accordance with the provisions of the Act.
The engagement partner on the audit resulting in this independent auditors’ report is Malcolm Ramsay.
/s/ KPMG LLP
KPMG LLP
Public Accountants and
Chartered Accountants
Singapore
May 28, 2025
11
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Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Consolidated Financial Statements
Year ended December 31, 2024
WAVE LIFE SCIENCES LTD.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, except share amounts)
| December 31, 2024 | December 31, 2023 | |||||||||
| Assets |
||||||||||
| Current assets: |
||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents |
$ | 302,078 | $ | 200,351 | ||||||
| Accounts receivable |
1,422 | 21,086 | ||||||||
| Prepaid expenses |
9,544 | 9,912 | ||||||||
| Other current assets |
7,350 | 4,024 | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total current assets |
320,394 | 235,373 | ||||||||
| Long-term assets: |
||||||||||
| Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $46,329 and $42,709 as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively |
10,128 | 13,084 | ||||||||
| Operating lease right-of-use assets |
17,870 | 22,637 | ||||||||
| Restricted cash |
3,760 | 3,699 | ||||||||
| Other assets |
55 | 156 | ||||||||
| Total long-term assets |
31,813 | 39,576 | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total assets |
$ | 352,207 | $ | 274,949 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Liabilities, Series A preferred shares and shareholders’ equity |
||||||||||
| Current liabilities: |
||||||||||
| Accounts payable |
$ | 16,262 | $ | 12,839 | ||||||
| Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |
21,081 | 16,828 | ||||||||
| Current portion of deferred revenue |
65,972 | 150,059 | ||||||||
| Current portion of operating lease liability |
7,638 | 6,714 | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total current liabilities |
110,953 | 186,440 | ||||||||
| Long-term liabilities: |
||||||||||
| Deferred revenue, net of current portion |
6,099 | 15,601 | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability, net of current portion |
17,766 | 25,404 | ||||||||
| Total long-term liabilities |
23,865 | 41,005 | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total liabilities |
$ | 134,818 | $ | 227,445 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Series A preferred shares, no par value; 3,901,348 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2024 and 2023 |
$ | 7,874 | $ | 7,874 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Shareholders’ equity: |
||||||||||
| Ordinary shares, no par value; 153,037,286 and 119,162,234 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively |
$ | 1,175,181 | $ | 935,367 | ||||||
| Additional paid-in capital |
156,454 | 129,237 | ||||||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss |
(262 | ) | (124 | ) | ||||||
| Accumulated deficit |
(1,121,858 | ) | (1,024,850 | ) | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total shareholders’ equity |
209,515 | 39,630 | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total liabilities, Series A preferred shares and shareholders’ equity |
$ | 352,207 | $ | 274,949 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
F-1
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Consolidated Financial Statements
Year ended December 31, 2024
WAVE LIFE SCIENCES LTD.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)
| For the Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| Revenue |
$ | 108,302 | $ | 113,305 | $ | 3,649 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Operating expenses: |
||||||||||||
| Research and development |
159,682 | 130,009 | 115,856 | |||||||||
| General and administrative |
59,023 | 51,292 | 50,513 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total operating expenses |
218,705 | 181,301 | 166,369 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Loss from operations |
(110,403 | ) | (67,996 | ) | (162,720 | ) | ||||||
| Other income, net: |
||||||||||||
| Dividend income and interest income, net |
10,163 | 7,928 | 1,571 | |||||||||
| Other income, net |
3,232 | 1,878 | 7 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total other income, net |
13,395 | 9,806 | 1,578 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Loss before income taxes |
(97,008 | ) | (58,190 | ) | (161,142 | ) | ||||||
| Income tax benefit (provision) |
— | 677 | (681 | ) | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Net loss |
$ | (97,008 | ) | $ | (57,513 | ) | $ | (161,823 | ) | |||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Net loss per share attributable to ordinary shareholders—basic and diluted |
$ | (0.70 | ) | $ | (0.54 | ) | $ | (2.05 | ) | |||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Weighted-average ordinary shares used in computing net loss per share attributable to ordinary shareholders—basic and diluted |
138,277,468 | 106,097,268 | 78,855,810 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Other comprehensive loss: |
||||||||||||
| Net loss |
$ | (97,008 | ) | $ | (57,513 | ) | $ | (161,823 | ) | |||
| Foreign currency translation |
(138 | ) | (95 | ) | (210 | ) | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Comprehensive loss |
(97,146 | ) | (57,608 | ) | (162,033 | ) | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
F-2
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Consolidated Financial Statements
Year ended December 31, 2024
WAVE LIFE SCIENCES LTD.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SERIES A PREFERRED SHARES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)
(In thousands, except share amounts)
| Series A Preferred Shares |
Ordinary Shares | Additional Paid-In- Capital |
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |
Accumulated Deficit |
Total Shareholders’ Equity (Deficit) |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares | Amount | Shares | Amount | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2021 |
3,901,348 | $ | 7,874 | 59,841,116 | $ | 749,851 | $ | 87,980 | $ | 181 | $ | (805,514 | ) | $ | 32,498 | |||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of ordinary shares, net of offering costs |
— | — | 25,464,483 | 51,220 | — | — | — | 51,220 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of ordinary shares pursuant to the at-the-market equity program, net |
— | — | 458,092 | 1,167 | — | — | — | 1,167 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of pre-funded warrants, net of offering costs |
— | — | — | — | 14,268 | — | — | 14,268 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation |
— | — | — | — | 17,194 | — | — | 17,194 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vesting of RSUs |
— | — | 904,891 | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Option exercises |
— | — | 90,000 | 223 | — | — | — | 223 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of ordinary shares under the ESPP |
— | — | 166,061 | 372 | — | — | — | 372 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive loss |
— | — | — | — | — | (210 | ) | — | (210 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss |
— | — | — | — | — | — | (161,823 | ) | (161,823 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2022 |
3,901,348 | $ | 7,874 | 86,924,643 | $ | 802,833 | $ | 119,442 | $ | (29 | ) | $ | (967,337 | ) | $ | (45,091 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of ordinary shares, net of offering costs |
— | — | 20,000,000 | 93,574 | — | — | — | 93,574 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of ordinary shares, pursuant to the GSK Collaboration Agreement |
— | — | 10,683,761 | 34,623 | — | — | — | 34,623 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of ordinary shares pursuant to the at-the-market equity program, net |
— | — | 751,688 | 3,080 | — | — | — | 3,080 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation |
— | — | — | — | 9,795 | — | — | 9,795 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vesting of RSUs |
— | — | 415,658 | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Option exercises |
— | — | 160,571 | 509 | — | — | — | 509 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of ordinary shares under the ESPP |
— | — | 225,913 | 748 | — | — | — | 748 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive loss |
— | — | — | — | — | (95 | ) | — | (95 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss |
— | — | — | — | — | — | (57,513 | ) | (57,513 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2023 |
3,901,348 | $ | 7,874 | 119,162,234 | $ | 935,367 | $ | 129,237 | $ | (124 | ) | $ | (1,024,850 | ) | $ | 39,630 | ||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of ordinary shares, net of offering costs |
— | — | 29,875,001 | 215,796 | — | — | — | 215,796 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of ordinary shares pursuant to the at-the-market equity program, net |
— | — | 2,952,591 | 20,380 | — | — | — | 20,380 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of pre-funded warrants, net of offering costs |
— | — | — | — | 14,076 | — | — | 14,076 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation |
— | — | — | — | 13,141 | — | — | 13,141 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vesting of RSUs |
— | — | 100,326 | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Option exercises |
— | — | 770,636 | 2,979 | — | — | — | 2,979 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of ordinary shares under the ESPP |
— | — | 176,498 | 659 | — | — | — | 659 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive loss |
— | — | — | — | — | (138 | ) | — | (138 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss |
— | — | — | — | — | — | (97,008 | ) | (97,008 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2024 |
3,901,348 | $ | 7,874 | 153,037,286 | $ | 1,175,181 | $ | 156,454 | $ | (262 | ) | $ | (1,121,858 | ) | $ | 209,515 | ||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
F-3
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Consolidated Financial Statements
Year ended December 31, 2024
WAVE LIFE SCIENCES LTD.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)
| For the Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| Cash flows from operating activities |
||||||||||||
| Net loss |
$ | (97,008 | ) | $ | (57,513 | ) | $ | (161,823 | ) | |||
| Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: |
||||||||||||
| Amortization of right-of-use assets |
4,767 | 4,206 | 3,540 | |||||||||
| Depreciation of property and equipment |
3,896 | 5,000 | 6,574 | |||||||||
| Share-based compensation expense |
13,141 | 9,795 | 17,194 | |||||||||
| Loss on disposal of property and equipment |
— | — | 12 | |||||||||
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |
||||||||||||
| Accounts receivable |
19,664 | (21,086 | ) | — | ||||||||
| Prepaid expenses |
368 | (1,980 | ) | (1,348 | ) | |||||||
| Other assets |
(3,225 | ) | (2,010 | ) | 3,394 | |||||||
| Accounts payable |
3,421 | (3,761 | ) | 9,348 | ||||||||
| Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |
4,253 | (724 | ) | 2,691 | ||||||||
| Deferred revenue |
(93,589 | ) | 54,328 | (3,245 | ) | |||||||
| Operating lease liabilities |
(6,714 | ) | (5,496 | ) | (4,308 | ) | ||||||
| Other non-current liabilities |
— | (190 | ) | 190 | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Net cash used in operating activities |
(151,026 | ) | (19,431 | ) | (127,781 | ) | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Cash flows from investing activities |
||||||||||||
| Purchases of property and equipment |
(938 | ) | (1,115 | ) | (1,361 | ) | ||||||
| Proceeds from the sale of property and equipment |
— | — | 106 | |||||||||
| Purchase of short-term investments |
— | — | (75,044 | ) | ||||||||
| Proceeds from the maturity of short-term investments |
— | — | 75,044 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Net cash used in investing activities |
(938 | ) | (1,115 | ) | (1,255 | ) | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Cash flows from financing activities |
||||||||||||
| Proceeds from the issuance of ordinary shares as a part of the June 2022 Offering, net of offering costs |
— | — | 51,220 | |||||||||
| Proceeds from the issuance of ordinary shares as a part of the December 2023 Offering, net of offering costs |
14,038 | 93,574 | — | |||||||||
| Proceeds from the issuance of ordinary shares as a part of the September 2024 Offering, net of offering costs |
201,758 | — | — | |||||||||
| Proceeds from issuance pre-funded warrants as a part of the June 2022 Offering, net of offering costs |
— | — | 14,268 | |||||||||
| Proceeds from issuance pre-funded warrants as a part of the, September 2024 Offering, net of offering costs |
14,076 | — | — | |||||||||
| Proceeds from issuance of ordinary shares pursuant to the GSK Collaboration Agreement |
— | 34,623 | — | |||||||||
| Proceeds from issuance of ordinary shares pursuant to the at-the-market equity program, net |
20,380 | 3,080 | 1,105 | |||||||||
| Proceeds from the exercise of share options |
2,979 | 509 | 223 | |||||||||
| Proceeds from the ESPP |
659 | 748 | 372 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Net cash provided by financing activities |
253,890 | 132,534 | 67,188 | |||||||||
| Effect of foreign exchange rates on cash |
(138 | ) | (95 | ) | (210 | ) | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |
101,788 | 111,893 | (62,058 | ) | ||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period |
204,050 | 92,157 | 154,215 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period |
$ | 305,838 | $ | 204,050 | $ | 92,157 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: |
||||||||||||
| Offering costs in accounts payable at period end |
$ | — | $ | 210 | $ | — | ||||||
| Increase in operating lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities related to new lease |
$ | — | $ | — | $ | 12,006 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
F-4
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Consolidated Financial Statements
Year ended December 31, 2024
Wave Life Sciences Ltd.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
1. THE COMPANY
Organization
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. (together with its subsidiaries, “Wave” or the “Company”) is a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on unlocking the broad potential of RNA medicines (also known as oligonucleotides), or those targeting RNA, to transform human health. Wave’s RNA medicines platform, PRISM, combines multiple modalities, chemistry innovation and deep insights into human genetics to deliver scientific breakthroughs that treat both rare and common disorders. The Company’s toolkit of RNA-targeting modalities includes RNA editing, splicing, silencing using siRNA and antisense silencing, providing us with unique capabilities for designing and sustainably delivering candidates that optimally address disease biology. The Company’s diversified pipeline includes clinical programs in obesity, AATD, DMD, and HD, as well as several preclinical programs utilizing our versatile RNA medicines platform.
The Company was incorporated in Singapore on July 23, 2012 and has its principal U.S. office in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The Company was incorporated with the purpose of combining two commonly held companies, Wave Life Sciences USA, Inc. (“Wave USA”), a Delaware corporation (formerly Ontorii, Inc.), and Wave Life Sciences Japan, Inc. (“Wave Japan”), a company organized under the laws of Japan (formerly Chiralgen., Ltd.), which occurred on September 13, 2012. On May 31, 2016, Wave Life Sciences Ireland Limited (“Wave Ireland”) was formed as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Wave Life Sciences Ltd. On April 3, 2017, Wave Life Sciences UK Limited (“Wave UK”) was formed as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Wave Life Sciences Ltd.
The Company’s primary activities have been developing and evolving PRISM to design, develop and commercialize RNA medicines, advancing the Company’s differentiated portfolio, building the Company’s research, development and manufacturing capabilities, advancing programs into the clinic, furthering clinical development of such clinical-stage programs, building the Company’s intellectual property, and assuring adequate capital to support these activities.
Liquidity
Since its inception, the Company has not generated any product revenue and has incurred recurring operating losses. To date, the Company has primarily funded its operations through private placements of debt and equity securities, public and other registered offerings of its equity securities and collaborations with third parties. Until the Company can generate significant revenue from product sales, if ever, the Company expects to continue to finance operations through a combination of public or private equity or debt financings or other sources, which may include upfront and milestone payments from collaborations with third parties. Adequate additional financing may not be available to the Company on acceptable terms, or at all. The inability to raise capital as and when needed would have a negative impact on the Company’s financial condition and ability to pursue its business strategy.
As of December 31, 2024, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $302.1 million. The Company expects that its existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to fund its operations for at least the next twelve months. The Company has based this expectation on the best information available, however the Company may use its available capital resources sooner than it currently expects. If the Company’s anticipated operating results are not achieved in future periods, planned expenditures may need to be further reduced in order to extend the
F-5
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Consolidated Financial Statements
Year ended December 31, 2024
time period over which the then-available resources would be able to fund the Company’s operations. In addition, the Company may elect to raise additional funds before it needs them if the conditions for raising capital are favorable due to market conditions or strategic considerations, even if the Company expects it has sufficient funds for its current or future operating plans.
Risks and Uncertainties
The Company is subject to risks common to companies in the biotechnology industry including, but not limited to, new technological innovations, protection of proprietary technology, maintaining internal manufacturing capabilities, dependence on key personnel, compliance with government regulations and the need to obtain additional financing. The Company’s therapeutic programs will require significant additional research and development efforts, including extensive preclinical and clinical testing and regulatory approval, prior to commercialization of any product candidates. These efforts require significant amounts of additional capital, adequate personnel infrastructure and extensive compliance-reporting capabilities. There can be no assurance that the Company’s research and development efforts will be successful, that adequate protection for the Company’s intellectual property will be obtained, that any products developed will obtain necessary government regulatory approval or that any approved products will be commercially viable. Even if the Company’s product development efforts are successful, it is uncertain when, if ever, the Company will generate significant revenue from product sales. The Company operates in an environment of rapid change in technology and substantial competition from pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies.
Basis of Presentation
The Company has prepared the accompanying consolidated financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) and in U.S. dollars.
2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company considers all highly liquid securities with maturities of three months or less from the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. The Company’s cash and cash equivalents are comprised of funds held in checking and money market accounts.
Principles of Consolidation
The Company’s consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Use of Estimates
The Company’s consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of the Company’s financial statements and related disclosures requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets, liabilities, revenue, costs and expenses and related disclosures. Management considers many factors in selecting appropriate financial accounting policies and in developing the estimates and assumptions that are used in the preparation of the financial statements. Management must apply significant judgment in this process. The Company believes that its revenue recognition policy, particularly (a) assessing the number of performance obligations; (b) determining the transaction price;
F-6
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Consolidated Financial Statements
Year ended December 31, 2024
(c) allocating the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (d) determining the pattern over which performance obligations are satisfied, including estimates to complete performance obligations, and the assumptions and estimates used in the Company’s analysis of contracts with contract research organizations (“CROs”) and contract manufacturing organizations (“CMOs”) to estimate the contract expense, involve a greater degree of judgment, and therefore the Company considers them to be its critical accounting policies. The Company evaluates its estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. The Company’s actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions and conditions.
Segment Data
The Company manages its operations as a single reportable and operating segment for the purposes of assessing performance and making operating decisions. The Company’s focus is on developing its proprietary RNA medicines platform, PRISM, to develop and commercialize a broad pipeline of RNA medicines in a variety of therapeutic areas. This operating structure enables the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) as chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), to allocate resources and assess business performance in order to achieve established long-term strategic goals. The determination of a single segment is consistent with the consolidated financial information regularly reviewed by the CODM for purposes of assessing performance, allocating resources and planning, monitoring budget versus actual results, and forecasting future periods. Within the single segment, there are significant expenses that are regularly considered by the CODM which are used in the review for performance and resource allocation. See Note 14 for additional disclosure of our segment information.
Going Concern
At each reporting period, the Company evaluates whether there are conditions or events that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued. The Company is required to make certain additional disclosures if the Company concludes substantial doubt exists and it is not alleviated by the Company’s plans or when the Company’s plans alleviate substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The Company’s evaluation entails analyzing prospective operating budgets and forecasts for expectations of the Company’s cash needs and comparing those needs to the current cash and cash equivalent balance.
Foreign Currency Translation
The functional currency is the U.S. dollar for all of the Company’s entities aside from Wave Japan, which has the Japanese Yen as its functional currency. Assets and liabilities of Wave Japan are translated at period end exchange rates while revenues and expenses of Wave Japan are translated at average exchange rates for the period. Net unrealized gains and losses from foreign currency translation are reflected as other comprehensive income (loss) within the consolidated statements of Series A preferred shares and shareholders’ equity (deficit) and the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Gains and losses on foreign currency transactions are included in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss within other income, net.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The Company is required to disclose information on all assets and liabilities reported at fair value that enables an assessment of the inputs used in determining the reported fair values. The fair value hierarchy is a hierarchy of inputs used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are inputs
F-7
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Consolidated Financial Statements
Year ended December 31, 2024
that market participants would use in pricing the financial instrument based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the Company’s assumptions about the inputs that market participants would use in pricing the financial instrument and are developed based on the information available in the circumstances. The fair value hierarchy applies only to the valuation inputs used in determining the reported fair value of the investments and is not a measure of the investment credit quality. The hierarchy defines three levels of valuation inputs:
Level 1—Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date of identical, unrestricted assets.
Level 2—Quoted prices for similar assets, or inputs that are observable, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term through corroboration with observable market data. Level 2 includes investments valued at quoted prices adjusted for legal or contractual restrictions specific to the security.
Level 3—Pricing inputs are unobservable for the asset, that is, inputs that reflect the reporting entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset. Level 3 includes private investments that are supported by little or no market activity.
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash are Level 1 assets which are comprised of funds held in checking and money market accounts. Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash were recorded at fair value as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, totaling $305.8 million and $204.1 million, respectively. The carrying amounts of accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate their fair values due to their short-term maturities.
Concentration of Credit Risk
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and short-term investments are financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk. The Company uses several financial institutions to maintain its cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and short-term investments, all of which are high quality, accredited financial institutions and, accordingly, such funds are subject to minimal credit risk. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts and management believes that the Company is not exposed to significant credit risk due to the financial position of the depository institutions in which those deposits are held. The Company has no financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk of loss.
Restricted Cash
Restricted cash consists primarily of cash placed in separate restricted bank accounts as required under the terms of the Company’s lease agreements for its Cambridge, Massachusetts and Lexington, Massachusetts facilities (refer to Note 8). As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had $3.8 million and $3.7 million of restricted cash, respectively, of which $2.8 million and $2.7 million related to the Lexington facility, respectively, and $1.0 million related to the Cambridge facility.
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment, which consists primarily of equipment, furniture, software and leasehold improvements, are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is calculated on a straight-line basis over the following estimated useful lives of the assets:
| Equipment, Furniture and Software | 3-7 years | |
| Leasehold Improvements | Shorter of asset life or lease term |
F-8
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Consolidated Financial Statements
Year ended December 31, 2024
Depreciation begins at the time the asset is placed in service. Maintenance and repairs are charged to operations as incurred. Upon retirement or sale, the cost of the disposed asset and the related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is reflected in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
Long-lived assets consist of property and equipment. Long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or other changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Certain factors may exist or events may occur that indicate that impairment exists including, but not limited to, the following: significant underperformance relative to historical or projected future operating results; significant changes in the manner of use of the underlying assets; and significant adverse industry or market economic trends.
When performing the impairment assessment for long-lived assets, the Company compares the carrying value of such assets to the estimated undiscounted future net cash flows expected from the use of the assets and their eventual disposition. In the event that the carrying value of the assets is determined to be unrecoverable, the Company would estimate the fair value of the assets and record an impairment charge for the excess of the carrying value over the fair value.
Revenue Recognition
The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”). This standard applies to all contracts with customers, except for contracts that are within the scope of other standards, such as leases, insurance, and financial instruments. Under ASC 606, an entity recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration that the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that an entity determines are within the scope of ASC 606, the entity performs the following five-step analysis: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. The Company only applies the five-step analysis to contracts when it is probable that the entity will collect the consideration to which it is entitled in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer. At contract inception, once the contract is determined to be within the scope of ASC 606, the Company assesses the goods or services promised within each contract, determines those that are performance obligations, and assesses whether each promised good or service is distinct. The Company then recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied.
The Company has entered into collaboration agreements for research, development, and commercial services, under which the Company licenses certain rights to its product candidates to third parties. The terms of these arrangements typically include payment to the Company of one or more of the following: non-refundable, upfront license fees; reimbursement of certain costs; customer option exercise fees; development, regulatory and commercial milestone payments; and royalties on net sales of licensed products. Any variable consideration is allocated to a performance obligation, and the cumulative revenue associated with this consideration is not recognized until it is deemed not to be at significant risk of reversal.
F-9
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Consolidated Financial Statements
Year ended December 31, 2024
In determining the appropriate amount of revenue to be recognized as the Company fulfills its obligations under each of its agreements for which the collaboration partner is also a customer, the Company performs the following steps: (i) identification of the promised goods or services in the contract; (ii) determination of whether the promised goods or services are performance obligations, including whether they are distinct in the context of the contract; (iii) measurement of the transaction price, including the constraint on variable consideration; (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations; and (v) recognition of revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies each performance obligation. As part of the accounting for these arrangements, the Company must use significant judgment to determine: (a) the number of performance obligations based on the determination under step (ii) above; (b) the transaction price under step (iii) above; and (c) the timing of satisfaction of performance obligations as a measure of progress in step (v) above. The Company uses significant judgment to determine whether milestones or other variable consideration, except for royalties, should be included in the transaction price as described further below. The transaction price is allocated to the optional goods and services the Company expects to provide. The Company uses estimates to determine the timing of satisfaction of performance obligations.
Amounts received prior to being recognized as revenue are recorded as deferred revenue. Amounts expected to be recognized as revenue within the 12 months following the balance sheet date are classified as current portion of deferred revenue in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Amounts not expected to be recognized as revenue within the 12 months following the balance sheet date are classified as deferred revenue, net of current portion.
Licenses of intellectual property: In assessing whether a promise or performance obligation is distinct from the other promises, the Company considers factors such as the research, development, manufacturing and commercialization capabilities of the customer and the availability of the associated expertise in the general marketplace. In addition, the Company considers whether the customer can benefit from a promise for its intended purpose without the receipt of the remaining promise, whether the value of the promise is dependent on the unsatisfied promise, whether there are other vendors that could provide the remaining promise, and whether it is separately identifiable from the remaining promise. For licenses that are combined with other promises, the Company utilizes judgment to assess the nature of the combined performance obligation to determine whether the combined performance obligation is satisfied over time or at a point in time and, if over time, the appropriate method of measuring progress for purposes of recognizing revenue. The Company evaluates the measure of progress each reporting period and, if necessary, adjusts the measure of performance and related revenue recognition.
Research and development services: If an arrangement is determined to contain a promise or obligation for the Company to perform research and development services, the Company must determine whether these services are distinct from other promises in the arrangement. In assessing whether the services are distinct from the other promises, the Company considers the capabilities of the customer to perform these same services. In addition, the Company considers whether the customer can benefit from a promise for its intended purpose without the receipt of the remaining promise, whether the value of the promise is dependent on the unsatisfied promise, whether there are other vendors that could provide the remaining promise, and whether it is separately identifiable from the remaining promise. For research and development services that are combined with other promises, the Company utilizes judgment to assess the nature of the combined performance obligation to determine whether the combined performance obligation is satisfied over time or at a point in time and, if over time, the appropriate method of measuring progress for purposes of recognizing revenue. The Company evaluates the measure of progress each reporting period and, if necessary, adjusts the measure of performance and related revenue recognition.
F-10
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Consolidated Financial Statements
Year ended December 31, 2024
Customer options: If an arrangement is determined to contain customer options that allow the customer to acquire additional goods or services, the goods and services underlying the customer options are not considered to be performance obligations at the outset of the arrangement, as they are contingent upon option exercise. The Company evaluates the customer options for material rights, that is, the option to acquire additional goods or services for free or at a discount. If the customer options are determined to represent a material right, the material right is recognized as a separate performance obligation at the outset of the arrangement. The Company allocates the transaction price to material rights based on the standalone selling price. Amounts allocated to any material right are not recognized as revenue until the option is exercised and the performance obligation is satisfied.
Milestone payments: At the inception of each arrangement that includes milestone payments, the Company evaluates whether a significant reversal of cumulative revenue provided in conjunction with achieving the milestones is probable, and estimates the amount to be included in the transaction price using the most likely amount method. If it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue would not occur, the associated milestone value is included in the transaction price. Milestone payments that are not within the control of the Company or the licensee, such as regulatory approvals, are not considered probable of being achieved until those approvals are received. For other milestones, the Company evaluates factors such as the scientific, clinical, regulatory, commercial, and other risks that must be overcome to achieve the particular milestone in making this assessment. There is considerable judgment involved in determining whether it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue would not occur. At the end of each subsequent reporting period, the Company reevaluates the probability of achievement of all milestones subject to constraint and, if necessary, adjusts its estimate of the overall transaction price. Any such adjustments are recorded on a cumulative catch-up basis, which would affect revenues and earnings in the period of adjustment.
Royalties: For arrangements that include sales-based royalties, including milestone payments based on a level of sales, and the license is deemed to be the predominant item to which the royalties relate, the Company recognizes revenue at the later of (i) when the related sales occur, or (ii) when the performance obligation to which some or all of the royalty has been allocated has been satisfied (or partially satisfied). To date, the Company has not recognized any royalty revenue resulting from any of its licensing arrangements.
Contract costs: The Company recognizes as an asset the incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer if the costs are expected to be recovered. As a practical expedient, the Company recognizes the incremental costs of obtaining a contract as an expense when incurred if the amortization period of the asset that it otherwise would have recognized is one year or less. To date, the Company has not incurred any incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer.
Research and Development Expenses
Research and development expenses are expensed as incurred. External development costs are recognized based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks. Payments for these activities are based on the terms of the individual agreements, which may differ from the pattern of costs incurred, and are reflected in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as prepaid or accrued expenses.
License Agreements and Patent Costs
Costs associated with licenses of technology and patent costs are expensed as incurred and are generally included in research and development expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.
F-11
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Consolidated Financial Statements
Year ended December 31, 2024
Refundable Tax Credits
The Company is eligible for refundable tax credits with tax authorities for certain qualified operating expenses. The Company recognizes refundable tax credits when there is reasonable assurance that the Company will comply with the requirements of the refundable tax credit and that the refundable tax credit will be received. Refundable tax credits are recorded as income and classified in other income, net in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.
Net Loss per Share
Basic net loss per share is computed using the weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period. The outstanding Pre-Funded Warrants (as defined in Note 6) are included in the weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding used in the calculation of basic net loss per share as the exercise price is negligible and the warrants are fully vested and exercisable. Diluted net loss per share is computed using the sum of the weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period and, if dilutive, the weighted-average number of potential ordinary shares, including the assumed exercise of share options and the assumed vesting of RSUs (as defined in Note 7). The Company’s Series A preferred shares do not entitle the holders of such shares to participate in dividends and do not contractually require the holders of such shares to participate in losses of the Company.
Share-Based Compensation
The Company measures and recognizes share-based compensation expense, for both employee and director option awards, based on the grant date fair value of the awards. The Company calculates the fair value of awards based on the grant date fair value of the underlying ordinary shares. The Company determines the fair value of share-based awards granted to non-employees as either the fair value of the consideration received or the fair value of the equity instruments issued, whichever is more reliably measurable. Equity instruments issued to non-employees as consideration for goods or services received by the Company have been accounted for based on the fair value of the equity instruments issued. The Company recognizes share-based compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the awards, which is generally the vesting period. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur.
The Company classifies share-based compensation expense in its consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss in the same manner in which the award recipient’s compensation costs are classified or in which the award recipient’s service payments are classified.
The fair value of each share option grant was determined using the methods and assumptions discussed below. These inputs are generally subjective and require significant judgment and estimation by management.
| • | Fair Value of Ordinary Shares The fair value of the ordinary shares underlying the Company’s share-based awards is based on the closing price of the Company’s ordinary shares as reported by the Nasdaq Global Market on the date of grant. |
| • | Expected Term The expected term of share options represents the weighted-average period that the share options are expected to remain outstanding. The Company estimated the expected term using the simplified method, which is an average of the contractual term of the option and the vesting period. |
| • | Expected Volatility Since there was limited historical data for the Company’s ordinary shares and limited company-specific historical volatility through the third quarter of 2021, the Company determined the share price volatility for options granted based on an analysis of the volatility used by a |
F-12
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Consolidated Financial Statements
Year ended December 31, 2024
| peer group of publicly traded companies. In evaluating similarity, the Company considers factors such as industry, stage of life cycle and size. Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2021, the Company had sufficient historical volatility data for its ordinary shares and as such no longer relies on an analysis of the volatility from a peer group to calculate expected volatility. |
| • | Risk-free Interest Rate The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield in effect at the time of the grant for zero-coupon U.S. Treasury notes with remaining terms similar to the expected term of the options. |
| • | Dividend Rate The expected dividend was assumed to be zero as the Company has never paid dividends and has no current plans to do so. |
Income Taxes
The Company accounts for income taxes using an asset and liability approach, which requires recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in the consolidated financial statements but have not been reflected in taxable income. A valuation allowance is established to reduce deferred tax assets to their estimated realizable value. Therefore, the Company provides a valuation allowance to the extent that it is more likely than not that all or a portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized in the future.
The Company accounts for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in the financial statements by applying a two-step process to determine the amount of tax benefit to be recognized. First, the tax position must be evaluated to determine the likelihood that it will be sustained upon external examination by the tax authorities. If the tax position is deemed more-likely-than-not to be sustained, the tax position is then assessed to determine the amount of benefit to recognize in the financial statements. The amount of the benefit that may be recognized is the largest amount that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The provision for income taxes includes the effects of any resulting tax reserves, or unrecognized tax benefits, that are considered appropriate as well as the related net interest and penalties. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in the income tax provision on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.
The Company has certain service arrangements in place between its U.S., Japan, U.K. and Singapore entities, which include transfer pricing assumptions. The determination of the appropriate level of transfer pricing requires judgment based on transfer pricing analyses of comparable companies. The Company monitors the nature of its service arrangements for changes in its operations as well as economic conditions. The Company also periodically reviews the transfer pricing analyses for changes in the composition in the pool of comparable companies as well as the related ongoing results of the comparable companies.
Leases
The Company accounts for leases in accordance with ASC Topic 842, Leases (“ASC 842”). At the inception of an arrangement, the Company determines whether the arrangement is or contains a lease based on the unique facts and circumstances present in the arrangement. Most leases with a term greater than one year are recognized on the balance sheet as right-of-use assets and short-term and long-term lease liabilities, as applicable. The Company typically only includes an initial lease term in its assessment of a lease arrangement. Options to renew a lease are not included in the Company’s assessment unless there is reasonable certainty that the Company will renew the lease. The Company monitors its plans to renew its leases on a quarterly basis.
F-13
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Consolidated Financial Statements
Year ended December 31, 2024
Certain lease agreements include rental payments that are adjusted periodically for inflation or other variables. In addition to rent, the leases may require the Company to pay additional amounts for taxes, insurance, maintenance, or other expenses, which are generally referred to as non-lease components. Such adjustments to rental payments and variable non-lease components are treated as variable lease payments and recognized in the period in which the obligation for these payments are incurred. Variable lease components and variable non-lease components are not measured as part of the right-of-use asset and lease liability. Only when lease components and their associated non-lease components are fixed are they accounted for as a single lease component and are recognized as part of a right-of-use asset and lease liability. Total contract consideration is allocated to the combined fixed lease and non-lease component. This policy election applies consistently to all asset classes under lease agreements.
Operating lease liabilities and their corresponding right-of-use assets are recorded based on the present value of lease payments over the expected remaining lease term. Certain adjustments to the right-of-use asset may be required for items such as incentives received. The interest rate implicit in lease contracts is typically not readily determinable. As a result, the Company utilizes its incremental borrowing rate, which reflects the fixed rate at which the Company could borrow on a collateralized basis the amount of the lease payments in the same currency, for a similar term, in a similar economic environment.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) finalized Accounting Standards Update No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (“ASU 2023-07”). ASU 2023-07 requires enhanced disclosures about reportable segments and the chief operating decision maker. The Company adopted ASU 2023-07 for the Company’s fiscal year 2024 annual reporting period and applied it retrospectively. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
In December 2023, the FASB finalized Accounting Standards Update No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (“ASU 2023-09”). ASU 2023-09 requires a company’s annual financial statements to include consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation, and income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. ASU 2023-09 is effective for the Company’s annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2025. Adoption is either with a prospective method or a fully retrospective method of transition. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the effect that adoption of ASU 2023-09 will have on its consolidated financial statements.
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40) (“ASU 2024-03”). ASU 2024-03 modifies the rules on income statement disclosures to enhance the transparency of and include more detailed information about the types of expenses, including purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, amortization, and depletion, in commonly presented expense captions such as cost of sales, research and development, and selling, general and administrative expenses. The amendments are intended to address investors’ requests for income statement expense disclosures that provide more information to help them better understand the components of an entity’s expenses, make their own judgments about the entity’s performance, and more accurately forecast expenses, and enable investors to better assess an entity’s prospects for future cash flows. It will also provide contextual information for an entity’s presentation and consideration of management’s discussion and analysis of financial position and results of operations. The guidance is effective for all entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026. All entities should apply the guidance prospectively but have the option to apply it retrospectively. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is continuing to assess the timing of adoption and the potential impacts of ASU 2024-03 on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
F-14
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Consolidated Financial Statements
Year ended December 31, 2024
3. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET
Property and equipment, net, consists of the following:
| December 31, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||
| Furniture and equipment |
$ | 26,194 | $ | 26,072 | ||||
| Software |
1,029 | 902 | ||||||
| Leasehold improvements |
28,885 | 28,525 | ||||||
| Fixed assets in progress |
349 | 294 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
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| Total |
56,457 | 55,793 | ||||||
| Less accumulated depreciation |
(46,329 | ) | (42,709 | ) | ||||
|
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|
|
|
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| Property and equipment, net |
$ | 10,128 | $ | 13,084 | ||||
|
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|
|
|
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Substantially all of the Company’s long-lived assets were located in the United States as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.
Depreciation expense was $3.9 million, $5.0 million, and $6.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.
4. ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consist of the following:
| December 31, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||
| Accrued compensation |
$ | 15,358 | $ | 14,065 | ||||
| Accrued expenses related to CROs and CMOs |
4,551 | 1,768 | ||||||
| Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |
1,172 | 995 | ||||||
|
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|
|
|
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| Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities |
$ | 21,081 | $ | 16,828 | ||||
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5. COLLABORATION AGREEMENTS
GSK Collaboration and Equity Agreements
On December 13, 2022, Wave USA and Wave UK entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement (the “GSK Collaboration Agreement”) with GlaxoSmithKline Intellectual Property (No. 3) (“GSK”). Pursuant to the GSK Collaboration Agreement, Wave and GSK have agreed to collaborate on the research, development, and commercialization of oligonucleotide therapeutics, including an exclusive global license to WVE-006. The discovery collaboration component has an initial four-year research term and combines Wave’s proprietary discovery and drug development platform, PRISM, with GSK’s unique genetic insights and its global development and commercial capabilities. On January 27, 2023, the GSK Collaboration Agreement became effective, and GSK paid Wave an upfront payment of $120.0 million.
Simultaneously with the execution of the GSK Collaboration Agreement, Wave entered into a Share Purchase Agreement (the “SPA”) on December 13, 2022, with Glaxo Group Limited (“GGL”), an affiliate of GSK,
F-15
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Consolidated Financial Statements
Year ended December 31, 2024
pursuant to which Wave agreed to sell 10,683,761 of its ordinary shares to GGL at a purchase price of $4.68 per share (the “GSK Equity Investment”). The GSK Equity Investment closed on January 26, 2023, following the completion of customary closing conditions. The ordinary shares purchased by GGL in the GSK Equity Investment are subject to lock-up and standstill restrictions and carry certain registration rights, customary for transactions of this kind. The Company did not incur any material costs in connection with the issuance of the ordinary shares under the SPA.
The GSK Collaboration Agreement has three components: (1) a discovery collaboration which enables the Company to advance up to three programs leveraging targets informed by GSK’s novel genetic insights (“Wave’s Collaboration Programs”); (2) a discovery collaboration which enables GSK to advance up to eight programs leveraging PRISM and the Company’s oligonucleotide expertise and discovery capabilities (the “Discovery Research Collaboration”); and (3) an exclusive global license for GSK to WVE-006, the Company’s alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (“AATD”) program, that uses the Company’s proprietary AIMer technology (the “AATD Collaboration”). The Company will be responsible for preclinical, regulatory, manufacturing, and clinical activities for WVE-006 through the initial Phase 1/2 study, at the Company’s sole cost. Thereafter, GSK will be responsible for advancing WVE-006 through pivotal studies, registration, and global commercialization at GSK’s sole cost.
Under the GSK Collaboration Agreement, each party grants to the other party certain licenses to the collaboration products to enable the other party to perform its obligations and exercise its rights under the GSK Collaboration Agreement, including license grants to enable each party to conduct research, development and commercialization activities pursuant to the terms of the GSK Collaboration Agreement. The parties’ exclusivity obligations to each other are limited on a target-by-target basis with regard to targets in the collaboration. GSK may terminate the GSK Collaboration Agreement for convenience, in its entirety or on a target-by-target basis. Subject to certain exceptions, each party has the right to terminate the GSK Collaboration Agreement on a target-by-target basis if the other party, or a related party, challenges the patentability, enforceability or validity of any patents within the licensed technology that cover any product that is subject to the GSK Collaboration Agreement. In the event of any material breach of the GSK Collaboration Agreement by a party, subject to cure rights, the other party may terminate the GSK Collaboration Agreement in its entirety if the breach relates to all targets or on a target-by-target basis if the breach relates to a specific target. In the event that GSK and its affiliates cease development, manufacturing and commercialization activities with respect to compounds or products subject to the GSK Collaboration Agreement and directed to a particular target, the Company may terminate the GSK Collaboration Agreement with respect to such target. Either party may terminate the GSK Collaboration Agreement for the other party’s insolvency. In certain termination circumstances, the Company would receive a license from GSK to continue researching, developing and manufacturing certain products.
The GSK Collaboration Agreement, unless terminated earlier, will continue until the date on which: (i) with respect to a validation target, the date on which such validation target is not advanced into a collaboration program; or (ii) with respect to a collaboration target, the royalty term has expired for all collaboration products directed to the applicable collaboration target. The GSK Collaboration Agreement includes options to extend the research term for up to three additional years, which would increase the number of programs available to both parties. The Company will lead all preclinical research for GSK and the Company’s collaboration programs up to investigational new drug (“IND”)-enabling studies. The Company will lead IND-enabling studies, clinical development and commercialization for the Company’s collaboration programs. GSK collaboration programs will transfer to GSK for IND-enabling studies, clinical development and commercialization.
The GSK Collaboration Agreement is managed by a joint steering committee in which both parties are represented equally. In addition, the AATD Collaboration is overseen by a joint development committee, a joint
F-16
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Consolidated Financial Statements
Year ended December 31, 2024
patent committee advises on intellectual property activities, and the Discovery Research Collaboration is overseen by a joint research committee. Both parties are represented equally for these committees and report to the joint steering committee.
The Company assessed this arrangement in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”) and concluded that the contract counterparty, GSK, is a customer for the AATD Collaboration prior to GSK exercising its option and, for the Discovery Research Collaboration programs during the target validation research term. The Company identified the following material promises under the arrangement: (1) the exclusive global license for WVE-006; (2) the research and development services for WVE-006 through the Phase 1/2 study; (3) the discovery research services under the Discovery Research Collaboration to perform target validation programs; (4) research and development license for the Discovery Research Collaboration; and (5) the research and development services for the GSK collaboration programs through completion of a candidate selection. The research and development services for WVE-006 were determined to not be distinct from the exclusive global license and should therefore be combined into a single performance obligation for the AATD Collaboration. The research and development services for the Discovery Research Collaboration were determined to not be distinct from the research and development license for the Discovery Research Collaboration and should therefore be combined into a single performance obligation. In addition, the Company determined the standalone selling price for the option to advance up to eight programs from the Discovery Research Collaboration and determined it did not provide a material right to GSK.
Based on these assessments, the Company identified two performance obligations in the GSK Collaboration Agreement: (1) AATD Collaboration consisting of the research and development services through completion of the Phase 1/2 study and research and development license for WVE-006 and (2) Discovery Research Collaboration which consists of research and development services for validating the targets and license for research and development license for targets.
At the outset of the arrangement, the transaction price included fixed consideration of the $120.0 million upfront, the $15.4 million in premium related to the GSK Equity Investment and the fixed consideration related to the additional target validation research funding. The Company allocated the estimated variable consideration relating to the target validation research to the Discovery Research Collaboration and the variable consideration relating to the development milestone to the AATD Collaboration and then allocated the fixed consideration to the performance obligations on a relative standalone selling price basis. The Company determined that the GSK Collaboration Agreement did not contain a significant financing component. The program initiation fees to advance up to eight programs from the Discovery Research Collaboration to preclinically develop the GSK collaboration programs and the additional potential milestone payments were excluded from the transaction price, as all milestone amounts were fully constrained at the inception of the GSK Collaboration Agreement. The Company will reevaluate the transaction price at the end of each reporting period, and as uncertain events are resolved or other changes in circumstances occur, the Company will adjust its estimate of the transaction price.
Under the GSK Collaboration Agreement, GSK can advance up to eight programs leveraging the Company’s PRISM platform and multiple RNA-targeting modalities (RNA editing, splicing, siRNA, and antisense) with target validation work ongoing across multiple therapy areas. GSK selected its first two programs to advance to development candidates following achievement of target validation in the three months ended June 30, 2024. These programs utilize the Company’s next generation GalNAc-siRNA format and are in hepatology. Under the GSK Collaboration Agreement, GSK was required to provide an aggregate initiation payment of $12.0 million to the Company for these two oligonucleotide programs, which was received during the three months ended June 30, 2024.
F-17
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Consolidated Financial Statements
Year ended December 31, 2024
The following table summarizes the allocation of the total transaction price to the identified performance obligation under the GSK Collaboration Agreement, and the amount of the transaction price unsatisfied as of December 31, 2024 (in thousands):
| Transaction Price Allocated |
Transaction Price Unsatisfied(1) |
|||||||
| Performance Obligations: |
||||||||
| AATD Collaboration |
$ | 156,778 | $ | 59,392 | ||||
| Discovery Research Collaboration |
18,098 | 13,737 | ||||||
| GSK Collaboration Program |
12,000 | 10,472 | ||||||
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| Total |
$ | 186,876 | $ | 83,601 | ||||
| (1) | The Unsatisfied transaction price will be recognized over the remaining applicable research or program term. |
The Company developed the estimated standalone selling price for the global license for WVE-006, under the AATD Collaboration, using a discounted cash flow model. For the performance obligation associated with the research and development services under the Discovery Research Collaboration and the research and development services for WVE-006 under the AATD Collaboration, the Company determined the standalone selling price using estimates of the costs to perform the research and development services, including expected internal and external costs for services and supplies, adjusted to reflect a profit margin. The total estimated cost of the research and development services reflected the nature of the services to be performed and the Company’s best estimate of the length of time required to perform the services.
Revenue associated with the AATD Collaboration performance obligation is being recognized as the research and development services are provided using an input measure, according to the costs incurred and the total costs expected to be incurred to satisfy the performance obligation. The revenue associated with the Discovery Research Collaboration performance obligation is being recognized as the research and development services are provided using an input measure, according to the costs incurred and the total costs expected to be incurred to satisfy the performance obligation. The amounts received that have not yet been recognized as revenue are recorded in deferred revenue on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. Additional funding related to the Company’s research activities related to Discovery Research Collaboration will be recorded as accounts receivable when contractually enforceable and recorded as deferred revenue, or as revenue as the services are provided.
During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company achieved a developmental milestone which pertained to the initiation of dosing in healthy volunteers in the RestorAATion clinical trial program, triggering a $20.0 million milestone payment to the Company from GSK. As of December 31, 2023, the $20.0 million related to the achievement of the milestone was included in the current portion of accounts receivable and payment was received from GSK in the first quarter of 2024.
Under the GSK Collaboration Agreement, during the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company recognized revenue of $37.0 million and $66.3 million, respectively, using the input method described above.
The aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to the Company’s unsatisfied and partially unsatisfied performance obligations which are recorded in deferred revenue as of December 31, 2024 is approximately
F-18
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Consolidated Financial Statements
Year ended December 31, 2024
$72.1 million, of which approximately $66.0 million is included in current liabilities and $6.1 million is included in long-term liabilities. The aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to the Company’s unsatisfied and partially unsatisfied performance obligations which were recorded in deferred revenue as of December 31, 2023 was approximately $94.3 million, of which approximately $78.7 million was included in current liabilities and $15.6 million was included in long-term liabilities.
Takeda Collaboration and Equity Agreements
In February 2018, Wave USA and Wave UK entered into a global strategic collaboration (the “Takeda Collaboration”) with Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited (“Takeda”), pursuant to which Wave USA, Wave UK and Takeda agreed to collaborate on the research, development and commercialization of oligonucleotide therapeutics for disorders of the Central Nervous System (“CNS”). The Takeda Collaboration provided the Company with at least $230.0 million in committed cash and Takeda with the option to co-develop and co-commercialize the Company’s CNS development programs in (1) Huntington’s disease (“HD”); (2) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (“ALS”) and frontotemporal dementia (“FTD”); and (3) the Company’s discovery-stage program targeting ATXN3 for the treatment of spinocerebellar ataxia 3 (“SCA3”) (collectively, “Category 1 Programs”). In addition, the Takeda Collaboration provided Takeda the right to exclusively license multiple preclinical programs for CNS disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease (collectively, “Category 2 Programs”). In April 2018, the Takeda Collaboration became effective and Takeda paid the Company $110.0 million as an upfront payment. Takeda also agreed to fund the Company’s research and preclinical activities in the amount of $60.0 million during the four-year research term and to reimburse the Company for any collaboration-budgeted research and preclinical expenses incurred by Wave that exceed that amount.
Simultaneously with Wave USA and Wave UK’s entry into the collaboration and license agreement with Takeda dated February 19, 2018, as amended (the “Takeda Collaboration Agreement”), the Company entered into a share purchase agreement with Takeda (the “Takeda Equity Agreement,” and together with the Takeda Collaboration Agreement, the “Takeda Agreements”) pursuant to which it agreed to sell to Takeda 1,096,892 of its ordinary shares at a purchase price of $54.70 per share. In April 2018, the Company closed the Takeda Equity Agreement and received aggregate cash proceeds of $60.0 million. The Company did not incur any material costs in connection with the issuance of the shares.
With respect to Category 1 Programs, the Company was responsible for researching and developing products and companion diagnostics for Category 1 Programs through completion of the first proof of mechanism study for such products. Takeda had an exclusive option for each target and all associated products and companion diagnostics for such target, which it could exercise at any time through completion of the proof of mechanism study. If Takeda had exercised this option, the Company would have received an opt-in payment and would have led manufacturing and joint clinical co-development activities and Takeda would have led joint co-commercial activities in the United States and all commercial activities outside of the United States. Global costs and potential profits would have been shared 50:50 and the Company would have been eligible to receive development and commercial milestone payments. In addition to its 50% profit share, the Company was eligible to receive option exercise fees and development and commercial milestone payments for each of the Category 1 Programs.
With respect to Category 2 Programs, the Company granted Takeda the right to exclusively license multiple preclinical programs during a four-year research term (subject to limited extension for programs that were initiated prior to the expiration of the research term, in accordance with the Takeda Collaboration Agreement) (“Category 2 Research Term”). During that term, the Takeda Collaboration provided that the parties may
F-19
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Consolidated Financial Statements
Year ended December 31, 2024
collaborate on preclinical programs for up to six targets at any one time. The Company was responsible for researching and preclinically developing products and companion diagnostics directed to the agreed upon targets through completion of Investigational IND enabling studies in the first major market country. Thereafter, Takeda would have an exclusive worldwide license to develop and commercialize products and companion diagnostics directed to such targets, subject to the Company’s retained rights to lead manufacturing activities for products directed to such targets. Takeda agreed to fund the Company’s research and preclinical activities in the amount of $60.0 million during the research term and reimburse the Company for any collaboration-budgeted research and preclinical expenses incurred by the Company that exceeded that amount. The Company was also eligible to receive tiered high single-digit to mid-teen royalties on Takeda’s global commercial sales of products from each Category 2 Program.
Under the Takeda Collaboration Agreement, each party granted to the other party specific intellectual property licenses to enable the other party to perform its obligations and exercise its rights under the Takeda Collaboration Agreement, including license grants to enable each party to conduct research, development and commercialization activities pursuant to the terms of the Takeda Collaboration Agreement.
The term of the Takeda Collaboration Agreement commenced on April 2, 2018 and, unless terminated earlier, would have continued until the date on which: (i) with respect to each Category 1 Program target for which Takeda does not exercise its option, the expiration or termination of the development program with respect to such target; (ii) with respect to each Category 1 Program target for which Takeda exercises its option, the date on which neither party is researching, developing or manufacturing any products or companion diagnostics directed to such target; or (iii) with respect to each Category 2 Program target, the date on which royalties are no longer payable with respect to products directed to such target.
Takeda had the right to terminate the Takeda Collaboration Agreement for convenience on 180 days’ notice, in its entirety or on a target-by-target basis. Subject to certain exceptions, each party had the right to terminate the Takeda Collaboration Agreement on a target-by-target basis if the other party, or a third party related to such party, challenges the patentability, enforceability or validity of any patents within the licensed technology that cover any product or companion diagnostic that was subject to the Takeda Collaboration Agreement. In the event of any material breach of the Takeda Collaboration Agreement by a party, subject to cure rights, the other party had the right to terminate the Takeda Collaboration Agreement in its entirety if the breach related to all targets or on a target-by-target basis if the breach related to a specific target. In the event that Takeda and its affiliates ceased development, manufacturing and commercialization activities with respect to compounds or products subject to the Takeda Collaboration Agreement and directed to a particular target, the Company had the right to terminate the Takeda Collaboration Agreement with respect to such target. Either party had the right to terminate the Takeda Collaboration Agreement for the other party’s insolvency. In certain termination circumstances, the Company would have received a license from Takeda to continue researching, developing and manufacturing certain products, and companion diagnostics.
The Takeda Collaboration was managed by a joint steering committee in which both parties were represented equally. The joint steering committee was tasked with overseeing the scientific progression of each Category 1 Program and, prior to the Amendment (discussed below), the Category 2 Programs.
The Company assessed this arrangement in accordance with ASC 606 and concluded that the contract counterparty, Takeda, is a customer for Category 1 Programs prior to Takeda exercising its option, and for Category 2 Programs during the Category 2 Research Term. The Company identified the following material promises under the arrangement: (1) the non-exclusive, royalty-free research and development license for each Category 1 Program; (2) the research and development services for each Category 1 Program through completion
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Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Consolidated Financial Statements
Year ended December 31, 2024
of the first proof of mechanism study; (3) the exclusive option to license, co-develop and co-commercialize each Category 1 Program; (4) the right to exclusively license the Category 2 Programs; and (5) the research and preclinical development services of the Category 2 Programs through completion of IND-enabling studies. The research and development services for each Category 1 Program were determined to not be distinct from the research and development license and should therefore be combined into a single performance obligation for each Category 1 Program. The research and preclinical development services for the Category 2 Programs were determined to not be distinct from the exclusive licenses for the Category 2 Programs and therefore were combined into a single performance obligation.
Additionally, the Company determined that the exclusive option for each Category 1 Program was priced at a discount and, as such, provide material rights to Takeda, representing three separate performance obligations. Based on these assessments, the Company identified seven performance obligations in the Takeda Collaboration Agreement: (1) research and development services through completion of the first proof of mechanism and non-exclusive research and development license for HD; (2) research and development services through completion of the first proof of mechanism and non-exclusive research and development license for ALS and FTD; (3) research and development services through completion of the first proof of mechanism and non-exclusive research and development license for SCA3; (4) the material right provided for the exclusive option to license, co-develop and co-commercialize HD; (5) the material right provided for the exclusive option to license, co-develop and co-commercialize ALS and FTD; (6) the material right provided for the exclusive option to license, co-develop and co-commercialize SCA3; and (7) the research and preclinical development services and right to exclusively license the Category 2 Programs.
At the outset of the arrangement, the transaction price included the $110.0 million upfront consideration received and the $60.0 million of committed research and preclinical funding for the Category 2 Programs. The Company determined that the Takeda Collaboration Agreement did not contain a significant financing component. The option exercise fees to license, co-develop and co-commercialize each Category 1 Program that could have been received were excluded from the transaction price until each customer option was exercised. The potential milestone payments were excluded from the transaction price, as all milestone amounts were fully constrained at the inception of the Takeda Collaboration Agreement. The Company would have reevaluated the transaction price at the end of each reporting period and, as uncertain events were resolved or other changes in circumstances occurred, if necessary, would have adjusted its estimate of the transaction price.
The Company allocated the transaction price to the performance obligations on a relative standalone selling price basis. For the performance obligations associated with the research and development services through completion of the first proof of mechanism and non-exclusive research and development license for HD; the research and development services through completion of the first proof of mechanism and non-exclusive research and development license for ALS and FTD; the research and development services through completion of the first proof of mechanism and non-exclusive research and development license for SCA3; and the research and preclinical development services and right to exclusively license the Category 2 Programs, the Company determined the standalone selling price using estimates of the costs to perform the research and development services, including expected internal and external costs for services and supplies, adjusted to reflect a profit margin. The total estimated cost of the research and development services reflected the nature of the services to be performed and the Company’s best estimate of the length of time required to perform the services. For the performance obligations associated with the material right provided for the exclusive option to license, co-develop and co-commercialize HD; the material right provided for the exclusive option to license, co-develop and co-commercialize ALS and FTD; and the material right provided for the exclusive option to license, co-develop and co-commercialize SCA3, the Company estimated the standalone fair value of the option to license
F-21
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Consolidated Financial Statements
Year ended December 31, 2024
each Category 1 Program utilizing an adjusted market assessment approach, and determined that any standalone fair value in excess of the amounts to be paid by Takeda associated with each option represented a material right.
Revenue associated with the research and development services for each Category 1 Program performance obligation were recognized as the research and development services were provided using an input method, according to the costs incurred on each Category 1 Program and the total costs expected to be incurred to satisfy each Category 1 Program performance obligation. Prior to the Amendment described below, revenue associated with the research and preclinical development services for the Category 2 Programs performance obligation was recognized as the research and preclinical development services that were provided using an input method, according to the costs incurred on Category 2 Programs and the total costs expected to be incurred to satisfy the performance obligation. The amount allocated to the material right for each Category 1 Program option would have been recognized on the date that Takeda exercised each respective option, or immediately as each option expired unexercised. The amounts received that were not yet recognized as revenue were recorded in deferred revenue on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet.
On October 15, 2021, Wave USA, Wave UK and Takeda entered into the Second Amendment to the Takeda Collaboration Agreement (the “Amendment”), which discontinued the Category 2 component of the Takeda Collaboration. The Category 1 Programs under the Collaboration Agreement remain in effect and are unchanged by the Amendment. Pursuant to the Amendment, Takeda agreed to pay the Company an additional $22.5 million as full payment for reimbursable Category 2 Programs collaboration-budgeted research and preclinical expenses. The Company received this payment from Takeda related to the Category 2 component and recognized the full amount as collaboration revenue in the year ended December 31, 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2021, in addition to the revenue recognized related to the Amendment, the Company recognized another $18.5 million of collaboration revenue related to services pertaining to the Category 1 Programs and Category 2 Programs.
In May 2023, the Company announced its decision to discontinue clinical development of WVE-004 for C9orf72-associated ALS and FTD (“C9 for ALS/FTD”), one of the Category 1 Programs. In July 2023, the joint steering committee that manages the Takeda Collaboration terminated C9 for ALS/FTD as a target under the collaboration (the “C9 Target”) and consequently Takeda and the Company’s rights and obligations under the Takeda Collaboration were terminated with respect to the C9 Target. As a result of the termination of the C9 for ALS/FTD Category 1 Program, the Company recognized $28.0 million in revenue during the three months ended September 30, 2023, which represented the remainder of the deferred revenue for the C9 for ALS/FTD Category 1 Program as of June 30, 2023.
In the third quarter of 2023, the Company achieved a developmental milestone related to the HD Category 1 Program, which pertained to the positive results from a non-clinical study of WVE-003 in non-human primates (“NHPs”). As a result of achieving the milestone, the Company recognized $7.0 million in revenue, which was not previously recorded in deferred revenue, as it was fully constrained at the inception of the Takeda Collaboration.
In December 2023, the joint steering committee that manages the Takeda Collaboration terminated the SCA3 Category 1 Program as a target under the collaboration and consequently Takeda and the Company’s rights and obligations under the Takeda Collaboration were terminated with respect to the SCA3 Category 1 Program. As a result of the termination of the SCA3 Category 1 Program, the Company recognized $9.9 million in revenue during the three months ended December 31, 2023, which represented the remainder of the deferred revenue for the SCA3 Category 1 Program as of September 30, 2023.
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Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Consolidated Financial Statements
Year ended December 31, 2024
In October 2024, the Company was notified by Takeda that Takeda did not intend to exercise and therefore elected to terminate its option (“Option Termination”) for the HD target under the Takeda Collaboration Agreement. As HD was the last active collaboration target under the Takeda Collaboration Agreement, the Takeda Collaboration Agreement expired with immediate effect, and $70.2 million that was previously recorded as deferred revenue was recognized as revenue in the fourth quarter of 2024 related to this expiration.
During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the Company recognized revenue of approximately $71.3 million, $47.0 million, and $3.3 million, respectively, under the Takeda Collaboration Agreement in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Through December 31, 2024, the Company has recognized revenue of $199.5 million under the Takeda Collaboration Agreement as collaboration revenue in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.
The aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to the Company’s unsatisfied and partially unsatisfied performance obligations which are recorded in deferred revenue as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, is $0.0 million and $71.3 million, respectively.
6. SHARE CAPITAL
The following represents the Company’s financing transactions during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022:
| • | The Company entered into the Sales Agreement (as defined below) with Jefferies LLC (“Jefferies”. During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the Company sold 2,952,591, 751,688, and 458,092 ordinary shares, respectively, under its “at-the-market” equity program for aggregate net proceeds of $20.4 million, $3.1 million, and $1.2 million, respectively, after deducting commissions and offering expenses. |
| • | On June 16, 2022, the Company closed an underwritten offering (the “June 2022 Offering”) in which the Company issued and sold 25,464,483 of the Company’s ordinary shares at a price of $2.15 per share and pre-funded warrants (the “2022 Pre-Funded Warrants”) to purchase up to 7,093,656 of the Company’s ordinary shares at an offering price of $2.1499 per 2022 Pre-Funded Warrant, which represents the per share offering price for the ordinary shares less the $0.0001 per share exercise price for each 2022 Pre-Funded Warrant. These 2022 Pre-Funded Warrants were recorded as a component of shareholders’ equity within additional paid-in capital. The gross proceeds to the Company from the June 2022 Offering were $70.0 million before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses. The net proceeds to the Company from the June 2022 Offering were approximately $65.5 million, after deducting underwriting commissions and offering expenses. The 2022 Pre-Funded Warrants are exercisable at any time after their original issuance and on or prior to the five-year anniversary of the original issuance date. A holder of 2022 Pre-Funded Warrants may not exercise the warrant if the holder, together with its affiliates, would beneficially own more than 19.99% of the number of the Company’s ordinary shares outstanding or more than 19.99% of the combined voting power of the Company’s securities outstanding immediately after giving effect to such exercise, unless and until shareholder approval is obtained. |
| • | On December 11, 2023, the Company closed an underwritten public offering (the “December 2023 Offering”) in which the Company issued and sold 20,000,000 of the Company’s ordinary shares at a price of $5.00 per share. The gross proceeds to the Company from the December 2023 Offering were $100.0 million before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses. The net proceeds to the Company from the December 2023 Offering during the year ended |
F-23
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Consolidated Financial Statements
Year ended December 31, 2024
| December 31, 2023, were approximately $93.6 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and offering expenses. On January 4, 2024, the Company closed on the sale of an additional 3,000,000 ordinary shares at a price of $5.00 per share after the underwriters exercised their option to purchase the additional shares in full, which increased the aggregate number of ordinary shares sold in the December 2023 Offering to 23,000,000. The Company’s aggregate gross proceeds from the December 2023 Offering were $115.0 million, before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses; $15.0 million of which relates to the exercise of the underwriters’ option in January 2024. Subsequent to December 31, 2023, the Company received $14.0 million in net proceeds after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses related to the December 2023 Offering. |
| • | On September 27, 2024, the Company closed an underwritten public offering (the “September 2024 Offering”) in which the Company issued and sold 23,125,001 of the Company’s ordinary shares at a price of $8.00 per share and pre-funded warrants (the “2024 Pre-Funded Warrants”) to purchase up to 1,875,023 of the Company’s ordinary shares at an offering price of $7.9999 per 2024 Pre-Funded Warrant, which represents the per share offering price for the ordinary shares less the $0.0001 per share exercise price for each 2024 Pre-Funded Warrant. These 2024 Pre-Funded Warrants were recorded as a component of shareholders’ equity within additional paid-in capital. The gross proceeds to the Company from the September 2024 Offering were $200.0 million before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses. The net proceeds to the Company from the September 2024 Offering were approximately $187.5 million, after deducting underwriting commissions and offering expenses. The 2024 Pre-Funded Warrants are exercisable at any time after their original issuance and on or prior to the five-year anniversary of the original issuance date. A holder of the 2024 Pre-Funded Warrants may not exercise the warrant if the holder, together with its affiliates, would beneficially own more than 4.99% (or at the election of such holder, 9.99% or 19.99%) of the number of the Company’s ordinary shares outstanding or more than 4.99% (or at the election of such holder, 9.99% or 19.99%) of the combined voting power of the Company’s securities outstanding immediately after giving effect to such exercise, unless and until shareholder approval is obtained. |
| • | On October 1, 2024, the representatives of the underwriters in connection with the September 2024 Offering exercised their option in full to purchase an additional 3,750,000 ordinary shares, which increased the aggregate number of ordinary shares sold in the September 2024 Offering to 26,875,001. The Company’s aggregate gross proceeds from the September 2024 Offering were $230.0 million, before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses; $30.0 million of which relates to the exercise of the underwriters’ option in October 2024. |
| • | On November 12, 2024, the Company filed an automatic shelf registration statement on Form S-3ASR with the SEC for which the Company registered for sale an indeterminate amount of any combination of its ordinary shares, debt securities, warrants, rights and/or units from time to time and at prices and on terms that the Company may determine, which is referred to as the “2024 WKSI Shelf”. The 2024 WKSI Shelf includes a prospectus covering up to an aggregate of $250.0 million in ordinary shares that the Company is able to issue and sell from time to time, through Jefferies acting as its sales agent, pursuant to the Open Market Sale Agreement, dated May 10, 2019, as amended by Amendment No. 1, dated as of March 2, 2020, Amendment No. 2, dated as of March 3, 2022, and Amendment No. 3, dated as of November 12, 2024, (as amended, the “Sales Agreement”), for its “at-the-market” equity program. |
F-24
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Consolidated Financial Statements
Year ended December 31, 2024
Features of the Series A Preferred Shares and Ordinary Shares
The Series A preferred shares and ordinary shares have no par value and there is no concept of authorized share capital under Singapore law. The Series A preferred shares are not redeemable and have no entitlement to dividends.
Voting
The holders of Series A preferred shares are not entitled to vote on any of the matters proposed to shareholders, other than as specified in the Company’s Constitution. The holders of ordinary shares are entitled to one vote for each ordinary share held at all meetings of shareholders and written actions in lieu of meetings.
Dividends
All dividends, if any, shall be declared and paid pro rata according to the number of ordinary shares held by each member entitled to receive dividends. The Company’s board of directors may deduct from any dividend all sums of money presently payable by the member to the Company on account of calls.
Liquidation
In the event of a liquidation, dissolution or winding up of, or a return of capital by the Company, the ordinary shares will rank equally with the Series A preferred shares after the payment of the liquidation preference of an aggregate of approximately $10 thousand for Series A preferred shares.
7. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION
The Wave Life Sciences Ltd. 2021 Equity Incentive Plan was approved by the Company’s shareholders and went into effect on August 10, 2021 and was amended effective as of August 9, 2022, August 1, 2023, and August 6, 2024 (as amended, the “2021 Plan”). The 2021 Plan serves as the successor to the Wave Life Sciences Ltd. 2014 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (the “2014 Plan”), such that outstanding awards granted under the 2014 Plan continue to be governed by the terms of the 2014 Plan, but no awards may be made under the 2014 Plan after August 10, 2021. The aggregate number of ordinary shares authorized for issuance of awards under the 2021 Plan was originally 5,450,000 ordinary shares, and was subsequently increased to 11,450,000, 17,950,000, and 22,950,000 in August 2022, August 2023, and August 2024, respectively, plus the number of ordinary shares underlying any awards under the 2014 Plan that are forfeited, cancelled or otherwise terminated (other than by exercise or withheld by the Company to satisfy any tax withholding obligation) on or after August 10, 2021.
The 2021 Plan authorizes (and the 2014 Plan previously authorized) the board of directors or a committee of the board of directors to, among other things, grant non-qualified share options, restricted awards, which include restricted shares and restricted share units (“RSUs”), and performance awards to eligible employees and directors of the Company. The Company accounts for grants to its board of directors as grants to employees.
As of December 31, 2024, 7,052,136 ordinary shares remained available for future grant under the 2021 Plan. In accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(c)(4), the board of directors or a committee of the board may also issue inducement grants outside of the 2021 Plan, as an inducement material to an individual’s entering into employment with the Company.
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Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Consolidated Financial Statements
Year ended December 31, 2024
Options and RSUs
Share option activity is summarized as follows:
| Number of Shares |
Weighted- Average Exercise Price |
Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years) |
Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)(1) | |||||||||||||||||
| Outstanding as of January 1, 2024 |
14,107,710 | $ | 6.58 | |||||||||||||||||
| Granted |
7,480,600 | 4.36 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Exercised |
(770,636 | ) | 3.87 | |||||||||||||||||
| Forfeited or cancelled |
(1,364,543 | ) | 7.32 | |||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||
| Outstanding as of December 31, 2024 |
19,453,131 | $ | 5.78 | 7.11 | $ | 144,819 | ||||||||||||||
|
|
|
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| Options exercisable as of December 31, 2024 |
9,155,502 | $ | 7.34 | 5.44 | $ | 62,214 | ||||||||||||||
|
|
|
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| (1) | The aggregate intrinsic value of options is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the share options and the fair value of the Company’s ordinary shares for those share options that had exercise prices lower than the fair value of the ordinary shares as of the end of the period. |
Options generally vest over periods of one to four years, and options that are forfeited or cancelled are available to be granted again. The contractual life of options is generally five or ten years from the grant date.
The assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of share options granted to employees during the period were as follows:
| For the Year Ended December 31, | ||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||
| Risk-free interest rate |
3.56% – 4.64% | 3.46% – 4.71% | 1.35% – 4.23% | |||
| Expected term (in years) |
3.0 – 6.1 | 3.0 – 6.1 | 3.0 – 6.1 | |||
| Expected volatility |
88% – 100% | 87% – 93% | 63% – 96% | |||
| Expected dividend yield |
0% | 0% | 0% | |||
In October 2022, the compensation committee of the Company’s board of directors (the “Compensation Committee”) granted Dr. Verdine, one of the Company’s founders and a member of the Company’s board of directors, a non-qualified share option for 163,467 ordinary shares (“Verdine Scientific Advisory Grant”) as form of payment under Dr. Verdine’s consulting agreement for scientific advisory services (as described in Note 13) for the service period of October 1, 2022 through December 31, 2024, the vesting of which is subject to Dr. Verdine’s continued service under the consulting agreement.
The Verdine Scientific Advisory Grant was granted as a non-employee grant during the year ended December 31, 2022, and there were no equity grants made to non-employees during the years ended December 31, 2023 and
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Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Consolidated Financial Statements
Year ended December 31, 2024
2024. The assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of the Verdine Scientific Advisory Grant were as follows:
| Year Ended December 31, 2022 | ||
| Risk-free interest rate |
4.29% | |
| Expected term (in years) |
2.5 | |
| Expected volatility |
99% | |
| Expected dividend yield |
0% |
RSU activity for the year ended December 31, 2024 is summarized as follows:
| RSUs | Average Grant Date Fair Value (in dollars per share) | |||||||||
| Outstanding as of January 1, 2024 |
637,557 | $ | 7.08 | |||||||
| Granted |
379,100 | 7.04 | ||||||||
| Vested |
(100,326 | ) | 4.90 | |||||||
| Forfeited |
(84,288 | ) | 5.01 | |||||||
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|
|
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| RSUs Outstanding at December 31, 2024 |
832,043 | $ | 7.54 | |||||||
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|||||||||
RSUs can be time-based or performance-based. Vesting of the performance-based RSUs is contingent on the occurrence of certain regulatory or commercial milestones. In March 2021, the Compensation Committee approved an amendment and restatement of the Company’s outstanding 2019 performance-based RSUs to add an additional milestone to the existing milestones. In 2021, the Company also granted performance-based RSUs with the same terms to certain employees who did not receive the 2019 performance-based RSUs. The Company did not recognize expense in 2024 related to the performance-based RSUs as the remaining milestones were not considered probable of achievement. In April 2022, the Company determined that a performance-based RSU milestone was achieved and consequently 50% of the outstanding performance-based RSUs vested, which resulted in the issuance of 384,646 ordinary shares. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded share-based compensation expense of approximately $3.8 million related to the performance-based RSUs, which represents all of the expense related to the achievement of this performance-based RSU milestone. During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the Company recognized share-based compensation expense of $0.8 million, $1.0 million, and $10.3 million, respectively, related to RSUs.
RSUs that are forfeited are available to be granted again. During the year ended December 31, 2024, 379,100 time-based RSUs were granted to employees. Of the RSUs outstanding at December 31, 2024, 540,779 are time-based RSUs and 291,264 are performance-based RSUs. Time-based RSUs generally vest over periods of one to four years.
During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the Company recognized share-based compensation expense related to options of $11.9 million, $8.5 million, and $6.7 million, respectively. The total intrinsic value of options exercised was $4.4 million, $0.3 million, and $0.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, the unrecognized compensation cost related to outstanding options was $28.9 million. The unrecognized compensation cost related to outstanding options is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.67 years. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the weighted-average grant date fair value per granted option was $3.38 and $3.45,
F-27
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Consolidated Financial Statements
Year ended December 31, 2024
respectively. The aggregate fair value of options that vested during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $11.4 million and $8.4 million, respectively.
The unrecognized compensation costs related to outstanding time-based RSUs was $2.8 million as of December 31, 2024, and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.25 years. The total fair value of RSUs vested during the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023 was $0.7 million and $2.0 million, respectively.
Employee Share Purchase Plan
The Wave Life Sciences Ltd. Employee Share Purchase Plan, as amended (“ESPP”), allows full-time and certain part-time employees to purchase the Company’s ordinary shares at a discount to fair market value. Eligible employees may enroll in a six-month offering period beginning every January 15th and July 15th. Shares are purchased at a price equal to 85% of the lower of the fair market value of the Company’s ordinary shares on the first business day or the last business day of an offering period. During the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, 176,498 and 225,913 ordinary shares were issued under the ESPP, respectively. The aggregate number of ordinary shares authorized for issuance under the ESPP was originally 1,000,000 and was subsequently increased to 3,000,000 in August 2023. As of December 31, 2024, there were 2,314,002 ordinary shares available for issuance under the ESPP.
Share-Based Compensation Expense
Share-based compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 is classified as operating expenses in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss as follows:
| For the Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||||||
| Research and development expenses |
$ | 6,332 | $ | 4,617 | $ | 7,467 | ||||||
| General and administrative expenses |
6,809 | 5,178 | 9,727 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total share-based compensation expense |
$ | 13,141 | $ | 9,795 | $ | 17,194 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
Of the total share-based compensation expense recorded for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, $0.3 million, $0.2 million, and less than $0.1 million, respectively, were related to non-employee option grants, specifically the Verdine Scientific Advisory Grant, and all of the related expense is included in research and development expenses on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.
8. LEASES
Lease Arrangements
The Company enters into lease arrangements for its facilities. A summary of the arrangements is as follows:
Operating Leases
Lexington
On September 26, 2016, and as amended on December 31, 2016, the Company entered into a 10 year and 9-month lease, which includes two successive five-year renewal options, for its facility in Lexington,
F-28
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Consolidated Financial Statements
Year ended December 31, 2024
Massachusetts, which the Company uses primarily for its current good manufacturing practices (“cGMP”) manufacturing, as well as for additional laboratory and office space. As there is not reasonable certainty that the renewal options will be exercised, the lease liabilities and the right-of-use assets pertaining to the Lexington Lease do not account for the two successive five-year renewal options. Throughout the term of the lease, the Company is responsible for paying certain costs and expenses, in addition to the rent, as specified in the lease, including a proportionate share of applicable taxes, operating expenses and utilities. As required under the terms of the lease agreement, the Company has placed restricted cash of approximately $2.8 million and $2.7 million in a separate bank account as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Cambridge
In April 2015, the Company entered into a lease agreement for an office and laboratory facility in Cambridge, Massachusetts (the “Cambridge Lease”), which commenced in October 2015 with a term of 7.5 years with a five-year renewal option to extend the lease. Throughout the term of the lease, the Company is responsible for paying certain costs and expenses, in addition to the rent, as specified in the lease, including a proportionate share of applicable taxes, operating expenses and utilities. As required under the terms of the lease agreement, the Company has placed restricted cash of $1.0 million in a separate bank account as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.
In December 2020, the Company exercised its option under the Cambridge Lease to lease the additional office and laboratory space at the existing facility. The combined space constitutes the entire building. The lease for the additional space commenced on October 1, 2021, with a term of five years and is considered a separate lease from the Cambridge Lease. On the commencement date, the Company utilized the operating lease classification and recorded a right-of-use asset and corresponding operating lease liability of $4.5 million and began recognizing straight-line rent expense under ASC 842. Throughout the term of the lease, the Company is responsible for paying certain costs and expenses, in addition to the rent, as specified in the lease, including a proportionate share of applicable taxes, operating expenses and utilities.
In June 2022, the Company exercised the five-year renewal option under the Cambridge Lease to extend the lease term through March 2028 (the “Cambridge Lease Extension”). Therefore, as required by ASC 842, the Company calculated an incremental borrowing rate of 10.53% and remeasured the right-of-use asset and the lease liabilities related to the Cambridge Lease Extension. As a result, an additional $12.0 million of operating right-of-use asset and corresponding operating lease liabilities were recorded relating to the Cambridge Lease Extension.
F-29
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Consolidated Financial Statements
Year ended December 31, 2024
The following table contains a summary of the lease costs recognized under ASC 842 and other information pertaining to the Company’s operating leases for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:
| For the Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||||||
| Lease cost |
||||||||||||
| Operating lease cost |
$ | 7,365 | $ | 7,365 | $ | 6,458 | ||||||
| Variable lease cost |
2,998 | 2,798 | 2,508 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total lease cost |
$ | 10,363 | $ | 10,163 | $ | 8,966 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Other information |
||||||||||||
| Operating cash flows used for operating leases |
$ | 9,311 | $ | 8,655 | $ | 7,226 | ||||||
| Increase in operating right-of-use assets |
$ | — | $ | — | $ | 12,006 | ||||||
| Operating lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use assets |
$ | — | $ | — | $ | 12,006 | ||||||
| Weighted average remaining lease term |
3 years | 4 years | 5 years | |||||||||
| Weighted average discount rate |
9.2 | % | 9.2 | % | 9.2 | % | ||||||
Future minimum lease payments under the Company’s non-cancelable operating leases as of December 31, 2024, are as follows:
| As of December 31, 2024 | |||||
| (in thousands) | |||||
| 2025 |
9,591 | ||||
| 2026 |
9,584 | ||||
| 2027 |
8,987 | ||||
| 2028 |
886 | ||||
| 2029 and thereafter |
— | ||||
|
|
|
||||
| Total lease payments |
$ | 29,048 | |||
| Less: imputed interest |
(3,644 | ) | |||
|
|
|
||||
| Total operating lease liabilities |
$ | 25,404 | |||
|
|
|
||||
9. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Unasserted Claims
In the ordinary course of business, the Company may be subject to legal proceedings, claims and litigation as the Company operates in an industry susceptible to patent and other legal claims. The Company accounts for estimated losses with respect to legal proceedings and claims when such losses are probable and estimable. Legal costs associated with these matters are expensed when incurred. The Company is not currently a party to any material legal proceedings.
10. NET LOSS PER ORDINARY SHARE
In connection with the September 2024 Offering, the Company sold 1,875,023 2024 Pre-Funded Warrants, which are included in the total vested and exercisable pre-funded warrants (the 2022 Pre-Funded Warrants and the 2024 Pre-Funded Warrants are referred to together as the “Pre-Funded Warrants”). As of December 31, 2024 and 2023,
F-30
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Consolidated Financial Statements
Year ended December 31, 2024
there were 8,968,679 and 7,093,656, respectively, vested and exercisable Pre-Funded Warrants outstanding to purchase ordinary shares for the exercise price of $0.0001 per share, provided that, unless and until the Company obtains shareholder approval for the issuance of the shares underlying the Pre-Funded Warrants, a holder will not be entitled to exercise any portion of any Pre-Funded Warrant, which, upon giving effect to such exercise, would cause (i) the aggregate number of our ordinary shares beneficially owned by the holder (together with its affiliates) to exceed, depending on the terms of the applicable Pre-Funded Warrants and in certain cases at the election of the holder, either 4.99%, 9.99% or 19.99% of the number of our ordinary shares outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise, or (ii) the combined voting power of our securities beneficially owned by the holder (together with its affiliates) to exceed, depending on the terms of the applicable Pre-Funded Warrants and in certain cases at the election of the holder, either 4.99%, 9.99% or 19.99% of the combined voting power of all of our securities then outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise, as such percentage ownership is determined in accordance with the terms of the applicable Pre-Funded Warrants. The Pre-Funded Warrants are included in the weighted-average shares outstanding used in the calculation of basic net loss per share as the exercise price is negligible and the warrants are fully vested and exercisable.
Basic loss per share is computed by dividing net loss attributable to ordinary shareholders by the weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding.
The Company’s potentially dilutive shares, which include outstanding share options to purchase ordinary shares and RSUs, are considered to be ordinary share equivalents and are only included in the calculation of diluted net loss per share when their effect is dilutive.
The table below sets forth the computation of the Company’s basic and diluted net loss attributable to ordinary shareholders:
| Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| (in thousands except share and per share data) | ||||||||||||
| Numerator: |
||||||||||||
| Net loss attributable to ordinary shareholders |
$ | (97,008 | ) | $ | (57,513 | ) | $ | (161,823 | ) | |||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Denominator: |
||||||||||||
| Weighted-average ordinary shares outstanding |
138,277,468 | 106,097,268 | 78,855,810 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Net loss per share, basic and diluted |
$ | (0.70 | ) | $ | (0.54 | ) | $ | (2.05 | ) | |||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
The following potential ordinary shares, presented based on amounts outstanding at each period end, were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share attributable to ordinary shareholders for the periods indicated because including them would have had an anti-dilutive effect:
| As of December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| Options to purchase ordinary shares |
19,453,131 | 14,107,710 | 9,682,054 | |||||||||
| RSUs |
832,043 | 637,557 | 934,342 | |||||||||
F-31
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Consolidated Financial Statements
Year ended December 31, 2024
11. INCOME TAXES
The components of loss before income taxes were as follows:
| Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||||||
| Singapore |
$ | (4,202 | ) | $ | (7,441 | ) | $ | (8,714 | ) | |||
| Rest of world |
(92,806 | ) | (50,749 | ) | (152,428 | ) | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Loss before income taxes |
$ | (97,008 | ) | $ | (58,190 | ) | $ | (161,142 | ) | |||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the Company recorded no income tax benefit or provision, an income tax benefit of $0.7 million, and an income tax provision of $0.7 million, respectively. The income tax benefit for the year ended December 31, 2023 was due to a change in estimate in connection with U.S. tax guidance relating to the capitalization of research and development expenditures. The income tax provision for the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily due to the requirement under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 for taxpayers to capitalize and amortize research and development expenditures over five or fifteen years pursuant to Section 174 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”).
The components of the benefit (provision) for income taxes were as follows:
| Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||||||
| Current benefit (provision) for income taxes: |
||||||||||||
| Singapore |
$ | — | $ | — | $ | — | ||||||
| Rest of world |
— | 677 | (681 | ) | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total current benefit (provision) for income taxes |
$ | — | $ | 677 | $ | (681 | ) | |||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Deferred benefit for income taxes: |
||||||||||||
| Singapore |
$ | — | $ | — | $ | — | ||||||
| Rest of world |
— | — | — | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total deferred benefit (provision) for income taxes |
$ | — | $ | — | $ | — | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total benefit (provision) for income taxes |
$ | — | $ | 677 | $ | (681 | ) | |||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
F-32
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Consolidated Financial Statements
Year ended December 31, 2024
A reconciliation of the Singapore statutory income tax rate to the Company’s effective income tax rate is as follows:
| Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| Singapore statutory income tax rate |
17.0 | % | 17.0 | % | 17.0 | % | ||||||
| Federal and state tax credits |
9.8 | 11.5 | 3.3 | |||||||||
| Permanent differences |
(3.1 | ) | — | 0.1 | ||||||||
| Changes in reserves for uncertain tax positions |
(6.0 | ) | (2.8 | ) | 0.4 | |||||||
| Foreign rate differential |
7.2 | 7.4 | 8.8 | |||||||||
| Tax rate change |
(2.2 | ) | 0.4 | — | ||||||||
| Return to provision |
0.9 | 4.4 | (0.9 | ) | ||||||||
| Other |
(0.4 | ) | 0.1 | (0.1 | ) | |||||||
| Change in deferred tax asset valuation allowance |
(26.0 | ) | (36.1 | ) | 7.3 | |||||||
| Deferred tax adjustments |
2.8 | (0.7 | ) | (36.3 | ) | |||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Effective income tax rate |
0.0 | % | 1.2 | % | (0.4 | )% | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
The components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows:
| December 31, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||
| Deferred tax assets: |
||||||||
| Net operating loss carryforwards |
$ | 177,639 | $ | 172,547 | ||||
| Federal and state tax credits |
15,800 | 8,155 | ||||||
| Share-based compensation |
8,649 | 7,512 | ||||||
| Accumulated amortization |
578 | 694 | ||||||
| Operating lease liabilities |
6,626 | 8,775 | ||||||
| Deferred revenue |
8,836 | 10,716 | ||||||
| Capitalized research and development |
54,035 | 41,239 | ||||||
| Accumulated depreciation |
3,873 | 3,508 | ||||||
| Other |
942 | 237 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
| Total deferred tax assets |
276,978 | 253,383 | ||||||
| Valuation allowance |
(272,313 | ) | (247,193 | ) | ||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
| Net deferred tax assets |
4,665 | 6,190 | ||||||
| Deferred tax liabilities: |
||||||||
| Operating lease right-of-use assets |
(4,661 | ) | (6,185 | ) | ||||
| Other |
(4 | ) | (5 | ) | ||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
| Total deferred tax liabilities |
(4,665 | ) | (6,190 | ) | ||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
| Net deferred tax assets (liabilities) |
$ | — | $ | — | ||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
F-33
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Consolidated Financial Statements
Year ended December 31, 2024
A roll-forward of the valuation allowance for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 is as follows:
| Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||
| Balance at beginning of year |
$ | 247,193 | $ | 226,273 | ||||
| Increase in valuation allowance |
25,169 | 20,969 | ||||||
| Effect of foreign currency translation |
(49 | ) | (49 | ) | ||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
| Balance at end of year |
$ | 272,313 | $ | 247,193 | ||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
As of December 31, 2024, the Company had federal net operating loss carryforwards in the United States of $313.7 million, of which $312.9 million may be available to offset future U.S. federal taxable income indefinitely, while $0.8 million of carryforwards may offset future U.S. federal taxable income through 2037. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had U.S. state net operating loss carryforwards of $64.9 million available to offset future U.S. state taxable income that will begin to expire in 2038. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had U.S. federal research and development tax credit carryforwards of approximately $11.2 million and $6.1 million, respectively, available to offset future U.S. federal income taxes and will begin to expire in 2042. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had U.S. state research and development tax credit carryforwards of approximately $4.8 million and $2.6 million, respectively, available to offset future U.S. state income taxes and will begin to expire in 2037. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had a U.S. orphan drug credit carryforward of $0.8 million available to offset future U.S. federal income taxes that will begin to expire in 2042.
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had net operating loss carryforwards in Japan of $0.7 million and $1.4 million, respectively, which may be available to offset future Japan taxable income and begin to expire in 2025.
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had net operating loss carryforwards in Singapore of $132.7 million and $122.0 million, respectively, which may be available to offset future Singapore taxable income and can be carried forward indefinitely.
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had net operating loss carryforwards in the United Kingdom (“UK”) of $339.5 million and $335.7 million, respectively, which may be available to offset future UK taxable income and can be carried forward indefinitely.
The Company has evaluated the positive and negative evidence bearing upon its ability to realize its deferred tax assets. As of December 31, 2024, management has considered the Company’s history of cumulative net losses incurred since inception and its lack of commercialization of any products or generation of any revenue from product sales since inception and has concluded that it is more likely than not that the Company will not realize the benefits of the deferred tax assets in all jurisdictions. Accordingly, a full valuation allowance has been established against the Company’s deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2024.
The valuation allowance increased by $25.1 million in 2024. The increase in the valuation allowance for 2024 was primarily a result of operating losses generated with no corresponding financial statement benefit. The Company may release this valuation allowance when management determines that it is more-likely-than-not that the deferred tax assets will be realized. Any release of valuation allowance will be recorded as a tax benefit either increasing net income or decreasing net loss.
F-34
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Consolidated Financial Statements
Year ended December 31, 2024
The Company’s reserves related to income taxes and its accounting for uncertain tax positions are based on a determination of whether and how much of a tax benefit taken by the Company in its tax filings or positions is more-likely-than-not to be realized following resolution of any potential contingencies present related to the tax benefit.
A summary of activity in the Company’s gross unrecognized tax benefits, excluding interest and penalties, is as follows:
| 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||||||
| Unrecognized tax benefit at the beginning of the year |
$ | 15,790 | $ | 13,945 | $ | 19,864 | ||||||
| Tax positions related to prior years |
2,091 | 114 | (7,320 | ) | ||||||||
| Tax positions related to the current year |
2,917 | 1,731 | 1,401 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Unrecognized tax benefit at the end of the year |
$ | 20,798 | $ | 15,790 | $ | 13,945 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the total amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits, which excludes interest and penalties, was $20.8 million and $15.8 million, respectively. At December 31, 2024, none of the net unrecognized tax benefits would affect the Company’s effective tax rate due to the Company’s full valuation allowance.
The Company anticipates that $2.6 million of the total unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2024 will decrease within the next twelve months due to certain tax return filings.
The Company files income tax returns as prescribed by the tax laws of the jurisdictions in which it operates. In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to examination by various tax authorities in the United States, Japan, Singapore and the United Kingdom. Tax years from 2021 to the present are still open to examination in the United States, from 2019 to the present in Japan, from 2020 to the present in Singapore and from 2023 to the present in the United Kingdom. To the extent that the Company has tax attribute carryforwards, the tax years in which the attribute was generated may still be adjusted upon examination by the tax authorities to the extent utilized in a future period.
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, $37.8 million and $23.9 million, respectively, of cash and cash equivalents were held by the Company’s subsidiaries outside of Singapore. The Company does not provide for Singapore income tax or withholding taxes on the outside basis differences, including foreign unremitted earnings of its subsidiaries as they are permanently reinvested. If the Company decides to change its indefinite reversal assertion in the future, the Company may be required to record deferred taxes. Because of the complexity of Singapore and the rest-of-the-world tax rules applicable to the method of recovery of the investment in its subsidiaries, including distribution of earnings from its subsidiaries to Singapore, the determination of the unrecognized deferred tax liability is not practicable.
Utilization of the net operating loss carryforwards and research and development tax credit carryforwards in the United States may be subject to a substantial annual limitation under Section 382 of the Code, due to ownership changes that have occurred previously or that could occur in the future. These ownership changes may limit the amount of carryforwards that can be utilized annually to offset future taxable income. In general, an ownership change, as defined by Section 382, results from transactions increasing the ownership of certain shareholders or public groups in the shares of a corporation by more than 50% over a three-year period. The Company has completed Section 382 studies to assess whether there have been ownership changes since its formation through
F-35
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Consolidated Financial Statements
Year ended December 31, 2024
2022. The results of the studies indicated that the Company experienced ownership changes as defined by Section 382 of the Code, and, as such, the Company has adjusted its net operating losses and research and development credit carryforwards to reflect the limitations as a result of such ownership changes. Should one or more ownership changes occur in the future, the Company’s ability to utilize its net operating losses and research and development credit carryforwards may be further limited.
12. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS
The Company has a 401(k) retirement and savings plan (the “401(k) Plan”) covering employees of Wave USA. The 401(k) Plan allows employees to make contributions up to the maximum allowable amount set by the Internal Revenue Service. Under the 401(k) Plan, the Company may make discretionary contributions as approved by the board of directors. The Company made contributions of $1.7 million and $1.4 million in the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
13. RELATED PARTIES
The Company had the following related party transactions for the periods presented in the accompanying consolidated financial statements:
| • | In 2012, the Company entered into a consulting agreement for scientific advisory services with Dr. Gregory L. Verdine, one of the Company’s founders and a member of the Company’s board of directors. The consulting agreement does not have a specific term and may be terminated by either party upon 14 days’ prior written notice. Pursuant to the consulting agreement, the Company pays Dr. Verdine approximately $13 thousand per month, plus reimbursement for certain expenses. In October 2022, the Compensation Committee granted Dr. Verdine a non-qualified share option for 163,467 ordinary shares in lieu of cash as payment under this consulting agreement for the service period of October 1, 2022 through December 31, 2024, the monthly vesting of which is subject to Dr. Verdine’s continued service under the consulting agreement. |
| • | In April 2023, the Company engaged Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories Ltd. (“SNBL”), one of the Company’s shareholders, to provide approximately $2.8 million in certain NHPs contract research services to the Company. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company made payments of $0.9 million and $1.4 million, respectively, to SNBL. Through December 31, 2024, the Company has paid $2.3 million to SNBL for the aforementioned NHP contract research services. |
14. SEGMENT INFORMATION
Operating segments are defined as components of an entity for which separate financial information is available and that is regularly reviewed by the CODM in deciding how to allocate resources to an individual segment and in assessing performance. The Company operates as a single reporting segment, focused on developing its proprietary RNA medicines platform, PRISM, to develop and commercialize a broad pipeline of RNA medicines in a variety of therapeutic areas. Consistent with our operational structure, our CEO, as the CODM, manages and allocates resources on a consolidated basis at the global corporate level. The results of our operations are reported on a consolidated basis for purposes of segment reporting. The CEO uses consolidated net loss that is reported on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the purposes of assessing performance, allocating resources and planning, monitoring budget versus actual results, and forecasting future periods.
F-36
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Consolidated Financial Statements
Year ended December 31, 2024
The following table is representative of the significant expense categories regularly provided to the CODM when managing the Company’s single reporting segment. A reconciliation to consolidated operating expenses as our single segment operating loss for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 is included in the table below:
| For the Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||||||
| Research and development expenses: |
||||||||||||
| AATD program |
$ | 11,666 | $ | 8,453 | $ | 3,763 | ||||||
| DMD programs |
15,536 | 7,808 | 2,610 | |||||||||
| HD programs |
11,790 | 13,086 | 7,952 | |||||||||
| Other research and development expenses(1), including INHBE, RNA editing, PRISM, others |
119,976 | 91,617 | 89,992 | |||||||||
| ALS and FTD programs (discontinued) |
714 | 9,045 | 11,539 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total research and development expenses |
159,682 | 130,009 | 115,856 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| General and administrative expenses |
59,023 | 51,292 | 50,513 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total operating expenses |
$ | 218,705 | $ | 181,301 | $ | 166,369 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| (1) | Includes expenses related to other research and development programs, identification of potential drug discovery candidates, compensation-related expenses, internal manufacturing expenses, equipment repairs and maintenance expense, facility-related expenses, and other operating expenses, which are not allocated to specific programs. |
F-37
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Supplementary Financial Information
Year ended December 31, 2024
Supplementary Financial Information of Wave Life Sciences Ltd. (Parent Company)
WAVE LIFE SCIENCES LTD.
BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, except share amounts)
| December 31, 2024 | December 31, 2023 | |||||||||
| Assets |
||||||||||
| Current assets: |
||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents |
$ | 264,265 | $ | 176,465 | ||||||
| Intercompany accounts receivable |
5,892 | 2,262 | ||||||||
| Prepaid expenses |
927 | 860 | ||||||||
| Other current assets |
1,085 | 684 | ||||||||
| Total current assets |
272,169 | 180,271 | ||||||||
| Long-term assets: |
||||||||||
| Investment in subsidiary—Wave USA |
— | — | ||||||||
| Investment in subsidiary—Wave UK |
— | — | ||||||||
| Investment in subsidiary—Wave Japan |
2,971 | 2,959 | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total long-term assets |
2,971 | 2,959 | ||||||||
| Total assets |
$ | 275,140 | $ | 183,230 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Liabilities, Series A preferred shares and shareholders’ equity |
||||||||||
| Current liabilities: |
||||||||||
| Accounts payable |
$ | 680 | $ | 993 | ||||||
| Intercompany accounts payable |
1,556 | 8,301 | ||||||||
| Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |
300 | 439 | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total current liabilities |
2,536 | 9,733 | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total liabilities |
$ | 2,536 | $ | 9,733 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Series A preferred shares, no par value; 3,901,348 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2024 and 2023 |
$ | 7,874 | $ | 7,874 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Shareholders’ equity: |
||||||||||
| Ordinary shares, no par value; 153,037,286 and 119,162,234 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively |
1,175,181 | 935,366 | ||||||||
| Additional paid-in capital |
44,425 | 29,162 | ||||||||
| Accumulated deficit |
(954,876 | ) | (798,905 | ) | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total shareholders’ equity |
264,730 | 165,623 | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total liabilities, Series A preferred shares and shareholders’ equity |
$ | 275,140 | $ | 183,230 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the supplementary financial information.
F-38
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd.
Notes to Supplementary Financial Information
Year ended December 31, 2024
Wave Life Sciences Ltd.
Notes to Supplementary Financial Information
1. DOMICILE AND ACTIVITIES
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. (the “Parent”), formerly Wave Life Sciences Pte. Ltd., registration number 201218209G, is a company incorporated in the Republic of Singapore on July 23, 2012. The Parent’s registered office is located at 7 Straits View #12-00, Marina One East Tower, Singapore 018936. The Parent was incorporated with the purpose of combining two commonly held companies, Wave Life Sciences USA, Inc. (“Wave USA”), a Delaware corporation (formerly Ontorii, Inc.), and Wave Life Sciences (Japan) (“Wave Japan”), a company organized under the laws of Japan (formerly Chiralgen., Ltd.), which occurred on September 13, 2012. On May 31, 2016, Wave Life Sciences Ireland Limited (“Wave Ireland”) was formed as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Wave Life Sciences Ltd. On April 3, 2017, Wave Life Sciences UK Limited (“Wave UK”) was formed as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Wave Life Sciences Ltd.
On November 5, 2015, the Parent converted from a Singapore private company limited by shares to a Singapore public company limited by shares. In connection with this conversion, the Parent changed its name from “Wave Life Sciences Pte. Ltd.” to “Wave Life Sciences Ltd.”
Wave Life Sciences Ltd. (together with its subsidiaries, “Wave” or the “Company”) is a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on unlocking the broad potential of RNA medicines (also known as oligonucleotides), or those targeting RNA, to transform human health. Wave’s RNA medicines platform, PRISM, combines multiple modalities, chemistry innovation and deep insights into human genetics to deliver scientific breakthroughs that treat both rare and common disorders. The Company’s toolkit of RNA-targeting modalities includes RNA editing, splicing, silencing using siRNA and antisense silencing, providing us with unique capabilities for designing and sustainably delivering candidates that optimally address disease biology. The Company’s diversified pipeline includes clinical programs in obesity, AATD, DMD, and HD, as well as several preclinical programs utilizing our versatile RNA medicines platform.
The Company’s primary activities have been developing and evolving PRISM to design, develop and commercialize RNA medicines, advancing the Company’s differentiated portfolio, building the Company’s research, development and manufacturing capabilities, advancing programs into the clinic, furthering clinical development of such clinical-stage programs, building the Company’s intellectual property, and assuring adequate capital to support these activities.
2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Basis of preparation
In order to comply with the requirements of the Singapore Companies Act, the Parent must present supplementary balance sheets comprised solely from the standalone accounts of Wave Life Sciences Ltd., the Parent company. This supplementary financial information is presented on page F-38.
The Parent applied to the Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority of Singapore (“ACRA”) for an exemption from preparing its 2024 Singapore Statutory Financial Statements in accordance with Singapore Financial Reporting Standards. The Parent applied for this exemption because it is listed on the Nasdaq and therefore is required to prepare its audited annual consolidated financial statements in accordance with the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles of the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) in order to maintain its listing on Nasdaq. These U.S. GAAP annual consolidated financial statements (“U.S. GAAP Consolidated
F-39
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd.
Notes to Supplementary Financial Information
Year ended December 31, 2024
Financials”) were included in the Form 10-K, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 4, 2025. The Parent received the exemption from ACRA and therefore the Singapore Statutory Financial Statements were prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, except as noted in the paragraph entitled “Investment in Subsidiaries.” The U.S. GAAP Consolidated Financials are included in these Singapore Statutory Financial Statements on pages F-1 to F-37.
Functional and presentation currency
This supplementary financial information is presented in U.S. dollars, which is the Parent’s functional currency.
Investment in Subsidiaries
For the purposes of the supplementary financial information provided as a part of the Singapore Statutory Financial Statements, the Parent did not consolidate its investments in subsidiaries and reported these investments as separate lines in the Parent’s standalone balance sheet. The Parent’s investment in each subsidiary is accounted for by either increasing its initial investment in each subsidiary by that subsidiary’s net income for each financial year or by decreasing its initial investment in each subsidiary by that subsidiary’s net loss for each financial year to the extent of the initial investment of the subsidiary. U.S. GAAP requires that a Parent’s investments in subsidiaries be consolidated.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Parent considers all highly liquid securities with maturities of three months or less from the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. The Parent’s cash and cash equivalents are comprised of funds held in checking and money market accounts.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets, liabilities, revenue, costs and expenses and related disclosures at the date of the financial statements and the supplementary financial information. Management considers many factors in selecting appropriate financial accounting policies and in developing the estimates and assumptions that are used in the preparation of the financial statements and the supplemental information. Management must apply significant judgment in this process. The Company believes that its revenue recognition policy, particularly (a) assessing the number of performance obligations; (b) determining the transaction price; (c) allocating the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (d) determining the pattern over which performance obligations are satisfied, including estimates to complete performance obligations involve a greater degree of judgment, and therefore the Company considers them to be its critical accounting policies. The Company evaluates its estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. The Company’s actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions and conditions.
Going Concern
At each reporting period, the Parent evaluates whether there are conditions or events that raise substantial doubt about the Parent’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued. The Parent is required to make certain additional disclosures if the Parent concludes substantial doubt exists and it is not alleviated by the Parent’s plans or when the Company’s plans alleviate substantial doubt about the Parent’s ability to continue as a going concern. The Parent’s evaluation entails analyzing prospective operating budgets and forecasts for expectations of the Parent’s cash needs and comparing those needs to the current cash and cash equivalent balance.
F-40
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd.
Notes to Supplementary Financial Information
Year ended December 31, 2024
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The Parent is required to disclose information on all assets and liabilities reported at fair value that enables an assessment of the inputs used in determining the reported fair values. The fair value hierarchy is a hierarchy of inputs used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the financial instrument based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Parent. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the Parent’s assumptions about the inputs that market participants would use in pricing the financial instrument and are developed based on the information available in the circumstances. The fair value hierarchy applies only to the valuation inputs used in determining the reported fair value of the investments and is not a measure of the investment credit quality. The hierarchy defines three levels of valuation inputs:
Level 1—Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date of identical, unrestricted assets.
Level 2—Quoted prices for similar assets, or inputs that are observable, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term through corroboration with observable market data. Level 2 includes investments valued at quoted prices adjusted for legal or contractual restrictions specific to the security.
Level 3—Pricing inputs are unobservable for the asset, that is, inputs that reflect the reporting entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset. Level 3 includes private investments that are supported by little or no market activity.
Cash and cash equivalents are Level 1 assets which are comprised of funds held in checking and money market accounts. Cash and cash equivalents were recorded at fair value as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, totaling $264.3 million and $176.5 million, respectively. The carrying amounts of intercompany account receivables and payables, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate their fair values due to their short-term maturities.
Given their related party nature, intercompany accounts receivables and intercompany accounts payables were transacted based upon terms and amounts set forth between the Parent and its subsidiaries.
Concentration of Credit Risk
Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments are financial instruments that potentially subject the Parent to concentration of credit risk. The Parent uses several financial institutions to maintain its cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments, all of which are high quality, accredited financial institutions and, accordingly, such funds are subject to minimal credit risk. The Parent has not experienced any losses in such accounts and management believes that the Parent is not exposed to significant credit risk due to the financial position of the depository institutions in which those deposits are held. The Parent has no financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk of loss.
Share-Based Compensation
The Company measures and recognizes share-based compensation expense, for both employee and non-employee director option awards, based on the grant date fair value of the awards. The Parent calculates the fair value of restricted share unit awards based on the grant date fair value of the underlying ordinary shares.
The Company determines the fair value of share-based awards granted to non-employees as either the fair value of the consideration received or the fair value of the equity instruments issued, whichever is more reliably
F-41
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd.
Notes to Supplementary Financial Information
Year ended December 31, 2024
measurable. Equity instruments issued to non-employees as consideration for goods or services received by the Parent have been accounted for based on the fair value of the equity instruments issued. The Parent recognizes share-based compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the awards, which is generally the vesting period. The Parent accounts for forfeitures as they occur.
The Company classifies share-based compensation expense in its consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss in the same manner in which the award recipient’s compensation costs are classified or in which the award recipient’s service payments are classified.
The additional paid-in capital presented on the Parent’s supplementary balance sheets only reflects share-based compensation expense for non-employee option awards and share-based compensation expense for option awards granted to non-employee directors, which are accounted for as employee option awards. The remainder of the consolidated share-based compensation expense was recorded by the Parent’s subsidiaries as the expense relates to option awards and restricted share units granted to employees of the subsidiaries.
The fair value of each share option grant was determined using the methods and assumptions discussed below. These inputs are generally subjective and require significant judgment and estimation by management.
| • | Fair Value of Ordinary Shares The fair value of the ordinary shares underlying the Company’s share-based awards is based on the closing price of the Parent’s ordinary shares as reported by the Nasdaq Global Market on the date of grant. |
| • | Expected Term The expected term of share options represents the weighted-average period that the share options are expected to remain outstanding. The Company estimated the expected term using the simplified method, which is an average of the contractual term of the option and the vesting period. |
| • | Expected Volatility Since there was limited historical data for the Parent’s ordinary shares and limited company-specific historical volatility through the third quarter of 2021, the Company determined the share price volatility for options granted based on an analysis of the volatility used by a peer group of publicly traded companies. In evaluating similarity, the Parent considers factors such as industry, stage of life cycle and size. Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2021, the Parent had sufficient historical volatility data for its ordinary shares and as such no longer relies on an analysis of the volatility from a peer group to calculate expected volatility. |
| • | Risk-free Interest Rate The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield in effect at the time of the grant for zero-coupon U.S. Treasury notes with remaining terms similar to the expected term of the options. |
| • | Dividend Rate The expected dividend was assumed to be zero as the Parent has never paid dividends and has no current plans to do so. |
Income Taxes
The Parent accounts for income taxes using an asset and liability approach, which requires recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in the consolidated financial statements but have not been reflected in taxable income. A valuation allowance is established to reduce deferred tax assets to their estimated realizable value. Therefore, the Parent provides a valuation allowance to the extent that it is more likely than not that all or a portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized in the future.
The Parent accounts for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in the financial statements by applying a two-step process to determine the amount of tax benefit to be recognized. First, the tax position must be evaluated to
F-42
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd.
Notes to Supplementary Financial Information
Year ended December 31, 2024
determine the likelihood that it will be sustained upon external examination by the tax authorities. If the tax position is deemed more-likely-than-not to be sustained, the tax position is then assessed to determine the amount of benefit to recognize in the financial statements. The amount of the benefit that may be recognized is the largest amount that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The provision for income taxes includes the effects of any resulting tax reserves, or unrecognized tax benefits, that are considered appropriate as well as the related net interest and penalties. The Parent recognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in the income tax provision on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.
The Company has certain service arrangements in place between its U.S., Japan, U.K. and Singapore entities, which include transfer pricing assumptions. The determination of the appropriate level of transfer pricing requires judgment based on transfer pricing analyses of comparable companies. The Parent monitors the nature of its service arrangements for changes in its operations as well as economic conditions. The Parent also periodically reviews the transfer pricing analyses for changes in the composition in the pool of comparable companies as well as the related ongoing results of the comparable companies.
Unasserted Claims
In the ordinary course of business, the Parent may be subject to legal proceedings, claims and litigation as the Parent operates in an industry susceptible to patent and other legal claims. The Parent accounts for estimated losses with respect to legal proceedings and claims when such losses are probable and estimable. Legal costs associated with these matters are expensed when incurred. The Parent is not currently a party to any material legal proceedings.
3. INTERCOMPANY BALANCES
The intercompany balances presented on the Parent’s balance sheets are the result of intercompany transactions between the Parent and its subsidiaries.
As of December 31, 2024, intercompany accounts receivables totaled $5.9 million and related to amounts due from Wave USA and Wave UK related to the reimbursement of certain expenses that were paid for by the Parent on behalf of Wave USA and Wave UK, as well as amounts due from Wave USA related to proceeds from the exercise of share options by Wave USA’s employees.
As of December 31, 2023, intercompany accounts receivables totaled $2.3 million and related to amounts due from Wave USA and Wave UK related to the reimbursement of certain expenses that were paid for by the Parent on behalf of Wave USA and Wave UK, as well as amounts due from Wave USA related to proceeds from the exercise of share options by Wave USA’s employees.
As of December 31, 2024, the intercompany accounts payable totaled $1.6 million and related to amounts due to Wave USA under the intercompany management services agreement, as well as additional amounts due to Wave Japan related to the reimbursement of certain expenses that were paid for by Wave Japan on behalf of the Parent.
As of December 31, 2023, the intercompany accounts payable totaled $8.3 million and related to amounts due to Wave USA under the intercompany management services agreement, amounts due to Wave UK related to GSK equity premium, as well as amounts due to Wave Japan related to the reimbursement of certain expenses that were paid for by Wave Japan on behalf of the Parent.
F-43
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd.
Notes to Supplementary Financial Information
Year ended December 31, 2024
4. INCOME TAXES
The components of the Parent’s deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows:
| December 31, 2024 | December 31, 2023 | |||||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||||
| Deferred tax assets: |
||||||||||
| Net operating loss carryforwards |
$ | 23,432 | $ | 21,616 | ||||||
| Capitalized research and development |
14,917 | 14,917 | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total deferred tax assets |
38,349 | 36,533 | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Valuation allowance |
(38,349 | ) | (36,533 | ) | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Net deferred tax assets |
— | — | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total deferred tax liability |
— | — | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Net deferred tax asset (liability) |
$ | — | $ | — | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Parent had net operating loss carryforwards in Singapore of $132.7 million and $122.0 million, respectively, which may be available to offset future Singapore taxable income and can be carried forward indefinitely provided the Parent satisfies the shareholdings test for carry-forward losses.
The Parent has evaluated the positive and negative evidence bearing upon its ability to realize its deferred tax assets. As of December 31, 2024, management has considered the Parent’s history of cumulative net losses incurred since inception and its lack of commercialization of any products or generation of any revenue from product sales since inception and has concluded that it is more likely than not that the Parent will not realize the benefits of the deferred tax assets in Singapore. Accordingly, a full valuation allowance has been established against the Parent’s deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2024.
The valuation allowance increased by approximately $1.8 million in 2024 and $1.9 million in 2023 primarily as a result of operating losses generated with no corresponding financial statement benefit. The Parent may release this valuation allowance when management determines that it is more-likely-than-not that the deferred tax assets will be realized. Any release of valuation allowance will be recorded as a tax benefit increasing net income.
The Parent files income tax returns as prescribed by the tax laws of the jurisdictions in which it operates. In the normal course of business, the Parent is subject to examination by various taxing authorities in Singapore. Tax years from 2020 to the present are still open to examination in Singapore.
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, $37.8 million and $23.9 million, respectively, of cash and cash equivalents was held by the Parent’s subsidiaries outside of Singapore. Additionally, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Parent’s subsidiaries held restricted cash of $3.8 million and $3.7 million, respectively, outside of Singapore. The Parent does not provide for Singapore income tax or withholding taxes on the outside basis differences, including foreign unremitted earnings of its subsidiaries as they are permanently reinvested . If the Parent decides to change its indefinite reversal assertion in the future, the Parent may be required to recognize deferred taxes. Because of the complexity of Singapore and the rest-of-the-world tax rules applicable to the method of recovery of the investment in its subsidiaries, including distribution of earnings from its subsidiaries to Singapore, the determination of the unrecognized deferred tax liability is not practicable.
F-44
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd.
Notes to Supplementary Financial Information
Year ended December 31, 2024
5. COLLABORATION AGREEMENTS
GSK Collaboration and Equity Agreements
On December 13, 2022, Wave USA and Wave UK entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement (the “GSK Collaboration Agreement”) with GlaxoSmithKline Intellectual Property (“GSK”). Pursuant to the GSK Collaboration Agreement, Wave USA, Wave UK and GSK have agreed to collaborate on the research, development, and commercialization of oligonucleotide therapeutics, including an exclusive global license to WVE-006. The discovery collaboration component has an initial four-year research term and combines Wave USA, and Wave UK’s proprietary discovery and drug development platform, PRISM, with GSK’s unique genetic insights and its global development and commercial capabilities. On January 27, 2023, the GSK Collaboration Agreement became effective, and GSK paid Wave USA and Wave UK an upfront payment of $120.0 million.
Simultaneously with the execution of the GSK Collaboration Agreement, the Parent entered into a Share Purchase Agreement (the “SPA”) on December 13, 2022, with Glaxo Group Limited (“GGL”), an affiliate of GSK, pursuant to which the Parent agreed to sell 10,683,761 of its ordinary shares to GGL at a purchase price of $4.68 per share (the “GSK Equity Investment”). The GSK Equity Investment closed on January 26, 2023, following the completion of customary closing conditions. The Parent received cash proceeds of $50.0 million at closing of which $34.6 million was recorded as equity and $15.4 million in intercompany payable related to the GSK Equity Investment. The ordinary shares purchased by GGL in the GSK Equity Investment are subject to lock-up and standstill restrictions and carry certain registration rights, customary for transactions of this kind. The Parent did not incur any material costs in connection with the issuance of the ordinary shares under the SPA.
Takeda Collaboration (expired in October 2024)
In February 2018, Wave USA and Wave UK entered into a global strategic collaboration with Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited (“Takeda”), pursuant to which Wave USA and Wave UK agreed to collaborate with Takeda on the research, development and commercialization of oligonucleotide therapeutics for disorders of the CNS. On October 11, 2024, Wave USA and Wave UK were notified by Takeda that Takeda did not intend to exercise and therefore elected to terminate its option for the HD target under the collaboration. As HD was the last active collaboration target under the collaboration, the collaboration expired with immediate effect. As a result of the option termination, Wave USA and Wave UK are now free to advance WVE-003, Wave USA’s and Wave UK’s clinical-stage Huntington’s disease program, as well as any other programs targeting HTT, independently or with other partners.
6. SHARE CAPITAL
The following represents the Parent’s financing transactions during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022:
| • | The Parent entered into the Sales agreement (as defined below) with Jefferies LLC (“Jefferies”). During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 the Parent sold 2,952,591, 751,688, and 458,092 ordinary shares, respectively, under its “at-the-market” equity program for aggregate net proceeds of $20.4 million, $3.1 million, and $1.2 million, respectively, after deducting commissions and offering expenses. Subsequent to December 31, 2024, the Parent sold 1,486,309 ordinary shares under its “at -the-market” equity program for aggregate gross proceeds of $12.7 million. |
| • | On June 16, 2022, the Parent closed an underwritten offering (the “June 2022 Offering”) in which the Parent issued and sold 25,464,483 of the Parent’s ordinary shares at a price of $2.15 per share and pre-funded warrants (the “2022 Pre-Funded Warrants”) to purchase up to 7,093,656 of the Parent’s |
F-45
Table of Contents
Wave Life Sciences Ltd.
Notes to Supplementary Financial Information
Year ended December 31, 2024
| ordinary shares at an offering price of $2.1499 per 2022 Pre-Funded Warrant, which represents the per share offering price for the ordinary shares less the $0.0001 per share exercise price for each 2022 Pre-Funded Warrant. These 2022 Pre-Funded Warrants were recorded as a component of shareholders’ equity within additional paid-in capital. The gross proceeds to the Parent from the June 2022 Offering were $70.0 million before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses. The net proceeds to the Parent from the June 2022 Offering were approximately $65.5 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses. The 2022 Pre-Funded Warrants are exercisable at any time after their original issuance and on or prior to the five-year anniversary of the original issuance date. A holder of 2022 Pre-Funded Warrants may not exercise the warrant if the holder, together with its affiliates, would beneficially own more than 19.99% of the number of the Parent’s ordinary shares outstanding or more than 19.99% of the combined voting power of the Parent’s securities outstanding immediately after giving effect to such exercise, unless and until shareholder approval is obtained. |
| • | On December 11, 2023, the Parent closed an underwritten public offering (the “December 2023 Offering”) in which the Parent issued and sold 20,000,000 of the Parent’s ordinary shares at a price of $5.00 per share. The gross proceeds to the Parent from the December 2023 Offering were $100.0 million before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses. The net proceeds to the Parent from the December 2023 Offering during the year ended December 31, 2023 were approximately $93.6 million after deducting underwriting discounts and offering expenses. On January 4, 2024, the Parent closed on the sale of an additional 3,000,000 ordinary shares at a price of $5.00 per share after the underwriters exercised their option to purchase the additional shares in full, which increased the aggregate number of ordinary shares sold in the December 2023 Offering to 23,000,000. The Parent’s aggregate gross proceeds from the December 2023 Offering were $115.0 million, before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses; $15.0 million of which relates to the exercise of the underwriters’ option in January 2024. Subsequent to December 31, 2023, the Parent received $14.0 million in net proceeds after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses related to the December 2023 Offering. |
| • | On September 27, 2024, the Parent closed an underwritten public offering (the “September 2024 Offering”) in which the Parent issued and sold 23,125,001 of the Parent’s ordinary shares at a price of $8.00 per share and pre-funded warrants (the “2024 Pre-Funded Warrants”) to purchase up to 1,875,023 of the Parents’s ordinary shares at an offering price of $7.9999 per 2024 Pre-Funded Warrant, which represents the per share offering price for the ordinary shares less the $0.0001 per share exercise price for each 2024 Pre-Funded Warrant. These 2024 Pre-Funded Warrants were recorded as a component of shareholders’ equity within additional paid-in capital. The gross proceeds to the Parent from the September 2024 Offering were $200.0 million before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses. The net proceeds to the Parent from the September 2024 Offering were approximately $187.5 million, after deducting underwriting commissions and offering expenses. The 2024 Pre-Funded Warrants are exercisable at any time after their original issuance and on or prior to the five-year anniversary of the original issuance date. A holder of the 2024 Pre-Funded Warrants may not exercise the warrant if the holder, together with its affiliates, would beneficially own more than 4.99% (or at the election of such holder, 9.99% or 19.99%) of the number of the Parent’s ordinary shares outstanding or more than 4.99% (or at the election of such holder, 9.99% or 19.99%) of the combined voting power of the Parent’s securities outstanding immediately after giving effect to such exercise, unless and until shareholder approval is obtained. |
| • | On October 1, 2024, the representatives of the underwriters in connection with the September 2024 Offering exercised their option in full to purchase an additional 3,750,000 ordinary shares, which |
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Wave Life Sciences Ltd.
Notes to Supplementary Financial Information
Year ended December 31, 2024
| increased the aggregate number of ordinary shares sold in the September 2024 Offering to 26,875,001. The Parent’s aggregate gross proceeds from the September 2024 Offering were $230.0 million, before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses; $30.0 million of which relates to the exercise of the underwriters’ option in October 2024. |
| • | On November 12, 2024, the Parent filed an automatic shelf registration statement on Form S-3ASR with the SEC for which the Parent registered for sale an indeterminate amount of any combination of its ordinary shares, debt securities, warrants, rights and/or units from time to time and at prices and on terms that the Parent may determine, which is referred to as the “2024 WKSI Shelf”. The 2024 WKSI Shelf includes a prospectus covering up to an aggregate of $250.0 million in ordinary shares that the Parent is able to issue and sell from time to time, through Jefferies acting as its sales agent, pursuant to the Open Market Sale Agreement, dated May 10, 2019, as amended by Amendment No. 1, dated as of March 2, 2020, Amendment No. 2, dated as of March 3, 2022, and Amendment No. 3, dated as of November 12, 2024, (as amended, the “Sales Agreement”), for its “at-the-market” equity program. |
Features of the Series A Preferred Shares and Ordinary Shares
The Series A preferred shares and ordinary shares have no par value and there is no concept of authorized share capital under Singapore law. The Series A preferred shares are not redeemable and have no entitlement to dividends.
Voting
The holders of Series A preferred shares are not entitled to vote on any of the matters proposed to shareholders, other than as specified in the Parent’s Constitution. The holders of ordinary shares are entitled to one vote for each ordinary share held at all meetings of shareholders and written actions in lieu of meetings.
Dividends
All dividends, if any, shall be declared and paid pro rata according to the number of ordinary shares held by each member entitled to receive dividends. The Parent’s board of directors may deduct from any dividend all sums of money presently payable by the member to the Parent on account of calls.
Liquidation
In the event of a liquidation, dissolution or winding up of, or a return of capital by the Parent, the ordinary shares will rank equally with the Series A preferred shares after the payment of the liquidation preference of an aggregate of approximately $10 thousand for Series A preferred shares.
7. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION
The Wave Life Sciences Ltd. 2021 Equity Incentive Plan was approved by the Parent’s shareholders and went into effect on August 10, 2021 and was amended effective as of August 9, 2022, August 1, 2023, and August 6, 2024 (as amended, the “2021 Plan”). The 2021 Plan serves as the successor to the Wave Life Sciences Ltd. 2014 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (the “2014 Plan”), such that outstanding awards granted under the 2014 Plan continue to be governed by the terms of the 2014 Plan, but no awards may be made under the 2014 Plan after August 10, 2021. The aggregate number of ordinary shares authorized for issuance of awards under the 2021 Plan was originally 5,450,000 ordinary shares, and was subsequently increased to 11,450,000, 17,950,000, and 22,950,000 in August 2022, August 2023, and August 2024, respectively, plus the number of ordinary shares underlying any awards under the 2014 Plan that are forfeited, cancelled or otherwise terminated (other than by exercise or withheld by the Company to satisfy any tax withholding obligation) on or after August 10, 2021.
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Wave Life Sciences Ltd.
Notes to Supplementary Financial Information
Year ended December 31, 2024
The 2021 Plan authorizes (and the 2014 Plan previously authorized) the board of directors or a committee of the board of directors to, among other things, grant non-qualified share options, restricted awards, which include restricted shares and restricted share units (“RSUs”), and performance awards to eligible employees and directors of the Company. The Parent accounts for grants to its board of directors as grants to employees.
As of December 31, 2024, 7,052,136 ordinary shares remained available for future grant under the 2021 Plan. In accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(c)(4), the board of directors or a committee of the board may also issue inducement grants outside of the 2021 Plan, material to an individual’s entering into employment with the Company.
Options and RSUs
Share option activity is summarized as follows:
| Number of Shares |
Weighted- Average Exercise Price |
Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years) |
Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)(1) | |||||||||||||||||
| Outstanding as of January 1, 2024 |
14,107,710 | $ | 6.58 | |||||||||||||||||
| Granted(2) |
7,480,600 | 4.36 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Exercised |
(770,636 | ) | 3.87 | |||||||||||||||||
| Forfeited or cancelled(3) |
(1,364,543 | ) | 7.32 | |||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||
| Outstanding as of December 31, 2024 |
19,453,131 | $ | 5.78 | 7.11 | $ | 144,819 | ||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||
| Options exercisable as of December 31, 2024 |
9,155,502 | $ | 7.34 | 5.44 | $ | 62,214 | ||||||||||||||
|
|
|
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| (1) | The aggregate intrinsic value of options is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the share options and the fair value of the Parent’s ordinary shares for those share options that had exercise prices lower than the fair value of the ordinary shares as of the end of the period. |
| (2) | Includes 322,300 options granted by the Parent to non-employee directors in 2024. |
| (3) | Includes the cancellation of 94,500 options granted by the Parent to non-employee directors based on the expiration of the five-year contractual life. |
Options generally vest over periods of one to four years, and options that are forfeited or cancelled are available to be granted again. The contractual life of options is generally five or ten years from the grant date.
The assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of share options granted to employees during the period were as follows:
| For the Year Ended December 31, | ||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||
| Risk-free interest rate |
3.56% – 4.64% | 3.46% – 4.71% | 1.35% – 4.23% | |||
| Expected term (in years) |
3.0 – 6.1 | 3.0 – 6.1 | 3.0 – 6.1 | |||
| Expected volatility |
88% – 100% | 87% – 93% | 63% – 96% | |||
| Expected dividend yield |
0% | 0% | 0% | |||
In October 2022, the compensation committee of the Parent’s board of directors (the “Compensation Committee”) granted Dr. Verdine, one of the Company’s founders and a member of the Parent’s board of directors, a non-qualified share option for 163,467 ordinary shares (“Verdine Scientific Advisory Grant”) as form of payment under Dr. Verdine’s consulting agreement for scientific advisory services (as described in Note 13)
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Wave Life Sciences Ltd.
Notes to Supplementary Financial Information
Year ended December 31, 2024
for the service period of October 1, 2022 through December 31, 2024, the vesting of which is subject to Dr. Verdine’s continued service under the consulting agreement.
The Verdine Scientific Advisory Grant was granted as a non-employee grant during the year ended December 31, 2022, and there were no equity grants made to non-employees during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024. The assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of the Verdine Scientific Advisory Grant were as follows:
| Year Ended December 31, 2022 | |||||
| Risk-free interest rate |
4.29 | % | |||
| Expected term (in years) |
2.5 | ||||
| Expected volatility |
99 | % | |||
| Expected dividend yield |
0 | % | |||
RSU activity for the year ended December 31, 2024 is summarized as follows:
| RSUs | Average Grant Date Fair Value (in dollars per share) | |||||||||
| Outstanding as of January 1, 2024 |
637,557 | $ | 7.08 | |||||||
| Granted |
379,100 | 7.04 | ||||||||
| Vested |
(100,326 | ) | 4.90 | |||||||
| Forfeited |
(84,288 | ) | 5.01 | |||||||
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|
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| RSUs Outstanding at December 31, 2024 |
832,043 | $ | 7.54 | |||||||
|
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RSUs can be time-based or performance-based. Vesting of the performance-based RSUs is contingent on the occurrence of certain regulatory or commercial milestones. In March 2021, the Compensation Committee approved an amendment and restatement of the Company’s outstanding 2019 performance-based RSUs to add an additional milestone to the existing milestones. In 2021, the Company also granted performance-based RSUs with the same terms to certain employees who did not receive the 2019 performance-based RSUs. The Company did not recognize expense in 2024 related to the performance-based RSUs as the remaining milestones were not considered probable of achievement. In April 2022, the Company determined that a performance-based RSU milestone was achieved and consequently 50% of the outstanding performance-based RSUs vested, which resulted in the issuance of 384,646 ordinary shares. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded share-based compensation expense of approximately $3.8 million related to the performance-based RSUs, which represents all of the expense related to the achievement of this performance-based RSU milestone. During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the Company recognized share-based compensation expense of $0.8 million, $1.0 million, and $10.3 million, respectively, related to RSUs.
RSUs that are forfeited are available to be granted again. During the year ended December 31, 2024, 379,100 time-based RSUs were granted to employees. Of the RSUs outstanding at December 31, 2024, 540,779 are time-based RSUs and 291,264 are performance-based RSUs. Time-based RSUs generally vest over periods of one to four years.
During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the Company recognized share-based compensation expense related to options of $11.9 million, $8.5 million, and $6.7 million, respectively. The total intrinsic value of options exercised was $4.4 million, $0.3 million, and $0.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, the unrecognized compensation cost related to
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Wave Life Sciences Ltd.
Notes to Supplementary Financial Information
Year ended December 31, 2024
outstanding options was $28.9 million. The unrecognized compensation cost related to outstanding options is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.67 years. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the weighted-average grant date fair value per granted option was $3.38 and $3.45, respectively. The aggregate fair value of options that vested during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $11.4 million and $8.4 million, respectively.
The unrecognized compensation costs related to outstanding time-based RSUs was $2.8 million as of December 31, 2024, and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.25 years. The total fair value of RSUs vested during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $0.7 million and $2.0 million, respectively.
Employee Share Purchase Plan
The Wave Life Sciences Ltd. Employee Share Purchase Plan, as amended (“ESPP”) allows full-time and certain part-time employees to purchase the Parent’s ordinary shares at a discount to fair market value. Eligible employees may enroll in a six-month offering period beginning every January 15th and July 15th. Shares are purchased at a price equal to 85% of the lower of the fair market value of the Parent’s ordinary shares on the first business day or the last business day of an offering period. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, 176,498 and 225,913 ordinary shares were issued under the ESPP, respectively. The aggregate number of ordinary shares authorized for issuance under the ESPP was originally 1,000,000 and was subsequently increased to 3,000,000 in August 2023. As of December 31, 2024, there were 2,314,002 ordinary shares available for issuance under the ESPP.
Share-Based Compensation Expense
Share-based compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 is classified as operating expenses in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss as follows:
| For the Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||||||
| Research and development expenses |
$ | 6,332 | $ | 4,617 | $ | 7,467 | ||||||
| General and administrative expenses |
6,809 | 5,178 | 9,727 | |||||||||
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|
|
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| Total share-based compensation expense |
$ | 13,141 | $ | 9,795 | $ | 17,194 | ||||||
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Of the total share-based compensation expense recorded, the Parent recorded share-based compensation expense of $1.2 million, $0.9 million, and $0.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively, all of which is included in general and administrative expenses on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The Parent records the share-based compensation expense related to options granted to non-employee directors for their service as directors. The options granted to non-employee directors are treated as options granted to employees. The Parent’s subsidiaries record share-based compensation expense related to options and RSUs granted to employees of the subsidiaries, as well as the October 2022 non-employee grant to Dr. Verdine.
Of the total share-based compensation expense recorded for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, $0.3 million, $0.2 million, and less than $0.1 million, respectively, were related to non-employee option grants, specifically the Verdine Scientific Advisory Grant, and all of the related expense is included in research and development expenses on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.
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Appendix B
Proposed Effective Date: August 5, 2025
WAVE LIFE SCIENCES LTD.
2021 EQUITY INCENTIVE PLAN, AS AMENDED
1. Purpose; Eligibility.
1.1 General Purpose. The name of this plan is the Wave Life Sciences Ltd. 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”). The purposes of the Plan are to (i) provide eligible Employees, Consultants, and Directors with the opportunity to acquire a proprietary interest, or otherwise increase their proprietary interest, in the Company as an incentive for them to remain in the service of Wave Life Sciences Ltd., a corporation formed in Singapore (the “Company”), and any Affiliate; and (ii) promote the success of the Company’s business.
1.2 Eligible Award Recipients. The persons eligible to receive Awards are the Employees, Consultants, and Directors of the Company and its Affiliates.
1.3 Available Awards. Awards that may be granted under the Plan include: (a) Incentive Share Options; (b) Non-qualified Share Options; (c) Share Appreciation Rights; (d) Restricted Awards and (e) Performance Awards.
2. Definitions.
“Affiliate” means a corporation or other entity that, directly or through one or more intermediaries, controls, is controlled by or is under common control with, the Company.
“Applicable Laws” means the requirements related to or implicated by the administration of the Plan under (i) applicable laws of the Republic of Singapore, including but not limited to, the Singaporean Equity Remuneration Incentive Scheme and the Income Tax Act of Singapore; (ii) applicable laws of the United States, including but not limited to, United States federal and state securities laws and the Code; (iii) applicable laws of Japan, including but not limited to, the Financial Instruments and Exchange Act of Japan; (iv) any stock exchange or quotation system on which the Ordinary Shares are listed or quoted; and (v) the applicable laws of any foreign country or jurisdiction where Awards are granted under the Plan.
“Award” means any right granted under the Plan, including an Incentive Share Option, a Non-qualified Share Option, a Share Appreciation Right, a Restricted Award or a Performance Award.
“Award Agreement” means a written agreement, contract, certificate or other instrument or document evidencing the terms and conditions of an individual Award granted under the Plan which may, in the discretion of the Company, be transmitted electronically to any Participant. Each Award Agreement shall be subject to the terms and conditions of the Plan.
“Board” means the Board of Directors of the Company, as constituted at any time.
“Cause” means:
With respect to any Employee or Consultant: (a) if the Employee or Consultant is a party to an employment or service agreement with the Company or its Affiliates and such agreement provides for a definition of Cause, the definition contained therein; or (b) if no such agreement exists, or if such agreement does not define Cause: (i) the commission of, or plea of guilty or no contest to, a felony or a crime involving fraud, embezzlement or any other act of moral turpitude or the commission of any other act involving willful malfeasance or material fiduciary breach with respect to the Company or an Affiliate; (ii) conduct that results in or is reasonably likely to result in harm to the reputation or business of the Company or any of its Affiliates; (iii) gross negligence or willful misconduct with respect to the Company or an Affiliate; (iv) material breach of
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any employment, consulting, advisory, nondisclosure, non-solicitation, non-competition or similar agreement with the Company or its Affiliates; or (v) material violation of state or federal securities laws.
With respect to any Director, a determination by a majority of the disinterested Board members that the Director has engaged in any of the following: (a) gross misconduct or neglect; (b) false or fraudulent misrepresentation inducing the Director’s appointment; or (c) willful conversion of corporate funds.
The Committee, in its absolute discretion, shall determine the effect of all matters and questions relating to whether a Participant has been discharged for Cause.
“Code” means the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as it may be amended from time to time. Any reference to a section of the Code shall be deemed to include a reference to any regulations promulgated thereunder.
“Committee” means a committee of one or more members of the Board appointed by the Board to administer the Plan in accordance with Section 3.3.
“Company” means Wave Life Sciences Ltd., a corporation formed in Singapore, and any successor thereto.
“Consultant” means any individual who is engaged by the Company or any Affiliate to render consulting or advisory services.
“Continuous Service” means that the Participant’s service with the Company or an Affiliate, whether as an Employee, Consultant or Director, is not interrupted or terminated. The Participant’s Continuous Service shall not be deemed to have terminated merely because of a change in the capacity in which the Participant renders service to the Company or an Affiliate as an Employee, Consultant or Director or a change in the entity for which the Participant renders such service, provided that there is no interruption or termination of the Participant’s Continuous Service; provided further that if any Award is subject to Section 409A of the Code, this sentence shall only be given effect to the extent consistent with Section 409A of the Code.
“Corporate Transaction” has the meaning set forth in Section 14.8.
“Director” means a member of the Board.
“Disability” means that the Participant is unable to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment; provided, however, for purposes of determining the term of an Incentive Share Option pursuant to Section 6.10 hereof, the term Disability shall have the meaning ascribed to it under Section 22(e)(3) of the Code. The determination of whether an individual has a Disability shall be determined under procedures established by the Committee. Except in situations where the Committee is determining Disability for purposes of the term of an Incentive Share Option pursuant to Section 6.10 hereof within the meaning of Section 22(e)(3) of the Code, the Committee may rely on any determination that a Participant is disabled for purposes of benefits under any long-term disability plan maintained by the Company or any Affiliate in which a Participant participates.
“Disqualifying Disposition” has the meaning set forth in Section 14.8.
“Effective Date” shall mean August 10, 2021.
“Employee” means any person, including an Officer or Director, employed by the Company or an Affiliate; provided, that, for purposes of determining eligibility to receive Incentive Share Options, an Employee shall mean an employee of the Company or a parent or subsidiary corporation within the meaning of Section 424 of the Code.
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“Exchange Act” means the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
“Fair Market Value” means, as of any date, the value of an Ordinary Share as determined below. If an Ordinary Share is listed on any established stock exchange or a national market system, including without limitation, the New York Stock Exchange or the NASDAQ Stock Market, the Fair Market Value shall be the closing price of an Ordinary Share (or if no sales were reported the closing price on the date immediately preceding such date) as quoted on such exchange or system on the day of determination, as reported in the Wall Street Journal. In the absence of an established market for an Ordinary Share, the Fair Market Value shall be determined in good faith by the Committee and such determination shall be conclusive and binding on all persons.
“Grant Date” means the date on which the Committee adopts a resolution, or takes other appropriate action, expressly granting an Award to a Participant that specifies the key terms and conditions of the Award or, if a later date is set forth in such resolution, then such date as is set forth in such resolution.
“Incentive Share Option” means an Option intended to qualify as an incentive stock option within the meaning of Section 422 of the Code.
“Non-qualified Share Option” means an Option that by its terms does not qualify or is not intended to qualify as an Incentive Share Option.
“Officer” means a person who is an officer of the Company within the meaning of Section 16 of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.
“Option” means an Incentive Share Option or a Non-qualified Share Option granted pursuant to the Plan.
“Optionholder” means a person to whom an Option is granted pursuant to the Plan or, if applicable, such other person who holds an outstanding Option.
“Option Exercise Price” means the price at which an Ordinary Share may be purchased upon the exercise of an Option.
“Ordinary Shares” means ordinary shares in the capital of the Company, or such other securities of the Company as may be designated by the Committee from time to time in substitution thereof.
“Participant” means an eligible person to whom an Award is granted pursuant to the Plan or, if applicable, such other person who holds an outstanding Award.
“Performance Award” means a Restricted Award which vests based on the attainment of written Performance Goals as set forth in Section 7.2(g).
“Performance Goals” mean performance goals based on any criteria as determined by the Committee. Where applicable, the Performance Goals may be expressed in terms of a relative measure against a set of identified peer group companies, attaining a specified level of the particular criterion or the attainment of a percentage increase or decrease in the particular criterion, and may be applied to one or more of the Company or an Affiliate of the Company, or a division or strategic business unit of the Company, all as determined by the Committee. The Performance Goals may include a threshold level of performance below which no Performance Award will be issued or no vesting will occur, levels of performance at which Performance Awards will be issued or specified vesting will occur, and a maximum level of performance above which no additional issuances will be made or at which full vesting will occur. Each of the foregoing Performance Goals shall be evaluated in an objectively determinable manner and in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles where applicable, unless otherwise specified by the Committee, and shall be subject to certification by the Committee. The Committee
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shall have the authority to make equitable adjustments to the Performance Goals in recognition of unusual or non-recurring events affecting the Company or any Affiliate or the financial statements of the Company or any Affiliate, in response to changes in applicable laws or regulations, or to account for items of gain, loss or expense determined to be extraordinary or unusual in nature or infrequent in occurrence or related to the disposal of a segment of a business or related to a change in accounting principles.
“Permitted Transferee” means the following if prior approval is obtained from the Committee in its sole and absolute discretion: (a) a member of the Optionholder’s immediate family (child, stepchild, grandchild, parent, stepparent, grandparent, spouse, former spouse, sibling, niece, nephew, mother-in-law, father-in-law, son-in-law, daughter-in-law, brother-in-law, or sister-in-law, including adoptive relationships), any person sharing the Optionholder’s household (other than a tenant or employee), a trust in which these persons have more than 50% of the beneficial interest, a foundation in which these persons (or the Optionholder) control the management of assets; and any other entity in which these persons (or the Optionholder) own more than 50% of the voting interests; and (b) such other transferees as may be permitted by the Committee in its sole discretion and in compliance with Applicable Laws.
“Plan” means Wave Life Sciences Ltd. 2021 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended and/or amended and restated from time to time.
“Restricted Award” means any Award granted pursuant to Section 7.2(a).
“Restricted Period” has the meaning set forth in Section 7.2(a).
“Rule 16b-3” means Rule 16b-3 promulgated under the Exchange Act or any successor to Rule 16b-3, as in effect from time to time.
“Securities Act” means the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
“Share Appreciation Right” means the right pursuant to an Award granted under Section 7.1 to receive, upon exercise, an amount payable in cash or Ordinary Shares equal to the number of Ordinary Shares subject to the Share Appreciation Right that is being exercised multiplied by the excess of (a) the Fair Market Value of an Ordinary Share on the date the Award is exercised, over (b) the exercise price specified in the Share Appreciation Right Award Agreement.
“Ten Percent Shareholder” means a person who owns (or is deemed to own pursuant to Section 424(d) of the Code) more than 10% of the total combined voting power of all classes of shares of the Company or of any of its Affiliates.
3. Administration.
3.1 Authority of Committee. The Plan shall be administered by the Committee or, in the Board’s sole discretion, by the Board. Subject to the terms of the Plan, the Committee’s charter and Applicable Laws, and in addition to other express powers and authorization conferred by the Plan, the Committee shall have the authority:
(a) to construe and interpret the Plan and apply its provisions;
(b) to promulgate, amend, and rescind rules and regulations relating to the administration of the Plan;
(c) to authorize any person to execute, on behalf of the Company, any instrument required to carry out the purposes of the Plan;
(d) to determine when Awards are to be granted under the Plan and the applicable Grant Date;
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(e) from time to time to select, subject to the limitations set forth in this Plan, those Participants to whom Awards shall be granted;
(f) to determine the number of Ordinary Shares to be made subject to each Award;
(g) to determine whether each Option is to be an Incentive Share Option or a Non-qualified Share Option;
(h) to prescribe the terms and conditions of each Award, including, without limitation, the exercise price and medium of payment and vesting provisions, and to specify the provisions of the Award Agreement relating to such grant;
(i) to amend any outstanding Awards, including for the purpose of modifying the time or manner of vesting, or the term of any outstanding Award; provided, however, that any such amendment shall be subject to the Participant’s consent if required pursuant to Section 13.5;
(j) to make decisions with respect to outstanding Awards that may become necessary upon a change in corporate control or an event that triggers anti-dilution adjustments;
(k) to interpret, administer, reconcile any inconsistency in, correct any defect in and/or supply any omission in the Plan and any instrument or agreement relating to, or Award granted under, the Plan;
(l) to exercise discretion to make any and all other determinations which it determines to be necessary or advisable for the administration of the Plan; and
(m) to adopt sub-plans that, when taken together with the Plan, shall constitute the Plan for those certain tax residents identified in the applicable sub-plan.
The Committee also may modify the purchase price or the exercise price of any outstanding Award, provided that if the modification affects a repricing, shareholder approval shall be required before the repricing is effective.
3.2 Committee Decisions Final. All decisions made by the Committee pursuant to the provisions of the Plan shall be final and binding on the Company and the Participants, unless such decisions are determined by a court having jurisdiction to be arbitrary and capricious.
3.3 Delegation. The Committee, or if no Committee has been appointed, the Board, may delegate administration of the Plan to a committee or committees of one or more members of the Board, and the term “Committee” shall apply to any person or persons to whom such authority has been delegated. The Committee shall have the power to delegate to a subcommittee any of the administrative powers the Committee is authorized to exercise (and references in this Plan to the Board or the Committee shall thereafter be to the committee or subcommittee), subject, however, to Applicable Laws and such resolutions, not inconsistent with the provisions of the Plan, as may be adopted from time to time by the Board. The Board may abolish the Committee at any time and revest in the Board the administration of the Plan.
3.4 Indemnification. In addition to such other rights of indemnification as they may have as Directors or members of the Committee, and to the extent allowed by Applicable Laws, the Committee shall be indemnified by the Company against the reasonable expenses, including attorney’s fees, actually incurred in connection with any action, suit or proceeding or in connection with any appeal therein, to which the Committee may be party by reason of any action taken or failure to act under or in connection with the Plan or any Award granted under the Plan, and against all amounts paid by the Committee in settlement thereof (provided, however, that the settlement has been approved by the Company, which approval shall not be unreasonably withheld) or paid by the
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Committee in satisfaction of a judgment in any such action, suit or proceeding, except in relation to matters as to which it shall be adjudged in such action, suit or proceeding that such Committee did not act in good faith and in a manner which such person reasonably believed to be in the best interests of the Company, or in the case of a criminal proceeding, had no reason to believe that the conduct complained of was unlawful; provided, however, that within 60 days after institution of any such action, suit or proceeding, such Committee shall, in writing, offer the Company the opportunity at its own expense to handle and defend such action, suit or proceeding.
4. Shares Subject to the Plan.
4.1 Subject to adjustment in accordance with Section 11, a total of (i) 30,950,000 Ordinary Shares shall be available for the grant of Awards under the Plan; plus (ii) the number of Ordinary Shares underlying any awards under the Company’s 2014 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended, that are forfeited, canceled or otherwise terminated (other than by exercise or withheld by the Company to satisfy any tax withholding obligation) on or after the Effective Date shall be added to the Ordinary Shares available for issuance under (i) hereof; provided that no more than 30,950,000 Ordinary Shares may be issued upon the exercise of Incentive Share Options. During the terms of the Awards, the Company shall keep available at all times the number of Ordinary Shares required to satisfy such Awards. Notwithstanding the foregoing, to the extent permitted by Applicable Laws, Awards that provide for the delivery of Ordinary Shares subsequent to the applicable grant date may be granted in excess of the share limits set forth in this paragraph if such Awards provide for the forfeiture of such Awards to the extent that insufficient Ordinary Shares remain at the time that the Ordinary Shares would otherwise be issued in respect of such Award.
4.2 Ordinary Shares available for distribution under the Plan may consist, in whole or in part, of authorized and unissued shares, treasury shares or shares reacquired by the Company in any manner.
4.3 Any Ordinary Shares subject to an Award that is canceled, forfeited or expires prior to exercise or realization, either in full or in part, shall again become available for issuance under the Plan. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained herein, Ordinary Shares subject to an Award under the Plan shall not again be made available for issuance or delivery under the Plan if such Ordinary Shares are (a) Ordinary Shares tendered in payment of the exercise price of an Option; (b) Ordinary Shares delivered or withheld by the Company to satisfy any tax withholding obligation; (c) Ordinary Shares covered by a share-settled Share Appreciation Right or other Awards that were not issued upon the settlement of the Award, or (d) Ordinary Shares repurchased by the Company on the open market with the proceeds of the exercise price of an Option or Share Appreciation Right.
5. Eligibility.
5.1 Eligibility for Specific Awards. Incentive Share Options may be granted only to Employees who are tax residents of the United States and shall not include Employees who are solely Officers and Directors. Awards other than Incentive Share Options may be granted to Employees, Consultants and Directors.
5.2 Ten Percent Shareholders. A Ten Percent Shareholder shall not be granted an Incentive Share Option unless the Option Exercise Price is at least 110% of the Fair Market Value of an Ordinary Share at the Grant Date and the Option is not exercisable after the expiration of five years from the Grant Date.
6. Option Provisions. Each Option granted under the Plan shall be evidenced by an Award Agreement. Each Option so granted shall be subject to the conditions set forth in this Section 6, and to such other conditions not inconsistent with the Plan as may be reflected in the applicable Award Agreement. All Options shall be separately designated Incentive Share Options or Non-qualified Share Options at the time of grant, and, if certificates are issued, a separate certificate or certificates will be issued for Ordinary Shares purchased on exercise of each type of Option. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company shall have no liability to any Participant or any other person if an Option designated as an Incentive Share Option fails to qualify as such at any time or if an Option is determined to constitute “nonqualified deferred compensation” within the meaning of Section 409A of the Code
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and the terms of such Option do not satisfy the requirements of Section 409A of the Code. The provisions of separate Options need not be identical, but each Option shall include (through incorporation of provisions hereof by reference in the Option or otherwise) the substance of each of the following provisions:
6.1 Term. Subject to the provisions of Section 5.2 regarding Ten Percent Shareholders, no Incentive Share Option shall be exercisable after the expiration of 10 years from the Grant Date. The term of a Non-qualified Share Option granted under the Plan shall be determined by the Committee; provided, however, no Non-qualified Share Option shall be exercisable after the expiration of 10 years from the Grant Date, and Non-qualified Share Options granted to persons who are not Employees (including Directors who are not Employees) shall not be exercisable after the expiration of five (5) years from the Grant Date.
6.2 Exercise Price of An Incentive Share Option. Subject to the provisions of Section 5.2 regarding Ten Percent Shareholders, the Option Exercise Price of each Incentive Share Option shall be not less than 100% of the Fair Market Value of an Ordinary Share subject to the Option on the Grant Date. Notwithstanding the foregoing, an Incentive Share Option may be granted with an Option Exercise Price lower than that set forth in the preceding sentence if such Option is granted pursuant to an assumption or substitution for another option in a manner satisfying the provisions of Section 424(a) of the Code.
6.3 Exercise Price of a Non-qualified Share Option. The Option Exercise Price of each Non-qualified Share Option shall be not less than 100% of the Fair Market Value of an Ordinary Share subject to the Option on the Grant Date. Notwithstanding the foregoing, a Non-qualified Share Option may be granted with an Option Exercise Price lower than that set forth in the preceding sentence if such Option is granted pursuant to an assumption or substitution for another option in a manner satisfying the provisions of Section 409A of the Code.
6.4 Consideration. The Option Exercise Price of an Ordinary Share acquired pursuant to an Option shall be paid, to the extent permitted by Applicable Laws, either (a) in cash or by certified or bank check at the time the Option is exercised; or (b) in the discretion of the Committee, upon such terms as the Committee shall approve, the Option Exercise Price may be paid: (i) by reduction in the number of Ordinary Shares otherwise deliverable upon exercise of such Option with a Fair Market Value equal to the aggregate Option Exercise Price at the time of exercise; (ii) in accordance with a cashless exercise program established with a securities brokerage firm, or (iii) in any other form of legal consideration that may be acceptable to the Committee.
6.5 Transferability of An Incentive Share Option. An Incentive Share Option shall not be transferable except by will or by the laws of descent and distribution and shall be exercisable during the lifetime of the Optionholder only by the Optionholder. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Optionholder may, by delivering written notice to the Company, in a form satisfactory to the Company, designate a third party who, in the event of the death of the Optionholder, shall thereafter be entitled to exercise the Option.
6.6 Transferability of a Non-qualified Share Option. A Non-qualified Share Option may, in the sole discretion of the Committee, be transferable for no consideration to a Permitted Transferee, upon written approval by the Committee to the extent provided in the Award Agreement. If the Non-qualified Share Option does not provide for transferability, then the Non-qualified Share Option shall not be transferable except by will or by the laws of descent and distribution and shall be exercisable during the lifetime of the Optionholder only by the Optionholder. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Optionholder may, by delivering written notice to the Company, in a form satisfactory to the Company, designate a third party who, in the event of the death of the Optionholder, shall thereafter be entitled to exercise the Option.
6.7 Vesting of Options. Each Option may, but need not, vest and therefore become exercisable in periodic installments that may, but need not, be equal. The Option may be subject to such other terms and conditions on the time or times when it may be exercised (which may be based on performance or other criteria) as the Committee may deem appropriate. The vesting provisions of individual Options may vary. No Option may be exercised for a fraction of an Ordinary Share. The Committee may, but shall not be required to, provide for an
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acceleration of vesting and exercisability in the terms of any Award Agreement upon the occurrence of a specified event.
6.8 Termination of Continuous Service. Unless otherwise provided in an Award Agreement or in an employment agreement the terms of which have been approved by the Committee, in the event an Optionholder’s Continuous Service terminates (other than upon the Optionholder’s death or Disability), the Optionholder may exercise his or her Option (to the extent that the Optionholder was entitled to exercise such Option as of the date of termination) but only within such period of time ending on the earlier of (a) the date three months following the termination of the Optionholder’s Continuous Service; or (b) the expiration of the term of the Option as set forth in the Award Agreement; provided that, if the termination of Continuous Service is by the Company for Cause, all outstanding Options (whether or not vested) shall immediately terminate and cease to be exercisable.
6.9 Extension of Termination Date. An Optionholder’s Award Agreement may also provide that if the exercise of the Option following the termination of the Optionholder’s Continuous Service for any reason would be prohibited at any time because the issuance of Ordinary Shares would violate the registration requirements under the Securities Act or any other Applicable Laws, then the Option shall terminate on the earlier of (a) the expiration of the term of the Option in accordance with Section 6.1; or (b) the expiration of a period after termination of the Participant’s Continuous Service that is three months after the end of the period during which the exercise of the Option would be in violation of such registration or other securities law requirements.
6.10 Disability of Optionholder. Unless otherwise provided in an Award Agreement, in the event that an Optionholder’s Continuous Service terminates as a result of the Optionholder’s Disability, the Optionholder may exercise his or her Option (to the extent that the Optionholder was entitled to exercise such Option as of the date of termination), but only within such period of time ending on the earlier of (a) the date 12 months following such termination; or (b) the expiration of the term of the Option as set forth in the Award Agreement. If, after termination, the Optionholder does not exercise his or her Option within the time specified herein or in the Award Agreement, the Option shall terminate.
6.11 Death of Optionholder. Unless otherwise provided in an Award Agreement, in the event an Optionholder’s Continuous Service terminates as a result of the Optionholder’s death, then the Option may be exercised (to the extent the Optionholder was entitled to exercise such Option as of the date of death) by the Optionholder’s estate, by a person who acquired the right to exercise the Option by bequest or inheritance or by a person designated to exercise the Option upon the Optionholder’s death, but only within the period ending on the earlier of (a) the date 12 months following the date of death; or (b) the expiration of the term of such Option as set forth in the Award Agreement. If, after the Optionholder’s death, the Option is not exercised within the time specified herein or in the Award Agreement, the Option shall terminate.
6.12 Incentive Share Option $100,000 Limitation. To the extent that the aggregate Fair Market Value (determined at the time of grant) of an Ordinary Share with respect to which Incentive Share Options are exercisable for the first time by any Optionholder during any calendar year (under all plans of the Company and its Affiliates) exceeds U.S. $100,000, the Options or portions thereof which exceed such limit (according to the order in which they were granted in accordance with Section 422(d) of the Code) shall be treated as Non-qualified Share Options.
7. Provisions of Awards Other Than Options.
7.1 Share Appreciation Rights.
(a) General. Each Share Appreciation Right granted under the Plan shall be evidenced by an Award Agreement. Each Share Appreciation Right so granted shall be subject to the conditions set forth in this Section 7.1, and to such other conditions not inconsistent with the Plan as may be reflected in the applicable Award Agreement. Share Appreciation Rights may be granted alone or in tandem with an Option granted under the Plan.
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(b) Grant Requirements. Any Share Appreciation Right that relates to a Non-qualified Share Option may be granted at the same time the Option is granted or at any time thereafter but before the exercise or expiration of the Option. Any Share Appreciation Right that relates to an Incentive Share Option must be granted at the same time the Incentive Share Option is granted.
(c) Term of Share Appreciation Rights. The term of a Share Appreciation Right granted under the Plan shall be determined by the Committee; provided, however, no Share Appreciation Right shall be exercisable later than the tenth anniversary of the Grant Date.
(d) Vesting of Share Appreciation Rights. Each Share Appreciation Right may, but need not, vest and therefore become exercisable in periodic installments that may, but need not, be equal. The Share Appreciation Right may be subject to such other terms and conditions on the time or times when it may be exercised as the Committee may deem appropriate. The vesting provisions of individual Share Appreciation Rights may vary. No Share Appreciation Right may be exercised for a fraction of an Ordinary Share. The Committee may, but shall not be required to, provide for an acceleration of vesting and exercisability in the terms of any Share Appreciation Right upon the occurrence of a specified event.
(e) Exercise. Upon exercise of a Share Appreciation Right, the holder shall be entitled to receive from the Company an amount equal to the number of Ordinary Shares subject to the Share Appreciation Right that is being exercised multiplied by the excess of (i) the Fair Market Value of an Ordinary Share on the date the Award is exercised, over (ii) the exercise price specified in the Share Appreciation Right or related Option.
(f) Exercise Price. The exercise price of a Share Appreciation Right shall be determined by the Committee, but shall not be less than 100% of the Fair Market Value of one Ordinary Share on the Grant Date of such Share Appreciation Right. Notwithstanding the foregoing, a Share Appreciation Right may be granted with an exercise price lower than that set forth in the preceding sentence if such Share Appreciation Right is granted pursuant to an assumption or substitution for another option in a manner satisfying the provisions of Section 409A of the Code. A Share Appreciation Right granted simultaneously with or subsequent to the grant of an Option and in conjunction therewith or in the alternative thereto shall have the same exercise price as the related Option, shall be transferable only upon the same terms and conditions as the related Option, and shall be exercisable only to the same extent as the related Option; provided, however, that a Share Appreciation Right, by its terms, shall be exercisable only when the Fair Market Value per Ordinary Share subject to the Share Appreciation Right and related Option exceeds the exercise price per share thereof and no Share Appreciation Rights may be granted in tandem with an Option unless the Committee determines that the requirements of Section 7.1(b) are satisfied.
7.2 Restricted Awards.
(a) General. A Restricted Award is an Award of actual Ordinary Shares (“Restricted Share”) or hypothetical Ordinary Share units (“Restricted Share Units”) having a value equal to the Fair Market Value of an identical number of Ordinary Shares, which may, but need not, provide that such Restricted Award may not be sold, assigned, transferred or otherwise disposed of, pledged or hypothecated as collateral for a loan or as security for the performance of any obligation or for any other purpose for such period (the “Restricted Period”) as the Committee shall determine. Each Restricted Award granted under the Plan shall be evidenced by an Award Agreement. Each Restricted Award so granted shall be subject to the conditions set forth in this Section 7.2, and to such other conditions not inconsistent with the Plan as may be reflected in the applicable Award Agreement.
(b) Restricted Share and Restricted Share Units.
| (i) | Each Participant granted Restricted Share shall execute and deliver to the Company an Award Agreement with respect to the Restricted Share setting forth the restrictions and other terms and conditions applicable to such Restricted Share. If the Committee determines that the |
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| Restricted Share shall be held by the Company or in escrow rather than delivered to the Participant pending the release of the applicable restrictions, the Committee may require the Participant to additionally execute and deliver to the Company (A) an escrow agreement satisfactory to the Committee, if applicable; and (B) the appropriate blank share power with respect to the Restricted Share covered by such agreement. If a Participant fails to execute an agreement evidencing an Award of Restricted Share and, if applicable, an escrow agreement and Share power, the Award shall be null and void. Subject to the restrictions set forth in the Award, the Participant generally shall have the rights and privileges of a shareholder as to such Restricted Share, including the right to vote such Restricted Share and the right to receive dividends; provided however that dividends (other than share dividends to be issued pursuant to Section 11) may accrue but shall not be paid prior to the time, and only to the extent that, the restrictions on the Ordinary Shares subject to the Restricted Share to which it relates lapses. |
| (ii) | The terms and conditions of a grant of Restricted Share Units shall be reflected in an Award Agreement. No Ordinary Shares shall be issued at the time a Restricted Share Unit is granted, and the Company will not be required to set aside a fund for the payment of any such Award. A Participant shall have no voting rights with respect to any Restricted Share Units granted hereunder. At the discretion of the Committee, each Restricted Share Unit (representing one Ordinary Share) may be credited with cash paid by the Company in respect of one Ordinary Share (“Dividend Equivalents”). Dividend Equivalents shall be paid only upon the vesting of a Restricted Share Unit and in accordance with Section 409A of the Code if paid to a tax resident of the United States. |
(c) Restrictions.
| (i) | Restricted Share awarded to a Participant shall be subject to the following restrictions until the expiration of the Restricted Period, and to such other terms and conditions as may be set forth in the applicable Award Agreement: (A) if an escrow arrangement is used, the Participant shall not be entitled to delivery of the share certificate; (B) the shares shall be subject to the restrictions on transferability set forth in the Award Agreement; (C) the shares shall be subject to forfeiture to the extent provided in the applicable Award Agreement; and (D) to the extent such shares are forfeited, the share certificates shall be returned to the Company, and all rights of the Participant to such shares and as a shareholder with respect to such shares shall terminate without further obligation on the part of the Company. |
| (ii) | Restricted Share Units awarded to any Participant shall be subject to (A) forfeiture until the expiration of the Restricted Period, to the extent provided in the applicable Award Agreement, and to the extent such Restricted Share Units are forfeited, all rights of the Participant to such Restricted Share Units, including Dividend Equivalents, shall terminate without further obligation on the part of the Company; and (B) such other terms and conditions as may be set forth in the applicable Award Agreement. |
| (iii) | The Committee shall have the authority to remove any or all of the restrictions on the Restricted Share, Restricted Share Units whenever it may determine that, by reason of changes in Applicable Laws or other changes in circumstances arising after the date the Restricted Share or Restricted Share Units are granted, such action is appropriate. |
(d) Restricted Period. With respect to Restricted Awards, the Restricted Period shall commence on the Grant Date and end at the time or times set forth on a schedule established by the Committee in the applicable Award Agreement. No Restricted Award may be granted or settled for a fraction of an Ordinary Share. The Committee may, but shall not be required to, provide for an acceleration of vesting in the terms of any Award Agreement upon the occurrence of a specified event.
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(e) Delivery of Restricted Shares; Settlement of Restricted Share Units. Upon the expiration of the Restricted Period with respect to any Restricted Shares, the restrictions set forth in Section 7.2(c) and the applicable Award Agreement shall be of no further force or effect with respect to such shares, except as set forth in the applicable Award Agreement. If an escrow arrangement is used, upon such expiration, the Company shall deliver to the Participant, or his or her beneficiary, without charge, the share certificate evidencing the Restricted Shares which have not then been forfeited and with respect to which the Restricted Period has expired (to the nearest full share) and any cash dividends or share dividends credited to the Participant’s account with respect to such Restricted Shares and the interest thereon, if any. Upon the expiration of the Restricted Period with respect to any outstanding Restricted Share Units unless payment is further deferred in compliance with Applicable Laws including, but not limited to Section 409A of the Code, the Company shall deliver to the Participant, or his or her beneficiary, without charge, one Ordinary Share for each outstanding vested Restricted Share Unit and cash equal to any Dividend Equivalents credited with respect to each such vested Restricted Share Unit in accordance with Section 7.2(b)(ii) hereof and the interest thereon or, at the discretion of the Committee, in Ordinary Shares having a Fair Market Value equal to such Dividend Equivalents and the interest thereon, if any; provided, however, that, if explicitly provided in the applicable Award Agreement, the Committee may, in its sole discretion, elect to pay cash or part cash and part Ordinary Shares in lieu of delivering only Ordinary Shares for vested Restricted Share Units. If a cash payment is made in lieu of delivering Ordinary Shares, the amount of such payment shall be equal to the Fair Market Value of an Ordinary Share as of the date on which the Restricted Period lapsed in the case of Restricted Share Units.
(f) Share Restrictions. Each certificate representing Restricted Share awarded under the Plan shall bear a legend in such form as the Company deems appropriate.
(g) Performance Awards. Restricted Awards may be granted at the sole discretion of the Committee, with vesting conditions based on the attainment of written Performance Goals. The Committee shall determine the performance period and whether, with respect to a performance period, the applicable Performance Goals have been met with respect to a given Participant and, if they have, to so certify and ascertain the amount of the applicable Performance Award. No Performance Awards will be issued for such performance period until such certification is made by the Committee. The number Ordinary Shares issued in respect of a Performance Award to a given Participant may be less than the amount determined by the applicable Performance Goal formula, at the discretion of the Committee. The number of Ordinary Shares issued in respect of a Performance Award determined by the Committee for a performance period shall be paid to the Participant at such time as determined by the Committee in its sole discretion after the end of such performance period and any dividends (other than share dividends to be issued pursuant to Section 11) or Dividend Equivalents that accrue shall only be paid in respect of the number of Ordinary Shares earned in respect of a Performance Award.
8. Securities Law Compliance. Each Award Agreement shall provide that no Ordinary Shares shall be purchased or sold thereunder unless and until (a) any then Applicable Laws have been fully complied with to the satisfaction of the Company and its counsel; and (b) if required to do so by the Company, the Participant has executed and delivered to the Company a letter of investment intent in such form and containing such provisions as the Committee may require. The Company shall use reasonable efforts to seek to obtain from each regulatory commission or agency having jurisdiction over the Plan such authority as may be required to grant Awards and to issue and sell Ordinary Shares upon exercise of the Awards; provided, however, that this undertaking shall not require the Company to register the Ordinary Shares, the Plan or any Award under the Securities Act with the U.S Securities and Exchange Commission or with any state securities commission or stock exchange or under any other Applicable Laws. If, after reasonable efforts, the Company is unable to obtain from any such regulatory commission or agency the authority which counsel for the Company deems necessary for the lawful issuance and sale of Ordinary Shares under the Plan, the Company shall be relieved from any liability for failure to issue and sell Ordinary Shares upon exercise of such Awards unless and until such authority is obtained.
9. Use of Proceeds from Shares. Proceeds from the sale of Ordinary Shares pursuant to Awards, or upon exercise thereof, shall constitute general funds of the Company.
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10. Miscellaneous.
10.1 Acceleration of Exercisability and Vesting. The Committee shall have the power to accelerate the time at which an Award may first be exercised or the time during which an Award or any part thereof will vest in accordance with the Plan, notwithstanding the provisions in the Award stating the time at which it may first be exercised or the time during which it will vest.
10.2 Shareholder Rights. Except as provided in the Plan or an Award Agreement, no Participant shall be deemed to be the holder of, or to have any of the rights of a holder with respect to, any Ordinary Shares subject to such Award unless and until such Participant has satisfied all requirements for exercise of the Award pursuant to its terms and no adjustment shall be made for dividends (ordinary or extraordinary, whether in cash, securities or other property) or distributions of other rights for which the record date is prior to the date such Ordinary Shares are issued, except as provided in Section 11 hereof. Any dividends or Dividend Equivalents shall in all events be subject to the same vesting and forfeiture restrictions as apply to the Award to which they relate.
10.3 No Employment or Other Service Rights. Nothing in the Plan or any instrument executed or Award granted pursuant thereto shall confer upon any Participant any right to continue to serve the Company or an Affiliate in the capacity in effect at the time the Award was granted or shall affect the right of the Company or an Affiliate to terminate (a) the employment of an Employee with or without notice and with or without Cause; or (b) the service of a Director pursuant to the Articles of Association of the Company or an Affiliate, and any applicable provisions of the corporate law of the state in which the Company or the Affiliate is incorporated, as the case may be.
10.4 Transfer; Approved Leave of Absence. For purposes of the Plan, no termination of employment by an Employee shall be deemed to result from either (a) a transfer of employment to the Company from an Affiliate or from the Company to an Affiliate, or from one Affiliate to another; or (b) an approved leave of absence for military service or sickness, or for any other purpose approved by the Company, if the Employee’s right to reemployment is guaranteed either by a statute or by contract or under the policy pursuant to which the leave of absence was granted or if the Committee otherwise so provides in writing, in either case, except to the extent inconsistent with Applicable Laws, including but not limited to Section 409A of the Code if the applicable Award is subject thereto.
10.5 Withholding Obligations. To the extent provided by the terms of an Award Agreement and subject to the discretion of the Committee, the Participant may satisfy any foreign, federal, state or local tax withholding obligation relating to the exercise or acquisition of Ordinary Shares under an Award by any of the following means (in addition to the Company’s right to withhold from any compensation paid to the Participant by the Company) or by a combination of such means: (a) tendering a cash payment; (b) authorizing the Company to withhold Ordinary Shares from the Ordinary Shares otherwise issuable to the Participant as a result of the exercise or acquisition of Ordinary Shares under the Award, provided, however, that no Ordinary Shares are withheld with a value exceeding the maximum amount of tax required to be withheld by Applicable Laws; or (c) delivering to the Company previously owned and unencumbered Ordinary Shares of the Company.
11. Adjustments Upon Changes in Shares. In the event of changes in the outstanding Ordinary Shares or in the capital structure of the Company by reason of any share or extraordinary cash dividend, share split, reverse share split, an extraordinary corporate transaction such as any recapitalization, reorganization, merger, consolidation, combination, exchange, or other relevant change in capitalization occurring after the Grant Date of any Award, Awards granted under the Plan and any Award Agreements, the exercise price of Options and Share Appreciation Rights, the maximum number of Ordinary Shares subject to all Awards stated in Section 4 will be equitably adjusted or substituted, as to the number, price or kind of an Ordinary Share or other consideration subject to such Awards to the extent necessary to preserve the economic intent of such Award. In the case of adjustments made pursuant to this Section 11, unless the Committee specifically determines that such adjustment is in the best interests of the Company or its Affiliates, the Committee shall, in the case of Incentive Share Options, ensure that
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any adjustments under this Section 11 will not constitute a modification, extension or renewal of the Incentive Share Options within the meaning of Section 424(h)(3) of the Code and in the case of Non-qualified Share Options, ensure that any adjustments under this Section 11 will not constitute a modification of such Non-qualified Share Options within the meaning of Section 409A of the Code. The Company shall give each Participant notice of an adjustment hereunder and, upon notice, such adjustment shall be conclusive and binding for all purposes.
12. Effect of Corporate Transaction.
12.1 The obligations of the Company under the Plan and the Award Agreements shall be binding upon any successor corporation or organization resulting from the merger, consolidation or other reorganization of the Company, or upon any successor corporation or organization succeeding to all or substantially all of the assets and business of the Company and its Affiliates, taken as a whole (a “Corporate Transaction”).
12.2 In the event of a Corporate Transaction, the Board may take one or more of the following actions with respect to Options and Share Appreciation Rights: (i) make appropriate provision for the continuation of the Option or Share Appreciation Right by substituting on an equitable basis for the Ordinary Shares then subject to such Option or Share Appreciation Right either the consideration payable with respect to the outstanding Ordinary Shares in connection with the Corporate Transaction or securities of any successor or acquiring entity; (ii) require that Participants surrender their outstanding Options or Share Appreciation Rights in exchange for a payment by the Company, in cash or Ordinary Shares as determined by the Board, in an amount equal to the amount by which the then Fair Market Value of the Ordinary Shares subject to such vested Option or Share Appreciation Right exceeds the Exercise Price; or (iii) after giving Participants an opportunity to exercise to the extent vested their outstanding Options or Share Appreciation Rights, terminate any or all unexercised Options and Share Appreciation Rights at such time as the Board deems appropriate. Such surrender or termination shall take place as of the date of the Corporate Transaction or such other date as the Board may specify.
12.3 In the event of a Corporate Transaction with respect to outstanding Restricted Awards, the Board, shall make appropriate provision for the continuation of such Restricted Awards on the same terms and conditions by substituting on an equitable basis for the Ordinary Shares then subject to such Restricted Awards either the consideration payable with respect to the outstanding Ordinary Shares in connection with the Corporate Transaction or securities of any successor or acquiring entity. In lieu of the foregoing, in connection with any Corporate Transaction, the Board may provide that, upon consummation of the Corporate Transaction, each outstanding Restricted Award shall be terminated in exchange for payment of an amount equal to the consideration payable upon consummation of such Corporate Transaction to a holder of the number of Ordinary Shares comprising such Restricted Award to then extent then vested.
13. Amendment of the Plan and Awards.
13.1 Amendment of Plan. The Board at any time, and from time to time, may amend or terminate the Plan. However, except as provided in Section 11 relating to adjustments upon changes in Ordinary Shares and Section 13.3, no amendment shall be effective unless approved by the shareholders of the Company to the extent shareholder approval is necessary to satisfy any Applicable Laws. At the time of such amendment, the Board shall determine, upon advice from counsel, whether such amendment will be contingent on shareholder approval.
13.2 Shareholder Approval. The Board will, submit any amendment to the Plan for shareholder approval if required under Applicable Laws. Other than as set forth in Section 12 of the Plan, the Board may not without shareholder approval reduce the exercise price of a share option or share appreciation right or cancel any outstanding Share Option or Share Appreciation Right Award in exchange for a replacement Award having a lower exercise price, any other Award or for cash. In addition, the Board shall not take any other action that is considered a direct or indirect “repricing” for purposes of the shareholder approval rules of the applicable securities exchange or inter-dealer quotation system on which the Ordinary Shares are listed, including any other action that is treated as a repricing under generally accepted accounting principles.
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13.3 Contemplated Amendments. It is expressly contemplated that the Board may amend the Plan in any respect the Board deems necessary or advisable to provide eligible Employees, Consultants and Directors with the maximum benefits provided or to be provided under the provisions of the Code relating to Incentive Share Options or to the nonqualified deferred compensation provisions of Section 409A of the Code and/or to bring the Plan and/or Awards granted under it into compliance therewith.
13.4 No Impairment of Rights. Rights under any Award granted before amendment of the Plan shall not adversely affect the Participant’s material rights by any amendment of the Plan unless (a) the Company requests the consent of the Participant; and (b) the Participant consents in writing.
13.5 Amendment of Awards. The Committee at any time, and from time to time, may amend the terms of any one or more Awards; provided, however, that the Committee may not affect any amendment which would adversely affect the Participant’s material rights under any Award unless (a) the Company requests the consent of the Participant; and (b) the Participant consents in writing.
14. General Provisions.
14.1 Other Compensation Arrangements. Nothing contained in this Plan shall prevent the Board from adopting other or additional compensation arrangements, subject to shareholder approval if such approval is required; and such arrangements may be either generally applicable or applicable only in specific cases.
14.2 Unfunded Plan. The Plan shall be unfunded. Neither the Company, the Board nor the Committee shall be required to establish any special or separate fund or to segregate any assets to assure the performance of its obligations under the Plan.
14.3 Recapitalizations and Reorganizations. Each Award Agreement shall contain provisions required to reflect the provisions of Sections 11 and 12.
14.4 Delivery. Upon exercise of a right granted under this Plan, the Company shall issue Ordinary Shares or pay any amounts due within a reasonable period of time thereafter. Subject to any statutory or regulatory obligations the Company may otherwise have, for purposes of this Plan, 30 days shall be considered a reasonable period of time.
14.5 No Fractional Shares. No fractional Ordinary Shares shall be issued or delivered pursuant to the Plan. The Committee shall determine whether cash, additional Awards or other securities or property shall be issued or paid in lieu of fractional Ordinary Shares or whether any fractional shares should be rounded, forfeited or otherwise eliminated.
14.6 Other Provisions. The Award Agreements authorized under the Plan may contain such other provisions not inconsistent with this Plan, including, without limitation, restrictions upon the exercise of the Awards, as the Committee may deem advisable.
14.7 Section 409A. The Plan is intended to comply with Section 409A of the Code to the extent subject thereto, and, accordingly, to the maximum extent permitted, the Plan shall be interpreted and administered to be in compliance therewith. Any payments described in the Plan that are due within the “short-term deferral period” as defined in Section 409A of the Code shall not be treated as deferred compensation unless Applicable Laws require otherwise. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in the Plan, to the extent required to avoid accelerated taxation and tax penalties under Section 409A of the Code, amounts that would otherwise be payable and benefits that would otherwise be provided pursuant to the Plan during the 6 month period immediately following the Participant’s termination of Continuous Service shall instead be paid on the first payroll date after the 6 month anniversary of the Participant’s separation from service (or the Participant’s death, if earlier). Notwithstanding the foregoing, neither the Company nor the Committee shall have any obligation to take any action to prevent the assessment of any excise tax or penalty on any Participant under Section 409A of the Code and neither the Company nor the Committee will have any liability to any Participant for such tax or penalty.
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14.8 Disqualifying Dispositions. Any Participant who shall make a “disposition” (as defined in Section 424 of the Code) of all or any portion of Ordinary Shares acquired upon exercise of an Incentive Share Option within two years from the Grant Date of such Incentive Share Option or within one year after the issuance of the Ordinary Shares acquired upon exercise of such Incentive Share Option (a “Disqualifying Disposition”) shall be required if requested by the Company to immediately advise the Company in writing as to the occurrence of the sale and the price realized upon the sale of such Ordinary Shares.
14.9 Section 16. It is the intent of the Company that the Plan satisfy, and be interpreted in a manner that satisfies, the applicable requirements of Rule 16b-3 as promulgated under Section 16 of the Exchange Act so that Participants will be entitled to the benefit of Rule 16b-3, or any other rule promulgated under Section 16 of the Exchange Act, and will not be subject to short-swing liability under Section 16 of the Exchange Act. Accordingly, if the operation of any provision of the Plan would conflict with the intent expressed in this Section 14.9 such provision to the extent possible shall be interpreted and/or deemed amended so as to avoid such conflict.
14.10 Beneficiary Designation. Each Participant under the Plan may from time to time name any beneficiary or beneficiaries by whom any right under the Plan is to be exercised in case of such Participant’s death. Each designation will revoke all prior designations by the same Participant, shall be in a form reasonably prescribed by the Committee and shall be effective only when filed by the Participant in writing with the Company during the Participant’s lifetime.
14.11 Expenses. The costs of administering the Plan shall be paid by the Company.
14.12 Severability. If any of the provisions of the Plan or any Award Agreement is held to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable, whether in whole or in part, such provision shall be deemed modified to the extent, but only to the extent, of such invalidity, illegality or unenforceability and the remaining provisions shall not be affected thereby.
14.13 Plan Headings. The headings in the Plan are for purposes of convenience only and are not intended to define or limit the construction of the provisions hereof.
14.14 Non-Uniform Treatment. The Committee’s determinations under the Plan need not be uniform and may be made by it selectively among persons who are eligible to receive, or actually receive, Awards. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the Committee shall be entitled to make non-uniform and selective determinations, amendments and adjustments, and to enter into non-uniform and selective Award Agreements.
15. Effective Date and Termination or Suspension of Plan. The Plan shall become effective as of the Effective Date and shall terminate at the earliest of (a) such time as no Shares remain available for issuance under the Plan, (b) termination of the Plan by the Board, or (c) the tenth anniversary of the Effective Date. Awards outstanding upon expiration of the Plan shall remain in effect until they have been exercised or terminated, or have expired. No grants of Incentive Stock Options may be made under the Plan on or after June 15, 2031. The Board may suspend or terminate the Plan at any earlier date pursuant to Section 13.1 hereof. No Awards may be granted under the Plan while the Plan is suspended or after it is terminated.
16. Choice of Law. The applicable laws of the State of Delaware, United States of America shall govern all questions concerning the construction, validity and interpretation of this Plan unless this Plan so specifies the interpretation of other Applicable Laws then, in such case, those Applicable Laws shall govern.
17. Clawback. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Plan, the Company may recover from a Participant any compensation received from any Award (whether or not vested or settled) or cause a Participant to forfeit any Award (whether or not vested) in the event that the Company’s Clawback Policy then in effect is triggered.
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WAVE LIFE SCIENCES LTD. C/O 733 CONCORD AVENUE CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 ATTN: LINDA ROCKETT |
VOTE BY MAIL or scan the QR Barcode above Mark, sign and date your proxy card and return it in the postage-paid envelope we have provided or return it to Vote Processing, c/o Broadridge, 51 Mercedes Way, Edgewood, NY 11717. |
TO VOTE, MARK BLOCKS BELOW IN BLUE OR BLACK INK AS FOLLOWS:
| V76326-P35775-P35600 | KEEP THIS PORTION FOR YOUR RECORDS | |||
| – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – | ||||
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THIS PROXY CARD IS VALID ONLY WHEN SIGNED AND DATED. |
DETACH AND RETURN THIS PORTION ONLY | |||
WAVE LIFE SCIENCES LTD.
| The Board of Directors recommends a vote FOR all of the director | ||||||
| nominees listed in Proposal 1 and FOR Proposals 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 and 1 YEAR on Proposal 7. |
| 1. The election of the nominees for director: |
For | Against | Abstain | |||||
| 1a. | Paul B. Bolno, M.D., MBA | |||||||
| 1b. | Mark H. N. Corrigan, M.D. | |||||||
| 1c. | Christian Henry | |||||||
| 1d. | Peter Kolchinsky, Ph.D. | |||||||
| 1e. | Adrian Rawcliffe | |||||||
| 1f. | Ken Takanashi | |||||||
| 1g. | Aik Na Tan | |||||||
| 1h. | Gregory L. Verdine, Ph.D. | |||||||
| 1i. | Heidi L. Wagner, J.D. | |||||||
| 2. To approve the re-appointment of KPMG LLP to serve as our independent registered public accounting firm and independent Singapore auditor for the year ending December 31, 2025, and to authorize the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors to fix KPMG LLP’s remuneration for services provided through the date of our 2026 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders. |
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For |
Against |
Abstain | ||||||||
| 3. | To approve our payment of cash and equity-based compensation to non-employee directors for service on the Board of Directors and its committees, in the manner and on the basis set forth under “Proposal 3: Non-Employee Directors’ Compensation” in the proxy statement. |
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| 4. | To approve a proposed amendment to our 2021 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended, in the manner and on the basis as set forth under “Proposal 4: Approval of an Amendment to the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended” in the proxy statement. |
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| 5. | To authorize the Board of Directors to allot and issue Ordinary Shares of Wave Life Sciences Ltd. |
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| 6. | To approve, by a non-binding advisory vote, the compensation of our named executive officers as disclosed in the proxy statement. |
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| 1 Year | 2 Years | 3 Years | Abstain | |||||||
| 7. | To approve, on a non-binding, advisory basis only, the frequency of holding future shareholder advisory votes on the compensation of our named executive officers. |
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| 8. | To transact such other business as may properly come before the 2025 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders and all adjournments or postponements thereof. |
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| Yes | No | |||||||||
| Please indicate if you plan to attend the 2025 Annual General Meeting. |
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Please sign exactly as your name(s) appear(s) hereon. When signing as attorney, executor, administrator, or other fiduciary, please give full title as such. Joint owners should each sign personally. All holders must sign. If a corporation or partnership, please sign in full corporate or partnership name by authorized officer.
| Signature [PLEASE SIGN WITHIN BOX] | Date | Signature (Joint Owners) | Date |
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Wave Life Sciences Ltd.
2025 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders
Tuesday, August 5, 2025, 11:30 a.m., Eastern Time
Wave Life Sciences Ltd.
733 Concord Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138
Upon arrival, please present this admission ticket
and photo identification at the registration desk.
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IMPORTANT NOTICE REGARDING THE AVAILABILITY OF PROXY MATERIALS FOR THE 2025 ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING OF SHAREHOLDERS:
The notice, proxy statement and our 2024 annual report to shareholders are available for viewing, printing and downloading at www.proxyvote.com
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Vote by Mail
Whether or not you expect to attend the 2025 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders, please mark,
sign and date your proxy card and return it in the postage-paid envelope we have provided or return it to
Vote Processing, c/o Broadridge, 51 Mercedes Way, Edgewood, NY 11717.
YOUR PROXY CARD MUST BE RECEIVED AT THE ADDRESS ABOVE NOT LESS THAN 48 HOURS BEFORE THE TIME
APPOINTED FOR HOLDING THE 2025 ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING OF SHAREHOLDERS (OR WITHIN SUCH OTHER TIME
AS MAY BE REQUIRED BY THE SINGAPORE COMPANIES ACT).
– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
V76327-P35775-P35600
Proxy - WAVE LIFE SCIENCES LTD. (Incorporated in the Republic of Singapore;
Company Registration Number 201218209G)
2025 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders
August 5, 2025
This proxy is solicited by the Board of Directors
Paul B. Bolno, M.D., MBA, and in his absence, Linda Rockett, Esq., each with the power of substitution and each with the full power to act alone, are hereby authorized as Proxies to represent and vote the ordinary shares of Wave Life Sciences Ltd. owned by the undersigned, with all the powers which the undersigned would possess if personally present, at the 2025 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders of Wave Life Sciences Ltd. to be held on August 5, 2025 or at any postponement or adjournment thereof.
Shares represented by this proxy will be voted by the Proxies as directed herein by the shareholder. If no such directions are indicated, the Proxies will have authority to vote FOR the director nominees listed in Proposal 1, FOR Proposal 2, FOR Proposal 3, FOR Proposal 4, FOR Proposal 5, FOR Proposal 6 and 1 YEAR on Proposal 7.
In their discretion, the Proxies are authorized to vote upon such other business as may properly come before the 2025 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders or at any adjournment or postponement thereof.
Continued and to be signed on reverse side