XChange TEC.INC 20-F for FY2025
XChange TEC.INC (XHG)
About this 20-F
XChange TEC.INC filed this 20-F on January 14, 2026, covering the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025 (FY2025).
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM
OR
For
the fiscal year ended
OR
OR
Date of event requiring this shell company report
For the transition period from to
Commission
file number:
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)
(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
People’s Republic of
(Address of principal executive offices)
Phone:
People’s
Republic of
(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act.
| Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered | ||
| * | As of the date of this annual report. Not for trading, but only in connection with the listing of American depositary shares on the NASDAQ Capital Market. |
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act.
Not
Applicable
(Title of Class)
Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act.
Not
Applicable
(Title of Class)
As of September
30, 2025, there were 123,715,022,675 ordinary shares outstanding, consisting of
Indicate
by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐
If this report
is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or
15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Yes ☐
Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange
Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2)
has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule
405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant
was required to submit and post such files).
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
| Large accelerated filer ☐ | Accelerated filer ☐ | |
| Emerging growth company |
If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13 (a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
| † | The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012. |
Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness
of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered
public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.
If securities
are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included
in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive- based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐
Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:
| International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ☐ | Other ☐ |
If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow. Item 17 ☐ Item 18 ☐
If this is
an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes
☐ No
(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court. Yes ☐ No ☐
TABLE OF CONTENTS
i
INTRODUCTION
Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires in this annual report on Form 20-F:
| ● | “ADSs” refers to our American depositary shares, each of which represents 2,400 Class A ordinary shares as of the date of this annual report; |
| ● | “Acquisition” has the meaning ascribed to it in the note below**; |
| ● | “Alpha Mind” refers to Alpha Mind Technology Limited, a company incorporated under the laws of the British Virgin Islands, and, if applicable, its consolidated entities; |
| ● | “China” or the “PRC” refers to the People’s Republic of China, including, for the purposes of this annual report, Hong Kong and Macau, unless referencing specific laws and regulations and other legal and tax matters applicable only to mainland China, and excluding, for the purposes of this annual report only, Taiwan; |
| ● | “CBIRC” means the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission; |
| ● | “Continuing Operations” has the meaning ascribed to it in the note below*; |
| ● | “Current VIEs” or “VIEs” refer to Huaming Insurance Agency Co., Ltd. and Huaming Yunbao (Tianjin) Technology Co., Ltd.**; |
| ● | “Current WFOE” or “Alpha Mind WFOE” refer to Jiachuang Yingan (Beijing) Information & Technology Co., Ltd.**; |
| ● | “Discontinued Operations” has the meaning ascribed to it in the note below*; |
| ● | “Disposal” has the meaning ascribed to it in “Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and development of the Company”; |
| ● | “Disposed Business” has the meaning ascribed to it in “Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and development of the Company”; |
| ● | “Notes” has the meaning ascribed to it in “Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and development of the Company”; |
| ● | “ordinary shares” refers to our Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares, par value US$0.0000001 per share as of the date of this annual report; |
| ● | “RMB” and “Renminbi” refer to the legal currency of mainland China; |
| ● | “US$,” “U.S. dollars,” “$,” and “dollars” refer to the legal currency of the United States; |
| ● | “VIE” refers to variable interest entity; and |
| ● | “we,” “us,” “our company,” “our,” “the Company”, and “the Group” means, XChange TEC.INC (formerly known as FLJ Group Limited) and its subsidiaries, which include Alpha Mind following the consummation of the Acquisition. XChange TEC.INC is a Cayman Islands holding company with no operations of its own and conducts its business through its subsidiaries and the Current VIEs in China. The Current VIEs are consolidated for accounting purposes but are not entities in which XChange TEC.INC owns any equity. |
ii
| * | On October 26, 2021 and December 17, 2021, XChange TEC.INC, then named FLJ Group Limited (together with its consolidated subsidiaries, the “Group”), transferred all of its equity interest in Shanghai Qingke Investment Consulting Co., Ltd. (“Q&K Investment Consulting”) and Qingke (China) Limited (“Q&K HK”), respectively, to Wangxiancai Limited, which was a related party of the Group and is beneficially owned by the legal representative and executive director of one of the Group’s subsidiaries (the “First Equity Transfer”). As of September 30, 2022, the Group did not account for the transfer of equity interest in Q&K HK, Q&K Investment Consulting and Q&K E-commerce as a discontinued operation, as XChange TEC.INC was the primary beneficiary of Q&K HK, Q&K Investment Consulting and Q&K E-commerce as XChange TEC.INC had the power to direct the activities of these companies that most significantly impact their economic performance and XChange TEC.INC had the obligation to absorb losses of these companies that could potentially be significant to these companies since their inception. On October 31, 2023, the Group transferred all of its equity interest in Haoju (Shanghai) Artificial Intelligence Technology Co., Ltd. (“Haoju”), to Wangxiancai Limited, at nominal consideration (the “Second Equity Transfer”). Upon the completion of the Second Equity Transfer, the Group no longer conducts long-term apartment rental business in China. The disposals of Q&K Investment Consulting, Q&K HK and Haoju are accounted as discontinued operations (“Discontinued Operations”). The remaining ongoing business operations of our Group (excluding these disposed entities) are accounted as continuing operations (“Continuing Operations”). See Note 1—Organization and Principal Activities to our consolidated financial statements for more information. |
| ** | On November 22, 2023, we entered into an equity acquisition agreement with Alpha Mind, an insurance agency and insurance technology business in the PRC, and Alpha Mind’s shareholders to acquire all of the issued and outstanding shares in Alpha Mind (the “Acquisition”). The Acquisition of Alpha Mind was consummated on December 28, 2023. Alpha Mind conducts its insurance agency and insurance technology businesses in the PRC through its indirectly wholly-owned subsidiary, Jiachuang Yingan (Beijing) Information & Technology Co., Ltd. (the “Current WFOE”) and the Current WFOE’s consolidated variable interest entities. In April 2022, Alpha Mind, through the Current WFOE, entered into contractual arrangements with Huaming Insurance Agency Co., Ltd. (“Huaming Insurance”) and Huaming Yunbao (Tianjin) Technology Co., Ltd. (“Huaming Yunbao, together with Huaming Insurance, the “Current VIEs”), respectively. Via such contractual arrangements (the “VIE Structure”), we are regarded as the primary beneficiary of the Current VIEs and consolidate the financial results of the Current VIEs under U.S. GAAP. The VIE structure is not equivalent of an investment in the equity interest of the Current VIEs. |
Our fiscal year-end is September 30. “FY 2023” refers to our fiscal year ended September 30, 2023, “FY 2024” refers to our fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, and “FY 2025” refers to our fiscal year ended September 30, 2025.
Our reporting currency is the Renminbi. This annual report on Form 20-F also contains translations of certain foreign currency amounts into U.S. dollars for the convenience of the reader. Unless otherwise stated, all translations from Renminbi to U.S. dollars were made at RMB7.1190 to US$1.00, the noon buying rate on September 30, 2025 set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the U.S. Federal Reserve Board. We make no representation that the Renminbi or U.S. dollar amounts referred to in this annual report could have been or could be converted into U.S. dollars or Renminbi, as the case may be, at any particular rate or at all. The PRC government restricts or prohibits the conversion of Renminbi into foreign currency and foreign currency into Renminbi for certain types of transactions. On January 9, 2026, the noon buying rate set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Federal Reserve Board was RMB 6.9772 to US$1.00.
Names of certain companies provided in this annual report are translated or transliterated from their original Chinese legal names.
Discrepancies in any table between the amounts identified as total amounts and the sum of the amounts listed therein are due to rounding.
iii
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This annual report on Form 20-F contains forward-looking statements that reflect our current expectations and views of future events. Known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, including those listed under “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors,” may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. These statements are made under the “safe harbor” provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigations Reform Act of 1995.
You can identify some of these forward-looking statements by words or phrases such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “aim,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “is/are likely to,” “potential,” “continue” or other similar expressions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements relating to:
| ● | our mission and strategies; |
| ● | our ability to continue as a going concern; |
| ● | our ability to integrate strategic investments, acquisitions and new business initiatives; |
| ● | our ability to continuously develop new technology, services and products and keep up with changes in the industries in which we operate; |
| ● | our ability to achieve or maintain profitability; |
| ● | general economic and business condition in China and elsewhere, particularly the insurance agency industry; |
| ● | our expectations regarding demand for and market acceptance of the products and services provided on our platform; |
| ● | our ability to retain and expand our customer base after the Acquisition, build customer loyalty and increase recognition of the Alpha Mind brand; |
| ● | our relationship with financial institution partners and third party product and service providers; and |
| ● | competition in the insurance agency industry. |
These forward-looking statements involve various risks and uncertainties. Although we believe that our expectations expressed in these forward-looking statements are reasonable, our expectations may later be found to be incorrect. Our actual results could be materially different from our expectations. You should thoroughly read this annual report and the documents that we refer to with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from and worse than what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.
This annual report contains certain data and information that we obtained from various government and private publications. Statistical data in these publications also include projections based on a number of assumptions. Our industry may not grow at the rate projected by market data, or at all. Failure of this market to grow at the projected rate may have material and adverse effect on our business and the market price of our ADSs. In addition, the rapidly changing nature of China’s insurance agency industry results in significant uncertainties for any projections or estimates relating to the growth prospects or future condition of our market. Furthermore, if any one or more of the assumptions underlying the market data are later found to be incorrect, actual results may differ from the projections based on these assumptions. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.
The forward-looking statements made in this annual report relate only to events or information as of the date on which the statements are made in this annual report. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, after the date on which the statements are made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.
iv
ENFORCEABILITY OF CIVIL LIABILITIES
We and the Current VIEs conduct substantially all of our operations in China and substantially all of our assets are located in China. In addition, a majority of our directors and executive officers reside within China, and most of the assets of these persons are located within China. As a result, it may be difficult for a shareholder to effect service of process within the United States upon us or these persons, or to enforce against us or them judgments obtained in United States courts, including judgments predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States. It may also be difficult for a shareholder to enforce judgments obtained in U.S. courts based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws against us and these persons located in China.
The recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments are provided for under the PRC Civil Procedure Law. PRC courts may recognize and enforce foreign judgments in accordance with the requirements of the PRC Civil Procedure Law based either on treaties between China and the country where the judgment is made or on reciprocity between different jurisdictions, and PRC courts will not recognize or enforce these foreign judgments if PRC courts believe the foreign judgments violate the basic principles of PRC laws or national sovereignty, security or public interest after review. However, currently, China does not have treaties or reciprocity arrangement providing for recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments ruled by courts in the United States. Thus, we believe that it is uncertain whether and on what basis a PRC court would enforce a judgment ruled by a court in the United States. As such, there is uncertainty as to the cost and time constraints associated with seeking enforcement of such a judgment in PRC.
In addition, under the PRC Civil Procedures Law, foreign shareholders may originate actions based on PRC law against a company in China for disputes if they can establish sufficient nexus to the PRC for a PRC court to have jurisdiction, and meet other procedural requirements, including, among others, the plaintiff must have a direct interest in the case, and there must be a concrete claim, a factual basis and a cause for the suit. We believe that it will be, however, difficult for U.S. shareholders to originate actions against us in the PRC in accordance with PRC laws by virtue only of holding securities, to establish a connection to the PRC for a PRC court to have jurisdiction as required under the PRC Civil Procedures Law.
v
PART I
ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS
Not applicable.
ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE
Not applicable.
ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION
For risks associated with being based in or having the majority of the operations in China, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China.”
Our Dual Class Share Structure
We have a dual class share structure. As of the date of this annual report, we had 123,715,022,675 ordinary shares outstanding, consisting of 111,851,094,785 Class A ordinary shares represented by 46,604,623 ADSs and 11,863,927,890 Class B ordinary shares. In respect of matters requiring the votes of shareholders, holders of Class A ordinary shares are entitled to one vote per share, while holders of Class B ordinary shares are entitled to ten votes per share.
Golden Stream Ltd., a company controlled by Mr. Yong Zhang, beneficially owns all of our issued Class B ordinary shares, representing 9.59% of the total outstanding share capital and 51.47% of the voting power of the Company as of the date of this annual report, due to the disparate voting powers associated with our dual-class structure. The Class B ordinary shares held by Golden Stream Ltd. represent the maximum number of shares underlying the Company’s share incentive plans adopted in 2022 (the “2022 Plan”), 2024 (the “2024 Plan) and 2025 (the “2025 Plan”). Golden Stream Ltd. and its controlling shareholder Mr. Zhang Yong have agreed to act upon the instructions from a committee of the Company (the “ESOP Operation Committee”), consisting of Yong Zhang and Jiaxing Chang, determined on a unanimous basis in relation to the voting and, prior to the vesting of the shares to the relevant grantee of the share-based awards under the 2022 Plan, 2024 Plan and 2025 Plan, the disposition of these Class B ordinary shares. As a result of the dual class share structure and the concentration of ownership, Golden Stream Ltd. and the ESOP Operation Committee have considerable influence over matters such as decisions regarding change of directors, mergers, change of control transactions and other significant corporate actions.
For details of the risks related to our dual class share structure, please see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to the ADSs—Our dual class share structure with different voting rights limits your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any change of control transactions that holders of our Class A ordinary shares and the ADSs may view as beneficial.”
Our Holding Company Structure and Contractual Arrangement with the Current VIEs and Their Shareholders
XChange TEC.INC is not an operating company but a Cayman Islands holding company. Our operations are primarily conducted through our PRC subsidiaries and other consolidated entities. Investors in our ADSs thus are purchasing equity interest in a Cayman Islands holding company and not in an operating entity. As a holding company, XChange TEC.INC may rely on dividends from its subsidiaries for cash requirements, including any payment of dividends to our shareholders. The ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends to XChange TEC.INC may be restricted by laws and regulations applicable to them or the debt they incur on their own behalf or the instruments governing their debt.
1
XChange TEC.INC conducts insurance agency businesses in the PRC through Alpha Mind and its indirectly wholly-owned subsidiary, the Current WFOE and the Current VIEs. In April 2022, Alpha Mind, through the Current WFOE, entered into contractual arrangements with Current VIEs, respectively. Via such contractual arrangements (the “VIE Structure”), we are regarded as the primary beneficiary of the Current VIEs and consolidate the financial results of the Current VIEs under U.S. GAAP. The contractual arrangements consist of powers of attorney, exclusive business cooperation agreements, exclusive option agreements, equity pledge agreements and spousal consent letters. Terms contained in each set of contractual arrangements with each of the Current VIEs and its respective shareholders are substantially similar. In particular, (i) pledge agreements, entered into between the Current WFOE and each of the Current VIEs and its shareholders, where each shareholder of the Current VIEs pledged his or her equity interest to the Current WFOE to ensure performance of their obligations under other relevant contractual arrangements, and in case of breach, the Current WFOE has the right to dispose of the pledged equity. Current VIEs’ shareholders are prohibited from disposing of the pledged equity or taking actions that could negatively impact the pledgee’s rights without the Current WFOE’s written consent until all obligations are discharged; (ii) power of attorney, entered into between the Current WFOE and the Current VIEs and their shareholders, where each shareholder of the Current VIEs authorizes Current WFOE’s designated individuals to act as his or her exclusive agents, exercising all associated rights regarding their equity interest in the Current VIEs, and the power of attorney remains valid as long as the shareholder holds shares in the Current VIEs; (iii) exclusive business cooperation agreement, entered into between the Current WFOE and each of the Current VIEs, granting the Current WFOE the exclusive right to provide services to the Current VIEs in exchange for a service fee equal to 100% of the consolidated net income, and also including the exclusive right for the Current WFOE to purchase the Current VIEs’ business or assets at the lowest permissible price under PRC law, with the agreement remaining in effect unless otherwise specified by the parties; (iv) exclusive option agreements, entered into between the Current WFOE and the each of the Current VIEs and its shareholders, granting the exclusive right to purchase the equity interests of the Current VIEs’ shareholders, while the Current WFOE is entitled to dividends and distributions, and the exclusive option agreements remain in effect until the transfer of all equity interests to the Current WFOE or its designated party; and (v) spousal consent letters, signed by each spouse of the relevant individual shareholders of the Current VIEs, stating that the disposition of the equity interest held by their spouse will be governed by the above-mentioned agreements, and their spouse undertake not to make any assertions to such equity interest. As a result of these contractual arrangements, we, through Alpha Mind and its subsidiaries (i) are able to consolidate the financial results of the Current VIEs, and (ii) receive substantially all of the economic benefits from the Current VIEs. The VIE structure is not equivalent of an investment in the equity interest of the Current VIEs. See “Item 4. Information on the Company — C. Organizational Structure — Contractual Arrangements” for details.
However, neither XChange TEC.INC nor the Current WFOE owns any equity interests in the Current VIEs. Our contractual arrangements with the Current VIEs and their nominee shareholders are not equivalent of an investment in the equity interest of the Current VIEs. Instead, as described above, we are regarded as the primary beneficiary of the Current VIEs and consolidate the financial results of the Current VIEs under U.S. GAAP in light of the VIE structure.
The VIE structure involves unique risks to investors in the ADSs. It may be less effective than direct ownership in providing us with operational control over the Current VIEs and we may incur substantial costs to enforce the terms of the arrangements. For instance, the Current VIEs and their shareholders could breach their contractual arrangements with us by, among other things, failing to conduct the operations of the Current VIEs in an acceptable manner or taking other actions that are detrimental to our interests. If we had direct ownership of the Current VIEs in China, we would be able to exercise our rights as a shareholder to effect changes in the board of directors of the Current VIEs, which in turn could implement changes, subject to any applicable fiduciary obligations, at the management and operational level. However, under the current contractual arrangements, we rely on the performance by the Current VIEs and their shareholders of their obligations under the contracts to direct the Current VIEs’ activities. The shareholders of the Current VIEs may not act in the best interests of our company or may not perform their obligations under these contracts. If any dispute relating to these contracts remains unresolved, we will have to enforce our rights under these contracts through the operations of PRC law and arbitration, litigation and other legal proceedings and therefore will be subject to uncertainties in the PRC legal system.
2
We may face challenges in enforcing the contractual arrangements due to jurisdictional and legal limitations. There are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current and future PRC laws, regulations and rules regarding the status of the rights of our Cayman Islands holding company with respect to its contractual arrangements with the Current VIEs and their nominee shareholders through our Current WFOE. As of the date of this annual report, the agreements under the contractual arrangements among our Current WFOE, the Current VIEs and their nominee shareholders have not been tested in a court of law. It is uncertain whether any new PRC laws or regulations relating to Current VIE structure will be adopted or, if adopted, what they would provide. If we or the Current VIEs are found to be in violation of any existing or future PRC laws or regulations or fail to obtain or maintain any of the required licenses, permits, registrations or approvals, the relevant PRC regulatory authorities would have broad discretion to take action in dealing with such violations or failures. The PRC regulatory authorities could disallow the Current VIE structure at any time in the future. If the PRC government deems that our contractual arrangements with the Current VIEs do not comply with PRC regulatory restrictions on foreign investment in the relevant industries, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change or are interpreted differently in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties and may incur substantial costs to enforce the terms of the arrangements, or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations. Our Cayman Islands holding company, our subsidiaries, the Current VIEs, and investors in our securities (including the ADS) face uncertainty with respect to potential future actions by the PRC government that could affect the enforceability of the contractual arrangements with the Current VIEs and, consequently, significantly affect the financial performance of our company and the Current VIEs as a whole. For details, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure.”
The following diagram illustrates our corporate structure, including our principal subsidiaries as of the date of this annual report.
 | Equity Interest |
 | VIE contractual arrangement |
3
Permissions Required from the PRC Authorities
We conduct our business in China through our subsidiaries and the Current VIEs. We are required to obtain certain permissions from the PRC authorities to operate, issue securities to foreign investors, and transfer certain data. The PRC government has exercised, and may continue to exercise, substantial influence or control over virtually every sector of the Chinese economy through regulation and state ownership. Our ability to operate in China may be undermined if our subsidiaries or the Current VIEs are not able to obtain or maintain approvals to operate in China. The central or local governments could impose new, stricter regulations or interpretations of existing regulations that could require additional expenditures, and efforts on our part to ensure our compliance with such regulations or interpretations. To operate our general business activities currently conducted in mainland China, each of the Current VIEs is required to obtain a business license from the local counterpart of the State Administration for Market Regulation, or SAMR. Each of the Current VIEs has obtained a valid business license from the local SAMR, and no application for any such license has been denied. In addition, the Current VIEs are also required to obtain insurance agency operating licenses pursuant to the PRC laws. As of the date of this annual report, as advised by our PRC legal counsel, Beijing Kingdom Law Firm, we and the Current VIEs have received all requisite permits, approvals and certificates from the PRC government authorities to conduct our business operations in China. To our knowledge, no permission or approval has been denied or revoked. However, given the uncertainties of interpretation and implementation of relevant laws and regulations and the enforcement practice by government authorities, we cannot be certain that relevant policies in this regard will not change in the future, which may require us or our subsidiaries or Current VIEs to obtain additional licenses, permits, filings or approvals for conducting our business in the PRC. If we or our subsidiaries or Current VIEs do not receive or maintain required permissions or approvals, or inadvertently conclude that such permissions or approvals are not required, we may be subject to governmental investigations or enforcement actions, fines, penalties, suspension of operations, or be prohibited from engaging in relevant business or conducting securities offering, and these risks could result in a material adverse change in our operations, significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors, or cause such securities to significantly decline in value or become worthless.
On December 28, 2021, CAC released the revised Cybersecurity Review Measures (the “Revised CAC Measures”) and became effective on February 15, 2022, which iterates that any “online platform operators” controlling personal information of more than one million users which seeks to list on a foreign stock exchange should also be subject to cybersecurity review. The Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021 version) further elaborates the factors to be considered when assessing the national security risks of the relevant activities, including, among others, (i) the risk of core data, important data or a large amount of personal information being stolen, leaked, destroyed, and illegally used or exited the country; and (ii) the risk of critical information infrastructure, core data, important data or a large amount of personal information being affected, controlled, or maliciously used by foreign governments after listing abroad. Our PRC counsel, Beijing Kingdom Law Firm, is of the view that because: (i) we are already listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market and do not “seek to list on any other foreign stock exchange”; (ii) we and the Current VIEs do not hold personal information on more than one million users; and (iii) data processed in our business does not have a bearing on national security and thus may not be classified as core or important data by the authorities, we are not required to apply for a cybersecurity review under the Revised CAC Measures.
On February 17, 2023, the CSRC issued the Trial Measures for the Administration of Overseas Issuance and Listing of Securities by Domestic Enterprises and five supporting guidelines, which became effective on March 31, 2023 (the “Overseas Listing Regulations”). The Overseas Listing Regulations are applicable to overseas securities offerings and/or listings conducted by issuers who are (i) companies incorporated in the PRC and (ii) companies incorporated overseas with substantial operations in the PRC. The Overseas Listing Regulations stipulate that such issuer shall fulfill the filing procedures within three working days after it makes an application for initial public offering and listing in an overseas stock market. Among other things, if an overseas listed issuer intends to effect any follow-on offering in an overseas stock market, it should, through its major operating entity incorporated in the PRC, submit filing materials to the CSRC within three working days after the completion of the offering. The required filing materials shall include, but not be limited to, (1) filing report and relevant commitment letter and (2) domestic legal opinions. Any failure of us to fully comply with new regulatory requirements may significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer our securities, cause significant disruption to our business operations, and severely damage our reputation, which would materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations and cause our securities to significantly decline in value or become worthless. In addition, on September 24, 2024, PRC State Council promulgated the Administration Regulations on Cyber Data Security, or the Cyber Data Security Regulation, which became effective on January 1, 2025. It sets out general guidelines, protection of personal information, security of important data, security management of cross-border data transfer, obligations of internet platform operators, supervision and management, and legal liabilities.
As advised by our PRC legal counsel, Beijing Kingdom Law Firm, we and the Current VIEs, (i) are not required to make the filing with the CSRC in connection with the Acquisition since the Acquisition does not involve any issuance or listing of shares or other equity-based securities of the Company on a stock exchange, which would trigger the filing requirement with the CSRC, (ii) are not required to go through cybersecurity review by the CAC since (a) we are already listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market and do not seek to list on any other foreign stock exchange; (b) we and the Current VIEs do not hold personal information of more than one million users; and (c) data processed in our business does not have a bearing on national security and thus may not be classified as core or important data by the authorities, and (iii) have not received or were denied such requisite permissions by any PRC authority in connection with the Acquisition.
4
Uncertainties exist as to the interpretation of these laws, regulations and policies and due to the possibility that laws, regulations, or policies in the PRC could change in the future. Any action by the PRC government expanding the categories of industries and companies whose foreign securities offerings are subject to review by the CSRC or the CAC or different or changing interpretation of these laws or regulations could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to engage in capital markets transactions offer or continue to offer securities to investors and could cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless. For more detailed information, see “Item 3. Key Information-D. Risk Factors-Risks Relating to Doing Business in China.”
For the risks related to the HFCA Act, see “—Risks Related to the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act” as set forth at the outset of Part I and “—Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—If the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or the PCAOB, is unable to inspect our auditors as required under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, the SEC will prohibit the trading of our ADSs. A trading prohibition for our ADSs, or the threat of a trading prohibition, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment. Additionally, the inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of our auditors would deprive our investors of the benefits of such inspections.”
Cash and Asset Flows Through Our Organization
Alpha Mind WFOE, the VIEs, or investors transfer funds through our organization under the applicable PRC laws and regulations. To the extent our cash in the business is in the PRC or a PRC entity, the funds may not be available to distribute dividends to our investors, or for other use outside of the PRC, due to interventions in or the imposition of restrictions and limitations on the ability of us, our subsidiaries, or the VIEs by the PRC government to transfer cash. As of the date of this annual report, none of XHG, its subsidiaries, or the VIEs has written cash management policies or procedures in place that dictate how funds are transferred. Rather, the funds can be transferred in accordance with the applicable PRC laws and regulations.
Transfers between the VIEs and Alpha Mind WFOE
The VIEs are the main operating entities, which receive their revenues in RMB. Alpha Mind WFOE may receive payments from the VIEs, pursuant to the Contractual Arrangements. There may also be transfers via intercompany loans between Alpha Mind WFOE and the VIEs.
Transfer between XHG, Alpha Mind HK and Alpha Mind WFOE
XHG and Alpha Mind HK are holding companies and may rely on dividends from Alpha Mind WFOE to fund cash and financing requirements. Cash transfers may also be in the form of capital injection from the holding companies to Alpha Mind WFOE or via intercompany loans between the holding companies and Alpha Mind WFOE. Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, such as profit distributions and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval from the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE, by complying with certain procedural requirements. Therefore, our PRC subsidiary, Alpha Mind WFOE, is able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to us without prior approval from SAFE, subject to the condition that the remittance of such dividends outside of the PRC complies with certain routine procedures under PRC foreign exchange regulations, such as the overseas investment registrations by shareholders who are PRC residents. Approval from or registration with appropriate government authorities is, however, required where the RMB is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. The PRC government may also at its discretion restrict access in the future to foreign currencies for current account transactions.
For our Hong Kong subsidiary, Alpha Mind HK, and the holding company, XChange TEC.INC, or the Non-PRC Entities, there is no restriction on foreign exchange for such entities and they are able to transfer cash among these entities, across borders and to U.S. investors. Also, there are no restrictions or limitations on the abilities of the Non-PRC Entities to distribute earnings from the businesses, including the subsidiaries and/or the consolidated VIEs, to XChange TEC.INC or from XChange TEC.INC to U.S. investors, as well as the ability to settle amounts owed under the Contractual Arrangements. There are also no restrictions or limitations on the ability of Alpha Mind WFOE to settle amounts owed under the Contractual Arrangements as both Alpha Mind WFOE and the VIEs are incorporated in China and the amount to be settled will be in RMB without foreign exchange control. For more details, see “Item 3 Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—PRC governmental control of currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our net revenues effectively and affect the value of your investment.”
5
We, XChange TEC.INC, are a Cayman Islands holding company, and we may rely principally on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our subsidiaries for cash and financing requirements we may have, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders and service any debt we may incur. If any of our subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us. As we conduct our operations in China primarily through our subsidiaries and the VIEs, our ability to pay dividends to the shareholders and to service any debt we may incur may depend upon dividends paid by our subsidiaries and license and service fees paid by the VIEs. Current PRC regulations permit Alpha Mind WFOE to pay dividends to the Company only out of its accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with Chinese accounting standards and regulations. Remittance of dividends by a wholly foreign-owned enterprise out of China is also subject to examination by the banks designated by SAFE. In addition, our subsidiaries and the VIEs in China are required to set aside at least 10% of their after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund a statutory reserve until such reserve reaches 50% of its registered capital. For more details, see “Item 3 Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.” Each such entity in China is also required to further set aside a portion of its after-tax profits to fund the employee welfare fund, although the amount to be set aside, if any, is determined at the discretion of its board of directors. For more details about the employee welfare fund, see “Item 3 Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Failure to make adequate contributions to various employee benefits plans as required by PRC regulations may subject us to penalties.” Although the statutory reserves can be used, among other ways, to increase the registered capital and eliminate future losses in excess of retained earnings of the respective companies, the reserve funds are not distributable as cash dividends except in the event of liquidation. In addition, the Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules provide that a withholding tax at a rate of 10% will be applicable to dividends payable by Chinese companies to non-PRC-resident enterprises unless reduced under treaties or arrangements between the PRC central government and the governments of other countries or regions where the non-PRC resident enterprises are tax resident. Pursuant to the tax agreement between mainland China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the withholding tax rate in respect to the payment of dividends by a PRC company to a Hong Kong resident enterprise may be reduced to 5% from a standard rate of 10%, if a Hong Kong resident enterprise owns more than 25% of the equity interest in the PRC company. Under the Notice of the State Taxation Administration on Issues regarding the Administration of the Dividend Provision in Tax Treaties promulgated in 2009, the taxpayer needs to satisfy certain conditions to enjoy the benefits under a tax treaty. These conditions include, but are not limited to: (i) the taxpayer must be the beneficial owner of the relevant dividends, and (ii) the corporate shareholder to receive dividends from the PRC subsidiaries must have met the direct ownership thresholds during the twelve consecutive months preceding the receipt of the dividends. Further, the State Taxation Administration, or the STA, promulgated the Announcement of the Certain Issues with Respect to the “Beneficial Owner” in Tax Treaties in 2018, which sets forth certain detailed factors in determining “beneficial owner” status, and specifically, if an applicant’s business activities do not constitute substantive business activities, the applicant will not qualify as a “beneficial owner”. Furthermore, the Administrative Measures for Non-resident Taxpayers to Enjoy Treatment under Treaties, which became effective in January 2020, require non-resident enterprises to determine whether they are qualified to enjoy the preferential tax treatment under the tax treaties and file relevant report with the tax authorities. Therefore, if the relevant tax authorities determine that our transactions or arrangements are for the primary purpose of enjoying a favorable tax treatment rather than substantive business activities, then we will not qualify as a “beneficial owner”, and the relevant tax authorities may adjust the favorable withholding tax in the future. Accordingly, there is no assurance that the reduced 5% withholding rate will apply to dividends received by our Hong Kong subsidiary from our PRC subsidiaries. This withholding tax will reduce the amount of dividends we may receive from our PRC subsidiaries. For more details, see “Item 3 Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.”
As of the date of this annual report, no dividends or distributions have been made to date between the holding company, XChange TEC.INC, its subsidiaries, and the consolidated VIEs, or to investors, including the U.S. investors (i.e., there have not been any dividends or distributions that a subsidiary or consolidated VIEs have made to the holding company, XChange TEC.INC, or to investors, including U.S. investors). The holding company, XChange TEC.INC, its subsidiaries, and the consolidated VIEs do not have any plans to distribute earnings or dividends or settle amounts owed under the Contractual Arrangements in the foreseeable future.
To the extent cash and/or assets in the business are in the PRC and/or Hong Kong or our PRC and/or Hong Kong entities, such funds and/or assets may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of the PRC and/or Hong Kong due to interventions in or the imposition of restrictions and limitations on the ability of us or our subsidiaries by the PRC government to transfer cash and/or assets. The cash transfer among the holding company, XChange TEC.INC, its subsidiaries and the consolidated VIEs is typically transferred through payment for intercompany services or intercompany borrowings between the holding company, XChange TEC.INC, its subsidiaries and the consolidated VIEs. There are no tax consequences for intercompany borrowings or the payment for intercompany services, except for the standard value added taxes and/or income taxes for the revenues and/or profits generated from such services.
During the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025, cash and other asset transfers between the holding company, XChange TEC.INC, its subsidiaries, and the consolidated VIEs were as follows:
| During the Fiscal Year Ended September 30, 2025 | ||||||||
| Transfer From | Transfer To | Approximate Value (RMB) | Type | |||||
| Alpha Mind HK | Xchange TEC.INC | 59,087,700 | Paid notes payable on behalf of XChange TEC.INC | |||||
Other than disclosed above, there were no cash or other asset transfers during the fiscal years ended September 30, 2023 between the holding company, Xchange TEC.INC, its subsidiaries, and the consolidated VIEs.
6
| A | [Reserved] |
Selected Financial Data
Financial Information Related to the VIEs
The following tables present the disaggregated condensed consolidating schedules of financial position as of September 30, 2025 and the disaggregated condensed consolidating schedules of cash flows and results of operations for the years ended September 30, 2025 of all of the entities that are consolidated in the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report, which are the following entities: Xchange TEC.INC, Alpha Mind HK, the VIEs, and Alpha Mind WFOE which is the primary beneficiary of the VIEs for accounting purposes.
| For the Year Ended September 30, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Condensed Consolidating Schedule of Financial Position | XChange TEC.INC | Alpha Mind HK | Alpha Mind WFOE | VIEs | Elimination | Consolidating | ||||||||||||||||||
| (RMB in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | — | 4,445 | 35 | 6,399 | — | 10,879 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Short-term investment | — | — | — | 1,891 | — | 1,891 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Accounts receivable, net | — | — | — | 23,455 | — | 23,455 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Advances to suppliers | — | — | 77 | 2,516 | — | 2,593 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Other current assets | (1,107 | ) | 73,185 | (1,372 | ) | 948 | (70,612 | ) | 1,042 | |||||||||||||||
| Total Current Assets | (1,107 | ) | 77,630 | (1,260 | ) | 35,209 | (70,612 | ) | 39,860 | |||||||||||||||
| NON-CURRENT ASSETS: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Restricted Cash, non-current | — | — | — | 5,000 | — | 5,000 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Property and equipment, net | — | — | — | 6 | — | 6 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Operating lease right-of-use asset | — | — | — | 551 | — | 551 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Intangible assets | 678 | — | — | — | — | 678 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Goodwill | 23,283 | — | — | — | — | 23,283 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total Non-current Assets | 23,961 | — | — | 5,557 | — | 29,518 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total Assets | 22,854 | 77,630 | (1,260 | ) | 40,766 | (70,612 | ) | 69,378 | ||||||||||||||||
| Current Liabilities: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accounts payable | — | — | — | 29,480 | — | 29,480 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Taxes payable | — | — | 1 | 1,552 | — | 1,553 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Amount due to related parties | — | — | 1,060 | — | — | 1,060 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | 41,435 | 744 | 646 | 8,825 | (506 | ) | 51,144 | |||||||||||||||||
| Short-term debt | (56,919 | ) | 94,293 | — | — | (4,841 | ) | 32,533 | ||||||||||||||||
| Advance from customer | — | — | — | 17 | — | 17 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Operating lease liabilities, current | — | — | — | 199 | — | 199 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Contingent liabilities for payable for asset acquisition | 165,161 | — | — | — | — | 165,161 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Notes payable | 733,257 | — | — | — | (65,236 | ) | 668,021 | |||||||||||||||||
| Total Current Liabilities | 882,934 | 95,037 | 1,707 | 40,073 | (70,583 | ) | 949,168 | |||||||||||||||||
| NON-CURRENT LIABILITIES: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating lease liabilities, noncurrent | — | — | — | 353 | — | 353 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total Non-current Liabilities | — | — | — | 353 | — | 353 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total Liabilities | 882,934 | 95,037 | 1,707 | 40,426 | (70,583 | ) | 949,521 | |||||||||||||||||
| SHAREHOLDERS’ DEFICIT: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ordinary shares | 178,715 | 858 | — | — | — | 179,573 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Additional paid-in capital | 3,412,202 | — | 88 | 53,220 | — | 3,465,510 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Accumulated deficit | (4,530,946 | ) | (18,334 | ) | (3,055 | ) | (52,880 | ) | — | (4,605,215 | ) | |||||||||||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss | 79,949 | 69 | — | — | (29 | ) | 79,989 | |||||||||||||||||
| Total shareholders’ deficit | (860,080 | ) | (17,407 | ) | (2,967 | ) | 340 | (29 | ) | (880,143 | ) | |||||||||||||
7
| For the Year Ended September 30, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Condensed Consolidating Schedule of Results of Operations | XChange TEC.INC | Alpha Mind HK | Alpha Mind WFOE | VIEs | Elimination | Consolidating | ||||||||||||||||||
| (RMB in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating revenues | — | 5,342 | — | 359,925 | — | 365,267 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Cost of revenue | — | (5,279 | ) | — | (351,987 | ) | — | (357,266 | ) | |||||||||||||||
| Gross profit | — | 63 | — | 7,938 | — | 8,001 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Operating expenses | (693,390 | ) | (13,488 | ) | (2,142 | ) | (19,324 | ) | — | (728,344 | ) | |||||||||||||
| Income from operations | (693,390 | ) | (13,425 | ) | (2,142 | ) | (11,386 | ) | — | (720,343 | ) | |||||||||||||
| Other Income (Expense) | (27,524 | ) | (787 | ) | (42 | ) | 328 | — | (28,025 | ) | ||||||||||||||
| Income tax expense | — | — | — | (46 | ) | — | (46 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
| Loss from VIEs | — | — | (11,104 | ) | — | 11,104 | — | |||||||||||||||||
| Loss in subsidiaries | (27,500 | ) | (13,288 | ) | — | — | 40,788 | — | ||||||||||||||||
| Net loss from continuing operations to XHG | (748,414 | ) | (27,500 | ) | (13,288 | ) | (11,104 | ) | 51,892 | (748,414 | ) | |||||||||||||
| For the Year Ended September 30, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Condensed Consolidating Schedule of Cash Flows | XChange TEC.INC | Alpha Mind HK | Alpha Mind WFOE | VIEs | Elimination | Consolidating | ||||||||||||||||||
| (RMB in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | 66,839 | (74,752 | ) | (2,552 | ) | (1,233 | ) | — | (11,698 | ) | ||||||||||||||
| Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities | (630 | ) | — | — | 140 | — | (490 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
| Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities | (61,945 | ) | 78,239 | 2,495 | — | — | 18,789 | |||||||||||||||||
| Effect of exchange rate | (4,264 | ) | 457 | — | — | — | (3,807 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
| Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | — | 3,944 | (57 | ) | (1,093 | ) | — | 2,794 | ||||||||||||||||
| CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, beginning of year | — | 501 | 92 | 12,492 | — | 13,085 | ||||||||||||||||||
| CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, end of year | — | 4,445 | 35 | 11,399 | — | 15,879 | ||||||||||||||||||
| B | Capitalization and Indebtedness |
Not applicable.
| C | Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds |
Not applicable.
| D | Risk Factors |
Our business, financial condition and results of operations are subject to various changing business, competitive, economic, political and social conditions. In addition to the factors discussed elsewhere in this annual report, the following are some of the important factors that could adversely affect our operating results, financial condition and business prospects, and cause our actual results to differ materially from those projected in any forward-looking statements.
Summary of Risk Factors
An investment in our ADSs involves significant risks. Below is a summary of material risks that we face, organized under relevant headings. These risks are discussed more fully in “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors.”
8
Risks Related to Our Business and Industry
| ● | If we are unable to fully repay or refinance the Notes, we will lose control and will no longer be able to consolidate the results of operation of Alpha Mind. In addition, our level of indebtedness could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. |
| ● | The report of our independent registered public accounting firm on our consolidated financial statements includes an explanatory paragraph questioning our ability to continue as a going concern. We recorded net losses in the past and may not be able to continue as a going concern or achieve or maintain profitability in the future. |
| ● | We have a limited operating history in the insurance agency market, which makes it difficult to evaluate our future prospects and results of operations and may increase the risk that we will not be successful. In addition, our historical growth and financial condition may not be indicative of our future growth, profitability, and financial condition. |
| ● | If we fail to maintain stable relationships with our business partners, our business, results of operations, financial condition and business prospects could be materially and adversely affected. |
| ● | Because the commission revenue we earn on the sale of insurance products is based on premium and commission rates set by insurance companies, any decrease in these premiums or commission rates, or increase in the referral fees we pay to our external referral sources, may have an adverse effect on our results of operation. |
Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure
| ● | We are not a Chinese operating company but a Cayman Islands holding company with operations conducted by our subsidiaries and through contractual arrangements with the Current VIEs based in China, and this structure involves unique risks to investors. Having the majority of our operations in China, we are subject to legal and operational risks associated with doing business in China, which could result in a material change in our operating entities and the Current VIEs’ operations. PRC laws and regulations governing our current business operations are sometimes vague and uncertain and can change with little advance notice. The PRC government has significant authority in regulating our operations and may intervene or influence our operations at any time. Moreover, its oversight and control over offerings conducted overseas by, and foreign investment in, China-based issuers could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or be worthless.
For detail discussion of these risks, please see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China.” | |
| ● | If the PRC government determines that the contractual arrangements in relation to the VIE structure do not comply with PRC regulatory restrictions on foreign investment in certain industries, or if these regulations or the way they are interpreted change, we, the PRC subsidiaries could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish their interests in those operations. |
| ● | We and the PRC subsidiaries rely on contractual arrangements with the Current VIEs and the Current VIEs’ shareholders to operate their business, which may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing operational control. |
| ● | Any failure by the Current VIEs or its shareholders to perform their obligations under their contractual arrangements with Current WFOE would materially adversely affect the business, results of operations and financial condition of us and the PRC subsidiaries. |
| ● | The Current VIEs’ shareholders may have potential conflicts of interest with us, the PRC subsidiaries, which may materially adversely affect our business and financial condition. |
| ● | Substantial uncertainties with respect to the implementation of the Foreign Investment Law may significantly impact the corporate structure and operations of us and the PRC subsidiaries. |
Risks Related to Doing Business in China
| ● | Changes in China’s economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and the value of our securities. |
| ● | The approval of and/or filing with the CSRC or other PRC government authorities may be required in connection with our future offshore offerings under PRC law, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to obtain such approval or complete such filing. |
| ● | Adverse changes in economic and political policies of the PRC government could negatively impact China’s overall economic growth, which could materially adversely affect our business. |
9
| ● | Uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws, rules and regulations could materially adversely affect our business. |
| ● | PRC regulations relating to investments in offshore companies by PRC residents may subject PRC-resident beneficial owners or the PRC subsidiaries to liability or penalties, limit our ability to inject capital into the PRC subsidiaries or limit the PRC subsidiaries’ ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits to us, or may otherwise adversely affect our business and financial condition. |
Risks Related to the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act
| ● | If the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or the PCAOB, is unable to inspect our auditors as required under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, the SEC will prohibit the trading of our ADSs. A trading prohibition for our ADSs, or the threat of a trading prohibition, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment. Additionally, the inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of our auditors would deprive our investors of the benefits of such inspections. |
Risks Related to the ADSs
| ● | The market price for the ADSs is volatile. |
| ● | If we fail to meet the applicable listing requirements, NASDAQ may delist our ADSs from trading on its exchange in which case the liquidity and market price of our ADSs could decline and our ability to raise additional capital would be adversely affected. |
| ● | An active market for the ADSs may not be maintained. |
| ● | If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the market price for the ADSs and trading volume could decline. |
| ● | Because we do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future, you must rely on price appreciation of the ADSs for return on your investment. |
Risks Related to Our Business and Industry
If we are unable to fully repay or refinance the Notes, we will lose control and will no longer be able to consolidate the results of operation of Alpha Mind. In addition, our level of indebtedness could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
In connection with the Acquisition, we issued the Notes in an aggregate amount equal to the purchase price to the selling shareholders of Alpha Mind. The Notes, with an outstanding principal amount of USD$93,836,423 as of September 30, 2025, have a maturity of 90 days from the closing date, which was subsequently extended to December 31, 2025 and if the Notes have an outstanding balance on the maturity date, the maturity date will be automatically extended to the end of following year, an interest rate at an annual rate to 3% per annum and are secured by all of the issued and outstanding equity of Alpha Mind and all of the assets of Alpha Mind and its subsidiaries.
To date, we have paid off a total principal amount of US$77,000,000 by issuing Class A ordinary shares of the Company to the noteholders. We intend to pay the rest of the Notes by either using the cash flow generated by our operation or through debt or equity offerings or loans. However, we may not be able to obtain financing or fund raising on favorable terms or at all. If we failed to obtain such financing and were unable to perform our payment obligations under the terms of the Notes before the maturity date, the holders of the Notes may exercise their collateral rights. We will lose control of and no longer be able to consolidate Alpha Mind and our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects will be adversely affected. Depending on market conditions, we may also choose to pay a portion of the Notes through issuance of Class A ordinary shares.
This significant indebtedness in connection with the Notes or financing of the Notes could have important consequences for our business and operations including, but not limited to:
| ● | limiting or impairing our ability to obtain financing, refinance any of our indebtedness, obtain equity or debt financing on commercially reasonable terms or at all, which could cause us to default on our obligations and materially impair our liquidity; |
| ● | restricting or impeding our ability to access capital markets at attractive rates and increasing the cost of future borrowings; |
| ● | requiring us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to fulfill payment obligation under the Notes, thereby reducing the availability of our cash flow for other purposes; |
| ● | placing us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors that have lower leverage or better access to capital resources; or |
| ● | increasing our vulnerability to downturns in general economic, or industry conditions, or in our business. |
10
The report of our independent registered public accounting firm on our consolidated financial statements includes an explanatory paragraph questioning our ability to continue as a going concern. We recorded net losses in the past and may not be able to continue as a going concern or achieve or maintain profitability in the future.
We generated a net loss of RMB71.3 million (US$9.8 million) in FY 2023, a net loss of RMB226.8 million (US$32.3 million) in FY 2024 and a net loss of RMB 748.4 million (US$105.1 million) in FY 2025. As of September 30, 2025, we had an accumulated deficit of RMB4,605.2 million (US$646.9 million). Our net cash used in operating activities from continuing operations were RMB 22.2million, RMB 9.0 million and RMB 11.7 million for FY 2023, FY 2024 and FY2025, respectively. As of September 30, 2024 and 2025, our current liabilities exceeded current assets by RMB 1,271.2 million and RMB 909.3 million, respectively. We disposed of our long-term rental apartment rental business in October 2023 and we had no revenues from Continuing Operations for the years ended September 30, 2023.
On December 28, 2023, we completed the acquisition of 100% equity interest in Alpha Mind for a consideration of US$180,000,000. The purchase price is payable in the form of the Notes. The Notes, with an outstanding principal amount of USD$93.8 million as of September 30, 2025, have a maturity of 90 days from the closing date, which was subsequently extended to December 31, 2025, and if the Notes have an outstanding balance on the maturity date, the maturity date will be automatically extended to the end of following year, an interest rate at an annual rate to 3% per annum and will be secured by all of the issued and outstanding equity of the Alpha Mind and all of the assets of the Alpha Mind, including its consolidated entities.
We intend to pay the rest of the Notes by either using the cash flow generated by our operation or through debt or equity offerings or loans. However, we may not be able to obtain financing or fund raising on favorable terms or at all. If we failed to obtain such financing and were unable to perform our payment obligations under the terms of the Notes before the maturity date, the selling shareholders of Alpha Mind may exercise their collateral rights. We will lose control of and no longer be able to consolidate Alpha Mind and our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects will be adversely affected. Depending on market conditions, we may also choose to pay a portion of the Notes through issuance of Class A ordinary shares. See “—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—If we are unable to repay or refinance the Notes, we will lose control and will no longer be able to consolidate the results of operation of Alpha Mind. In addition, our level of indebtedness could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.”
These factors raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. We intend to overcome the circumstances that impact our ability to remain a going concern through a combination of new sources of revenues and additional financing. However, the implementation of these initiatives depends on many factors, including the scale and pace of the expansion of our insurance agency network, efficiency in our services and SaaS platform, the expansion of our sales and marketing activities, and potential investments in, or acquisitions of, businesses or technologies. Inability to access financing on favorable terms in a timely manner or at all would materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and growth prospects. Furthermore, our inability to obtain adequate financing may cause a significant decline in the value of our securities, and such securities may become worthless, resulting in a total loss of investment for holders of our securities.
The report of our independent registered public accounting firm on our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report includes an explanatory paragraph questioning our ability to continue as a going concern. Our financial statements do not include any adjustments that might be necessary if we are unable to continue as a going concern. If we are unable to continue as a going concern or achieve or maintain profitability, we may have to liquidate our assets, and the value we receive for our assets in liquidation or dissolution could be significantly lower than the values reflected in our audited consolidated financial statements. If we cease operations, it is likely that all of our investors would lose their investment. Our inability to continue as a going concern may materially and adversely affect the price of our ADSs and our ability to raise new capital or to continue our operations.
In addition, we will need to generate increased revenue levels in future periods to become profitable, and, even if we do, we may not be able to maintain or improve profitability as we intend to continue to spend significant funds to expand our operations, including expanding our sales network, and developing and enhancing our technology systems and infrastructure. Our efforts to grow our business may be more costly than we expect, and we may not be able to increase our revenue immediately or significantly to offset our operating expenses. We may incur significant losses in the future for a number of reasons, including the other risks described in this annual report, and unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications and delays and other unknown events.
We have a limited operating history in the insurance agency market, which makes it difficult to evaluate our future prospects and results of operations and may increase the risk that we will not be successful. In addition, our historical growth and financial condition may not be indicative of our future growth, profitability, and financial condition.
Prior to our acquisition of Alpha Mind in December 2023, we operated in the long-term apartment rental business. We had limited operating history in the insurance agency market. Alpha Mind’s historical performance may not be indicative of our future financial results. Our growth may continue to become negative, and revenue and net profit may decline for a number of possible reasons, including the risk factors set forth in this annual report. We may not continue our growth or maintain our historical growth rates or financial condition. You should not consider our historical growth or financial condition as indicative of our future performance.
In addition, we may not successfully or efficiently operate and manage our newly acquired insurance agency business due to the limited experience of our management in the insurance agency industry. Although we are committed to leveraging our collective knowledge and skills to compete in the emerging and rapidly evolving market, and we are actively engaging in acquiring industry-specific expertise, our limited experience in the insurance agency industry may adversely impact our future performance and growth.
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You should consider our future operations in light of the challenges and uncertainties that we may encounter. These risks and challenges include, among other things:
| ● | changes in national, regional or local economic, demographic or insurance agency market conditions; |
| ● | changes in laws and policies on the insurance agency industry; |
| ● | changes in job markets and employment levels on a national, regional and local basis; |
| ● | health epidemics, pandemics and similar outbreaks, including COVID-19; |
| ● | overall conditions in the insurance agency industry; |
| ● | our ability to integrate strategic investments, acquisitions and new business initiatives; |
| ● | our ability to maintain or renew favorable terms with financing partners and other strategic partners; |
| ● | our ability to maintain, deepen and broaden cooperation with financial institutions, service providers and other third parties; |
| ● | our ability to develop more value-added products and services; |
| ● | our ability to effectively control our operating costs and expenses; |
| ● | our ability to maintain the proper functioning of our technology systems and infrastructure; |
| ● | disputes and potential negative publicity in connection with our business; |
| ● | our ability to increase our brand awareness; |
| ● | our ability to attract and retain employees; and |
| ● | changes in U.S. accounting standards. |
Any one or more of these factors could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
If we fail to maintain stable relationships with our business partners, our business, results of operations, financial condition and business prospects could be materially and adversely affected.
We cooperate with a variety of business partners in conducting our businesses, including customers and suppliers in our insurance agency business. Our success depends on our ability to, among other things, develop and maintain relationships with our existing business partners and attract new business partners.
For our insurance agency business, we provide agency services for well-known insurance companies in China by distributing primarily automobile insurance products underwritten by them, and receive commissions from these insurance companies. Our relationships with these insurance companies are governed by agreements between the insurance companies and us. These contracts generally provide, among other things, the scope of our authority and our commission rates, and typically have a term of one or two years. There is no assurance that we would be able to renew any such contracts upon their expiry with terms that are comparable to or better than the existing ones, if at all. Any interruption to or discontinuation of our relationships with these insurance companies may severely and negatively impact our results of operations.
In addition, customer and end-consumer recognition is critical for us to remain competitive. Our ability to maintain and enhance customer and end-consumer recognition and reputation depends primarily on the quality of the products and services we offer to them. If we are unable to maintain and further enhance our customer and end-consumer recognition and reputation and promote awareness of our product offerings and services, we may not be able to maintain or continue to expand our customer base, and our results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.
We also collaborate with various external referral sources to expedite our market penetration and broaden our end consumer base. Our external referral sources are our suppliers in the insurance agency business. Failure to establish and maintain stable relationships with our external referral sources may materially and adversely affect our ability to expand our business scale and geographical coverage, which in turn could adversely affect our results of operations and business prospects.
In addition, our cooperative agreements with our customers and suppliers are typically on a non-exclusive basis, and they may choose to cooperate with our competitors or offer competing services themselves. In any event, there is no assurance that we will be able to continuously maintain a mutually beneficial relationship with our business partners, or continue to cooperate with them on terms favorable to us, or at all. If any of the foregoing occurs, our business growth, results of operations and financial condition will be adversely affected.
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Because the commission revenue we earn on the sale of insurance products is based on premium and commission rates set by insurance companies, any decrease in these premiums or commission rates, or increase in the referral fees we pay to our external referral sources, may have an adverse effect on our results of operation.
We derive our revenue from our insurance agency business by earning commissions from insurance companies we cooperate with. The commissions we receive from insurance companies on the insurance policies sold are generally calculated as a percentage of the insurance premiums paid by the insured. Our revenue and results of operations are thus directly affected by the size of insurance premiums and the commission rates for such policies. Insurance premiums and commission rates can change based on the prevailing economic, regulatory, taxation-related and competitive factors that affect insurance companies and end customers.
We also engage external referral sources in different geographical areas to promote insurance products, and pay referral fees to them for referring end customers to us. We may adjust the rates of referral fees at our discretion, depending on the competitive landscape and market conditions in the respective geographical markets. Accordingly, any increase in such rates would reduce our profit margin.
Because we do not determine, and cannot predict, the timing or extent of premium or commission rate changes, we cannot predict the effect any of these changes may have on our operations. Any decrease in premiums or commission rates we receive, and/or any increase in the rates of referral fees we pay to our external referral sources, could significantly affect our profitability. In addition, our capital expenditures and other expenditures may be disrupted by unexpected decreases in revenue caused by decreases in premiums or commission rates, thereby adversely affecting our operations and business plans.
We face intense competition in the markets we operate in, and some of our competitors may have greater resources or brand recognition than us.
The insurance agency market and the integrated after-sales service market in China are highly fragmented, and we expect competition to persist and intensify. In our insurance agency business, we face competition from other insurance agency companies and insurance companies that use their in-house sales force, their own direct online-sales platforms, exclusive sales agents, telemarketing, and internet or mobile channels to distribute their insurance products, and from business entities that distribute insurance products on an ancillary basis, such as commercial banks, postal offices and automobile dealerships for automobile insurance, as well as from other professional insurance intermediaries.
Some of our competitors have greater financial and marketing resources than we do, and may be able to offer products and services that we do not currently offer and may not offer in the future. The disruption of business cooperation with major banks and insurance companies we cooperate with may cause us to lose our competitive advantages in certain areas. If we are unable to compete effectively against and stay ahead of our competitors, we may lose customers and our financial results may be negatively affected.
We may not be able to provide diversified insurance products and services to effectively address our end customers’ needs, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We attract, procure and retain end customers by offering a variety of insurance product choices from various insurance companies. To continue to grow our end consumer base, we seek to collaborate with more insurance companies located in our existing and new geographical markets, while maintaining full spectrum insurance product choices. If we fail to respond to the changing and emerging needs and preferences of our customers and end customers and offer new products and services that are favored by them, we may lose out on our business volume and/or not be able to continue to attract new customers or maintain existing customers. If any of the foregoing occurs, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.
We are subject to customer concentration risk.
We are subject to customer concentration risk. For the years ended September 30, 2024 and 2025, the commission revenue generated from one client, a state-owned insurance company exceeded 10% of the total revenue for the respective period. In addition, we face concentration from specific geographical regions. A significant amount of our commission received of our policies sold are located in three provinces in Northern China, which collectively contributed over 50% of our commission revenue for the years ended September 30, 2024 and 2025. The breakdown of revenue contribution from these provinces is set forth below:
| Percentage of Revenue Contribution | ||||||||
| Province | Year Ended September 30, 2024 | Year Ended September 30, 2025 | ||||||
| Tianjin | 23.50 | % | 21.88 | % | ||||
| Shandong | 20.06 | % | 21.28 | % | ||||
| Jiangsu | 14.16 | % | 21.04 | % | ||||
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Factors such as localized economic downturn, or new regulations imposed by local authorizes, or any adverse event or circumstances unique to these regions could have an impact on our overall business.
There are a number of factors, other than our performance, that could cause the loss of, or decrease in the volume of business from, a customer. We cannot assure you that we will continue to maintain the business cooperation with these customers at the same level, or at all. The loss of business from any of these significant customers, or any downward adjustment of the commission rates paid to us, could materially adversely affect our revenue and profit. Furthermore, if any significant customer terminates its relationship with us, we cannot assure you that we will be able to secure an alternative arrangement with comparable insurance company in a timely manner, or at all.
Our business is substantially dependent on revenue from our automobile insurance company partners and is subject to risks related to automobile insurance industry. Our business may also be adversely affected by downturns in the life, health, group accident and other property-related insurance industries.
A majority of the insurance purchased through our platform and agency services is automobile insurance. Our overall operating results are substantially dependent upon our success in our automobile segment. For the years ended September 30, 2024 and 2025, 75% and 77%, respectively, of Alpha Mind’s total revenue was derived from its automobile segment. Our success in the automobile insurance market will depend upon a number of additional factors, including:
| ● | our ability to continue to adapt our sales to various automobile insurance products, including the effective modification of our product combination that facilitate the end customer experience; |
| ● | our ability to retain partnerships with enough insurance companies offering automobile insurance products to maintain our value proposition with end customers; |
| ● | our ability to leverage technology in order to sell, and otherwise become more efficient at selling by using our mobile applications and other online platform; or |
| ● | the effectiveness of our competitors’ marketing of automobile insurance plans. |
These factors could prevent our automobile segment from successfully marketing, which would harm our business, results of operation, financial condition and prospects. We are also dependent upon the economic success of the life, health, group accident and other property-related insurance industries. Declines in demand for life, health, group accident and other property-related insurance could cause fewer end customers to shop for such policies through us. Downturns in any of these markets, which could be caused by a downturn in the economy at large, could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operation, financial condition and prospects.
End customers may increasingly decide to purchase insurance directly from insurance companies, which would have a material adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
The advancement of financial technologies, or FinTech, and the emergence of internet insurance products allow insurance companies to directly access to a broader customer base at a low cost, and end customers may increasingly decide to purchase insurance directly from insurance companies. A rising number of traditional insurance companies have established their own online platforms to sell Internet insurance products directly to end customers. The process of eliminating agencies as intermediaries, known as “disintermediation,” could place us at a competitive disadvantage and reduce the need for our products and services. Disintermediation could also result in significant decrease in business volume and loss of commission income from our insurance agency business, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
Our SaaS platform may not gain market acceptance, which could adversely affect our results of operations.
We launched our SaaS platform in 2023 to further expand our insurance agency business from offline to online. Although we have not generated any revenue from our SaaS platform to date, we expect it will become a source of our revenue going forward. The success of our SaaS platform depends on the adoption of SaaS platform in China’s insurance industry, which may be affected by, among other things, regulatory requirements and widespread acceptance of SaaS platform in general.
Market acceptance of SaaS platform depends on a variety of factors, including but not limited to price, security, reliability, performance, customer preferences, public concerns regarding privacy and the enactment of restrictive laws or regulations. It is difficult to predict the demand for insurance SaaS platform and the future growth rate and size of the insurance SaaS market.
If our or other platforms in the insurance industry or other industries experience security breaches, loss of customer data, disruptions in delivery or other problems, the market for SaaS platform may suffer. If SaaS platforms do not achieve widespread adoption or the demand for SaaS platforms fails to grow due to a lack of customer acceptance, technological challenges, weakening economic conditions, security or privacy concerns, competing technologies and solutions, reductions in corporate spending or otherwise, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.
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We face risks related to natural disasters, health epidemics or terrorist attacks in regions where we operate.
Our business could be materially and adversely affected by natural disasters, such as earthquakes, floods, landslides, tornados and tsunamis, outbreaks of health epidemics such as avian influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS, COVID-19 pandemic, and Influenza A virus, such as H5N1 subtype and H5N2 subtype flu viruses, as well as terrorist attacks, other acts of violence or war or social instability in the regions in which we operate or those generally affecting China and regions where we operate. These events may not only lead to a sudden halt of a large number of economic activities, but also cause a sharp tightening of global financial conditions and a significant deterioration in the economic outlook.
For example, during the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the traditional offline model of Alpha Mind’s life and health insurance business was hindered, including product sales and employment management. With respect to the property and casualty insurance business, the COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected the vehicle sales volume of the PRC automobile industry, and, in turn, the automobile insurance business. Meanwhile, COVID-19 may have also brought extra pressure to the claims of certain types of our property and casualty insurance products. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic has brought disruptions to economic activities and resulted in significant volatilities in the capital markets, which have, together with the lower interest rates, put pressure on our investment results.
There remains uncertainty with regard to the continued development of the COVID-19 pandemic and its implications. Any of these factors and other factors beyond our control could have an adverse effect on the overall business environment, cause uncertainties in the regions where we conduct business, exposing our business to unforeseen damages, and materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We may fail to attract and retain an experienced management team and qualified personnel.
Our continued success depends on our ability to attract and retain an experienced management team and other employees with the requisite expertise and skills. Our ability to do so is influenced by a variety of factors, including the structure of the compensation package that we formulate and the competitive market position of our overall compensation package. Our management team and skilled employees may leave us or we may terminate their employment at any time. We cannot assure you that we will be able to retain our management team and skilled employees or find suitable or comparable replacements on a timely basis. Moreover, if any of our management team or skilled employees leaves us or joins a competitor, we may lose end-customers. In addition, former employees may request certain compensation arising from their resignation or retirement, which we typically negotiate on a case-by-case basis. However, if we are unable to reach a mutually acceptable resolution with such employees, they may take other actions including, but not limited to, initiating legal proceedings. Such legal proceedings may require us to pay damages, divert our management’s attention cause us to incur costs and harm our reputation. Each of these foregoing factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Any significant disruption in services on our mobile applications, websites or computer systems, including events beyond our control, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operation.
Our business is highly dependent on the ability of our information technology systems to timely process a large number of transactions across different markets and products at a time when the volume of such transactions is growing rapidly. We are also increasingly relying on our mobile applications to facilitate the business process of our insurance agency. Usability of our mobile applications as perceived by users can influence customer satisfaction. The proper functioning and improvement of our mobile applications, our accounting, customer database, customer service and other data processing systems is critical to our business and to our ability to compete effectively. We cannot assure you that our business activities would not be materially disrupted in the event of a partial or complete failure of any of these primary information technology or communication systems, which could be caused by, among other things, software malfunction, computer virus attacks or conversion errors due to system upgrading. In addition, a prolonged failure of any of our information technology systems could damage our reputation and materially and adversely affect our operations and profitability.
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Breakdown of any of our major IT and SaaS systems or failure to keep up with technological developments would materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and future prospects.
Our proprietary technology and technological capabilities are critical to the development and maintenance of our IT and SaaS systems and infrastructure underlying our mobile applications and platforms, which in turn is vital to our business operations and planned developments. We need to keep abreast of the fast evolving IT developments, and continuously invest in significant resources, including financial and human capital resources to maintain, upgrade and expand our IT and SaaS systems and infrastructure in tandem with our business growth and developments. However, research and development activities are inherently uncertain, and investments in information technologies and development of proprietary technologies may not always lead to commercialization or monetarization, or lead to increased business volume and/or profitability.
The fast evolving IT developments may also render our existing systems and infrastructure and those that are newly developed and implemented obsolete before we are able to reap sufficient benefits to recover their investment costs, and may lead to substantial impairments which would adversely affect our results of operations. Any significant breakdown of our IT and SaaS systems and infrastructure may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, reputation and business prospects, and may even subject us to potential claims or even litigations, particularly as parts of our IT and SaaS systems and infrastructure are linked to or connected with IT and SaaS systems and infrastructure of our insurance company partners, who are mostly sizeable and reputable financial institutions whom themselves are subject to stringent regulatory supervision. As we rely on our IT, SaaS systems, mobile applications and infrastructure to facilitate and conduct our business, any prolonged breakdown of systems and infrastructure could also materially impact our business and results of operations.
Misconduct of our in-house sales force and employees is difficult to detect and deter and could harm our reputation or lead to regulatory sanctions or litigation costs.
We promote insurance products through our in-house sales team and external referral sources. In addition, we engage external referral sources to deepen our market penetration and broaden end consumer reach, including referral service providers who have access to auto insurance end consumers, such as automobile after-sales service providers, external registered sales representatives. The activities and regulatory compliance of these sales and marketing force associated with our insurance agency business are subject to the terms of the agreements we entered into with them and subject to applicable PRC laws. Misconduct of any of them could result in violation of law by us, regulatory sanctions, litigation or serious reputational or financial harm. Misconduct could include:
| ● | making misrepresentation when marketing or selling insurance to end customers; |
| ● | hindering insurance applicants from making full and accurate mandatory disclosures or inducing applicants to make misrepresentations; |
| ● | hiding or falsifying material information in relation to insurance contracts; |
| ● | falsifying insurance agency business or fraudulently returning insurance policies to obtain commissions; or |
| ● | otherwise not complying with laws and regulations or our control policies, procedures, and undertakings. |
We have internal policies and procedures to deter misconduct by our in-house sales force and external referral sources. We cannot assure you, therefore, that misconduct by any of our in-house sales team or our external referral sources may not occur, whether unintentional or otherwise, which may negatively impact our business, results of operations or financial condition. In addition, the general increase in misconduct in the industry could potentially harm the reputation of the industry and have an adverse impact on our business.
We are subject to credit risks from our customers.
We typically grant credit period to our insurance customers. While they are principally insurance companies that we only had relatively insignificant impairment of trade receivables in the past three years, there is no assurance that commission and fee income receivable by us will not be subject to disputes with our insurance customers. Given the background of our customers and the negotiating position they enjoy, in case of dispute we are typically in a less favorable position to succeed in recovering the trade receivables in dispute and our financial position and results of operations may be negatively impacted as a result. However, our credit risk assessment procedures may be subject to fraud or collusion to defraud or other illegal activities, and there is a risk that end customers may fail to repay the insurance premium to us. We may not always be able to detect or prevent such misconduct in a timely manner, and the precautions we take to prevent these activities may not be effective in all cases. Failure to protect our operations from fraudulent activities by our customers could result in reputational and economic damages to us and could materially and adversely affect our results of operations.
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The development of new businesses and expansion into new markets may expose us to new risks and challenges.
Alpha Mind introduced its SaaS platform in 2023. We will continue developing new businesses and expanding into new markets within the scope permitted by regulatory authorities, which may expose us to new risks and challenges, including, but not limited to:
| ● | regulatory risks: we may face unfamiliar regulatory environments when developing new businesses and expanding into new markets; |
| ● | competition risks: there may be intense competition in the markets of our new businesses, and our returns may be lower than expected; and |
| ● | strategic and operational risks: our experience, expertise and/or skills in developing new businesses may not be sufficient, and new products and services may need time to gain market recognition; we may also encounter difficulties in recruiting sufficient qualified personnel, strengthening our management capabilities and improving information technology systems. |
The Cybersecurity and data privacy law may also affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and financial condition.
In providing our services, a challenge we face is the secured collection, storage and transmission of confidential information. We acquire certain private information about end consumers, such as name, personal identification number, address and telephone number during the course of our business. We also obtained certain personal data from our insurance customers pursuant to the collaboration agreements with them, such as the vehicle registration number and registration date, the engine number, the make and model of the automobile and information about the current insured status of the automobile of a potential insurance purchaser. Any failure or perceived failure to maintain the security of personal and other data that are provided to or collected by us could harm our reputation and brand and may expose us to legal proceedings and potential liabilities, any of which could adversely affect our business and results of operations. Cybersecurity and data privacy and security issues are subject to increasing legislative and regulatory focus in China. Practices regarding the collection, use, storage, transmission and security of personal information by companies operating over the internet and mobile platforms have come under increased public scrutiny.
On September 14, 2022, the CAC, issued the Decision on Amending the Cyber Security Law of the PRC (Draft for Comments), increased the penalty cap, so after the amendment comes into effect, it could have an increased impact on our financial condition if we breach the Cybersecurity Law of the PRC. In addition, the Data Security Law of the PRC, which took effect on September 1, 2021, applies to data processing activities, including the collection, storage, use, processing, transmission, availability and disclosure of data, and security supervision of such activities within the territory of the PRC. On August 20, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress (the “SCNPC”) promulgated the Personal Information Protection Law of the PRC (the “PIPL”), which took effect on November 1, 2021. The PIPL further emphasizes processors’ obligations and responsibilities for personal information protection and sets out the basic rules for processing personal information and the rules for cross-border transfer of personal information.
Regulatory requirements on cybersecurity and data privacy are constantly evolving and can be subject to significant changes, which may result in uncertainties regarding the scope of our relevant responsibilities. For example, The Regulations on the Administration of Cyber Data Security (Draft for Comments) (the “Draft Cyber Data Security Regulations”) was released by CAC on November 14, 2021. According to the Draft Cyber Data Security Regulations, data processors seeking a public listing in overseas that affect or may affect national security are required to apply for cybersecurity review. The scope of and threshold for determining what “affects or may affect national security” is still subject to uncertainty and further elaboration by the CAC. On January 4, 2022, together with 12 other Chinese regulatory authorities, the CAC released the Revised CAC Measures, which came into effect on February 15, 2022. Pursuant to the Revised CAC Measures, critical information infrastructure operators (the “CIIOs”) procuring network products and services, and online platform operators carrying out data processing activities which affect or may affect national security, shall conduct a cybersecurity review pursuant to the provisions therein. In addition, online platform operators possessing personal information of more than one million users seeking to be listed on foreign stock markets must apply for a cybersecurity review. On July 7, 2022, the CAC promulgated the Measures for the Security Assessment of Cross-Border Transfer of Data, which took effect on September 1, 2022. These measures aim to regulate cross-border transfers of data, requiring among other things, that data processors that provide data overseas apply to CAC for security assessments if: (1) data processors provide important data overseas; (2) critical information infrastructure operators or data processors process personal information of more than one million individuals provide personal information to overseas parties; (3) data processors that have cumulatively provided personal information of 100,000 people or sensitive personal information of 10,000 people to overseas since January 1 of the previous year, provide personal information to overseas parties; or (4) other scenarios required by the CAC to apply for security assessments occur. In addition, these measures require data processors to carry out self-assessments of risks of providing data overseas before applying to the CAC for security assessments.
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According to Article 10 of Regulations on the Security Protection of Critical Information Infrastructure, the security protection departments of critical information infrastructure will timely notify the identification results to the operators. As of the date of this annual report, we had not received such notification. In addition, as advised by our PRC legal counsel, Beijing Kingdom Law Firm, we believe we are compliant with the regulations or policies that have been issued by the CAC to date since we have not received any notice from any authorities identifying our PRC subsidiaries or the PRC operating entities as CIIOs or requiring us to go through cybersecurity review or network data security review by the CAC. In addition, we should not be deemed as CIIO on the basis that we had not received such notification from the security protection departments of critical information infrastructure. Moreover, we have not been subject to any material administrative penalties or other sanctions by any competent regulatory authorities in relation to cybersecurity, data and personal information protection. Our business does not involve the cross-border transfer of personal information and important data, and if it does in the future, we will take necessary technical and organizational measures to protect the security of the data, including using data encryption to secure personal information when it is in transit. As of the date of this annual report, there had not been a significant cybersecurity or data protection incident regarding theft, leakage, damage or loss of data or personal information. According to the Revised CAC Measures and the Cyber Data Security Regulations, which came into effect on January 1, 2025, we do not expect ourselves to become subject to cybersecurity review by the CAC at this moment, given that: (i) data we handle in our business operations, either by its nature or in scale, do not normally trigger significant concerns over national security of China; and (ii) we have not processed, and do not anticipate to process in the foreseeable future, personal information for more than one million users or persons. Based on the above and the information currently available, we believe the impact of the CAC’s increasing oversight over data security on our business is immaterial as of the date of this annual report.
However, continued development of business operations by the Company could bring the Company within the scope of authority of the CAC rules, and future enacted or amended CAC rules may increase compliance standards on our business operation, and thus may have a substantial impact on our business. There are substantial uncertainties as to whether and how the CAC’s further actions and any amended version of the Cybersecurity Review Measures would impact U.S. listed companies like us. It is likely that our data processing activities within China are regulated under any future enacted or amended CAC rules, which may subject us to cybersecurity review if the PRC governmental authorities deem such activities have affected or may affect national security. If we will be subject to increased scrutiny regarding data security and data protection, our business, operation, reputation will be adversely affected. In addition, we could become subject to enhanced cybersecurity review or investigations launched by PRC regulators in the future. Any failure or delay in the completion of the cybersecurity review procedures or any other non-compliance with the related laws and regulations may result in fines or other penalties, including suspension of business, website closure, and revocation of prerequisite licenses, as well as reputational damage or legal proceedings or actions against us, which may result in a material change in our operations, the value of the securities registered or could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless.
We may be subject to intellectual property infringement claims or other allegations by third parties, which may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and prospects.
We cannot be certain that our operations do not or will not infringe upon or otherwise violate intellectual property rights or other rights held by third parties. We may be from time to time in the future subject to legal proceedings and claims relating to the intellectual property rights or other rights of third parties.
Additionally, there may be third-party intellectual property rights or other rights that are infringed by our products, services or other aspects of our business without our awareness. To the extent that our employees and the employees of the Current VIEs or consultants use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related know-how and inventions or other proprietary assets. If any third-party infringement claims are brought against us, we may be forced to divert management’s time and other resources from our business and operations to defend against these claims, regardless of their merits.
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We may be involved in legal proceedings arising from our operations.
We may be involved in legal and administrative proceedings from time to time. As our business expands, we expect we will continue to face litigations and disputes in the ordinary course of our business, which may result in claims for actual damages, freezing of our assets and diversion of our management’ attention, as well as legal proceedings against our directors, officers or employees, and the probability and amount of liability, if any, may remain unknown for long periods of time.
The outcome of any claims, investigations and proceedings is inherently uncertain, and in any event defending against these claims could be both costly and time-consuming. Therefore, our reserves for such matters may be inadequate, and any unfavorable final resolution of any such litigation or proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Moreover, even if we eventually prevail in these matters, we could incur significant legal fees or suffer significant reputational harm, which could have a material adverse effect on our prospects and future growth.
If we fail to implement or maintain an effective system of internal controls over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately and timely report our financial results or prevent fraud, and investor confidence and the market price of our ADSs may be materially and adversely affected.
We are a public company listed in the United States subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires us to include a report of management on our internal control over financial reporting in our annual report on Form 20-F. In addition, as we have ceased to be an “emerging growth company” as such term is defined under the JOBS Act, our independent registered public accounting firm may be required attest to and report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, depending on whether we are an accelerated filer. If we identify one or more material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting, we will be unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective. As defined in the standards established by the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, a “material weakness” is a deficiency or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.
Our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of September 30, 2025 as we and our independent registered public accounting firm identified the following material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting: The material weakness identified relates to lack of sufficient accounting and financial reporting personnel with appropriate knowledge of U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting requirements to (a) formalize and carry out key controls over financial reporting, (b) properly address complex accounting issues and (c) prepare and review consolidated financial statements and related disclosures in accordance with U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting requirements, and lack of a comprehensive accounting policy manual and closing procedure manual for its finance department to convert its primary financial information prepared under accounting principles generally accepted in the PRC into U.S. GAAP. As a result of the identification of the material weaknesses, we have been taking measures to remedy this control deficiency. However, we can give no assurance that the implementation of these measures will be sufficient to eliminate such material weaknesses or that material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting will not be identified in the future. Our failure to implement and maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting could result in errors in our financial statements that could result in a restatement of our financial statements, cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations and cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, which may result in volatility in and a decline in the market price of the ADSs. For more details, please see “ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES - Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting.”
Moreover, even if our management concludes that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, our independent registered public accounting firm, after conducting its own independent testing, may issue a report that is qualified if it is not satisfied with our internal controls or the level at which our controls are documented, designed, operated or reviewed, or if it interprets the relevant requirements differently from us. In addition, as we are a public company, our reporting obligations may place a significant strain on our management, operational and financial resources and systems for the foreseeable future. We may be unable to timely complete our evaluation testing and any required remediation.
In addition, if we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting, as these standards are modified, supplemented or amended from time to time, we may not be able to conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Moreover, our internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect all errors and fraud. A control system, no matter how well it is designed and operated, it cannot provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud will be detected. If we fail to achieve and maintain an effective internal control environment, we could suffer material misstatements in our financial statements and fail to meet our reporting obligations, which would likely cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information. This could in turn limit our access to capital markets, harm our results of operations, and lead to a decline in the trading price of the ADSs. Additionally, ineffective internal control over financial reporting could expose us to increased risk of fraud or misuse of corporate assets and subject us to potential delisting from the stock exchange on which we list, regulatory investigations and civil or criminal sanctions.
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Our operations depend on the performance of the internet and mobile internet infrastructure and telecommunications networks in China, which may not be able to support the demands associated with our continued growth.
Almost all access to the internet in China is maintained through state-owned telecommunication operators under the administrative control and regulatory supervision of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, or the MIIT. Moreover, we primarily rely on a limited number of telecommunications service providers to provide us with data communications capacity through local telecommunications lines and internet data centers to host our servers. We have limited access to alternative networks or services in the event of disruptions, failures or other problems with the internet infrastructure or the telecommunications networks in China. We cannot assure you that these infrastructures will be able to support the demands associated with the continued growth in usage.
With the expansion of our business, we may be required to upgrade our facilities, technology, operational and information technology infrastructure to keep up with our business growth, which may require substantial investment. In addition, we may need to devote significant resources to creating, supporting and maintaining our mobile applications, given the increasing trend of accessing the internet through smart phones, tablets and other mobile devices and the continual release of new mobile devices and mobile platforms. However, we may not be able to effectively develop or enhance these technologies on a timely basis or at all, which may decrease end customers’ satisfaction and efficiency of our business process. Our failure to keep pace with rapid technological changes may impact our ability to retain or attract end customers of our products and services or generate income, and have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
Our businesses are subject to regulation and administration by the CBIRC and other government authorities, and failure to comply with any applicable regulations and rules by us could result in financial losses or harm to our business.
We are subject to the PRC Insurance Law, Regulatory Provisions on Professional Insurance Agencies, and related rules and regulations. Our businesses in automobile insurance and other insurance areas are extensively regulated by the CBIRC, which has been given wide discretion in its administration of these laws, rules and regulations as well as the authority to impose regulatory sanctions on us. Under the amendments to the PRC Insurance Law promulgated in 2009, the CBIRC has been granted greater regulatory oversight over the PRC insurance industry, in part to afford policyholders more protection.
The terms and premium rates of the insurance products we carry, the commission rates we earn, as well as the way we operate our insurance agency businesses, are subject to regulations. Changes in these regulations may affect our profitability on the products we sell. Any tightening of regulations or administrative measures on insurance premiums or insurance agency commissions could have material adverse impact on the revenue and profitability of our insurance agency business, if we are not able to increase our insurance business volume sufficiently to compensate for the reduced revenue generated from automobile insurance commission, or pass on any downward impact on our commission rates to our external referral sources. Regardless, failure to comply with any of the laws, rules and regulations to which we are subject could result in fines, restrictions on business expansion, which could materially and adversely affect us.
Failure to obtain, renew, or retain certain licenses, permits or approvals may materially and adversely affect our ability to conduct our business.
We are required by PRC laws and regulations to hold various licenses, permits and approvals issued by relevant regulatory authorities to allow us to conduct our business operations including license for operating insurance agency service. Any infringement of legal or regulatory requirements, or any suspension or revocation of these licenses, permits and approvals may have a material adverse impact on our business. The licensing requirements within the insurance and insurance agency industry are constantly evolving and we may be subject to more stringent regulatory requirements due to clarification or change in interpretation or implementation of laws and regulations, or promulgation of new regulations or guidelines in China. We may be required to obtain other licenses, permits or approvals, or otherwise comply with additional regulatory requirements in the future. We cannot assure you that we will be able to retain, obtain or renew relevant licenses, permits or approvals in the future. This may, in turn, hinder our business operations and materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
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Examinations and investigations by the PRC regulatory authorities may result in fines and/or other penalties that may have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, results of operations and financial condition.
From time to time, the CBIRC carries out comprehensive evaluations and inspections of the internal control and financial and operational compliance of PRC insurance agency companies in China. As a participant in the insurance agency industry in China, we are subject to periodic or ad hoc examinations and investigations by various PRC regulatory authorities in respect of our compliance with PRC laws and regulations, which may impose fines and/or other penalties on us. There is no assurance that we will be able to meet all applicable regulatory requirements and guidelines, or comply with all applicable regulations at all times, or that we will not be subject to fines or other penalties in the future as a result of regulatory inspections.
Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure
If the PRC government determines that the contractual arrangements in relation to the VIE structure do not comply with PRC regulatory restrictions on foreign investment in certain industries, or if these regulations or the way they are interpreted change, we, the PRC subsidiaries could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish their interests in those operations.
We, the PRC subsidiaries and the Current VIEs face material risks relating to our corporate structure. We are not a Chinese operating company but a Cayman Islands holding company with operations conducted by their subsidiaries and through contractual arrangements with Current VIEs based in China, and this structure involves unique risks to investors. The VIE structure provides investors with exposure to foreign investment in China-based companies where Chinese law prohibits or restricts direct foreign investment in the operating companies, and investors may never hold equity interests in the Chinese operating companies. The PRC government regulates telecommunications-related businesses through strict business licensing requirements and other government regulations. If the PRC government deems that our contractual arrangements with the Current VIEs do not comply with PRC regulatory restrictions on foreign investment in the relevant industries, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations. Our holding company in the Cayman Islands, the Current VIEs, and investors of our company face uncertainty about potential future actions by the PRC government that could affect the validity and enforceability of the contractual arrangements with the Current VIEs and, consequently, significantly affect the financial performance of the Current VIEs and our company as a group.
Because we are an exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are classified as a foreign enterprise under PRC laws and regulations, and each of the PRC subsidiaries is a foreign-invested enterprise (“FIE”). To comply with PRC laws and regulations, we conduct our business in China through the Current VIEs pursuant to a series of contractual arrangements among Current WFOE, the Current VIEs and its shareholders. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure—Contractual Arrangements with the Current VIEs and Their Shareholders.” We, our subsidiaries and the investors do not have an equity ownership in, direct foreign investment in, or control through such ownership or investment of the Current VIEs. The contractual arrangements with respect to the Current VIEs are not equivalent to an equity ownership in the business of the Current VIEs. Any references in this annual report to control or benefits that accrue to us and our subsidiaries because of the Current VIEs are limited to, and subject to conditions for consolidation of, the Current VIEs under U.S. GAAP. Consolidation of Current VIEs under U.S. GAAP generally occurs if we or our subsidiaries (1) have an economic interest in the Current VIEs that provides significant exposure to potential losses or benefits from the Current VIEs and (2) have power over the most significant economic activities of the Current VIEs. For accounting purposes, we are the primary beneficiary of the Current VIEs. In addition, the contractual agreements governing the Current VIEs have not been tested in a court of law.
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We believe that our corporate structure and contractual arrangements comply with PRC laws and regulations. Based on its understanding of the relevant laws and regulations, our PRC legal counsel, Beijing Kingdom Law Firm, is of the opinion that each of the contracts among Current WFOE, the Current VIEs and their shareholders is valid, binding and enforceable in accordance with its terms.
However, substantial uncertainties remain regarding the interpretation and application of PRC laws and regulations. PRC government authorities may not agree that we and our subsidiaries’ corporate structure or any of the foregoing contractual arrangements comply with PRC licensing, registration or other regulatory requirements or policies.
If regulators deem we, our subsidiaries and the Current VIEs’ corporate structure and contractual arrangements to be illegal, either in whole or in part, we may have to modify our corporate structure to comply with regulatory requirements. We and our subsidiaries may not be able to achieve this without materially disrupting their business.
If we, our subsidiaries and the Current VIEs’ corporate structure and contractual arrangements violate existing or future PRC laws or regulations, the relevant regulatory authorities would have broad discretion in dealing with such violations, including:
| ● | revoking their business and operating licenses; |
| ● | levying fines on us, the PRC subsidiaries; |
| ● | confiscating any of the income generated by us, the PRC subsidiaries that the relevant regulatory authorities deem to be obtained through illegal operations; |
| ● | discontinuing or restricting the operations of us, the PRC subsidiaries in China; |
| ● | imposing conditions or requirements with which we, the PRC subsidiaries may not be able to comply; |
| ● | shutting down the servers or blocking the applications, website, SaaS solutions or supporting services of us; |
| ● | requiring us, the PRC subsidiaries to change their corporate structure and contractual arrangements; |
| ● | restricting the right by us, the PRC subsidiaries to collect revenue; and |
| ● | taking other regulatory or enforcement actions that could harm our business. |
New PRC laws, rules and regulations may impose additional requirements on us, our subsidiaries and the Current VIEs’ corporate structure and contractual arrangements. If any of these penalties or requirements causes us and our subsidiaries to lose the rights to direct the activities of the Current VIEs or their right to receive economic benefits, we will no longer be able to consolidate the Current VIEs’ financial results in our consolidated financial statements, which could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We and the PRC subsidiaries rely on contractual arrangements with the Current VIEs and the Current VIEs’ shareholders to operate their business, which may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing operational control.
We and the PRC subsidiaries rely on contractual arrangements with the Current VIEs and their shareholders to operate their business. These contractual arrangements may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing us and the PRC subsidiaries with control over the Current VIEs.
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Because we and the PRC subsidiaries do not have a direct ownership interest in the Current VIEs, we consolidate our financial results by relying on the performance by the Current VIEs and its shareholders of their respective obligations under the contractual arrangements with them. The shareholders of the Current VIEs may not act in the best interests of us and the PRC subsidiaries, or otherwise fail to perform their contractual obligations.
We and the PRC subsidiaries may replace the shareholders of the Current VIEs pursuant to the contracts with the Current VIEs and their shareholders. However, if any dispute relating to these contracts or the replacement of the Current VIEs’ shareholders remains unresolved, we and the PRC subsidiaries must enforce their rights under these contracts under PRC law and be subject to uncertainties in the PRC legal system.
Any failure by the Current VIEs or its shareholders to perform their obligations under their contractual arrangements with Current WFOE would materially adversely affect the business, results of operations and financial condition of us and the PRC subsidiaries.
If the Current VIEs or its shareholders fail to perform their respective obligations under their contractual arrangements with Current WFOE, we and the PRC subsidiaries may incur substantial costs and expend additional resources to enforce such arrangements. We and the PRC subsidiaries may also have to rely on legal remedies under PRC law, including seeking specific performance or injunctive relief, and claiming damages. Such remedies may not be effective.
Current WFOE’s contractual arrangements with the Current VIEs and its shareholders are governed by PRC laws and provide for the resolution of disputes through arbitrations in the PRC. Accordingly, these contractual arrangements would be interpreted in accordance with PRC laws, and any disputes arising from these contractual arrangements would be resolved in accordance with PRC legal procedures.
Uncertainties in the PRC legal system could limit the abilities of us and the PRC subsidiaries to enforce these contractual arrangements. In the event that we and the PRC subsidiaries cannot enforce the contractual arrangements with respect to the Current VIEs, or suffer significant delays or other obstacles in enforcing these contractual arrangements, the ability of us and PRC subsidiaries to conduct our business, and our financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected. See “—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws, rules and regulations could materially adversely affect our business.”
The Current VIEs’ shareholders may have potential conflicts of interest with us, the PRC subsidiaries, which may materially adversely affect our business and financial condition.
The interests of the Current VIEs’ shareholders may differ from the interests of us, the PRC subsidiaries and the Current VIEs. When conflicts of interest arise, any or all of these individuals may not act in the best interests of us, the PRC subsidiaries, and any conflicts of interest may not resolve in the favor of us, the PRC subsidiaries. In addition, these individuals may breach or cause the Current VIEs and the PRC subsidiaries to breach or refuse to renew existing contractual arrangements with Current WFOE.
None of us, the PRC subsidiaries has arrangements to address potential conflicts of interest between these shareholders and any of themselves. We, the PRC subsidiaries rely on these shareholders to abide by the laws of the Cayman Islands and China. These laws provide that directors owe a fiduciary duty to the us to act in good faith and in our best interests and not to use their respective positions for personal gain.
However, the legal frameworks of China and the Cayman Islands do not provide guidance on resolving conflicts in the event of a conflict with another corporate governance regime. If we, the PRC subsidiaries cannot resolve any conflict of interest or dispute between any of themselves and the shareholders of the Current VIEs, we, the PRC subsidiaries will likely rely on legal proceedings, which could disrupt their business and subject them to substantial uncertainty as to the outcome of such proceedings.
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Substantial uncertainties with respect to the implementation of the Foreign Investment Law may significantly impact the corporate structure and operations of us and the PRC subsidiaries.
On March 15, 2019, the National People’s Congress published the Foreign Investment Law of the People’s Republic of China (the “Foreign Investment Law”), which became effective on January 1, 2020 and replaced the Sino-Foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise Law, the Sino-Foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Enterprise Law and the Foreign Owned Enterprise Law to become the legal foundation for foreign investment in the PRC. Although the Foreign Investment Law stipulates three forms of foreign investment, it does not explicitly stipulate the contractual arrangements as a form of foreign investment.
The Foreign Investment Law stipulates that the concept of a foreign investment includes foreign investors investing in China through “any other methods” under laws, administrative regulations, or provisions prescribed by the State Council. Future laws, administrative regulations or provisions prescribed by the State Council may regard contractual arrangements as a form of foreign investment. As a result, the contractual arrangements may be deemed to violate foreign investment access requirements and the interpretation of the above-mentioned contractual arrangements.
Changes in PRC laws and regulations could materially adversely affect the contractual arrangements and the business of us, the PRC subsidiaries. If future laws, administrative regulations or provisions prescribed by the State Council mandate further actions by companies with existing contractual arrangements, we, the PRC subsidiaries may face substantial uncertainties as to the timely completion of such actions. We, the PRC subsidiaries could potentially be required to unwind the contractual arrangements and/or dispose the Current VIEs, which could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
The bankruptcy or liquidation of the Current VIEs could materially adversely affect our business and results of operations.
If the Current VIEs become the subject of a bankruptcy or liquidation proceeding, we and the PRC subsidiaries may lose the ability to use and enjoy assets held by the Current VIEs. We and the PRC subsidiaries conduct operations in China through contractual arrangements with the Current VIEs and its shareholders and subsidiaries. As part of these arrangements, the Current VIEs hold substantially all of the assets that are important to the operation of our business.
If any of these entities goes bankrupt and all or part of their assets become subject to liens or rights of third-party creditors, they may be unable to continue some or all of their business activities, which could in turn materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. If the Current VIEs undergo a voluntary or involuntary liquidation proceeding, their shareholders or unrelated third-party creditors may claim rights to some or all of these assets, which would hinder their ability to operate their business, and could in turn materially adversely affect our business and results of operations.
Risks Related to Doing Business in China
Changes in China’s economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and the value of our securities.
We conduct our business in China and substantially all of our assets are located in China. Accordingly, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be influenced to a significant degree by the PRC political, economic and social conditions. The Chinese government has significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business and may intervene or influence our operations as the government deems appropriate to further regulatory, political and societal goals. The Chinese government has recently published new policies that significantly affected certain industries such as the insurance agency business, and we cannot rule out the possibility that it will in the future release regulations or policies regarding our industries that could require us to seek permission from Chinese authorities to continue to operate our business, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, recent statements made by the Chinese government have indicated an intent to increase the government’s oversight and control over offerings of companies with significant operations in mainland China that are to be conducted in foreign markets, as well as foreign investment in China-based issuers like us. Any such action, if taken by the Chinese government, could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer our securities to our investors and could cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or become worthless.
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The economic, political and social conditions in China differ from those of the countries in other jurisdictions in many respects, including with respect to the amount of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources. The PRC government exercises significant control over China’s economic growth by allocating resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy, regulating financial services and institutions, providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies, or imposing industry-wide policies on certain industries. Economic reform measures may also be adjusted, modified or applied inconsistently from industry to industry or across different regions of the country, and there can be no assurance that the Chinese government will continue to pursue a policy of economic reform or that the direction of reform will continue to be market friendly.
While the Chinese economy has experienced significant growth in the past four decades, growth has been uneven, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy. Various measures implemented by the PRC government to encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of resources may benefit the overall Chinese economy, but may also have a negative effect on us. Our results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected by government control over capital investments, foreign investment or changes in applicable tax regulations. Any severe or prolonged slowdown in the rate of growth of the Chinese economy may adversely affect our business and results of operations, leading to reduction in demand for our products and adversely affect our competitive position. Additionally, the PRC government may promulgate laws, regulations or policies that seek to impose stricter scrutiny over, or completely revise, the current regulatory regime in certain industries or in certain activities. Furthermore, the PRC government has also indicated an intent to exert more oversight and control over overseas securities offerings and foreign investments in China-based companies. Any such actions may adversely affect our operations, and significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to you and cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or be worthless.
Our ability to successfully maintain or grow business operations in China depends on various factors, which are beyond our control. These factors include, among others, macro-economic and other market conditions, political stability, social conditions, measures to control inflation or deflation, changes in the rate or method of taxation, changes in laws, regulations and administrative directives or their interpretation, and changes in industry policies. If we fail to take timely and appropriate measures to adapt to any of the changes or challenges, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.
The approval of and/or filing with the CSRC or other PRC government authorities may be required in connection with our future offshore offerings under PRC law, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to obtain such approval or complete such filing.
On February 17, 2023, the CSRC released a set of regulations consisting of six documents, including the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies and five supporting guidelines, collectively, the Overseas Listing Filing Rules, which came into effect on March 31, 2023. According to the Overseas Listing Filing Rules, China-based companies that have already offered shares or been listed overseas prior to the implementation of such new regulations qualify as “Stock Enterprises”, and Stock Enterprises are not required to apply for the filing immediately until a subsequent overseas offering or listing occurs. However, the Overseas Listing Filing Rules, among others, require the issuer or its main operational entity in the PRC to file with the CSRC for its follow-on securities offerings in the same offshore market within three business days after the completion of such offerings, and file with the CSRC for its offerings or listing in offshore stock market other than the stock market of its initial public offering or listing within three business days after the submission of offering application outside mainland China.
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We had been listed on the NASDAQ prior to the implementation of the Overseas Listing Filing Rules. Our PRC legal counsel, Beijing Kingdom Law Firm, is of the view that we are qualified as a “Stock Enterprise” and are not required to apply for the filing immediately until a subsequent overseas offering or listing occurs according to the Overseas Listing Filing Rules. However, we are required to file with the CSRC for our follow-on securities offerings in the same offshore market within three business days after the completion of such offerings, and file with the CSRC for our offerings or listing in offshore stock market other than the stock market of our initial public offering or listing within three business days after the submission of offering application outside mainland China. Failure to comply with the filing requirements for any offering, listing or any other capital raising activities, may result in administrative penalties, such as order to rectify, warnings, fines and other penalties, on us, our controlling shareholders, the actual controllers, any person directly in charge and other directly liable persons. Given the uncertainties surrounding the CSRC filing requirements at this stage, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete the filings and fully comply with the relevant new rules on a timely basis, or at all, if we conduct listing in other offshore stock markets or follow-on offerings, issuance of convertible corporate bonds, exchangeable bonds, or other kinds of equity security in the future.
As of the date of this annual report, we have not received any inquiry, notice, warning, or sanctions regarding offshore offering from the CSRC or any other PRC regulatory authorities. However, if it is determined in the future that approval from the CSRC or other regulatory authorities or other procedures are required for our offshore offerings, it is uncertain whether we can or how long it will take us to obtain such approval or complete such procedures and any such approval or completion could be rescinded. Any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining such approval or completing such procedures for our offshore offerings, or a rescission of any such approval obtained by us, would subject us to sanctions by the CSRC or other PRC regulatory authorities for failure to seek approval for our offshore offerings. These regulatory authorities may impose fines and penalties on our operations in China, limit our ability to pay dividends outside of China, limit our operating privileges in China, delay or restrict the repatriation of the proceeds from our offshore offerings into China or take other actions that could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects, as well as the trading price of our ordinary shares and ADSs.
Adverse changes in economic and political policies of the PRC government could negatively impact China’s overall economic growth, which could materially adversely affect our business.
We conduct substantially all of our operations through the PRC subsidiaries, the Current VIEs in China. Accordingly, our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects depend significantly on economic developments in China. China’s economy differs from the economies of most other countries in many respects, including the amount of government involvement in the economy, the general level of economic development, growth rates and government control of foreign exchange and the allocation of resources.
While the PRC economy has grown significantly over the past few decades, this growth has remained uneven across different periods, regions and economic sectors. The PRC government also exercises significant control over China’s economic growth by allocating resources, controlling the payment of foreign currency denominated obligations, setting monetary policy and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies. Any actions and policies adopted by the PRC government could negatively impact the Chinese economy, which could materially adversely affect our business.
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Uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws, rules and regulations could materially adversely affect our business.
We, the PRC subsidiaries and the Current VIEs face risks arising from the legal system in China. The PRC legal system is based on written statutes. In 1979, the PRC government began to publish a comprehensive system of laws and regulations governing economic matters in general, and forms of foreign investment (including wholly foreign-owned enterprises and joint ventures) in particular. These laws, regulations and legal requirements are relatively new and often change, and their interpretation and enforcement may raise uncertainties that could limit the reliability of the legal protections available to us, the PRC subsidiaries. In addition, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules, some of which are not published on a timely basis, and which may have retroactive effect. As a result, we may not be aware of violation of these policies and rules until after the violation occurs.
We cannot predict future developments in the PRC legal system. We may need to procure additional permits, authorizations and approvals for our operations, which we may not be able to obtain. Our inability to obtain such permits or authorizations may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Administrative and court proceedings in China may be protracted, resulting in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention. Since PRC administrative and court authorities retain significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory and contractual terms, it may be difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection that we may enjoy. Uncertainties regarding the interpretation and enforcement of laws and that rules and regulations in China can change quickly with very short notice, along with the risk that the Chinese government may intervene or influence our operations at any time, or may exert more control over offerings conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers may impede our ability to enforce contracts and could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
PRC regulations relating to investments in offshore companies by PRC residents may subject PRC-resident beneficial owners or the PRC subsidiaries to liability or penalties, limit our ability to inject capital into the PRC subsidiaries or limit the PRC subsidiaries’ ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits to us, or may otherwise adversely affect our business and financial condition.
On July 4, 2014, SAFE issued the Circular on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Administration on Domestic Residents’ Offshore Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles (“Circular 37”). Circular 37 replaced the Notice on Issues Relating to the Administration of Foreign Exchange in Fund-Raising and Reverse Investment Activities of Domestic Residents Conducted Through Offshore Special Purpose Companies (“Notice 75”), which became effective on November 1, 2005.
Circular 37 stipulates that prior to establishing or assuming control of an offshore company (the “Offshore SPV”), for financing that Offshore SPV with assets of, or equity interests in, an enterprise in the PRC, each PRC resident (whether a natural or legal person) who is a beneficial owner of the Offshore SPV must complete prescribed registration procedures with the local branch of SAFE. Pursuant to Circular 37, PRC residents must amend their SAFE registrations under certain circumstances, including upon any injection of equity interests in, or assets of, a PRC enterprise to the Offshore SPV or upon any material change in the capital of the Offshore SPV (including a transfer or swap of shares, a merger or division).
On February 13, 2015, SAFE issued the Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving Policies for the Foreign Exchange Administration of Direct Investment (“Notice 13”). Notice 13 states that local PRC banks will examine and handle foreign exchange registrations for overseas direct investment, including the initial foreign exchange registration and amendment registration, from June 1, 2015. However, substantial uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation and implementation of this notice by governmental authorities and banks.
On December 26, 2017, the NDRC issued the Measures for the Administration of Overseas Investment of Enterprises (“Measures 11”), which became effective from March 1, 2018. Measures 11 states that PRC enterprises must obtain approval from the NDRC or file with the NDRC their offshore investments made through controlled Offshore SPVs.
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Pursuant to the Measures 11 and the Measures for the Administration of Outbound Investment published by the MOFCOM in September 2014, any outbound investment of PRC enterprises must be approved by or filed with MOFCOM, NDRC or their local branches. State-owned enterprises may also be required to complete approval or filing procedures with state-owned assets supervision and administration authorities with respect to certain outbound direct investments.
We have requested that our current shareholders and beneficial owners who, to our knowledge, are PRC residents complete the foreign exchange registrations and that those who, to our knowledge, are PRC enterprises comply with outbound investment related regulations. However, we may not be fully aware of the identities of beneficial owners who are PRC residents. We do not have control over our beneficial owners and cannot guarantee that all of our beneficial owners who are PRC residents will comply with the requirements under Circular 37 or related SAFE rules, or other outbound investment related regulations.
If any of our beneficial owners who are PRC residents fail to comply with Circular 37 or related SAFE rules or other outbound investment related regulations, the PRC subsidiaries could be subject to fines and legal penalties. Failure to comply with Circular 37 or related SAFE rules or other outbound investment related regulations could be deemed as evasion of foreign exchange controls and subject us to liability under PRC law. As a result, SAFE could restrict our foreign exchange activities, including dividends and other distributions made by the PRC subsidiaries to us and our capital contributions to the PRC subsidiaries.
If any of our beneficial owners who are PRC residents fail to comply with Measures 11, the investments of such beneficial owners could be subject to suspension or termination, while such beneficial owners could be subject to warnings or applicable criminal liabilities. Any of the foregoing could materially adversely affect our operations, acquisition opportunities and financing alternatives.
Failure to comply with the registration requirements for employee stock ownership plans or share option plans may subject us and our PRC equity incentive plan participants to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions.
Pursuant to Circular 37, PRC residents who participate in share incentive plans in overseas non-publicly-listed companies due to their position as director, senior management or employee of the PRC subsidiaries of overseas companies may submit applications to SAFE or its local branches for foreign exchange registration before exercising rights. Our directors, executive officers and other employees who are PRC residents that have been granted options may follow Circular 37 to apply for foreign exchange registration.
We and our directors, executive officers and other employees who are PRC residents that have been granted options are subject to the Notice on Issues Concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Stock Incentive Plan of Overseas Publicly Listed company, issued by SAFE in February 2012. According to the Notice, employees, directors, supervisors and other management members participating in any stock incentive plan of an overseas publicly listed company who are PRC residents must register with SAFE through a domestic qualified agent and complete certain other procedures.
Failure to complete SAFE registrations may subject our employees and the employees of the Current VIEs, and our directors, supervisors and other management members participating in our stock incentive plans to fines and legal sanctions or limit the PRC subsidiaries’ ability to distribute dividends to us. Failure to complete SAFE registrations may also limit our ability to make payments under the share incentive plans or receive dividends or sales proceeds related thereto, or to contribute additional capital into the PRC subsidiaries in China. In addition, we face regulatory uncertainties that could restrict our ability to adopt additional share incentive plans for our directors and employees under PRC law.
We may be treated as a resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and may therefore be subject to PRC income tax.
Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law effective from January 1, 2008 and last amended on December 29, 2018, as well as its implementation rules effective from January 1, 2008 and amended on April 23, 2019, an enterprise established outside of the PRC with a “de facto management body” in the PRC is considered a resident enterprise and will be subject to a 25% enterprise income tax on its global income. The implementation rules define the term “de facto management body” as an establishment that carries out substantial and overall management and control over the manufacturing and operations, personnel, accounting and properties of an enterprise.
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The State Administration of Taxation has issued guidance, known as Circular 82, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a Chinese-controlled offshore-incorporated enterprise is located in China. Circular 82 only applies to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises, not those, such as us, controlled by foreign enterprises or individuals.
However, the determining criteria set forth in Circular 82 may reflect the State Administration of Taxation’s general position on how the “de facto management body” test should determine the tax resident status of offshore enterprises, regardless of whether they are controlled by PRC enterprises. We may be considered a PRC tax resident under the new tax law and may become subject to the uniform 25% enterprise income tax on their global income, which could materially adversely affect their results of operations.
Dividends payable to foreign investors and gains on the sale of Class A Ordinary Shares by foreign investors may become subject to PRC tax law.
Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementing rules, in general, a 10% PRC withholding tax is applicable to dividends payable to investors that are non-resident enterprises that do not have an establishment or place of business in the PRC, or have such establishment or place of business but the dividends are not effectively connected with such establishment or place of business, in each case to the extent such dividends are derived from sources within the PRC. Similarly, any gain realized on the transfer of Class A Ordinary Shares by such investors is also subject to PRC tax at a current rate of 10%, subject to any reduction or exemption set forth in relevant tax treaties, if such gain is regarded as income derived from sources within the PRC.
If we are deemed as a PRC resident enterprise, dividends paid on the Class A Ordinary Shares, and any gain realized from the transfer of the Class A Ordinary Shares, will be treated as income derived from sources within the PRC and be subject to PRC taxation. Furthermore, if we are deemed as a PRC resident enterprise, dividends payable to individual investors who are non-PRC residents and any gain realized on the transfer of the Class A Ordinary Shares by such investors may be subject to PRC tax at a current rate of 20%, subject to any reduction or exemption set forth in applicable tax treaties.
If we or any of our subsidiaries established outside China are considered a PRC resident enterprise, it is unclear whether holders of the Class A Ordinary Shares can claim the benefit of income tax treaties or agreements entered into between China and other countries or areas. If dividends payable to non-PRC investors or gains from the transfer of the Class A Ordinary Shares by such investors are subject to PRC tax, the value of your investment in the Class A Ordinary Shares may decline significantly.
Our shareholders face uncertainties with respect to indirect transfers of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises by their non-PRC holding companies.
On February 3, 2015, the State Administration of Taxation issued the Circular on Issues of Enterprise Income Tax on Indirect Transfers of Assets by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises (“Circular 7”), which replaced or supplemented certain previous rules under the Notice on Strengthening Administration of Enterprise Income Tax for Share Transfers by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises (the “Circular 698”), issued by the State Administration of Taxation on December 10, 2009. Circular 7 sets out a wider scope of indirect transfer of PRC assets that might be subject to PRC enterprise income tax. Circular 7 also includes detailed guidelines regarding when such indirect transfer is considered to lack a bona fide commercial purpose and thus regarded as avoiding PRC tax. On October 17, 2017, the SAT issued the Announcement on Issues Relating to Withholding at Source of Income Tax of Non-resident Enterprises (the “SAT Circular 37”), which came into effect on December 1, 2017 and was amended on June 15, 2018. SAT Circular 37 further clarifies the practices and procedures for withholding non-resident enterprise income tax.
The conditional reporting obligation of the non-PRC investor under Circular 698 is replaced by a voluntary reporting by the transferor, the transferee or the underlying PRC resident enterprise transferred. Using a “substance over form” principle, PRC tax authorities may disregard the existence of the overseas holding company if the company lacks a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of reducing, avoiding or deferring PRC tax. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax, currently at a rate of 10%, and the transferee has an obligation to withhold tax from the sale proceeds.
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Gains from the sale of shares by investors through a public stock exchange are not subject to the PRC enterprise income tax pursuant to Circular 7 where such shares were acquired in a transaction through a public stock exchange.
There remains uncertainty as to the application of Circular 7 and the SAT Circular 37. PRC tax authorities may determine that Circular 7 and the SAT Circular 37 are applicable to offshore restructuring transactions or sale of the shares of offshore subsidiaries where non-resident enterprises, as the transferors, were involved. PRC tax authorities may pursue such non-resident enterprises with respect to a filing regarding the transactions and request the PRC subsidiaries to assist in the filing.
As a result, our non-resident subsidiaries in such transactions may risk being subject to filing obligations or being taxed under Circular 7 and the SAT Circular 37, unless it can be justified that the transactions are of reasonable business purposes such as group restructuring or other allowed circumstances. Practically, there has been no major transaction of similar nature challenged by the PRC tax authorities. However, given the increasingly tightened tax administration in China and the uncertainties under Circular 7, we cannot assure you that there is no tax reporting or settlement risk for such transactions.
Governmental control of currency conversion may limit the ability of us, the PRC subsidiaries to utilize our net revenues effectively and our ability to transfer cash among the group, across borders, and to investors and affect the value of your investment.
The PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of Renminbi into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of China. The PRC subsidiaries receive substantially all of their net revenue in Renminbi. Under the current corporate structure, we primarily rely on dividend payments from the PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have.
The Renminbi is convertible under the “current account,” which includes dividends, trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, but not under the “capital account,” which includes foreign direct investment and loans, including loans we may secure from or for our onshore subsidiaries. Certain PRC subsidiaries may purchase foreign currency for settlement of “current account transactions” without the approval of SAFE by complying with certain procedural requirements.
However, PRC governmental authorities may limit or eliminate the ability of the PRC subsidiaries to purchase foreign currencies for current account transactions. Foreign exchange transactions under the capital account remain subject to limitations and require approvals from, or registration with, SAFE and other relevant PRC governmental authorities.
Since a significant amount of the PRC subsidiaries’ revenue is denominated in Renminbi, any existing and future restrictions on currency exchange may limit their ability to utilize cash generated in Renminbi to fund their business activities outside of the PRC or pay dividends in foreign currencies to the shareholders, including holders of the Class A Ordinary Shares. These restrictions may also limit our ability to obtain foreign currency through debt or equity financing for the PRC subsidiaries.
Fluctuations in the value of the Renminbi may materially adversely affect your investment.
The value of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies may fluctuate and is affected by, among other things, changes in political and economic conditions in China and by China’s foreign exchange policies. With the development of the foreign exchange market and progress towards interest rate liberalization and Renminbi internationalization, the PRC government may announce further changes to the exchange rate system, and the Renminbi may appreciate or depreciate significantly against the U.S. dollar. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar.
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Significant revaluation of the Renminbi may materially adversely affect your investment. For example, to the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars received from offshore financing activities into Renminbi for the operations of the PRC subsidiaries, appreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would decrease the Renminbi amount that we would have received from the conversion. Conversely, if we, the PRC subsidiaries convert Renminbi into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on the Class A Ordinary Shares or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Renminbi would reduce the U.S. dollar amount available to us, the PRC subsidiaries.
Limited hedging options are available in China to reduce our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations. As of the date of this annual report, we have not entered into any material hedging transactions to reduce our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. While we may enter into hedging transactions in the future, the availability and effectiveness of these hedges may be limited, and we may not be able to adequately hedge our exposure. In addition, currency exchange losses may be magnified by PRC exchange control regulations that restrict our ability to convert Renminbi into foreign currency.
The enforcement of the PRC Labor Contract Law and other labor-related regulations in the PRC may adversely affect our business and results of operations.
The Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress enacted the Labor Contract Law in 2008, and amended it on December 28, 2012. The Labor Contract Law introduced specific provisions related to fixed-term employment contracts, part-time employment, probationary periods, consultation with labor unions and employee assemblies, employment without a written contract, dismissal of employees, severance, and collective bargaining to enhance previous PRC labor laws.
Under the Labor Contract Law, an employer must sign an unlimited-term labor contract with any employee who has worked for the employer for ten consecutive years. Furthermore, if an employee requests or agrees to renew a fixed-term labor contract that has already been entered into twice consecutively, the resulting contract, with certain exceptions, must have an unlimited term, subject to certain exceptions.
With certain exceptions, an employer must pay severance to an employee where a labor contract is terminated or expires. In addition, PRC governmental authorities have introduced various new labor-related regulations since the effectiveness of the Labor Contract Law. Under the PRC Social Insurance Law and the Administrative Measures on Housing Fund, employees must participate in pension insurance, work-related injury insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance, maternity insurance, and housing funds. Employers must apply for social insurance registration and open housing fund accounts for the employees and are required, together with their employees or separately, to pay the social insurance premiums and housing funds for their employees.
Certain of the PRC subsidiaries have not made full contributions to social security insurance plans and housing provident fund for our employees and the employees of the Current VIEs in compliance with the relevant PRC regulations. As a result, we may be required to make up the contributions for these plans as well as to pay late fees and fines.
In addition, we have accrued in the financial statements but not made full contributions to the social insurance plans and the housing provident fund for employees as required by the relevant PRC laws and regulations. As of the date of this annual report, we are not aware of any notice from regulatory authorities or any claim or request from these employees in this regard.
As the interpretation and implementation of these regulations are evolving, employment practices of the PRC subsidiaries may not be at all times deemed in compliance with the regulations. As a result, these entities could be subject to penalties or incur significant liabilities in connection with labor disputes or investigations.
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Risks Related to the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act
If the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or the PCAOB, is unable to inspect our auditors as required under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCA Act, the SEC will prohibit the trading of our ADSs. A trading prohibition for our ADSs, or the threat of a trading prohibition, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment. Additionally, the inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of our auditors would deprive our investors of the benefits of such inspections.
Pursuant to the HFCA Act, if the PCAOB, is unable to inspect an issuer’s auditors for two consecutive years, the issuer’s securities are prohibited to trade on a U.S. stock exchange. The PCAOB issued a Determination Report on December 16, 2021 (the “Determination Report”) which found that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in: (1) mainland China of the People’s Republic of China because of a position taken by one or more authorities in mainland China; and (2) Hong Kong, a Special Administrative Region and dependency of the PRC, because of a position taken by one or more authorities in Hong Kong. Furthermore, the Determination Report identified the specific registered public accounting firms which are subject to these determinations (“PCAOB Identified Firms”).
Our current auditor OneStop Assurance PAC Singapore (“OneStop”), which is headquartered in Singapore and issued the audit report for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023, 2024 and 2025 included elsewhere in this annual report, as auditors of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and firms registered with the PCAOB, are subject to laws in the U.S. pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess its compliance with the applicable professional standards. As of the date of this annual report, OneStop is not included in the list of PCAOB Identified Firms in the Determination Report.
On August 26, 2022, the PCAOB announced that it had signed a Protocol with the CSRC and the MOF of the People’s Republic of China, governing inspections and investigations of audit firms based in mainland China and Hong Kong. Pursuant to the Protocol, the PCAOB conducted inspections on select registered public accounting firms subject to the Determination Report in Hong Kong between September and November 2022.
On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB board announced that it has completed the inspections, determined that it had complete access to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong, and voted to vacate the Determination Report.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company’s ability to retain an auditor subject to the PCAOB inspection and investigation, including but not limited to inspection of the audit working papers related to us, may depend on the relevant positions of U.S. and Chinese regulators. OneStop’s audit working papers related to us are located in China. With respect to audits of companies with operations in China, such as the Company, there are uncertainties about the ability of its auditor to fully cooperate with a request by the PCAOB for audit working papers in China without the approval of Chinese authorities. If the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely the Company’s auditor because of a position taken by an authority in a foreign jurisdiction, or the PCAOB re-evaluates its determination as a result of any obstruction with the implementation of the Statement of Protocol, then such lack of inspection or re-evaluation could cause trading in the Company’s securities to be prohibited under the HFCA Act, and ultimately result in a determination by a securities exchange to delist the Company’s securities. Accordingly, the HFCA Act calls for additional and more stringent criteria to be applied to emerging market companies upon assessing the qualification of their auditors, especially the non-U.S. auditors who are not inspected by the PCAOB. These developments could add uncertainties to our offering.
If our ADSs are subject to a trading prohibition under the HFCA Act, the price of our ADSs may be adversely affected, and the threat of such a trading prohibition would also adversely affect their price. If we are unable to be listed on another securities exchange that provides sufficient liquidity, such a trading prohibition may substantially impair your ability to sell or purchase our ADSs when you wish to do so. Furthermore, if we are able to maintain a listing of our ordinary shares on a non-U.S. exchange, investors owning our ADSs may have to take additional steps to engage in transactions on that exchange, including converting ADSs into ordinary shares and establishing non-U.S. brokerage accounts.
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The HFCA Act also imposes additional certification and disclosure requirements for Commission Identified Issuers, and these requirements apply to issuers in the year following their listing as Commission Identified Issuers. The additional requirements include a certification that the issuer is not owned or controlled by a governmental entity in the Relevant Jurisdiction, and the additional requirements for annual reports include disclosure that the issuer’s financials were audited by a firm not subject to PCAOB inspection, disclosure on governmental entities in the Relevant Jurisdiction’s ownership in and controlling financial interest in the issuer, the names of Chinese Communist Party, or CCP, members on the board of the issuer or its operating entities, and whether the issuer’s articles include a charter of the CCP, including the text of such charter.
There are uncertainties under the PRC laws relating to the procedures for U.S. regulators to investigate and collect evidence from companies located in the PRC.
Shareholder claims or regulatory investigation that are common in the United States generally are difficult to pursue as a matter of law or practicality in China. For instance, in China, there are significant legal and other obstacles to providing information needed for regulatory investigations or litigations initiated outside China. Although the authorities in China may establish a regulatory cooperation mechanism with the securities regulatory authorities of another country or region to implement cross-border supervision and administration, such cooperation with the securities regulatory authorities in the Unities States may not be efficient in the absence of mutual and practical cooperation mechanism.
According to Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law (the “Article 177”), which became effective in March 2020, no overseas securities regulator is allowed to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within the territory of the PRC. Accordingly, without PRC government approval, no entity or individual in China may provide documents and information relating to securities business activities to overseas regulators when it is under direct investigation or evidence discovery conducted by overseas regulators, which could present significant legal and other obstacles to obtaining information needed for investigations and litigation conducted outside of China. The inability for an overseas securities regulator to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within China may further increase difficulties faced by you in protecting your interests. Furthermore, as of the date of this annual report, there have not been implementing rules or regulations regarding the application of Article 177, and, accordingly, it remains unclear as to how it will be interpreted, implemented or applied by relevant government authorities. As such, there are also uncertainties as to the procedures and requisite timing for the overseas securities regulatory agencies to conduct investigations and collect evidence within the territory of the PRC. If the U.S. securities regulatory agencies are unable to conduct such investigations, there exists a risk that they may determine to suspend or de-register our registration with the SEC and may also delist our securities from trading market within the United States.
Risks Related to the ADSs
The market price for the ADSs is volatile.
The trading prices of the ADSs have fluctuated significantly and will continue to be volatile and could fluctuate widely due to factors beyond our control. This may happen because of broad market and industry factors, like the performance and fluctuation in the market prices or the underperformance or deteriorating financial results of other listed internet or other companies based in China that have listed their securities in the United States in recent years. The securities of some of these companies have experienced significant volatility since their initial public offerings, including, in some cases, substantial price declines in their trading prices. The trading performances of other Chinese companies’ securities after their offerings, including internet and e commerce companies, may affect the attitudes of investors toward Chinese companies listed in the United States, which consequently may impact the trading performance of the ADSs, regardless of our actual operating performance. In addition, any negative news or perceptions about inadequate corporate governance practices or fraudulent accounting, corporate structure or other matters of other Chinese companies may also negatively affect the attitudes of investors towards Chinese companies in general, including us, regardless of whether we have conducted any inappropriate activities. In addition, securities markets may from time to time experience significant price and volume fluctuations that are not related to our operating performance, which may have a material adverse effect on the market price of the ADSs.
In addition to the above factors, the price and trading volume of the ADSs may be highly volatile due to multiple factors, including, among others, (i) regulatory developments affecting us, our business partners, third-party service providers, financial institutions, or our industry, (ii) market conditions in the insurance agency industry, (iii) changes in the performance or market valuations of other insurance agency companies, (iv) announcements by us or our competitors of new product and service offerings, acquisitions, strategic relationships, joint ventures or capital commitments, (v) actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly results of operations and changes or revisions of our expected results, or changes in financial estimates by securities research analysts, (vi) negative publicity about us, our management or our industry, (vii) additions to or departures of our directors and senior management, and (viii) sales or perceived potential sales of additional ordinary shares or ADSs. Furthermore, as a result of the narrow band of our ADSs publicly available for trading, small trades can cause significant percentage changes in valuation in a short time period. Such volatility may affect the attitude of investors towards our securities, which consequently may impact the trading performance of our ADSs, regardless of our actual operating performance.
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If we fail to meet the applicable listing requirements, NASDAQ may delist our ADSs from trading on its exchange in which case the liquidity and market price of our ADSs could decline and our ability to raise additional capital would be adversely affected.
Our ADSs are currently listed for trading on the NASDAQ Capital Market. There are a number of requirements that must be met in order for our ADSs to remain listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market, including but not limited to the minimum bid price of at least US$1.00 per ADS and the minimum number and market value of publicly held shares, and the failure to meet any of these listing standards could result in the delisting of our ADSs from NASDAQ.
On November 8, 2024, we received a notice from NASDAQ stating that we were not in compliance with the requirement to maintain a minimum bid price of US$1 per share as set forth under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) (the “Bid Price Rule”) for continued listing on the NASDAQ Capital Market. On November 26, 2024, we received a notice from Nasdaq stating that we had regained compliance with the Bid Price Rule.
We also received a notice from NASDAQ dated November 13, 2024 stating that we were not in compliance with the requirement to maintain a minimum Market Value of Listed Securities (“MVLS”) of $35 million as set forth under Nasdaq Listing Rule for continued listing on the NASDAQ Capital Market.
On June 11, 2025, the Company received a notice from NASDAQ stating that the Company has regained compliance with the requirement to maintain a minimum MVLS of $35 million as set forth under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(b)(2) for continued listing on the NASDAQ Capital Market.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, we cannot assure you that we will be able to comply with all Nasdaq Listing Rules at all times, or regain compliance in a timely manner in case of a default and avoid any subsequent adverse action taken by NASDAQ, including but not limited to delisting.
An active market for the ADSs may not be maintained.
The ADSs began trading on NASDAQ in November 2019, and we can provide no assurance that we will be able to maintain an active trading market on NASDAQ or any other exchange in the future. If an active market for the ADSs is not maintained, it may be difficult for the ADS holders to sell the ADSs without depressing the market price for the ADSs, or at all. An inactive market may also impair our ability to raise capital by selling ADSs and may impair our ability to acquire other businesses or property using our ADSs as consideration.
If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the market price for the ADSs and trading volume could decline.
The trading market for the ADSs will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If research analysts do not establish and maintain adequate research coverage or if one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our ADSs or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the market price for the ADSs would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which, in turn, could cause the market price or trading volume for the ADSs to decline.
Because we do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future, you must rely on price appreciation of the ADSs for return on your investment.
We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, we do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Therefore, you should not rely on an investment in the ADSs as a source for any future dividend income.
Our board of directors has discretion as to whether to distribute dividends, subject to certain restrictions under Cayman Islands law, namely that our company may only pay dividends out of profits or share premium, and provided always that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in our company being unable to pay its debts at they fall due in the ordinary course of business. Even if our board of directors decides to declare and pay dividends, the timing, amount and form of future dividends, if any, will depend on, among other things, our future results of operations and cash flow, our capital requirements and surplus, the amount of distributions, if any, received by us from our subsidiary, our financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. Accordingly, the return on your investment in ADSs will likely depend entirely upon any future price appreciation of the ADSs. There is no guarantee that our ADSs will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which the ADS holders purchased the ADSs. You may not realize a return on your investment in the ADSs and you may even lose your entire investment in the ADSs.
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Substantial future sales or perceived potential sales of ADSs in the public market could cause the price of the ADSs to decline.
Sales of the ADSs in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the market price of the ADSs to decline. As of the date of this annual report, we had 123,715,022,675 ordinary shares outstanding, consisting of 111,851,094,785 Class A ordinary shares represented by 46,604,623 ADSs and 11,863,927,890 Class B ordinary shares. All our ADSs are freely transferable without restriction or additional registration under the Securities Act. The remaining ordinary shares outstanding are subject to volume and other restrictions as applicable under Rules 144 and 701 under the Securities Act. To the extent shares are sold into the market, the market price of the ADSs could decline.
We have granted share-based awards to certain management, employees and non-employees. In addition, we adopted share incentive plans in 2019 (the “2019 Plan”), 2022 (the “2022 Plan”), 2024 (the “2024 Plan”) and 2025 (the “2025 Plan”), under which we may have the discretion to grant a range of share-based awards to eligible participants. We intend to register all Class A ordinary shares that we have issued or that we may issue in connection with any employee share-based awards. Once we register these ordinary shares, ADSs representing them can be freely sold in the public market upon issuance, subject to volume limitations applicable to affiliates. If ADSs representing a large number of our ordinary shares or securities convertible into our ordinary shares are sold in the public market after they become eligible for sale, the sales could reduce the trading price of the ADSs and impede our ability to raise future capital. In addition, any ordinary shares that we issue under our share incentive plan would dilute the percentage ownership held by investors who purchase the ADSs.
The voting rights of holders of ADSs are limited by the terms of the deposit agreement, and you may not be able to exercise your right to direct the voting of the underlying ordinary shares which are represented by your ADSs.
As a holder of our ADSs, you will not have any direct right to attend general meetings of our shareholders or to cast any votes at such meetings. You will only be able to exercise the voting rights which attach to the underlying ordinary shares which are represented by your ADSs indirectly by giving voting instructions to the depositary in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. Under the deposit agreement, you may vote only by giving voting instructions to the depositary, as the holder of the underlying ordinary shares which are represented by your ADSs. If we ask for your instructions, upon receipt of your voting instructions, the depositary will endeavor to vote the underlying ordinary shares in accordance with your instructions. You will not be able to directly exercise any right to vote with respect to the underlying ordinary shares unless you withdraw the shares and become the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date for the general meeting. Under our current memorandum and articles of association, the minimum notice period required to be given by our company to our registered shareholders for convening a general meeting is ten (10) days. When a general meeting is convened, you may not receive sufficient advance notice to enable you to withdraw the underlying shares which are represented by your ADSs and become the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date for the general meeting to allow you to attend the general meeting or to vote directly with respect to any specific matter or resolution which is to be considered and voted upon at the general meeting. In addition, under our current memorandum and articles of association, for the purposes of determining those shareholders who are entitled to attend and vote at any general meeting, our directors may close our register of members and/or fix in advance a record date for such meeting, and such closure of our register of members or the setting of such a record date may prevent you from withdrawing the underlying shares represented by your ADSs and becoming the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date, so that you would not be able to attend the general meeting or to vote directly. Where any matter is to be put to a vote at a general meeting, the depositary will, if we request, and subject to the terms of the deposit agreement, endeavor to notify you of the upcoming vote and to deliver our voting materials to you. We cannot assure you that you will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that you can instruct the depositary to vote the underlying shares which are represented by your ADSs. In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions or for their manner of carrying out your voting instructions. This means that you may not be able to exercise your right to direct the voting of the underlying shares which are represented by your ADSs, and you may have no legal remedy if the underlying shares are not voted as you requested.
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Your right to participate in any future rights offerings may be limited, which may cause dilution to your holdings.
We may from time to time distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire our securities. However, we cannot make such rights available to you in the United States unless we register both the rights and the securities to which the rights relate under the Securities Act or an exemption from the registration requirements is available. Under the deposit agreement, the depositary will not make rights available to you unless both the rights and the underlying securities to be distributed to ADS holders are either registered under the Securities Act or exempt from registration under the Securities Act. We are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to any such rights or securities or to endeavor to cause such a registration statement to be declared effective and we may not be able to establish a necessary exemption from registration under the Securities Act.
Accordingly, you may be unable to participate in our rights offerings in the future and may experience dilution in your holdings.
You may not receive dividends or other distributions on our ordinary shares and you may not receive any value for them, if it is illegal or impractical to make them available to you.
The depositary has agreed to pay to you the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on our ordinary shares or other deposited securities underlying your ADSs, after deducting its fees and expenses. You will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of ordinary shares your ADSs represent. However, the depositary is not responsible if it decides that it is unlawful or impractical to make a distribution available to any holders of ADSs. For example, it would be unlawful to make a distribution to a holder of ADSs if it consists of securities that require registration under the Securities Act but that are not properly registered or distributed under an applicable exemption from registration. The depositary may also determine that it is not feasible to distribute certain property through the mail. Additionally, the value of certain distributions may be less than the cost of mailing them. In these cases, the depositary may determine not to distribute such property. We have no obligation to register under U.S. securities laws any ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or other securities received through such distributions. We also have no obligation to take any other action to permit the distribution of ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or anything else to holders of ADSs. This means that you may not receive distributions we make on our ordinary shares or any value for them if it is illegal or impractical for us to make them available to you. These restrictions may cause a material decline in the value of the ADSs.
ADSs holders may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to claims arising out of or relating to our shares, the ADSs or the deposit agreement, which could result in less favorable outcomes to the plaintiffs in any such action.
The deposit agreement governing the ADSs representing our Class A ordinary shares provides that, to the fullest extent permitted by law, ADS holders waive the right to a jury trial of any claim they may have against us or the depositary arising out of or relating to our shares, the ADSs or the deposit agreement, including any claim under the U.S. federal securities laws.
If we or the depositary opposed a jury trial demand based on the waiver, the court would determine whether the waiver was enforceable based on the facts and circumstances of that case in accordance with the applicable state and federal law. To our knowledge, the enforceability of a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver in connection with claims arising under the federal securities laws has not been finally adjudicated by the United States Supreme Court. However, we believe that a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver provision is generally enforceable, including under the laws of the State of New York, which govern the deposit agreement, by a federal or state court in the City of New York, which has non-exclusive jurisdiction over matters arising under the deposit agreement. In determining whether to enforce a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver provision, courts will generally consider whether a party knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily waived the right to a jury trial. We believe that this is the case with respect to the deposit agreement and the ADSs. It is advisable that you consult legal counsel regarding the jury waiver provision before entering into the deposit agreement.
If you or any other holders or beneficial owners of ADSs, including purchasers of ADSs in secondary market transactions, bring a claim against us or the depositary in connection with matters arising under the deposit agreement or the ADSs, including claims under federal securities laws, you or such other holder or beneficial owner may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to such claims and may incur increased costs of bringing a claim, which may have the effect of limiting and discouraging lawsuits against us and the depositary. If a lawsuit is brought against either or both of us and the depositary under the deposit agreement, it may be heard only by a judge or justice of the applicable trial court, which would be conducted according to different civil procedures and may result in different outcomes than a trial by jury would have, including results that could be less favorable to the plaintiffs in any such action.
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Nevertheless, if this jury trial waiver provision is not permitted by applicable law, an action could proceed under the terms of the deposit agreement with a jury trial. No condition, stipulation or provision of the deposit agreement or ADSs serves as a waiver by any holder or beneficial owner of ADSs (including purchasers of our ADSs in the secondary market) or by us or the depositary of compliance with any substantive provision of the U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.
Your rights to pursue claims against us and the depositary as a holder of ADSs are limited by the terms of the deposit agreement.
The deposit agreement governing the ADSs representing our Class A ordinary shares provides that ADS holders, including purchasers of ADSs in secondary market transactions and the depositary have the right to elect to have any claim they may have against us arising out of or relating to our Class A ordinary shares or ADSs or the deposit agreement settled by arbitration in New York, New York rather than in a court of law, and to have any judgment rendered by the arbitrators entered in any court having jurisdiction. An arbitral tribunal in any such arbitration would not have the authority to award any consequential, special, or punitive damages and its award would have to conform to the provisions of the deposit agreement. The deposit agreement does not give us the right to require that any claim, whether brought by us or against us, be arbitrated. We believe that an optional contractual arbitration provision is generally enforceable, including under the laws of the State of New York, which govern the deposit agreement.
No condition or provision of the deposit agreement or ADSs serves as a waiver by any owner or holder of ADSs, including purchasers of ADSs in secondary market transactions, or by us or the depositary of compliance with any substantive provision of the U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. Therefore, in the event that there are claims brought under federal securities laws against us or the depositary brought by any holder or owner of ADSs, including purchasers of ADSs in secondary market transactions, such claims may be submitted to arbitration pursuant to the arbitration provision in the deposit agreement, or may be brought in a court of competent jurisdiction, at the election of the claimant.
By agreeing to such optional arbitration provision, you will not be deemed to have waived our or the depositary’s compliance with U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.
You may be subject to limitations on transfer of your ADSs.
Your ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its transfer books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. In addition, the depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of ADSs generally when our books or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary deems it advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason.
Certain judgments obtained against us may not be enforceable.
We are an exempted company limited by shares incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. We conduct substantially all of our operations in China and substantially all of our assets are located in China. In addition, a majority of our directors and executive officers reside within China, and most of the assets of these persons are located within China. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to effect service of process within the United States upon these individuals, or to bring an action against us or against these individuals in the United States in the event that you believe your rights have been infringed under the U.S. federal securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands and of the PRC may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers.
There is uncertainty as to whether the courts of the Cayman Islands would (i) recognize or enforce judgments of U.S. courts obtained against us or our directors or officers that are predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States, or (ii) entertain original actions brought in the Cayman Islands against us or our directors or officers that are predicated upon the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States. Although there is no statutory enforcement in the Cayman Islands of judgments obtained in the federal or state courts of the United States, the courts of the Cayman Islands would recognize as a valid judgment, a final and conclusive judgment in personam obtained in the foreign courts against our company under which a sum of money is payable (other than a sum of money payable in respect of multiple damages, taxes or other charges of a like nature or in respect of a fine or other penalty) or, in certain circumstances, an in personam judgment for non-monetary relief, and would give a judgment based thereon provided that (a) such courts had proper jurisdiction over the parties subject to such judgment, (b) such courts did not contravene the rules of natural justice of the Cayman Islands, (c) such judgment was not obtained by fraud, (d) the enforcement of the judgment would not be contrary to the public policy of the Cayman Islands, (e) no new admissible evidence relevant to the action is submitted prior to the rendering of the judgment by the courts of the Cayman Islands, and (f) there is due compliance with the correct procedures under the laws of the Cayman Islands. However, the Cayman Islands courts are unlikely to enforce a judgment obtained from United States courts under civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities law if such judgment is determined by the courts of the Cayman Islands to give rise to obligations to make payments that are penal or punitive in nature. Because such a determination has not yet been made by a court of the Cayman Islands, it is uncertain whether such civil liability judgments from U.S. courts would be enforceable in the Cayman Islands. A Cayman Islands court may stay enforcement proceedings if concurrent proceedings are being brought elsewhere. The recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments are provided for under the PRC Civil Procedures Law. PRC courts may recognize and enforce foreign judgments in accordance with the requirements of the PRC Civil Procedures Law based either on treaties between China and the country where the judgment is made or on principles of reciprocity between jurisdictions. China does not have any treaties or other forms of reciprocity with the United States that provide for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. In addition, according to the PRC Civil Procedures Law, the PRC courts will not enforce a foreign judgment against us or our director and officers if they decide that the judgment violates the basic principles of PRC laws or national sovereignty, security or public interest. As a result, it is uncertain whether and on what basis a PRC court would enforce a judgment rendered by a court in the United States.
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You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.
We are an exempted company limited by shares incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Our corporate affairs are governed by our current memorandum and articles of association, the Companies Act (2023 Revision) (as amended) of the Cayman Islands (the “Company Act”) and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against the directors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States.
Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders of these companies. Our directors have discretion under our current memorandum and articles of association to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder resolution or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.
As a result of all of the above, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of the board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States.
Our dual class share structure with different voting rights limits your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any change of control transactions that holders of our Class A ordinary shares and the ADSs may view as beneficial.
We have a dual class share structure. As of September 30, 2025, our outstanding ordinary shares consist of 111,851,094,785 Class A ordinary shares and 11,863,927,890 Class B ordinary shares. In respect of matters requiring the votes of shareholders, holders of Class A ordinary shares are entitled to one vote per share, while holders of Class B ordinary shares are entitled to ten votes per share based on our dual class share structure. Each Class B ordinary share is convertible into one (1) Class A ordinary share at any time by the holder thereof, while Class A ordinary shares are not convertible into Class B ordinary shares under any circumstances. Upon any transfer of Class B ordinary shares by a holder thereof to any person or entity which is not an affiliate of such holder or a trust whose beneficiary is an Affiliate of such holder, such Class B ordinary shares shall be automatically and immediately converted into the equal number of Class A ordinary shares.
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Golden Stream Ltd., a company controlled by Mr. Yong Zhang, beneficially owns all of our issued Class B ordinary shares, representing 9.59% of the total outstanding share capital and 51.47% of the voting power of the Company as of the date of this annual report, due to the disparate voting powers associated with our dual-class structure. The Class B ordinary shares held by Golden Stream Ltd. represent the maximum number of shares underlying the Company’s 2022 Plan, 2024 Plan and 2025 Plan. Golden Stream Ltd. and its controlling shareholder Mr. Yong Zhang have agreed to act upon the instructions from the ESOP Operation Committee of the Company, consisting of Yong Zhang and Jiaxing Chang determined on a unanimous basis in relation to the voting and, prior to the vesting of the shares to the relevant grantee of the share-based awards under the 2022 Plan, 2024 Plan, and 2025 Plan, the disposition of these Class B ordinary shares. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—B. Compensation” and Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—E. Share Ownership.
As a result of the dual class share structure and the concentration of ownership, Golden Stream Ltd. and the ESOP Operation Committee have considerable influence over matters such as decisions regarding change of directors, mergers, change of control transactions and other significant corporate actions. It may take actions that are not in the best interest of us or our other shareholders. This concentration of ownership may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company, which could have the effect of depriving our other shareholders of the opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of a sale of our company and may reduce the price of the ADSs. This concentrated control limits your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any potential merger, takeover or other change of control transactions that holders of Class A ordinary shares and ADSs may view as beneficial. In addition, the significant concentration of share ownership may adversely affect the trading price of the ADSs due to investors’ perception that conflicts of interest may exist or arise.
Our memorandum and articles of association contain anti-takeover provisions that could discourage a third party from acquiring us and adversely affect the rights of holders of our ordinary shares and the ADSs.
Our current memorandum and articles of association contain certain provisions that could limit the ability of others to acquire control of our company, including a provision that grants authority to our board of directors to establish and issue from time to time one or more series of preferred shares without action by our shareholders and to determine, with respect to any series of preferred shares, the terms and rights of that series. These provisions could have the effect of depriving our shareholders and ADS holders of the opportunity to sell their shares or ADSs at a premium over the prevailing market price by discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of our company in a tender offer or similar transactions.
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We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to U.S. domestic public companies.
Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the securities rules and regulations in the United States that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, including:
| ● | the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or current reports on Form 8-K; |
| ● | the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents, or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act; |
| ● | the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their stock ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time; and |
| ● | the selective disclosure rules by issuers of material nonpublic information under Regulation FD. |
We are required to file an annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the end of each financial year. In addition, we intend to publish our results on a quarterly basis as press releases, distributed pursuant to the rules and regulations of the NASDAQ Capital Market. Press releases relating to financial results and material events will also be furnished to the SEC on Form 6-K. However, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC will be less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. As a result, you may not be afforded the same protections or information that would be made available to you were you investing in a U.S. domestic issuer.
As a company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from the NASDAQ Capital Market corporate governance listing standards; these practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with the NASDAQ Capital Market corporate governance listing standards.
As a Cayman Islands company listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market, we are subject to the NASDAQ Capital Market corporate governance listing standards. However, NASDAQ Capital Market rules permit a foreign private issuer like us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country. Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, may differ significantly from the NASDAQ Capital Market corporate governance listing standards. Currently, we follow our home country practices and rely on certain exemptions provided by the NASDAQ Capital Market corporate governance listing standards to a foreign private issuer, including exemptions from the requirements to have:
| ● | majority of independent directors on our board of directors; |
| ● | a minimum of three members in our audit committee; |
| ● | only independent directors being involved in the selection of director nominees and determination of executive officer compensation; |
| ● | regularly scheduled executive sessions of independent directors; |
| ● | a quorum of annual general meeting which is no less than 33 1/3% of our outstanding shares; and |
| ● | shareholder approval prior to an issuance of securities in connection with (i) acquisition of the stock or assets of another company, (ii) change of control, (iii) compensation, and (iv) transactions other than public offerings. |
As a result of our reliance on the corporate governance exemptions available to foreign private issuers, you do not have the same protection afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all of NASDAQ Capital Market corporate governance listing standards.
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We believe it is likely that we would be a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, which could subject U.S. investors in ADSs or Class A ordinary shares to significant adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences.
A non-U.S. corporation will be a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, if, in any particular taxable year, either (a) 75% or more of its gross income for such year consists of certain types of “passive” income or (b) 50% or more of the value of its assets (generally determined on the basis of a quarterly average) is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income. For this purpose, passive income generally includes dividends, interest, gains from certain commodities transactions, rents, royalties and the excess of gains over losses from the disposition of assets that produce passive income. However, rents derived in the active conduct of a trade or business and received from an unrelated party are considered active income for these purposes. Goodwill is treated as an active asset under the PFIC rules to the extent attributable to activities that produce active income. Cash generally is a passive asset for these purposes.
Based on the composition of our income and assets and the trading price of our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, we believe there is a significant risk that we were a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes for our taxable year ended September 30, 2025. Additionally, there is a significant risk that we will be a PFIC for our current taxable year and in future taxable years. The determination of whether we are a PFIC must be made annually based on the facts and circumstances at that time.
If we are a PFIC in any taxable year, a U.S. Holder (as defined in “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—United States Federal Income Tax Considerations”) may incur significantly increased U.S. federal income tax on gain recognized on the sale or other disposition of the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares and on the receipt of distributions on the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares to the extent such gain or distribution is treated as an “excess distribution” under the federal income tax rules, and such U.S. Holder may be subject to burdensome reporting requirements. U.S. Holders should note that, if we are determined to be a PFIC for any taxable year, we do not currently intend to prepare or provide the information that would enable investors to make a qualified electing fund election which, if available, would result in different (and generally, less adverse) U.S. federal income tax consequences under the PFIC rules. Further, if we are a PFIC for any year during which a U.S. Holder holds ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, we generally will continue to be treated as a PFIC for all subsequent years during which such U.S. Holder holds our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares unless we cease to be a PFIC and the U.S. Holder makes a special “purging” election on U.S. Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) Form 8621. If we were a PFIC in taxable year ended September 30, 2025 but cease to be a PFIC in a subsequent year, a U.S. Holder who held our Class A ordinary shares or ADSs in any year in which we were a PFIC should consider making the “purging” election described above. See “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—United States Federal Income Tax Considerations—Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations” for more details. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences of holding stock or ADSs in a PFIC.
We incur increased costs as a result of being a public company.
As a public company, we have incurred and expect to continue to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as well as rules subsequently implemented by the SEC and the NASDAQ Capital Market, impose various requirements on the corporate governance practices of public companies.
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We expect these rules and regulations to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some corporate activities more time-consuming and costly. As we are no longer an “emerging growth company” that may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other requirements, we expect to incur significant expenses and devote substantial management effort toward ensuring compliance with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the other rules and regulations of the SEC. For example, as a result of becoming a public company, we will need to increase the number of independent directors and adopt policies regarding internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures. We also expect that operating as a public company will make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. In addition, we will incur additional costs associated with our public company reporting requirements. It may also be more difficult for us to find qualified persons to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers. We are currently evaluating and monitoring developments with respect to these rules and regulations, and we cannot predict or estimate with any degree of certainty the amount of additional costs we may incur or the timing of such costs.
In the past, shareholders of a public company often brought securities class action suits against the company following periods of instability in the market price of that company’s securities. If we were involved in a class action suit, it could divert a significant amount of our management’s attention and other resources from our business and operations, which could harm our results of operations and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the suit. Any such class action suit, whether or not successful, could harm our reputation and restrict our ability to raise capital in the future. In addition, if a claim is successfully made against us, we may be required to pay significant damages, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY
A. History and Development of the Company
We began our operation through Qingke Fashion Life Service Co., Ltd., or Q&K Fashion, which was established on November 8, 2007 by certain individuals related to our founder and former chief executive officer, Mr. Guangjie Jin, who transferred all voting rights to Mr. Guangjie Jin by proxy agreements. We substantially commenced our apartment rental business in 2012. During the period from 2007 to 2014, Q&K Fashion undertook several rounds of equity financing in the PRC. Mr. Guangjie Jin held more than 50% controlling interests over Q&K Fashion since the date of its incorporation.
On August 2, 2013, Q&K Fashion incorporated Shanghai Qingke E commerce Co., Ltd, or Q&K E-commerce. On March 17, 2015, Q&K E-commerce incorporated Shanghai Qingke Equipment Rental Co., Ltd., or Q&K Equipment Rental. From 2013 to 2015, Q&K Fashion transferred all of its shareholding over Q&K E-commerce to several investors and our founder and former chief executive officer, Mr. Guangjie Jin, allowing the latter to obtain control through majority equity ownership.
To facilitate financing and offshore listing, we underwent a series of reorganization, or the Reorganization as follows. We incorporated Q&K International Group Limited in the Cayman Islands as our offshore holding company in August 2014.
On November 5, 2019, our ADSs commenced trading on the Nasdaq under the symbol “QK.” We raised from our initial public offering, after underwriters exercised their over-allotment option in full, approximately US$44.5 million in net proceeds after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.
We changed our company name from “Q&K International Group Limited” to “FLJ Group Limited”, effective on September 13, 2022. In addition, our ADSs began trading under the new ticker symbol “FLJ” on the NASDAQ effective on September 26, 2022.
On September 18, 2023, our authorized share capital was changed to US$1,000,000 divided into 10,000,000,000,000 shares of a nominal or par value of US$0.0000001 each, of which 8,500,000,000,000 were designated as Class A Ordinary Shares of a nominal or par value of US$0.0000001 each, 1,000,000,000,000 were designated as Class B Ordinary Shares of a nominal or par value of US$0.0000001 each, and 500,000,000,000 were designated as Preferred Shares of a nominal or par value of US$0.0000001 each (the “Share Split”). In connection with such Share Split, the ratio of ADSs representing our Class A ordinary shares was correspondingly adjusted from one (1) ADS representing one hundred and fifty (150) Class A ordinary share to one (1) ADS representing fifteen thousand (15,000) Class A ordinary shares.
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On October 26, 2021, December 17, 2021, and October 31, 2023, we transferred all of our equity interest in Q&K Investment Consulting (the “Former WFOE”), Qingke (China) Limited (“Q&K HK”), and Haoju Artificial Intelligence Technology Co., Ltd. (“Haoju”), respectively, to Wangxiancai Limited (the “Equity Transfer”), which was beneficially owned by the legal representative and executive director of one of our subsidiaries, a related party, for nominal consideration. The consideration was nominal value because Q&K HK, the Former WFOE and Haoju were loss-making and had net liabilities and the possibility that they would generate cash flow in the future was minimal considering (i) decreasing demand for long-term rental apartments in areas they operated due to population outflow from these areas; and (ii) increasing operating costs as a percentage of revenue as it had incurred certain fixed costs and experienced decreasing revenue streams. The Former WFOE was a wholly owned subsidiary of Q&K HK, and had a series of contractual arrangements with our former variable interest entity, Shanghai Qingke E-commerce Co., Ltd. through which we carried out certain rental apartment operation business prior to the Equity Transfer. The Equity Transfer was performed to dedicate our business resources to operate higher-quality rental apartments through our subsidiaries in China. Wangxiancai Limited ceased to be a related party of the Company in October 2023.
On November 22, 2023, we entered into an equity acquisition agreement with Alpha Mind, an insurance agency and insurance technology business in the PRC, and Alpha Mind’s then shareholders to acquire all of the issued and outstanding shares in Alpha Mind for an aggregate purchase price of US$180,000,000 (the “Acquisition”). The purchase price is payable in the form of promissory note (each, a “Note” and collectively, the “Notes”). The Notes have a maturity of 90 days from the closing date, which was subsequently extended to December 31, 2025, an interest rate at an annual rate to 3% per annum and will be secured by all of the issued and outstanding equity of the Alpha Mind and all of the assets of the Alpha Mind, including its consolidated entities. To date, the Company has paid off a total principal amount of US$77,000,000 by issuing Class A ordinary shares of the Company to the noteholders. The Company intends to pay the rest of the promissory notes by either using the cash flow generated by the Company’s operation or through debt or equity offerings or loans; however, depending on market conditions, the Company may also choose to pay a portion of the promissory notes through issuance of Class A ordinary shares. We have been also exploring financing opportunities with certain Asia-based investors who are not U.S. persons and who are not affiliated to us or the Current VIEs. The financing may involve equity-based instruments, including convertible debt. However, the terms and conditions are still under negotiation and there are uncertainties whether we can close the financing on favorable terms and in a timely manner or at all. In the event that we fail to repay the promissory notes within the extended maturity date, the noteholders may exercise their collateral rights in which case we will lose control and will no longer be able to consolidate the results of operation of Alpha Mind. For more details, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to our Business and Industry— If we are unable to repay or refinance the Notes, we will lose control and will no longer be able to consolidate the results of operation of Alpha Mind. In addition, our level of indebtedness could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.” The Acquisition was completed on December 28, 2023, upon which Alpha Mind become our wholly-owned subsidiary and we assumed and began conducting the principal business of Alpha Mind.
Effective on December 7, 2023, we adjusted the ratio of ADS from one (1) ADS representing fifteen thousand (15,000) Class A ordinary shares to one (1) ADS representing six hundred thousand (600,000) Class A ordinary shares.
On May 20, 2024, our authorized share capital was changed to US$48,000,000 divided into 480,000,000,000,000 shares of a nominal or par value of US$0.0000001 each, of which 419,500,000,000,000 were designated as Class A Ordinary Shares of a nominal or par value of US$0.0000001 each, 60,000,000,000,000 were designated as Class B Ordinary Shares of a nominal or par value of US$0.0000001 each, and 500,000,000,000 were designated as Preferred Shares of a nominal or par value of US$0.0000001 each.
On May 20, 2024, we changed our company name from “FLJ Group Limited” to “XChange TEC.INC,” effective on May 21, 2024. Our ADSs began trading under the new ticker symbol “XHG” on the NASDAQ effective on June 3, 2024.
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On June 6, 2024, the Company and Burgeon Capital Inc (“Burgeon Capital”) entered into certain share conversion documents (the “Conversion Documents”), pursuant to which, the Company agreed to issue to Burgeon Capital and Burgeon Capital agreed to subscribe from the Company, the Converted Shares, as the repayment by the Company to Burgeon Capital of all outstanding principal amount and accrued interest under the promissory note issued to Burgeon Capital on December 28, 2023, with a total amount of US$27,342,000.
On October 24, 2024, Mr. Yong Zhang purchased from Mr. Chengcai Qu, the then sole shareholder and sole director of Golden Stream, all issued and outstanding ordinary shares held by Mr. Qu in Golden Stream, and became the sole shareholder and sole director of Golden Stream.
Effective on November 8, 2024, we adjusted the ratio of ADS from one (1) ADS representing six hundred thousand (600,000) Class A ordinary shares to one (1) ADS representing twelve million (12,000,000) Class A ordinary shares.
On December 12, 2024 and December 20, 2024, the Company issued 82,800,000,000,000 and 84,000,000,000,000 Class A Ordinary shares respectively in accordance with a Securities Purchase Agreement with VG Master Fund SPC (“VG”) dated September 24, 2024.
On April 23, 2025, the Company, MMTEC, Inc. (“MMTEC”), who was the then holder of the Note in the original principal amount of US$153,000,000, and Infinity Asset Solutions Ltd. (“Infinity Asset”), entered into a Note Purchase Agreement, pursuant to which Infinity Asset purchased from MMTEC, a portion of the Note (the “Infinity Note”) representing US$51,988,242 of the total US$153,738,529 of the unpaid principal and accrued and unpaid interest under the Note.
On May 6, 2025 the Company changed the ratio of the ADSs representing its Class A ordinary shares from one (1) ADS representing one hundred and twenty (120) Class A ordinary share to one (1) ADS representing two thousand four hundred (2,400) Class A ordinary shares.
On May 9, 2025, the Company and Infinity Asset entered into a share subscription agreement and a payoff letter, pursuant to which, the Company issued 108,027,515,844 Class A Ordinary Shares to Infinity Asset, as the repayment by the Company to Infinity Asset of all outstanding principal amount and accrued interest under the Infinity Note with a total amount of US$51,988,242.
On June 30, 2025, the Company and MMTEC agreed to extend the maturity date of the Note held by MMTEC and accrued interest to date to December 31, 2025 and if the Notes have an outstanding balance on the maturity date, the maturity date will be automatically extended to the end of following year.
See “Item 4.C. Information on the Company—Organizational Structure” for a diagram illustrating our corporate structure upon consummation of the Acquisition and as of the date of this annual report.
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Our principal executive offices are located at Room 613, No.259, Guoxia Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, People’s Republic of China. Our telephone number at this address is +86-21-6422-8532. Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is located at Cricket Square, Hutchins Drive, P.O. Box 2681, Grand Cayman KY1 1111, Cayman Islands.
Investors should submit any inquiries to the address and telephone number of our principal executive offices. Our main website is https://ir.xhghk.com. The information contained on our website is not a part of this annual report.
SEC maintains an internet site (http://www.sec.gov), which contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding us that file electronically with the SEC.
B. Business Overview
Disposed Business
On October 31, 2023, we sold all of the equity interest in Haoju to Wangxiancai Limited, a limited company incorporated under the laws of Hong Kong for nominal consideration.
In the second half of 2023, Company’s rental apartment business was failing to meet performance expectations, operating at a financial loss, while market conditions remained unfavorable. Meanwhile, China’s insurance industry was experiencing steady growth. After careful deliberation, the Company’s management team decided to pursue a business transformation. On September 12, 2024, we sold all of the equity interest in QK365, FENGLINJU PROPERTY (CHINA) LIMITED and Shanghai Meileju Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd to Wangxiancai Limited, a limited company incorporated under the laws of Hong Kong for nominal consideration. As a result of the Disposal, we have no longer conducted the long-term apartment rental business as of the date of this annual report and the results of our disposed long-term apartment rental business are accounted as discontinued operations in accordance with ASC 205-20-45 in the financial statements as of and for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024 included elsewhere in this annual report.
For additional information, see Note 3 – “Disposition of Long-term Apartment Rental Business” to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
Our Business
After the Disposal, we acquired Alpha Mind, an insurance agency and insurance technology business in the PRC, on December 28, 2023. Alpha Mind conducts its insurance agency and insurance technology businesses in the PRC through the Current WFOE and Current VIEs.
As of the date of this annual report, we, through the Current VIEs, conduct professional insurance agency business which provides a wide variety of insurance products underwritten by major insurance companies, including industry leading and/or state-owned property and casualty insurance companies as well as certain regional property and casualty insurance companies in China. Through the Current VIEs, we hold the insurance agent operating license which is required under applicable PRC laws to conduct insurance agency business in China. As an insurance agency, we are not involved in underwriting insurance policies. We are committed to providing insurance purchasers with comprehensive services, spanning from application to claim settlement, through our professional and dedicated approach. We have accumulated substantial expertise and successfully expanded our insurance product portfolio to encompass a wide range of offerings. These include life, health, group accident, and various other property-related insurances. Leveraging the growing ubiquity of mobile internet, Alpha Mind introduced the SaaS platform in 2023. This technological advancement has streamlined and popularized our insurance agency business, enhancing accessibility and convenience for our customers.
Our role as an insurance agent is mainly to facilitate insurance companies to promote market penetration of their products through our extensive nationwide sales network. Insurance companies may leverage our marketing network to promote their products with cost efficiency rather than having to build a marketing network of their own. With respect to end customers, or insurance purchasers, our sales representatives are able to leverage their professional knowledge and experience to advise and recommend the most suitable insurance products and efficiently complete the contract signing process as well as assist them with claim applications.
With our solid foundation and unwavering commitment to excellence, we are confident in our ability to capitalize thriving Chinese insurance agency market. In 2024, we were ranked 80 among the top 100 insurance intermediaries in China, in terms of insurance premium facilitated. We, through the Current VIEs, are principally engaged in the insurance agency business primarily through a “Business to Business to Consumer,” or B2B2C, model. We offer a wide variety of insurance products underwritten by major insurance companies in China, including industry leading and/or state-owned property and casualty insurance companies as well as certain regional property and casualty insurance companies in China, to insurance purchasers and generate revenue from commissions from these insurance companies, typically based on a percentage of the premium paid by insurance purchasers. In 2024 and September 30, 2025, Alpha Mind sold 22,765,794 and 6,348,844 insurance policies with an aggregate premium of approximately RMB2,219.116 million and RMB 2,660.119 million, respectively.
Alpha Mind sells insurance policies primarily through a network of external referral sources, which comprised more than 765 external registered sales representatives and 221 strategic channel partners as of September 30, 2025, as well as through the in-house sales force. As of September 30, 2025, Alpha Mind had branch coverage in 12 cities in 10 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities in China and had established collaborative relationships with 24 insurance companies and approximately 136 of their branches in China.
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On March 24, 2025, we consummated the acquisition of Topone Consultant Limited (“Topone”), a Hong Kong-based insurance brokerage firm licensed by the Hong Kong Insurance Authority. It grants us direct access to Hong Kong’s dynamic insurance market and paves the way for the Company to launch tailored insurance solutions for clients across China and international markets. Hong Kong’s insurance sector has demonstrated robust growth driven by rising demand from mainland Chinese clients and expatriates seeking international-standard wealth preservation tools. As a gateway linking global capital flows, Hong Kong offers unparalleled opportunities to serve high-net-worth individuals, multinational corporations, and cross-border investors. Our entry into Hong Kong market aligns with the vision to become a one-stop hub for clients seeking sophisticated risk management and wealth enhancement solutions. The local regulatory capabilities allow our business team to deliver innovative insurance products that meet the evolving needs of Asia’s affluent population.
For the risks associated with being based in or having the majority of our operations in China, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China.” For the risks associated with the HFCA Act, see “Part I—Risks Associated with the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act.”
Our Insurance Agency Business
We specialized in distributing automobile insurance policies at the earlier stage of our business and subsequently expanded our insurance product portfolio to include other types of insurance including life, health, group accident and other property related insurances. In 2025, insurance premium from property related insurance accounted for approximately 98.75% of the total insurance premium from Alpha Mind’s insurance policies sold.
We typically do not collect, hold or refer any insurance premiums to or on behalf of the insurance companies. The insurance premium typically will be paid directly by the insurance purchasers to the insurance companies, and the insurance companies will pay us the commission within a specified period after their receipt of the insurance premium. After an insurance policy takes effect, we communicate and coordinate with insurance purchasers and insurance companies to serve their respective needs. As we do not underwrite insurance policies, the insurance purchasers or policy holders do not have any direct recourse with us for insurance claims as the insurance contract is entered into directly between the policy holders and the insurance companies, we only play the role of facilitating the claim process.
We generate revenue from our insurance agency business primarily through collecting commissions from insurance companies for successful sales of their insurance products, which are typically based on a percentage of the premium paid by insurance policy purchasers. The commission rates are typically set by insurance companies and vary for different product types, different insurance companies and different geographic regions in which the insurance products are sold. The commission rates are also subject to adjustments by insurance companies from time to time based on their expectation on profits, consumer demand for insurance products in the market, the availability and pricing of comparable products from other insurance companies, regulatory requirements and governmental policies, and other factors that affect insurance companies at the relevant time. In this connection, the average commission rates also varied between different cities in which we operate our insurance agency business, and in 2024 and September 30, 2025, Alpha Mind’s by insurance type average commission rates ranged from 4% to 35% and 3% to 71%, respectively, while its overall average commission rate was 10% and 10.6%, respectively.
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Our SaaS Platform
In 2023, capitalizing on the growing prevalence of mobile internet, Alpha Mind introduced a SaaS platform to enhance its insurance agency business. The implementation of our SaaS platform has allowed us to offer more comprehensive services and expand our reach from offline to online customers. We continue to refine the functions of this platform to suit the needs of the insurance agency business. We believe this platform has several key advantages that further augment our services.
This SaaS platform functions as an internal operational management system designed to enhance the efficiency and scalability of insurance operations. While it does not directly generate revenue, it provides a foundational infrastructure that enables insurance institutions and individual insurance brokers to onboard smoothly through a one-click process. This facilitates the rapid configuration of organizational structures, user accounts, client profiles, and access permissions.
The platform integrates in real-time with external insurance databases, appointment scheduling systems, policy records, and performance tracking data. This integration creates a fully closed-loop sales process, enhancing data consistency and operational continuity across all stages.
To support business growth and adaptability, the platform offers reserved expansion interfaces (an application programming interface used to connect with insurance providers). These allow for the quick integration of multiple insurance companies and their products, enabling a broader service offering and partnership ecosystem. Insurance brokers can also use the front-end interface of the SaaS platform to show the products detail to consumers, which can improve the efficiency of insurance selling process.
By leveraging data-driven insights and standardized operational workflows, the system helps reduce the administrative overhead and costs associated with insurance operations. Ultimately, it makes insurance sales more straightforward, management more transparent, and customer service more professional.
| ● | Insurance product front – The SaaS platform seamlessly connects with insurance companies’ system, granting us access to their extensive product offering database. This capability enhances our capability to identify and recommend the most suitable insurance product based on the specific needs of end customers. |
| ● | Sales front – Through the SaaS platform, individuals aspiring to become insurance agents can easily submit their applications to us. This streamlined process enables us to expand our sales team while minimizing costs. |
| ● | Training front – Our SaaS platform offers a wide range of comprehensive online training courses to the insurance agents. This valuable resource helps enhance their technical expertise and sales acumen, ultimately improving their overall performance. |
| ● | End customer front – The SaaS platform provides our end customers with a host of support services, including round-the-clock online customer service and efficient claim settlement assistance. The SaaS Platform is able to streamline the insurance claiming process by enabling direct connections between customers and insurance companies. In addition, we also provide assistance to customers in preparing the required documentation, ensuring a simplified process when filing insurance claims. Such claims settlement assistance service enables the end customers to receive claims in a more convenient and efficient manner. Additionally, it helps us to identify and target potential customers, enabling us to channel our sales efforts more effectively. |
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The SaaS platform serves principally as a backstage management system to facilitate the process of the insurance agency business. The targeted users of the SaaS platform are primarily insurance agents. Through this SaaS platform, insurance agents are able to help end-customers to access insurance companies’ platform which streamlines the process of signing insurance policies with the insurance companies online. The main features of the SaaS platform include:
| ● | Personnel management – The SaaS platform allows us to store and manage basic information of contracted insurance agents and provide various online trainings to them. It also allows us to manage contracts with the insurance agents. |
| ● | Financial management – The SaaS platform has features that allow us to monitor and manage the settlement of commission fees with the insurance companies in an organized manner. |
| ● | Business management – The SaaS platform allows us to manage and store the information of various insurance products we are authorized by various insurance companies to sell. This allows our contracted insurance agents to timely retrieve the information regarding the insurance products when they are serving potential insurance purchasers. It also supports features such as online contracting, customer management and insurance plan management. |
Potential insurance agents who seek to work with us can submit online application through a gateway WeChat mini program. We will then review their application and determine if they meet our criteria. Once they become our contracted insurance agents, they will be able to access resources and features on the SaaS platform. Currently the insurance agents are not required to pay to access the features of the SaaS platform. As of the date of this annual report, we have yet to have any registered user on the platform as we are still test-running the platform.
Our Insurance Products
We primarily offer automobile insurance and other property related insurance products underwritten by major insurance companies in China.
In 2024 and September 30, 2025, Alpha Mind sold 22,765,794 and 6,348,844 insurance policies of various insurance companies, respectively. Our insurance policies generally have a term of one to two years. These policies are underwritten by insurance companies directly, and we are not a party to the insurance policy or other agreements with the purchasers of the policies.
Our Referral System
Our insurance agency business has developed a referral system that relies on the external registered sales representatives (i.e., insurance agents), distribution channel partners, and our in-house sales force.
Our registered sales representatives are qualified salespersons who have completed the necessary registration process through our WeChat mini program or offline offices. Working in collaboration, we share the commission generated from the sales of insurance products. By engaging these registered sales representatives, we can enhance our sales capabilities and ensure a wider reach for our insurance offerings.
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Our distribution channel partners are non-insurance companies, including auto dealerships. For example, when these dealerships sell cars to their customers, they also introduce our insurance products as a part of the car purchasing process. This strategic collaboration allows us to establish a network of potential customers who are in need of insurance coverage for their newly purchased vehicles. By maintaining relationship between the auto dealerships and their customers, we can effectively promote our insurance products to more customers.
According to the agreements we entered into with distribution channel partners, the suppliers are authorized to introduce our insurance products to their customers as part of the referral process. These agreements also outline the service fees that will be charged for their referral services. In addition, the confidentiality clauses also include terms to protect customer information and maintain privacy of both parties involved. The agreements further specify the duration of the cooperation and any provisions for renewal or termination, ensuring flexibility to accommodate parties’ business needs.
Our in-house sales team is responsible for promoting and selling the insurance products directly to customers. Our in-house sales team establishes close relationships with customers, providing personalized guidance and support throughout the sales process. We continuously equip our sales team with latest industry knowledge and sales techniques, ensuring they are capable to meet the evolving needs and preferences of our customers.
Our Business Partners
We cooperate with a variety of business partners in conducting our businesses, including customers and suppliers in our insurance agency business.
Our customers for the insurance agency business are major insurance companies in China, which we consider as our insurance company partners. As of September 30, 2025, we had established business relationships with 24 insurance companies. These companies include industry leading and/or state-owned property and casualty insurance companies as well as certain regional property and casualty insurance companies in China.
We conduct regular visits to, and organize periodic marketing events for insurance companies, including their headquarters and their branches in different regions, to promote our insurance agency services and introduce our business model and the functionalities of our SaaS platform, particularly on how they facilitate end consumers reach, user experience and transaction efficiency. Our senior management and marketing department at headquarters maintain close communications with the headquarters of major insurance companies. We also invite insurance companies to visit our headquarters and branches to demonstrate our business operations, flows and strengths.
Our suppliers primarily include external referral sources which we consider as our distribution channel partners. As of September 30, 2025, we had established business relationships with 221 distribution channel partners.
We engage external referral sources in different geographic locations of various types of businesses. We select our external referral sources based on various criteria, including their reputation, consumer flows, industry experience, operational track record and previous relationship with us. We require our external referral sources to obtain necessary licenses and certificates required to conduct their relevant business. See “—B. Business Overview— Our Referral System” for more details.
Our End Customers
We sell the insurance products primarily to individual end consumers. We are not a party to the insurance policies underwritten by insurance companies, and generally do not enter into any agreements with our end consumers. We actively promote insurance products we carry to end consumers. Through our marketing network, we contact potential end consumers with our target demographics on a regular basis. We also keep track of our end consumers who bought insurance products from us.
Sales and Marketing
We focus our marketing efforts on engaging insurance companies, sales channel partners and end customers. We have a dedicated marketing team at our headquarters, which formulates and executes our overall sales, marketing and branding strategies.
Our service personnel at local branches visit our insurance company partners regularly to promote our services and products and hold educational seminars and networking events to attract end customers and build our brand recognition. We also promote our products and services by attending conferences and industry exhibitions and through word-of-mouth referrals. We also utilize targeted advertisement placements on the Internet and social media platforms to increase brand exposure, build trust among potential end customers and improve end customer conversion.
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Competition
We face competition principally from other insurance agency companies and insurance companies in China, including:
| ● | large or regional insurance agency companies providing property and casualty or life insurance products; | |
| ● | online insurance agency platforms; | |
| ● | insurance companies’ direct online sales platforms; | |
| ● | insurance companies distributing products by in-house sales force; and | |
| ● | business entities distributing insurance products on an ancillary basis. |
These competitors may vary in terms of their size, business model, technological capabilities, and the range of insurance products they offer. We may face new competition as we introduce new services, as our existing services evolve, or as other companies introduce new services.
While the insurance agency industry is evolving rapidly and is becoming increasingly competitive, we believe that we compete favorably because of our strong technology and infrastructure capabilities, deep connections with insurance companies and strong marketing capabilities.
Intellectual Property
We seek to protect our intellectual property through a combination of patent protection, copyrights, trademarks, service marks, domain names, trade secret laws, confidentiality procedures and contractual restrictions.
As of the date of this annual report, we had one copyright, one domain name and one trademark registered in China. Our intellectual properties are complementary and indispensable to each other to form the basis of our services and solutions and our operational systems. We intend to file additional intellectual property applications as we continue to innovate through our research and development efforts, and to pursue additional intellectual property protection to the extent we deem it beneficial and cost-effective.
We enter into confidentiality agreements with our key employees. In addition, the cooperation agreements that we enter into with our business partners include confidentiality provisions.
For additional information about our intellectual property and associated risks, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry— We may be subject to intellectual property infringement claims or other allegations by third parties, which may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and prospects.”
Seasonality
We generally experience a lower transaction volume for our insurance agency business during the first quarter of a given year due to holiday seasons in China, and remain relatively stable for the remaining threequarters of the year.
Regulations
We operate in an increasingly complex legal and regulatory environment. We are subject to a variety of PRC and foreign laws, rules and regulations across numerous aspects of our business. This section sets forth a summary of the principal PRC laws, rules and regulations relevant to our business and operations in the PRC.
Regulation of Insurance Agencies
The principal regulation governing professional insurance agencies is the Provisions on the Regulation of Insurance Agencies, effective from January 1, 2021. The Provisions on the Regulation of Insurance Agencies regulate market access, operating rules, market exit, monitoring and inspection, and legal obligations for insurance agencies.
According to the Provisions on the Regulation of Insurance Agencies, “insurance agencies” refers to organizations or individuals that are entrusted by an insurance company and collect commissions from the insurance company to handle the insurance business on an agency basis within the scope authorized by the insurance company, including professional insurance agencies, sideline insurance agencies and individual insurance agents.
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To establish a professional insurance agency, the minimum registered capital depends on its business region. For professional insurance agencies whose business regions are not limited to the province, autonomous region, municipality directly under the central government, or city specifically designated in the state plan where they are registered, the minimum registered capital should be RMB50 million, while for those operating within the province, autonomous region, municipality directly under the central government, or city specifically designated in the state plan where they are registered, the minimum registered capital should be RMB20 million. The registered capital of a professional insurance agency must be paid-in monetary capital. An insurance professional agency must obtain an Insurance Agent Operating License.
A professional insurance agency may engage in the following insurance agency businesses:
| ● | selling insurance products on behalf of the insurer principal; |
| ● | collecting insurance premiums on behalf of the insurer principal; |
| ● | conducting loss surveys and handling claims of insurance businesses on behalf of the insurer principal; and |
| ● | other business activities specified by the CBIRC. |
According to the Notice to Overhaul Chaotic Auto Insurance Market (the “Overhaul Notice”), promulgated by the CBIRC on July 6, 2017, all property insurance companies must intensify their compliance management and control of vehicle insurance intermediary businesses, and comply with authorization and management responsibilities applicable to intermediaries and individuals. Property insurance companies may not entrust any institution without lawful qualification to conduct insurance sale activities, or pay vehicle insurance service charges to unqualified institutions, directly or in a disguised way.
Property insurance companies may not entrust or permit any cooperative intermediary to delegate vehicle insurance agency rights to any other institution. A property insurance company may entrust a third-party internet platform to provide webpage-linking services, but may not entrust or permit any third-party internet platform without a lawful qualification as an insurance intermediary to engage in insurance sale activities on its website, including trial calculations of insurance premiums, price quotations and comparisons, business promotions and fund payments.
Property insurance companies must submit for approval of the terms and premium ratios for vehicle insurance. Any property insurance company, insurance intermediary or individual may not grant or undertake to grant benefits not specified in an insurance contract to the policyholder or the insured, including by returning cash or providing prepaid cards, negotiable securities, insurance products, coupons or other property, or offsetting premiums by reward points or exchanging reward points for goods. Property insurance companies, insurance intermediaries or individuals may not pay interest or benefits not specified in an insurance contract in a disguised way such as by allowing the insured to participate in a promotional campaign organized by any other institution or individual.
According to the Guiding Opinions on Implementation of the Comprehensive Reform of Vehicle Insurance promulgated by the CBIRC on September 2, 2020, insurance companies and intermediaries will be under simultaneous investigation and handling in the vehicle insurance field, to severely crack down on the illegal acts such as obtaining service charges by fabricating intermediary business, issuing false invoices and bundled sales. In addition, it is imperative to promote insurance companies and intermediaries to improve the connection of information systems, to regulate the settlement and payment of service charges, and prohibit the advance payment by sales personnel. Insurance intermediaries are prohibited from carrying out non-local vehicle insurance business.
In September 2023, the National Financial Regulatory Administration promulgated the Measures for the Administration of Insurance Sales Activities, which came into force on March 1, 2024. These Measures categorizes insurance sales activities of insurance companies and insurance intermediaries, including insurance agency companies, into three phases namely pre-sales, in-sales, and post-sales activities, setting forth varied regulatory requirements on insurance sales activities in the phases of pre-sales, in-sales, and post-sales activities.
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Qualification Management for Practitioners of Insurance Agencies
Based on the Provisions on the Regulation of Insurance Agencies, the CBIRC is authorized by law and the State Council to exercise centralized supervision and administration competence over practitioners of insurance agencies by category. Under the Provisions on the Regulation of Insurance Agencies, the term “practitioners of insurance agencies” refers to individuals of insurance agencies who engage in sale of insurance products or the relevant loss survey.
Based on the Provisions on the Regulation of Insurance Agencies, the Circular of the China Insurance Regulatory Commission on Issues concerning the Administration of Insurance Intermediary Practitioners promulgated by the CBIRC on August 3, 2015 and Notice on Cancelling and Adjusting a Group of Administrative Approval Items promulgated by the CBIRC on August 7, 2015, prior to practice of practitioners of insurance agencies, the employer should file practice registration information for such personnel on the CBIRC insurance intermediaries monitoring information system, without requiring a qualification certificate as a prerequisite for practice registration management.
Professional insurance agencies, including us, are obligated to monitor the sales activities of the salespersons and restrict and prohibit the misconduct of such insurance sales practitioners employed by or cooperated with such professional insurance agencies. Any failure to do so may result in rectification orders, penalties or fines to the practitioners of insurance agencies and the professional insurance agencies themselves.
Regulation of Internet Insurance
On December 7, 2020, CBIRC issued Measures for the Regulation of Internet Insurance Businesses (the “Internet Insurance Measures”). Pursuant to the Internet Insurance Measures, no institutions or individuals other than insurance institutions, which refer to insurance companies, insurance agency companies, insurance brokerage companies and other qualified insurance intermediaries, may engage in the internet insurance business. Under the Internet Insurance Measures, an insurance institution may sell insurance products or provide insurance brokerage services via the Internet and self-service terminal equipment, so that consumers can independently learn the product information and complete insurance purchase on their own through such insurance institution’s self-operated network platform or the self-run network platforms of other insurance institutions. However, the insurance application pages must belong to the self-run network platform of such insurance institution. “Self-operated online platforms” refer to online platforms set up by insurance institutions with independent operation and complete data authority. Self-operated online platforms shall effectively isolate from its affiliated parties such as shareholders, actual controllers and senior executives of the company in such aspects as finance, business, information system and customer information protection etc.
An insurance institution conducting Internet insurance businesses and its self-operated network platform shall meet the following conditions:
| ● | the place of service access is within the territory of the PRC; |
| ● | it shall meet the provisions of the relevant laws and regulations and the qualification requirements of the competent authority of the relevant industry; |
| ● | it shall have an information management system and core business system supporting the operation of Internet insurance businesses, which shall be effectively isolated from other irrelevant information systems of the insurance institution; |
| ● | it shall have sound cybersecurity monitoring, information notification and emergency response mechanisms, as well as sound cybersecurity protection means such as boundary protection, intrusion detection, data protection and disaster recovery; |
| ● | it shall implement the national graded protection system for cybersecurity, carry out record-filing of the grading of cybersecurity, regularly carry out graded protection assessment, and implement security protection measures for the corresponding grades; |
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| ● | it shall have a legal and compliant marketing model and establish an operation and service system that meets the operation needs of Internet insurance, meets the characteristics of Internet insurance users and supports the service coverage regions; |
| ● | it shall establish or specify an Internet insurance business management department, equip itself with corresponding professionals, designate a senior executive to serve as the person in charge of Internet insurance businesses, and specify the persons in charge of the self-run network platforms respectively; |
| ● | it shall have a sound management system and operating procedures for Internet insurance businesses; |
| ● | an insurance company shall, in carrying out Internet insurance sales, comply with the relevant provisions of the CBIRC on the regulatory evaluation for solvency and protection of consumers’ rights and interests; |
| ● | a professional insurance intermediary shall be a national agency, and its business regions are not limited to the province where its head office is registered, and shall comply with the relevant provisions of the CBIRC on the classified regulation of professional insurance intermediaries; and |
| ● | it shall meet other conditions prescribed by the CBIRC. |
According to the Internet Insurance Measures, “Internet insurances companies” can be established upon special approval by the CBIRC and registered in accordance with the law without establishing branches and specialize in carrying out Internet insurance business nationwide in order to promote the integration and innovation of insurance business with the Internet, big data and other new technologies. An Internet insurance company shall not sell insurance products offline or through other insurance institutions.
In addition, an Internet enterprise is allowed to use the self-operated network platform to sell Internet insurance products and provide insurance services as an insurance agent, provided that such Internet enterprise shall obtain the insurance agency operating license for operating insurance agency business.
Non-insurance institutions may not carry out Internet insurance business, including but not limited to the following commercial acts: (i) providing consulting services for insurance products; (ii) comparing insurance products, trial calculation of insurance premiums and comparing quotations; (iii) designing insurance purchase plans for insurance applicants; (iv) going through insurance purchase formalities on behalf of clients; and (v) collecting insurance premiums as an agent.
The Internet Insurance Measures provides that the CBIRC and its local offices are responsible for the development of the regulatory system for Internet insurance business in an overall manner, and the CBIRC and its local offices shall, in accordance with the division of regulatory work for insurance institutions, implement daily monitoring and regulation of Internet insurance business.
Regulation of Services Provided by Professional Insurance Agency and Its Practitioners
Based on the Provisions on the Regulation of Insurance Agencies, professional insurance agencies and practitioners may not take the following deceptive actions in insurance agency activities:
| ● | deceiving the insurer, applicant, the insured or beneficiary; |
| ● | concealing important information relating to the insurance contract; |
| ● | obstructing the applicant to perform his/her obligation of disclosure, or inducing him/her not to perform his/her obligation of disclosure; |
| ● | giving or promising to give the applicant, the insured or the beneficiary benefits other than those stipulated in the insurance contract; |
| ● | coercing, inducing or restricting the applicant to enter into an insurance contract by taking advantage of his/her administrative power, position or the advantage of his/her occupation or by other unfair means; |
| ● | forging or altering an insurance contract without authorization, or providing false supporting materials for the parties to an insurance contract; |
| ● | misappropriating, withholding or occupying insurance premiums or insurance benefits; |
| ● | seeking improper benefits for other institutions or individuals by taking advantage of his/her business; |
| ● | defrauding the insurance benefits by colluding with the applicant, the insured or beneficiary; or |
| ● | disclosing business secrets of the insurer, the applicant or the insured known in the business activities. |
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A professional insurance agency may not sign insurance contracts on behalf of a contributor. On April 2, 2019, the CBIRC issued a Notice to Rectify the Irregularities in the Insurance Intermediary Market (the “Rectify Notice”), requiring all insurance companies and insurance intermediaries to conduct self-inspections to determine whether their practices violate relevant regulations.
According to the Rectify Notice, among other matters, insurance intermediaries and insurance agencies must rectify any non-compliance practices, such as granting or undertaking to grant policyholders, insured parties or beneficiaries benefits other than those agreed in the insurance contracts, failure to register the sales persons engaged by the insurance intermediaries with the CBIRC’s Insurance Intermediaries Regulatory Information System, or hiring sales person with bad conduct or who do not have professional knowledge necessary for insurance sales. As of the date this proxy statement/prospectus, CCT has completed the applicable rectification measures.
On June 23, 2020, the CBIRC further issued the Notice to Follow-up Review of the Rectification of Market Chaos in Banking and Insurance Industries (the “Review Notice”), requiring all banking and insurance institutions to carry out strict self-examination and self-rectification. According to the Review Notice, among other matters, insurance companies and insurance intermediaries must rectify any non-compliance practices, such as misleading consumers to buy insurance products by making false publicity on the grounds that the sales of insurance products are about to be stopped or the premium rates are about to be adjusted, maliciously misleading or instigating clients to cancel insurance policies, making consumers suffer from unnecessary losses of contractual rights and interests, or disclosing client information in violation of regulations. CCT has completed the self-examination and self-rectification work and reported the same to the CBIRC.
Regulations Relating to Foreign Investment
Companies established and operating in the PRC shall be subject to the Company Law of the PRC, or the PRC Company Law, which was promulgated on December 29, 1993 and amended on December 28, 2013 and October 26, 2018 and newly amended on December 29, 2023 which came into effective on July 1, 2024. The PRC Company Law provides general regulations for companies set up and operating in the PRC, including foreign-invested companies. Unless otherwise provided in the PRC foreign investment laws, the provisions in the PRC Company Law shall prevail.
Investments in the PRC by foreign investors and foreign-invested enterprises are regulated by the Special Administrative Measures (Negative List) for the Access of Foreign Investment, or the Negative List, the latest version of which was promulgated by the NDRC and the PRC Ministry of Commerce, or the MOFCOM on June 23, 2020 and became effective as of July 23, 2020 and Catalogue of Industries for Encouraging Foreign Investment, or the Encouraging Catalogue, the latest version of which was promulgated by the NDRC and the MOFCOM on December 27, 2020 and became effective as of January 27, 2021. The Negative List and the Encouraging Catalogue jointly categorize the industries into three categories: encouraged industries, restricted industries and prohibited industries. Establishment of wholly foreign-owned enterprises is generally allowed in industries outside of the Negative List. For the restricted industries within the Negative List, some are limited to equity or contractual joint ventures, while in some cases Chinese partners are required to hold the majority interests in such joint ventures. Foreign investors are not allowed to invest in industries in the Negative List. Industries not listed in the Negative List are generally open to foreign investment unless specifically restricted by other applicable PRC regulations. The Negative List expands the scope of permitted industries by reducing the number of industries that fall within the previous negative list where restrictions on the shareholding percentage or requirements on the composition of board or senior management still exists.
The Foreign Investment Law became effective on January 1, 2020 and has replaced the trio of three previous laws regulating foreign investment in China, or the Three FIE Laws, namely, the Sino-foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise Law, the Sino-foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Enterprise Law and the Wholly Foreign-invested Enterprise Law, together with their implementation rules and ancillary regulations, as the legal foundation for foreign investment in the PRC. Generally speaking, the PRC Company Law or the PRC Partnership Law shall apply with respect to an FIE’s organization. This is aimed to put an end to any discrepancy between the Three FIE Laws and the Company Law.
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The Foreign Investment Law mainly stipulates four forms of foreign investors, which includes: (a) a foreign investor, individually or collectively with other investors, establishes a foreign-invested enterprise within PRC; (b) a foreign investor acquires stock shares, equity shares, interests in assets, or other like rights and interests of an enterprise within PRC; (c) a foreign investor, individually or collectively with other investors, invests in a new project within PRC; and (d) foreign investors invest in China through any other methods under laws, administrative regulations, or provisions prescribed by the State Council. Compared with the Three FIE Laws, the Foreign Investment Law is profoundly different in the following aspects:
| ● | Application of a pre-establishment national treatment. According to the Foreign Investment Law, the PRC governments shall govern foreign investment according to the system of pre-establishment national treatment, which requires treatment given to foreign investors and their investments during the market access stage shall not be inferior to treatment afforded to PRC domestic investors and their investment except where a foreign investment falls into the orbit of the Negative List. |
| ● | Application of an updated Investment Management. Pursuant to the Foreign Investment Law, the State shall establish a foreign investment information report system. Foreign investors or FIEs shall submit investment information to the competent department for commerce through the enterprise registration system and the enterprise credit information publicity system. The content and scope of information subject to the reporting obligations shall be determined under the principle of necessity. In addition, the State shall establish a security review system for foreign investment, under which a security review shall be conducted for any foreign investment affecting or having the possibility to affect the state security. |
In addition, the Foreign Investment Law also provides several protective rules and principles for foreign investors and their investments in the PRC, including, among others, that local governments shall abide by their policy commitments to the foreign investors and perform all contracts entered into in accordance with the law; foreign-invested enterprises are allowed to issue stocks and corporate bonds; except for special circumstances, in which case statutory procedures shall be followed and fair and reasonable compensation shall be made in a timely manner, expropriate or requisition the investment of foreign investors is prohibited; mandatory technology transfer is prohibited; foreign investors’ funds are allowed to be freely transferred out and into the territory of PRC, which run through the entire lifecycle from the entry to the exit of foreign investment; and providing an all-around and multi-angle system to guarantee fair competition of foreign-invested enterprises in the market economy. Furthermore, the Foreign Investment Law provides that foreign-invested enterprises established according to the existing laws regulating foreign investment may maintain their structure and corporate governance within five years after the implementation of the Foreign Investment Law, which means that foreign-invested enterprises may be required to adjust the structure and corporate governance in accordance with the current PRC Company Law and other laws and regulations governing the corporate governance.
On December 12, 2019, the State Council promulgated the Implementation Regulations of Foreign Investment Law, or the Implementation Regulations, which simultaneously came into force with the Foreign Investment Law from January 1, 2020. The Implementation Regulations provides specific operation rules for the principles of investment protection, investment promotion and investment management in the Foreign Investment Law.
Regulation of Foreign Investment in the Insurance Brokerage and Insurance Agency Industry
Pursuant to the Announcement of the China Insurance Regulatory Commission on Permitting Foreign Insurance Brokerage Companies to Establish Solely Foreign-invested Insurance Brokerage Companies, effective from December 11, 2006, in accordance with the related commitments of China for accession to the WTO, foreign insurance brokerage companies may establish wholly foreign-funded insurance brokerage companies in accordance with PRC laws and there are no restrictions other than those on establishment conditions and business scope. Pursuant to the Notice of the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission on Widening the Scope of Business of Foreign-funded Insurance Brokerage Companies issued on and effective from April 27, 2018, foreign-funded insurance brokerage institutions that have obtained insurance brokerage business permits upon approval by the insurance regulatory authority of the State Council may engage in the same businesses as a PRC domestic insurance brokerage company.
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Pursuant to the Public Announcement of the China Insurance Regulatory Commission on Relevant Matters Concerning the Application of the Insurance Agencies in Hong Kong and Macao for Establishing Solely-Invested Insurance Agencies in the Mainland issued on December 26, 2007, from January 1, 2008, local professional insurance agencies in Hong Kong or Macao which meet the requirements may apply for the establishment of solely-invested insurance agencies in the mainland of the PRC. Pursuant to the Supplements and Amendments VIII to the Mainland’s Specific Commitments on Liberalization of Trade in Services for Hong Kong and the Supplements and Amendments VIII to the Mainland’s Specific Commitments on Liberalization of Trade in Services for Macao, qualified insurance brokerage institutions in Hong Kong or Macao may establish solely-invested insurance agencies in Guangdong province (including Shenzhen) for practicing within Guangdong province. Pursuant to the Notice of the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission on Allowing Overseas Investors to Operate Insurance Agent Business in China, effective from June 19, 2018, overseas insurance agency entities operating an insurance agency business for three or more years outside China and foreign-funded insurance companies in China which have operated for three or more years may apply to CBIRC to establish a foreign-invested insurance agency within China.
Regulations Relating to Foreign Investment in the Value-added Telecommunication Services
The Telecommunications Regulations of the People’s Republic of China, which was promulgated by the State Council on September 25, 2000 and last amended on February 6, 2016, categorizes all telecommunications businesses in China as either basic telecommunications businesses or value-added telecommunications businesses. Further, according to the Catalog of Telecommunications Business, attached to the Telecommunications Regulations and last mended by the MIIT on December 28, 2015, information services provided via fixed network, mobile network and Internet fall within value-added telecommunication services.
The State Council promulgated the Administrative Rules on Foreign-invested Telecommunications Enterprises in December 2001, as last amended on February 6, 2016, or the FITE Regulations. The FITE Regulations set forth detailed requirements with respect to capitalization, investor qualifications and application procedures in connection with the establishment of a foreign-invested telecommunications enterprise. These administrative rules require a foreign-invested value-added telecommunications enterprises in mainland China to be established as Sino-foreign joint ventures, which the foreign investors may acquire up to 50% of the equity interest of such enterprise.
In July 2006, MIIT publicly released the Notice on Strengthening the Administration of Foreign Investment in Operating Value-added Telecommunications Business, or the MIIT Notice, which reiterates certain provisions under the FITE Regulations. According to the MIIT Notice, if any foreign investor intends to invest in a PRC telecommunications business, a foreign-invested telecommunications enterprise must be established and such enterprise must apply for the relevant telecommunications business licenses. Under the MIIT Notice, domestic telecommunications enterprises are prohibited from renting, transferring or selling a telecommunications license to foreign investors in any form, and from providing any resources, premises, facilities and other assistance in any form to foreign investors for their illegal operation of any telecommunications business in China.
Regulations on Consumer Protection
In October 1993, the SCNPC promulgated the Law on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of Consumers, or the Consumer Protection Law, which became effective on January 1, 1994 and was further amended on August 27, 2009 and October 25, 2013. Under the Consumer Protection Law, any business operator providing a commodity or service to a consumer is subject to certain mandatory requirements, including the following:
| ● | to ensure that commodities and services up to certain safety requirements; |
| ● | to protect the safety of consumers; |
| ● | to disclose serious defects of a commodity or a service and to adopt preventive measures against occurrence of damage; |
| ● | to provide consumers with accurate information and to refrain from conducting false advertising; |
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| ● | to obtain consents of consumers and to disclose the rules for the collection and/or use of information when collecting data or information from consumers; to take technical measures and other necessary measures to protect the personal information collected from consumers; not to divulge, sell, or illegally provide consumers’ information to others; not to send commercial information to consumers without the consent or request of consumers or with a clear refusal from consumers; |
| ● | not to set unreasonable or unfair terms for consumers or alleviate or release itself from civil liability for harming the legal rights and interests of consumers by means of standard contracts, circulars, announcements, shop notices or other means; |
| ● | to remind consumers in a conspicuous manner to pay attention to the quality, quantity and prices or fees of commodities or services, duration and manner of performance, safety precautions and risk warnings, after-sales service, civil liability and other terms and conditions vital to the interests of consumers under a standard form of agreement prepared by the business operators, and to provide explanations as required by consumers; and |
| ● | not to insult or slander consumers or to search the person of, or articles carried by, a consumer or to infringe upon the personal freedom of a consumer. |
Business operators in China may be subject to civil liabilities for failing to fulfill the obligations discussed above. These liabilities include restoring the consumer’s reputation, eliminating the adverse effects suffered by the consumer, and offering apology and compensation for any loss thus incurred to the consumer. The following penalties may also be imposed by relevant governmental agencies upon business operators for the infraction of these obligations: issuance of a warning, confiscation of any illegal income, imposition of a fine, an order to cease business operation, revocation of its business license or imposition of criminal liabilities under circumstances that are specified in laws and statutory regulations.
In December 2003, the Supreme People’s Court in China enacted the Interpretation of Some Issues Concerning the Application of Law for the Trial of Cases on Compensation for Personal Injury, which further enhances the liabilities of business operators engaged in the operation of accommodation, restaurants, or entertainment facilities and subjects such operators to compensatory liabilities for failing to fulfill their statutory obligations to a reasonable extent or to guarantee the personal safety of others.
Regulation of Anti-money laundering
Based on the Circular on Strengthening Work of Anti-Money Laundering in Insurance Industry, promulgated on August 10, 2010 by the CB IRC, and Administrative Measures for the Anti-money Laundering Work in the Insurance Industry, effective from October 1, 2011, the CBIRC organizes, coordinates and directs policies concerning anti-money laundering in the insurance industry. Under these measures, insurance companies, insurance asset management companies, professional insurance agencies and insurance brokers are required to materially improve their anti-money laundering related internal control competence on the basis of real-name policy issuance and on the principle of complete customer materials, traceable transaction records and regulated funds operation.
Based on provisions of the Administrative Measures for the Anti-money Laundering Work in the Insurance Industry, insurance companies carrying out the insurance business via professional insurance agencies or financial institution-based insurance joint offering agencies must include anti-money laundering provisions in their cooperation agreements. Professional insurance agencies and brokers must establish anti-money laundering internal control systems and prohibit equity investments with funds from illicit sources.
Senior management personnel of professional insurance agencies and brokers must be versed in anti-money laundering laws and regulations. Professional insurance agencies and brokers must provide anti-money laundering training and education, properly manage major money laundering cases involving itself, facilitate anti-money laundering monitoring and inspection, administrative investigation and investigation of criminal activities involving money laundering, and keep confidential any information related to lawful anti-money laundering initiatives.
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Regulations relating to Information Security and Censorship
Internet content in China is also strictly regulated and restricted from a state security standpoint. Pursuant to the Decision Regarding the Protection of Internet Security enacted by the SCNPC on December 28, 2000, which was amended on August 27, 2009, any attempt to undertake the following actions may be subject to criminal punishment in China:
| ● | gaining improper entry into a computer or system of national strategic importance; |
| ● | disseminating politically disruptive information; |
| ● | leaking government secrets; |
| ● | spreading false commercial information; or |
| ● | infringing intellectual property rights. |
The MPS has also promulgated a series of measures that prohibit the use of the internet in ways that, among other things, result in the leakage of government secrets or the spread of socially destabilizing content. The MPS and its local counterparts have supervision and inspection powers in this regard, and we may be subject to the jurisdiction of the local security bureaus. If an internet information service provider violates these measures, the PRC government may revoke its license and shut down its website. In 1997, the MPS issued the Administration Measures on the Security Protection of Computer Information Network with International Connections, which was amended by the State Council on January 8, 2011 and prohibited using internet in ways which, among others, resulted in a leakage of state secrets or spreading of socially destabilizing content.
Moreover, on December 7, 2016, the SCNPC promulgated the Cybersecurity Law of the People’s Republic of China, which became effective on June 1, 2017, pursuant to which, network operators shall comply with laws and regulations and fulfill their obligations to safeguard security of the network when conducting business and providing services. Those who provide services through networks shall take technical measures and other necessary measures pursuant to laws, regulations and compulsory national requirements to safeguard the safe and stable operation of the networks, respond to network security incidents effectively, prevent illegal and criminal activities, and maintain the integrity, confidentiality and usability of network data, and the network operator shall not collect the personal information irrelevant to the services it provides or collect or use the personal information in contravention of the laws or agreements between both parties.
Regulations relating to Protection of User Identity and Information
The security and confidentiality of information on the identity of internet users are also highly regulated in China. The Internet Information Service Administrative Measures promulgated by the State Council requires internet information service providers to maintain an adequate system that protects the security of user information. In December 2005, the MPS promulgated the Regulations on Technical Measures of Internet Security Protection, requiring internet service providers to utilize standard technical measures for internet security protection. Moreover, the Rules for Regulating the Market Order of Internet Content Services, which was promulgated in December 2011, further enhances the protection of internet users’ personal information by prohibiting internet information service providers from unauthorized collection, disclosure or use of personal information of their users.
In December 2012, the SCNPC promulgated the Decision on Strengthening Network Information Protection to enhance the legal protection of information security and privacy on the internet. On July 16, 2013, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, or the MIIT, promulgated the Provisions for the Protection of Telecommunication and Internet User Personal Information, or the Provisions for the Protection of Person Information. According to the Provisions for the Protection of Person Information, under which Internet information service providers are subject to strict requirements to protect personal information of internet users, including: if a network service provider wishes to collect or use personal information, such personal information collected shall be used only in connection with the services to be provided by Internet information service providers to such users and shall be kept in strict confidence. Furthermore, it must disclose to its users the purpose, method and scope of any such collection or usage, and must obtain consent from the users whose information is being collected or used. Network service providers are also required to establish and publish their protocols relating to personal information collection or usage, keep any collected information strictly confidential and take technological and other measures to maintain the security of such information. Network service providers are required to cease any collection or usage of the relevant personal information, and de register the relevant user account, when a user stops using the relevant Internet service. Network service providers are further prohibited from divulging, distorting or destroying any such personal information, or selling or providing such personal information unlawfully to other parties. In addition, if a network service provider appoints an agent to undertake any marketing or technical services that involve the collection or usage of personal information, the network service provider is required to supervise and manage the protection of the information. Pursuant to the Provisions for the Protection of Person Information, in broad terms, that violators may face warnings, fines, public exposure and, in the most severe cases, criminal liability.
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Regulations relating to Mobile Internet Applications Information Services
In China a mobile internet application is governed by the Provisions on the Administration of Mobile Internet Application Information Services, or the Provisions on Administration of Application, as promulgated by the CAC on June 28, 2016 and became effective on August 1, 2016.
Pursuant to the Provisions on Administration of Application, application information service providers shall obtain the relevant qualifications as required by laws and regulations, strictly implement their information security management responsibilities, and carry out the duties including to establish and complete user information security protection mechanism, to establish and complete information content inspection and management mechanisms, to protect users’ right to know the right to choose in the process of usage, and to record users’ daily information and preserve it for sixty (60) days.
Regulation Relating to Intellectual Property
The Copyright Law
PRC has enacted various laws and regulations relating to the protection of copyright. PRC is a signatory to some major international conventions on protection of copyright and became a member of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works in October 1992, the Universal Copyright Convention in October 1992, and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights upon its accession to the World Trade Organization in December 2001.
The Copyright Law of the PRC (2010 Revision), or the Copyright Law, which was promulgated on September 7, 1990 and subsequently amended on October 27, 2001 and February 26, 2010 and the Implementation Regulation of the Trademark Law of the PRC promulgated by the State Council on August 2, 2002 and further amended on January 8, 2011 and January 30, 2013 provides that Chinese citizens, legal persons, or other organizations shall, whether published or not, enjoy copyright in their works, which include, among others, works of literature, art, natural science, social science, engineering technology and computer software. The purpose of the Copyright Law aims to encourage the creation and dissemination of works which is beneficial for the construction of socialist spiritual civilization and material civilization and promotes the development and prosperity of Chinese culture.
Pursuant to the Computer Software Protection Regulations, as promulgated by the State Council on December 20, 2001, and most recently amended on January 30, 2013, Chinese citizens, legal persons and other organizations shall enjoy copyright on the software they develop, regardless of whether the software has been released publicly. Software copyright commences from the date on which the development of the software is completed. The protection period for software copyright of a legal person or other organizations shall be 50 years, concluding on December 31 of the 50th year after the software’s initial release. In order to further implement the Computer Software Protection Regulations, the State Copyright Bureau issued the Regulations for Computer Software Copyright Registration Procedures on February 20, 2002, which apply to software copyright registration, license contract registration and transfer contract registration.
The Trademark Law
Trademarks are protected by the Trademark Law of the People’ Republic of China (2013 Revision) which was promulgated on August 23, 1982 and subsequently amended on February 22, 1993, October 27, 2001 and August 30, 2013 respectively as well as the Implementation Regulation of the PRC Trademark Law adopted by the State Council on August 3, 2002 and further amended on April 29, 2014. In China, registered trademarks include commodity trademarks, service trademarks, collective trademarks and certification trademarks.
The Trademark Office under the SAMR, handles trademark registrations and grants a term of ten years to registered trademarks. Trademarks are renewable every ten years where a registered trademark needs to be used after the expiration of its validity term. A registration renewal application shall be filed within 12 months prior to the expiration of the term. A trademark registrant may license its registered trademark to another party by entering into a trademark license contract. Trademark license agreements must be filed with the Trademark Office to be recorded. The licensor shall supervise the quality of the commodities on which the trademark is used, and the licensee shall guarantee the quality of such commodities. As with trademarks, the PRC Trademark Law has adopted a “first come, first file” principle with respect to trademark registration. Where the trademark for which a registration application has been made is identical or similar to another trademark which has already been registered or been subject to a preliminary examination and approval for use on the same kind of or similar commodities or services, the application for registration of such trademark may be rejected. Any person applying for the registration of a trademark may not prejudice the existing right first obtained by others, nor may any person register in advance a trademark that has already been used by another party and has already gained a “sufficient degree of reputation” through such party’s use.
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The Patent Law
According to the Patent Law of the People’s Republic of China (2008 Revision) promulgated by the SCNPC, and its Implementation Rules (2010 Revision) promulgated by the State Council, the State Intellectual Property Office of the PRC is responsible for administering patents in the PRC. The patent administration departments of provincial or autonomous regions or municipal governments are responsible for administering patents within their respective jurisdictions. The Patent Law of the PRC and its implementation rules provide for three types of patents, “invention”, “utility model” and “design”. Invention patents are valid for twenty years, while design patents and utility model patents are valid for ten years, from the date of application. The Chinese patent system adopts a “first come, first file” principle, which means that where more than one person files a patent application for the same invention, a patent will be granted to the person who files the application first. To be patentable, invention or utility models must meet three criteria: novelty, inventiveness and practicability. Except under certain specific circumstances provided by law, any third party user must obtain consent or a proper license from the patent owner to use the patent. Otherwise, the use constitutes an infringement of the patent rights.
Domain Names
On May 29, 2012, the China Internet Network Information Center, or the CNNIC issued the Implementing of the Rules for China Internet Network Information Center Domain Name Registration (2012 Revision), setting forth detailed rules for registration of domain names. The MIIT promulgated the Administrative Measures on Internet Domain Name, or the Domain Name Measures on August 24, 2017, which became effective on November 1, 2017. According to the Domain Name Measures, domain name owners are required to register their domain names and the MIIT is in charge of the administration of PRC Internet domain names. The domain name services follow a “first come, first file” principle. Applicants for registration of domain names shall provide their true, accurate and complete information of such domain names to and enter into registration agreements with domain name registration service institutions. The applicants will become the holders of such domain names upon the completion of the registration procedure.
Regulations Relating to Foreign Exchange
General Administration of Foreign Exchange
Foreign currency exchange in China is primarily governed by the Foreign Exchange Control Regulations of the PRC, or the Foreign Exchange Administration Rules, promulgated by the State Council on January 29, 1996 and last amended on August 5, 2008, and various regulations issued by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or the SAFE and other relevant PRC government authorities. Under the Foreign Exchange Administration Rules, the RMB is freely convertible into other currencies for routine current account items, including distribution of dividends, payment of interest, trade and service related foreign exchange transactions. The conversion of RMB into other currencies for most capital account items, such as direct equity investment, overseas loan, and repatriation of investment, however, is still regulated. Payments for transactions that take place within the PRC must be made in RMB. Unless otherwise approved, PRC companies may repatriate foreign currency payments received from abroad or retain the same abroad. Foreign-invested enterprises may retain foreign exchange in accounts with designated foreign exchange banks under the current account items subject to a cap set by the SAFE or its local office. Foreign exchange proceeds under the current accounts may be either retained or sold to a financial institution engaging in settlement and sale of foreign exchange pursuant to relevant rules and regulations of the State. For foreign exchange proceeds under the capital accounts, approval from the SAFE is required for its retention or sale to a financial institution engaging in settlement and sale of foreign exchange, except where such approval is not required under the relevant rules and regulations of the PRC.
Pursuant to the Notice of the SAFE on Further Improving and Adjusting Foreign Exchange Administration Policies for Direct Investment, or the SAFE Notice No. 59, as promulgated by SAFE on November 19, 2012 and further amended on May 4, 2015 and October 10, 2018, approval is not required for the opening of an account entry in foreign exchange accounts under direct investment, for domestic transfer of the foreign exchange under direct investment. SAFE Notice No. 59 also simplified the capital verification and confirmation formalities for foreign-invested entities and the foreign capital and foreign exchange registration formalities required for the foreign investors to acquire the equities of a Chinese party, and further improve the administration on exchange settlement of foreign exchange capital of foreign-invested entities.
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On February 13, 2015, SAFE promulgated the Notice on Simplifying and Improving the Foreign Currency Management Policy on Direct Investment, effective June 1, 2015, which canceled the administrative approvals of foreign exchange registration of direct domestic investment and direct overseas investment. In addition, it simplified the procedure of registration of foreign exchange and investors shall register with banks for direct domestic investment and direct overseas investment.
The Notice of the SAFE on Reforming the Management Approach regarding the Settlement of Foreign Capital of Foreign-invested Enterprise, or the SAFE Notice No. 19, was promulgated on March 30, 2015 and became effective on June 1, 2015. According to the SAFE Notice No. 19, a foreign-invested enterprise may, in response to its actual business needs, settles with a bank the portion of the foreign exchange capital in its capital account for which the relevant foreign exchange bureau has confirmed monetary contribution rights and interests (or for which the bank has registered the account crediting of monetary contribution). For the time being, foreign-invested enterprises are allowed to settle 100% of their foreign exchange capitals on a discretionary basis; a foreign-invested enterprise shall truthfully use its capital for its own operational purposes within the scope of business; where an ordinary foreign-invested enterprise makes domestic equity investment with the amount of foreign exchanges settled, the invested enterprise shall first go through domestic re-investment registration and open a corresponding account for foreign exchange settlement pending payment with the foreign exchange bureau (bank) at the place of registration.
The Notice of the SAFE on Reforming and Regulating Policies on the Control over Foreign Exchange Settlement of Capital Accounts, or the SAFE Notice No. 16, was promulgated and became effective on June 9, 2016. According to the SAFE Notice No. 16, enterprises registered in PRC may also convert their foreign debts from foreign currency into RMB on self-discretionary basis. The SAFE Notice No. 16 provides an integrated standard for conversion of foreign exchange under capital account items (including but not limited to foreign currency capital and foreign debts) on self-discretionary basis, which applies to all enterprises registered in the PRC. The SAFE Notice No. 16 reiterates the principle that RMB converted from foreign currency-denominated capital of a company may not be directly or indirectly used for purposes beyond its business scope and may not be used for investment in securities or other investment with the exception of bank financial products that can guarantee the principal within PRC unless otherwise specifically provided. Besides, the converted RMB shall not be used to make loans for related enterprises unless it is within the business scope or to build or to purchase any real estate that is not for the enterprise own use with the exception for the real estate enterprises.
On January 26, 2017, SAFE promulgated the Notice on Further Improving Reform of Foreign Exchange Administration and Optimizing Genuineness and Compliance Verification, or the SAFE Notice No. 3, which stipulates several capital control measures with respect to the outbound remittance of profits from domestic entities to offshore entities, including (i) under the principle of genuine transaction, banks shall check board resolutions regarding profit distribution, the original version of tax filing records and audited financial statements; and (ii) domestic entities shall cover losses in the previous years prior to remittance of profits. Moreover, pursuant to the SAFE Notice No. 3, domestic entities shall make detailed explanations of the sources of capital and utilization arrangements, and provide board resolutions, contracts and other proof when completing the registration procedures in connection with an outbound investment.
Regulations on Offshore Financing
On July 4, 2014, the SAFE issued the Notice on Issues Relating to the Administration of Foreign Exchange for Overseas Investment and Financing and Reverse Investment by Domestic Residents via Special Purpose Vehicles, or Circular 37, which became effective on the same date, and Circular 37 shall prevail over any other inconsistency between itself and relevant regulations promulgated earlier. Pursuant to Circular 37, any PRC residents, including both PRC institutions and individual residents, are required to register with the local SAFE branch before making contribution to a company set up or controlled by the PRC residents outside of the PRC for the purpose of overseas investment or financing with their legally owned domestic or offshore assets or interests, referred to in this circular as a “special purpose vehicle”. Under Circular 37, the term “PRC institutions” refers to entities with legal person status or other economic organizations established within the territory of the PRC. The term “PRC individual residents” includes all PRC citizens (also including PRC citizens abroad) and foreigners who habitually reside in the PRC for economic benefit. A registered special purpose vehicle is required to amend its SAFE registration or file with respect to such vehicle in connection with any change of basic information including PRC individual resident shareholder, name, term of operation, or PRC individual resident’s increase or decrease of capital, transfer or exchange of shares, merger, division or other material changes. In addition, if a non-listed special purpose vehicle grants any equity incentives to directors, supervisors or employees of domestic companies under its direct or indirect control, the relevant PRC individual residents could register with the local SAFE branch before exercising such options. The SAFE simultaneously issued a series of guidance to its local branches with respect to the implementation of Circular 37. Under Circular 37, failure to comply with the foreign exchange registration procedures may result in restrictions being imposed on the foreign exchange activities of the relevant onshore company, including restrictions on the payment of dividends and other distributions to its offshore parent company and the capital inflow from the offshore entity, and may also subject the relevant PRC residents and onshore company to penalties under the PRC foreign exchange administration regulations.
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On February 15, 2012, SAFE issued the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Issues concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration of Domestic Individuals’ Participation in Equity Incentive Plans of Overseas Listed Companies, or the Circular 7, which replaced the Application Procedures of Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Employee Stock Ownership Plans or Stock Option Plans of Overseas Publicly-listed Companies issued by SAFE on March 28, 2007. Under the Circular 7, a PRC entity’s directors, supervisors, senior management officers, other staff or individuals who have an employment or labor relationship with a Chinese entity and are granted stock options by an overseas publicly-listed company are required, through a qualified PRC domestic agent which could be a PRC subsidiary of such overseas publicly-listed company, to register with SAFE and complete certain other procedures. Such PRC resident participants must also retain an overseas entrusted institution to handle matters in connection with their exercise of stock options, purchase and sale of corresponding stocks or interests, and fund transfer. The PRC agent shall, among other things, file on behalf of such PRC resident participants an application with SAFE to conduct the SAFE registration with respect to such stock incentive plan and obtain approval for an annual allowance with respect to the purchase of foreign exchange in connection with the exercise or sale of stock options or stock such participants hold. In addition, the PRC agent is required to amend the SAFE registration with respect to the stock incentive plan if there is any material change to the stock incentive plan, the PRC agent or the overseas entrusted institution or other material aspects. Such participating PRC residents’ foreign exchange income received from the sale of stock and dividends distributed by the overseas publicly-listed company must be fully remitted into a PRC collective foreign currency account opened and managed by the PRC agent before distribution to such participants. We and our PRC resident employees who have been granted stock options or other share-based incentives of our company are subject to the Circular 7 as our company is an overseas listed company. If we or our PRC resident participants fail to comply with these regulations in the future, we and/or our PRC resident participants may be subject to fines and legal sanctions.
Regulations relating to Tax
Enterprise Income Tax
On March 16, 2007, the NPC promulgated the Law of the PRC on Enterprise Income Tax which was amended on February 24, 2017 and December 29, 2018, and on December 6, 2007, the State Council enacted the Regulations for the Implementation of the Law on Enterprise Income Tax, or collectively, the EIT Law. The EIT Law came into effect on January 1, 2008. According to the EIT Law, taxpayers consist of resident enterprises and Non-Resident Enterprises. Resident enterprises are defined as enterprises that are established in China in accordance with PRC laws, or that are established in accordance with the laws of foreign countries but whose actual or de facto control is administered from within the PRC. Non-Resident Enterprises are defined as enterprises that are set up in accordance with the laws of foreign countries and whose actual administration is conducted outside the PRC, but have established institutions or premises in the PRC, or have no such established institutions or premises but have income generated from inside the PRC. Under the EIT Law and relevant implementing regulations, a uniform corporate income tax rate of 25% is applicable. However, if non-resident enterprises have not formed permanent establishments or premises in the PRC, or if they have formed permanent establishment institutions or premises in the PRC but there is no actual relationship between the relevant income derived in the PRC and the established institutions or premises set up by them, the enterprise income tax is, in that case, set at the rate of 10% for their income sourced from inside the PRC. Enterprises that are recognized as high and new technology enterprises in accordance with the Notice of the Ministry of Science, the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation on Amending and Issuing the Administrative Measures for the Determination of High and New Tech Enterprises are entitled to enjoy the preferential enterprise income tax rate of 15%. The validity period of the high and new technology enterprise qualification shall be three years from the date of issuance of the certificate of high and new technology enterprise. The enterprise can reapply for such recognition as a high and new technology enterprise before or after the previous certificate expires.
The Notice Regarding the Determination of Chinese-Controlled Offshore Incorporated Enterprises as PRC Tax Resident Enterprises on the Basis of De Facto Management Bodies promulgated by the SAT on April 22, 2009 and amended on January 29, 2014 sets out the standards and procedures for determining whether the “de facto management body” of an enterprise registered outside of the PRC and controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups is located within the PRC.
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Value-added tax
The Provisional Regulations of the PRC on Value-added tax (2017 Revision) were promulgated by the State Council on November 19, 2017. The Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Provisional Regulations of the PRC on Value-added tax (2011 Revision) were promulgated by the Ministry of Finance and the SAT on December 15, 2008, which were subsequently amended on October 28, 2011 and came into effect on November 1, 2011, or collectively, the VAT Law. According to the VAT Law, all enterprises and individuals engaged in the sale of goods, the provision of processing, repair and replacement services, and the importation of goods within the territory of the PRC must pay value-added tax. For general VAT taxpayers selling services or intangible assets other than those specifically listed in the VAT Law, the value-added tax rate is 6%.
Dividend Withholding Tax
The EIT Law provides that since January 1, 2008, an income tax rate of 10% will normally be applicable to dividends declared to non-PRC resident investors who do not have an establishment or place of business in the PRC, or which have such establishment or place of business, but the relevant income is not effectively connected with the establishment or place of business, to the extent such dividends are derived from sources within the PRC.
In addition, the EIT Law provides that an income tax rate of 10% will normally be applicable to dividends payable to investors that are “Non-Resident Enterprises”, and gains derived by such investors, which (a) do not have an establishment or place of business in the PRC or (b) have an establishment or place of business in the PRC, but the relevant income is not effectively connected with the establishment or place of business to the extent such dividends and gains are derived from sources within the PRC. Such income tax on the dividends may be reduced pursuant to a tax treaty between China and the jurisdictions in which the non-PRC shareholders reside. Pursuant to the Arrangement Between the Mainland of China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion With Respect to Tax on Income, or the Double Tax Avoidance Arrangement, and other applicable PRC laws, if a Hong Kong resident enterprise has satisfied the relevant conditions and requirements under such Double Tax Avoidance Arrangement and other applicable laws, the 10% withholding tax on the dividends the Hong Kong resident enterprise receives from a PRC resident enterprise may be reduced to 5%. However, based on the Notice on Certain Issues with Respect to the Enforcement of Dividend Provisions in Tax Treaties, or Notice No. 81, issued on February 20, 2009 by the SAT, if the relevant PRC tax authorities determine, in their discretion, that a company benefits from such reduced income tax rate due to a structure or arrangement that is primarily tax driven, such PRC tax authorities may adjust the preferential tax treatment. In August 2015, the State Administration of Taxation promulgated the Administrative Measures for Non-resident Taxpayers to Enjoy Treatment under Tax Treaties, or SAT Circular 60, which became effective on November 1, 2015. SAT Circular 60 provides that Non-Resident Enterprises are not required to obtain pre-approval from the relevant tax authority in order to enjoy the reduced withholding tax. Instead, Non-Resident Enterprises and their withholding agents may, by self-assessment and on confirmation that the prescribed criteria to enjoy the tax treaty benefits are met, directly apply the reduced withholding tax rate, and file the necessary forms and supporting documents when performing tax filings, which will be subject to post tax filing examinations by the relevant tax authorities.
According to the Circular on Several Questions regarding the “Beneficial Owner” in Tax Treaties, which was issued on February 3, 2018 by the SAT and took effect on April 1, 2018, when determining the applicant’s status of the “beneficial owner” regarding tax treatments in connection with dividends, interest or royalties in the tax treaties, several factors, including without limitation, whether the applicant is obligated to pay more than 50% of his or her income in 12 months to residents in a third country or region, whether the business operated by the applicant constitutes the actual business activities, and whether the counterparty country or region to the tax treaties does not levy any tax or grants tax exemption on relevant incomes or levy tax at an extremely low rate, will be taken into account, and it will be analyzed according to the actual circumstances of the specific cases. This circular further provides that applicants who intend to prove his or her status as the “beneficial owner” shall submit the relevant documents to the relevant tax bureau according to the Announcement on Issuing the Measures for the Administration of Non-resident Taxpayers’ Enjoyment of the Treatment under Tax Agreements.
Regulations Relating to Dividend Distribution
The principal regulations governing distribution of dividends of foreign-invested enterprises include (i) the Company Law, promulgated by the SCNPC on December 29, 1993, and as amended on December 25, 1999, August 28, 2004, October 27, 2005, December 28, 2013, October 26, 2018 and December 29, 2023, respectively, (ii) the Foreign-invested Enterprise Law, promulgated by the SCNPC on April 12, 1986, and as amended on October 31, 2000 and September 3, 2016, respectively, and (iii) the Implementation Rules of the Foreign-invested Enterprise Law approved by the State Council on October 28, 1990, and as amended on April 12, 2001, and February 19, 2014, respectively.
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Under these laws and regulations, foreign-invested enterprises in China may pay dividends only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, foreign-invested enterprises in China are required to allocate at least 10% of their respective accumulated profits each year, if any, to fund certain reserve funds unless these reserves have reached 50% of the registered capital of the enterprises. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends. A foreign-invested enterprise has the discretion to allocate a portion of its after tax profits to staff welfare and bonus funds. A Chinese company (including the foreign-invested enterprise) is not permitted to distribute any profits until any losses from prior fiscal years have been offset. Profits retained from prior fiscal years may be distributed together with distributable profits from the current fiscal year.
Regulations Relating to Merger and Acquisition and Overseas Listing
On August 8, 2006, six PRC regulatory agencies, namely the MOFCOM, the State Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, the State Administration of Taxation, the State Administration of Industry and Commerce, or the SAIC, the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or the CSRC, and the SAFE, jointly adopted the Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the New M&A Rule, which became effective on September 8, 2006. This New M&A Rule, as amended on June 22, 2009, purports, among other things, to require offshore special purpose vehicles, or SPVs, formed for overseas listing purposes through acquisitions of PRC domestic companies and controlled by PRC companies or individuals, to obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to publicly listing their securities on an overseas stock exchange. On September 21, 2006, the CSRC published a notice on its official website specifying documents and materials required to be submitted to it by SPVs seeking CSRC approval of their overseas listings.
The New M&A Rule also established additional procedures and requirements that could make merger and acquisition activities by foreign investors more time-consuming and complex, including requirements in some instances that the MOFCOM be notified in advance of any change of control transaction in which a foreign investor takes control of a PRC domestic enterprise.
Regulation relating to Employment and Social Welfare
Labor Protection
The main PRC employment laws and regulations include the Labor Law of the PRC, as revised on December 29, 2018, the Labor Contract Law of the PRC, or the Labor Contract Law and the Implementing Regulations of the Employment Contract Law of the PRC.
The Labor Contract Law was promulgated on June 29, 2007, revised on December 28, 2012, and came into force on July 1, 2013. This law governs the establishment of employment relationships between employers and employees, and the execution, performance, termination of, and the amendment to, employment contracts. The Labor Contract Law is primarily aimed at regulating employee/employer rights and obligations, including matters with respect to the establishment, performance and termination of labor contracts. Pursuant to the Labor Contract Law, labor contracts shall be concluded in writing if labor relationships are to be or have been established between enterprises or institutions and the laborers. Enterprises and institutions are forbidden to force laborers to work beyond the time limit and employers shall pay laborers for overtime work in accordance with national regulations. In addition, labor wages shall not be lower than local standards on minimum wages and shall be paid to laborers in a timely manner. In addition, according to the Labor Contract Law: (i) employees must adhere to regulations in the labor contracts concerning commercial confidentiality and non-competition; (ii) employees may terminate their employment contracts with their employers if their employers fail to make social insurance contributions in accordance with the law; and (iii) enterprises and institutions shall establish and improve their system of workplace safety and sanitation, strictly abide by state rules and standards on workplace safety, educate laborers in labor safety and sanitation in the PRC.
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The Labor Contract Law imposes more stringent requirements on labor dispatch. According to the Labor Contract Law, (i) it is strongly emphasized that dispatched contract workers shall be entitled to equal pay for equal work as an employee of an employer; (ii) dispatched contract workers may only be engaged to perform temporary, auxiliary or substitute works; and (iii) an employer shall strictly control the number of dispatched contract workers so that they do not exceed certain percentage of total number of employees and the specific percentage shall be prescribed by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security. Under the law, “temporary work” means a position with a term of less than six months; “auxiliary work” means a non-core business position that provides services for the core business of the employer; and “substitute work” means a position that can be temporarily replaced with a dispatched contract worker for the period that a regular employee is away from work for vacation, study or other reasons. According to the Interim Provisions on Labor Dispatch promulgated by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security on January 24, 2014, which became effective on March 1, 2014, (i) the number of dispatched contract workers hired by an employer should not exceed 10% of the total number of its employees (including both directly hired employees and dispatched contract workers); and (ii) in the case that the number of dispatched contract workers exceeds 10% of the total number of its employees at the time when the Interim Provisions on Labor Dispatch became effective, the employer must formulate a plan to reduce the number of its dispatched contract workers to comply with the aforesaid cap requirement prior to March 1, 2016. In addition, such plan shall be filed with the local administrative authority of human resources and social security. Nevertheless, the Interim Provisions on Labor Dispatch do not invalidate the labor contracts and dispatch agreements entered into prior to December 28, 2012 and such labor contracts and dispatch agreements may continue to be performed until their respective dates of expiration. The employer may also not hire any new dispatched contract worker before the number of its dispatched contract workers is reduced to below 10% of the total number of its employees. In case of violation, the labor administrative department shall order rectification within a specified period of time; if the situation is not rectified within the specified period, a fine from RMB 5,000 to RMB 10,000 for each person shall be imposed, and the staffing company’s business license shall be revoked. If a placed worker suffers any harm or loss caused by the receiving entity, the staffing company and the receiving entity shall be jointly and severally liable for damages.
Social Insurance and Housing Fund
As required under the Regulation of Insurance for Labor Injury implemented on January 1, 2004 and amended in 2010, the Provisional Measures for Maternity Insurance of Employees of Corporations implemented on January 1, 1995, the Decisions on the Establishment of a Unified Program for Basic Old Aged Pension Insurance of the State Council issued on July 16, 1997, the Decisions on the Establishment of the Medical Insurance Program for Urban Workers of the State Council promulgated on December 14, 1998, the Unemployment Insurance Measures promulgated on January 22, 1999 and the Social Insurance Law of the PRC implemented on July 1, 2011 and revised on December 29, 2018, enterprises are obliged to provide their employees in the PRC with welfare schemes covering pension insurance, unemployment insurance, maternity insurance, labor injury insurance and medical insurance. These payments are made to local administrative authorities and any employer that fails to contribute may be fined and ordered to make up within a prescribed time limit.
In accordance with the Regulations on the Management of Housing Funds which was promulgated by the State Council in 1999 and amended in 2002, enterprises must register at the competent managing center for housing funds and upon the examination by such managing centers of housing funds, these enterprises shall complete procedures for opening an account at the relevant bank for the deposit of employees’ housing funds. Enterprises are also required to pay and deposit housing funds on behalf of their employees in full and in a timely manner, and any employer that fails to open such bank account or contribute any housing funds may be fined and ordered to make up within a prescribed time limit.
C. Organizational Structure
We are not an operating company but a Cayman Islands holding company with operations conducted by our subsidiaries in China. Our operations are primarily conducted through our PRC subsidiaries and other consolidated entities. Investors in our ADSs thus are purchasing equity interest in a Cayman Islands holding company and not in an operating entity. As a holding company, XChange TEC.INC may rely on dividends from its subsidiaries for cash requirements, including any payment of dividends to our shareholders. The ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends to XChange TEC.INC may be restricted by laws and regulations applicable to them or the debt they incur on their own behalf or the instruments governing their debt.
On October 31, 2023, we sold all of our equity interest in Haoju. Haoju holds substantially all of the equity interest of our subsidiaries in the PRC, through which we carried out the Disposed Business. The Disposed Business contributed substantially all revenue and held substantially all of our assets prior to the Disposal.
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We acquired Alpha Mind, an insurance agency and insurance technology business in the PRC on December 28, 2023. Alpha Mind conducts insurance agency and insurance technology businesses in the PRC through the Current WFOE and Current VIEs.
We conduct insurance agency and insurance technology businesses in the PRC through our indirectly wholly-owned subsidiary, our Current WFOE and the Current WFOE’s consolidated variable interest entities. In April 2022, Alpha Mind, through the Current WFOE, entered into contractual arrangements with the Current VIEs. The contractual arrangements enable Alpha Mind to obtain control over the Current VIEs. The contractual arrangements consist of powers of attorney, exclusive business cooperation agreements, exclusive option agreements, equity interest pledge agreements and spousal consent letters. See “Item 4. Information on the Company — C. Organizational Structure — Contractual Arrangements” for details.
March 24, 2025, we consummated the acquisition of Topone, a Hong Kong-based insurance brokerage firm licensed by the Hong Kong Insurance Authority.
The chart below sets forth our simplified corporate structure and identifies our principal subsidiaries as of the date of this annual report.
 | Equity Interest |
 | VIE contractual arrangement |
| Note: | On December 28, 2023, we completed the acquisition of 100% equity interest in Alpha Mind for a consideration of US$180,000,000. The purchase price is payable in the form of the Notes. The Notes have a maturity of 90 days from the closing date, which was subsequently extended to December 30, 2025, an interest rate at an annual rate to 3% per annum and will be secured by all of the issued and outstanding equity of the Alpha Mind and all of the assets of the Alpha Mind, including its consolidated entities. |
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Contractual Arrangements
The Company, through Alpha Mind and Alpha Mind WFOE, has the following contractual arrangements with the VIEs and the shareholders of each VIE that enable the Company to (1) to direct the activities that most significantly affect the economic performance of the VIEs, and (2) receive the economic benefits of the VIEs that could be significant to the VIEs. Accordingly, Alpha Mind WFOE was considered the primary beneficiary of the VIEs and had consolidated the VIEs’ financial results of operations, assets and liabilities in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The significant terms of the Contractual Arrangements are as follows:
Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement
Pursuant to the exclusive business cooperation agreement between Alpha Mind WFOE and Huaming Insurance and Huaming Yunbao, Alpha Mind WFOE has the exclusive right to provide Huaming Insurance and Huaming Yunbao with technical support services, consulting services and other services requested by Huaming Insurance and Huaming Yunbao from time to time to the extent permitted under PRC law. In exchange, Alpha Mind WFOE is entitled to a service fee that equals to all of the consolidated net income of each of Huaming Insurance and Huaming Yunbao. The service fee may be adjusted by Alpha Mind WFOE based on the actual scope of services rendered by Alpha Mind WFOE and the operational needs and expanding demands of Huaming Insurance and Huaming Yunbao. Pursuant to the exclusive business cooperation agreement, the service fees may be adjusted based on the actual scope of services rendered by Alpha Mind WFOE and the operational needs of Huaming Insurance and Huaming Yunbao.
The exclusive business cooperation agreement remains in effect unless terminated in accordance with the following provision of the agreement or terminated in writing by Alpha Mind WFOE.
During the term of the exclusive business cooperation agreement, Alpha Mind WFOE and Huaming Insurance and Huaming Yunbao shall renew the operation term prior to the expiration thereof so as to enable the exclusive business cooperation agreement to remain effective. The exclusive business cooperation agreement shall be terminated upon the expiration of the operation term of either Alpha Mind WFOE or Huaming Insurance and Huaming Yunbao if the application for renewal of the operation term is not approved by relevant government authorities. If an application for renewal of the operation term is not approved, according to the PRC Company Law, the expiration of the operation term may lead to the dissolution and cancellation of such PRC company
Exclusive Option Agreement
Pursuant to the exclusive option agreement among Alpha Mind WFOE, Huaming Insurance and Huaming Yunbao and the shareholders who collectively owned all of Huaming Insurance and Huaming Yunbao, such shareholders jointly and severally granted Alpha Mind WFOE an option to purchase their equity interests in Huaming Insurance and Huaming Yunbao. The purchase price upon exercise of the option will be the lowest price then permitted under applicable PRC laws. Alpha Mind WFOE or its designated person may exercise such option at any time to purchase all or part of the equity interests in Huaming Insurance and Huaming Yunbao until it has acquired all equity interests of Huaming Insurance and Huaming Yunbao, which is irrevocable during the term of the agreements.
The exclusive option agreement remains in effect until all equity interest held by shareholders in Huaming Insurance and Huaming Yunbao have been transferred or assigned to Alpha Mind WFOE and/or any other person designated by Alpha Mind WFOE in accordance with such agreement.
Equity Interest Pledge Agreements
Pursuant to the equity interest pledge agreements, among Alpha Mind WFOE, Huaming Insurance and Huaming Yunbao, and the shareholders who collectively owned all of Huaming Insurance and Huaming Yunbao, such shareholders pledged all of the equity interests in Huaming Insurance and Huaming Yunbao to Alpha Mind WFOE as collateral to secure the obligations of Huaming Insurance and Huaming Yunbao under the exclusive business cooperation agreement and exclusive option agreements. These shareholders are prohibited from transferring the pledged equity interests without the prior consent of Alpha Mind WFOE unless transferring the equity interests to Alpha Mind WFOE or its designated person in accordance to the exclusive option agreements. The equity interest pledge agreements will remain in effect until all of the obligations to Alpha Mind WFOE have been fulfilled completely by Huaming Insurance and Huaming Yunbao.
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Shareholders’Powers of Attorney (“POAs”)
Pursuant to the shareholders’ POAs, the shareholders of Huaming Insurance and Huaming Yunbao have given Alpha Mind WFOE an irrevocable proxy to act on their behalf on all matters pertaining to Huaming Insurance and Huaming Yunbao and to exercise all of their rights as shareholders of Huaming Insurance and Huaming Yunbao, including the (i) right to attend shareholders meeting; (ii) to exercise voting rights and all of the other rights including but not limited to the sale or transfer or pledge or disposition of their shares held in part or in whole; and (iii) designate and appoint on behalf of the shareholders the legal representative, the directors, supervisors, the chief executive officer and other senior management members of Huaming Insurance and Huaming Yunbao, and to sign transfer documents and any other documents in relation to the fulfillment of the obligations under the exclusive option agreements and the equity interest pledge agreements. The shareholders’ POAs remain in effect while the shareholders of Huaming Insurance and Huaming Yunbao hold the equity interests in Huaming Insurance and Huaming Yunbao.
Spousal Consent Letters
Pursuant to the spousal consent letters, the spouses of the shareholders of Huaming Insurance and Huaming Yunbao commit that they have no right to make any assertions in connection with the equity interests of Huaming Insurance and Huaming Yunbao, which are held by the shareholders. In the event that the spouses obtain any equity interests of Huaming Insurance and Huaming Yunbao, which are held by the shareholders, for any reasons, the spouses of the shareholders shall be bound by the exclusive option agreement, the equity interest pledge agreement, the shareholder POA and the exclusive business cooperation agreement and comply with the obligations thereunder as a shareholder of Huaming Insurance and Huaming Yunbao. The letters are irrevocable and shall not be withdrawn without the consent of Alpha Mind WFOE.
Based on the foregoing contractual arrangements, which grant Alpha Mind WFOE effective control of Huaming Insurance and Huaming Yunbao and enable Alpha Mind WFOE to receive all of their expected residual returns, the Company accounts for Huaming Insurance and Huaming Yunbao as VIEs. Accordingly, the Company consolidates the accounts of Huaming Insurance and Huaming Yunbao for the periods presented herein, in accordance with Regulation S-X-3A-02 promulgated by the Securities Exchange Commission (“SEC”), and Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 810-10, Consolidation.
| D. | Property, Plants and Equipment |
The table below contains a summary of our properties and the properties of the Current VIEs as of the date of September 30, 2025.
| Location | Space (sq.m.) | Use | Lease Term | |||
| Room 613, No. 259 Guoxia Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai. | 200 | Administration | May 1, 2025 to June 30, 2026 | |||
| Room 339, Building 21, West Airport Business Park, Tianjin Airport Economic Zone, Tianjin | 158 | Administration | February 1, 2024 to March 15, 2029 | |||
| Room 338, Building 21, West Airport Business Park, Tianjin Airport Economic Zone, Tianjin | 64 | Operating Branch | February 1, 2024 to March 15, 2029 | |||
| Room 1407, Building B, Jiangsu Mansion, No. 6103 Yitian Road, Futian District, Shenzhen | 45 | Operating Branch | September 1, 2025 to August 31, 2027 | |||
| 14-26-2007, No. 14 Pingyang Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province | 53 | Operating Branch | August 1, 2024 to July 31, 2026 | |||
| Room 217, No. 78 Haibin 6th Road, Airport Economic Zone, Tianjin | 30 | Operating Branch | May 31, 2025 to May 30, 2026 | |||
| Room 2414-2415, 24th Floor, Shanghai Building, Anhui City | 138 | Operating Branch | March 16, 2025 to March 15, 2026 | |||
| 6-632 Yixinjiayuan, Baodi District, Tianjin City | 42 | Operating Branch | April 10, 2025 to April 9, 2026 | |||
| Room 522, Electronic Information Technology Park, 100 meters west of the intersection of Muye Road and Hualan Avenue, Xinxiang City. | 42 | Operating Branch | August 19, 2024 to August 18, 2026 |
We believe that our existing facilities are generally adequate to meet our current needs, but expect to seek additional space as needed to accommodate future growth.
ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.
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ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS
The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon, and should be read in conjunction with, our audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes included in this annual report on Form 20-F. This report contains forward-looking statements. See “Forward-Looking Statements” in this annual report. In evaluating our business, you should carefully consider the information provided under the caption “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors” in this annual report on Form 20-F. We caution you that our businesses and financial performance are subject to substantial risks and uncertainties.
| A. | Operating Results |
On October 31, 2023, we sold all of the equity interest in Haoju to Wangxiancai Limited, a limited company incorporated under the laws of Hong Kong for nominal consideration. On September 12, 2024, we sold all of the equity interest in QK365, FENGLINJU PROPERTY (CHINA) LIMITED and Shanghai Meileju Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd to Wangxiancai Limited, a limited company incorporated under the laws of Hong Kong for nominal consideration. As a result of the Disposal, we have no longer conducted the long-term apartment rental business as of the date of this annual report and the results of our disposed long-term apartment rental business are accounted as discontinued operations in accordance with ASC 205-20-45 in the financial statements as of and for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024 included elsewhere in this annual report.
For additional information, see Note 3 – “Disposition of Long-term Apartment Rental Business” to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
We did not generate any revenue in FY 2023 from Continuing Operations, and generate RMB288.4 million and RMB 365.3 million revenue in FY2024 and FY2025, respectively. Overall, we incurred a net loss from continuing operations of RMB25.1 million, RMB 613.2 million and RMB 748.4 million in FY 2023, FY 2024 and FY 2025, respectively.
| B. | Liquidity and Capital Resources |
During the reporting period, our principal sources of liquidity, which we have used to fund our growth, operations and capital expenditures for our apartments network, have been proceeds from tenants’ rental prepayment, draw-downs under short-term debt and other financing. As of September 30, 2025, we had RMB 15,879,000 in cash and cash equivalents. As of September 30, 2024, we had RMB 13,085,000 in cash and cash equivalents. We did not have any capital commitment as of September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024.
We have been incurring losses from operations since our inception. Our accumulated deficits amounted to RMB3,856.8 million and RMB4,605.2 million (US$646.9 million) as of September 30, 2024 and 2025, respectively. Net cash used in operating activities from continuing operations were RMB 22.2 million, RMB 9.0 million, and RMB 11.7 million, for FY 2023, FY 2024 and FY 2025, respectively. As of September 30, 2024 and 2025, our current liabilities exceeded current assets by RMB 1,271.2 million and RMB 909.3 million, respectively. We disposed of our long-term rental apartment rental business in October 2023 and September 2024 and we had no revenues from continued operations for the years ended September 30, 2023. We generated RMB 365.3 million revenue and RMB 288.4 million revenue for the year ended September 2025 and September 2024, respectively. Therefore, these conditions considered in aggregate that raise substantial doubt on our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date on which the financial statements are issued.
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On December 28, 2023, we completed the acquisition of 100% equity interest in Alpha Mind for a consideration of US$180,000,000. The purchase price is payable in the form of the Notes. The Notes have a maturity of 90 days from the closing date, which was subsequently extended to December 31, 2025, and if the Notes have an outstanding balance on the maturity date, the maturity date will be automatically extended to the end of following year, an interest rate at an annual rate to 3% per annum and will be secured by all of the issued and outstanding equity of the Alpha Mind and all of the assets of the Alpha Mind, including its consolidated entities. We intend to pay the promissory notes by either using the cash flow generated by our operation or through debt or equity offerings or loans. However, we may not be able to obtain financing or fund raising on favorable terms or at all. If we failed to obtain such financing and were unable to perform our payment obligations under the terms of the Notes before the maturity date, the selling shareholders of Alpha Mind may exercise their collateral rights. We will lose control of and no longer be able to consolidate Alpha Mind and our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects will be adversely affected. For details of the risks related to the Notes, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to our Business and Industry— If we are unable to repay or refinance the Notes, we will lose control and will no longer be able to consolidate the results of operation of Alpha Mind. In addition, our level of indebtedness could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.”
In addition to repaying the Notes, our material cash requirements as of September 30, 2025 and any subsequent interim period primarily include expenditure of daily operation, including marketing activities. We intend to meet the cash requirements for the next 12 months through a combination of short-term loan from certain third parties or related parties, issuance of ordinary shares or other equity-linked securities. In addition, with the acquisition of Alpha Mind on December 28, 2023, we will also utilize the cash generated from Alpha Mind’s business operations.
These plans and initiatives cannot alleviate the substantial doubt of our ability to continue as a going concern. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in achieving our strategic plans, that our future capital raises will be sufficient to support our ongoing operations, or that any additional financing will be available in a timely manner or with acceptable terms, if at all. If we are unable to raise sufficient financing or events or circumstances occur such that we do not meet our strategic plans, we will be required to reduce certain discretionary spending, or be unable to fund capital expenditures, which would have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, cash flows, and ability to achieve our intended business objectives.
However, future financing requirements will depend on many factors, including the scale and pace of the expansion of our insurance agency network, efficiency in our services and SaaS platform, the expansion of our sales and marketing activities, and potential investments in, or acquisitions of, businesses or technologies. Inability to access financing on favorable terms in a timely manner or at all would materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and growth prospects.
The consolidated financial statements included in this annual report do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty. Accordingly, the consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a basis that assumes we will continue as a going concern and which contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities and commitments in the ordinary course of our business.
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The following table sets forth a summary of our cash flows for the years indicated:
| FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | ||||||||||||||
| RMB | RMB | RMB | US$ | |||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||
| Net cash used in operating activities from continuing operations | (22,178 | ) | (8,955 | ) | (11,698 | ) | (1,643 | ) | ||||||||
| Net cash used in operating activities from discontinued operations | (17,689 | ) | (815 | ) | — | — | ||||||||||
| Net cash used in operating activities | (39,867 | ) | (9,770 | ) | (11,698 | ) | (1,643 | ) | ||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities from continuing operations | — | 10,174 | (490 | ) | (69 | ) | ||||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | — | 10,174 | (490 | ) | (69 | ) | ||||||||||
| Net cash provided by financing activities from continuing operations | 37,887 | 8,669 | 18,789 | 2,639 | ||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by financing activities | 37,887 | 8,669 | 18,789 | 2,639 | ||||||||||||
| Effect of foreign exchange rate changes | 203 | 2,911 | (3,807 | ) | (535 | ) | ||||||||||
| Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (1,777 | ) | 11,984 | 2,794 | 392 | |||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the beginning of the year | 2,878 | 1,101 | 13,085 | 1,838 | ||||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the end of the year | 1,101 | 13,085 | 15,879 | 2,230 | ||||||||||||
Operating Activities
Net cash used in operating activities was RMB 11.7 million (US$1.6 million) in FY 2025. The net cash outflow was primarily attributable to our net loss, adjusted for non-cash items. The cash flow was positively impacted by a decrease in accounts receivable of RMB 13.0 million and a decrease in other current assets of RMB 6.8 million, indicating effective collection of receivables and realization of current assets and partially offset by a cash outflow of RMB 7.5 million related to a decrease in accounts payable, reflecting payments made to settle obligations with suppliers.
Net cash used in operating activities was RMB9.8 million in FY 2024, which comprised a net cash outflow in continuing operations of RMB9.0 million and a net cash outflow in discontinued operations of RMB0.8 million.
Net cash used in operating activities was RMB39.9 million in FY 2023, which comprised a net cash outflow in continuing operations of RMB22.2 million and a net cash outflow in discontinued operations of RMB17.7 million.
Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities was RMB 0.5 million (US$0.1 million) in FY 2025. This was primarily due to the purchase of short-term investments of RMB 8.9 million and the net cash outflow of RMB 0.6 million related to the acquisition of Topone, largely offset by proceeds from the sale of short-term investments of RMB 9.0 million.
Net cash used in investing activities was RMB 10.2 million in FY 2024.
Net cash used in investing activities was nil in FY 2023.
Financing Activities
Net cash provided by financing activities was RMB18.8 million (US$2.6 million) in FY 2025. This primarily reflecting a net cash inflow in continuing operations due to the proceeds of RMB76.8 million from the From F-3 financing, partially offset by net cash outflow of RMB59.1 million for repayment of notes payable.
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Net cash provided by financing activities was RMB8.7 million (US$1.2 million) in FY 2024. which primarily due to proceeds from short-term debts.
Net cash provided by financing activities was RMB37.9 million in FY 2023, which comprised a net cash inflow in continuing operations of RMB37.9 million, primarily due to proceeds received from short-term debts.
Impact of Recently Issued Accounting Standards
A list of recently issued accounting pronouncements that are relevant to us is included in note 2 “Summary of Principal Accounting Policies—Recent accounting pronouncements” to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
Holding Company Structure
We are a holding company with no material operations of our own. We conduct our operations primarily through our subsidiaries in the PRC. In utilizing the proceeds from the initial public offering, as an offshore holding company, we are permitted, under PRC laws and regulations, to provide funding to our PRC subsidiaries only through loans or capital contributions. Subject to satisfaction of applicable government registration and approval requirements, we may extend inter-company loans to our PRC subsidiaries or make additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries to fund their capital expenditures or working capital. For an increase in the registered capital of any of our PRC subsidiaries, we need to complete certain filing and/or registration procedures with competent authorities, which typically take us one or two months. Some local authorities in the PRC require prior approval before such procedures, according to which we shall file requested documents related to the proposed capital increased on the online integrated registration system. If we provide funding to any of our PRC subsidiaries through loans, the total amount of such loans may not exceed the difference between the total investment as approved by the foreign investment authorities and the registered capital of such PRC subsidiary. Such loans should be registered with the SAFE which usually takes no more than 20 working days to complete. The cost of obtaining such approvals or completing such registration is minimal. We cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain these government registrations or approvals on a timely basis, if at all. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Governmental control of currency conversion may limit the ability of us, the PRC subsidiaries to utilize our net revenues effectively and our ability to transfer cash among the group, across borders, and to investors and affect the value of your investment.”
As a holding company, we rely upon dividends paid to us by our subsidiaries in the PRC to pay dividends and to finance any debt we may incur. If our subsidiaries or other consolidated entities or any newly formed subsidiaries or other consolidated entities incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing their debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends to us. In addition, our subsidiaries and other consolidated entities are permitted to pay dividends to us only out of their accumulated profits, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. Pursuant to laws applicable to entities incorporated in the PRC, each of our subsidiaries and other consolidated entities in the PRC must make appropriations from after tax profit to a statutory surplus reserve fund. The reserve fund requires annual appropriation of 10% of after tax profit (as determined under accounting principles generally accepted in the PRC at each year-end) after offsetting accumulated losses from prior years, until such reserve reaches 50% of the subsidiary’s registered capital. The reserve fund can only be used to increase the registered capital and eliminate further losses of the respective companies under PRC regulations. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends, loans or advances. In addition, due to restrictions under PRC laws and regulations, our PRC subsidiaries and other consolidated entities are restricted in their ability to transfer their net assets to us in the form of dividend payments, loans or advances. Amounts restricted including paid-in capital and statutory reserve funds as determined pursuant to PRC Laws were nil and nil as of September 30, 2023 and 2024, respectively.
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Furthermore, under regulations of the SAFE, the RMB is not convertible into foreign currencies for capital account items, such as loans, repatriation of investments and investments outside of China, unless the prior approval of the SAFE is obtained and prior registration with the SAFE is made.
| C. | Research and Development, Patents, and Licenses, etc. |
See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Our SaaS Platform” and “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Intellectual Property.”
| D. | Trend Information |
Other than as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we are not aware of any trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events for FY 2024 that are reasonably likely to have a material and adverse effect on our net revenues, income, profitability, liquidity or capital resources, or that would cause the disclosed financial information to be not necessarily indicative of future results of operations or financial conditions.
| E. | Critical Accounting Estimates |
We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. We continually evaluate these judgments and estimates based on our own experience, knowledge and assessment of current business and other conditions.
Our expectations regarding the future are based on available information and assumptions that we believe to be reasonable, which together form our basis for making judgments about matters that are not readily apparent from other sources. Since the use of estimates is an integral component of the financial reporting process, our actual results could differ from those estimates. Some of our accounting policies require a higher degree of judgment than others in their application.
An accounting policy is considered critical if it requires an accounting estimate to be made based on assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain at the time such estimate is made and if different accounting estimates that reasonably could have been used, or changes in the accounting estimates that are reasonably likely to occur, could materially impact the combined and consolidated financial statements.
When reading our consolidated financial statements, you should consider our selection of critical accounting policies, the judgment and other uncertainties affecting the application of such policies and the sensitivity of reported results to changes in conditions and assumptions.
Our critical accounting policies and practices include the following: (i) fair value; (ii) income tax; and (iii) discontinued operations. See Note 2—Summary of Principal Accounting Policies to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report for the disclosure of these accounting policies in details. We believe the following accounting estimates involve the most significant judgments used in the preparation of our financial statements.
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Fair value
We define fair value as the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities required or permitted to be recorded at fair value, we consider the principal or most advantageous market in which we would transact and we consider assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability.
The established fair value hierarchy requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. A financial instrument’s categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The three levels of inputs may be used to measure fair value include:
| ● | Level 1 applies to assets or liabilities for which there are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. |
| ● | Level 2 applies to assets or liabilities for which there are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in markets with insufficient volume or infrequent transactions (less active markets); or model-derived valuations in which significant inputs are observable or can be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data. |
| ● | Level 3 applies to assets or liabilities for which there are unobservable inputs to the valuation methodology that are significant to the measurement of the fair value of the assets or liabilities. |
Short-term investments are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The fair values of these investments are determined using observable market inputs, including quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and other market-corroborated inputs. No significant unobservable inputs are used in the valuation.
The fair value measurement of goodwill is classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy due to the use of significant unobservable inputs. Additional information is disclosed in the goodwill accounting policy below.
Identifiable intangible assets recognized in a business combination are measured at fair value at the acquisition date and are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
Our financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, net, other current assets, accounts payable, amounts due to related parties, short-term debt, notes payable and other current liabilities.
Income taxes
Current income taxes are provided on the basis of profit before income tax for financial reporting purposes, adjusted for income and expense items which are not assessable or deductible for income tax purposes, in accordance with the regulations of the relevant tax jurisdictions. We follow the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes.
Deferred income taxes are provided using assets and liabilities method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined on the basis of the differences between financial statements and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse.
Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that these assets are more likely than not to be realized. In making such determination, our management considers all positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of projected future taxable income and results of recent operation.
In order to assess uncertain tax positions, we apply a more likely than not threshold and a two-step approach for the tax position measurement and financial statement recognition. Under the two-step approach, the first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon settlement. We recognize interest and penalties, if any, under accrued expenses and other current liabilities on our consolidated balance sheet and under other expenses in its consolidated statement of comprehensive loss. As of September 30, 2024 and 2025, we did not have any significant unrecognized uncertain tax positions.
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Discontinued operations
In accordance with ASU No. 2014-08, Reporting Discontinued Operations and Disclosures of Disposals of Components of an Entity, a disposal of a component of an entity or a group of components of an entity is required to be reported as discontinued operations if the disposal represents a strategic shift that has (or will have) a major effect on an entity’s operations and financial results when the components of an entity meets the criteria in paragraph 205-20-45-1E to be classified as held for sale. When all of the criteria to be classified as held for sale are met, including management, having the authority to approve the action, commits to a plan to sell the entity, the major current assets, other assets, current liabilities, and non-current liabilities shall be reported as components of total assets and liabilities separate from those balances of the continuing operations. At the same time, the results of all discontinued operations, less applicable income taxes (benefit), shall be reported as components of net income (loss) separate from the net income (loss) of continuing operations in accordance with ASC 205-20-45.
As of September 30, 2023, our long-term apartment rental business in the PRC met all the conditions required in order to be classified as a discontinued operation. Accordingly, the operating results of long-term apartment rental business in the PRC are reported as a loss from discontinued operations in the accompanying consolidated financial statements for all periods presented. In addition, the assets and liabilities related to long-term apartment rental business in the PRC are reported as assets and liabilities of discontinued operations in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. For details, see Note 3—Disposition of Long-term Apartment Rental Business to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES
| A. | Directors and Senior Management |
The following table sets forth information regarding our directors and executive officers as of the date of this annual report.
| Directors and Executive Officers | Age | Position/Title | ||
| Zhichen Sun | 42 | Chairman of the board of directors and Chief Executive Officer | ||
| Jiaxing Chang | 31 | Director, Chief Financial Officer | ||
| Guofu Wu | 39 | Independent director | ||
| Nini Qiao | 35 | Independent director |
The following is a brief biography of each of our current executive officers and directors:
Mr. Zhichen Sun served as our Chairman of the board of directors and Chief Executive Officer since January 10, 2025, Chief Financial Officer from January 2020 to October 2024, and financial director from April 2017 to January 2020. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Sun was an audit senior manager of Ernst & Young LLP, Shanghai office from January 2016 to April 2017. From January 2011 to December 2015, he was an audit manager of Deloitte LLP, Calgary office. From July 2005 to December 2010, he was successively a senior auditor and an audit manager of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Certified Public Accountants LLP, Shanghai office. Mr. Sun received his bachelor’s degree in Japanese language and literature from Shanghai International Studies University in 2005. Mr. Sun holds CPA designations in China and Canada.
Ms. Jiaxing Chang has served as the Capital Markets Director of Jiachuang YingAn (Beijing) Information Technology Co., Ltd. since July 2020. From October 2018 to July 2020, Ms. Chang served as an auditor of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Certified Public Accountants LLP, Beijing Branch. Ms. Chang received her bachelor’s degree majoring in Business and Financial Management from the University of Salford, and her master’s degree majoring in Finance and Accounting from the University of Sheffield.
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Dr. Guofu Wu has been an associate professor of the College of Marxism, Sichuan University since July 2014. Dr. Wu received his Doctor of Laws degree from Central China Normal University in 2014.
Ms. Nini Qiao was the financial director of Shandong NewBorn Town Network Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing branch from August 2021 to February 2022. She was the finance business partner and head of project financing of Beijing Lanxum Technology Co., Ltd. from July 2020 to August 2021. Ms. Qiao worked as the financial director of Beijing Right-Trip Travel Co.,Ltd. from June 2018 to May 2020. She also worked as an audit manager of Ruihua Certified Public Accountants (LLP) from July 2014 to June 2018. Ms. Qiao received her bachelor’s degree majoring in accounting from Shandong University of Technology in 2014.
| B. | Compensation |
For FY 2025, we accrued an aggregate of approximately RMB1.60 million (US$0.22 million) in compensation to our directors and executive officers. Except as disclosed in this annual report, we have not set aside or accrued any amount to provide pension, retirement or other similar benefits to our executive officers and directors. Our PRC subsidiaries are required by law to make contributions equal to certain percentages of each employee’s salary for his or her pension insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance and other statutory benefits and a housing provident fund.
Employment Agreements and Indemnification Agreements
We have entered into employment agreements with each of our executive officers. Under these agreements, each of our executive officers is employed for a specified time period. We may terminate employment for cause, at any time, for certain acts of the executive officer, such as conviction or plea of guilty to a felony or any crime involving moral turpitude, negligent or dishonest acts to our detriment, or misconduct or a failure to perform agreed duties. If the executive officer otherwise fails to perform agreed duties, we may terminate employment upon 30 day advance written notice. In such case of termination by us, we will provide severance payments to the executive officer as expressly required by applicable law of the jurisdiction where the executive officer is based. The executive officer may resign at any time upon mutual agreement or 30 day advance written notice.
Each executive officer has agreed to hold, both during and after the termination or expiry of his or her employment agreement, in strict confidence and not to use, except as required in the performance of his or her duties in connection with the employment or pursuant to applicable law, any of our confidential information or trade secrets, any confidential information or trade secrets of our clients or prospective clients, or the confidential or proprietary information of any third party received by us and for which we have confidential obligations. The executive officers have also agreed to disclose in confidence to us all inventions, designs and trade secrets which they conceive, develop or reduce to practice during the executive officer’s employment with us and to assign all right, title and interest in them to us upon our request.
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In addition, each executive officer has agreed to be bound by non-competition and non-solicitation restrictions during the term of his or her employment and typically for two years following the last date of employment. Specifically, each executive officer has agreed not to (i) engage directly or indirectly in any business, including his or her own business, related to the development, operation or sales of any same or similar technologies or products, whether as employee, consultant or otherwise; (ii) approach directly or indirectly our clients or customers for the purpose of doing business of the same or a similar nature to our business with such persons or entities that will harm our business relationships with these persons or entities or for purposes of making such persons or entities limit or terminate their business relationship with us; or (iii) seek directly or indirectly, to solicit the services of any of our employees who is employed by us.
We have entered into indemnification agreements with each of our directors and executive officers. Under these agreements, we may agree to indemnify our directors and executive officers against certain liabilities and expenses incurred by such persons in connection with claims made by reason of their being a director or officer of our company.
Stock Options and RSUs
In September 2019, our board of directors approved our 2019 share incentive plan, or the 2019 Plan, to provide incentives to employees, officers, directors and consultants and promote the success of our business.
In November 2022, our board of directors approved our 2022 share incentive plan, or the 2022 Plan, to provide incentives to employees, officers, directors and consultants and promote the success of our business.
In June 2024, our board of directors approved our 2024 share incentive plan, or the 2024 Plan, to provide incentives to employees, officers, directors and consultants and promote the success of our business.
In May 2025, our board of directors approved our 2025 share incentive plan, or the 2025 Plan, to provide incentives to employees, officers, directors and consultants and promote the success of our business.
Stock Options A
As of December 31, 2025, we had 1,025 million share options outstanding (“Stock Option A”), which are exercisable into Class B ordinary shares at RMB2.0 per ordinary share. As of December 31, 2025, all the outstanding Stock Options A had vested and expired. All grantees of Stock Options A are restricted from transferring more than 25% of their total converted ordinary shares each year after the exercise date.
Stock Options B
As of December 31, 2025, we had 2,385 million share options B outstanding (“Stock Option B”), which are exercisable into Class A ordinary shares at RMB2.0 per ordinary share. Stock Options B vested immediately upon the grant-date. As of December 31, 2025, all Stock Options B expired. All grantees of Stock Options B are restricted from transferring their converted ordinary shares after certain periods subsequent to the date of our initial public offering. If the grantee of Stock Options B resigned from our company before the restricted period lapses, we have the right to repurchase the Stock Options B or ordinary shares at RMB2.0 per Stock Option B or ordinary share.
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The following table summarizes, as of the date of this annual report, the outstanding Stock Options A and Stock Options B granted to our directors, officers and other grantees.
| Name | Ordinary Shares Underlying Award Granted | Exercise
Price (per share) | Date of Grant | Date
of Expiration | ||||||||
| Zhichen Sun | 500,000,000 | RMB | 2.0 | July 31, 2017 | December 31, 2025 | |||||||
| Other | 2,910,000,000 | RMB | 2.0 | from August 31, 2014 to July 31, 2017 | from August 30, 2024 to December 31, 2025 | |||||||
| Total | 3,410,000,000 | |||||||||||
2019 Share Incentive Plan
The 2019 Plan became effective immediately upon the completion of our initial public offering. The maximum number of shares that may be issued under the 2019 Plan is 10% of the total outstanding shares as of the date of the consummation of our initial public offering, which is 142,386,085 ordinary shares before the Share Split we adopted on September 18, 2023.
As of December 31, 2025, we had issued 2,500 million RSUs and 12,236 million options under the 2019 Plan. As of December 31, 2025, no RSUs were outstanding and 718 million options were outstanding and exercisable into Class A ordinary shares. All of such options were vested as of December 31, 2025.
The following paragraphs describe the principal terms of our share incentive plan:
Plan Administration. Our board of directors or a committee of one or more members of our board of directors (the “Committee”) will administer the 2019 Plan. The Committee will determine the participants to receive awards, the nature and the amount of each award to be granted to each participant, and the terms and conditions of each award grant.
Type of Awards. The 2019 Plan permits the awards of options, restricted shares, restricted share units or any other type of awards that the Committee decides.
Award Agreement. Awards granted under the 2019 Plan are evidenced by an award agreement that sets forth terms, conditions and limitations for each award, which may include the term of the award, the provisions applicable in the event of the grantee’s employment or service terminates, and our authority to unilaterally or bilaterally amend, modify, suspend, cancel or rescind the award.
Eligibility. We may grant awards to employees, consultants, and directors, as determined by the Committee.
Vesting Schedule. In general, the Committee determines the vesting schedule, which is specified in the relevant award agreement. Unless otherwise specified in the 2019 Plan, the term of any award granted under the 2019 Plan shall not exceed ten (10) years.
Exercise of Options. Subject to any specific designation in the 2019 Plan, the Committee determines the exercise price for each award, which is stated in the relevant award agreement. Unless otherwise specified in the 2019 Plan, the maximum exercisable term of options is ten years from the date of a grant.
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Transfer Restrictions. Awards may not be transferred in any manner by the recipient except as otherwise provided in the 2019 Plan, by applicable law and by relevant award agreement.
Termination and Amendment. Unless terminated earlier, the 2019 Plan has a term of ten years. Subject to any specific designation in the 2019 Plan, our board of directors has the authority to amend or terminate the 2019 Plan; provided, however, that any amendment or modification of the maximum number of shares that may be issued under the 2019 Plan shall be determined by at least two-thirds of votes cast by directors in a duly constituted meeting (which, for this purpose, shall include all independent directors to be quorate), including affirmative votes from all independent directors. However, no such action may adversely affect in any material way any awards previously granted unless agreed by the recipient, unless otherwise specified in the 2019 Plan.
2022 Share Incentive Plan
In November 2022, our board of directors has approved and adopted the 2022 Plan. The maximum number of shares available for issuance under the 2022 Plan is 2,500,000,000 Class B ordinary shares of the Company. The board of directors has also approved the issuance of 2,500,000,000 Class B ordinary shares to Golden Stream Ltd., the ESOP Platform of the Company, which is holding these shares (which became 250,000,000,000 Class B ordinary shares effective September 18, 2023, par value $0.0000001 per share, as a result of the share subdivision). Golden Stream Ltd. and its controlling shareholder Mr. Yong Zhang have agreed to act upon the instructions of the ESOP Operation Committee of the Company, consisting of Mr. Yong Zhang and Ms. Jiaxing Chang determined on a unanimous basis in relation to the voting and, prior to the vesting of the shares to the relevant grantee of the share-based awards under the 2024 Plan, the disposition of the shares. The shares held by Golden Stream Ltd. are reserved for share-based awards that the Company may grant in the future under the 2022 Plan. As of December 31, 2025, no share-based awards have been granted under the 2022 Plan.
The principal terms of the 2022 Plan are substantially the same as those of the 2019 Plan.
2024 Share Incentive Plan
In June 2024, our board of directors has approved and adopted the 2024 Plan. The maximum number of shares available for issuance under the 2024 Plan is 6,142,789,000,000 Class B ordinary shares of the Company. The board of directors has also approved the issuance of 6,142,789,000,000 Class B ordinary shares to Golden Stream Ltd., the ESOP Platform of the Company, which is holding these shares. Golden Stream Ltd. and its controlling shareholder Mr. Yong Zhang have agreed to act upon the instructions of the ESOP Operation Committee of the Company, consisting of Mr. Yong Zhang and Ms. Jiaxing Chang determined on a unanimous basis in relation to the voting and, prior to the vesting of the shares to the relevant grantee of the share-based awards under the 2024 Plan, the disposition of the shares. The shares held by Golden Stream Ltd. are reserved for share-based awards that the Company may grant in the future under the 2024 Plan. As of the date of this annual report, no share-based awards have been granted under the 2024 Plan.
The principal terms of the 2024 Plan are substantially the same as those of the 2022 Plan.
2025 Share Incentive Plan
In May 2025, our board of directors has approved and adopted the 2025 Plan. The maximum number of shares available for issuance under the 2025 Plan is 11,800,000,000 Class B ordinary shares of the Company. The board of directors has also approved the issuance of 11,800,000,000 Class B ordinary shares to Golden Stream Ltd., the ESOP Platform of the Company, which is holding these shares. Golden Stream Ltd. and its controlling shareholder Mr. Yong Zhang have agreed to act upon the instructions of the ESOP Operation Committee of the Company, consisting of Mr. Yong Zhang and Ms. Jiaxing Chang determined on a unanimous basis in relation to the voting and, prior to the vesting of the shares to the relevant grantee of the share-based awards under the 2025 Plan, the disposition of the shares. The shares held by Golden Stream Ltd. are reserved for share-based awards that the Company may grant in the future under the 2025 Plan. As of the date of this annual report, no share-based awards have been granted under the 2025 Plan.
The principal terms of the 2025 Plan are substantially the same as those of the 2022 Plan.
| C. | Board Practices |
Our board of directors consists of four (4) directors. A director is not required to hold any shares in our company to qualify to serve as a director. A director may vote with respect to any contract, proposed contract or arrangement notwithstanding that he may be interested therein, and if he does so his vote shall be counted and he may be counted in the quorum at any meeting of our directors at which any such contract or proposed contract or arrangement is considered, provided (a) such director, if his interest (whether direct or indirect) in such contract or arrangement is material, has declared the nature of his interest at the earliest meeting of the board at which it is practicable for him to do so, either specifically or by way of a general notice and (b) if such contract or arrangement is a transaction with a related party, such transaction has been approved by the audit committee. The directors may exercise all the powers of the company to borrow money, to mortgage or charge its undertaking, property and uncalled capital, and to issue debentures or other securities whenever money is borrowed or as security for any debt, liability or obligation of the company or of any third party. None of our non-executive directors has a service contract with us that provides for benefits upon termination of service.
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Committees of the Board of Directors
We have established three committees under the board of directors: an audit committee, a compensation committee and a nominating and corporate governance committee. We have adopted a charter for each of the three committees. Each committee’s members and functions are described below.
Audit Committee. Our audit committee consists of Dr. Guofu Wu and Ms. Nini Qiao.Ms. Nini Qiao is the chairman of our audit committee. We have determined that each of Dr. Guofu Wu and Ms. Nini Qiao satisfies the “independence” requirements of Rule 5605(c)(2) of the Listing Rules of the NASDAQ and Rule 10A 3 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. We have determined that Nini Qiao qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert.” The audit committee oversees our accounting and financial reporting processes and the audits of the financial statements of our company. The audit committee is responsible for, among other things:
| ● | appointing the independent auditors and pre-approving all auditing and non-auditing services permitted to be performed by the independent auditors; |
| ● | reviewing with the independent auditors any audit problems or difficulties and management’s response; |
| ● | discussing the annual audited financial statements with management and the independent auditors; |
| ● | reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of our accounting and internal control policies and procedures and any steps taken to monitor and control major financial risk exposures; |
| ● | reviewing and approving all proposed related party transactions; |
| ● | meeting separately and periodically with management and the independent auditors; and |
| ● | monitoring compliance with our code of business conduct and ethics, including reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of our procedures to ensure proper compliance. |
Compensation Committee. Our compensation committee consists of Mr. Zhichen Sun and Ms. Jiaxing Chang. Mr. Zhichen Sun is the chairman of our compensation committee. The compensation committee assists the board in reviewing and approving the compensation structure, including all forms of compensation, relating to our directors and executive officers. The compensation committee is responsible for, among other things:
| ● | reviewing and approving, or recommending to the board for its approval, the compensation for our chief executive officer and other executive officers; |
| ● | reviewing and recommending to the board for determination with respect to the compensation of our non-employee directors; |
| ● | reviewing periodically and approving any incentive compensation or equity plans, programs or similar arrangements; and |
| ● | selecting compensation consultant, legal counsel or other advisers only after taking into consideration all factors relevant to that person’s independence from management. |
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Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. Our nominating and corporate governance committee consists of Mr. Zhichen Sun and Ms. Nini Qiao. Mr. Zhichen Sun is the chairman of our nominating and corporate governance committee. The nominating and corporate governance committee assists the board of directors in selecting individuals qualified to become our directors and in determining the composition of the board and its committees. The nominating and corporate governance committee is responsible for, among other things:
| ● | selecting and recommending nominees for election by the shareholders or appointment by the board; |
| ● | reviewing annually with the board the current composition of the board with regards to characteristics such as independence, knowledge, skills, experience and diversity; |
| ● | making recommendations on the frequency and structure of board meetings and monitoring the functioning of the committees of the board; and |
| ● | advising the board periodically with regards to significant developments in the law and practice of corporate governance as well as our compliance with applicable laws and regulations, and making recommendations to the board on all matters of corporate governance and on any remedial action to be taken. |
Duties of Directors
Under Cayman Islands law, our directors owe fiduciary duties to our company, including a duty of loyalty, a duty to act honestly and a duty to act in what they consider in good faith to be in our best interests. Our directors must also exercise their powers only for a proper purpose. A director must exercise the skill and care of a reasonably diligent person having both – (a) the general knowledge, skill and experience that may reasonably be expected of a person in the same position (an objective test), and (b) if greater, the general knowledge, skill and experience that that director actually possesses (a subjective test). In fulfilling their duty of care to us, our directors must ensure compliance with our current memorandum and articles of association, as amended and restated from time to time, and the class rights vested thereunder in the holders of the shares. Our company has the right to seek damages if a duty owed by our directors is breached. A shareholder may in certain limited exceptional circumstances have the right to seek damages in our name if a duty owed by the directors is breached.
Our board of directors has all the powers necessary for managing, and for directing and supervising, our business affairs. The functions and powers of our board of directors include, among others:
| ● | convening shareholders’ annual and extraordinary general meetings; |
| ● | declaring dividends and distributions; |
| ● | appointing officers and determining the term of office of the officers; |
| ● | exercising the borrowing powers of our company and mortgaging the property of our company; and |
| ● | approving the transfer of shares in our company, including the registration of such shares in our register of members. |
Terms of Directors and Officers
The number of directors shall not be less than three (3). No person may be nominated for, or appointed as, a director, nor removed from any such appointment as a director, unless such nomination, appointment or removal has been approved by our nominating and corporate governance committee prior to such nomination, appointment or removal.
Generally, (i) any person appointed as a director as of the closing date of our IPO shall hold office for a period of three (3) years from the closing date of our initial public offering, or such other term as may be approved in the resolution appointing them; and (ii) any person appointed as a director after the closing date of our IPO shall hold office for a period of three (3) years from the date of such appointment, or such other term as may be approved in the resolution appointing them. Each director shall hold office until the expiration of his term, or his resignation, removal or retirement from our board of directors, or his disqualification as a director.
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A retiring director shall be eligible for re-election from the date commencing six (6) months prior to the date of expiry of his term of office, and shall continue to act as a director throughout the meeting at which his re-election is considered. Where the retirement of any director would cause the number of directors to fall below the minimum number required pursuant to our amended and restated articles of association, then such director shall continue to act as a director until the appointment of such additional director(s) as would not result in the director’s retirement causing the number of directors to fall below the minimum number required pursuant to our amended and restated articles of association, at which time they shall retire.
Subject to our amended and restated articles of association and the applicable Law, the shareholders may by ordinary resolution elect any person to be a director either to fill a casual vacancy or as an addition to the existing board of directors. In addition, the directors shall have the power from time to time and at any time, by the affirmative vote of a majority of the directors present and voting at a meeting of our board of directors, to appoint any person as a director to fill a casual vacancy on our board of directors or as an addition to the existing board of directors.
No director shall be required to hold any shares of our company by way of qualification and a director who is not a shareholder shall be entitled to receive notice of and to attend and speak at any general meeting of our company and of all classes of shares of our company.
Subject to any provision to the contrary in our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, a director may, at any time before the expiration of his or her period of office (notwithstanding anything in our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association or in any agreement between our company and such director (but without prejudice to any claim for damages under any such agreement)) be removed by way of either (a) a special resolution of the shareholders; or (b) the affirmative vote of two-thirds of the other directors present and voting at a board meeting; or (c) a resolution in writing (which complies with the requirements of the provisos contained in article 119 of our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association) signed by all the directors other than the director being removed.
The office of a director shall be vacated if the director (a) resigns his or her office by notice delivered to our company at the office or tendered at a meeting of our board of directors, or (b) becomes of unsound mind or dies, or (c) without special leave of absence from our board of directors, is absent from meetings of our board of directors for three (3) consecutive times, unless our board of directors resolves that his or her office not be vacated, or (d) becomes bankrupt or has a receiving order made against him or her or suspends payment or compounds with his or her creditors, or (e) is prohibited by law from being a director, or (f) ceases to be a director by virtue of any provision of the statutes or is removed from office pursuant to our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, or (g) for any director that is not an independent director, without special leave of absence from our board of directors, is absent from more than fifty per cent (50%) of our weekly management meetings in any financial year, unless our board of directors resolves that his or her office not be vacated; or (h) for any director that is not an independent director, without special leave of absence from our board of directors, is present at the premises of our company, or any of our subsidiaries, for less than 60 business days in any financial year, unless our board of directors resolves that his or her office not be vacated.
Each director shall use his or her best efforts to attend all meetings of our board of directors. Any director may at any time appoint another director to be his or her alternate director. Any such appointment shall be in respect of a specific meeting of directors only and such appointment shall automatically cease upon termination of such meeting. An alternate director may also be removed as an alternate director at any time by the director who appoints him or her.
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| D. | Employees |
As of September 30, 2025, we had 30 employees. Substantially all of our employees are based in China. The table below shows the number of our employees by function as of September 30, 2025.
| Function | Number
of Employees | |||
| Administration | 8 | |||
| IT | 2 | |||
| Marketing | 20 | |||
| Total | 30 | |||
Our success depends on our ability to attract, motivate, train and retain qualified employees. We believe we offer our employees and the employees of the Current VIEs competitive compensation packages and an environment that encourages self-development and creativity. As a result, we have generally been successful in attracting and retaining qualified employees. We believe that we maintain a good working relationship with our employees and the employees of the Current VIEs, and we have not experienced any material labor disputes in the past. None of our employees and the employees of the Current VIEs are represented by labor unions.
As required by regulations in China, we and Current VIEs participate in various employee social security plans that are organized by municipal and provincial governments for our PRC-based employees, including pension insurance, unemployment insurance, maternity insurance, work-related injury insurance, medical insurance and housing provident fund. We and Current VIEs are required under PRC law to make contributions to employee benefit plans occasionally for our PRC-based employees at specified percentages of their salaries, bonuses and certain allowances of such employees, up to a maximum amount specified by local governments in China.
We and Current VIEs enter into standard employment agreements with these employees. We and Current VIEs also enter into standard confidentiality and non-compete agreements with these employees in accordance with common market practice.
| E. | Share Ownership |
Except as specifically noted, the following table sets forth information with respect to the beneficial ownership of our ordinary shares as of the date of this annual report by:
| ● | each of our directors and executive officers; and |
| ● | each person known to us to beneficially own more than 5% of our total outstanding ordinary shares. |
We have adopted a dual class ordinary share structure. The calculations in the table below are based on 123,715,022,675 ordinary shares outstanding as of the date of this annual report, consisting of 111,851,094,785 Class A ordinary shares and 11,863,927,890 Class B ordinary shares.
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Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC. In computing the number of shares beneficially owned by a person and the percentage ownership of that person, we have included shares that the person has the right to acquire within 60 days of the date of this annual report, including through the exercise of any option, warrant or other right or the conversion of any other security. These shares, however, are not included in the computation of the percentage ownership of any other person.
| Class
A ordinary shares | Class
B Ordinary Shares | Total
ordinary shares on an as- converted basis | Aggregate voting power*** | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Directors and Executive Officers **: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Zhichen Sun | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Jiaxing Chang(2) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Guofu Wu | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Nini Qiao | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||
| All Current Directors and Executive Officers as a Group (1) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Principal Shareholders: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Golden Stream Ltd.(2) | — | — | 11,863,927,890 | 100.0 | % | 11,863,927,890 | 9.59 | % | 51.47 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| * | Less than 1% of our total outstanding shares. |
| ** | The business address of our directors and executive officers is Room 613, No. 259 Guoxia Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, People’s Republic of China. |
| *** | For each person or group included in this column, percentage of total voting power represents voting power based on both Class A and Class B ordinary shares held by such person or group with respect to all outstanding shares of our Class A and Class B ordinary shares as a single class and on an as-converted basis. Each Class A ordinary shares is entitled to one vote per share. Each Class B ordinary share is entitled to ten (10) votes per share. Our Class B ordinary shares are convertible at any time by the holder into Class A ordinary shares on a one-for-one basis. |
| (1) | Excludes the information of the former directors and officers. |
| (2) | The shares beneficially owned by Golden Stream Ltd. represents 11,863,927,890 Class B ordinary shares directly held by Golden Stream Ltd., the current ESOP Platform of the Company. Golden Stream Ltd. holds the Shares underlying the share-based awards pursuant to the Company’s 2022 Plan, 2024 Plan and 2025 Plan. Mr. Yong Zhang is Golden Stream Ltd.’s sole shareholder. Golden Stream Ltd. and Mr. Yong Zhang have agreed to act upon the instructions of the ESOP Operation Committee of the Company consisting of Yong Zhang and Jiaxing Chang determined on a unanimous basis in relation to the voting and, prior to the vesting of the Shares to the relevant grantee of the share-based awards the Company may grant under the 2025 Plan, the disposition of these Class B ordinary shares. |
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To our knowledge, 111,851,094,785 Class A ordinary shares, representing approximately 90.41% of our total outstanding ordinary shares, were held by one record shareholder with registered addresses in the United States, our depositary, The Bank of New York Mellon. We are not aware of any arrangement that may, at a subsequent date, result in a change of control of our company.
| F. | Disclosure of Registrant’s Action to Recover Erroneously Awarded Compensation. |
We have adopted a policy relating to recovery of erroneously awarded compensation (the “Clawback Policy”), a form of which is included as Exhibit 97.1 attached herein.
During or after FY2025, we were not required to prepare an accounting restatement that required recovery of erroneously awarded compensation pursuant to the Clawback Policy. As of September 30, 2025, there was no outstanding balance of erroneously awarded compensation to be recovered from the application of the Clawback Policy to a prior restatement.
ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
| A. | Major Shareholders |
Please refer to “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—E. Share Ownership.”
| B. | Related Party Transactions |
Transaction with Wangxiancai Limited
On October 26, 2021, December 17, 2021, and October 31, 2023, we transferred all of our equity interest in the Former WFOE, Q&K HK, and Haoju, respectively, to Wangxiancai Limited, which was beneficially owned by the legal representative and executive director of one of our subsidiaries, a related party, for nominal consideration. The consideration was nominal value because Q&K HK, the Former WFOE and Haoju were loss-making and had net liabilities and the possibility that they would generate cash flow in the future was minimal considering (i) decreasing demand for long-term rental apartments in areas they operated due to population outflow from these areas; and (ii) increasing operating costs as a percentage of revenue as it had incurred certain fixed costs and experienced decreasing revenue streams. The Former WFOE was a wholly owned subsidiary of Q&K HK, and had a series of contractual arrangements with our former variable interest entity, Shanghai Qingke E-commerce Co., Ltd. through which we carried out certain rental apartment operation business prior to the Equity Transfer. The Equity Transfer was performed to dedicate our business resources to operate higher-quality rental apartments through our subsidiaries in China. Wangxiancai Limited ceased to be a related party of the Company in October 2023.
Transactions with Key Space (S) Pte Ltd.
In 2022, we entered into a loan agreement with Key Space (S) Pte. Ltd (“Key Space”), which was a subsidiary owned by one of our then shareholders, with a total principal amount of RMB4.1 million, in connection with our business operation. In FY 2022, FY 2023, and FY2024, amounts due to Key Space were RMB4.1 million, RMB4.5 million and RMB4.3 million, respectively. The balance due to related parties represented borrowings from Key Space which were due within 12 months from borrowing, which subsequently extended and are due by June 2026. Key Space ceased to be a related party of the Company in December 2024.
Contractual Arrangements with the Current VIEs and Their Shareholders
PRC laws and regulations restrict foreign ownership and investment in value-added telecommunications services in China. As a result, we conducted certain business through Huaming Insurance and Huaming Yunbao, the Current VIEs, based on a series of contractual arrangements. See “Item 4. Information on the Company — C. Organizational Structure — Contractual Arrangements” for details.
Employment Agreements and Indemnification Agreements
See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—B. Compensation—Employment Agreements and Indemnification Agreements.”
Share Incentives
See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—B. Compensation—Stock Options and RSUs.”
| C. | Interests of Experts and Counsel |
Not applicable.
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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
| A. | Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information |
We have appended consolidated financial statements filed as part of this annual report.
Legal Proceedings
On August 5, 2025, the Tianjin Railway Transportation Court accepted a civil lawsuit filed by China United Life Insurance Co., Ltd., Tianjin Branch (the “Plaintiff”) against Huaming Insurance Agency Co., Ltd. Tianjin Second Branch and Huaming Insurance Agency Co., Ltd. (collectively, the “Defendants”), concerning an insurance agency contract dispute. The case is docketed as (2025) Jin 8601 Minchu No. 2180. The Plaintiff alleges that the Defendants breached the insurance agency agreement entered into on July 21, 2021 by engaging in activities including fabricating insurance agency business in order to obtain commissions, and seeks the return of commissions previously paid in the amount of RMB 4,120,497, interest thereon, attorney’s fees of RMB 145,000, and the litigation costs, totaling approximately RMB 4,265,497.
The case has proceeded to the first-instance hearing and no judgment has been issued as of the date of this annual report. The outcome of this matter remains uncertain and is subject to the court’s final determination. Management is currently assessing the allegations and claims raised in the lawsuit. Based on the information available to date, management does not expect that the ultimate resolution of this matter will have a material adverse effect on our normal operations. However, the case is still pending and there can be no assurance as to its ultimate outcome.
Except as disclosed above, we are not currently a party to any other material legal, regulatory, or administrative proceedings. From time to time, we may be subject to claims and legal proceedings in the ordinary course of our business, including those related to contract disputes, commercial matters, intellectual property, data protection, employment, consumer protection, and other issues.
Dividend Policy
Our board of directors has discretion on whether to distribute dividends, subject to certain restrictions under Cayman Islands law, namely that our company may only pay dividends out of profits or share premium, and provided always that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in our company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. Even if our board of directors decides to pay dividends, the form, frequency and amount will depend upon our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors that the board of directors may deem relevant.
We do not have any plan to pay any cash dividends on our ordinary shares in the foreseeable future and intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to operate and expand our business.
We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. We may rely on dividends from our subsidiaries in China for our cash requirements, including any payment of dividends to our shareholders. PRC regulations may restrict the ability of our PRC subsidiary to pay dividends to us. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulations Relating to Dividend Distribution” and “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—People’s Republic of China Taxation.”
If we pay any dividends on our ordinary shares, we will pay those dividends which are payable in respect of the Class A ordinary shares underlying our ADSs to the depositary, as the registered holder of such Class A ordinary shares, and the depositary then will pay such amounts to our ADS holders in proportion to the Class A ordinary shares underlying the ADSs held by such ADS holders, subject to the terms of the deposit agreement, including the fees and expenses payable thereunder. See “Item 12. Description of Securities Other Than Equity Securities—D. American Depositary Shares.” Cash dividends on our ordinary shares, if any, will be paid in U.S. dollars.
| B. | Significant Changes |
Except as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we have not experienced any significant changes since the date of our audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.
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ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING
| A. | Offering and Listing Details |
As of September 30, 2025, our ADSs, each representing 2,400 of our Class A ordinary shares, have been listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market since November 5, 2019. Our ADSs trade under the symbol “XHG”. In FY 2023, FY 2024 and FY 2025, no significant trading suspensions occurred.
| B. | Plan of Distribution |
Not applicable.
| C. | Markets |
The principal trading market for our ADSs is the NASDAQ Capital Market.
| D. | Selling Shareholders |
Not applicable.
| E. | Dilution |
Not applicable.
| F. | Expenses of the Issue |
Not applicable.
ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
| A. | Share Capital |
Not applicable.
| B. | Memorandum and Articles of Association |
We incorporate by reference into this annual report “Item 10. Additional Information—B. Memorandum and Articles of Association” in our Current Report on Form 6-K (File Number: 001-39111) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 5, 2025.
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| C. | Material Contracts |
The following summarizes each material contract, other than contracts entered into in the ordinary course of business, to which we or any subsidiary of ours is a party for the immediately preceding two years.
Lianlian Equity Acquisition Agreement. On September 29, 2023, we entered into an equity acquisition agreement with Lianlian Holdings Inc. (“Lianlian”) and certain of Lianlian’s shareholders to acquire 95% of the issued and outstanding shares in Lianlian for an aggregate purchase price of RMB 1,800,000,000. The purchase price consists of cash and newly issued Class A ordinary shares of the Company, the exact portion of which is determined by the Company at the closing of this acquisition. On December 28, 2023, we announced that we have, with mutual consents, terminated such equity acquisition agreement.
Disposal Agreement I. On October 31, 2023, we entered into an equity transfer agreement on October 31, 2023 to sell all of our equity interest in our indirectly wholly-owned subsidiary Haoju (Shanghai) Artificial Intelligence Technology Co., Ltd., a limited company incorporated under the laws of PRC, to Wangxiancai Limited, a limited company incorporated under the laws of Hong Kong, for nominal consideration.
Disposal Agreement II. On September 12, 2024, we entered into an equity transfer agreement on September 12, 2024 to sell all of our equity interest in our indirectly wholly-owned subsidiary QK365.com.INC (BVI), a limited company incorporated under the laws of British Virgin Islands, FENGLINJU PROPERTY (CHINA) LIMITED, a limited company incorporated under the laws of Hong Kong, and Shanghai Meileju Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd, a limited company incorporated under the laws of PRC, to Wangxiancai Limited, a limited company incorporated under the laws of Hong Kong, for nominal consideration.
Alpha Mind Equity Acquisition Agreement. On November 22, 2023, we entered into an equity acquisition agreement with Alpha Mind and Alpha Mind’s shareholders to acquire all the issued and outstanding shares in Alpha Mind for an aggregate purchase price of US$180,000,000 or RMB equivalent. After the completion of this acquisition on December 29, 2023, Alpha Mind became a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. At Closing, we delivered to the sellers the Notes in an aggregate amount equal to the purchase price. The Notes have a maturity of 90 days from the closing date, which was subsequently extended to December 31, 2025, and are secured by all of the issued and outstanding equity of Alpha Mind and all of the assets of Alpha Mind and its subsidiaries. This agreement contains representations, warranties, covenants and closing conditions of each of the parties thereto that are customary for transactions of this type.
Share Conversion Documents. On June 6, 2024, the Company and Burgeon Capital entered into the Conversion Documents, pursuant to which, the Company agreed to issue to Burgeon Capital and Burgeon Capital agreed to subscribe from the Company, the Converted Shares, as the repayment by the Company to Burgeon Capital of all outstanding principal amount and accrued interest under the promissory note issued to Burgeon Capital on December 28, 2023, with a total amount of US$27,342,000.
Securities Purchase Agreement. On September 24, 2024, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with VG. Upon the terms and subject to the satisfaction of the conditions contained in the Purchase Agreement, the Company will have the right, in its sole discretion, from time to time during the term of the Purchase Agreement, to require VG to purchase up to an aggregate of $25,000,000 of the Company’s Class A Ordinary Shares, par value $0.0000001 per share, represented by ADSs, each ADS representing 600,000 Class A ordinary shares, subject to certain limitations set forth in the Purchase Agreement. Sales of the ADSs by the Company to VG under the Purchase Agreement, and the timing of any such sales, are solely at the Company’s option, and the Company is under no obligation to sell any securities to VG under the Purchase Agreement.
Topone Consultants Limited Sale and Purchase Agreement. On March 21, 2025, we entered into a sale and purchase agreement with Topone and Topone’s beneficial owner to acquire all the issued share capital of Topone for an aggregate purchase price of HK$1,200,000. After the completion of this acquisition, Topone became a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company.
Share Subscription Agreement. On May 9, 2025, the Company and Infinity Asset entered into a share subscription agreement and a payoff letter, pursuant to which, the Company issued 108,027,515,844 Class A Ordinary Shares to Infinity Asset, as the repayment by the Company to Infinity Asset of all outstanding principal amount and accrued interest under the Infinity Note with a total amount of US$51,988,242.
Other than the above, we have not entered into any material contracts other than in the ordinary course of business and other than those described in “Item 4. Information on the Company,” “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—B. Related Party Transactions,” or elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F.
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| D. | Exchange Controls |
See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulations Relating to Foreign Exchange.”
| E. | Taxation |
The following summary of the material Cayman Islands, PRC and U.S. federal income tax consequences of an investment in ADSs or Class A ordinary shares is based upon laws and relevant interpretations thereof in effect as of the date of this annual report, all of which are subject to change. This summary does not deal with all possible tax consequences relating to an investment in ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, such as the tax consequences under U.S. state and local tax laws or under the tax laws of jurisdictions other than the Cayman Islands, the People’s Republic of China and the United States.
Cayman Islands Taxation
The Cayman Islands currently levies no taxes on individuals or corporations based upon profits, income, gains or appreciation and there is no taxation in the nature of inheritance tax or estate duty.
Pursuant to the Tax Concessions Act of the Cayman Islands, we have obtained an undertaking: (a) that no law which is enacted in the Cayman Islands imposing any tax to be levied on profits or income or gains or appreciations shall apply to us or our operations; and (b) that the aforesaid tax or any tax in the nature of estate duty or inheritance tax shall not be payable on the shares, debentures or other obligations of us. The undertaking is for a period of twenty years from March 8, 2018.
Payments of dividends and capital in respect of the shares of our company will not be subject to taxation in the Cayman Islands and no withholding will be required on the payment of a dividend or capital to any holder of the shares, nor will gains derived from the disposal of the ordinary shares be subject to Cayman Islands income or corporation tax.
Certain stamp duties may be applicable, from time to time, on certain instruments executed in or brought into the Cayman Islands. No stamp duty is payable in the Cayman Islands on transfers of shares of Cayman Islands companies except those which hold interests in land in the Cayman Islands.
People’s Republic of China Taxation
Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules, an enterprise established outside of the PRC with a “de facto management body” within the PRC is considered a resident enterprise and will be subject to the enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on its global income. The implementation rules define the term “de facto management body” as the body that exercises full and substantial control over and overall management of the business, productions, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. In April 2009, the State Administration of Taxation issued a circular, known as Circular 82, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a PRC controlled enterprise that is incorporated offshore is located in China. Although this circular only applies to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups, not those controlled by PRC individuals or foreigners, the criteria set forth in the circular may reflect the State Administration of Taxation’s general position on how the “de facto management body” test should be applied in determining the tax resident status of all offshore enterprises. According to Circular 82, an offshore incorporated enterprise controlled by a PRC enterprise or a PRC enterprise group will be regarded as a PRC tax resident by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in China only if all of the following conditions are met: (i) the primary location of the day to day operational management is in the PRC; (ii) decisions relating to the enterprise’s financial and human resource matters are made or are subject to approval by organizations or personnel in the PRC; (iii) the enterprise’s primary assets, accounting books and records, company seals, and board and shareholder resolutions, are located or maintained in the PRC; and (iv) at least 50% of voting board members or senior executives habitually reside in the PRC.
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We do not believe that XChange TEC.INC meets all of the conditions above. XChange TEC.INC is a company incorporated outside the PRC. As a holding company, its key assets are its ownership interests in its subsidiaries, and its key assets are located, and its records (including the resolutions of its board of directors and the resolutions of its shareholders) are maintained, outside the PRC. For the same reasons, we believe our other entities outside of China are not PRC resident enterprises either. However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body.” There can be no assurance that the PRC government will ultimately take a view that is consistent with ours.
However, if the PRC tax authorities determine that XChange TEC.INC is a PRC resident enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes, we may be required to withhold a 10% withholding tax from dividends we pay to our shareholders that are Non-Resident Enterprises, including the holders of our ADSs. Such 10% tax rate could be reduced by applicable tax treaties or similar arrangements between China and the jurisdiction of our shareholders. For example, for shareholders eligible for the benefits of the tax treaty between China and Hong Kong, the tax rate is reduced to 5% for dividends if relevant conditions are met. In addition, Non-Resident Enterprise shareholders (including our ADS holders) may be subject to a 10% PRC tax on gains realized on the sale or other disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares, if such income is treated as sourced from within the PRC. It is unclear whether our non-PRC individual shareholders (including our ADS holders) would be subject to any PRC tax on dividends or gains obtained by such non-PRC individual shareholders in the event we are determined to be a PRC resident enterprise. If any PRC tax were to apply to such dividends or gains, it would generally apply at a rate of 20% unless a reduced rate is available under an applicable tax treaty. However, it is also unclear whether non-PRC shareholders of XChange TEC.INC would be able to claim the benefits of any tax treaties between their country of tax residence and the PRC in the event that XChange TEC.INC is treated as a PRC resident enterprise.
Provided that our Cayman Islands holding company, XChange TEC.INC, is not deemed to be a PRC resident enterprise, holders of our ADSs and Class A ordinary shares who are not PRC residents will not be subject to PRC income tax on dividends distributed by us or gains realized from the sale or other disposition of our shares or ADSs. However, under Circular 7, where a Non-Resident Enterprise conducts an “indirect transfer” by transferring taxable assets, including, in particular, equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise, indirectly by disposing of the equity interests of an overseas holding company, the non-resident enterprise, being the transferor, or the transferee or the PRC entity which directly owned such taxable assets may report to the relevant tax authority such indirect transfer. Using a “substance over form” principle, the PRC tax authority may disregard the existence of the overseas holding company if it lacks a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of reducing, avoiding or deferring PRC tax. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax, and the transferee would be obligated to withhold the applicable taxes, currently at a rate of 10% for the transfer of equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise. We and our non-PRC resident investors may be at risk of being required to file a return and being taxed under Circular 7, and we may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with Bulletin 37, or to establish that we should not be taxed under Circular 7 and Bulletin 37. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Our shareholders face uncertainties with respect to indirect transfers of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises by their non-PRC holding companies.”
United States Federal Income Tax Considerations
The following is a summary of material U.S. federal income tax considerations that are likely to be relevant to the purchase, ownership and disposition of our Class A ordinary shares or ADSs by a U.S. Holder (as defined below).
This summary is based on provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the “Code,” and regulations, rulings and judicial interpretations thereof, in force as of the date hereof. Those authorities may be changed at any time, perhaps retroactively, so as to result in U.S. federal income tax consequences different from those summarized below.
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This summary is not a comprehensive discussion of all of the tax considerations that may be relevant to a particular investor’s decision to purchase, hold, or dispose of Class A ordinary shares or ADSs. In particular, this summary is directed only to U.S. Holders that hold Class A ordinary shares or ADSs as capital assets and does not address all of the tax consequences that may be applicable to U.S. Holders who may be subject to special tax rules, such as banks, brokers or dealers in securities or currencies, traders in securities electing to mark-to-market, financial institutions, insurance companies, tax exempt entities, regulated investment companies, partnerships (including any entities or arrangements that are treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes) and the partners therein, holders that own or are treated as owning 10% or more of our shares (measured by vote or value), persons holding Class A ordinary shares or ADSs as part of a hedging or conversion transaction or a straddle, or persons whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar. Moreover, this summary does not address state, local or non-U.S. taxes, the U.S. federal estate and gift taxes, or the Medicare contribution tax applicable to net investment income of certain non-corporate U.S. Holders, or alternative minimum tax consequences of acquiring, holding or disposing of Class A ordinary shares or ADSs.
For purposes of this summary, a “U.S. Holder” is a beneficial owner of Class A ordinary shares or ADSs that is a citizen or resident of the United States or a U.S. domestic corporation or that otherwise is subject to U.S. federal income taxation on a net income basis in respect of such Class A ordinary shares or ADSs.
You should consult your own tax advisors about the consequences of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of the Class A ordinary shares or ADSs, including the relevance to your particular situation of the considerations discussed below and any consequences arising under non-U.S., state, local or other tax laws.
ADSs
In general, a U.S. Holder of ADSs will be treated, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, as the beneficial owner of the underlying Class A ordinary shares that are represented by those ADSs.
Passive Foreign Investment Company Classification
Special U.S. tax rules apply to companies that are considered to be PFICs. We will be classified as a PFIC in a particular taxable year if either
| ● | 75% or more of our gross income for the taxable year is passive income; or |
| ● | 50% or more of the value of our assets (generally determined on the basis of a quarterly average) is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income. |
For this purpose, passive income generally includes dividends, interest, royalties and rents (other than royalties and rents derived in the active conduct of a trade or business and not derived from a related person) and the excess of gains over losses from the disposition of assets that produce passive income. Goodwill is treated as an active asset under the PFIC rules to the extent attributable to activities that produce active income. Cash generally is a passive asset for these purposes. If we own at least 25% (by value) of the stock of another corporation, for purposes of determining whether we are a PFIC, we will be treated as owning our proportionate share of the other corporation’s assets and receiving our proportionate share of the other corporation’s income.
Based on our financial statements, the composition of our income and assets, the manner in which we conduct our business, the relevant market data and our current expectations regarding the value and nature of our assets and the sources and nature of our income, we believe there is a significant risk that we were a PFIC in our taxable year ending September 30, 2025. Further, there is a significant risk that we will be a PFIC for our current taxable year and in future taxable years. Whether or not we are a PFIC is a factual determination made annually, and our status could change depending upon, among other things, changes in the composition of our gross income and the relative quarterly values of our assets.
Further, if we are a PFIC for any year during which a U.S. Holder holds our Class A ordinary shares or ADSs, we generally will continue to be treated as a PFIC for all subsequent years during which such U.S. Holder holds our Class A ordinary shares or ADSs unless we cease to be a PFIC and the U.S. Holder makes a special “purging” election on IRS Form 8621.
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Taxation of Dividends
Subject to the discussion below under “—Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations,” the gross amount of any distribution of cash or property with respect to our Class A ordinary shares or ADSs (including amounts, if any, withheld to reflect PRC taxes) that is paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits (as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes) will generally be includible in your taxable income as ordinary dividend income on the day on which you receive the dividend, in the case of Class A ordinary shares, or the date the depositary receives the dividends, in the case of ADSs, and will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction allowed to U.S. corporations under the Code.
With respect to non-corporate U.S. Holders, including individual U.S. Holders, dividends will be taxed at the lower capital gains rate applicable to qualified dividend income, provided that (1) the ADSs are readily tradable on an established securities market in the U.S., or we are eligible for the benefits of an approved qualifying income tax treaty with the U.S. that includes an exchange of information program, (2) we are not a PFIC (as defined below) for either our taxable year in which the dividend is paid or the preceding taxable year, and (3) certain holding period requirements are met. Because there is no income tax treaty between the U.S. and the Cayman Islands, clause (1) above can be satisfied only if the ADSs readily tradable on an established securities market in the U.S. Under U.S. Internal Revenue Service authority, ADSs are considered for purpose of clause (1) above to be readily tradable on an established securities market in the U.S. if they are listed on certain exchanges, which presently include the Nasdaq Capital Market. You are urged to consult your tax advisors regarding the availability of the lower rate for dividends paid with respect to our ADSs and Class A ordinary shares, including the effects of any change in law after the date of this prospectus.
Dividends will constitute foreign source income for foreign tax credit limitation purposes. If the dividends are taxed as qualified dividend income (as discussed above), the amount of the dividend taken into account for purposes of calculating the foreign tax credit limitation will be limited to the gross amount of the dividend, multiplied by the reduced rate divided by the highest rate of tax normally applicable to dividends. The limitation on foreign taxes eligible for credit is calculated separately with respect to specific classes of income. For this purpose, dividends distributed by us with respect to our ADSs and Class A ordinary shares will constitute “passive category income” but could, in the case of certain U.S. Holders, constitute “general category income.”
To the extent that the amount of the distribution exceeds our current and accumulated earnings and profits (as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles), it will be treated first as a tax-free return of your tax basis in your ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, and to the extent that the amount of the distribution exceeds your tax basis, the excess will be taxed as capital gain.
We do not expect to maintain calculations of our earnings and profits in accordance with U.S. federal income tax principles. U.S. Holders therefore should expect that distributions generally will be treated as dividends for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
U.S. Holders that receive distributions of additional ADSs or Class A ordinary shares or rights to subscribe for ADSs or Class A ordinary shares as part of a pro rata distribution to all our shareholders generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax in respect of the distributions.
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Taxation of Dispositions of ADSs or Class A Ordinary Shares
Subject to the discussion below under “—Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations,” upon a sale, exchange or other taxable disposition of the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, U.S. Holders will realize gain or loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes in the amount equal to the difference between the amount realized on the disposition and the U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares. Such gain or loss will be capital gain or loss and generally will be long-term capital gain or loss if the ADS or Class A ordinary shares have been held for more than one year. Long-term capital gain realized by a non-corporate U.S. Holder generally is subject to taxation at a preferential rate. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations. Any such gain or loss that you recognize will generally be treated as U.S. source income or loss for foreign tax credit limitation purposes which will generally limit the availability of foreign tax credits.
U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the application of the foreign tax credit rules to their investment in, and disposition of, the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares.
Deposits and withdrawals of Class A ordinary shares by U.S. Holders in exchange for ADSs will not result in the realization of gain or loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations
In the event that we are classified as a PFIC in any year during which a U.S. Holder holds our Class A ordinary shares or ADSs and such U.S. Holder does not make a mark-to-market election, as described below, the U.S. Holder will be subject to a special tax at ordinary income tax rates on “excess distributions,” including certain distributions by us (generally, any distributions that you receive in a taxable year that are greater than 125% of the average annual distributions received during the shorter of the three preceding taxable years or the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the Class A ordinary shares or ADSs) and gain that the U.S. Holder recognizes on the sale of our ordinary shares or ADSs. Under these rules (a) the excess distribution or gain will be allocated ratably over the U.S. Holder’s holding period, (b) the amount allocated to the current taxable year and any taxable year prior to the first taxable year in which we are a PFIC will be taxed as ordinary income, and (c) the amount allocated to each of the other taxable years will be subject to tax at the highest rate of tax in effect for the applicable class of taxpayer for that year, and an interest charge for the deemed deferral benefit will be imposed with respect to the resulting tax attributable to each such other taxable year. Classification as a PFIC may also have other adverse tax consequences, including, in the case of individuals, the denial of a step up in the basis of his or her Class A ordinary shares or ADSs at death.
If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder holds our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares and any of our non-U.S. subsidiaries is also a PFIC, such U.S. Holder will be treated as owning a proportionate amount (by value) of the shares of the lower-tier PFIC for purposes of the application of the PFIC rules. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors about the possible application of the PFIC rules to any of our subsidiaries.
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A U.S. Holder may be subject to alternative treatment by electing to mark its ADSs to market, provided the ADSs are treated as “marketable stock.” The ADSs generally will be treated as marketable stock if the ADSs are “regularly traded” on a “qualified exchange or other market” (which includes the NASDAQ Capital Market). It should also be noted that the Class A ordinary shares are not listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market. ADSs will be considered to be regularly traded (i) during the current calendar year if they are traded, other than in de minimis quantities, on at least 1/6 of the days remaining in the quarter in which offering of the ADSs occurs, and on at least 15 days during each remaining quarter of the calendar year; and (ii) during any other calendar year if they are traded, other than in de minimis quantities, on at least 15 days during each calendar quarter. Consequently, a U.S. Holder that holds Class A ordinary shares that are not represented by ADSs may not be eligible to make a mark-to-market election. If the U.S. Holder makes a mark-to-market election, (i) the U.S. Holder will be required in any year in which we are a PFIC to include as ordinary income the excess of the fair market value of its ADSs at the end of the U.S. Holder’s taxable year over the U.S. Holder’s basis in those ADSs and (ii) the U.S. Holder will be entitled to deduct as an ordinary loss in each such year the excess of the U.S. Holder’s basis in its ADSs over their fair market value at the end of the U.S. Holder’s taxable year, but only to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election. A U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in its ADSs will be increased by the amount of any income inclusion and decreased by the amount of any deductions under the mark-to-market rules. In addition, any gain the U.S. Holder recognizes upon the sale of the U.S. Holder’s ADSs in a year in which we are a PFIC will be taxed as ordinary income in the year of sale, and any loss the U.S. Holder recognizes upon the sale will be treated as ordinary loss, but only to the extent of the net amount of previously included income as a result of the mark-to-market election. However, because a mark-to-market election cannot be made for equity interests in any lower-tier PFICs of the Company, a U.S. Holder would continue to be subject to the excess distribution rules with respect to subsidiaries of the Company that are PFICs, any distributions received by the Company from a subsidiary that is a PFIC, and any gain recognized by the Company upon a sale of equity interest of a subsidiary that is a PFIC, even if a mark-to-market election has been made by the U.S. Holder with respect to the ADSs. The interaction of the mark-to-market election rules and the rules governing lower-tier PFICs is complex and uncertain, and U.S. Holders should therefore consult their own tax advisors regarding the mark-to-market election as well as the application of the PFIC rules to their ownership of the ADSs.
Once made, the election cannot be revoked without the consent of the IRS unless the shares cease to be marketable. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the U.S. federal income tax considerations discussed above and the desirability of making a mark-to-market election.
In some cases, a shareholder of a PFIC may also be subject to alternative treatment by making a “qualified electing fund” (“QEF”) election to be taxed currently on its share of the PFIC’s undistributed income. To make a QEF election, the PFIC must provide shareholders with certain information compiled according to U.S. federal income tax principles. We do not intend to make available the information necessary to make a QEF election, and such election therefore will not be available to you.
If you do not make a timely “mark-to-market” election (as described above), and if we were a PFIC at any time during the period you hold our ADSs, then such ADSs will continue to be treated as stock of a PFIC with respect to you even if we cease to be a PFIC in a future year, unless you make a “purging election” for the year we cease to be a PFIC. A “purging election” creates a deemed sale of such ADSs at their fair market value on the last day of the last year in which we are treated as a PFIC. The gain recognized by the purging election will be subject to the special tax and interest charge rules treating the gain as an excess distribution, as described above. As a result of the purging election, you will have a new basis (equal to the fair market value of the ADSs on the last day of the last year in which we are treated as a PFIC) and holding period (which new holding period will begin the day after such last day) in your ADSs for tax purposes.
A U.S. Holder that owns an equity interest in a PFIC must annually file IRS Form 8621. A failure to file one or more of these forms as required may toll the running of the statute of limitations in respect of each of the U.S. Holder’s taxable years for which such form is required to be filed. As a result, the taxable years with respect to which the U.S. Holder fails to file the form may remain open to assessment by the IRS indefinitely, until the form is filed.
You are urged to consult your tax advisors regarding the application of the PFIC rules to your investment in our ADSs and Class A ordinary shares and the elections discussed above.
Foreign Financial Asset Reporting
Certain U.S. Holders who are individuals that own “specified foreign financial assets” with an aggregate value in excess of US$50,000 on the last day of the taxable year or US$75,000 at any time during the taxable year are generally required to file an information statement along with their tax returns, currently on IRS Form 8938, with respect to such assets. “Specified foreign financial assets” include any financial accounts held at a non-U.S. financial institution, as well as securities issued by a non-U.S. issuer (which would include the Class A ordinary shares and the ADSs) that are not held in accounts maintained by financial institutions. Higher reporting thresholds apply to certain individuals living abroad and to certain married individuals. Regulations extend this reporting requirement to certain entities that are treated as formed or availed of to hold direct or indirect interests in specified foreign financial assets based on certain objective criteria. U.S. Holders that fail to report the required information could be subject to substantial penalties. In addition, the statute of limitations for assessment of tax would be suspended, in whole or part. Prospective investors should consult their own tax advisors concerning the application of these rules to their investment in the Class A ordinary shares or the ADSs, including the application of the rules to their particular circumstances.
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Backup Withholding and Information Reporting
Dividends paid on, and proceeds from the sale or other disposition of, the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares that are paid to a U.S. Holder generally may be subject to the information reporting requirements of the Code and may be subject to backup withholding unless the U.S. Holder provides an accurate taxpayer identification number and makes any other required certification or otherwise establishes an exemption. Backup withholding is not an additional tax. The amount of any backup withholding from a payment to a U.S. Holder will be allowed as a refund or credit against the U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability, provided the required information is furnished to the IRS in a timely manner.
A holder that is a non-U.S. corporation or a non-resident alien individual may be required to comply with certification and identification procedures in order to establish its exemption from information reporting and backup withholding.
| F. | Dividends and Paying Agents |
Not applicable.
| G. | Statement by Experts |
Not applicable.
| H. | Documents on Display |
We have filed a registration statement, including relevant exhibits, with the SEC on Form F-1 (Registration No. 333-234112) under the Securities Act to register the issuance and sale of our ordinary shares represented by ADSs in relation to our initial public offering. We have also filed a related registration statement on Form F-6 (Registration No. 333-234252) with the SEC to register the ADSs. We have also filed a registration statement on Form F-3 (File Number 333-258187) with the SEC.
We are subject to periodic reporting and other informational requirements of the Exchange Act as applicable to foreign private issuers. Accordingly, we are required to file reports, including annual reports on Form 20-F, and other information with the SEC. All information filed with the SEC can be obtained over the internet at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.
As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt under the Exchange Act from, among other things, the rules prescribing the furnishing and content of proxy statements, and our executive officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we are not required under the Exchange Act to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act. However, we intend to furnish the depositary with our annual reports, which will include a review of operations and annual audited consolidated combined financial statements prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP, and all notices of shareholders’ meetings and other reports and communications that are made generally available to our shareholders. The depositary will make such notices, reports and communications available to holders of ADSs and, if we so request, will mail to all record holders of ADSs the information contained in any notice of a shareholders’ meeting received by the depositary from us.
| I. | Subsidiary Information |
Not applicable.
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ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Interest Rate Risk
Our exposure to interest rate risk is currently limited. As of September 30, 2025, we did not have any bank borrowings or other interest-bearing debt with variable interest rates. Our outstanding borrowings primarily consisted of short-term intercompany loans bearing fixed interest rates of 3.85%.
As these borrowings are subject to fixed interest rates, fluctuations in market interest rates would not have a material impact on our interest expense for the current period. Accordingly, no quantitative sensitivity analysis has been presented.
We may incur additional borrowings in the future. To the extent such borrowings bear variable interest rates, we may be exposed to interest rate risk. We do not currently use derivative financial instruments to manage interest rate risk.
Foreign Exchange Risk
The value of Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies may fluctuate and is affected by, among other things, changes in political and economic conditions and the foreign exchange policy adopted by the PRC government. On July 21, 2005, the PRC government changed its policy of pegging the value of the Renminbi to the U.S. dollar. Following the removal of the U.S. dollar peg, the Renminbi appreciated more than 20% against the U.S. dollar over the following three years. Between July 2008 and June 2010, this appreciation halted and the exchange rate between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar remained within a narrow band. Since June 2010, the PRC government has allowed the Renminbi to appreciate slowly against the U.S. dollar again, and it has appreciated more than 10% since June 2010. On August 11, 2015, the PBOC announced plans to improve the central parity rate of the RMB against the U.S. dollar by authorizing market makers to provide parity to the China Foreign Exchange Trading Center operated by the PBOC with reference to the interbank foreign exchange market closing rate of the previous day, the supply and demand for foreign currencies as well as changes in exchange rates of major international currencies. Effective from October 1, 2016, the International Monetary Fund added Renminbi to its Special Drawing Rights currency basket. Such change and additional future changes may increase the volatility in the trading value of the Renminbi against foreign currencies. The (depreciation) /appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Renminbi was approximately 2.7%, (3.8%) and 1.4% in FY 2023, FY 2024 and FY 2025, respectively. The PRC government may adopt further reforms of its exchange rate system, including making the Renminbi freely convertible in the future. Accordingly, it is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between Renminbi and the U.S. dollar in the future.
As substantially all of our revenues and expenses are denominated in Renminbi, we do not believe that we currently have any significant direct foreign exchange risk, and have not used any derivative financial instruments to hedge exposure to such risk. Although our exposure to foreign exchange risks should be limited in general, the value of your investment in our ADSs will be affected by the exchange rate between U.S. dollar and Renminbi because the value of our business is effectively denominated in Renminbi, while our ADSs will be traded in U.S. dollars. In addition, the reporting currency of our company is Renminbi, the functional currency of our company is U.S. dollars, and the functional currency of our subsidiaries is their local currencies, which is Renminbi for our operating subsidiaries. Any significant revaluation of U.S. dollars may materially and adversely affect our earnings and shareholders’ deficits in Renminbi given that a portion of our cash and cash equivalents are denominated in U.S. dollars. A 10% depreciation of U.S. dollars against Renminbi may increase loss and shareholders’ deficits by RMB 83.3 million (US$11.7 million) for FY 2025.
Concentration of Credit Risk
Financial instruments that potentially expose us to concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents.
All of our cash and cash equivalents are held with financial institutions that our management believes to be high credit quality. To limit exposure to credit risk relating to deposits, we primarily place cash and cash equivalent deposits with large financial institutions in the United States and the PRC which management believes are of high credit quality and we also continually monitor their credit worthiness.
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Concentration of Customer
For the year ended September 30,2025, one customer accounted for 18.4% of the Company’s total revenues. For the year ended September 30, 2024, one customer accounted for 12.6% of the Company’s total revenues.
As of September 30, 2025, two customers accounted for 33.1% of the total balance of accounts receivable. As of September 30, 2024, four customer accounted for 85.4% of the total balance of accounts receivable.
Concentration of Vendor
For the year ended September 30, 2025, one vendors accounted for 10.2% of the Company’s total cost of revenues. For the year ended September 30, 2024, two vendors accounted for 22.1% of the Company’s total cost of revenues.
As of September 30, 2025, one vendor accounted for 16.9% of the total balance of accounts payable. As of September 30, 2024, one vendor accounted for 28.7% of the total balance of accounts payable.
ITEM 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES
| A. | Debt Securities |
Not applicable.
| B. | Warrants and Rights |
Not applicable.
| C. | Other Securities |
Not applicable.
| D. | American Depositary Shares |
Fees and Expenses
An ADS holder will be required to pay the following fees under the terms of the deposit agreement:
| Persons depositing or withdrawing shares or ADS holders must pay: | For: | |
| US$1.00 (or less) per 100 ADSs (or portion of 100 ADSs) | Issuance of ADSs, including issuances resulting from a distribution of shares or rights or other property Cancellation of ADSs for the purpose of withdrawal, including if the deposit agreement terminates | |
| US$.01 (or less) per ADS | Any cash distribution to ADS holders | |
| A fee equivalent to the fee that would be payable if securities distributed to you had been shares and the shares had been deposited for issuance of ADSs | Distribution of securities distributed to holders of deposited securities (including rights) that are distributed by the depositary to ADS holders | |
| US$.01 (or less) per ADS per calendar year | Depositary services | |
| Registration or transfer fees | Transfer and registration of shares on our share register to or from the name of the depositary or its agent when you deposit or withdraw shares | |
| Expenses of the depositary | Cable (including SWIFT) and facsimile transmissions (when expressly provided in the deposit agreement) | |
| Converting foreign currency to U.S. dollars | ||
| Taxes and other governmental charges the depositary or the custodian has to pay on any ADSs or shares underlying ADSs, such as stock transfer taxes, stamp duty or withholding taxes | As necessary | |
| Any charges incurred by the depositary or its agents for servicing the deposited securities | As necessary |
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The depositary collects its fees for delivery and surrender of ADSs directly from investors depositing shares or surrendering ADSs for the purpose of withdrawal or from intermediaries acting for them. The depositary collects fees for making distributions to investors by deducting those fees from the amounts distributed or by selling a portion of distributable property to pay the fees. The depositary may collect its annual fee for depositary services by deduction from cash distributions or by directly billing investors or by charging the book entry system accounts of participants acting for them. The depositary may collect any of its fees by deduction from any cash distribution payable (or by selling a portion of securities or other property distributable) to ADS holders that are obligated to pay those fees. The depositary may generally refuse to provide fee attracting services until its fees for those services are paid.
From time to time, the depositary may make payments to us to reimburse us for costs and expenses generally arising out of establishment and maintenance of the ADS program, waive fees and expenses for services provided to us by the depositary or share revenue from the fees collected from ADS holders. In performing its duties under the deposit agreement, the depositary may use brokers, dealers, foreign currency dealers or other service providers that are owned by or affiliated with the depositary and that may earn or share fees, spreads or commissions. For FY 2024, we received reimbursement of US$ nil from the depositary.
The depositary may convert currency itself or through any of its affiliates and, in those cases, acts as principal for its own account and not as agent, advisor, broker or fiduciary on behalf of any other person and earns revenue, including, without limitation, transaction spreads, that it will retain for its own account. The revenue is based on, among other things, the difference between the exchange rate assigned to the currency conversion made under the deposit agreement and the rate that the depositary or its affiliate receives when buying or selling foreign currency for its own account. The depositary makes no representation that the exchange rate used or obtained in any currency conversion under the deposit agreement will be the most favorable rate that could be obtained at the time or that the method by which that rate will be determined will be the most favorable to ADS holders, subject to the depositary’s obligations under the deposit agreement. The methodology used to determine exchange rates used in currency conversions is available upon request.
Payment of Taxes
You will be responsible for any taxes or other governmental charges payable on your ADSs or on the deposited securities represented by any of your ADSs. The depositary may refuse to register any transfer of your ADSs or allow you to withdraw the deposited securities represented by your ADSs until those taxes or other charges are paid. It may apply payments owed to you or sell deposited securities represented by your ADSs to pay any taxes owed and you will remain liable for any deficiency. If the depositary sells deposited securities, it will, if appropriate, reduce the number of ADSs to reflect the sale and pay to ADS holders any proceeds, or send to ADS holders any property, remaining after it has paid the taxes.
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PART II
ITEM 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES
None.
ITEM 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS
Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders
See “Item 10. Additional Information—B. Memorandum and Articles of Association” for a description of the rights of securities holders, which remain unchanged.
Use of Proceeds
As of the date of our annual report for FY2023 filed on February 9, 2024, we had used all proceeds from our initial public offering.
ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, with the participation of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, has performed an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(c) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this report, as required by Rule 13a-15(b) under the Exchange Act.
Based upon that evaluation, our management has concluded that, due to the outstanding material weakness described below, as of September 30, 2025, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective in ensuring that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file and furnish under the Exchange Act was recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for designing, establishing and maintaining a system of internal controls over financial reporting, as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act, to provide reasonable assurance that the financial information prepared by us for external purposes is reliable and has been recorded, processed and reported in an accurate and timely manner in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Our board of directors is responsible for ensuring that management fulfills its responsibilities. Because of its inherent limitations, our internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect all possible misstatements or frauds. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate.
In connection with the audits of our consolidated financial statements as of September 30, 2025 and for FY 2025, we and our independent registered public accounting firm identified one material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. As defined in the standards established by the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, a “material weakness” is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.
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The material weakness identified relates to lack of sufficient accounting and financial reporting personnel with appropriate knowledge of U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting requirements to (a) formalize and carry out key controls over financial reporting, (b) properly address complex accounting issues and (c) prepare and review consolidated financial statements and related disclosures in accordance with U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting requirements, and lack of a comprehensive accounting policy manual and closing procedure manual for its finance department to convert its primary financial information prepared under accounting principles generally accepted in the PRC into U.S. GAAP.
We established an audit committee in November 2019. We have also engaged an internal control consultant to help us establish and improve our internal controls, hired additional accounting staff with appropriate understanding of U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting requirements, trained the existing financial reporting personnel and engaged an independent third party consultant to assist in establishing processes and oversight measures to comply with the requirements of Sarbanes-Oxley Act. We are in the process of implementing a number of measures to address the material weakness that has been identified, including formalizing a set of comprehensive U.S. GAAP accounting manuals, hiring more qualified internal auditors to strengthen our overall governance, providing relevant training to our accounting personnel and upgrading our financial reporting system to streamline monthly and year-end closings and integrate financial and operating reporting systems. We also plan to take other steps to strengthen our internal control over financial reporting, including enhancing our internal audit function independently led by audit committee. However, we cannot assure you that we will remediate our material weakness in a timely manner.
Because of the material weakness identified above, our management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of September 30, 2025.
Attestation report of the registered public accounting firm
This annual report does not include an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting from our registered public accounting firm, because we, as a “non-accelerated filer” as defined under Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act, are not required to have an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting from our external auditors.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by this annual report on Form 20-F that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
ITEM 16. [RESERVED]
ITEM 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT
Our board of directors has determined that Nini Qiao, our independent director (under the standards set forth under Rule 5605(a)(2) of the NASDAQ Marketplace Rules and Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act) is an “audit committee financial expert.”
ITEM 16B. CODE OF ETHICS
Our board of directors adopted a code of business conduct and ethics that applies to our directors, officers and employees in September 2019. We have posted a copy of our code of business conduct and ethics on our website at https://file.xhghk.com/pdf/governance/CodeofBusinessConductandEthics.pdf, where you can obtain a copy without charge.
ITEM 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
The following table sets forth the aggregate fees by categories specified below in connection with certain professional services rendered by OneStop Assurance PAC Singapore for the periods indicated.
| FY 2024 | FY 2025 | |||||||||||
| RMB | RMB | US$ | ||||||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||||||
| Audit-related fees (1) | 2,526 | 2,260 | 317 | |||||||||
| Total | 2,526 | 2,260 | 317 | |||||||||
| (1) | Audit-related fees include the aggregate fees incurred in each of the fiscal years listed above for professional services rendered by our principal auditors for the audit or review of our annual financial statements or quarterly financial information and review of documents filed with the SEC. |
The policy of our audit committee is to pre-approve all audit and non-audit services provided by OneStop Assurance PAC Singapore, including audit services, audit related services, tax services and other services as described above, other than those for de minimis services which are approved by the audit committee prior to the completion of the audit.
100
ITEM 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES
Not applicable.
ITEM 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS
None.
ITEM 16F. CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT
Not applicable.
ITEM 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
As a Cayman Islands company listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market, we are subject to the NASDAQ Capital Market corporate governance listing standards. However, NASDAQ Listing Rules 5615(a)(3) permits a foreign private issuer like us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country. Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, may differ significantly from the NASDAQ Capital Market corporate governance listing standards. We opted to follow our home country practices and rely on certain exemptions provided by the NASDAQ Capital Market corporate governance listing standards to a foreign private issuer, including exemptions from the requirements to have:
| ● | majority of independent directors on our board of directors under NASDAQ Listing Rules 5605(b); |
| ● | a minimum of three members in our audit committee under NASDAQ Listing Rules 5605(c)(2)(A); |
| ● | only independent directors being involved in the selection of director nominees and determination of executive officer compensation under NASDAQ Listing Rules 5605(e); |
| ● | regularly scheduled executive sessions of independent directors under NASDAQ Listing Rules 5605(b); |
| ● | a quorum of annual general meeting which is no less than 33 1/3% of our outstanding shares under NASDAQ Listing Rules 5620; and |
| ● | shareholder approval prior to an issuance of securities in connection with (i) acquisition of the stock or assets of another company, (ii) change of control, (iii) equity compensation, and (iv) transactions other than public offerings under NASDAQ Listing Rules 5635. |
As a result of our reliance on the corporate governance exemptions available to foreign private issuers, holders of our ADSs will not have the same protection afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all of NASDAQ Capital Market corporate governance requirements.
ITEM 16H. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Not applicable.
ITEM 16I. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS
Not applicable.
101
ITEM 16J. INSIDER TRADING POLICIES
We
have
1. No Trading: No Affiliate can trade any securities or enter into a trading plan while possessing material non-public information about us. Director, officer, employee or consultant in possession of such information must wait for a 48-hour period after public disclosure and the lapse of one full trading day on Nasdaq before trading. Additionally, director, officer, employee or consultant cannot trade during limited trading periods, regardless of the possession of material information. All transactions of securities by officers, directors, and key employees must be pre-approved by our compliance officer.
2. Trading Window: The insider trading policy establishes a trading window for officers, directors, employees, or consultants, during which they can trade our securities or enter into a trading plan. The trading window begins at the close of business on the second trading day following the public disclosure of our financial results for the previous fiscal year or quarter and ends on the last day of each fiscal quarter. Trading during the trading window does not provide a safe harbor, and Affiliates must comply with all policies. If in doubt, consult the compliance officer before trading.
3. No Tipping: No Affiliate may directly or indirectly disclose any material information to anyone who trades in our securities.
4. Confidentiality: No Affiliate may communicate any material information to anyone outside the Company under any circumstances unless approved by the compliance officer in advance, or to anyone within the Company other than on a need-to-know basis.
5. No Comment: No Affiliate may discuss any internal matters or developments of the Company with anyone outside of the Company, except as required in the performance of regular corporate duties. Unless expressly authorized to the contrary, if an Affiliate receive any inquiries about the Company or its securities by the financial press, investment analysts or others, or any requests for comments or interviews, they should decline to comment and direct the inquiry or request to the Company’s Chief Financial Officer, who is responsible for coordinating and overseeing the release of Company information to the investing public, analysts and others in compliance with applicable laws and regulations.
6. Corrective Action: If one becomes aware that any potentially Material Information has been or may have been inadvertently disclosed, one must notify the Compliance Officer immediately so that the Company can determine whether or not corrective action, such as general disclosure to the public, is warranted.
We are committed to maintaining the highest standards of ethical conduct and have implemented these insider trading policies and procedures to ensure compliance with applicable securities laws and to protect the interests of our shareholders.
ITEM 16K. CYBERSECURITY
Risk Management and Strategy
102
We conduct risk assessments to identify cybersecurity threats in accordance with the Cybersecurity Law and Data Security Law of the PRC and our relevant procedures and policies. We conduct quarterly and monthly security inspections of, including but not limited to, network boundary security protection, wireless network security protection, network security protection and server inspection. If any existing or potential vulnerabilities, suspicious activities or potential risks are identified during the security inspection, the IT Department will scan the subject system and identify the particular network vulnerability, analyze the potential internal and external risks and review the sufficiency of existing policies, procedures and safeguards in place. The IT Department will implement remedial actions, including but not limited to, modifying, repairing or updating subject program or software, installing and maintaining safeguards, improving data classification, updating access control and encryption standards, amending existing procedures, policies or emergency response protocols and conducting security training.
As part of the overall risk management strategies, we also conduct cybersecurity trainings for our employees.
During
the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025 and to the date of this Annual Report, we have not experienced any material cybersecurity incidents
or identified any material cybersecurity threats that have affected or are
Governance
The
PRC operating entities have adopted the Data Classification and Grading Rules for the purposes to achieve efficient data management and
ensure the integrity, confidentiality and availability of data.
The PRC operating entities have also adopted the Cybersecurity Incident Response Policies and Rules (the “Cybersecurity Policies and Rules”), which regulates the discovery, reporting, response, recovery and prevention of cybersecurity incidents. The Cybersecurity Policies and Rules provides the guidance and procedures for various information security/data breach scenarios, including but not limited to, incident discovery and initial response, internal reporting, emergency response team establishment, event classification and priority determination, investigation and implementation of containment measures, repair and recovery, incident reporting and post-incident analysis and improvement, and regular internal training. The Cybersecurity Policies and Rules applies to cybersecurity incidents that occur among all the departments, employees and third-party service providers of PRC operating entities that use the company’s network, systems and data.
The Information and Security Officer are primarily responsible for building strategies of the IT infrastructures (including security matters), software and hardware management, security training and security monitoring of online operations, including those described in “Risk Management and Strategy” above.
103
PART III
ITEM 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
We have elected to provide financial statements pursuant to Item 18.
ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Our consolidated financial statements are included at the end of this annual report.
ITEM 19. EXHIBITS
104
105
| * | Filed herewith |
| ** | Furnished herewith |
106
SIGNATURES
The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing its annual report on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.
| XChange TEC.INC | ||
| By: | /s/ Zhichen Sun | |
| Name: | Zhichen Sun | |
| Title: | Chairman of the Board of Directors, Chief Executive Officer | |
Date: January 14, 2026
107
XCHANGE TEC.INC
(formerly known as “FLJ GROUP LIMITED”)
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
F-1
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To
the shareholders and the board of directors of
XChange TEC.INC
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of XChange TEC.INC and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”) as of September 30, 2025 and 2024, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended September 30, 2025, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial positions of the Company as of September 30, 2025 and 2024, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended September 30, 2025, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Explanatory Paragraph—Going Concern
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has incurred recurring losses from operations since its inception. Accumulated deficits amounted to RMB 4,605,215,000 and RMB 3,856,801,000 as of September 30, 2025 and 2024 respectively. Net cash used in operating activities from continuing operations were RMB 11,698,000, RMB 8,955,000 and 22,178,000 for the years ended September 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As of September 30, 2025 and 2024, current liabilities exceeded current assets by RMB 909,308,000 and RMB 1,271,179,000, respectively. These factors raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans regarding these matters are also described in Note 2. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
F-2
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
Critical Audit Matter- Going Concern
Description of the Matter
As described in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has incurred recurring operating losses, negative operating cash flows, and has a working capital deficiency as of September 30, 2025. These conditions required us to evaluate whether conditions and events raised substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.
The assessment of the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern was determined to be a critical audit matter because it involved especially challenging and subjective judgment, including evaluating management’s cash flow forecasts, assessing the feasibility and timing of management’s planned financing activities, and evaluating the sensitivity of the Company’s liquidity position to changes in key assumptions.
How we Addressed the Matter in Our Audit
Our audit procedures related to this matter included, among others, evaluating management’s assessment of whether conditions and events raised substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern, evaluating the reasonableness of management’s cash flow forecasts and underlying assumptions, assessing the feasibility of planned financing activities and evaluating the adequacy of the related disclosures in the consolidated financial statements.
Critical Audit Matter – Revenue Recognition
Description of the Matter
Revenue from insurance agency commission income is material to the consolidated financial statements and is recognized based on commission rates stipulated in agency agreements with insurance companies. The recognition of revenue required judgment due to the Company’s reliance on third-party settlement information to support the amount and timing of revenue recognized.
Auditing revenue recognition was determined to be a critical audit matter because it involved especially challenging auditor judgment in evaluating the reliability of third-party evidence and determining whether sufficient appropriate audit evidence had been obtained to support revenue recognition.
How we Addressed the Matter in Our Audit
Our audit procedures related to this matter included, among others, testing revenue transactions by examining agency agreements and commission terms, evaluating settlement information and supporting documentation, performing substantive cut-off testing, applying alternative audit procedures where confirmations were not received, and assessing the adequacy of revenue-related disclosures in the consolidated financial statements.
F-3
Critical Audit Matter – Impairment Assessment of Goodwill
Description of the Matter
The Company’s goodwill balance is material to the consolidated financial statements and was subject to impairment assessment during the year. The impairment assessment required management to estimate the recoverable amount of the reporting unit using valuation techniques that involve significant judgment.
Auditing the impairment assessment of goodwill was determined to be a critical audit matter because it involved especially challenging auditor judgment in evaluating management’s forecasts of future cash flows and significant valuation assumptions, including discount rates, which are inherently subjective and sensitive to changes in assumptions.
How we Addressed the Matter in Our Audit
Our audit procedures related to this matter included, among others, evaluating the valuation methodologies used, assessing the reasonableness of significant assumptions, testing the underlying data used in the valuation models, involving valuation specialists to assist in evaluating the impairment analysis, and assessing whether the resulting impairment charge was appropriately measured and disclosed.
| /s/ | |
| We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2023. | |
| PCAOB# | |
| January 14, 2026 |
F-4
XChange TEC.INC
(formerly known as “FLJ Group Limited”)
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Renminbi and USD in thousands, except for share and per share data, unless otherwise stated)
| As of September 30, | ||||||||||||
| 2024 | 2025 | |||||||||||
| RMB | RMB | USD | ||||||||||
| ASSETS | ||||||||||||
| Current assets: | ||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | ||||||||||||
| Short term investments | ||||||||||||
| Accounts receivable, net | ||||||||||||
| Advances to suppliers | ||||||||||||
| Other current assets | ||||||||||||
| Total current assets | ||||||||||||
| Non-current assets: | ||||||||||||
| Restricted Cash, non-current | ||||||||||||
| Property and equipment, net | ||||||||||||
| Operating lease right of use assets | ||||||||||||
| Intangible Assets | ||||||||||||
| Goodwill | ||||||||||||
| Total non-current assets | ||||||||||||
| Total assets | ||||||||||||
| LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ DEFICIT LIABILITIES | ||||||||||||
| Current liabilities: | ||||||||||||
| Accounts payable | ||||||||||||
| Amounts due to related parties | ||||||||||||
| Short-term debt | ||||||||||||
| Tax payable | ||||||||||||
| Operating lease liabilities, current | ||||||||||||
| Notes payable | ||||||||||||
| Contingent liabilities for payable for asset acquisition | ||||||||||||
| Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | ||||||||||||
| Advance from customer | ||||||||||||
| Total current liabilities | ||||||||||||
| Non-current liabilities: | ||||||||||||
| Operating lease liabilities, non-current | ||||||||||||
| Total non-current liabilities | ||||||||||||
| Total liabilities | ||||||||||||
| SHAREHOLDERS’ DEFICIT: | ||||||||||||
| Additional paid-in capital | ||||||||||||
| Accumulated deficit | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive income | ||||||||||||
| Total shareholders’ deficit | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Total liabilities and shareholders’ deficit | ||||||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-5
XChange TEC.INC
(formerly known as “FLJ Group Limited”)
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
(Renminbi and USD in thousands, except for share and per share data, unless otherwise stated)
| For the years ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | ||||||||||||||
| RMB | RMB | RMB | USD | |||||||||||||
| Revenue | ||||||||||||||||
| Cost of revenue | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Gross profit | ||||||||||||||||
| Total operating costs and expenses: | ||||||||||||||||
| Selling and marketing expenses | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| General and administrative expenses | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Research and development expenses | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||
| Goodwill impairment loss | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Total operating expenses | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Loss from continuing operations | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Interest expense, net | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Other income (expense), net | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||
| Total Other Expense | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Loss from continuing operations before income taxes | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Income tax expense | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Net loss from continuing operations | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Gain from discontinued operations, net of applicable income taxes | ||||||||||||||||
| Loss from discontinued operations | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||
| Net (loss) income from discontinuing operations | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||
| Net loss attributable to XChange TEC.INC’s ordinary shareholders | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Net loss from continuing operations attributable to XChange TEC.INC’s ordinary shareholders | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Net loss (income) from discontinued operations attributable to XChange TEC.INC’s ordinary shareholders | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||
| Weighted average number of ordinary shares used in computing net loss per share—Basic and diluted* | ||||||||||||||||
| Net losses per share attributable to ordinary shareholders of XChange TEC.INC —Basic and diluted | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Net losses per share from continuing operations attributable to ordinary shareholders of XChange TEC.INC —Basic and diluted | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Net losses (earning) from per share discontinued operations attributable to ordinary shareholders of XChange TEC.INC —Basic and diluted | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||
| Net loss | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Other comprehensive (expenses) income, net of tax of nil: | ||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency translation adjustments | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Comprehensive loss attributable to XChange TEC.INC’s ordinary shareholders | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| * |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-6
XChange TEC.INC
(formerly known as “FLJ Group Limited”)
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ DEFICIT
(Renminbi and USD in thousands, except for share data, unless otherwise stated)
| Class
A Ordinary shares | Class
B Ordinary shares | Additional | Accumulated other | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Number
of shares | Amount | Number
of shares | Amount | paid
in capital | comprehensive (loss) income | Accumulated deficit | shareholders’ deficit | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at September 30, 2022 | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of Class B Ordinary shares | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss | — | — | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency translation adjustments | — | — | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at September 30, 2023 | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Conversion of notes to Class A ordinary shares | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of Class B Ordinary shares | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of Class A shares | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss | — | — | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Disposal of subsidiaries | — | — | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency translation adjustments | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at September 30, 2024 | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| fractional shares rounded down | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of Class A shares pursuant to F3 financing | — | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of Class B shares | — | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Notes Payable conversion with Ordinary Shares | — | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss | — | — | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency translation adjustments | — | — | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at September 30, 2025 | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| * | Retroactively restated to give effect to a share subdivision at a ratio of one-for-one hundredth (100) ordinary shares effective on September 18, 2023, a share subdivision at a ratio of one-for-hundred thousandth (100,000) ordinary shares effective on January 24, 2025 and the Capital Reduction effective on May 9, 2025 (Note 1). |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-7
XChange TEC.INC
(formerly known as “FLJ Group Limited”)
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Renminbi and USD in thousands, unless otherwise stated)
| For the years ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | ||||||||||||||
| RMB | RMB | RMB | USD | |||||||||||||
| Operating activities: | ||||||||||||||||
| Net loss | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Less: net (loss) income from discontinued operations | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||
| Net loss from continuing operations | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Adjustments to reconcile net loss from continuing operations to net cash used in operating activities: | ||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation | ||||||||||||||||
| Accretion of interest expense | ||||||||||||||||
| Impairment loss of goodwill | ||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | ||||||||||||||||
| Right-of-use assets depreciation and amortization | ||||||||||||||||
| (Recovery) allowance of expected credit loss | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||
| Loss on short-term investment | ||||||||||||||||
| Loss on disposal of fixed assets | ||||||||||||||||
| Deferred tax expense | ||||||||||||||||
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities: | ||||||||||||||||
| Accounts receivable, net | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||
| Advances to suppliers | ||||||||||||||||
| Other current assets | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||
| Accounts payable | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||
| Amounts due to related parties | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||
| Advance from customer | ||||||||||||||||
| Lease liabilities | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||
| Net cash used in operating activities from continuing operations | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Net cash used in operating activities from discontinued operations | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||
| Net cash used in operating activities | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Investing activities: | ||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from disposal of fixed assets | ||||||||||||||||
| Purchase of short-term investment | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Cash proceeds from acquisition of Alpha Mind | ||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds of sale of short-term investment | ||||||||||||||||
| Net cash outflow of aquisition of Topone | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities from continuing operations | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||
| Net cash used in investing activities from discontinued operations | ||||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||
| Financing activities: | ||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from short-term debts | ||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from F-3 financing | ||||||||||||||||
| Repayments of notes payable | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Repayment of short-term debts | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from related parties | ||||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by financing activities from continuing operations | ||||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by financing activities from discontinued operations | ||||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by financing activities | ||||||||||||||||
| Effect of foreign exchange rate changes | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||
| Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the beginning of the year | ||||||||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the end of the year | ||||||||||||||||
| Less: Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash from discontinued operations at the end of the year | ||||||||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash from continuing operations at the end of the year | ||||||||||||||||
F-8
| For the years ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | ||||||||||||||
| RMB | RMB | RMB | USD | |||||||||||||
| Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information from continuing operations: | ||||||||||||||||
| Income taxes paid | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||
| Supplemental schedule of non-cash investing and financing activities from continuing activities: | ||||||||||||||||
| Acquisition of a subsidiary by issuance of notes payable | ||||||||||||||||
| Notes payable settled by ordinary shares | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Short-term debts settled by ordinary shares | ( | ) | ) | |||||||||||||
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash to the consolidated balance sheets:
| As of September 30, | ||||||||||||
| 2024 | 2025 | |||||||||||
| RMB | RMB | USD | ||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | ||||||||||||
| Restricted cash - non current | ||||||||||||
| Total | ||||||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-9
XChange TEC.INC
(formerly known as “FLJ GROUP LIMITED”)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Renminbi and USD in thousands, except for share data and per share data, unless otherwise stated)
| 1. | ORGANIZATION AND PRINCIPAL ACTIVITIES |
XChange TEC.INC (formerly known as “FLJ Group Limited”) (the “Company” or “XHG”) conducts its insurance agency and insurance technology businesses in the People’s Republic of China (the “PRC”) since its acquisition of Alpha Mind Technology Limited (“Alpha Mind”) on December 28, 2023. Alpha Mind conducts its insurance agency and insurance technology businesses through its indirectly wholly-owned subsidiary, Jiachuang Yingan (Beijing) Information & Technology Co., Ltd. (the “WFOE”) and the WFOE’s consolidated variable interest entities, namely Huaming Insurance Agency Co., Ltd. (“Huaming Insurance”) and Huaming Yunbao (Tianjin) Technology Co., Ltd. (“Huaming Yunbao”, together with Huaming Insurance, the “VIEs”). On May 21, 2024, the Company changed its name from “FLJ Group Limited” to “XChange TEC.INC”, and the Company began trading under the new ticker symbol “XHG” on the NASDAQ effective on June 3, 2024.
Before its acquisition of Alpha Mind, the Company, through Haoju (Shanghai) Artificial Intelligence Technology Co., Ltd. (“Q&K AI”), operated a rental apartment operation platform in the PRC, providing rental and value-added services to young, emerging urban residents since 2012. The Company sources and converts apartments to standardized furnished rooms and leases to young people seeking affordable residence in cities in the PRC. The business was disposed in October 2023.
| - | Reverse ADS split and share subdivision |
Effective
on September 18, 2023, the Board of Directors effected a share subdivision at a ratio of one-for-one hundredth (
Effective
on November 2, 2023, the Group changed the ratio of the American depositary shares (“ADSs”) representing its Class A ordinary
shares from one (1) ADS representing one hundred and fifty (
Further effective
on December 7, 2023, the Group changed the ratio of the American depositary shares (“ADSs”) representing its Class A ordinary
shares from one (1) ADS representing fifteen thousand (
Effective
on May 20, 2024, the Company increased its authorized share capital from (i) US$
F-10
Further effective
on November 4, 2024, the Group changed the ratio of the American depositary shares (“ADSs”) representing its Class A ordinary
shares from one (1) ADS representing six hundred thousand (
Effective
on January 24, 2025, the Company effected a share consolidation whereby every one hundred thousand (
Effective
on February 6, 2025, the Company changed the ratio of the ADS representing its Class A ordinary shares from
Effective
on May 6, 2025, the Company changed the ratio of the ADS representing its Class A ordinary shares from
Effective
on May 9, 2025, the par value of each issued Consolidated Share of par value of US$
| - | Disposals of subsidiaries |
On October 26, 2021 and December 17, 2021, the Group transferred of all of its equity interest in Q&K Investment Consulting Co., Ltd. (“Q&K Investment Consulting”) and Qingke (China) Limited (“Q&K HK”), respectively, to Wangxiancai Limited, which is a related party of the Group, and is beneficially owned by the legal representative and executive director of one of the Group’s subsidiaries (the “First Equity Transfer”). The Equity Transfer was made at nominal consideration. As of September 30, 2022, the Group did not account for the transfer of equity interest in Q&K HK, Q&K Investment Consulting and Q&K E-commerce as a discontinued operation, as FLJ is the primary beneficiary of Q&K HK, Q&K Investment Consulting and Q&K E-commerce as FLJ has the power to direct the activities of these companies that most significantly impact their economic performance and FLJ has the obligation to absorb losses of these companies that could potentially be significant to these companies since their inception. The Group accounted for Q&K HK, Q&K Investment Consulting and Q&K E-commerce as variable interest entities.
F-11
On October 31, 2023, the Group transferred of all of its equity interest in Haoju (Shanghai) Artificial Intelligence Technology Co., Ltd. (“Q&K AI”), to Wangxiancai Limited, at nominal consideration (the “Second Equity Transfer”). On September 12, 2024, the Group transferred of all of its equity interest in QK365.com INC. (BVI) (“QK365”), FENGLINJU PROPERTY (CHINA) LIMITED and Shanghai Meileju Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd to Wangxiancai Limited, at nominal consideration (the “Third Equity Transfer”).
Upon deconsolidation of Q&K AI and QK365, the Group would no longer provide rental and value-added services in China. The management believed the closing of the Second Equity Transfer and Third Equity Transfer represented a strategic shift that had a major effect on the Company’s operations and financial results. The disposals of Q&K Investment Consulting, Q&K HK, Q&K AI and QK365 are accounted as discontinued operations in accordance with ASC 205-20.
| - | Acquisition of new business |
On December
28, 2023, the Group closed equity acquisition of Alpha Mind Technology Limited (“Alpha Mind”), which conducts
insurance agency and insurance technology businesses in the PRC. The Group acquired all the issued and outstanding shares in Alpha
Mind for an aggregate all-cash purchase price of US$
On June 6,
2024, the Company and Burgeon Capital Inc (“Burgeon Capital”) entered into a share subscription agreement and a payoff letter,
pursuant to which, the Company agreed to issue to Burgeon Capital and Burgeon Capital agreed to subscribe from the Company,
On April
23, 2025, the Company, MMTEC, Inc. (the “Seller”), a holder of certain Secured Promissory Note dated December 28, 2023 issued
by the Company in the original principal amount of US$
On June 30,
2025, the Company and the sellers of Alpha Mind agreed to extend the maturity date of the remaining Note and accrued but unpaid interest
to date to
On March 24, 2025, the Company completed the acquisition of
As of September 30, 2025, the Group’s significant subsidiaries was comprised of the following:
| Subsidiaries | Date of incorporation | Place of incorporation | Percentage of legal/beneficial ownership by the Company | Principal activities | ||||
| Alpha Mind Technology Limited (“Alpha Mind BVI”) | ||||||||
| Alpha Mind Technology Limited (“Alpha Mind HK”) | ||||||||
| Jiachuang Yingan (Beijing) Information & Technology Co., Ltd. (“Alpha Mind WFOE”) | ||||||||
| Huaming Insurance | ||||||||
| Huaming Yunbao | ||||||||
| XH TEC, INC | ||||||||
| Topone Consultants Limited (“Topone”) |
F-12
| 2. | SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES |
Basis of presentation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements of the Group have been prepared in accordance with the accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“US GAAP”).
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Group will continue as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. The realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business are dependent on, among other things, the Group’s ability to generate cash flows from operations, and the Group’s ability to arrange adequate financing arrangements, to support its working capital requirements.
Going concern
The Group has been incurring losses from operations since its inception.
Accumulated deficits amounted to RMB
These factors raise substantial doubt about the Group’s ability to continue as a going concern. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might be necessary if the Group is unable to continue as a going concern.
On
December 28, 2023, the Group consummated an acquisition of
On June 6,
2024, the Company and Burgeon Capital agreed to settle all outstanding principal amount and accrued interest under the Note with a total
amount of US$
The Group
intends to meet the cash requirements through issuance of ordinary shares. On October 26, 2022, the Company’s
Form F-3 to offer up to a total amount of $
There is a risk that Management plan cannot alleviate the substantial doubt of the Group’s ability to continue as a going concern. There can be no assurance that the Group will be successful in achieving its strategic plans, that the Group’s future capital raises will be sufficient to support its ongoing operations, or that any additional financing will be available in a timely manner or with acceptable terms, if at all. Should there be any unforeseen circumstances which may prevent the successful completion of the above mentioned plan, the Group will be required to reduce certain discretionary spending, which would have a material adverse effect on the Group’s financial position, results of operations, cash flows, and ability to achieve its intended business objectives. Management believes that the planned equity financing will be sufficient to fund operations.
The accompanying consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty. Accordingly, the consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a basis that assumes the Group will continue as a going concern and which contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities and commitments in the ordinary course of business.
F-13
Principles of consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Group and its subsidiaries, which include the wholly-owned foreign enterprise and VIEs over which the Company exercises control and, when applicable, entities for which the Company has a controlling financial interest or is the primary beneficiary for accounting purposes. Alpha Mind WFOE is deemed to have a controlling financial interest and be the primary beneficiary for accounting purposes of Huaming Insurance and Huaming Yunbao because it has both of the following characteristics: (1) the power to direct activities at Huaming Insurance and Huaming Yunbao that most significantly impact such entity’s economic performance, and (2) the right to receive benefits from Huaming Insurance and Huaming Yunbao that could potentially be significant to such entity. All intercompany transactions and balances are eliminated on consolidation.
The following financial statement amounts and balances of the Group’s VIEs were included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements, after elimination of inter-company balances and transactions:
| As of September 30, | ||||||||||||
| 2024 | 2025 | |||||||||||
| RMB | RMB | USD | ||||||||||
| ASSETS | ||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | ||||||||||||
| Short-term investment | ||||||||||||
| Accounts receivable, net | ||||||||||||
| Advances to suppliers | ||||||||||||
| Other current assets | ||||||||||||
| Restricted Cash, non-current | ||||||||||||
| Property and equipment, net | ||||||||||||
| Operating lease right-of-use asset | ||||||||||||
| Total assets | ||||||||||||
| LIABILITIES | ||||||||||||
| Accounts payable | ||||||||||||
| Taxes payable | ||||||||||||
| Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | ||||||||||||
| Advance from customer | ||||||||||||
| Operating lease liabilities, current | ||||||||||||
| Operating lease liabilities, noncurrent | ||||||||||||
| Total liabilities | ||||||||||||
| For the years ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2023* | 2024 | 2025 | ||||||||||||||
| RMB | RMB | RMB | USD | |||||||||||||
| Total net revenues | ||||||||||||||||
| Net loss | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| For the years ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | ||||||||||||||
| RMB | RMB | RMB | USD | |||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||
| Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by financing activities | ||||||||||||||||
The consolidated VIE entities and their subsidiaries contributed ,
There are no terms in any arrangements, considering both explicit arrangements and implicit variable interests that require the Group or its subsidiaries to provide financial support to the VIE entities.
F-14
There are no assets held in the VIE entities and its subsidiaries that can be used only to settle obligations of the VIE entities and their subsidiaries, except for registered capital and the PRC statutory reserves. As the VIE entities and their subsidiaries are incorporated as a limited liability company under the PRC Company Law, creditors of the VIE entities do not have recourse to the general credit of the Group for any of the liabilities of the VIE entities. Relevant PRC laws and regulations restrict the VIE entities from transferring a portion of their net assets, equivalent to the balance of its statutory reserve and its share capital, to the Group in the form of loans and advances or cash dividends.
Use of estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amount of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates. The Group bases its estimates on historical experience and various other factors believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Significant accounting estimates reflected in the Group’s consolidated financial statements include valuation allowance of deferred tax asset, share-based compensation, impairment of goodwill and allowance for credit loss.
Foreign currency translation
The reporting currency of the Group is the Renminbi (“RMB”). The functional currency of the Group’s entities incorporated in Cayman Islands, the United States and Hong Kong is the United States dollar (“US dollar”) and the functional currency of the Group’s PRC subsidiaries is RMB. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are translated into functional currency at the rates of exchange ruling at the balance sheet date. Transactions in currencies other than the functional currency during the year are converted into the functional currency at the applicable rates of exchange prevailing on the day transactions occurred. Transaction gains and losses are recognized in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) as a component of net income.
The financial statements of the Group’s non PRC entities are translated from their respective functional currency into RMB. Assets and liabilities are translated into RMB at the exchange rates at the balance sheet date, equity accounts are translated at historical exchange rates and revenues, expenses, gains and losses are translated using the average rate for the year. Translation adjustments are reported as cumulative translation adjustments and are shown as a separate component of other comprehensive (loss) income in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss).
The financial records of the Group’s subsidiaries are maintained in local currencies, which are the functional currencies.
Convenience translation
The Group’s business is primarily conducted in the PRC and all of the revenues are denominated in RMB. The financial statements of the Group are stated in RMB. No representation is made that the RMB amounts could have been, or could be, converted, realized or settled into USD at that rate on September 30, 2025, or at any other rate.
F-15
Fair value
The Group defines fair value as the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities required or permitted to be recorded at fair value, the Group considers the principal or most advantageous market in which it would transact and it considers assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability.
The established fair value hierarchy requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. A financial instrument’s categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The three levels of inputs may be used to measure fair value include:
Level 1 applies to assets or liabilities for which there are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2 applies to assets or liabilities for which there are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in markets with insufficient volume or infrequent transactions (less active markets); or model-derived valuations in which significant inputs are observable or can be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data.
Level 3 applies to assets or liabilities for which there are unobservable inputs to the valuation methodology that are significant to the measurement of the fair value of the assets or liabilities.
Short-term investments are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The fair values of these investments are determined using observable market inputs, including quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and other market-corroborated inputs. No significant unobservable inputs are used in the valuation.
The fair value measurement of goodwill is classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy due to the use of significant unobservable inputs. Additional information is disclosed in the goodwill accounting policy below.
Identifiable intangible assets recognized in a business combination are measured at fair value at the acquisition date and are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
The Group’s financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, amounts due to related parties, non-current restricted cash, accounts payable, notes payable, short-term debt, and other current liabilities approximate their fair value due to the short-term maturity of these instruments.
Business combination
Business combinations are recorded using the acquisition method of accounting. The Company uses a screen to evaluate whether a transaction should be accounted for as an acquisition and/or disposal of a business versus assets. In order for a purchase to be considered an acquisition of a business, and receive business combination accounting treatment, the set of transferred assets and activities must include, at a minimum, an input and a substantive process that together significantly contribute to the ability to create outputs. If substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets, then the set of transferred assets and activities is not a business.
The purchase price of business acquisition is allocated to the tangible assets, liabilities, identifiable intangible assets acquired and noncontrolling interest, if any, based on their estimated fair values as of the acquisition date. The excess of the purchase price over those fair values is recorded as goodwill. Acquisition-related expenses and restructuring costs are expensed as incurred.
Where the consideration in an acquisition includes contingent consideration and the payment of which depends on the achievement of certain specified conditions post-acquisition, the contingent consideration is recognized and measured at its fair value at the acquisition date and if recorded as a liability, it is subsequently carried at fair value with changes in fair value reflected in earnings.
Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on hand and demand deposits, which are unrestricted as to withdrawal and use that which have original maturities of three months or less when purchased.
F-16
Restricted cash, non-current
The Company,
as an insurance agency, is required to reserve
The Company
acquired the insurance agency business in December 2023. As of September 30, 2024 and 2025, the non-current restricted cash amounted
to RMB
Accounts receivable, net
Accounts receivable represents insurance agency service fee or commission receivable on insurance products sold from insurance companies stated at net realizable values. The Company reviews its accounts receivable on a periodic basis to determine if the allowance for expected credit loss is adequate, and adjust the allowance when necessary.
On October 1, 2023, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”), using the modified retrospective transition method. ASU 2016-13 replaces the existing incurred loss impairment model with an expected loss methodology, which will result in more timely recognition of credit losses. Upon adoption, the Company changed the impairment model to utilize a forward-looking current expected credit losses (CECL) model in place of the incurred loss methodology for financial instruments measured at amortized cost and receivables resulting from the application of ASC 606, including contract assets. The adoption of the guidance had no impact on the allowance for credit losses for accounts receivable.
Upon the adoption of ASU 2016-13, the management maintains an allowance for credit losses and records the allowance for credit losses as an offset to accounts receivable and the estimated credit losses charged to the allowance is classified as “General and administrative expenses” in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). In determining the amount of the allowance for credit losses, the Company considers historical collectability based on past due status, the age of the balances, credit quality of the Company’s customers based on ongoing credit evaluations, current economic conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions, and other factors that may affect the Company’s ability to collect from customers. Delinquent account balances are written off against the allowance for expected credit losses when management determines the amounts are uncollectible.
The Company
acquired the insurance agency business in December 2023. As of September 30, 2024 and 2025, allowance for expected credit loss were RMB
Advances to suppliers
Advances
to suppliers represent prepayments for future services. The Company assesses the recoverability of advances based on the underlying services
expected to be received or refundability under the relevant agreements and records an impairment loss when such advances are determined
to be not recoverable. As of September 30, 2024 and 2025, impairment losses were and RMB
Other current assets
Other current assets primarily
include prepaid tax expense, advances to employees and other deposits. Management regularly reviews the aging of receivables and changes
in payment trends and records allowances when management believes collection of amounts due are at risk. Accounts considered uncollectable
are written off against allowances after exhaustive collection efforts are made. As of September 30, 2024 and 2025, allowances
for credit losses were RMB
Goodwill
Goodwill represents the excess purchase price over the estimated fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired in a business combination.
Goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment annually, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that goodwill may be impaired. The Group performs its annual goodwill impairment test as of September 30 each year.
F-17
The Group has determined that it has one reporting unit, which is also its only reportable segment. The reporting unit relates to the Group’s insurance agency business operated under Alpha Mind.
The Group may first perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If the qualitative assessment indicates potential impairment, or if the Group elects to bypass the qualitative assessment, a quantitative impairment test is performed by comparing the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. A goodwill impairment loss is recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, limited to the carrying amount of goodwill.
The determination of fair value requires significant judgment and estimates. The Group estimates the fair value of the reporting unit primarily using a discounted cash flow method under the income approach, which considers forecasted future cash flows over a discrete projection period and a terminal value. Key assumptions used in the impairment test include projected revenue growth rates, a terminal growth rate, and weighted average cost of capital rate.
For the quantitative impairment test performed, the Group
estimated an average revenue growth rate of
During the year ended September 30, 2025, due to a macroeconomic downturn
in the industry, although the Group secured turnover, it experienced higher-than-expected operating expenditures, including personnel
costs and distribution expenses, in order to maintain operations. These factors adversely affected projected future operating cash flows
and constituted indicators of goodwill impairment. Accordingly, the Group performed a quantitative goodwill impairment test as of September
30, 2025. The fair value of the reporting unit was estimated at RMB
The fair value measurement of the reporting unit is classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy due to the use of significant unobservable inputs.
As a result of the impairment test, the Group recognized goodwill impairment
losses of RMB
A reasonably possible change in key assumptions, including the revenue growth rate, terminal growth rate, or discount rate, could result in additional goodwill impairment in future periods.
Property and Equipment
Property
and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation, and depreciated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives
of the assets. Cost represents the purchase price of the asset and other costs incurred to bring the asset into its existing use. The
cost of repairs and maintenance is expensed as incurred; major replacements and improvements are capitalized. When assets are retired
or disposed of, the cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts, and any resulting gains or losses are included in
income/loss in the year of disposition. As of September 30, 2025, the Company had automobiles with useful lives ranging between
Operating leases
The Company applied the practical expedients in the transition to the new standard allowed under ASC 842:
| ● | Reassessment of expired or existing contracts: The Company elected not to reassess, at the application date, whether any expired or existing contracts contained leases, the lease classification for any expired or existing leases, and the accounting for initial direct costs for any existing leases. |
| ● | Use of hindsight: The Company elected to use hindsight in determining the lease term (that is, when considering options to extend or terminate the lease and to purchase the underlying asset) and in assessing impairment of right-to-use assets. |
| ● | Reassessment of existing or expired land easements: The Company elected not to evaluate existing or expired land easements that were not previously accounted for as leases under ASC 840, as allowed under the transition practical expedient. Going forward, new or modified land easements will be evaluated under ASU No. 2016-02. |
| ● | Separation of lease and non-lease components: Lease agreements that contain both lease and non-lease components are generally accounted for separately. |
| ● | Short-term lease recognition exemption: The Company also elected the short-term lease recognition exemption and will not recognize ROU assets or lease liabilities for leases with a term less than 12 months. |
F-18
The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception under FASB ASC Topic 842, Right of Use Assets (“ROU”) and lease liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of remaining lease payments over the lease term. For this purpose, the Company considers only payments that are fixed and determinable at the time of commencement. As most of its leases do not provide an implicit rate, it uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The Company’s incremental borrowing rate is a hypothetical rate based on its understanding of what its credit rating would be. The ROU assets include adjustments for prepayments and accrued lease payments. The ROU asset also includes any lease payments made prior to commencement and is recorded net of any lease incentives received. The Company’s lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that it will exercise such options.
ROU assets are reviewed for impairment when indicators of impairment are present. ROU assets from operating and finance leases are subject to the impairment guidance in ASC 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment, as ROU assets are long-lived nonfinancial assets.
ROU assets are tested for impairment individually or as part of an asset group if the cash flows related to the ROU asset are not independent from the cash flows of other assets and liabilities. An asset group is the unit of accounting for long-lived assets to be held and used, which represents the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other groups of assets and liabilities. The Company recognized no impairment of ROU assets as of September 30, 2024 and 2025. Operating leases are included in operating lease ROU and operating lease liabilities (current and non-current), on the consolidated balance sheets.
Revenue recognition
The Company recognizes revenue under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”). The core principle of the revenue standard is that a company should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The following five steps are applied to achieve that core principle:
Step 1: Identify the contract with the customer
Step 2: Identify the performance obligations in the contract
Step 3: Determine the transaction price
Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract
Step 5: Recognize revenue when the company satisfies a performance obligation
The Company generates revenue primarily from its insurance agency services. According to the agency service contracts made by and between the Company and insurance carriers, the Company is authorized to sell insurance products provided by insurance carriers to the insureds as an insurance agent, and collects commission from the respective insurance carriers as revenue. The Company acts as an agent in providing insurance agency services and therefore recognizes commission revenue on a net basis.
The commission charged is determined by the terms agreed in the agency service contract, typically a percentage of insurance premium. The performance obligation is considered met and revenue is recognized when the insurance agency services are rendered and completed at the time an insurance policy becomes effective and the premium is collected from the insured.
The necessary data to reasonably determine the revenue amount is controlled by the insurance carriers, and bill statement is confirmed with the Company on a monthly basis. The Company has met all the criteria of revenue recognition when the premiums are collected by the respective insurance carriers and not before, because collectability is not ensured until receipt of the premium. Therefore, the Company does not accrue any commissions prior to the receipt of the related premiums of insurance carriers, due to the specific practice in the industry.
The Company
acquired the insurance agency business in December 2023. The Company recorded insurance agency commission revenue in the amount of ,
RMB
F-19
Employee benefit expenses
As stipulated
by the regulations of the PRC, full-time employees of the Group are entitled to various government statutory employee benefit plans,
including medical insurance, maternity insurance, workplace injury insurance, unemployment insurance and pension benefits through a PRC
government-mandated multi-employer defined contribution plan. The Group is required to make contributions to the plan and accrues for
these benefits based on certain percentages of the qualified employees’ salaries. The total expenses the Group incurred for the
plan were , RMB
PRC value-added taxes and related taxes
The Group
is subject to value-added taxes at the rate of
Cost of revenues
Cost of revenues
consists primarily of commissions paid to distribution channels. The Company generally recognizes commissions as cost of revenues when
incurred. The Company acquired the insurance agency business in December 2023. For the year ended 30, 2023, 2024 and 2025, the cost of
revenue amounted to , RMB
Income taxes
Current income taxes are provided on the basis of profit before income tax for financial reporting purposes, adjusted for income and expense items which are not assessable or deductible for income tax purposes, in accordance with the regulations of the relevant tax jurisdictions. The Group follows the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes.
Deferred income taxes are provided using assets and liabilities method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined on the basis of the differences between financial statements and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse.
Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that these assets are more likely than not to be realized. In making such determination, the management considers all positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of projected future taxable income and results of recent operation.
In order
to assess uncertain tax positions, the Group applies a more likely than not threshold and a two-step approach for the tax position measurement
and financial statement recognition. Under the two-step approach, the first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining
if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained, including resolution
of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more
than
Share-based compensation
The Group
recognizes share-based compensation in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) based on the fair value of equity awards
on the date of the grant, with compensation expenses recognized over the period in which the grantee is required to provide service to
the Group in exchange for the equity award. Vesting of certain equity awards are based on the completion of initial public offering (“IPO”)
and has a continued employment provision for a period of time following the grant date. The share-based compensation expenses have been
categorized as either general and administrative expenses, research and development expenses or selling and marketing expenses, depending
on the job functions of the grantees. For the years ended September 30, 2023, 2024 and 2025, the Group recognized share-based compensation
expenses of RMB
F-20
(Losses) earnings per share
Basic (losses) earnings per share are computed by dividing net loss attributable to holders of ordinary shares by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period.
Diluted (losses) earnings per ordinary share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue ordinary shares were exercised or converted into ordinary shares. Potential ordinary shares, including preferred shares, convertible notes, share options and warrants are excluded from the computation in income periods should their effects be anti-dilutive. The Group had share options, convertible notes and warrants, which could potentially dilute basic earnings per share in the future. To calculate the number of shares for diluted (losses) earnings per share, the effect of the convertible redeemable and non-redeemable preferred shares, share options and warrants is computed using the two-class method or the as-if converted method, whichever is more dilutive.
Discontinued operations
In accordance with ASU No. 2014-08, Reporting Discontinued Operations and Disclosures of Disposals of Components of an Entity, a disposal of a component of an entity or a group of components of an entity is required to be reported as discontinued operations if the disposal represents a strategic shift that has (or will have) a major effect on an entity’s operations and financial results when the components of an entity meets the criteria in paragraph 205-20-45-1E to be classified as held for sale. When all of the criteria to be classified as held for sale are met, including management, having the authority to approve the action, commits to a plan to sell the entity, the major current assets, other assets, current liabilities, and noncurrent liabilities shall be reported as components of total assets and liabilities separate from those balances of the continuing operations. At the same time, the results of all discontinued operations, less applicable income taxes (benefit), shall be reported as components of net income (loss) separate from the net income (loss) of continuing operations in accordance with ASC 205-20-45.
As of September 30, 2023, the Group’s long-term apartment rental business in the PRC met all the conditions required in order to be classified as a discontinued operation. Accordingly, the operating results of long-term apartment rental business in the PRC are reported as a loss from discontinued operations in the accompanying consolidated financial statements for all periods presented. In addition, the assets and liabilities related to long-term apartment rental business in the PRC are reported as assets and liabilities of discontinued operations in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. For additional information, see Note 3, “Disposition of Long-term Apartment Rental Business”.
Concentration of credit risk
Financial instruments that potentially expose the Group to concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents.
All of the Group’s cash and cash equivalents are held with financial institutions that Group management believes to be high credit quality. To limit exposure to credit risk relating to deposits, the Company primarily place cash and cash equivalent deposits with large financial institutions in the United States and the PRC which management believes are of high credit quality and the Company also continually monitors their credit worthiness.
Segment reporting
The Group uses management approach to determine operation segment. The management approach considers the internal organization and reporting used by the Group’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) for making decisions, allocation of resource and assessing performance.
The Group’s CODM has been identified as the Chief Executive Officer who reviews the consolidated results of operations when making decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance of the Group. Although the Group conducts both insurance agency and insurance technology activities, these activities are operationally integrated and are not managed or evaluated separately for internal reporting purposes.
The Group’s long-lived assets are all located in the PRC and all of the Group’s revenues are derived from within the PRC. Therefore, no geographical segments are presented.
F-21
Recent accounting pronouncements
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, “Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses.” This pronouncement introduces new disclosure requirements aimed at enhancing transparency in financial reporting by requiring disaggregation of specific income statement expense captions. Under the new guidance, entities are required to disclose a breakdown of certain expense categories, such as: employee compensation; depreciation; amortization, and other material components. The disaggregated information can be presented either on the face of the income statement or in the notes to the financial statements, often using a tabular format. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. Since the Company’s fiscal year begins on October 1, the mandatory adoption date for the Company as a PBE is the fiscal year beginning October 1, 2027 (Fiscal Year 2028). The Company clarifies that it has elected not to early adopt ASU 2024-03 in the Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025.
In March 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-02, “Codification Improvements – Amendments to Remove References to the Concept Statements” (“ASU 2024-02”). ASU 2024-02 contains amendments to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification that remove references to various FASB Concepts Statements. In most instances, the references are extraneous and not required to understand or apply the guidance. In other instances, the references were used in prior Statements to provide guidance in certain topical areas. ASU 2024-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The Company does not expect material impact on its accounting or reporting when implemented.
Recently issued ASUs by the FASB, except for the ones mentioned above, have no material impact on the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss or consolidated balance sheets.
Management does not believe that any other recently issued, but not yet effective, accounting standards, if currently adopted, would have a material effect on the Company’s financial statements.
| 3. | DISPOSITION OF LONG-TERM APARTMENT RENTAL BUSINESS |
On October 31, 2023 and on September 12,2024, the Group transferred of all of its equity interest in Haoju (Shanghai) Artificial Intelligence Technology Co., Ltd. (“Q&K AI”) and QK365, FENGLINJU PROPERTY (CHINA) LIMITED and Shanghai Meileju Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd, to Wangxiancai Limited, at nominal consideration (the “Second Equity Transfer”).
Upon the closing of the Second Equity Transfer, Wangxiancai Limited became the sole shareholder of the Group’s long-term apartment rental business and as a result, assumed all assets and obligations of Q&K AI, Q&K Investment Consulting and Q&K HK, and their subsidiaries, VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries. Upon the closing of the transaction, the Group does not bear any contractual commitment or obligation to the long-term apartment rental business.
In accordance with ASU No. 2014-08, Reporting Discontinued Operations and Disclosures of Disposals of Components of an Entity, a disposal of a component of an entity or a group of components of an entity is required to be reported as discontinued operations if the disposal represents a strategic shift that has (or will have) a major effect on an entity’s operations and financial results when the components of an entity meets the criteria in paragraph 205-20-45-1E to be classified as held for sale. When all of the criteria to be classified as held for sale are met, including management, having the authority to approve the action, commits to a plan to sell the entity, the major current assets, other assets, current liabilities, and noncurrent liabilities shall be reported as components of total assets and liabilities separate from those balances of the continuing operations. At the same time, the results of all discontinued operations, less applicable income taxes (benefit), shall be reported as components of net income (loss) separate from the net income (loss) of continuing operations in accordance with ASC 205-20-45.
F-22
The following is a reconciliation of the amounts of major classes of assets and liabilities classified as assets of discontinued operations and liabilities of discontinued operations in the consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2023:
| As
of September 30, 2023 | ||||
| RMB | ||||
| Current assets of discontinued operations | ||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | ||||
| Accounts receivable, net | ||||
| Amounts due from related parties | ||||
| Other current assets | ||||
| Property and equipment, net | ||||
| Other assets | ||||
| Total current assets of discontinued operations | ||||
| Accounts payable | ||||
| Amounts due to related parties | ||||
| Deferred revenue | ||||
| Short-term debt | ||||
| Rental instalment loans | ||||
| Deposits from tenants | ||||
| Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | ||||
| Total liabilities of discontinued operations | ||||
The following is a reconciliation of the amounts of major classes of income from operations classified as discontinued operations in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) for the years ended September 30, 2023, 2024 and 2025:
| For
the years ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 | |||||||||||||
| RMB | RMB | RMB | USD | |||||||||||||
| Net revenues | ||||||||||||||||
| Operating costs: | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||
| Selling and marketing expenses | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||
| General and administrative expenses | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||
| Research and development expenses | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||
| Impairment loss on long-lived assets | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||
| Other (expenses) income, net | ||||||||||||||||
| Interest (expenses) income, net | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||
| Net loss from discontinued operations | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||
| Less: Net loss from discontinued operations attributable to noncontrolling interests | ||||||||||||||||
| Net loss from discontinued operations attributable to XChange TEC.INC’s ordinary shareholders | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||
| Gain on the sale of discontinued operations, net of tax | ||||||||||||||||
| Net loss (income) from discontinued operations attributable to XChange TEC.INC’s ordinary shareholders | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||
| 4. | ACQUISITION OF ALPHA MIND |
On December 28, 2023, the Company completed the acquisition of
F-23
The Company
has allocated the purchase price of Alpha Mind based upon the fair value of the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed
on the acquisition date. The Company estimated the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date
in accordance with the business combination standard issued by FASB. The Company used carrying amount of assets and liabilities as fair
value, which approximate the fair value. Acquisition-related costs incurred for the acquisitions are not material and have been expensed
as incurred in other operating expenses.
| December 28, 2023 | ||||
| RMB | ||||
| Net tangible assets (1) | ||||
| Goodwill (2) | ||||
| Total purchase consideration(3) | ||||
| (1) |
| As
of December 28, 2023 | ||||
| RMB | ||||
| ASSETS | ||||
| Current assets | ||||
| Cash, cash equivalents | ||||
| Short-term investment | ||||
| Accounts receivable, net | ||||
| Advances to suppliers | ||||
| Other current assets | ||||
| Total current assets | ||||
| Non-current assets: | ||||
| Restricted cash, non-current | ||||
| Property and equipment, net | ||||
| Operating lease right-of-use assets | ||||
| Deferred tax assets | ||||
| Total non-current assets | ||||
| Total Assets | ||||
| Liabilities and shareholder’s deficit | ||||
| Accounts payable | ||||
| Taxes payable | ||||
| Operating lease liabilities | ||||
| Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | ||||
| Total current liabilities | ||||
| Non-current liabilities: | ||||
| Operating lease liabilities, non-current | ||||
| Total liabilities | ||||
| Net tangible assets | ||||
| (2) |
F-24
Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the years ended September 30, 2025 was as follows:
| Acquisition
of Alpha Mind | ||||
| Balance as of December 28, 2023 | ||||
| Goodwill allowance | ( | ) | ||
| Balance as of September 30, 2024 | ||||
| Goodwill allowance | ( | ) | ||
| Balance as of September 30, 2025 | ||||
| (3) |
| 5. | ACQUISITION OF TOPONE |
On March 24, 2025, the Company completed the acquisition
of
The acquisition has been accounted for as a business combination in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations. The purchase consideration was allocated to the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values as of the acquisition date.
The Company estimated the fair values of the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed using valuation techniques consistent with the business combination guidance. Given the short period between Topone’s most recent reporting date and the acquisition date, and the nature of the assets and liabilities acquired, management determined that the carrying amounts of the acquired assets and liabilities approximated their fair values. The valuation of identifiable intangible assets was supported by an independent valuation firm engaged by the Company.
The fair value of the identifiable intangible asset was determined using a market approach, which estimates fair value by reference to observable market transactions involving comparable insurance intermediary licenses. The valuation considered differences between the subject asset and comparable transactions, including factors such as market conditions and transaction scale, and incorporated appropriate adjustments to reflect these differences. The valuation reflects assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset.
The identifiable intangible assets recognized
primarily represent an insurance intermediary license, which was measured at its estimated fair value of RMB
The following table summarizes the estimated fair values of the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of March 24, 2025:
| March 24, | ||||||
| 2025 | ||||||
| RMB | ||||||
| Net tangible assets | (1) | |||||
| Intangible assets | ||||||
| Total assets | ||||||
| Total purchase consideration | ||||||
| Bargain gain on purchase | (2) | |||||
| (1) |
| As of March 24, 2025 | ||||
| RMB | ||||
| ASSETS | ||||
| Cash, cash equivalents | ||||
| Total Assets | ||||
| Liabilities: | ||||
| Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | ||||
| Total liabilities | ||||
| Net tangible assets | ||||
| (2) |
F-25
The acquisition was settled entirely in cash. The cash flow effect of the acquisition is summarized as follows:
| RMB | ||||
| Cash consideration paid | ( | ) | ||
| Add: cash and cash equivalents acquired at year end exchange rate | ||||
| Net cash outflow from acquisition | ( | ) | ||
The net cash outflow of RMB 631 was presented within investing activities in the consolidated statement of cash flows.
| 6. | ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE, NET |
Accounts receivable represents insurance agency service fees or commission receivables on insurance products sold from insurance companies stated at net of allowance for credit losses. The Group reviews its accounts receivable on a periodic basis to determine if the allowance for credit loss is adequate, and adjusts the allowance when necessary.
As of September
30, 2024 and 2025, the Company determined RMB
Accounts receivable, net consist of the following:
| As of September 30, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2025 | |||||||
| Accounts receivable | ||||||||
| Less: Allowance for credit losses | ||||||||
| Total accounts receivable, net | ||||||||
Movements of allowance for credit losses are as follows:
| As of September 30, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2025 | |||||||
| Opening balance | ||||||||
| Acquisition of Alpha Mind | ||||||||
| Recovery | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Ending balance | ||||||||
Recovery represents collections of previously provided receivables, primarily relating to balances acquired in prior periods.
| 7. | SHORT TERM DEBT |
The short-term debt was as follows:
| As of September 30, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2025 | |||||||
| Short-term debt | ||||||||
For the years ended September 30, 2024 and 2025, the Group entered
into loan agreements with certain third party entities, pursuant to which the Group borrowed RMB
F-26
| 8. | CONTINGENT LIABILITIES FOR PAYABLE FOR ASSET ACQUISITION |
On July 22,
2020, the Group entered into a series of asset purchase agreements with Great Alliance Coliving Limited. and its affiliates (“Beautiful
House” or the “Sellers”) to acquire assets, including approximately
The Group accounted for the acquisition as an asset acquisition because the Group did not acquire substantive process from Beautiful House.
On the date
of asset acquisition, the Group determined the estimated fair values using Level 3 inputs after review and consideration of relevant
information, including contract value of apartment rental agreements and estimates made by management. The apartment rental agreements
with both landlords and tenants were valued using the multiperiod excess earnings method and the trademarks were valued using the relief
from royalty method. The fair value of apartment rental agreements and trademarks was RMB
The total
consideration of RMB
| RMB | ||||
| Apartment rental agreements | ||||
| Trademarks | ||||
| Liabilities assumed by the Group | ( | ) | ||
In May 2021,
the Group entered into an agreement to settle the outstanding payables with the Sellers, pursuant to the agreement, the Group delivered
The
| 9. | NOTES PAYABLE |
In connection
with the acquisition of
F-27
On June 6,
2024, the Company and Burgeon Capital agreed to settle all outstanding principal amount and accrued interest under the Note with a total
amount of US$
On April
23, 2025, the Company, MMTEC, Inc. (the “Seller”), a holder of certain Secured Promissory Note dated December 28, 2023 issued
by the Company in the original principal amount of US$
On June 30, 2025, the Company and the Sellers of Alpha Mind agreed
to extend the maturity date of the Notes to December 31, 2025, and if the Notes have an outstanding balance on the maturity date, the
maturity date will be automatically extended to the end of following year. The Company repaid the notes payable of RMB
As of September
30, 2025, the Company had notes payable of RMB
| 10. | ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consist of the following:
| As of September 30, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2025 | |||||||
| Accrued interest expenses | ||||||||
| Other current liabilities | ||||||||
| Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | ||||||||
Accrued interest expenses primarily represent interest incurred but not yet paid on our notes payable and short-term debts as of the reporting date. Such interest is recognized on an accrual basis in accordance with the contractual interest rates of the respective debt agreements.
Other current liabilities primarily consist of accrued social security and housing fund contributions, and other miscellaneous payables arising from the Group’s normal business operations.
| 11. | REVENUE |
Revenue consists of insurance agency commission revenue.
| As of September 30, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2025 | |||||||
| Revenue | ||||||||
| 12. | COST OF REVENUE |
Cost of revenue consists primarily of commissions paid to distribution channels.
| As of September 30, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2025 | |||||||
| Cost of Revenue | ||||||||
| 13. | SHARE BASED COMPENSATION |
The Group
utilized Yijia Inc., a company controlled by the Founder as a vehicle to hold shares that will be used to provide incentives and rewards
to employees and executives who contribute to the success of the Group’s operations. According to the Group’s board resolutions,
in July 2017 and March 2018,
As of June
24, 2022, Yijia Inc. held
F-28
All the share information disclosed under Stock Option A and Stock Option B in this section refers to the shares of the Group the grantees are entitled through Yijia Inc. shares before June 24, 2022 and through Golden Stream Limited after June 24, 2022. The related expenses are reflected in the Group’s consolidated financial statements as share-based compensation expenses with an offset to additional paid-in capital. Given the shares owned by Yijia Inc./ Golden Stream Limited for the purpose of the incentive program are existing and outstanding shares of the Group, the options do not have any dilution effect on the (losses) earnings per share (see Note 14).
Stock Option A
On August
31, 2014, April 21, 2016, October 17, 2016 and October 18, 2016, the Group granted an aggregate number of
Stock Option B
On July 31,
2017, the Group granted
Binomial options pricing model was applied in determining the estimated fair value of the options granted. The model requires the input of highly subjective assumptions including the estimated expected stock price volatility and, the exercise multiple for which employees are likely to exercise share options. The estimated fair value of the ordinary shares, at the option grants, was determined with assistance from an independent third party valuation firm. The Group’s management is ultimately responsible for the determination of the estimated fair value of its ordinary shares.
The following table presents the assumptions used to estimate the fair values of the share options granted in the years presented:
| April 2016 | October 2016 | July 2017 | ||||||||||
| Risk-free rate of return | % | % | % | |||||||||
| Contractual life of option | ||||||||||||
| Estimated volatility rate | % | % | % | |||||||||
| Expected dividend yield | % | % | % | |||||||||
| Fair value of underlying ordinary shares | US$ | US$ | US$ | |||||||||
2019 Share Incentive Plan
The 2019
Share Incentive Plan became effective immediately upon the completion of our initial public offering. The maximum number of shares that
may be issued under the 2019 Plan is
In June 2022,
the Group issued
In June 2022,
the Group issued
F-29
2022 Share Incentive Plan
On November
18, 2022, the board of directors has approved and adopted a new share incentive plan (the “2022 Plan”). The maximum number
of shares available for issuance under the 2022 Plan is
In respect
of matters requiring the votes of shareholders, holders of Class A ordinary shares are entitled to
The board
of directors has also approved the issuance of the Shares to an ESOP Platform, which is holding these Shares and will act upon the instructions
from a senior management committee of the Company determined on a unanimous basis in relation to the voting and, prior to the vesting
of the Shares to the relevant grantee of the share-based awards under the 2022 Plan, the disposition of the Shares. The Shares held by
the ESOP Platform are reserved for share-based awards that the Company may grant in the future under the 2022 Plan. As of the date of
this report,
2024 Equity Incentive Plan
On June 6,
2024, the Company adopted an equity incentive plan (the “2024 Equity Incentive Plan”) and issued thereunder
2025 Equity Incentive Plan
On May 9,
2025, the Company adopted an equity incentive plan (the “2025 Equity Incentive Plan”) and issued thereunder
A summary of option balances from the years ended September 30, 2023 to 2025 is presented below:
| Number of Options | Exercise Price RMB | Remaining Contractual Life | ||||||||||
| Outstanding, as of September 30, 2023 | ||||||||||||
| Vested and exercisable as of September 30, 2025 | ||||||||||||
| Vested or expected to vest as of September 30, 2025 | ||||||||||||
The Group
recognized the compensation cost for the stock options on a straight line basis over the requisite service periods. For the years ended
September 30, 2023, 2024 and 2025, the Group recorded compensation expenses of RMB
F-30
For the years ended September 30, 2023, 2024 and 2025, the total share-based compensation expenses were comprised of the following:
| For the years ended September 30, | ||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | ||||||||||
| Selling and marketing expenses | ||||||||||||
| General and administrative expenses | ||||||||||||
| Research and development expenses | ||||||||||||
| 14. | LOSSES (EARNING) PER SHARE |
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share for the years indicated:
| For the years ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | ||||||||||||||
| RMB | RMB | RMB | USD | |||||||||||||
| Numerator: | ||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) attributable to XChange TEC.INC’s ordinary shareholders | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Net loss from continuing operations attributable to XChange TEC.INC’s ordinary shareholders | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Net income (loss) from discontinued operations attributable to XChange TEC.INC’s ordinary shareholders | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||
| Denominator: | ||||||||||||||||
| Weighted average number of ordinary shares used in computing net loss per share—Basic and diluted | ||||||||||||||||
| Net earnings (loss) per share attributable to ordinary shareholders of XChange TEC.INC—Basic and diluted | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Net losses per share from continuing operations attributable to ordinary shareholders of XChange TEC.INC—Basic and diluted | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Net earnings (loss) from per share discontinued operations attributable to ordinary shareholders of XChange TEC.INC—Basic and diluted | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||
For the years
ended September 30, 2023 and 2024, weighted average ordinary shares included
For the years
ended September 30, 2023, 2024 and 2025, potential ordinary shares from assumed conversion of , and convertible notes as well
as
F-31
| 15. | INCOME TAXES |
Cayman Islands
Under the current laws of the Cayman Islands, the Company, XChange TEC.INC is not subject to tax on income or capital gain.
BVI Islands
Under the current laws of the British Virgin Islands (“BVI”), Alpha mind BVI is incorporated in BVI is not subject to tax on income or capital gain.
Hong Kong
Alpha mind
(HK), XH TEC and Topone, are incorporated in Hong Kong and is subject to Hong Kong Profits Tax on the taxable income as reported in its
statutory financial statements adjusted in accordance with relevant Hong Kong tax laws. The applicable tax rate is
PRC
Under the
Law of the People’s Republic of China on Enterprise Income Tax (“EIT Law”), which was effective from January 1, 2008,
domestically-owned enterprises and foreign-invested enterprises are subject to a uniform tax rate of
For the years
ended September 30, 2023, 2024 and 2025, the Group incurred income tax expenses , RMB
A reconciliation between the effective income tax rate and the PRC statutory income tax rate are as follows:
| For the years ended September 30, | ||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | ||||||||||
| PRC statutory tax rate | % | % | % | |||||||||
| Effect of different tax rates of group entities operating in other jurisdictions and preferential tax rates of group entities | ( | )% | ( | )% | ( | )% | ||||||
| Effect of change in valuation allowance | ( | )% | ( | )% | ( | )% | ||||||
| % | % | % | ||||||||||
The principal components of the Group’s deferred income tax assets from continuing operations as of September 30, 2024 and 2025 are as follows:
| As of September 30, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2025 | |||||||
| Deferred tax assets: | ||||||||
| Net losses carry forwards | ||||||||
| Valuation allowance | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
Movement of the valuation allowance is as follows:
| Balance as of September 30, 2023 | ||||
| Addition | ||||
| Write off | ||||
| Balance as of September 30, 2024 | ||||
| Addition | ||||
| Write off | ||||
| Balance as of September 30, 2025 |
F-32
The write down of the valuation allowance is related to a reduction of the deferred tax asset for net operating losses from to the realizable amount based on prior tax filings and deconsolidation entities.
The Group considers positive and negative evidence to determine whether some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will more likely than not be realized. This assessment considers, among other matters, the nature, frequency and severity of recent losses, forecasts of future profitability, the duration of statutory carryforward periods, the Group’s experience with tax attributes expiring unused and tax planning alternatives. Valuation allowances have been established for deferred tax assets based on a more likely than not threshold. The Group’s ability to realize deferred tax assets depends on its ability to generate sufficient taxable income within the carryforward periods provided for in the tax law.
As of September 30, 2025, the Group had tax loss carryforwards of RMB
According
to the PRC Tax Administration and Collection Law, the statute of limitations is
In accordance
with the EIT Law, dividends, which arise from profits of foreign invested enterprises (“FIEs”) earned after January 1, 2008,
are subject to a
Under applicable accounting principles, a deferred tax liability should be recorded for taxable temporary differences attributable to the excess of financial reporting basis over tax basis in a domestic subsidiary.
| 16. | STATUTORY RESERVES AND NET RESTRICTED ASSETS |
The Group’s ability to pay dividends is primarily dependent on the Group receiving distributions of funds from its subsidiaries. Relevant PRC statutory laws and regulations permit payments of dividends by the subsidiary incorporated in PRC only out of their retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. The consolidated results of operations reflected in the consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP differ from those reflected in the statutory financial statements of the Group’s subsidiaries.
Under PRC
law, the Group’s subsidiary located in the PRC (“PRC subsidiary”) are required to provide for certain statutory reserves,
namely a general reserve, an enterprise expansion fund and a staff welfare and bonus fund. The PRC subsidiary is required to allocate
at least
Amounts restricted including paid-in capital and statutory reserve funds as determined pursuant to PRC Laws were and as of September 30, 2024 and 2025, respectively.
F-33
| 17. | RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS AND BALANCES |
Parties are considered to be related if one party has the ability, directly or indirectly, to control the other party or exercise significant influence over the other party in making financial and operational decisions. Parties are also considered to be related if they are subject to common control or common significant influence. Related parties may be individuals or corporate entities.
| Related Party | Relationship with the Group | |
| Wangxiancai Limited | ||
| Key Space (S) Pte Ltd (“Key Space”) | ||
| Mr. Qu Chengcai | ||
| Mr. Sun Zhichen | ||
| Mr. Zhang Yong | ||
| Ms. Chang Jiaxing | ||
| Mr. Wu Guofu | ||
| Ms. Qiao Nini |
| - | Transactions with related parties |
As stated in Note 1, on October 31, 2023 and September 12, 2024, the Group transferred the equity interest in the Q&K HK and QK365, FENGLINJU PROPERTY (CHINA) LIMITED and Shanghai Meileju Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd, respectively, to Wangxiancai Limited for nominal consideration.
As stated in Note 13, the Group issued
| - | Balances with related parties |
As of September 30, 2024 and 2025, amounts due to related parties were
RMB
(1) Balance with Key Space:
The balance due to related parties represented borrowings from Key Space which were due within 12 months from borrowing. During the financial year ended September 2025, Key Space ceased to be a related party of the Company. Accordingly, the outstanding balance with Key Space was excluded from the related party balances as of September 30, 2025 and reclassified to other payables.
(2) Balance with Mr. Zhang Yong:
The balance as of September 30, 2025 represented working capital loans
provided by Mr. Zhang Yong. Mr. Zhang Yong was appointed as the Company’s Chief Executive Officer in October 17 2024 and subsequently
resigned in January 2025. He remained a related party of the Company. The loans were provided from time to time from FY 2024, bear interest
at
| As of September 30, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2025 | |||||||
| Key Space | ||||||||
| Mr. Zhang Yong | ||||||||
F-34
| 18. | COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES |
Operating Lease Commitment
The
Company leases office space under non-cancelable operating lease agreements, which end at various dates in 2025 and 2029. As of
September 30, 2025, the Company’s operating leases had a weighted average remaining lease term of
September 30, | ||||
| 2026 | ||||
| 2027 | ||||
| 2028 | ||||
| 2029 | ||||
| Total future lease payments | ||||
| Less: imputed interest | ||||
| Total lease liabilities | ||||
| Less: current portion | ||||
| Operating lease liability, non-current | ||||
Lease expenses are recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease
term. For the year ended September 30, 2025, the Company had operating lease costs of RMB
Cash
paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities were RMB 694, RMB
Contingencies
In August 2025, Huaming Insurance Agency Co., Ltd. and its Tianjin Second Branch (collectively, “Huaming”) were named as defendants in a civil lawsuit filed by China United Life Insurance Company Limited, Tianjin Branch, before the Tianjin Railway Transportation Court (the “Court”). The case was accepted by the Court on August 5, 2025, under case number (2025) Jin 8601 Min Chu No. 2180.
The plaintiff
alleges that, pursuant to an insurance agency agreement entered into on July 21, 2021, certain insurance policies sold by Huaming involved
violations of contractual provisions, including alleged fabricated insurance agency transactions and improper commission claims. The
plaintiff seeks, among other relief, (i) the return of commissions previously paid in the amount of RMB
The case has completed its first-instance court hearing, and no judgment has been rendered as of the date of this annual report. The Company is in the process of evaluating the claims and defenses with the assistance of legal counsel. As of September 30, 2025, management is unable to reasonably estimate the outcome of the proceeding or the amount of any potential loss, if any. Accordingly, no provision has been recorded in the consolidated financial statements for this matter.
F-35
Based on currently available information, management believes that the outcome of this litigation is uncertain and that, regardless of the final resolution, the matter is not expected to have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. The Company will continue to monitor the progress of this matter and will recognize a provision or provide additional disclosure in future periods if and when such information becomes available.
The Group is subject to periodic legal or administrative proceedings in the ordinary course of business. The Group does not believe that any other currently pending legal or administrative proceeding to which the Group is a party will have a material effect on its business or financial condition.
| 19. | CONCENTRATION RISK |
Customer
For the year
ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, one customer accounted for
As of September
30, 2025, two customers accounted for
Vendor
For the year
ended September 30, 2025, one vendor accounted for
As of September
30, 2025, one vendor accounted for
| 20. | SUBSEQUENT EVENTS |
The Company has evaluated subsequent events through January 14, 2026, the date the consolidated financial statements were issued. There were no events that occurred subsequent to September 30, 2025 that require adjustment to or disclosure in the consolidated financial statements.
F-36
Exhibit 1.1
THE COMPANIES ACT (AS REVISED)
EXEMPTED COMPANY LIMITED BY SHARES
FOURTH AMENDED AND RESTATED MEMORANDUM OF ASSOCIATION
OF
XChange TEC.INC
(Adopted by special resolution of the shareholders passed on 24 January 2025 and effective on 8 May 2025)
| 1. | The name of the Company is XChange TEC.INC. |
| 2. | The Registered Office of the Company shall be at the offices of Conyers Trust Company (Cayman) Limited, Cricket Square, Hutchins Drive, P.O. 2681, Grand Cayman KY1-1111, Cayman Islands. |
| 3. | Subject to the following provisions of this Memorandum, the objects for which the Company is established are unrestricted. |
| 4. | Subject to the following provisions of this Memorandum, the Company shall have and be capable of exercising all the functions of a natural person of full capacity irrespective of any question of corporate benefit, as provided by Section 27(2) of the Companies Act. |
| 5. | Nothing in this Memorandum shall permit the Company to carry on a business for which a licence is required under the laws of the Cayman Islands unless duly licensed. |
| 6. | The Company shall not trade in the Cayman Islands with any person, firm or corporation except in furtherance of the business of the Company carried on outside the Cayman Islands; provided that nothing in this clause shall be construed as to prevent the Company effecting and concluding contracts in the Cayman Islands, and exercising in the Cayman Islands all of its powers necessary for the carrying on of its business outside the Cayman Islands. |
| 7. | The liability of each member is limited to the amount from time to time unpaid on such member’s shares. |
| 8. | The share capital of the Company is US$500,000,000 divided into 5,000,000,000,000,000 shares of a nominal or par value of US$0.0000001 each, of which 4,374,500,000,000,000 shall be designated as Class A Ordinary Shares of a nominal or par value of US$0.0000001 each, 625,000,000,000,000 shall be designated as Class B Ordinary Shares of a nominal or par value of US$0.0000001 each, and 500,000,000,000 shall be designated as Preferred Shares of a nominal or par value of US$0.0000001 each. |
| 9. | The Company may exercise the power contained in the Companies Act to deregister in the Cayman Islands and be registered by way of continuation in another jurisdiction. |
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The Companies Act (As Revised)
Exempted Company Limited by Shares
SIXTH AMENDED AND RESTATED
ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION
OF
XChange TEC.INC
(Adopted by way of a special resolution passed on 24 January 2025 and effective on 8 May 2025)
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I N D E X
| SUBJECT | Article No. | |
| Table A | 1 | |
| Interpretation | 1 | |
| Share Capital | 6 | |
| Alteration Of Capital | 6-7 | |
| Share Rights | 7-9 | |
| Variation Of Rights | 10 | |
| Shares | 10-11 | |
| Share Certificates | 11-12 | |
| Lien | 12-13 | |
| Calls On Shares | 13-14 | |
| Forfeiture Of Shares | 14-15 | |
| Register Of Members | 15-16 | |
| Record Dates | 16 | |
| Transfer Of Shares | 16-18 | |
| Transmission Of Shares | 18 | |
| Untraceable Members | 18-19 | |
| General Meetings | 19-20 | |
| Notice Of General Meetings | 20 |
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| Proceedings At General Meetings | 20-21 | |
| No Action by Written Resolutions | 21 | |
| Voting | 21-24 | |
| Proxies | 24-25 | |
| Corporations Acting By Representatives | 25 | |
| Board Of Directors | 25-27 | |
| Disqualification Of Directors | 27 | |
| Executive Directors | 27-28 | |
| Alternate Directors | 28-29 | |
| Directors’ Fees And Expenses | 29 | |
| Directors’ Interests | 29-31 | |
| General Powers Of The Directors | 31-32 | |
| Borrowing Powers | 33 | |
| Proceedings Of The Directors | 33-35 | |
| Audit Committee | 35 | |
| Officers | 35-36 | |
| Register of Directors and Officers | 36 | |
| Minutes | 36 | |
| Seal | 37 | |
| Authentication Of Documents | 37 | |
| Destruction Of Documents | 37-38 | |
| Dividends And Other Payments | 38-42 | |
| Reserves | 42 | |
| Capitalisation | 42-43 | |
| Subscription Rights Reserve | 43-45 | |
| Accounting Records | 45 | |
| Audit | 46 | |
| Notices | 46-47 | |
| Signatures | 48 | |
| Winding Up | 48 | |
| Indemnity | 49 | |
| Financial Year | 49 | |
| Amendment To Memorandum and Articles of Association And Name of Company | 49 | |
| Information | 49 |
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INTERPRETATION
TABLE A
1. The regulations in Table A in the Schedule to the Companies Act (As Revised) do not apply to the Company.
INTERPRETATION
2. (1) In these Articles, unless the context otherwise requires, the words standing in the first column of the following table shall bear the meaning set opposite them respectively in the second column.
| WORD | MEANING | ||
| “Affiliate” | shall have the meaning given to it in Rule 405 of the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. | ||
| “Audit Committee” | the audit committee of the Company formed by the Board pursuant to Article 121 hereof, or any successor audit committee. | ||
| “Auditor” | the independent auditor of the Company which shall be an internationally recognized firm of independent accountants. | ||
| “Articles” | these Articles in their present form or as supplemented or amended or substituted from time to time. | ||
| “Board” or “Directors” | the board of directors of the Company or the directors present at a meeting of directors of the Company at which a quorum is present. | ||
| “capital” | the share capital from time to time of the Company. | ||
| “Class A Ordinary Shares” | class A ordinary shares of par value US$0.0000001 each of the Company having the rights set out in these Articles. | ||
| “Class B Ordinary Shares” | class B ordinary shares of par value US$0.0000001 each of the Company having the rights set out in these Articles. | ||
| “clear days” | in relation to the period of a notice, that period excluding the day when the notice is given or deemed to be given and the day for which it is given or on which it is to take effect. |
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| “clearing house” | a clearing house recognised by the laws of the jurisdiction in which the shares of the Company (or depositary receipts therefor) are listed or quoted on a stock exchange or interdealer quotation system in such jurisdiction. | ||
| “Company” | XChange TEC.INC | ||
| “competent regulatory authority” | a competent regulatory authority in the territory where the shares of the Company (or depositary receipts therefor) are listed or quoted on a stock exchange or interdealer quotation system in such territory. |
| “Conversion Date” | in respect of a Conversion Notice means the day on which that Conversion Notice is delivered. | ||
| “Conversion Notice” | a written notice delivered to the Company at its Office (and as otherwise stated therein) stating that a holder of Class B Ordinary Shares elects to convert the number of Class B Ordinary Shares specified therein pursuant to Article 9. | ||
| “Conversion Number” | in relation to any Class B Ordinary Shares, such number of Class A Ordinary Shares as may, upon exercise of the Conversion Right, be issued at the Conversion Rate. | ||
| “Conversion Rate” | means, at any time, on a 1 : 1 basis. | ||
| “Conversion Right” | in respect of a Class B Ordinary Share means the right of its holder, subject to the provisions of these Articles and to any applicable fiscal or other laws or regulations including the Law, to convert all or any of its Class B Ordinary Shares, into the Conversion Number of Class A Ordinary Shares in its discretion. |
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| “debenture” and “debenture holder” | include debenture stock and debenture stockholder respectively. | ||
| “Designated Stock Exchange” | means The NASDSAQ for so long as the Company’s Shares or ADSs are there listed and any other stock exchange on which the Company’s Shares or ADSs are listed for trading. | ||
| “dollars” and “$” | dollars, the legal currency of the United States of America. | ||
| “Exchange Act” | the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. | ||
| “head office” | such office of the Company as the Directors may from time to time determine to be the principal office of the Company. | ||
| “Law” | The Companies Act Cap. 22 (Law 3 of 1961, as consolidated and revised) of the Cayman Islands. | ||
| “Member” | a duly registered holder from time to time of the shares in the capital of the Company. | ||
| “month” | a calendar month. | ||
| “Notice” | written notice unless otherwise specifically stated and as further defined in these Articles. | ||
| “Office” | the registered office of the Company for the time being. | ||
| “ordinary resolution” | a resolution shall be an ordinary resolution when it has been passed by a simple majority of votes cast by such Members as, being entitled so to do, vote in person or, in the case of any Member being a corporation, by its duly authorised representative or, where proxies are allowed, by proxy at a general meeting of which not less than ten (10) clear days’ Notice has been duly given; |
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| “Ordinary Shares” | Class A Ordinary Shares and Class B Ordinary Shares collectively. | ||
| “paid up” | paid up or credited as paid up. | ||
| “Register” | the principal register and where applicable, any branch register of Members of the Company to be maintained at such place within or outside the Cayman Islands as the Board shall determine from time to time. | ||
| “Registration Office” | in respect of any class of share capital such place as the Board may from time to time determine to keep a branch register of Members in respect of that class of share capital and where (except in cases where the Board otherwise directs) the transfers or other documents of title for such class of share capital are to be lodged for registration and are to be registered. | ||
| “SEC” | the United States Securities and Exchange Commission. | ||
| “Seal” | common seal or any one or more duplicate seals of the Company (including a securities seal) for use in the Cayman Islands or in any place outside the Cayman Islands. | ||
| “Secretary” | any person, firm or corporation appointed by the Board to perform any of the duties of secretary of the Company and includes any assistant, deputy, temporary or acting secretary. | ||
| “special resolution” | a resolution shall be a special resolution when it has been passed by a majority of not less than two-thirds of votes cast by such Members as, being entitled so to do, vote in person or, in the case of such Members as are corporations, by their respective duly authorised representative or, where proxies are allowed, by proxy at a general meeting of which not less than ten (10) clear days’ Notice, specifying (without prejudice to the power contained in these Articles to amend the same) the intention to propose the resolution as a special resolution, has been duly given, provided that, except in the case of an annual general meeting, if it is so agreed by a majority in number of the Members having the right to attend and vote at any such meeting, being a majority together holding not less than ninety-five (95) per cent. in nominal value of the shares giving that right and in the case of an annual general meeting, if it is so agreed by all Members entitled to attend and vote thereat, a resolution may be proposed and passed as a special resolution at a meeting of which less than ten (10) clear days’ Notice has been given; a special resolution shall be effective for any purpose for which an ordinary resolution is expressed to be required under any provision of these Articles or the Statutes. |
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| “Statutes” | the Law and every other law of the Legislature of the Cayman Islands for the time being in force applying to or affecting the Company, its Memorandum of Association and/or these Articles. | ||
| “year” | a calendar year. |
| (2) | In these Articles, unless there be something within the subject or context inconsistent with such construction: |
| (a) | words importing the singular include the plural and vice versa; |
| (b) | words importing a gender include both gender and the neuter; |
| (c) | words importing persons include companies, associations and bodies of persons whether corporate or not; |
| (d) | the words: |
| (i) | “may” shall be construed as permissive; |
| (ii) | “shall” or “will” shall be construed as imperative; |
| (e) | expressions referring to writing shall, unless the contrary intention appears, be construed as including printing, lithography, photography and other modes of representing words or figures in a visible form, and including where the representation takes the form of electronic display, provided that both the mode of service of the relevant document or notice and the Member’s election comply with all applicable Statutes, rules and regulations; |
| (f) | references to any law, ordinance, statute or statutory provision shall be interpreted as relating to any statutory modification or re-enactment thereof for the time being in force; |
| (g) | save as aforesaid words and expressions defined in the Statutes shall bear the same meanings in these Articles if not inconsistent with the subject in the context; |
| (h) | references to a document being executed include references to it being executed under hand or under seal or by electronic signature or by any other method and references to a notice or document include a notice or document recorded or stored in any digital, electronic, electrical, magnetic or other retrievable form or medium and information in visible form whether having physical substance or not; |
| (i) | Section 8 and Section 19 of the Electronic Transactions Act of the Cayman Islands, as amended from time to time, shall not apply to these Articles to the extent it imposes obligations or requirements in addition to those set out in these Articles. |
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SHARE CAPITAL
| 3. | (1) The share capital of the Company at the date on which these Articles come into effect shall be US$500,000,000 divided into 5,000,000,000,000,000 shares of a nominal or par value of US$0.0000001 each, of which 4,374,500,000,000,000 shall be designated as Class A Ordinary Shares of a nominal or par value of US$0.0000001 each, 625,000,000,000,000 shall be designated as Class B Ordinary Shares of a nominal or par value of US$0.0000001 each, and 500,000,000,000 shall be designated as Preferred Shares of a nominal or par value of US$0.0000001 each as the Board may determine in accordance with Article 12. |
(2) Subject to the Law, the Company’s Memorandum and Articles of Association and, where applicable, the rules of the Designated Stock Exchange and/or any competent regulatory authority, the Company shall have the power to purchase or otherwise acquire its own shares and such power shall be exercisable by the Board in such manner, upon such terms and subject to such conditions as it in its absolute discretion thinks fit and any determination by the Board of the manner of purchase shall be deemed authorised by these Articles for purposes of the Law. The Company is hereby authorised to make payments in respect of the purchase of its shares out of capital or out of any other account or fund which can be authorised for this purpose in accordance with the Law.
(3) Subject to compliance with the rules and regulations of the Designated Stock Exchange and any other competent regulatory authority, the Company may give financial assistance for the purpose of or in connection with a purchase made or to be made by any person of any shares in the Company.
| (4) | The Board may accept the surrender for no consideration of any fully paid share. |
| (5) | No share shall be issued to bearer. |
ALTERATION OF CAPITAL
| 4. | (1) The Company may from time to time by ordinary resolution in accordance with the Law alter the conditions of its Memorandum of Association to: |
| (a) | increase its capital by such sum, to be divided into shares of such amounts, as the resolution shall prescribe; |
| (b) | consolidate and divide all or any of its capital into shares of larger amount than its existing shares; |
| (c) | without prejudice to the powers of the Board under Article 12, divide its shares into several classes and without prejudice to any special rights previously conferred on the holders of existing shares attach thereto respectively any preferential, deferred, qualified or special rights, privileges, conditions or such restrictions which in the absence of any such determination by the Company in general meeting, as the Board may determine provided always that, for the avoidance of doubt, where a class of shares has been authorized by the Members no resolution of the Members in general meeting is required for the issuance of shares of that class and the Board may issue shares of that class and determine such rights, privileges, conditions or restrictions attaching thereto as aforesaid, and further provided that where the Company issues shares which do not carry voting rights, the words “non-voting” shall appear in the designation of such shares and where the equity capital includes shares with different voting rights, the designation of each class of shares, other than those with the most favourable voting rights, must include the words “restricted voting” or “limited voting”; |
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| (d) | sub-divide its shares, or any of them, into shares of smaller amount than is fixed by the Memorandum of Association (subject, nevertheless, to the Law), and may by such resolution determine that, as between the holders of the shares resulting from such sub-division, one or more of the shares may have any such preferred, deferred or other rights or be subject to any such restrictions as compared with the other or others as the Company has power to attach to unissued or new shares; |
| (e) | cancel any shares which, at the date of the passing of the resolution, have not been taken, or agreed to be taken, by any person, and diminish the amount of its capital by the amount of the shares so cancelled or, in the case of shares, without par value, diminish the number of shares into which its capital is divided. |
(2) No alteration may be made of the kind contemplated by Article 4(1), or otherwise, to the par value of the Class A Ordinary Shares or the Class B Ordinary Shares unless an identical alteration is made to the par value of the Class B Ordinary Shares or the Class A Ordinary Shares, as the case may be.
| 5. | The Board may settle as it considers expedient any difficulty which arises in relation to any consolidation and division under Article 4 and in particular but without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing may issue certificates in respect of fractions of shares or arrange for the sale of the shares representing fractions and the distribution of the net proceeds of sale (after deduction of the expenses of such sale) in due proportion amongst the Members who would have been entitled to the fractions, and for this purpose the Board may authorise some persons to transfer the shares representing fractions to their purchaser or resolve that such net proceeds be paid to the Company for the Company’s benefit. Such purchaser will not be bound to see to the application of the purchase money nor will his title to the shares be affected by any irregularity or invalidity in the proceedings relating to the sale. |
| 6. | The Company may from time to time by special resolution, subject to any confirmation or consent required by the Law, reduce its share capital or any capital redemption reserve in any manner permitted by the Law. |
| 7. | Except so far as otherwise provided by the conditions of issue, or by these Articles, any capital raised by the creation of new shares shall be treated as if it formed part of the original capital of the Company, and such shares shall be subject to the provisions contained in these Articles with reference to the payment of calls and instalments, transfer and transmission, forfeiture, lien, cancellation, surrender, voting and otherwise. |
SHARE RIGHTS
| 8. | (1) Subject to the provisions of the Law, the rules of the Designated Stock Exchange and the Memorandum and Articles of Association and to any special rights conferred on the holders of any shares or class of shares, and without prejudice to Article 12 hereof, any share in the Company (whether forming part of the present capital or not) may be issued with or have attached thereto such rights or restrictions whether in regard to dividend, voting, return of capital or otherwise as the Board may determine, including without limitation on terms that they may be, or at the option of the Company or the holder are, liable to be redeemed on such terms and in such manner, including out of capital, as the Board may deem fit. |
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(2) Subject to the Law and the rules of the Designated Stock Exchange, any preferred shares may be issued or converted into shares that, at a designated date or at the option of the Company or the holder if so authorised by its Memorandum of Association, are liable to be redeemed on such terms and in such manner as the Members before the issue or conversion may by ordinary resolution of the Members determine. Where the Company purchases for redemption a redeemable share, purchases not made through the market or by tender shall be limited to a maximum price as may from time to time be determined by the Board, either generally or with regard to specific purchases. If purchases are by tender, tenders shall comply with applicable laws and the rules of the Designated Stock Exchange.
| 9. | Subject to Article 8(1), the Memorandum of Association and any resolution of the Members to the contrary and without prejudice to any special rights conferred thereby on the holders of any other shares or class of shares, the share capital of the Company shall be divided into shares of two classes, Class A Ordinary Shares and Class B Ordinary Shares. Class A Ordinary Shares and Class B Ordinary Shares shall carry equal rights and rank pari passu with one another other than as set out below. |
| (a) | As regards conversion |
| (i) | Subject to the provisions hereof and to compliance with all fiscal and other laws and regulations applicable thereto, including the Law, a holder of Class B Ordinary Shares shall have the Conversion Right in respect of each Class B Ordinary Share. For the avoidance of doubt, a holder of Class A Ordinary Shares shall have no rights to convert Class A Ordinary Shares into Class B Ordinary Shares under any circumstances. |
| (ii) | Each Class B Ordinary Share shall be converted at the option of the holder, at any time after issue and without the payment of any additional sum, into one fully paid Class A Ordinary Share calculated at the Conversion Rate. Such conversion shall take effect on the Conversion Date. A Conversion Notice shall not be effective if it is not accompanied by the share certificates in respect of the relevant Class B Ordinary Shares and such other evidence (if any) as the Directors may reasonably require to prove the title of the person exercising such right (or, if such certificates have been lost or destroyed, such evidence of title and such indemnity as the Directors may reasonably require). Any and all taxes and stamp, issue and registration duties (if any) arising on conversion shall be borne by the holder of Class B Ordinary Shares requesting conversion. |
| (iii) | On the Conversion Date, every Class B Ordinary Share to be converted shall automatically be re-designated and re-classified as a Class A Ordinary Share with such rights and restrictions attached thereto and shall rank pari passu in all respects with the Class A Ordinary Shares then in issue and the Company shall enter or procure the entry of the name of the relevant holder of Class B Ordinary Shares as the holder of the same number of Class A Ordinary Shares resulting from the conversion of the Class B Ordinary Shares in, and make any other necessary and consequential changes to, the Register of Members and shall procure that certificates in respect of the relevant Class A Ordinary Shares, together with a new certificate for any unconverted Class B Ordinary Shares comprised in the certificate(s) surrendered by the holder of the Class B Ordinary Shares, are issued to the holders thereof. |
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| (iv) | Until such time as the Class B Ordinary Shares have been converted into Class A Ordinary Shares, the Company shall: |
| (1) | at all times keep available for issue and free of all liens, charges, options, mortgages, pledges, claims, equities, encumbrances and other third-party rights of any nature, and not subject to any pre-emptive rights out of its authorised but unissued share capital, such number of authorised but unissued Class A Ordinary Shares as would enable all Class B Ordinary Shares to be converted into Class A Ordinary Shares and any other rights of conversion into, subscription for or exchange into Class A Ordinary Shares to be satisfied in full; and |
| (2) | not make any issue, grant or distribution or take any other action if the effect would be that on the conversion of the Class B Ordinary Shares to Class A Ordinary Shares it would be required to issue Class A Ordinary Shares at a price lower than the par value thereof. |
| (b) | As regards Voting Rights |
Holders of Ordinary Shares have the right to receive notice of, attend, speak and vote at general meetings of the Company. Holders of shares of Class A Ordinary Shares and Class B Ordinary Shares shall, at all times (other than in respect of separate general meetings of the holders of a class or series of shares held in accordance with Article 10(a) below), vote together as one class on all matters submitted to a vote for Members’ consent. Each Class A Ordinary Share shall be entitled to one (1) vote on all matters subject to the vote at general meetings of the Company, and each Class B Ordinary Share shall be entitled to ten (10) votes on all matters subject to the vote at general meetings of the Company.
| (c) | As regards Transfer |
Upon any sale, transfer, assignment or disposition of Class B Ordinary Shares by a holder thereof to any person or entity which is not (i) an Affiliate of such holder or (ii) a trust whose beneficiary is an Affiliate of such holder, such Class B Ordinary Shares validly transferred to the new holder shall be automatically and immediately converted into an equal number of Class A Ordinary Shares.
For the avoidance of doubt, (i) no automatic conversion as outlined above shall occur on any sale, transfer, assignment or disposition of Class B Ordinary Shares by a holder thereof to any person or entity which is an Affiliate of such holder or a trust whose beneficiary is an Affiliate of such holder; (ii) a sale, transfer, assignment or disposition shall be effective upon the Company’s registration of such sale, transfer, assignment or disposition in the Company’s Register of Members; and (ii) the creation of any pledge, charge, encumbrance or other third party right of whatever description on any of Class B Ordinary Shares to secure a holder’s contractual or legal obligations shall not be deemed as a sale, transfer, assignment or disposition unless and until any such pledge, charge, encumbrance or other third party right is enforced and results in the third party holding legal title to the related Class B Ordinary Shares, in which case all the related Class B Ordinary Shares shall be automatically converted into the same number of Class A Ordinary Shares upon the Company’s registration of the third party or its designee as a Member holding that number of Class A Ordinary Shares in the Register of Members.
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VARIATION OF RIGHTS
| 10. | Subject to the Law and without prejudice to Article 8, all or any of the special rights for the time being attached to the shares or any class of shares may, unless otherwise provided by the terms of issue of the shares of that class, from time to time (whether or not the Company is being wound up) be varied, modified or abrogated with the sanction of a special resolution passed at a separate general meeting of the holders of the shares of that class. To every such separate general meeting all the provisions of these Articles relating to general meetings of the Company shall, mutatis mutandis, apply, but so that: |
| (a) | separate general meetings of the holders of a class or series of shares may be called only by (i) the Chairman of the Board, or (ii) a majority of the Board (unless otherwise specifically provided by the terms of issue of the shares of such class or series). Nothing in this Article 10 shall be deemed to give any Member or Members the right to call a class or series meeting; |
| (b) | the necessary quorum (whether at a separate general meeting or at its adjourned meeting) shall be a person or persons (or in the case of a Member being a corporation, its duly authorized representative) together holding or representing by proxy not less than one-third of the voting power of the issued shares of that class; |
| (c) | every holder of shares of the class shall be entitled on a poll to one vote for every such share held by him; and |
| (d) | any holder of shares of the class present in person or by proxy or authorised representative may demand a poll. |
| 11. | The special rights conferred upon the holders of any shares or class of shares shall not, unless otherwise expressly provided in the rights attaching to or the terms of issue of such shares, be deemed to be varied, modified or abrogated by the creation or issue of further shares ranking pari passu therewith. |
SHARES
| 12. | (1) Subject to the Law, these Articles and, where applicable, the rules of the Designated Stock Exchange and without prejudice to any special rights or restrictions for the time being attached to any shares or any class of shares, the unissued shares of the Company (whether forming part of the original or any increased capital) shall be at the disposal of the Board, which may offer, allot, grant options over or otherwise dispose of them to such persons, at such times and for such consideration and upon such terms and conditions as the Board may in its absolute discretion determine but so that no shares shall be issued at a discount to par value. In particular and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing, the Board is hereby empowered to authorize by resolution or resolutions from time to time the issuance of one or more classes or series of preferred shares and to fix the designations, powers, preferences and relative, participating, optional and other rights, if any, and the qualifications, limitations and restrictions thereof, if any, including, without limitation, the number of shares constituting each such class or series, dividend rights, conversion rights, redemption privileges, voting powers, full or limited or no voting powers, and liquidation preferences, and to increase or decrease the size of any such class or series (but not below the number of shares of any class or series of preferred shares then outstanding) to the extent permitted by the Law. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the resolution or resolutions providing for the establishment of any class or series of preferred shares may, to the extent permitted by the Law, provide that such class or series shall be superior to, rank equally with or be junior to the preferred shares of any other class or series. |
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| (2) | Neither the Company nor the Board shall be obliged, when making or granting any allotment of, offer of, option over or disposal of shares, to make, or make available, any such allotment, offer, option or shares to Members or others with registered addresses in any particular territory or territories being a territory or territories where, in the absence of a registration statement or other special formalities, this would or might, in the opinion of the Board, be unlawful or impracticable. Members affected as a result of the foregoing sentence shall not be, or be deemed to be, a separate class of members for any purpose whatsoever. Except as otherwise expressly provided in the resolution or resolutions providing for the establishment of any class or series of preferred shares, no vote of the holders of preferred shares or ordinary shares shall be a prerequisite to the issuance of any shares of any class or series of the preferred shares authorized by and complying with the conditions of the Memorandum and Articles of Association. |
| (3) | The Board may issue options, warrants or convertible securities or securities of similar nature conferring the right upon the holders thereof to subscribe for, purchase or receive any class of shares or securities in the capital of the Company on such terms as it may from time to time determine. |
| 13. | The Company may in connection with the issue of any shares exercise all powers of paying commission and brokerage conferred or permitted by the Law. Subject to the Law, the commission may be satisfied by the payment of cash or by the allotment of fully or partly paid shares or partly in one and partly in the other. |
| 14. | Except as required by the Law, no person shall be recognised by the Company as holding any share upon any trust and the Company shall not be bound by or required in any way to recognise (even when having notice thereof) any equitable, contingent, future or partial interest in any share or any fractional part of a share or (except only as otherwise provided by these Articles or by the Law) any other rights in respect of any share except an absolute right to the entirety thereof in the registered holder. |
| 15. | Subject to the Law and these Articles, the Board may at any time after the allotment of shares but before any person has been entered in the Register as the Member, recognise a renunciation thereof by the allottee in favour of some other person and may accord to any allottee of a share a right to effect such renunciation upon and subject to such terms and conditions as the Board considers fit to impose. |
SHARE CERTIFICATES
| 16. | A share certificate may be issued under the Seal or a facsimile thereof and shall specify the number and class and distinguishing numbers (if any) of the shares to which it relates, and the amount paid up thereon and may otherwise be in such form as the Board may from time to time determine. No certificate shall be issued representing shares of more than one class. The Board may by resolution determine, either generally or in any particular case or cases, that any signatures on any such certificates (or certificates in respect of other securities) need not be autographic but may be affixed to such certificates by some mechanical means or may be printed thereon. |
| 17. | (1) In the case of a share held jointly by several persons, the Company shall not be bound to issue more than one certificate therefor and delivery of a certificate to one of several joint holders shall be sufficient delivery to all such holders. |
(2) Where a share stands in the names of two or more persons, the person first named in the Register shall as regards service of notices and, subject to the provisions of these Articles, all or any other matters connected with the Company, except the transfer of the shares, be deemed the sole holder thereof.
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| 18. | Every person whose name is entered, upon an allotment of shares, as a Member in the Register shall be entitled, without payment, to receive one certificate for all such shares of any one class or several certificates each for one or more of such shares of such class upon payment for every certificate after the payment of such reasonable out-of-pocket expenses as the Board from time to time determines, provided however, the Company is not obligated to issue a share certificate to a Members unless the Member requests it from the Company.. |
| 19. | Upon request by a Member, a share certificates shall be issued within the relevant time limit as prescribed by the Law or as the Designated Stock Exchange may from time to time determine, whichever is the shorter, after allotment or, except in the case of a transfer which the Company is for the time being entitled to refuse to register and does not register, after lodgment of a transfer with the Company. |
| 20. | (1) Upon every transfer of shares the certificate held by the transferor shall be given up to be cancelled, and shall forthwith be cancelled accordingly, and a new certificate may be issued to the transferee in respect of the shares transferred to him at such fee as is provided in paragraph (2) of this Article 20. If any of the shares included in the certificate so given up shall be retained by the transferor a new certificate for the balance may be issued to him at the aforesaid fee payable by the transferor to the Company in respect thereof. |
(2) The fee referred to in paragraph (1) above shall be an amount not exceeding the relevant maximum amount as the Designated Stock Exchange may from time to time determine provided that the Board may at any time determine a lower amount for such fee.
| 21. | If a share certificate shall be damaged or defaced or alleged to have been lost, stolen or destroyed a new certificate representing the same shares may be issued to the relevant Member upon request and on payment of such fee as the Board may determine and, subject to compliance with such terms (if any) as to evidence and indemnity and to payment of the costs and reasonable out-of-pocket expenses of the Company in investigating such evidence and preparing such indemnity as the Board may think fit and, in case of damage or defacement, on delivery of the old certificate to the Company provided always that where share warrants have been issued, no new share warrant shall be issued to replace one that has been lost unless the Board has determined that the original has been destroyed. |
LIEN
| 22. | The Company shall have a first and paramount lien on every share that is not a fully paid share, for all moneys (whether presently payable or not) called or payable at a fixed time in respect of that share. The Company shall also have a first and paramount lien on every share that is not a fully paid share registered in the name of a Member (whether or not jointly with other Members) for all amounts of money presently payable by such Member or his estate to the Company whether the same shall have been incurred before or after notice to the Company of any equitable or other interest of any person other than such member, and whether the payment or discharge of the same shall have actually become due or not, and notwithstanding that the same are joint debts or liabilities of such Member or his estate and any other person, whether a Member of the Company or not. The Company’s lien on a share shall extend to all dividends or other moneys payable thereon or in respect thereof. The Board may at any time, generally or in any particular case, waive any lien that has arisen or declare any share exempt in whole or in part, from the provisions of this Article 22. |
| 23. | Subject to these Articles, the Company may sell in such manner as the Board determines any share on which the Company has a lien, but no sale shall be made unless some sum in respect of which the lien exists is presently payable, or the liability or engagement in respect of which such lien exists is liable to be presently fulfilled or discharged nor until the expiration of fourteen (14) clear days after a Notice, stating and demanding payment of the sum presently payable, or specifying the liability or engagement and demanding fulfilment or discharge thereof and giving notice of the intention to sell in default, has been served on the registered holder for the time being of the share or the person entitled thereto by reason of his death or bankruptcy. |
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| 24. | The net proceeds of the sale shall be received by the Company and applied in or towards payment or discharge of the debt or liability in respect of which the lien exists, so far as the same is presently payable, and any residue shall, subject to a like lien for debts or liabilities not presently payable as existed upon the share prior to the sale, be paid to the person entitled to the share at the time of the sale. To give effect to any such sale the Board may authorise some person to transfer the shares sold to the purchaser thereof. The purchaser shall be registered as the holder of the shares so transferred and he shall not be bound to see to the application of the purchase money, nor shall his title to the shares be affected by any irregularity or invalidity in the proceedings relating to the sale. |
CALLS ON SHARES
| 25. | Subject to these Articles and to the terms of allotment, the Board may from time to time make calls upon the Members in respect of any moneys unpaid on their shares (whether on account of the nominal value of the shares or by way of premium), and each Member shall (subject to being given at least fourteen (14) clear days’ Notice specifying the time and place of payment) pay to the Company as required by such notice the amount called on his shares. A call may be extended, postponed or revoked in whole or in part as the Board determines but no Member shall be entitled to any such extension, postponement or revocation except as a matter of grace and favour. |
| 26. | A call shall be deemed to have been made at the time when the resolution of the Board authorising the call was passed and may be made payable either in one lump sum or by instalments. |
| 27. | A person upon whom a call is made shall remain liable for calls made upon him notwithstanding the subsequent transfer of the shares in respect of which the call was made. The joint holders of a share shall be jointly and severally liable to pay all calls and instalments due in respect thereof or other moneys due in respect thereof. |
| 28. | If a sum called in respect of a share is not paid before or on the day appointed for payment thereof, the person from whom the sum is due shall pay interest on the amount unpaid from the day appointed for payment thereof to the time of actual payment at such rate (not exceeding twenty per cent. (20%) per annum) as the Board may determine, but the Board may in its absolute discretion waive payment of such interest in whole or in part. |
| 29. | No Member shall be entitled to receive any dividend or bonus or to be present and vote (save as proxy for another Member) at any general meeting either personally or by proxy, or be reckoned in a quorum, or exercise any other privilege as a Member until all calls or instalments due by him to the Company, whether alone or jointly with any other person, together with interest and expenses (if any) shall have been paid. |
| 30. | On the trial or hearing of any action or other proceedings for the recovery of any money due for any call, it shall be sufficient to prove that the name of the Member sued is entered in the Register as the holder, or one of the holders, of the shares in respect of which such debt accrued, that the resolution making the call is duly recorded in the minute book, and that notice of such call was duly given to the Member sued, in pursuance of these Articles; and it shall not be necessary to prove the appointment of the Directors who made such call, nor any other matters whatsoever, but the proof of the matters aforesaid shall be conclusive evidence of the debt. |
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| 31. | Any amount payable in respect of a share upon allotment or at any fixed date, whether in respect of nominal value or premium or as an instalment of a call, shall be deemed to be a call duly made and payable on the date fixed for payment and if it is not paid the provisions of these Articles shall apply as if that amount had become due and payable by virtue of a call duly made and notified. |
| 32. | On the issue of shares the Board may differentiate between the allottees or holders as to the amount of calls to be paid and the times of payment. |
| 33. | The Board may, if it thinks fit, receive from any Member willing to advance the same, and either in money or money’s worth, all or any part of the moneys uncalled and unpaid or instalments payable upon any shares held by him and upon all or any of the moneys so advanced (until the same would, but for such advance, become presently payable) pay interest at such rate (if any) as the Board may decide. The Board may at any time repay the amount so advanced upon giving to such Member not less than one month’s Notice of its intention in that behalf, unless before the expiration of such notice the amount so advanced shall have been called up on the shares in respect of which it was advanced. Such payment in advance shall not entitle the holder of such share or shares to participate in respect thereof in a dividend subsequently declared. |
FORFEITURE OF SHARES
| 34. | (1) If a call remains unpaid after it has become due and payable the Board may give to the person from whom it is due not less than fourteen (14) clear days’ Notice: |
| (a) | requiring payment of the amount unpaid together with any interest which may have accrued and which may still accrue up to the date of actual payment; and |
| (b) | stating that if the Notice is not complied with the shares on which the call was made will be liable to be forfeited. |
(2) If the requirements of any such notice are not complied with, any share in respect of which such notice has been given may at any time thereafter, before payment of all calls and interest due in respect thereof has been made, be forfeited by a resolution of the Board to that effect, and such forfeiture shall include all dividends and bonuses declared in respect of the forfeited share but not actually paid before the forfeiture.
| 35. | When any share has been forfeited, notice of the forfeiture shall be served upon the person who was before forfeiture the holder of the share. No forfeiture shall be invalidated by any omission or neglect to give such notice. |
| 36. | The Board may accept the surrender of any share liable to be forfeited hereunder and, in such case, references in these Articles to forfeiture will include surrender. |
| 37. | Any share so forfeited shall be deemed the property of the Company and may be sold, re-allotted or otherwise disposed of to such person, upon such terms and in such manner as the Board determines, and at any time before a sale, re-allotment or disposition the forfeiture may be annulled by the Board on such terms as the Board determines. |
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| 38. | A person whose shares have been forfeited shall cease to be a Member in respect of the forfeited shares but nevertheless shall remain liable to pay the Company all moneys which at the date of forfeiture were presently payable by him to the Company in respect of the shares, with, if the Board shall in its discretion so requires, interest thereon from the date of forfeiture until payment at such rate (not exceeding twenty per cent. (20%) per annum) as the Board determines. The Board may enforce payment thereof if it thinks fit, and without any deduction or allowance for the value of the forfeited shares, at the date of forfeiture, but his liability shall cease if and when the Company shall have received payment in full of all such moneys in respect of the shares. For the purposes of this Article 38 any sum which, by the terms of issue of a share, is payable thereon at a fixed time which is subsequent to the date of forfeiture, whether on account of the nominal value of the share or by way of premium, shall notwithstanding that time has not yet arrived be deemed to be payable at the date of forfeiture, and the same shall become due and payable immediately upon the forfeiture, but interest thereon shall only be payable in respect of any period between the said fixed time and the date of actual payment. |
| 39. | A declaration by a Director or the Secretary that a share has been forfeited on a specified date shall be conclusive evidence of the facts therein stated as against all persons claiming to be entitled to the share, and such declaration shall (subject to the execution of an instrument of transfer by the Company if necessary) constitute a good title to the share, and the person to whom the share is disposed of shall be registered as the holder of the share and shall not be bound to see to the application of the consideration (if any), nor shall his title to the share be affected by any irregularity in or invalidity of the proceedings in reference to the forfeiture, sale or disposal of the share. When any share shall have been forfeited, notice of the declaration shall be given to the Member in whose name it stood immediately prior to the forfeiture, and an entry of the forfeiture, with the date thereof, shall forthwith be made in the Register, but no forfeiture shall be in any manner invalidated by any omission or neglect to give such notice or make any such entry. |
| 40. | Notwithstanding any such forfeiture as aforesaid the Board may at any time, before any shares so forfeited shall have been sold, re-allotted or otherwise disposed of, permit the shares forfeited to be bought back upon the terms of payment of all calls and interest due upon and expenses incurred in respect of the share, and upon such further terms (if any) as it thinks fit. |
| 41. | The forfeiture of a share shall not prejudice the right of the Company to any call already made or instalment payable thereon. |
| 42. | The provisions of these Articles as to forfeiture shall apply in the case of non-payment of any sum which, by the terms of issue of a share, becomes payable at a fixed time, whether on account of the nominal value of the share or by way of premium, as if the same had been payable by virtue of a call duly made and notified. |
REGISTER OF MEMBERS
| 43. | (1) The Company shall keep in one or more books a Register of its Members and shall enter therein the following particulars, that is to say: |
| (a) | the name and address of each Member, the number and class of shares held by him and the amount paid or agreed to be considered as paid on such shares; |
| (b) | the date on which each person was entered in the Register; and |
| (c) | the date on which any person ceased to be a Member. |
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(2) The Company may keep an overseas or local or other branch register of Members resident in any place, and the Board may make and vary such regulations as it determines in respect of the keeping of any such register and maintaining a Registration Office in connection therewith.
| 44. | The Register and branch register of Members, as the case may be, shall be open to inspection for such times and on such days as the Board shall determine by Members without charge or by any other person, upon a maximum payment of $2.50 or such other sum specified by the Board, at the Office or Registration Office or such other place at which the Register is kept in accordance with the Law. The Register including any overseas or local or other branch register of Members may, after compliance with any notice requirement of the Designated Stock Exchange, be closed at such times or for such periods not exceeding in the whole thirty (30) days in each year as the Board may determine and either generally or in respect of any class of shares. |
RECORD DATES
| 45. | For the purpose of determining the Members entitled to notice of or to vote at any general meeting, or any adjournment thereof, or entitled to receive payment of any dividend or other distribution or allotment of any rights, or entitled to exercise any rights in respect of any change, conversion or exchange of shares or for the purpose of any other lawful action, the Board may fix, in advance, a date as the record date for any such determination of the Members, which date shall not be more than forty (40) days nor less than ten (10) days before the date of such meeting, nor more than forty (40) days prior to any other such action. |
If the Board does not fix a record date for any general meeting, the record date for determining the Members entitled to a notice of or to vote at such meeting shall be at the close of business on the day next preceding the day on which notice is given, or, if in accordance with these Articles notice is waived, at the close of business on the day next preceding the day on which the meeting is held. The record date for determining the Members for any other purpose shall be at the close of business on the day on which the Board adopts the resolution relating thereto.
A determination of the Members of record entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting of the Members shall apply to any adjournment of the meeting; provided, however, that the Board may fix a new record date for the adjourned meeting.
TRANSFER OF SHARES
| 46. | (1) Subject to these Articles including, without limitation, in the case of Class B Ordinary Shares, Article 9(c), any Member may transfer all or any of his shares by an instrument of transfer in the usual or common form or in a form prescribed by the Designated Stock Exchange or in any other form approved by the Board and may be under hand or, if the transferor or transferee is a clearing house or a central depository house or its nominee(s), by hand or by machine imprinted signature or by such other manner of execution as the Board may approve from time to time. |
(2) Notwithstanding the provisions of subparagraph (1) above, for so long as any shares are listed on the Designated Stock Exchange, titles to such listed shares may be evidenced and transferred in accordance with the laws applicable to and the rules and regulations of the Designated Stock Exchange that are or shall be applicable to such listed shares. The register of members of the Company in respect of its listed shares (whether the Register or a branch register) may be kept by recording the particulars required by Section 40 of the Law in a form otherwise than legible if such recording otherwise complies with the laws applicable to and the rules and regulations of the Designated Stock Exchange that are or shall be applicable to such listed shares.
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| 47. | The instrument of transfer shall be executed by or on behalf of the transferor and the transferee provided that the Board may dispense with the execution of the instrument of transfer by the transferee in any case which it thinks fit in its discretion to do so. Without prejudice to Article 46, the Board may also resolve, either generally or in any particular case, upon request by either the transferor or transferee, to accept mechanically executed transfers. The transferor shall be deemed to remain the holder of the share until the name of the transferee is entered in the Register in respect thereof. Nothing in these Articles shall preclude the Board from recognising a renunciation of the allotment or provisional allotment of any share by the allottee in favour of some other person. |
| 48. | (1) The Board may, in its absolute discretion, and without giving any reason therefor, refuse to register a transfer of any share that is not a fully paid up share to a person of whom it does not approve, or any share issued under any share incentive scheme for employees upon which a restriction on transfer imposed thereby still subsists, and it may also, without prejudice to the foregoing generality, refuse to register a transfer of any share to more than four joint holders or a transfer of any share that is not a fully paid up share on which the Company has a lien. |
(2) The Board in so far as permitted by any applicable law may, in its absolute discretion, at any time and from time to time transfer any share upon the Register to any branch register or any share on any branch register to the Register or any other branch register. In the event of any such transfer, the Member requesting such transfer shall bear the cost of effecting the transfer unless the Board otherwise determines.
(3) Unless the Board otherwise agrees (which agreement may be on such terms and subject to such conditions as the Board in its absolute discretion may from time to time determine, and which agreement the Board shall, without giving any reason therefore, be entitled in its absolute discretion to give or withhold), no shares upon the Register shall be transferred to any branch register nor shall shares on any branch register be transferred to the Register or any other branch register and all transfers and other documents of title shall be lodged for registration, and registered, in the case of any shares on a branch register, at the relevant Registration Office, and, in the case of any shares on the Register, at the Office or such other place at which the Register is kept in accordance with the Law.
| 49. | Without limiting the generality of Article 48, the Board may decline to recognise any instrument of transfer unless: |
| (a) | a fee of such maximum sum as the Designated Stock Exchange may determine to be payable or such lesser sum as the Board may from time to time require is paid to the Company in respect thereof; |
| (b) | the instrument of transfer is in respect of only one class of share; |
| (c) | the instrument of transfer is lodged at the Office or such other place at which the Register is kept in accordance with the Law or the Registration Office (as the case may be) accompanied by the relevant share certificate(s) and such other evidence as the Board may reasonably require to show the right of the transferor to make the transfer (and, if the instrument of transfer is executed by some other person on his behalf, the authority of that person so to do); and |
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| (d) | if applicable, the instrument of transfer is duly and properly stamped. |
| 50. | If the Board refuses to register a transfer of any share, it shall, within three months after the date on which the transfer was lodged with the Company, send to each of the transferor and transferee notice of the refusal. |
| 51. | The registration of transfers of shares or of any class of shares may, after compliance with any notice requirement of the Designated Stock Exchange, be suspended at such times and for such periods (not exceeding in the whole thirty (30) days in any year) as the Board may determine. |
TRANSMISSION OF SHARES
| 52. | If a Member dies, the survivor or survivors where the deceased was a joint holder, and his legal personal representatives where he was a sole or only surviving holder, will be the only persons recognised by the Company as having any title to his interest in the shares; but nothing in this Article will release the estate of a deceased Member (whether sole or joint) from any liability in respect of any share which had been solely or jointly held by him. |
| 53. | Any person becoming entitled to a share in consequence of the death or bankruptcy or winding-up of a Member may, upon such evidence as to his title being produced as may be required by the Board, elect either to become the holder of the share or to have some person nominated by him registered as the transferee thereof. If he elects to become the holder he shall notify the Company in writing either at the Registration Office or the Office, as the case may be, to that effect. If he elects to have another person registered he shall execute a transfer of the share in favour of that person. The provisions of these Articles relating to the transfer and registration of transfers of shares shall apply to such notice or transfer as aforesaid as if the death or bankruptcy of the Member had not occurred and the notice or transfer were a transfer signed by such Member. |
| 54. | A person becoming entitled to a share by reason of the death or bankruptcy or winding-up of a Member shall be entitled to the same dividends and other advantages to which he would be entitled if he were the registered holder of the share. However, the Board may, if it thinks fit, withhold the payment of any dividend payable or other advantages in respect of such share until such person shall become the registered holder of the share or shall have effectually transferred such share, but, subject to the requirements of Article 75(2) being met, such a person may vote at meetings. |
UNTRACEABLE MEMBERS
| 55. | (1) Without prejudice to the rights of the Company under paragraph (2) of this Article 55, the Company may cease sending cheques for dividend entitlements or dividend warrants by post if such cheques or warrants have been left uncashed on two consecutive occasions. However, the Company may exercise the power to cease sending cheques for dividend entitlements or dividend warrants after the first occasion on which such a cheque or warrant is returned undelivered. |
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(2) The Company shall have the power to sell, in such manner as the Board thinks fit, any shares of a Member who is untraceable, but no such sale shall be made unless:
| (a) | all cheques or warrants in respect of dividends of the shares in question, being not less than three in total number, for any sum payable in cash to the holder of such shares sent during the relevant period in the manner authorised by these Articles have remained uncashed; |
| (b) | so far as it is aware at the end of the relevant period, the Company has not at any time during the relevant period received any indication of the existence of the Member who is the holder of such shares or of a person entitled to such shares by death, bankruptcy or operation of law; and |
| (c) | the Company, if so required by the rules governing the listing of shares on the Designated Stock Exchange, has given notice to, and caused advertisement in newspapers to be made in accordance with the requirements of the Designated Stock Exchange of its intention to sell such shares in the manner required by the Designated Stock Exchange, and a period of three months or such shorter period as may be allowed by the Designated Stock Exchange has elapsed since the date of such advertisement. |
For the purpose of the foregoing, the “relevant period” means the period commencing twelve (12) years before the date of publication of the advertisement referred to in paragraph (c) of this Article and ending at the expiry of the period referred to in that paragraph.
(3) To give effect to any such sale the Board may authorise some person to transfer the said shares and an instrument of transfer signed or otherwise executed by or on behalf of such person shall be as effective as if it had been executed by the registered holder or the person entitled by transmission to such shares, and the purchaser shall not be bound to see to the application of the purchase money nor shall his title to the shares be affected by any irregularity or invalidity in the proceedings relating to the sale. The net proceeds of the sale will belong to the Company and upon receipt by the Company of such net proceeds it shall become indebted to the former Member for an amount equal to such net proceeds. No trust shall be created in respect of such debt and no interest shall be payable in respect of it and the Company shall not be required to account for any money earned from the net proceeds which may be employed in the business of the Company or as it thinks fit. Any sale under this Article 55 shall be valid and effective notwithstanding that the Member holding the shares sold is dead, bankrupt or otherwise under any legal disability or incapacity.
GENERAL MEETINGS
| 56. | The Company may (but shall not be obliged to, unless as required by applicable law or rules of the Designated Stock Exchange) hold an annual general meeting and shall specify the meeting as such in the notices calling it. An annual general meeting of the Company shall be held at such time and place as may be determined by the Board. |
| 57. | Each general meeting, other than an annual general meeting, shall be called an extraordinary general meeting. General meetings may be held at such times and in any location in the world as may be determined by the Board. |
| 58. | (1) (i) A majority of the Board, or (ii) the Chairman of the Board, or (iii) any Director, where required to give effect to a requisition received under Article 58(2), may call extraordinary general meetings, which extraordinary general meetings shall be held at such times and locations (as permitted hereby) as such person or persons shall determine. |
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(2) Any one or more Members holding at the date of deposit of the requisition not less than two-thirds of the voting power of the Company’s share capital in issue carrying the right of voting at general meetings of the Company shall at all times have the right, by written requisition to the Board or the Secretary of the Company, to require an extraordinary general meeting to be called by the Board for the transaction of any business permitted by the Law or these Articles (subject to the provisions of Article 58(3)) as specified in such requisition; and such meeting shall be held within two (2) months after the deposit of such requisition. If within twenty-one (21) days of such deposit the Board fails to proceed to convene such meeting the requisitionist(s) himself (themselves) may do so in the same manner, and all reasonable expenses incurred by the requisitionist(s) as a result of the failure of the Board shall be reimbursed to the requisitionist(s) by the Company.
(3) A meeting requisitioned under Article 58(2) shall not be permitted to consider or vote upon (A) any resolutions with respect to the election, appointment or removal of Directors or with respect to the size of the Board, unless such proposal is first approved by the Nomination Committee of the Board; or (B) other than a special resolution in respect of the appointment or removal of any Director, any special resolution or any matters required to be passed by way of special resolution pursuant to these Articles or the Law.
(4) Other than by way of requisition under Article 58(2), Members have no right to propose resolutions or other business to be considered and voted upon at any general meeting of the Company.
NOTICE OF GENERAL MEETINGS
| 59. | (1) An annual general meeting and any extraordinary general meeting may be called by not less than ten (10) clear days’ Notice but a general meeting may be called by shorter notice, subject to the Law, if it is so agreed: |
| (a) | in the case of a meeting called as an annual general meeting, by all the Members entitled to attend and vote thereat; and |
| (b) | in the case of any other meeting, by a majority in number of the Members having the right to attend and vote at the meeting, being a majority together holding not less than ninety-five per cent. (95%) in nominal value of the issued shares giving that right. |
(2) The notice shall specify the time and place of the meeting and the general nature of the business. The notice convening an annual general meeting shall specify the meeting as such. Notice of every general meeting shall be given to all Members other than to such Members as, under the provisions of these Articles or the terms of issue of the shares they hold, are not entitled to receive such notices from the Company, to all persons entitled to a share in consequence of the death or bankruptcy or winding-up of a Member and to each of the Directors.
| 60. | The accidental omission to give Notice of a meeting or (in cases where instruments of proxy are sent out with the notice) to send such instrument of proxy to, or the non-receipt of such notice or such instrument of proxy by, any person entitled to receive such notice shall not invalidate any resolution passed or the proceedings at that meeting. |
PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS
| 61. | (1) No business other than the appointment of a chairman of a meeting shall be transacted at any general meeting unless a quorum is present at the commencement of the business. At any general meeting of the Company, one or more Members entitled to vote and present in person or by proxy or (in the case of a Member being a corporation) by its duly authorised representative representing not less than one-third of all voting power of the Company’s share capital in issue throughout the meeting shall form a quorum for all purposes. |
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(2) If within thirty (30) minutes (or such longer time not exceeding one hour as the chairman of the meeting may determine to wait) after the time appointed for the meeting a quorum is not present, the meeting shall stand adjourned to the same day in the next week at the same time and place or to such time and place as the Board may determine. If at such adjourned meeting a quorum is not present within half an hour from the time appointed for holding the meeting, the meeting shall be dissolved.
| 62. | The Chairman of the Board shall preside as chairman at every general meeting. If at any meeting the chairman is not present within thirty (30) minutes after the time appointed for holding the meeting, or is not willing to act as chairman, the Directors present shall choose one of their number to act, or if one Director only is present he shall preside as chairman if willing to act. If no Director is present, or if each of the Directors present declines to take the chair, or if the chairman chosen shall retire from the chair, the Members present in person or by proxy and entitled to vote shall elect one of their members to be chairman. |
| 63. | The chairman may adjourn the meeting from time to time and from place to place, but no business shall be transacted at any adjourned meeting other than the business which might lawfully have been transacted at the meeting had the adjournment not taken place. When a meeting is adjourned for fourteen (14) days or more, at least seven (7) clear days’ notice of the adjourned meeting shall be given specifying the time and place of the adjourned meeting but it shall not be necessary to specify in such notice the nature of the business to be transacted at the adjourned meeting and the general nature of the business to be transacted. Save as aforesaid, it shall be unnecessary to give notice of an adjournment. |
| 64. | If an amendment is proposed to any resolution under consideration but is in good faith ruled out of order by the chairman of the meeting, the proceedings on the substantive resolution shall not be invalidated by any error in such ruling. In the case of a resolution duly proposed as a special resolution, no amendment thereto (other than a mere clerical amendment to correct a patent error) may in any event be considered or voted upon. |
NO ACTION BY WRITTEN RESOLUTIONS OF MEMBERS
| 65. | Any action required or permitted to be taken at any annual or extraordinary general meetings of the Company may be taken only upon the vote of the Members at an annual or extraordinary general meeting duly noticed and convened in accordance with these Articles and the Law and may not be taken by written resolution of Members without a meeting. |
VOTING
| 66. | (1) Holders of Ordinary Shares have the right to receive notice of, attend, speak and vote at general meetings of the Company. Except as required by applicable law and subject to these Articles (including without limitation Article 10(a)), holders of Class A Ordinary Shares and Class B Ordinary Shares shall at all times vote together as one class on all matters submitted to a vote of the Shareholders. |
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(2) Subject to any special rights or restrictions as to voting for the time being attached to any shares by or in accordance with these Articles, at any general meeting on a poll:
| (a) | every Member holding Class A Ordinary Shares present in person or by proxy or, in the case of a Member being a corporation, by its duly authorised representative shall have one (1) vote for every fully paid Class A Ordinary Share of which he is the holder; and |
| (b) | every Member holding Class B Ordinary Shares present in person or by proxy or, in the case of a Member being a corporation, by its duly authorised representative shall have ten (10) votes for every fully paid Class B Ordinary Share of which he is the holder. |
(3) No amount paid up or credited as paid up on a share in advance of calls or instalments is treated for the foregoing purposes as paid up on the share.
(4) A resolution put to the vote of a meeting shall be decided by way of a poll save that the chairman of the meeting may in good faith, allow a resolution which relates purely to a procedural or administrative matter to be voted on by a show of hands in which case (i) every Member holding Class A Shares present in person (or being a corporation, is present by a duly authorized representative), or by proxy(ies) shall have one (1) vote, and (ii) every Member holding Class B Shares present in person (or being a corporation, is present by a duly authorized representative), or by proxy(ies) shall have ten (10) votes, provided that, notwithstanding anything contained in these Articles, where more than one proxy is appointed by a Member which is a clearing house or a central depository house (or its nominee(s)), each such proxy shall have one vote on a show of hands. For the purposes of these Articles, procedural and administrative matters are those that (i) are not on the agenda of the general meeting or in any supplementary circular that may be issued by the Company to its Members; and (ii) relate to the chairman’s duties to maintain the orderly conduct of the meeting and/or allow the business of the meeting to be properly and effectively dealt with, whilst allowing all Members a reasonable opportunity to express their views.
| 67. | Where a show of hands is allowed pursuant to these Articles, before or on the declaration of the result of the show of hands, a poll may be demanded: |
| (a) | by at least three Members present in person or in the case of a Member being a corporation by its duly authorised representative or by proxy for the time being entitled to vote at the meeting; or |
| (b) | by a Member or Members present in person or in the case of a Member being a corporation by its duly authorised representative or by proxy and representing not less than one-tenth of the total voting rights of all Members having the right to vote at the meeting; or |
| (c) | by a Member or Members present in person or in the case of a Member being a corporation by its duly authorised representative or by proxy and holding shares in the Company conferring a right to vote at the meeting being shares on which an aggregate sum has been paid up equal to not less than one-tenth of the total sum paid up on all shares conferring that right. |
A demand by a person as proxy for a Member or in the case of a Member being a corporation by its duly authorised representative shall be deemed to be the same as a demand by the Member.
| 68. | Where a resolution is voted on by a show of hands, a declaration by the chairman that a resolution has been carried, or carried unanimously, or by a particular majority, or not carried by a particular majority, or lost, and an entry to that effect made in the minute book of the Company, shall be conclusive evidence of the facts without proof of the number or proportion of the votes recorded for or against the resolution. |
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| 69. | The result of the poll shall be deemed to be the resolution of the meeting at which the poll was demanded. There shall be no requirement for the chairman to disclose the voting figures on a poll. |
| 70. | The demand for a poll shall not prevent the continuance of a meeting or the transaction of any business other than the question on which the poll has been demanded, and, with the consent of the chairman, it may be withdrawn at any time before the close of the meeting or the taking of the poll, whichever is the earlier. |
| 71. | On a poll votes may be given either personally or by proxy. |
| 72. | A person entitled to more than one vote on a poll need not use all his votes or cast all the votes he uses in the same way. |
| 73. | All questions submitted to a meeting shall be decided by a simple majority of votes cast by such Members as, being entitled to do so, vote in person or, by proxy or, in the case of a Member being a corporation, by its duly authorised representative except where a greater majority is required by these Articles or by the Law. |
| 74. | Where there are joint holders of any share any one of such joint holder may vote, either in person or by proxy, in respect of such share as if he were solely entitled thereto, but if more than one of such joint holders be present at any meeting the vote of the senior who tenders a vote, whether in person or by proxy, shall be accepted to the exclusion of the votes of the other joint holders, and for this purpose seniority shall be determined by the order in which the names stand in the Register in respect of the joint holding. Several executors or administrators of a deceased Member in whose name any share stands shall for the purposes of this Article be deemed joint holders thereof. |
| 75. | (1) A Member who is a patient for any purpose relating to mental health or in respect of whom an order has been made by any court having jurisdiction for the protection or management of the affairs of persons incapable of managing their own affairs may vote, by his receiver, committee, curator bonis or other person in the nature of a receiver, committee or curator bonis appointed by such court, and such receiver, committee, curator bonis or other person may vote on a poll by proxy, and may otherwise act and be treated as if he were the registered holder of such shares for the purposes of general meetings, provided that such evidence as the Board may require of the authority of the person claiming to vote shall have been deposited at the Office, head office or Registration Office, as appropriate, not less than forty-eight (48) hours before the time appointed for holding the meeting, or adjourned meeting or poll, as the case may be. |
(2) Any person entitled under Article 53 to be registered as the holder of any shares may vote at any general meeting in respect thereof in the same manner as if he were the registered holder of such shares, provided that forty-eight (48) hours at least before the time of the holding of the meeting or adjourned meeting, as the case may be, at which he proposes to vote, he shall satisfy the Board of his entitlement to such shares, or the Board shall have previously admitted his right to vote at such meeting in respect thereof.
| 76. | No Member shall, unless the Board otherwise determines, be entitled to attend and vote and to be reckoned in a quorum at any general meeting unless he is duly registered and all calls or other sums presently payable by him in respect of shares in the Company have been paid. |
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| 77. | If: |
| (a) | any objection shall be raised to the qualification of any voter; or |
| (b) | any votes have been counted which ought not to have been counted or which might have been rejected; or |
| (c) | any votes are not counted which ought to have been counted; |
the objection or error shall not vitiate the decision of the meeting or adjourned meeting on any resolution unless the same is raised or pointed out at the meeting or, as the case may be, the adjourned meeting at which the vote objected to is given or tendered or at which the error occurs. Any objection or error shall be referred to the chairman of the meeting and shall only vitiate the decision of the meeting on any resolution if the chairman decides that the same may have affected the decision of the meeting. The decision of the chairman on such matters shall be final and conclusive.
PROXIES
| 78. | Any Member entitled to attend and vote at a general meeting of the Company shall be entitled to appoint another person as his proxy to attend and vote instead of him. A Member who is the holder of two or more shares may appoint more than one proxy to represent him and vote on his behalf at a general meeting of the Company or at a class meeting. A proxy need not be a Member. In addition, a proxy or proxies representing either a Member who is an individual or a Member which is a corporation shall be entitled to exercise the same powers on behalf of the Member which he or they represent as such Member could exercise. |
| 79. | The instrument appointing a proxy shall be in writing under the hand of the appointor or of his attorney duly authorised in writing or, if the appointor is a corporation, either under its seal or under the hand of an officer, attorney or other person authorised to sign the same. In the case of an instrument of proxy purporting to be signed on behalf of a corporation by an officer thereof it shall be assumed, unless the contrary appears, that such officer was duly authorised to sign such instrument of proxy on behalf of the corporation without further evidence of the facts. |
| 80. | The instrument appointing a proxy and, if required by the Board, the power of attorney or other authority, if any, under which it is signed, or a certified copy of such power or authority, shall be delivered to such place or one of such places, if any, as may be specified for that purpose in or by way of note to or in any document accompanying the notice convening the meeting or, if no place is so specified at the Registration Office or the Office, as may be appropriate, not less than forty-eight (48) hours before the time appointed for holding the meeting or adjourned meeting at which the person named in the instrument proposes to vote or, in the case of a poll taken subsequently to the date of a meeting or adjourned meeting, not less than twenty-four (24) hours before the time appointed for the taking of the poll and in default the instrument of proxy shall not be treated as valid. No instrument appointing a proxy shall be valid after the expiration of twelve (12) months from the date named in it as the date of its execution, except at an adjourned meeting or on a poll demanded at a meeting or an adjourned meeting in cases where the meeting was originally held within twelve (12) months from such date. Delivery of an instrument appointing a proxy shall not preclude a Member from attending and voting in person at the meeting convened and in such event, the instrument appointing a proxy shall be deemed to be revoked. |
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| 81. | Instruments of proxy shall be in any common form or in such other form as the Board may approve (provided that this shall not preclude the use of the two-way form) and the Board may, if it thinks fit, send out with the notice of any meeting forms of instrument of proxy for use at the meeting. The instrument of proxy shall be deemed to confer authority to demand or join in demanding a poll and to vote on any amendment of a resolution put to the meeting for which it is given as the proxy thinks fit. The instrument of proxy shall, unless the contrary is stated therein, be valid as well for any adjournment of the meeting as for the meeting to which it relates. |
| 82. | A vote given in accordance with the terms of an instrument of proxy shall be valid notwithstanding the previous death or insanity of the principal, or revocation of the instrument of proxy or of the authority under which it was executed, provided that no intimation in writing of such death, insanity or revocation shall have been received by the Company at the Office or the Registration Office (or such other place as may be specified for the delivery of instruments of proxy in the notice convening the meeting or other document sent therewith) two (2) hours at least before the commencement of the meeting or adjourned meeting, or the taking of the poll, at which the instrument of proxy is used. |
| 83. | Anything which under these Articles a Member may do by proxy he may likewise do by his duly appointed attorney and the provisions of these Articles relating to proxies and instruments appointing proxies shall apply mutatis mutandis in relation to any such attorney and the instrument under which such attorney is appointed. |
CORPORATIONS ACTING BY REPRESENTATIVES
| 84. | (1) Any corporation which is a Member may by resolution of its directors or other governing body authorise such person as it thinks fit to act as its representative at any meeting of the Company or at any meeting of any class of Members. The person so authorised shall be entitled to exercise the same powers on behalf of such corporation as the corporation could exercise if it were an individual Member and such corporation shall for the purposes of these Articles be deemed to be present in person at any such meeting if a person so authorised is present thereat. |
(2) If a clearing house (or its nominee(s)) or a central depository entity, being a corporation, is a Member, it may authorise such persons as it thinks fit to act as its representatives at any meeting of the Company or at any meeting of any class of Members provided that the authorisation shall specify the number and class of shares in respect of which each such representative is so authorised. Each person so authorised under the provisions of this Article shall be deemed to have been duly authorised without further evidence of the facts and be entitled to exercise the same rights and powers on behalf of the clearing house or central depository entity (or its nominee(s)) as if such person was the registered holder of the shares of the Company held by the clearing house or a central depository entity (or its nominee(s)) including the right to vote individually on a show of hands.
(3) Any reference in these Articles to a duly authorised representative of a Member being a corporation shall mean a representative authorised under the provisions of this Article.
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
| 85. | (1) The number of Directors shall not be less than three (3). The Directors shall be elected or appointed in accordance with this Article 85. |
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(2) No person may be nominated for, or appointed as, a Director, nor removed from any such appointment as a Director, unless such nomination, appointment or removal has been approved by the Nomination Committee of the Company prior to such nomination, appointment or removal.
(3) Subject to Article 85(11), (i) any person appointed as a Director as of the date (the “IPO Date”) of the closing of the Company’s initial public offering of Class A Ordinary Shares represented by American Depositary Shares on the Designated Stock Exchange shall hold office for a period of three years from the IPO Date, or such other term as may be approved in the resolution appointing them; and (ii) any person appointed as a Director after the IPO Date shall hold office for a period of three years from the date of such appointment, or such other term as may be approved in the resolution appointing them. Each Director shall hold office until the expiration of his term, or his resignation, removal or retirement from the Board, or his disqualification as a Director.
(4) Subject to the Articles and the Law, the Members may by ordinary resolution elect any person to be a Director either to fill a casual vacancy or as an addition to the existing Board.
(5) The Directors shall have the power from time to time and at any time, by the affirmative vote of a majority of the Directors present and voting at a Board meeting, to appoint any person as a Director to fill a casual vacancy on the Board or as an addition to the existing Board.
(6) No Director shall be required to hold any shares of the Company by way of qualification and a Director who is not a Member shall be entitled to receive notice of and to attend and speak at any general meeting of the Company and of all classes of shares of the Company.
(7) Subject to any provision to the contrary in these Articles, a Director may, at any time before the expiration of his period of office (notwithstanding anything in these Articles or in any agreement between the Company and such Director (but without prejudice to any claim for damages under any such agreement)) be removed by way of either:
(i) a special resolution of the Members; or
(ii) the affirmative vote of two-thirds of the other Directors present and voting at a Board meeting; or
(iii) a resolution in writing (which complies with the requirements of the provisos contained in Article 119) signed by all the Directors other than the Director being removed.
(8) A vacancy on the Board created by the removal of a Director under the provisions of subparagraph (7) above may be filled by the election or appointment by way of either:
(i) an ordinary resolution of the Members at the meeting at which such Director is removed; or,
(ii) the affirmative vote of a majority of the remaining Directors present and voting at a Board meeting; or
(iii) a resolution in writing (which complies with the requirements of the provisos contained in Article 119) signed by all the Directors other than the Director so removed.
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(9) The Members may from time to time in general meeting by ordinary resolution increase or reduce the number of Directors but so that the number of Directors shall never be less than three (3).
(10) A retiring Director shall be eligible for re-election from the date commencing six (6) months prior to the date of expiry of his term of office, and shall continue to act as a Director throughout the meeting at which his re-election is considered.
(11) Where the retirement of any Director would cause the number of Directors to fall below the minimum number required pursuant to these Articles, then such Director shall continue to act as a Director until the appointment of such additional Director(s) as would not result in the Director’s retirement causing the number of Directors to fall below the minimum number required pursuant to these Articles, at which time they shall retire.
DISQUALIFICATION OF DIRECTORS
| 86. | The office of a Director shall be vacated if the Director: |
(1) resigns his office by Notice delivered to the Company at the Office or tendered at a meeting of the Board;
(2) becomes of unsound mind or dies;
(3) without special leave of absence from the Board, is absent from meetings of the Board for three (3) consecutive times, unless the Board resolves that his office not be vacated; or
(4) becomes bankrupt or has a receiving order made against him or suspends payment or compounds with his creditors;
(5) is prohibited by law from being a Director;
(6) ceases to be a Director by virtue of any provision of the Statutes or is removed from office pursuant to these Articles;
(7) for any Director that is not an Independent Director, without special leave of absence from the Board, is absent from more than fifty per cent. (50%) of the weekly management meetings of the Company in any financial year, unless the Board resolves that his office not be vacated; or
(8) for any Director that is not an Independent Director, without special leave of absence from the Board, is present at the premises of the Company, or any of its subsidiaries, for less than 60 Business Days in any financial year, unless the Board resolves that his office not be vacated.
EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS
| 87. | The Board may from time to time appoint any one or more of its body to be a managing director, joint managing director or deputy managing director or to hold any other employment or executive office with the Company for such period (subject to their continuance as Directors) and upon such terms as the Board may determine and the Board may revoke or terminate any of such appointments. Any such revocation or termination as aforesaid shall be without prejudice to any claim for damages that such Director may have against the Company or the Company may have against such Director. A Director appointed to an office under this Article 87 shall be subject to the same provisions as to removal as the other Directors of the Company, and he shall (subject to the provisions of any contract between him and the Company) ipso facto and immediately cease to hold such office if he shall cease to hold the office of Director for any cause. |
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| 88. | Notwithstanding Articles 93, 94, 95 and 96, an executive director appointed to an office under Article 87 hereof shall receive such remuneration (whether by way of salary, commission, participation in profits or otherwise or by all or any of those modes) and such other benefits (including pension and/or gratuity and/or other benefits on retirement) and allowances as the Board may from time to time determine, and either in addition to or in lieu of his remuneration as a Director. |
ALTERNATE DIRECTORS
| 89. | (1) Each Director shall use his or her best efforts to attend all meetings of the Board. |
(2) Any Director may at any time appoint another Director to be his alternate Director. Any such appointment shall be in respect of a specific meeting of Directors only and such appointment shall automatically cease upon termination of such meeting. An alternate Director may also be removed as an alternate Director at any time by the Director who appointed him.
(3) Any appointment or removal of an alternate Director shall be effected by Notice signed by the appointor and delivered to the Chairman of the Board at the Company’s principal executive offices in the People’s Republic of China from time to time. Any notice appointing an alternate Director shall be delivered to, and received by, Chairman of the Board not less than three (3) days prior to the date of the relevant meeting of the Board for which such alternate shall been appointed. Any notice removing an alternate Director may be delivered to, and received by, Chairman of the Board at any time prior to the date of the relevant meeting of the Board for which such alternate has been appointed.
(4) Any person so appointed shall have all the rights and powers of the Director for whom such person is appointed in the alternative (in addition to being counted in a quorum as a Director).
(5) An alternate Director shall not act as alternate to more than one Director. An alternate Director shall be entitled to receive notices of meetings of the Board or of committees of the Board to the same extent as, but in lieu of, the Director appointing him and shall be entitled to such extent to attend and vote as a Director at any such meeting at which the Director appointing him is not personally present and generally at such meeting to exercise and discharge all the functions, powers and duties of his appointor as a Director and for the purposes of the proceedings at such meeting the provisions of these Articles shall apply as if he were a Director.
| 90. | An alternate Director shall only be a Director for the purposes of the Law and shall only be subject to the provisions of the Law insofar as they relate to the duties and obligations of a Director when performing the functions of the Director for whom he is appointed in the alternative and shall alone be responsible to the Company for his acts and defaults and shall not be deemed to be the agent of or for the Director appointing him. An alternate Director shall be entitled to contract and be interested in and benefit from contracts or arrangements or transactions and to be repaid expenses and to be indemnified by the Company to the same extent mutatis mutandis as if he were a Director but he shall not be entitled to receive from the Company any fee in his capacity as an alternate Director except only such part, if any, of the remuneration otherwise payable to his appointor as such appointor may by Notice to the Company from time to time direct. |
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| 91. | Every person acting as an alternate Director shall have one vote for each Director for whom he acts as alternate (in addition to his own vote as a Director). |
| 92. | An alternate Director shall ipso facto cease to be an alternate Director if his appointor ceases for any reason to be a Director, however, such alternate Director or any other person may be re-appointed by the Directors to serve as an alternate Director provided always that, if at any meeting any Director retires but is re-elected at the same meeting, any appointment of such alternate Director pursuant to these Articles which was in force immediately before his retirement shall remain in force as though he had not retired. |
DIRECTORS’ FEES AND EXPENSES
| 93. | The Directors shall receive such remuneration as the Board may from time to time determine. |
| 94. | Each Director shall be entitled to be repaid or prepaid all travelling, hotel and incidental expenses reasonably incurred or expected to be incurred by him in attending meetings of the Board or committees of the Board or general meetings or separate meetings of any class of shares or of debentures of the Company or otherwise in connection with the discharge of his duties as a Director. |
| 95. | Any Director who, by request, goes or resides abroad for any purpose of the Company or who performs services which in the opinion of the Board go beyond the ordinary duties of a Director may be paid such extra remuneration (whether by way of salary, commission, participation in profits or otherwise) as the Board may determine and such extra remuneration shall be in addition to or in substitution for any ordinary remuneration provided for by or pursuant to any other Article. |
| 96. | The Board shall determine any payment to any Director or past Director of the Company by way of compensation for loss of office, or as consideration for or in connection with his retirement from office (not being payment to which the Director is contractually entitled). |
DIRECTORS’ INTERESTS
| 97. | A Director may: |
| (a) | hold any other office or place of profit with the Company (except that of Auditor) in conjunction with his office of Director for such period and upon such terms as the Board may determine. Any remuneration (whether by way of salary, commission, participation in profits or otherwise) paid to any Director in respect of any such other office or place of profit shall be in addition to any remuneration provided for by or pursuant to any other Article; |
| (b) | act by himself or his firm in a professional capacity for the Company (otherwise than as Auditor) and he or his firm may be remunerated for professional services as if he were not a Director; |
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| (c) | continue to be or become a director, managing director, joint managing director, deputy managing director, executive director, manager or other officer or member of any other company promoted by the Company or in which the Company may be interested as a vendor, shareholder or otherwise and, unless otherwise agreed, no such Director shall be accountable for any remuneration, profits or other benefits received by him as a director, managing director, joint managing director, deputy managing director, executive director, manager or other officer or member of or from his interests in any such other company. Subject as otherwise provided by these Articles the Directors may exercise or cause to be exercised the voting powers conferred by the shares in any other company held or owned by the Company, or exercisable by them as Directors of such other company in such manner in all respects as they think fit (including the exercise thereof in favour of any resolution appointing themselves or any of them directors, managing directors, joint managing directors, deputy managing directors, executive directors, managers or other officers of such company) or voting or providing for the payment of remuneration to the director, managing director, joint managing director, deputy managing director, executive director, manager or other officers of such other company and any Director may vote in favour of the exercise of such voting rights in manner aforesaid notwithstanding that he may be, or about to be, appointed a director, managing director, joint managing director, deputy managing director, executive director, manager or other officer of such other company, and that as such he is or may become interested in the exercise of such voting rights in manner aforesaid. |
Notwithstanding the foregoing, no “Independent Director” as defined in the rules of the Designated Stock Exchange or in Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act, and with respect of whom the Board has determined constitutes an “Independent Director” for purposes of compliance with applicable law or the rules of the Designated Stock Exchange, shall take any of the foregoing actions or any other action that would reasonably be likely to affect such Director’s status as an “Independent Director” of the Company without the consent of the Audit Committee.
| 98. | Subject to the Law and to these Articles, no Director or proposed or intending Director shall be disqualified by his office from contracting with the Company, either with regard to his tenure of any office or place of profit or as vendor, purchaser or in any other manner whatever, nor shall any such contract or any other contract or arrangement in which any Director is in any way interested be liable to be avoided, nor shall any Director so contracting or being so interested be liable to account to the Company or the Members for any remuneration, profit or other benefits realised by any such contract or arrangement by reason of such Director holding that office or of the fiduciary relationship thereby established provided that such Director shall disclose the nature of his interest in any contract or arrangement in which he is interested in accordance with Article 99 herein. Any such transaction that would reasonably be likely to affect a Director’s status as an “Independent Director”, or that would constitute a “related party transaction”, as defined under applicable law or the rules of the Designated Stock Exchange, shall require the approval of the Audit Committee pursuant to the applicable law or the rules of the Designated Stock Exchange. |
| 99. | A Director who to his knowledge is in any way, whether directly or indirectly, interested in a contract or arrangement or proposed contract or arrangement with the Company shall declare the nature of his interest at the meeting of the Board at which the question of entering into the contract or arrangement is first considered, if he knows his interest then exists, or in any other case at the first meeting of the Board after he knows that he is or has become so interested. For the purposes of this Article, a general Notice to the Board by a Director to the effect that: |
| (a) | he is a member or officer of a specified company or firm and is to be regarded as interested in any contract or arrangement which may after the date of the Notice be made with that company or firm; or |
| (b) | he is to be regarded as interested in any contract or arrangement which may after the date of the Notice be made with a specified person who is connected with him; shall be deemed to be a sufficient declaration of interest under this Article in relation to any such contract or arrangement, provided that no such notice shall be effective unless either it is given at a meeting of the Board or the Director takes reasonable steps to secure that it is brought up and read at the next Board meeting after it is given. |
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| 100. | Following a declaration being made pursuant to the last preceding two Articles, subject to any separate requirement for Audit Committee approval under applicable law or the listing rules of the Company’s Designated Stock Exchange, and unless disqualified by the chairman of the relevant Board meeting, a Director may vote in respect of any contract or proposed contract or arrangement in which such Director is interested and may be counted in the quorum at such meeting. |
GENERAL POWERS OF THE DIRECTORS
| 101. | (1) The business of the Company shall be managed and conducted by the Board, which may pay all expenses incurred in forming and registering the Company and may exercise all powers of the Company (whether relating to the management of the business of the Company or otherwise) which are not by the Statutes or by these Articles required to be exercised by the Members in a general meeting, subject nevertheless to the provisions of the Statutes and of these Articles and to such regulations being not inconsistent with such provisions, as may be prescribed by the Members in a general meeting, but no regulations made by the Members in a general meeting shall invalidate any prior act of the Board which would have been valid if such regulations had not been made. The general powers given by this Article shall not be limited or restricted by any special authority or power given to the Board by any other Article. |
(2) Any person contracting or dealing with the Company in the ordinary course of business shall be entitled to rely on any written or oral contract or agreement or deed, document or instrument entered into or executed as the case may be by any two of the Directors acting jointly on behalf of the Company and the same shall be deemed to be validly entered into or executed by the Company as the case may be and shall, subject to any rule of law, be binding on the Company.
(3) Without prejudice to the general powers conferred by these Articles it is hereby expressly declared that the Board shall have the following powers:
| (a) | To give to any person the right or option of requiring at a future date that an allotment shall be made to him of any share at par or at such premium as may be agreed. |
| (b) | To give to any Directors, officers or employees of the Company an interest in any particular business or transaction or participation in the profits thereof or in the general profits of the Company either in addition to or in substitution for a salary or other remuneration. |
| (c) | To resolve that the Company be deregistered in the Cayman Islands and continued in a named jurisdiction outside the Cayman Islands subject to the provisions of the Law. |
| 102. | The Board may establish any regional or local boards or agencies for managing any of the affairs of the Company in any place, and may appoint any persons to be members of such local boards, or any managers or agents, and may fix their remuneration (either by way of salary or by commission or by conferring the right to participation in the profits of the Company or by a combination of two or more of these modes) and pay the working expenses of any staff employed by them upon the business of the Company. The Board may delegate to any regional or local board, manager or agent any of the powers, authorities and discretions vested in or exercisable by the Board (other than its powers to make calls and forfeit shares), with power to sub-delegate, and may authorise the members of any of them to fill any vacancies therein and to act notwithstanding vacancies. Any such appointment or delegation may be made upon such terms and subject to such conditions as the Board may think fit, and the Board may remove any person appointed as aforesaid, and may revoke or vary such delegation, but no person dealing in good faith and without notice of any such revocation or variation shall be affected thereby. |
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| 103. | The Board may by power of attorney appoint any company, firm or person or any fluctuating body of persons, whether nominated directly or indirectly by the Board, to be the attorney or attorneys of the Company for such purposes and with such powers, authorities and discretions (not exceeding those vested in or exercisable by the Board under these Articles) and for such period and subject to such conditions as it may think fit, and any such power of attorney may contain such provisions for the protection and convenience of persons dealing with any such attorney as the Board may think fit, and may also authorise any such attorney to sub-delegate all or any of the powers, authorities and discretions vested in him. Such attorney or attorneys may, if so authorised under the Seal of the Company, execute any deed or instrument under their personal seal with the same effect as the affixation of the Company’s Seal. |
| 104. | The Board may entrust to and confer upon a managing director, joint managing director, deputy managing director, an executive director or any Director any of the powers exercisable by it upon such terms and conditions and with such restrictions as it thinks fit, and either collaterally with, or to the exclusion of, its own powers, and may from time to time revoke or vary all or any of such powers but no person dealing in good faith and without notice of such revocation or variation shall be affected thereby. |
| 105. | All cheques, promissory notes, drafts, bills of exchange and other instruments, whether negotiable or transferable or not, and all receipts for moneys paid to the Company shall be signed, drawn, accepted, endorsed or otherwise executed, as the case may be, in such manner as the Board shall from time to time by resolution determine. The Company’s banking accounts shall be kept with such banker or bankers as the Board shall from time to time determine. |
| 106. | (1) The Board may establish or concur or join with other companies (being subsidiary companies of the Company or companies with which it is associated in business) in establishing and making contributions out of the Company’s moneys to any schemes or funds for providing pensions, sickness or compassionate allowances, life assurance or other benefits for employees (which expression as used in this and the following paragraph shall include any Director or ex-Director who may hold or have held any executive office or any office of profit under the Company or any of its subsidiary companies) and ex-employees of the Company and their dependants or any class or classes of such person. |
(2) The Board may pay, enter into agreements to pay or make grants of revocable or irrevocable pensions or other benefits to employees and ex-employees and their dependants, or to any of such persons, including pensions or benefits additional to those, if any, to which such employees or ex-employees or their dependants are or may become entitled under any such scheme or fund as mentioned in the last preceding paragraph. Any such pension or benefit may, as the Board considers desirable, be granted to an employee either before and in anticipation of or upon or at any time after his actual retirement, and may be subject or not subject to any terms or conditions as the Board may determine.
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BORROWING POWERS
| 107. | The Board may exercise all the powers of the Company to raise or borrow money and to mortgage or charge all or any part of the undertaking, property and assets (present and future) and uncalled capital of the Company and, subject to the Law, to issue debentures, bonds and other securities, whether outright or as collateral security for any debt, liability or obligation of the Company or of any third party. |
| 108. | Debentures, bonds and other securities may be made assignable free from any equities between the Company and the person to whom the same may be issued. |
| 109. | Any debentures, bonds or other securities may be issued at a discount (other than shares), premium or otherwise and with any special privileges as to redemption, surrender, drawings, allotment of shares, attending and voting at general meetings of the Members, appointment of Directors and otherwise. |
| 110. | (1) Where any uncalled capital of the Company is charged, all persons taking any subsequent charge thereon shall take the same subject to such prior charge, and shall not be entitled, by notice to the Members or otherwise, to obtain priority over such prior charge. |
(2) The Board shall cause a proper register to be kept, in accordance with the provisions of the Law, of all charges specifically affecting the property of the Company and of any series of debentures issued by the Company and shall duly comply with the requirements of the Law in regard to the registration of charges and debentures therein specified and otherwise.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE DIRECTORS
| 111. | The Board may meet for the despatch of business, adjourn and otherwise regulate its meetings as it considers appropriate. Questions arising at any meeting shall be determined by a majority of votes, other than (i) any removal of any person as a Director, or (ii) any appointment or removal of any person as the Chairman of the Board, or (iii) any removal of any person as chairman or other member of any committee of the Board which, in each case, shall be determined by a resolution passed by a majority of not less than two-thirds of votes cast by such Directors as, being entitled so to do, vote at a meeting of the Board. In the case of any equality of votes the chairman of the meeting shall have an additional or casting vote. |
| 112. | (1) A meeting of the Board may be convened by (i) the Chairman of the Board, or (ii) a majority of the Directors. The Secretary shall convene a meeting of the Board whenever so required to do by the Chairman of the Board or a majority of the Directors by notice in writing to each Director. |
(2) A meeting of the Board may be called by not less than two (2) clear days’ notice. A meeting of the Board may be called by shorter notice if it is so agreed by all the Directors entitled to attend and vote at such a meeting.
(3) Any notice of a meeting of the Board shall (i) specify the time and place of the meeting, and (ii) set out in reasonable detail the nature of the business to be discussed at the meeting. Notice may be given in writing or by telephone or in such other manner as the Board may from time to time determine.
| 113. | (1) The quorum necessary for the transaction of the business of the Board may be fixed by the Board and, unless so fixed at any other number, shall be not less than half of the number of the Directors then in office, and shall always include the Chairman of the Board. An alternate Director shall be counted in a quorum in the case of the absence of a Director for whom he is the alternate (in addition to being counted in a quorum as a Director). |
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(2) Directors may participate in any meeting of the Board by means of a conference telephone, electronic or other communications equipment through which all persons participating in the meeting can communicate with each other simultaneously and instantaneously and, for the purpose of counting a quorum, such participation shall constitute presence at a meeting as if those participating were present in person.
(3) Any Director who ceases to be a Director at a Board meeting may continue to be present and to act as a Director and be counted in the quorum until the termination of such Board meeting if no other Director objects and if otherwise a quorum of Directors would not be present.
(4) No business other than that set out in the notice of the relevant meeting shall be discussed, or any resolutions passed in respect of such business, unless unanimously agreed by all the Directors present at such meeting.
| 114. | The continuing Directors or a sole continuing Director may act notwithstanding any vacancy in the Board but, if and so long as the number of Directors is reduced below the minimum number fixed by or in accordance with these Articles as the quorum, the continuing Directors or Director, notwithstanding that the number of Directors is below the number fixed by or in accordance with these Articles as the quorum or that there is only one continuing Director, may act for the purpose of filling vacancies in the Board or of summoning general meetings of the Company but not for any other purpose. |
| 115. | The Chairman of the Board shall be the chairman of all meetings of the Board. If the Chairman of the Board is not present at any meeting within thirty (30) minutes after the time appointed for holding the same, the Directors present may choose one of their number to be chairman of the meeting. |
| 116. | A meeting of the Board at which a quorum is present shall be competent to exercise all the powers, authorities and discretions for the time being vested in or exercisable by the Board. |
| 117. | (1) The Board may delegate any of its powers, authorities and discretions to committees (including, without limitation, the Audit Committee), consisting of such Director or Directors and other persons as it thinks fit, and they may, from time to time, revoke such delegation or revoke the appointment of and discharge any such committees either wholly or in part, and either as to persons or purposes. Any committee so formed shall, in the exercise of the powers, authorities and discretions so delegated, conform to any regulations which may be imposed on it by the Board. |
(2) All acts done by any such committee in conformity with such regulations, and in fulfilment of the purposes for which it was appointed, but not otherwise, shall have like force and effect as if done by the Board, and the Board (or if the Board delegates such power, the committee) shall have power to remunerate the members of any such committee, and charge such remuneration to the current expenses of the Company.
| 118. | The meetings and proceedings of any committee consisting of two or more members shall be governed by the provisions contained in these Articles for regulating the meetings and proceedings of the Board so far as the same are applicable and are not superseded by any regulations imposed by the Board under the last preceding Article, indicating, without limitation, any committee charter adopted by the Board for purposes or in respect of any such committee. |
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| 119. | A resolution in writing signed by all the Directors (other than in the circumstances set out in Article 85) except such as are temporarily unable to act due to ill-health or disability shall (provided that (i) the circulation of such resolutions has the prior approval of, and is initiated by, the Chairman of the Board, (ii) such number of signatories includes the Chairman of the Board and is sufficient to constitute a quorum, and (iii) further provided that a copy of such resolution has been given or the contents thereof communicated to all the Directors for the time being entitled to receive notices of Board meetings in the same manner as notices of meetings are required to be given by these Articles) be as valid and effectual as if a resolution had been passed at a meeting of the Board duly convened and held. Such resolution may be contained in one document or in several documents in like form each signed by one or more of the Directors and for this purpose a facsimile signature of a Director shall be treated as valid. |
| 120. | All acts bona fide done by the Board or by any committee or by any person acting as a Director or members of a committee, shall, notwithstanding that it is afterwards discovered that there was some defect in the appointment of any member of the Board or such committee or person acting as aforesaid or that they or any of them were disqualified or had vacated office, be as valid as if every such person had been duly appointed and was qualified and had continued to be a Director or member of such committee. |
COMMITTEES
| 121. | Without prejudice to the freedom of the Directors to establish any other committees, and subject to the provisions of Article 111(iii), for so long as the shares of the Company (or depositary receipts therefor) are listed or quoted on the Designated Stock Exchange, the Board shall establish and maintain an Audit Committee as a committee of the Board. |
| 122. | The composition and responsibilities of the Audit Committee shall comply with the rules of the Designated Stock Exchange and the rules and regulations of the SEC. |
| 123. | For so long as the shares of the Company (or depositary receipts therefor) are listed or quoted on the Designated Stock Exchange, the Company shall conduct an appropriate review of all related party transactions on an ongoing basis and shall utilize the Audit Committee for the review and approval of potential conflicts of interest pursuant to the applicable laws and rules of the Designated Stock Exchange. |
OFFICERS
| 124. | (1) The officers of the Company shall consist of the Chairman of the Board, the Directors and such additional officers (who may or may not be Directors) as the Board may from time to time determine, all of whom shall be deemed to be officers for the purposes of the Law and these Articles. In addition to the officers of the Company, the Board may also from time to time determine and appoint managers and delegate to the same such powers and duties as are prescribed by the Board. |
(2) The Directors shall elect the Chairman of the Board from amongst the Directors then in office. Such election shall be by way of a resolution passed by not less than two-thirds of votes cast by such Directors as, being entitled so to do, vote at a meeting of the Board.
(3) The officers shall receive such remuneration as the Directors may from time to time determine.
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| 125. | (1) The Secretary and additional officers, if any, shall be appointed by the Board and shall hold office on such terms and for such period as the Board may determine. If thought fit, two or more persons may be appointed as joint Secretaries. The Board may also appoint from time to time on such terms as it thinks fit one or more assistant or deputy Secretaries. |
(2) The Secretary shall attend all meetings of the Members and shall keep correct minutes of such meetings and enter the same in the proper books provided for the purpose. He shall perform such other duties as are prescribed by the Law or these Articles or as may be prescribed by the Board.
| 126. | The officers of the Company shall have such powers and perform such duties in the management, business and affairs of the Company as may be delegated to them by the Directors from time to time. |
| 127. | A provision of the Law or of these Articles requiring or authorising a thing to be done by or to a Director and the Secretary shall not be satisfied by its being done by or to the same person acting both as Director and as or in place of the Secretary. |
REGISTER OF DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS
| 128. | The Company shall cause to be kept in one or more books at its Office a Register of Directors and Officers in which there shall be entered the full names and addresses of the Directors and Officers and such other particulars as required by the Law or as the Directors may determine. The Company shall send to the Registrar of Companies in the Cayman Islands a copy of such register, and shall from time to time notify to the said Registrar of any change that takes place in relation to such Directors and Officers as required by the Law. |
MINUTES
| 129. | (1) | The Board shall cause minutes to be duly entered in books provided for the purpose: |
| (a) | of all elections and appointments of officers; |
| (b) | of the names of the Directors present at each meeting of the Directors and of any committee of the Directors; |
| (c) | of all resolutions and proceedings of each general meeting of the Members, meetings of the Board and meetings of committees of the Board and where there are managers, of all proceedings of meetings of the managers. |
| (2) | Minutes shall be kept by the Secretary at the Office for a period of not less than ten (10) years from the date of the relevant meeting, or for any longer period as may be required by the Statutes. |
| (3) | Minutes shall be signed by the chairman of the relevant meeting. |
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SEAL
| 130. | (1) The Company shall have one or more Seals, as the Board may determine. For the purpose of sealing documents creating or evidencing securities issued by the Company, the Company may have a securities seal which is a facsimile of the Seal of the Company with the addition of the word “Securities” on its face or in such other form as the Board may approve. The Board shall provide for the custody of each Seal and no Seal shall be used without the authority of the Board or of a committee of the Board authorised by the Board in that behalf. Subject as otherwise provided in these Articles, any instrument to which a Seal is affixed shall be signed autographically by one Director and the Secretary or by two Directors or by such other person (including a Director) or persons as the Board may appoint, either generally or in any particular case, save that as regards any certificates for shares or debentures or other securities of the Company the Board may by resolution determine that such signatures or either of them shall be dispensed with or affixed by some method or system of mechanical signature. Every instrument executed in manner provided by this Article 130 shall be deemed to be sealed and executed with the authority of the Board previously given. |
(2) Where the Company has a Seal for use abroad, the Board may by writing under the Seal appoint any agent or committee abroad to be the duly authorised agent of the Company for the purpose of affixing and using such Seal and the Board may impose restrictions on the use thereof as may be thought fit. Wherever in these Articles reference is made to the Seal, the reference shall, when and so far as may be applicable, be deemed to include any such other Seal as aforesaid.
AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS
| 131. | Any Director or the Secretary or any person appointed by the Board for the purpose may authenticate any documents affecting the constitution of the Company and any resolution passed by the Company or the Board or any committee, and any books, records, documents and accounts relating to the business of the Company, and to certify copies thereof or extracts therefrom as true copies or extracts, and if any books, records, documents or accounts are elsewhere than at the Office or the head office the local manager or other officer of the Company having the custody thereof shall be deemed to be a person so appointed by the Board. A document purporting to be a copy of a resolution, or an extract from the minutes of a meeting, of the Company or of the Board or any committee thereof which is so certified shall be conclusive evidence in favour of all persons dealing with the Company upon the faith thereof that such resolution has been duly passed or, as the case may be, that such minutes or extract is a true and accurate record of proceedings at a duly constituted meeting. |
DESTRUCTION OF DOCUMENTS
| 132. | (1) | The Company shall be entitled to destroy the following documents at the following times: |
| (a) | any share certificate which has been cancelled at any time after the expiry of one (1) year from the date of such cancellation; |
| (b) | any dividend mandate or any variation or cancellation thereof or any notification of change of name or address at any time after the expiry of two (2) years from the date such mandate variation cancellation or notification was recorded by the Company; |
| (c) | any instrument of transfer of shares which has been registered at any time after the expiry of seven (7) years from the date of registration; |
| (d) | any allotment letters after the expiry of seven (7) years from the date of issue thereof; and |
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| (e) | copies of powers of attorney, grants of probate and letters of administration at any time after the expiry of seven (7) years after the account to which the relevant power of attorney, grant of probate or letters of administration related has been closed; |
and it shall conclusively be presumed in favour of the Company that every entry in the Register purporting to be made on the basis of any such documents so destroyed was duly and properly made and every share certificate so destroyed was a valid certificate duly and properly cancelled and that every instrument of transfer so destroyed was a valid and effective instrument duly and properly registered and that every other document destroyed hereunder was a valid and effective document in accordance with the recorded particulars thereof in the books or records of the Company. Provided always that: (1) the foregoing provisions of this Article 132 shall apply only to the destruction of a document in good faith and without express notice to the Company that the preservation of such document was relevant to a claim; (2) nothing contained in this Article 132 shall be construed as imposing upon the Company any liability in respect of the destruction of any such document earlier than as aforesaid or in any case where the conditions of proviso (1) above are not fulfilled; and (3) references in this Article to the destruction of any document include references to its disposal in any manner.
(2) Notwithstanding any provision contained in these Articles, the Directors may, if permitted by applicable law, authorise the destruction of documents set out in sub-paragraphs (a) to (e) of paragraph (1) of this Article 132 and any other documents in relation to share registration which have been microfilmed or electronically stored by the Company or by the share registrar on its behalf provided always that this Article shall apply only to the destruction of a document in good faith and without express notice to the Company and its share registrar that the preservation of such document was relevant to a claim.
DIVIDENDS AND OTHER PAYMENTS
| 133. | Subject to the Law and any rights and restrictions for the time being attached to any class or classes of shares and these Articles, the Board may from time to time declare dividends in any currency to be paid to the Members and other distributions on shares in issue and authorise payment of the same out of the funds of the Company lawfully available therefor. At any and every time the Board declares dividends, Class A Ordinary Shares and Class B Ordinary Shares shall have identical rights in the dividends so declared. |
| 134. | Dividends may be declared and paid out of the profits of the Company, realised or unrealised, or from any reserve set aside from profits which the Directors determine is no longer needed. The Board may also declare and pay dividends out of share premium account or any other fund or account which can be authorised for this purpose in accordance with the Law. |
| 135. | Except in so far as the rights attaching to, or the terms of issue of, any share otherwise provide, |
| (a) | all dividends shall be declared and paid according to the amounts paid up on the shares in respect of which the dividend is paid, but no amount paid up on a share in advance of calls shall be treated for the purposes of this Article as paid up on the share; and |
| (b) | all dividends shall be apportioned and paid pro rata according to the amounts paid up on the shares during any portion or portions of the period in respect of which the dividend is paid. |
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| 136. | The Board may from time to time pay to the Members such interim dividends as appear to the Board to be justified by the profits of the Company and in particular (but without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing) if at any time the share capital of the Company is divided into different classes, the Board may pay such interim dividends in respect of those shares in the capital of the Company which confer on the holders thereof deferred or non-preferential rights as well as in respect of those shares which confer on the holders thereof preferential rights with regard to dividend and may also pay any fixed dividend which is payable on any shares of the Company half-yearly or on any other dates, whenever such profits, in the opinion of the Board, justifies such payment. The Board shall not incur any responsibility to the holders of shares conferring any preference for any damage that they may suffer by reason of the payment of an interim dividend on any shares having deferred or non-preferential rights |
| 137. | The Board may deduct from any dividend or other moneys payable to a Member by the Company on or in respect of any shares all sums of money (if any) presently payable by him to the Company on account of calls or otherwise. |
| 138. | No dividend or other moneys payable by the Company on or in respect of any share shall bear interest against the Company. |
| 139. | Any dividend, interest or other sum payable in cash to the holder of shares may be paid by cheque or warrant sent through the post addressed to the holder at his registered address or, in the case of joint holders, addressed to the holder whose name stands first in the Register in respect of the shares at his address as appearing in the Register or addressed to such person and at such address as the holder or joint holders may in writing direct. Every such cheque or warrant shall, unless the holder or joint holders otherwise direct, be made payable to the order of the holder or, in the case of joint holders, to the order of the holder whose name stands first on the Register in respect of such shares, and shall be sent at his or their risk and payment of the cheque or warrant by the bank on which it is drawn shall constitute a good discharge to the Company notwithstanding that it may subsequently appear that the same has been stolen or that any endorsement thereon has been forged. Any one of two or more joint holders may give effectual receipts for any dividends or other moneys payable or property distributable in respect of the shares held by such joint holders. |
| 140. | All dividends or bonuses unclaimed for one (1) year after having been declared may be invested or otherwise made use of by the Board for the benefit of the Company until claimed. Any dividend or bonuses unclaimed after a period of six (6) years from the date of declaration shall be forfeited and shall revert to the Company. The payment by the Board of any unclaimed dividend or other sums payable on or in respect of a share into a separate account shall not constitute the Company a trustee in respect thereof. |
| 141. | Whenever the Board has resolved that a dividend be paid or declared, the Board may further resolve that such dividend be satisfied wholly or in part by the distribution of specific assets of any kind and in particular of paid up shares, debentures or warrants to subscribe securities of the Company or any other company, or in any one or more of such ways, and where any difficulty arises in regard to the distribution the Board may settle the same as it thinks expedient, and in particular may issue certificates in respect of fractions of shares, disregard fractional entitlements or round the same up or down, and may fix the value for distribution of such specific assets, or any part thereof, and may determine that cash payments shall be made to any Members upon the basis of the value so fixed in order to adjust the rights of all parties, and may vest any such specific assets in trustees as may seem expedient to the Board and may appoint any person to sign any requisite instruments of transfer and other documents on behalf of the persons entitled to the dividend, and such appointment shall be effective and binding on the Members. The Board may resolve that no such assets shall be made available to Members with registered addresses in any particular territory or territories where, in the absence of a registration statement or other special formalities, such distribution of assets would or might, in the opinion of the Board, be unlawful or impracticable and in such event the only entitlement of the Members aforesaid shall be to receive cash payments as aforesaid. Members affected as a result of the foregoing sentence shall not be or be deemed to be a separate class of Members for any purpose whatsoever. |
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| 142. | (1) Whenever the Board has resolved that a dividend be paid or declared on any class of the share capital of the Company, the Board may further resolve either: |
| (a) | that such dividend be satisfied wholly or in part in the form of an allotment of shares credited as fully paid up, provided that the Members entitled thereto will be entitled to elect to receive such dividend (or part thereof if the Board so determines) in cash in lieu of such allotment. In such case, the following provisions shall apply: |
| (i) | the basis of any such allotment shall be determined by the Board; |
| (ii) | the Board, after determining the basis of allotment, shall give not less than ten (10) days’ Notice to the holders of the relevant shares of the right of election accorded to them and shall send with such notice forms of election and specify the procedure to be followed and the place at which and the latest date and time by which duly completed forms of election must be lodged in order to be effective; |
| (iii) | the right of election may be exercised in respect of the whole or part of that portion of the dividend in respect of which the right of election has been accorded; and |
| (iv) | the dividend (or that part of the dividend to be satisfied by the allotment of shares as aforesaid) shall not be payable in cash on shares in respect whereof the cash election has not been duly exercised (“the non-elected shares”) and in satisfaction thereof shares of the relevant class shall be allotted credited as fully paid up to the holders of the non-elected shares on the basis of allotment determined as aforesaid and for such purpose the Board shall capitalise and apply out of any part of the undivided profits of the Company (including profits carried and standing to the credit of any reserves or other special account, share premium account, capital redemption reserve other than the Subscription Rights Reserve) as the Board may determine, such sum as may be required to pay up in full the appropriate number of shares of the relevant class for allotment and distribution to and amongst the holders of the non-elected shares on such basis; or |
| (b) | that the Members entitled to such dividend shall be entitled to elect to receive an allotment of shares credited as fully paid up in lieu of the whole or such part of the dividend as the Board may think fit. In such case, the following provisions shall apply: |
| (i) | the basis of any such allotment shall be determined by the Board; |
| (ii) | the Board, after determining the basis of allotment, shall give not less than ten (10) days’ Notice to the holders of the relevant shares of the right of election accorded to them and shall send with such notice forms of election and specify the procedure to be followed and the place at which and the latest date and time by which duly completed forms of election must be lodged in order to be effective; |
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| (iii) | the right of election may be exercised in respect of the whole or part of that portion of the dividend in respect of which the right of election has been accorded; and |
| (iv) | the dividend (or that part of the dividend in respect of which a right of election has been accorded) shall not be payable in cash on shares in respect whereof the share election has been duly exercised (“the elected shares”) and in satisifaction thereof shares of the relevant class shall be allotted credited as fully paid up to the holders of the elected shares on the basis of allotment determined as aforesaid and for such purpose the Board shall capitalise and apply out of any part of the undivided profits of the Company (including profits carried and standing to the credit of any reserves or other special account, share premium account, capital redemption reserve other than the Subscription Rights Reserve) as the Board may determine, such sum as may be required to pay up in full the appropriate number of shares of the relevant class for allotment and distribution to and amongst the holders of the elected shares on such basis. |
| (2) | (a) | The shares allotted pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) of this Article 142 shall rank pari passu in all respects with shares of the same class (if any) then in issue save only as regards participation in the relevant dividend or in any other distributions, bonuses or rights paid, made, declared or announced prior to or contemporaneously with the payment or declaration of the relevant dividend unless, contemporaneously with the announcement by the Board of their proposal to apply the provisions of sub-paragraph (a) or (b) of paragraph (2) of this Article 142 in relation to the relevant dividend or contemporaneously with their announcement of the distribution, bonus or rights in question, the Board shall specify that the shares to be allotted pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) of this Article shall rank for participation in such distribution, bonus or rights. |
| (b) | The Board may do all acts and things considered necessary or expedient to give effect to any capitalisation pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) of this Article 142, with full power to the Board to make such provisions as it thinks fit in the case of shares becoming distributable in fractions (including provisions whereby, in whole or in part, fractional entitlements are aggregated and sold and the net proceeds distributed to those entitled, or are disregarded or rounded up or down or whereby the benefit of fractional entitlements accrues to the Company rather than to the Members concerned). The Board may authorise any person to enter into on behalf of all Members interested, an agreement with the Company providing for such capitalisation and matters incidental thereto and any agreement made pursuant to such authority shall be effective and binding on all concerned. |
(3) The Board may resolve in respect of any one particular dividend of the Company that notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (1) of this Article 142 a dividend may be satisfied wholly in the form of an allotment of shares credited as fully paid up without offering any right to shareholders to elect to receive such dividend in cash in lieu of such allotment.
(4) The Board may on any occasion determine that rights of election and the allotment of shares under paragraph (1) of this Article 142 shall not be made available or made to any shareholders with registered addresses in any territory where, in the absence of a registration statement or other special formalities, the circulation of an offer of such rights of election or the allotment of shares would or might, in the opinion of the Board, be unlawful or impracticable, and in such event the provisions aforesaid shall be read and construed subject to such determination. Members affected as a result of the foregoing sentence shall not be or be deemed to be a separate class of Members for any purpose whatsoever.
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(5) Any resolution declaring a dividend on shares of any class may specify that the same shall be payable or distributable to the persons registered as the holders of such shares at the close of business on a particular date, notwithstanding that it may be a date prior to that on which the resolution is passed, and thereupon the dividend shall be payable or distributable to them in accordance with their respective holdings so registered, but without prejudice to the rights inter se in respect of such dividend of transferors and transferees of any such shares. The provisions of this Article shall mutatis mutandis apply to bonuses, capitalisation issues, distributions of realised capital profits or offers or grants made by the Company to the Members.
RESERVES
| 143. | (1) The Board shall establish an account to be called the share premium account and shall carry to the credit of such account from time to time a sum equal to the amount or value of the premium paid on the issue of any share in the Company. Unless otherwise provided by the provisions of these Articles, the Board may apply the share premium account in any manner permitted by the Law. The Company shall at all times comply with the provisions of the Law in relation to the share premium account. |
(2) Before recommending any dividend, the Board may set aside out of the profits of the Company such sums as it determines as reserves which shall, at the discretion of the Board, be applicable for any purpose to which the profits of the Company may be properly applied and pending such application may, also at such discretion, either be employed in the business of the Company or be invested in such investments as the Board may from time to time think fit and so that it shall not be necessary to keep any investments constituting the reserve or reserves separate or distinct from any other investments of the Company. The Board may also without placing the same to reserve carry forward any profits which it may think prudent not to distribute.
CAPITALISATION
| 144. | (1) The Company may, upon the recommendation of the Board, at any time and from time to time pass an ordinary resolution to the effect that it is desirable to capitalise all or any part of any amount for the time being standing to the credit of any reserve or fund (including a share premium account and capital redemption reserve and the profit and loss account) whether or not the same is available for distribution and accordingly that such amount be set free for distribution among the Members or any class of Members who would be entitled thereto if it were distributed by way of dividend and in the same proportions, on the basis that the same is not paid in cash but is applied either in or towards paying up the amounts for the time being unpaid on any shares in the Company held by such Members respectively or in paying up in full unissued shares, debentures or other obligations of the Company, to be allotted and distributed credited as fully paid up among such Members, or partly in one way and partly in the other, and the Board shall give effect to such resolution provided that, for the purposes of this Article 144, a share premium account and any capital redemption reserve or fund representing unrealised profits, may be applied only in paying up in full unissued shares of the Company to be allotted to such Members credited as fully paid. |
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(2) Notwithstanding any provisions in these Articles, the Board may resolve to capitalise all or any part of any amount for the time being standing to the credit of any reserve or fund (including a share premium account and the profit and loss account) whether or not the same is available for distribution by applying such sum in paying up unissued shares to be allotted to (i) employees (including directors) of the Company and/or its affiliates (meaning any individual, corporation, partnership, association, joint-stock company, trust, unincorporated association or other entity (other than the Company) that directly, or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls, is controlled by or is under common control with, the Company) upon exercise or vesting of any options or awards granted under any share incentive scheme or employee benefit scheme or other arrangement which relates to such persons that has been adopted or approved by the Members at a general meeting, or (ii) any trustee of any trust to whom shares are to be allotted and issued by the Company in connection with the operation of any share incentive scheme or employee benefit scheme or other arrangement which relates to such persons that has been adopted or approved by the Members at a general meeting.
| 145. | The Board may settle, as it considers appropriate, any difficulty arising in regard to any distribution under Article 144 and in particular may issue certificates in respect of fractions of shares or authorise any person to sell and transfer any fractions or may resolve that the distribution should be as nearly as may be practicable in the correct proportion but not exactly so or may ignore fractions altogether, and may determine that cash payments shall be made to any Members in order to adjust the rights of all parties, as may seem expedient to the Board. The Board may appoint any person to sign on behalf of the persons entitled to participate in the distribution any contract necessary or desirable for giving effect thereto and such appointment shall be effective and binding upon the Members. |
SUBSCRIPTION RIGHTS RESERVE
| 146. | The following provisions shall have effect to the extent that they are not prohibited by and are in compliance with the Law: |
| (1) | If, so long as any of the rights attached to any warrants issued by the Company to subscribe for shares of the Company shall remain exercisable, the Company does any act or engages in any transaction which, as a result of any adjustments to the subscription price in accordance with the provisions of the conditions of the warrants, would reduce the subscription price to below the par value of a share, then the following provisions shall apply: |
| (a) | as from the date of such act or transaction the Company shall establish and thereafter (subject as provided in this Article 146) maintain in accordance with the provisions of this Article 146 a reserve (the “Subscription Rights Reserve”) the amount of which shall at no time be less than the sum which for the time being would be required to be capitalised and applied in paying up in full the nominal amount of the additional shares required to be issued and allotted credited as fully paid pursuant to sub-paragraph (c) below on the exercise in full of all the subscription rights outstanding and shall apply the Subscription Rights Reserve in paying up such additional shares in full as and when the same are allotted; |
| (b) | the Subscription Rights Reserve shall not be used for any purpose other than that specified above unless all other reserves of the Company (other than share premium account) have been extinguished and will then only be used to make good losses of the Company if and so far as is required by the Law; |
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| (c) | upon the exercise of all or any of the subscription rights represented by any warrant, the relevant subscription rights shall be exercisable in respect of a nominal amount of shares equal to the amount in cash which the holder of such warrant is required to pay on exercise of the subscription rights represented thereby (or, as the case may be the relevant portion thereof in the event of a partial exercise of the subscription rights) and, in addition, there shall be allotted in respect of such subscription rights to the exercising warrantholder, credited as fully paid, such additional nominal amount of shares as is equal to the difference between: |
| (i) | the said amount in cash which the holder of such warrant is required to pay on exercise of the subscription rights represented thereby (or, as the case may be, the relevant portion thereof in the event of a partial exercise of the subscription rights); and |
| (ii) | the nominal amount of shares in respect of which such subscription rights would have been exercisable having regard to the provisions of the conditions of the warrants, had it been possible for such subscription rights to represent the right to subscribe for shares at less than par and immediately upon such exercise so much of the sum standing to the credit of the Subscription Rights Reserve as is required to pay up in full such additional nominal amount of shares shall be capitalised and applied in paying up in full such additional nominal amount of shares which shall forthwith be allotted credited as fully paid to the exercising warrantholders; and |
| (d) | if, upon the exercise of the subscription rights represented by any warrant, the amount standing to the credit of the Subscription Rights Reserve is not sufficient to pay up in full such additional nominal amount of shares equal to such difference as aforesaid to which the exercising warrantholder is entitled, the Board shall apply any profits or reserves then or thereafter becoming available (including, to the extent permitted by the Law, share premium account) for such purpose until such additional nominal amount of shares is paid up and allotted as aforesaid and until then no dividend or other distribution shall be paid or made on the fully paid shares of the Company then in issue. Pending such payment and allotment, the exercising warrantholder shall be issued by the Company with a certificate evidencing his right to the allotment of such additional nominal amount of shares. The rights represented by any such certificate shall be in registered form and shall be transferable in whole or in part in units of one share in the like manner as the shares for the time being are transferable, and the Company shall make such arrangements in relation to the maintenance of a register therefor and other matters in relation thereto as the Board may think fit and adequate particulars thereof shall be made known to each relevant exercising warrantholder upon the issue of such certificate. |
(2) Shares allotted pursuant to the provisions of this Article shall rank pari passu in all respects with the other shares allotted on the relevant exercise of the subscription rights represented by the warrant concerned. Notwithstanding anything contained in paragraph (1) of this Article, no fraction of any share shall be allotted on exercise of the subscription rights.
(3) The provision of this Article as to the establishment and maintenance of the Subscription Rights Reserve shall not be altered or added to in any way which would vary or abrogate, or which would have the effect of varying or abrogating the provisions for the benefit of any warrantholder or class of warrantholders under this Article without the sanction of a special resolution of such warrantholders or class of warrantholders.
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(4) A certificate or report by the auditors for the time being of the Company as to whether or not the Subscription Rights Reserve is required to be established and maintained and if so the amount thereof so required to be established and maintained, as to the purposes for which the Subscription Rights Reserve has been used, as to the extent to which it has been used to make good losses of the Company, as to the additional nominal amount of shares required to be allotted to exercising warrantholders credited as fully paid, and as to any other matter concerning the Subscription Rights Reserve shall (in the absence of manifest error) be conclusive and binding upon the Company and all warrantholders and shareholders.
ACCOUNTING RECORDS
| 147. | The Board shall cause true accounts to be kept of the sums of money received and expended by the Company, and the matters in respect of which such receipt and expenditure take place, and of the property, assets, credits and liabilities of the Company and of all other matters required by the Law or necessary to give a true and fair view of the Company’s affairs and to explain its transactions. |
| 148. | The accounting records shall be kept at the Office or, at such other place or places as the Board decides and shall always be open to inspection by the Directors. No Member (other than a Director) shall have any right of inspecting any accounting record or book or document of the Company except as conferred by the Law or authorised by the Board or the Members in general meeting. |
| 149. | Subject to Article 150, a printed copy of the Directors’ report, accompanied by the balance sheet and profit and loss account, including every document required by the Law to be annexed thereto, made up to the end of the applicable financial year and containing a summary of the assets and liabilities of the Company under convenient heads and a statement of income and expenditure, together with a copy of the Auditors’ report, shall be sent to each person entitled thereto at least ten (10) days before the date of the general meeting and laid before the Company at the annual general meeting held in accordance with Article 56 provided that this Article 150 shall not require a copy of those documents to be sent to any person whose address the Company is not aware or to more than one of the joint holders of any shares or debentures. |
| 150. | Subject to due compliance with all applicable Statutes, rules and regulations, including, without limitation, the rules of the Designated Stock Exchange, and to obtaining all necessary consents, if any, required thereunder, the requirements of Article 149 shall be deemed satisfied in relation to any person by sending to the person in any manner not prohibited by the Statutes, a summary financial statement derived from the Company’s annual accounts and the directors’ report which shall be in the form and containing the information required by applicable laws and regulations, provided that any person who is otherwise entitled to the annual financial statements of the Company and the directors’ report thereon may, if he so requires by Notice served on the Company, demand that the Company sends to him, in addition to a summary financial statement, a complete printed copy of the Company’s annual financial statement and the directors’ report thereon. |
| 151. | The requirement to send to a person referred to in Article 149 the documents referred to in that article or a summary financial report in accordance with Article 150 shall be deemed satisfied where, in accordance with all applicable Statutes, rules and regulations, including, without limitation, the rules of the Designated Stock Exchange, the Company publishes copies of the documents referred to in Article 149 and, if applicable, a summary financial report complying with Article 150, on the Company’s computer network or in any other permitted manner (including by sending any form of electronic communication), and that person has agreed or is deemed to have agreed to treat the publication or receipt of such documents in such manner as discharging the Company’s obligation to send to him a copy of such documents. |
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AUDIT
| 152. | Subject to applicable law and rules of the Designated Stock Exchange, the Board may appoint an Auditor, who shall hold office until removed from office by a resolution of the Board, to audit the accounts of the Company. Such auditor may be a Member but no Director or officer or employee of the Company shall, during his continuance in office, be eligible to act as an auditor of the Company. |
| 153. | Subject to the Law the accounts of the Company shall be audited at least once in every year. |
| 154. | The remuneration of the Auditor shall be determined by the Audit Committee or, in the absence of such an Audit Committee, by the Board. |
| 155. | If the office of auditor becomes vacant by the resignation or death of the Auditor, or by his becoming incapable of acting by reason of illness or other disability at a time when his services are required, the Directors shall fill the vacancy and determine the remuneration of such Auditor. |
| 156. | The Auditor shall at all reasonable times have access to all books kept by the Company and to all accounts and vouchers relating thereto; and he may call on the Directors or officers of the Company for any information in their possession relating to the books or affairs of the Company. |
| 157. | The statement of income and expenditure and the balance sheet provided for by these Articles shall be examined by the Auditor and compared by him with the books, accounts and vouchers relating thereto; and he shall make a written report thereon stating whether such statement and balance sheet are drawn up so as to present fairly the financial position of the Company and the results of its operations for the period under review and, in case information shall have been called for from Directors or officers of the Company, whether the same has been furnished and has been satisfactory. The financial statements of the Company shall be audited by the Auditor in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards. The Auditor shall make a written report thereon in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards and the report of the Auditor shall be submitted to the Audit Committee. The generally accepted auditing standards referred to herein may be those of a country or jurisdiction other than the Cayman Islands. If so, the financial statements and the report of the Auditor should disclose this fact and name such country or jurisdiction. |
NOTICES
| 158. | Any Notice or document, whether or not, to be given or issued under these Articles from the Company to a Member shall be in writing or by cable, telex or facsimile transmission message or other form of electronic transmission or communication and any such notice and document may be served or delivered by the Company on or to any Member either personally or by sending it through the post in a prepaid envelope addressed to such Member at his registered address as appearing in the Register or at any other address supplied by him to the Company for the purpose or, as the case may be, by transmitting it to any such address or transmitting it to any telex or facsimile transmission number or electronic number or address or website supplied by him to the Company for the giving of notice to him or which the person transmitting the notice reasonably and bona fide believes at the relevant time will result in the Notice being duly received by the Member or may also be served by advertisement in appropriate newspapers in accordance with the requirements of the Designated Stock Exchange or, to the extent permitted by the applicable laws and the requirements of the Designated Stock Exchange, by placing it on the Company’s website. In the case of joint holders of a share all notices shall be given to that one of the joint holders whose name stands first in the Register and notice so given shall be deemed a sufficient service on or delivery to all the joint holders. |
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| 159. | Any Notice or other document: |
| (a) | if served or delivered by post, shall where appropriate be sent by airmail and shall be deemed to have been served or delivered on the day following that on which the envelope containing the same, properly prepaid and addressed, is put into the post; in proving such service or delivery it shall be sufficient to prove that the envelope or wrapper containing the notice or document was properly addressed and put into the post and a certificate in writing signed by the Secretary or other officer of the Company or other person appointed by the Board that the envelope or wrapper containing the notice or other document was so addressed and put into the post shall be conclusive evidence thereof; |
| (b) | if sent by electronic communication, shall be deemed to be given on the day on which it is transmitted from the server of the Company or its agent. A notice placed on the Company’s website is deemed given by the Company to a Member on the day following that on which a notice of availability is deemed served on the Member; |
| (c) | if served or delivered in any other manner contemplated by these Articles, shall be deemed to have been served or delivered at the time of personal service or delivery or, as the case may be, at the time of the relevant despatch or transmission; and in proving such service or delivery a certificate in writing signed by the Secretary or other officer of the Company or other person appointed by the Board as to the act and time of such service, delivery, despatch or transmission shall be conclusive evidence thereof; and |
| (d) | may be given to a Member in the English language or such other language as may be approved by the Directors, subject to due compliance with all applicable Statutes, rules and regulations. |
| 160. | (1) Any Notice or other document delivered or sent by post to or left at the registered address of any Member in pursuance of these Articles shall, notwithstanding that such Member is then dead or bankrupt or that any other event has occurred, and whether or not the Company has notice of the death or bankruptcy or other event, be deemed to have been duly served or delivered in respect of any share registered in the name of such Member as sole or joint holder unless his name shall, at the time of the service or delivery of the notice or document, have been removed from the Register as the holder of the share, and such service or delivery shall for all purposes be deemed a sufficient service or delivery of such Notice or document on all persons interested (whether jointly with or as claiming through or under him) in the share. |
(2) A notice may be given by the Company to the person entitled to a share in consequence of the death, mental disorder or bankruptcy of a Member by sending it through the post in a prepaid letter, envelope or wrapper addressed to him by name, or by the title of representative of the deceased, or trustee of the bankrupt, or by any like description, at the address, if any, supplied for the purpose by the person claiming to be so entitled, or (until such an address has been so supplied) by giving the notice in any manner in which the same might have been given if the death, mental disorder or bankruptcy had not occurred.
(3) Any person who by operation of law, transfer or other means whatsoever shall become entitled to any share shall be bound by every notice in respect of such share which prior to his name and address being entered on the Register shall have been duly given to the person from whom he derives his title to such share.
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SIGNATURES
| 161. | For the purposes of these Articles, a cable or telex or facsimile or electronic transmission message purporting to come from a holder of shares or, as the case may be, a Director, or, in the case of a corporation which is a holder of shares from a director or the secretary thereof or a duly appointed attorney or duly authorised representative thereof for it and on its behalf, shall in the absence of express evidence to the contrary available to the person relying thereon at the relevant time be deemed to be a document or instrument in writing signed by such holder or Director in the terms in which it is received. |
WINDING UP
| 162. | (1) The Board shall have power in the name and on behalf of the Company to present a petition to the court for the Company to be wound up. |
(2) A resolution that the Company be wound up by the court or be wound up voluntarily shall be a special resolution.
| 163. | (1) Subject to any special rights, privileges or restrictions as to the distribution of available surplus assets on liquidation for the time being attached to any class or classes of shares (i) if the Company shall be wound up and the assets available for distribution amongst the Members of the Company shall be more than sufficient to repay the whole of the capital paid up at the commencement of the winding up, the excess shall be distributed pari passu amongst such members in proportion to the amount paid up on the shares held by them respectively and (ii) if the Company shall be wound up and the assets available for distribution amongst the Members as such shall be insufficient to repay the whole of the paid-up capital such assets shall be distributed so that, a nearly as may be, the losses shall be borne by the Members in proportion to the capital paid up, or which ought to have been paid up, at the commencement of the winding up on the shares held by them respectively. |
(2) If the Company shall be wound up (whether the liquidation is voluntary or by the court) the liquidator may, with the authority of a special resolution and any other sanction required by the Law, divide among the Members in specie or kind the whole or any part of the assets of the Company and whether or not the assets shall consist of properties of one kind or shall consist of properties to be divided as aforesaid of different kinds, and may for such purpose set such value as he deems fair upon any one or more class or classes of property and may determine how such division shall be carried out as between the Members or different classes of Members. The liquidator may, with the like authority, vest any part of the assets in trustees upon such trusts for the benefit of the Members as the liquidator with the like authority shall think fit, and the liquidation of the Company may be closed and the Company dissolved, but so that no contributory shall be compelled to accept any shares or other property in respect of which there is a liability.
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INDEMNITY
| 164. | (1) The Directors, Secretary and other officers and every Auditor of the Company at any time, whether at present or in the past, and the liquidator or trustees (if any) acting or who have acted in relation to any of the affairs of the Company and every one of them, and every one of their heirs, executors and administrators, shall be indemnified and secured harmless out of the assets and profits of the Company from and against all actions, costs, charges, losses, damages and expenses which they or any of them, their or any of their heirs, executors or administrators, shall or may incur or sustain by or by reason of any act done, concurred in or omitted in or about the execution of their duty, or supposed duty, in their respective offices or trusts; and none of them shall be answerable for the acts, receipts, neglects or defaults of the other or others of them or for joining in any receipts for the sake of conformity, or for any bankers or other persons with whom any moneys or effects belonging to the Company shall or may be lodged or deposited for safe custody, or for insufficiency or deficiency of any security upon which any moneys of or belonging to the Company shall be placed out on or invested, or for any other loss, misfortune or damage which may happen in the execution of their respective offices or trusts, or in relation thereto, provided that this indemnity shall not extend to any matter in respect of any fraud or dishonesty which may attach to any of said persons. |
(2) Each Member agrees to waive any claim or right of action he might have, whether individually or by or in the right of the Company, against any Director on account of any action taken by such Director, or the failure of such Director to take any action in the performance of his duties with or for the Company, provided that such waiver shall not extend to any matter in respect of any fraud or dishonesty which may attach to such Director.
FINANCIAL YEAR
| 165. | Unless otherwise determined by the Directors, the financial year of the Company shall end on the 30th day of September in each year. |
AMENDMENT TO MEMORANDUM AND ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION AND NAME OF COMPANY
| 166. | No Article shall be rescinded, altered or amended and no new Article shall be made until the same has been approved by a special resolution of the Members. A special resolution shall be required to alter the provisions of the Memorandum of Association or to change the name of the Company. |
INFORMATION
| 167. | No Member shall be entitled to require discovery of or any information respecting any detail of the Company’s trading or any matter which is or may be in the nature of a trade secret or secret process which may relate to the conduct of the business of the Company and which in the opinion of the Directors it will be inexpedient in the interests of the members of the Company to communicate to the public. |
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Exhibit 2.4
Description of Rights of Each Class of Securities Registered under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
American Depositary Shares (“ADSs”), each representing 2,400 Class A ordinary shares of XChange TEC.INC (“our company”) are listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market and the shares are registered under Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act. This exhibit contains a description of the rights of (i) the holders of ordinary shares and (ii) ADS holders. Shares underlying the ADSs are held by The Bank of New York Mellon, as depositary, and holders of ADSs will not be treated as holders of the ordinary shares.
Description of Ordinary Shares (Items 9.A.3, 9.A.5, 9.A.6, 9.A.7, 10.B.3, 10.B.4, 10.B.6, 10.B.7, 10.B.8, 10.B.9 and 10.B.10 of Form 20-F)
Ordinary Shares
General
Our ordinary shares are divided into Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares. Each Class A ordinary share and Class B ordinary share of our company has par value of US$0.0000001 per share. The respective numbers of Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares that had been issued and outstanding as of the last day of the fiscal year are provided on the cover of the annual report on Form 20-F for such fiscal year.
Holders of our Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares have the same rights except for voting and conversion rights. Our ordinary shares are issued in registered form and are issued when registered in our register of members. Our shareholders who are nonresidents of the Cayman Islands may freely hold and vote their shares.
Conversion
Each Class B ordinary share is convertible into one Class A ordinary share at any time at the option of the holder thereof. Class A ordinary shares are not convertible into Class B ordinary shares under any circumstances. Upon any transfer of Class B ordinary shares by a holder to any person or entity which is not an affiliate of such holder, such Class B ordinary shares shall be automatically and immediately converted into the equivalent number of Class A ordinary shares.
Dividends
The holders of our ordinary shares are entitled to such dividends as may be declared by our board of directors. Our existing articles of association provide that dividends may be declared and paid out of our profits, realized or unrealized, or from any reserve set aside from profits which our board of directors determine is no longer needed. Dividends may also be declared and paid out of share premium account or any other fund or account which can be authorized for this purpose in accordance with the Companies Act (As Revised), as amended and revised of the Cayman Islands (the “Companies Act”).
Voting Rights
Holders of our ordinary shares have the right to receive notice of, attend, speak and vote at general meetings of our company. Except as required by applicable law and subject to the existing articles of association, holders of Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares shall at all times vote together as one class on all matters submitted to a vote of the shareholders.
At any general meeting on a poll, every shareholder holding Class A ordinary shares present in person or by proxy or, in the case of a shareholder being a corporation, by its duly authorized representative shall have one (1) vote for every fully paid Class A ordinary share of which he is the holder; and every shareholder holding Class B ordinary shares present in person or by proxy or, in the case of a shareholder being a corporation, by its duly authorized representative shall have ten (10) votes for every fully paid Class B ordinary share of which he is the holder.
A resolution put to the vote of a meeting shall be decided by way of a poll save that the chairman of the meeting may in good faith, allow a resolution which relates purely to a procedural or administrative matter to be voted on by a show of hands in which case (i) every shareholder holding Class A ordinary shares present in person (or being a corporation, is present by a duly authorized representative), or by proxy(ies) shall have one (1) vote, and (ii) every shareholder holding Class B ordinary shares present in person (or being a corporation, is present by a duly authorized representative), or by proxy(ies) shall have ten (10) votes, provided that, notwithstanding anything contained in our existing articles of association, where more than one proxy is appointed by a shareholder which is a clearing house or a central depository house (or its nominee(s)), each such proxy shall have one vote on a show of hands. For the purposes of our existing articles of association, procedural and administrative matters are those that (i) are not on the agenda of the general meeting or in any supplementary circular that may be issued by us to the shareholders; and (ii) relate to the chairman’s duties to maintain the orderly conduct of the meeting and/or allow the business of the meeting to be properly and effectively dealt with, whilst allowing all shareholders a reasonable opportunity to express their views.
An ordinary resolution to be passed at a meeting by the shareholders requires the affirmative vote of a simple majority of the votes attaching to the shares cast at a meeting, while a special resolution requires the affirmative vote of no less than two-thirds of the votes attaching to the shares cast at a meeting. A special resolution will be required for important matters such as a change of name or making changes to existing memorandum of association and our articles of association.
Transfer of Ordinary Shares
Subject to the restrictions contained in our existing articles of association, any of our shareholders may transfer all or any of his or her ordinary shares by an instrument of transfer in the usual or common form or any other form approved by our board of directors.
Our board of directors may, in its absolute discretion, and without giving any reason therefor, refuse to register a transfer of any share that is not a fully paid up share to a person of whom it does not approve, or any share issued under any share incentive scheme for employees upon which a restriction on transfer imposed thereby still subsists, and it may also, without prejudice to the foregoing generality, refuse to register a transfer of any share to more than four joint holders or a transfer of any share that is not a fully paid up share on which we have a lien. Our board of directors may also decline to register any transfer of any ordinary share unless:
| ● | the instrument of transfer is lodged with us, accompanied by the certificate for the ordinary shares to which it relates and such other evidence as our board of directors may reasonably require to show the right of the transferor to make the transfer; |
| ● | the instrument of transfer is in respect of only one class of ordinary shares; |
| ● | the instrument of transfer is properly stamped, if required; |
| ● | a fee of such maximum sum as the Nasdaq may determine to be payable or such lesser sum as our directors may from time to time require is paid to us in respect thereof. |
If our directors refuse to register a transfer, they shall, within three months after the date on which the instrument of transfer was lodged, send to each of the transferor and the transferee notice of such refusal.
The registration of transfers may, after compliance with any notice required of the Nasdaq, be suspended and the register of members closed at such times and for such periods as our board of directors may from time to time determine, provided, however, that the registration of transfers shall not be suspended nor the register of members closed for more than 30 days in any year as our board may determine.
Liquidation
On a return of capital on winding up or otherwise (other than on conversion, redemption or purchase of ordinary shares), assets available for distribution among the holders of ordinary shares shall be distributed among the holders of the ordinary shares on a pro rata basis. If our assets available for distribution are insufficient to repay all of the paid-up ordinary share capital, the assets will be distributed so that the losses are borne by our holders of ordinary shares proportionately.
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Calls on Ordinary Shares and Forfeiture of Ordinary Shares
Our board of directors may from time to time make calls upon shareholders for any amounts unpaid on their ordinary shares in a notice served to such shareholders at least 14 clear days prior to the specified time of payment. The ordinary shares that have been called upon and remain unpaid are subject to forfeiture.
Redemption of Ordinary Shares
The Companies Act and our existing articles of association permit us to purchase our own shares. In accordance with our existing articles of association and provided the necessary shareholders or board approval have been obtained, we may issue shares on terms that are subject to redemption, at our option or at the option of the holders of these shares, on such terms and in such manner, including out of capital, as may be determined by our board of directors.
Variations of Rights of Shares
All or any of the special rights attached to any class of shares may, subject to the provisions of the Companies Act, be varied with the sanction of a special resolution passed at a general meeting of the holders of the shares of that class. Separate general meetings of the holders of a class or series of shares may be called only by (i) the chairman of our board of directors, or (ii) a majority of our board of directors (unless otherwise specifically provided by the terms of issue of the shares of such class or series), and nothing in the existing articles of association shall give any shareholder or shareholders the right to call a class or series meeting. The rights conferred upon the holders of the shares of any class issued shall not, unless otherwise expressly provided by the terms of issue of the shares of that class, be deemed to be varied by the creation or issue of further shares ranking pari passu with such existing class of shares.
General Meetings of Shareholders
A quorum required for a meeting of shareholders consists of one or more shareholders present in person or by proxy representing not less than one-third of all voting power of the company’s share capital in issue. (i) A majority of our board of directors, or (ii) the chairman of our board of directors, or (iii) any director, where required to give effect to a requisition received under the existing articles of association, may call extraordinary general meetings, which extraordinary general meetings shall be held at such times and locations (as permitted hereby) as such person or persons shall determine.
Any one or more shareholders holding at the date of deposit of the requisition not less than two-thirds of the voting power of our share capital in issue carrying the right of voting at general meetings of our company shall at all times have the right, by written requisition to our board of directors or our secretary, to require an extraordinary general meeting to be called by our board of directors for the transaction of any business permitted by the Companies Act or the existing articles of association (subject to the below) as specified in such requisition; and such meeting shall be held within two (2) months after the deposit of such requisition. If within twenty-one (21) days of such deposit our board of directors fails to proceed to convene such meeting the requisitionist(s) himself or herself (themselves) may do so in the same manner, and all reasonable expenses incurred by the requisitionist(s) as a result of the failure of our board of directors shall be reimbursed to the requisitionist(s) by us.
A meeting requisitioned under the existing articles of association shall not be permitted to consider or vote upon (A) any resolutions with respect to the election, appointment or removal of directors or with respect to the size of our board of directors, unless such proposal is first approved by our nominating and corporate governance committee; or (B) other than a special resolution in respect of the appointment or removal of any director, any special resolution or any matters required to be passed by way of special resolution pursuant to the existing articles of association or the Companies Act. Written notice shall be given not less than ten days before the date of any general meeting.
Inspection of Books and Records
Holders of our ordinary shares will have no general right under Cayman Islands law to inspect or obtain copies of our list of shareholders or our corporate records. However, in our existing articles of association we provide our shareholders with the right to inspect our list of shareholders and to receive annual audited financial statements.
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Changes in Capital
We may from time to time by ordinary resolution:
| ● | increase the share capital by such sum, to be divided into shares of such classes and amount, as the resolution shall prescribe; |
| ● | consolidate and divide all or any of our share capital into shares of a larger amount than our existing shares; |
| ● | sub-divide our existing shares, or any of them into shares of a smaller amount; or |
| ● | cancel any shares which, at the date of the passing of the resolution, have not been taken or agreed to be taken by any person and diminish the amount of our share capital by the amount of the shares so canceled. |
We may by special resolution, subject to any confirmation or consent required by the Companies Act, reduce our share capital or any capital redemption reserve in any manner permitted by law.
Differences in Corporate Law
The Companies Act is modeled after that of England and Wales but does not follow recent statutory enactments in England. In addition, the Companies Act differs from laws applicable to United States corporations and their shareholders. Set forth below is a summary of the significant differences between the provisions of the Companies Act applicable to us and the laws applicable to companies incorporated in the State of Delaware.
Mergers and Similar Arrangements
A merger of two or more constituent companies under Cayman Islands law requires a plan of merger or consolidation to be approved by the directors of each constituent company and authorization by (a) a special resolution of the members of each constituent company; and (b) such other authorization, if any, as may be specified in such constituent company’s articles of association.
A merger between a Cayman parent company and its Cayman subsidiary or subsidiaries does not require authorization by a resolution of shareholders. For this purpose a subsidiary is a company of which at least ninety percent (90%) of the issued shares entitled to vote are owned by the parent company.
The consent of each holder of a fixed or floating security interest over a constituent company is required unless this requirement is waived by a court in the Cayman Islands.
Save in certain circumstances, a dissentient shareholder of a Cayman constituent company is entitled to payment of the fair value of his shares upon dissenting to a merger or consolidation. The exercise of appraisal rights will preclude the exercise of any other rights save for the right to seek relief on the grounds that the merger or consolidation is void or unlawful.
In addition, there are statutory provisions that facilitate the reconstruction and amalgamation of companies by way of schemes of arrangement, provided that the arrangement is approved by (i) in the case of a members’ scheme of arrangement, seventy-five percent in value of the members or class of members, as the case may be, with whom the arrangement is to be made and/or (ii) in the case of a creditors scheme of arrangement, a majority in number of each class of creditors with whom the arrangement is to be made, and who must, in addition, represent seventy-five percent in value of each such class of creditors, as the case may be, that are present and voting either in person or by proxy at a meeting, or meetings, convened for that purpose. The convening of the meetings and subsequently the arrangement must be sanctioned by the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands. While a dissenting shareholder has the right to express to the court the view that the transaction ought not to be approved, the court can be expected to approve the arrangement if it determines that:
| ● | the statutory provisions as to the required majority vote have been met; |
| ● | the shareholders have been fairly represented at the meeting in question and the statutory majority are acting bona fide without coercion of the minority to promote interests adverse to those of the class; |
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| ● | the arrangement is such that may be reasonably approved by an intelligent and honest man of that class acting in respect of his interest; and |
| ● | the arrangement is not one that would more properly be sanctioned under some other provision of the Companies Act. |
When a takeover offer is made and accepted by holders of 90% of the shares within four months, the subject of the offer, the offeror may, within a two-month period commencing on the expiration of such four month period, require the holders of the remaining shares to transfer such shares on the terms of the offer. An objection can be made to the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands but this is unlikely to succeed in the case of an offer which has been so approved unless there is evidence of fraud, bad faith or collusion.
If an arrangement and reconstruction is thus approved, the dissenting shareholder would have no rights comparable to appraisal rights, which would otherwise ordinarily be available to dissenting shareholders of Delaware corporations, providing rights to receive payment in cash for the judicially determined value of the shares.
The Companies Act also contains statutory provisions which provide that a company may present a petition to the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands for the appointment of a restructuring officer on the grounds that the
company (a) is or is likely to become unable to pay its debts within the meaning of section 93 of the Companies Act;
and (b) intends to present a compromise or arrangement to its creditors (or classes thereof) either, pursuant to the
Companies Act, the law of a foreign country or by way of a consensual restructuring. The petition may be presented
by a company acting by its directors, without a resolution of its members or an express power in its articles of
association. On hearing such a petition, the Cayman Islands court may, among other things, make an order appointing a restructuring officer or make any other order as the court thinks fit.
Shareholders’ Suits
In principle, we will normally be the proper plaintiff and as a general rule a derivative action may not be brought by a minority shareholder. However, based on English authorities, which would in all likelihood be of persuasive authority in the Cayman Islands, there are exceptions to the foregoing principle, including when:
| ● | a company acts or proposes to act illegally or ultra vires; |
| ● | the act complained of, although not ultra vires, could only be effected duly if authorized by more than a simple majority vote that has not been obtained; and |
| ● | those who control the company are perpetrating a “fraud on the minority.” |
Indemnification of Directors and Executive Officers and Limitation of Liability
Cayman Islands law does not limit the extent to which a company’s memorandum and articles of association may provide for indemnification of officers and directors, except to the extent any such provision may be held by the Cayman Islands courts to be contrary to public policy, such as to provide indemnification against civil fraud or the consequences of committing a crime. Our existing memorandum and articles of association permit indemnification of officers and directors for losses, damages, costs and expenses incurred in their capacities as such unless such losses or damages arise from dishonesty or fraud which may attach to such directors or officers. This standard of conduct is generally the same as permitted under the Delaware General Corporation Law for a Delaware corporation. In addition, we have entered into indemnification agreements with our directors and senior executive officers that provide such persons with additional indemnification beyond that provided in our existing memorandum and articles of association.
Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to our directors, officers or persons controlling us under the foregoing provisions, we have been informed that, in the opinion of the SEC, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.
Anti-Takeover Provisions in the Memorandum and Articles of Association
Some provisions of our existing articles of association may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company or management that shareholders may consider favorable, including provisions that authorize our board of directors to issue preferred shares in one or more series and to designate the price, rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions of such preferred shares without any further vote or action by our shareholders.
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However, under Cayman Islands law, our directors may only exercise the rights and powers granted to them under our existing articles of association, as amended and restated from time to time, for what they believe in good faith to be in the best interests of our company.
Directors’ Fiduciary Duties
Under Delaware corporate law, a director of a Delaware corporation has a fiduciary duty to the corporation and its shareholders. This duty has two components: the duty of care and the duty of loyalty. The duty of care requires that a director act in good faith, with the care that an ordinarily prudent person would exercise under similar circumstances. Under this duty, a director must inform himself of, and disclose to shareholders, all material information reasonably available regarding a significant transaction. The duty of loyalty requires that a director act in a manner he or she reasonably believes to be in the best interests of the corporation. He or she must not use his or her corporate position for personal gain or advantage. This duty prohibits self-dealing by a director and mandates that the best interest of the corporation and its shareholders take precedence over any interest possessed by a director, officer or controlling shareholder and not shared by the shareholders generally. In general, actions of a director are presumed to have been made on an informed basis, in good faith and in the honest belief that the action taken was in the best interests of the corporation. However, this presumption may be rebutted by evidence of a breach of one of the fiduciary duties. Should such evidence be presented concerning a transaction by a director, a director must prove the procedural fairness of the transaction, and that the transaction was of fair value to the corporation.
As a matter of Cayman Islands law, a director of a Cayman Islands company is in the position of a fiduciary with respect to the company and therefore it is considered that he owes the following duties to the company — a duty to act in good faith in the best interests of the company, a duty not to make a profit based on his or her position as director (unless the company permits him to do so) and a duty not to put himself in a position where the interests of the company conflict with his or her personal interest or his or her duty to a third party and a duty to exercise powers for the purpose for which such powers were intended. A director of a Cayman Islands company owes to the company a duty to act with skill and care. It was previously considered that a director need not exhibit in the performance of his or her duties a greater degree of skill than may reasonably be expected from a person of his or her knowledge and experience. However, English and Commonwealth courts have moved towards an objective standard with regard to the required skill and care and these authorities are likely to be followed in the Cayman Islands.
Shareholder Action by Written Consent
Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a corporation may eliminate the right of shareholders to act by written consent by amendment to its certificate of incorporation. Our existing articles of association provide that shareholders may not approve corporate matters by way of a unanimous written resolution signed by or on behalf of each shareholder who would have been entitled to vote on such matter at a general meeting without a meeting being held.
Shareholder Proposals
Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a shareholder has the right to put any proposal before the annual meeting of shareholders, provided it complies with the notice provisions in the governing documents. A special meeting may be called by the board of directors or any other person authorized to do so in the governing documents, but shareholders may be precluded from calling special meetings.
Our existing articles of association allow our shareholders to requisition a shareholders’ meeting (see above). As an exempted Cayman Islands company, we are not obliged by law to call shareholders’ annual general meetings though we may do so.
Cumulative Voting
Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, cumulative voting for elections of directors is not permitted unless the corporation’s certificate of incorporation specifically provides for it. Cumulative voting potentially facilitates the representation of minority shareholders on a board of directors since it permits the minority shareholder to cast all the votes to which the shareholder is entitled on a single director, which increases the shareholder’s voting power with respect to electing such director. As permitted under Cayman Islands law, our existing articles of association do not provide for cumulative voting. As a result, our shareholders are not afforded any less protections or rights on this issue than shareholders of a Delaware corporation.
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Removal of Directors
Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a director of a corporation with a classified board may be removed only for cause with the approval of a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote, unless the certificate of incorporation provides otherwise. Subject to any provision to the contrary in our existing articles of association, a director may, at any time before the expiration of his or her period of office (notwithstanding anything in our existing articles of association or in any agreement between our company and such director (but without prejudice to any claim for damages under any such agreement)) be removed by way of either (a) a special resolution of the shareholders; or (b) the affirmative vote of a majority of the remaining directors present and voting at a board meeting; or (c) a resolution in writing (which complies with the requirements of the provisos contained in article 119 of our existing articles of association) signed by all the directors other than the director being removed.
Transactions with Interested Shareholders
The Delaware General Corporation Law contains a business combination statute applicable to Delaware corporations whereby, unless the corporation has specifically elected not to be governed by such statute by amendment to its certificate of incorporation, it is prohibited from engaging in certain business combinations with an “interested shareholder” for three years following the date that such person becomes an interested shareholder. An interested shareholder generally is a person or a group who or which owns or owned 15% or more of the target’s outstanding voting stock within the past three years. This has the effect of limiting the ability of a potential acquirer to make a two-tiered bid for the target in which all shareholders would not be treated equally. The statute does not apply if, among other things, prior to the date on which such shareholder becomes an interested shareholder, the board of directors approves either the business combination or the transaction which resulted in the person becoming an interested shareholder. This encourages any potential acquirer of a Delaware corporation to negotiate the terms of any acquisition transaction with the target’s board of directors.
Cayman Islands law has no comparable statute. As a result, we cannot avail ourselves of the types of protections afforded by the Delaware business combination statute. However, although Cayman Islands law does not regulate transactions between a company and its significant shareholders, it does provide that such transactions must be entered into bona fide in the best interests of the company and for a proper corporate purpose and not with the effect of constituting a fraud on the minority shareholders.
Dissolution; Winding Up
Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, unless the board of directors approves the proposal to dissolve, dissolution must be approved by shareholders holding 100% of the total voting power of the corporation. Only if the dissolution is initiated by the board of directors may it be approved by a simple majority of the corporation’s outstanding shares. Delaware law allows a Delaware corporation to include in its certificate of incorporation a supermajority voting requirement in connection with dissolutions initiated by the board. Under Cayman Islands law, a company may be wound up by either an order of the courts of the Cayman Islands or by a special resolution of its members or, if the company is unable to pay its debts, by an ordinary resolution of its members. The court has authority to order winding up in a number of specified circumstances including where it is, in the opinion of the court, just and equitable to do so.
Under the Companies Act and our existing articles of association, our company may be dissolved, liquidated or wound up by a special resolution of shareholders.
Variation of Rights of Shares
Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a corporation may vary the rights of a class of shares with the approval of a majority of the outstanding shares of such class, unless the certificate of incorporation provides otherwise. Under Cayman Islands law and our existing articles of association, if our share capital is divided into more than one class of shares, we may vary the rights attached to any class only with the sanction of a special resolution passed at a general meeting of the holders of the shares of that class.
Amendment of Governing Documents
Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a corporation’s governing documents may be amended with the approval of a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote, unless the certificate of incorporation provides otherwise. As permitted by Cayman Islands law, our existing memorandum of association and articles of association may only be amended by a special resolution of shareholders.
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Rights of Non-Resident or Foreign Shareholders
There are no limitations imposed by our existing articles of association on the rights of non-resident or foreign shareholders to hold or exercise voting rights on our shares. In addition, there are no provisions in our existing memorandum and articles of association governing the ownership threshold above which shareholder ownership must be disclosed.
Directors’ Power to Issue Share
Subject to applicable law, our board of directors is empowered to issue or allot shares or grant options and warrants with or without preferred, deferred, qualified or other special rights or restrictions.
Limitations or Qualifications
Our company has a dual-class voting structure such that ordinary shares of our company consist of Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares. Holders of Class A ordinary shares are entitled to one vote per share in respect of matters requiring the votes of shareholders, while holders of Class B ordinary shares are entitled to ten (10) votes per share, subject to certain exceptions. Due to the super voting power of Class B ordinary share holder, the voting power of the Class A ordinary shares may be materially limited.
Preemptive Rights
The shareholders of our company do not have preemptive right.
Other Rights
Not applicable.
Description of Debt Securities, Warrants and Rights and Other Securities (Items 12.A, 12.B and 12.C of Form 20-F)
Not applicable.
Description of American Depositary Shares (Items 12.D.1 and 12.D.2 of Form 20-F)
The Bank of New York Mellon, as depositary, registers and delivers ADSs. Each ADS represents 2,400 Class A ordinary shares (or a right to receive 2,400 Class A ordinary shares) deposited with The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited, as custodian for the depositary in Hong Kong. Each ADS also represents any other securities, cash or other property which may be held by the depositary. The deposited shares together with any other securities, cash or other property held by the depositary are referred to as the deposited securities. The depositary’s office at which the ADSs are administered and its principal executive office are located at 240 Greenwich Street, New York, New York 10286.
You may hold ADSs either (A) directly (i) by having an American depositary receipt, also referred to as an ADR, which is a certificate evidencing a specific number of ADSs, registered in your name, or (ii) by having uncertificated ADSs registered in your name, or (B) indirectly by holding a security entitlement in ADSs through your broker or other financial institution that is a direct or indirect participant in The Depository Trust Company, also called DTC. If you hold ADSs directly, you are a registered ADS holder, also referred to as an ADS holder. This description assumes you are an ADS holder. If you hold the ADSs indirectly, you must rely on the procedures of your broker or other financial institution to assert the rights of ADS holders described in this section. You should consult with your broker or financial institution to find out what those procedures are.
Registered holders of uncertificated ADSs receive statements from the depositary confirming their holdings.
As an ADS holder, we do not treat you as one of our shareholders and you do not have shareholder rights. Cayman Islands law governs shareholder rights. The depositary is the holder of the shares underlying your ADSs. As a registered holder of ADSs, you have ADS holder rights. A deposit agreement among us, the depositary, ADS holders and all other persons indirectly or beneficially holding ADSs sets out ADS holder rights as well as the rights and obligations of the depositary. New York law governs the deposit agreement and the ADSs.
The following is a summary of the material provisions of the deposit agreement. For more complete information, you should read the entire deposit agreement and the form of ADR.
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Dividends and Other Distributions
How will you receive dividends and other distributions on the shares?
The depositary has agreed to pay or distribute to ADS holders the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on shares or other deposited securities, upon payment or deduction of its fees and expenses. You will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of shares your ADSs represent.
| ● | Cash. The depositary will convert any cash dividend or other cash distribution we pay on the shares into U.S. dollars, if it can do so on a reasonable basis and can transfer the U.S. dollars to the United States. If that is not possible or if any government approval is needed and cannot be obtained, the deposit agreement allows the depositary to distribute the foreign currency only to those ADS holders to whom it is possible to do so. It will hold the foreign currency it cannot convert for the account of the ADS holders who have not been paid. It will not invest the foreign currency and it will not be liable for any interest. Before making a distribution, any withholding taxes, or other governmental charges that must be paid will be deducted. The depositary will distribute only whole U.S. dollars and cents and will round fractional cents to the nearest whole cent. If the exchange rates fluctuate during a time when the depositary cannot convert the foreign currency, you may lose some of the value of the distribution. |
| ● | Shares. The depositary may distribute additional ADSs representing any shares we distribute as a dividend or free distribution. The depositary will only distribute whole ADSs. It will sell shares which would require it to deliver a fraction of an ADS (or ADSs representing those shares) and distribute the net proceeds in the same way as it does with cash. If the depositary does not distribute additional ADSs, the outstanding ADSs will also represent the new shares. The depositary may sell a portion of the distributed shares (or ADSs representing those shares) sufficient to pay its fees and expenses in connection with that distribution. |
| ● | Rights to purchase additional shares. If we offer holders of our securities any rights to subscribe for additional shares or any other rights, the depositary may (i) exercise those rights on behalf of ADS holders, (ii) distribute those rights to ADS holders or (iii) sell those rights and distribute the net proceeds to ADS holders, in each case after deduction or upon payment of its fees and expenses. To the extent the depositary does not do any of those things, it will allow the rights to lapse. In that case, you will receive no value for them. The depositary will exercise or distribute rights only if we ask it to and provide satisfactory assurances to the depositary that it is legal to do so. If the depositary will exercise rights, it will purchase the securities to which the rights relate and distribute those securities or, in the case of shares, new ADSs representing the new shares, to subscribing ADS holders, but only if ADS holders have paid the exercise price to the depositary. U.S. securities laws may restrict the ability of the depositary to distribute rights or ADSs or other securities issued on exercise of rights to all or certain ADS holders, and the securities distributed may be subject to restrictions on transfer. |
| ● | Other Distributions. The depositary will send to ADS holders anything else we distribute on deposited securities by any means it thinks is legal, fair and practical. If it cannot make the distribution in that way, the depositary has a choice. It may decide to sell what we distributed and distribute the net proceeds, in the same way as it does with cash. Or, it may decide to hold what we distributed, in which case ADSs will also represent the newly distributed property. However, the depositary is not required to distribute any securities (other than ADSs) to ADS holders unless it receives satisfactory evidence from us that it is legal to make that distribution. The depositary may sell a portion of the distributed securities or property sufficient to pay its fees and expenses in connection with that distribution. U.S. securities laws may restrict the ability of the depositary to distribute securities to all or certain ADS holders, and the securities distributed may be subject to restrictions on transfer. |
The depositary is not responsible if it decides that it is unlawful or impractical to make a distribution available to any ADS holders. We have no obligation to register ADSs, shares, rights or other securities under the Securities Act. We also have no obligation to take any other action to permit the distribution of ADSs, shares, rights or anything else to ADS holders. This means that you may not receive the distributions we make on our shares or any value for them if it is illegal or impractical for us to make them available to you.
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Deposit, Withdrawal and Cancellation
How are ADSs issued?
The depositary will deliver ADSs if you or your broker deposits shares or evidence of rights to receive shares with the custodian. Upon payment of its fees and expenses and of any taxes or charges, such as stamp taxes or stock transfer taxes or fees, the depositary will register the appropriate number of ADSs in the names you request and will deliver the ADSs to or upon the order of the person or persons that made the deposit.
How can ADS holders withdraw the deposited securities?
You may surrender your ADSs to the depositary for the purpose of withdrawal. Upon payment of its fees and expenses and of any taxes or charges, such as stamp taxes or stock transfer taxes or fees, the depositary will deliver the shares and any other deposited securities underlying the ADSs to the ADS holder or a person the ADS holder designates at the office of the custodian. Or, at your request, risk and expense, the depositary will deliver the deposited securities at its office, if feasible. However, the depositary is not required to accept surrender of ADSs to the extent it would require delivery of a fraction of a deposited share or other security. The depositary may charge you a fee and its expenses for instructing the custodian regarding delivery of deposited securities.
How do ADS holders interchange between certificated ADSs and uncertificated ADSs?
You may surrender your ADR to the depositary for the purpose of exchanging your ADR for uncertificated ADSs. The depositary will cancel that ADR and will send to the ADS holder a statement confirming that the ADS holder is the registered holder of uncertificated ADSs. Upon receipt by the depositary of a proper instruction from a registered holder of uncertificated ADSs requesting the exchange of uncertificated ADSs for certificated ADSs, the depositary will execute and deliver to the ADS holder an ADR evidencing those ADSs.
Voting Rights
How do you vote?
ADS holders may instruct the depositary how to vote the number of deposited shares their ADSs represent. If we request the depositary to solicit your voting instructions (and we are not required to do so), the depositary will notify you of a shareholders’ meeting and send or make voting materials available to you. Those materials will describe the matters to be voted on and explain how ADS holders may instruct the depositary how to vote. For instructions to be valid, they must reach the depositary by a date set by the depositary. The depositary will try, as far as practical, subject to the laws of the Cayman Islands and the provisions of our existing memorandum and articles of association or similar documents, to vote or to have its agents vote the shares or other deposited securities as instructed by ADS holders. If we do not request the depositary to solicit your voting instructions, you can still send voting instructions, and, in that case, the depositary may try to vote as you instruct, but it is not required to do so.
Except by instructing the depositary as described above, you won’t be able to exercise voting rights unless you surrender your ADSs and withdraw the shares. However, you may not know about the meeting enough in advance to withdraw the shares. In any event, the depositary will not exercise any discretion in voting deposited securities and it will only vote or attempt to vote as instructed.
We cannot assure you that you will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that you can instruct the depositary to vote your shares. In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions or for the manner of carrying out voting instructions. This means that you may not be able to exercise voting rights and there may be nothing you can do if your shares are not voted as you requested.
In order to give you a reasonable opportunity to instruct the depositary as to the exercise of voting rights relating to deposited securities, if we request the Depositary to act, we agree to give the depositary notice of any such meeting and details concerning the matters to be voted upon at least 45 days in advance of the meeting date.
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Tender and Exchange Offers; Redemption, Replacement or Cancellation of Deposited Securities
The depositary will not tender deposited securities in any voluntary tender or exchange offer unless instructed to do so by an ADS holder surrendering ADSs and subject to any conditions or procedures the depositary may establish.
If deposited securities are redeemed for cash in a transaction that is mandatory for the depositary as a holder of deposited securities, the depositary will call for surrender of a corresponding number of ADSs and distribute the net redemption money to the holders of called ADSs upon surrender of those ADSs.
If there is any change in the deposited securities such as a sub-division, combination or other reclassification, or any merger, consolidation, recapitalization or reorganization affecting the issuer of deposited securities in which the depositary receives new securities in exchange for or in lieu of the old deposited securities, the depositary will hold those replacement securities as deposited securities under the deposit agreement. However, if the depositary decides it would not be lawful and practical to hold the replacement securities because those securities could not be distributed to ADS holders or for any other reason, the depositary may instead sell the replacement securities and distribute the net proceeds upon surrender of the ADSs.
If there is a replacement of the deposited securities and the depositary will continue to hold the replacement securities, the depositary may distribute new ADSs representing the new deposited securities or ask you to surrender your outstanding ADRs in exchange for new ADRs identifying the new deposited securities.
If there are no deposited securities underlying ADSs, including if the deposited securities are cancelled, or if the deposited securities underlying ADSs have become apparently worthless, the depositary may call for surrender of those ADSs or cancel those ADSs upon notice to the ADS holders.
Amendment and Termination
How may the deposit agreement be amended?
We may agree with the depositary to amend the deposit agreement and the ADRs without your consent for any reason. If an amendment adds or increases fees or charges, except for taxes and other governmental charges or expenses of the depositary for registration fees, facsimile costs, delivery charges or similar items, or prejudices a substantial right of ADS holders, it will not become effective for outstanding ADSs until 30 days after the depositary notifies ADS holders of the amendment. At the time an amendment becomes effective, you are considered, by continuing to hold your ADSs, to agree to the amendment and to be bound by the ADRs and the deposit agreement as amended.
How may the deposit agreement be terminated?
The depositary will initiate termination of the deposit agreement if we instruct it to do so. The depositary may initiate termination of the deposit agreement if
| ● | 60 days have passed since the depositary told us it wants to resign but a successor depositary has not been appointed and accepted its appointment; |
| ● | we delist the ADSs from an exchange in the United States on which they were listed and do not list the ADSs on another exchange in the United States or make arrangements for trading of ADSs on the U.S. over-the-counter market; |
| ● | we delist our shares from an exchange outside the United States on which they were listed and do not list the shares on another exchange outside the United States; |
| ● | the depositary has reason to believe the ADSs have become, or will become, ineligible for registration on Form F-6 under the Securities Act of 1933; |
| ● | we appear to be insolvent or enter insolvency proceedings; |
| ● | all or substantially all the value of the deposited securities has been distributed either in cash or in the form of securities; |
| ● | there are no deposited securities underlying the ADSs or the underlying deposited securities have become apparently worthless; or |
| ● | there has been a replacement of deposited securities. |
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If the deposit agreement will terminate, the depositary will notify ADS holders at least 90 days before the termination date. At any time after the termination date, the depositary may sell the deposited securities. After that, the depositary will hold the money it received on the sale, as well as any other cash it is holding under the deposit agreement, unsegregated and without liability for interest, for the pro rata benefit of the ADS holders that have not surrendered their ADSs. Normally, the depositary will sell as soon as practicable after the termination date.
After the termination date and before the depositary sells, ADS holders can still surrender their ADSs and receive delivery of deposited securities, except that the depositary may refuse to accept a surrender for the purpose of withdrawing deposited securities or reverse previously accepted surrenders of that kind that have not settled if it would interfere with the selling process. The depositary may refuse to accept a surrender for the purpose of withdrawing sale proceeds until all the deposited securities have been sold. The depositary will continue to collect distributions on deposited securities, but, after the termination date, the depositary is not required to register any transfer of ADSs or distribute any dividends or other distributions on deposited securities to the ADSs holder (until they surrender their ADSs) or give any notices or perform any other duties under the deposit agreement except as described in this paragraph.
Limitations on Obligations and Liability
Limits on our Obligations and the Obligations of the Depositary; Limits on Liability to Holders of ADSs
The deposit agreement expressly limits our obligations and the obligations of the depositary. It also limits our liability and the liability of the depositary. We and the depositary:
| ● | are only obligated to take the actions specifically set forth in the deposit agreement without negligence or bad faith, and the depositary will not be a fiduciary or have any fiduciary duty to holders of ADSs; |
| ● | are not liable if we are or it is prevented or delayed by law or by events or circumstances beyond our or its control from performing our or its obligations under the deposit agreement; |
| ● | are not liable if we or it exercises discretion permitted under the deposit agreement; |
| ● | are not liable for the inability of any holder of ADSs to benefit from any distribution on deposited securities that is not made available to holders of ADSs under the terms of the deposit agreement, or for any special, consequential or punitive damages for any breach of the terms of the deposit agreement; |
| ● | have no obligation to become involved in a lawsuit or other proceeding related to the ADSs or the deposit agreement on your behalf or on behalf of any other person; |
| ● | may rely upon any documents we believe or it believes in good faith to be genuine and to have been signed or presented by the proper person; |
| ● | are not liable for the acts or omissions of any securities depository, clearing agency or settlement system; and |
| ● | the depositary has no duty to make any determination or provide any information as to our tax status. Neither the depositary nor we have any liability for any tax consequences that may be incurred by ADS holders as a result of owning or holding ADSs or be liable for the inability or failure of an ADS holder to obtain the benefit of a foreign tax credit, reduced rate of withholding or refund of amounts withheld in respect of tax or any other tax benefit. |
In the deposit agreement, we and the depositary agree to indemnify each other under certain circumstances.
Requirements for Depositary Actions
Before the depositary will deliver or register a transfer of ADSs, make a distribution on ADSs, or permit withdrawal of shares, the depositary may require:
| ● | payment of stock transfer or other taxes or other governmental charges and transfer or registration fees charged by third parties for the transfer of any shares or other deposited securities; |
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| ● | satisfactory proof of the identity and genuineness of any signature or other information it deems necessary; and |
| ● | compliance with regulations it may establish, from time to time, consistent with the deposit agreement, including presentation of transfer documents. |
The depositary may refuse to deliver ADSs or register transfers of ADSs when the transfer books of the depositary or our transfer books are closed or at any time if the depositary or we think it advisable to do so.
Your Right to Receive the Shares Underlying Your ADSs
ADS holders have the right to cancel their ADSs and withdraw the underlying shares at any time except:
| ● | when temporary delays arise because: (i) the depositary has closed its transfer books or we have closed our transfer books; (ii) the transfer of shares is blocked to permit voting at a shareholders’ meeting; or (iii) we are paying a dividend on our shares; |
| ● | when you owe money to pay fees, taxes and similar charges; or |
| ● | when it is necessary to prohibit withdrawals in order to comply with any laws or governmental regulations that apply to ADSs or to the withdrawal of shares or other deposited securities. |
This right of withdrawal may not be limited by any other provision of the deposit agreement.
Direct Registration System
In the deposit agreement, all parties to the deposit agreement acknowledge that the Direct Registration System, also referred to as DRS, and Profile Modification System, also referred to as Profile, will apply to the ADSs. DRS is a system administered by DTC that facilitates interchange between registered holding of uncertificated ADSs and holding of security entitlements in ADSs through DTC and a DTC participant. Profile is a feature of DRS that allows a DTC participant, claiming to act on behalf of a registered holder of uncertificated ADSs, to direct the depositary to register a transfer of those ADSs to DTC or its nominee and to deliver those ADSs to the DTC account of that DTC participant without receipt by the depositary of prior authorization from the ADS holder to register that transfer.
In connection with and in accordance with the arrangements and procedures relating to DRS/Profile, the parties to the deposit agreement understand that the depositary will not determine whether the DTC participant that is claiming to be acting on behalf of an ADS holder in requesting registration of transfer and delivery as described in the paragraph above has the actual authority to act on behalf of the ADS holder (notwithstanding any requirements under the Uniform Commercial Code). In the deposit agreement, the parties agree that the depositary’s reliance on and compliance with instructions received by the depositary through the DRS/Profile system and in accordance with the deposit agreement will not constitute negligence or bad faith on the part of the depositary.
Shareholder Communications; Inspection of Register of Holders of ADSs
The depositary will make available for your inspection at its office all communications that it receives from us as a holder of deposited securities that we make generally available to holders of deposited securities. The depositary will send you copies of those communications or otherwise make those communications available to you if we ask it to. You have a right to inspect the register of holders of ADSs, but only for the purpose of communicating with those holders regarding our business or a matter related to the deposit agreement or the ADSs.
Jury Trial Waiver
The deposit agreement provides that, to the extent permitted by law, ADS holders waive the right to a jury trial of any claim they may have against us or the depositary arising out of or relating to our shares, the ADSs or the deposit agreement, including any claim under the U.S. federal securities laws. If we or the depositary opposed a jury trial demand based on the waiver, the court would determine whether the waiver was enforceable in the facts and circumstances of that case in accordance with applicable case law.
You will not, by agreeing to the terms of the deposit agreement, be deemed to have waived our or the depositary’s compliance with U.S. federal securities laws or the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.
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Exhibit 8.1
Significant Subsidiaries of the Registrant
(as of date of this annual report)
On September 12, 2024, we disposed of all of our equity interest in QK365.com INC. (BVI), FENGLINJU PROPERTY (CHINA) LIMITED (HK) and Shanghai Meileju Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd (PRC). On March 24, 2025, we consummated the acquisition of Topone Consultant Limited, a Hong Kong-based insurance brokerage firm licensed by the Hong Kong Insurance Authority. The following list presents the updated subsidiaries of the Registrant as of the date of this annual report.
| Subsidiaries | Place of Incorporation | |
| Alpha Mind Technology Limited | British Virgin Islands | |
| XH TEC, INC | British Virgin Islands | |
| Alpha Mind Technology Limited | Hong Kong | |
| Jiachuang Yingan (Beijing) Information & Technology Co., Ltd | China | |
| Topone Consultant Limited | Hong Kong |
| VIEs | Place of Incorporation | |
| Huaming Insurance Agency Co., Ltd | China | |
| Huaming Yunbao (Tianjin) Technology Co., Ltd | China |
Significant Subsidiaries of the Registrant
(as of September 30, 2025)
| Subsidiaries | Place of Incorporation | |
| Alpha Mind Technology Limited | British Virgin Islands | |
| Alpha Mind Technology Limited | Hong Kong | |
| Jiachuang Yingan (Beijing) Information & Technology Co., Ltd | China | |
| Topone Consultant Limited | Hong Kong |
| VIEs | Place of Incorporation | |
| Huaming Insurance Agency Co., Ltd | China | |
| Huaming Yunbao (Tianjin) Technology Co., Ltd | China |
Exhibit 12.1
CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER
PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
I, Zhichen Sun, certify that:
| 1. | I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of XChange TEC.INC; |
| 2. | Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; |
| 3. | Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; |
| 4. | The company’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the company and have: |
| (a) | Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; |
| (b) | Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; |
| (c) | Evaluated the effectiveness of the company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and |
| (d) | Disclosed in this report any change in the company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the company’s internal control over financial reporting; and |
| 5. | The company’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the company’s auditors and the audit committee of the company’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): |
| (a) | All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and |
| (b) | Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the company’s internal control over financial reporting. |
Date: January 14, 2026
| By: | /s/ Zhichen Sun | |
| Name: | Zhichen Sun | |
| Title: | Chairman of the Board of Directors Chief Executive Officer |
Exhibit 12.2
CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER
PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
I, Jiaxing Chang, certify that:
| 1. | I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of XChange TEC.INC; |
| 2. | Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; |
| 3. | Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; |
| 4. | The company’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the company and have: |
| (a) | Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; |
| (b) | Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; |
| (c) | Evaluated the effectiveness of the company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and |
| (d) | Disclosed in this report any change in the company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the company’s internal control over financial reporting; and |
| 5. | The company’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the company’s auditors and the audit committee of the company’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): |
| (a) | All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and |
| (b) | Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the company’s internal control over financial reporting. |
Date: January 14, 2026
| By: | /s/ Jiaxing Chang | |
| Name: | Jiaxing Chang | |
| Title: | Director Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer) |
Exhibit 13.1
CERTIFICATION BY THE PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER
PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
In connection with the Annual Report of XChange TEC.INC (the “Company”) on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Zhichen Sun, Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, hereby certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C.§ 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to the best of my knowledge:
| 1. | The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and |
| 2. | The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. |
Date: January 14, 2026
| By: | /s/ Zhichen Sun | |
| Name: | Zhichen Sun | |
| Title: | Chairman of the Board of Directors Chief Executive Officer |
Exhibit 13.2
CERTIFICATION BY THE PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER
PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
In connection with the Annual Report of XChange TEC.INC (the “Company”) on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Jiaxing Chang, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, hereby certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C.§ 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to the best of my knowledge:
| 1. | The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and |
| 2. | The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. |
Date: January 14, 2026
| By: | /s/ Jiaxing Chang | |
| Name: | Jiaxing Chang | |
| Title: | Director Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer) |
Exhibit 15.1
 |
Onestop Assurance PAC Co. Registration No.: 201823302D 10 Anson Road #21-14 International Plaza Singapore, 079903 Email: audit@onestop-audit.com Website: www.onestop-audit.com |
CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
We consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statement of XChange TEC.INC on Form F-3 (File No. 333-258187) of our report dated January 14, 2026, with respect to our audits of the consolidated financial statements of XChange TEC.INC, appearing in this Annual Report on Form 20-F.
We also consent to the reference to our firm under the heading “Experts” in the Registration Statement.
/s/ Onestop Assurance PAC
Singapore
January 14, 2026