Cipher Digital Inc 10-Q for FY2026 Q3
Cipher Digital Inc. (CIFR)
10-Q
2026-11-02
For: 2026-09-30
View Original
Added on
November 02, 2026
About this 10-Q
Cipher Digital Inc filed this 10-Q on November 2, 2026, covering the quarter ended September 30, 2026 (FY2026 Q3).
Cipher Digital Inc. reported $86.4 million revenue and a $350.2 million net loss for the nine months ended September 30, 2026; its portfolio included approximately 4.3 GW, and it issued $850.0 million of 0.00% convertible notes due 2032. AI summary
Headline figures
Quarter ended September 30, 2026, as reported in this filing, compared with the same period a year earlier where the filing states it.
- Revenue
- $26.7M
- down 62.8% from $71.71M a year earlier
- Net income
- $31.61M
- compared with a net loss of $3.28M a year earlier
- Diluted EPS
- -$0.22
- compared with -$0.01 a year earlier
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, DC 20549
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
FORM 10-Q
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(Mark One)
| QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 | |||||
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2026
OR
| TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 | |||||
For the transition period from ________to ________.
Commission File Number: 001-39625
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) | ||||
| (Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code) | ||||
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (332 ) 262-2300
Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report: N/A
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
| Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered | ||||||||||||
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
| x | Accelerated filer | o | ||||||||||||||||||
| Non-accelerated filer | o | Smaller reporting company | ||||||||||||||||||
| Emerging growth company | ||||||||||||||||||||
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No x
As of October 30, 2026, the registrant had 456,365,113 shares of Common Stock, $0.001 par value per share, outstanding.
Table of Contents
| Page | ||||||||
i
CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (the “Quarterly Report”) contains forward-looking statements. We intend such forward-looking statements to be covered by the safe harbor provisions for forward-looking statements contained in Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). All statements contained in this Quarterly Report, other than statements of historical fact, including, without limitation, statements about our beliefs and expectations regarding our future results of operations and financial position, planned business model and strategy, our bitcoin mining and high-performance compute (“HPC”) data center development, timing and likelihood of success, capacity, functionality and timing of operation of data centers, expectations regarding the operation of data centers, potential strategic initiatives, such as joint ventures and partnerships, and management plans and objectives are forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “expects,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “could,” “seeks,” “intends,” “targets,” “projects,” “contemplates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “forecasts,” “predicts,” “potential” or “continue” or the negative of these terms or other similar expressions, although not all forward-looking statements use these words or expressions. The forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report are only predictions and are largely based on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to, the following:
Risks Related to Our Business, Industry and Operations
•If we are unable to complete the construction of our HPC data centers in a timely manner or within our anticipated cost estimates, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, liquidity and our ability to make payments on our outstanding indebtedness.
•Our business is exposed to construction risks, including risks arising from construction safety incidents.
•Our tenants’ guarantees and other backstop arrangements under our HPC leases will only be effective after rent commencement under such leases and are subject to certain limitations, like event of default triggers or caps.
•Our HPC business strategy may not perform as planned.
•Our business depends on the demand for data centers.
•Constructing data centers for HPC hosting requires significant capital expenditures, and we may be unable to secure capital or financing for our construction efforts to develop data centers for HPC hosting.
•Enhanced tariff, import/export restrictions, or other trade barriers may have an adverse impact on global economic conditions.
•We may be harmed by increased costs to procure power, prolonged power outages, shortages or capacity constraints as well as insufficient access to power.
•Any failure of our physical or information technology or operational technology infrastructure or services could lead to significant costs and disruptions.
•We depend on tenants for our HPC data centers.
•Our business has grown rapidly and we have an evolving business model and strategy, which includes our diversification into constructing and operating data centers for HPC companies.
•The further development of AI technology, which represents a new and rapidly changing industry, is subject to a variety of factors that are difficult to evaluate. The slowing or stopping of the development of AI technology may adversely affect the demand for HPC-focused data center development and thus, adversely affect an investment in us.
1
•Any unfavorable global economic, business or political conditions, such as geopolitical tensions, military conflicts, acts of terrorism, natural disasters, pandemics, trade restrictions, tariffs, or similar events could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
•Operating HPC data centers is energy-intensive, which may have a negative environmental impact. Changing environmental regulation and public energy policy may expose our business to new risks.
•We have concentrated our operations and, thus, are particularly exposed to the performance of our data centers located in Texas and changes in the regulatory environment, market conditions and natural disasters in Texas.
•We depend on third parties, including engineering, procurement and construction contractors, transmission and distribution utilities, grid operators, electric utility providers and manufacturers of certain critical and specialized equipment, and rely on skilled labor, components and raw materials that may be subject to price fluctuations or shortages.
•We are vulnerable to severe weather conditions and natural disasters, including severe heat, winter weather events, earthquakes, fires, floods, hurricanes, as well as power outages and other industrial incidents or mechanical failures, which could severely disrupt the normal operation of our business and adversely affect our results of operations.
•If we or our third-party providers fail to protect our information technology systems, digital assets or confidential information, or experience cybersecurity incidents, our business, operating results, financial condition and reputation could be materially harmed.
•Our business and operating results historically have been highly dependent on bitcoin and the Bitcoin ecosystem, which are volatile and subject to risks beyond our control.
Risks Related to HPC
•Any potential use of emerging technologies like artificial intelligence could lead to unintended consequences and result in reputational harm and litigation.
•Regulatory developments surrounding AI may negatively impact our HPC data center operations.
•We are subject to a highly-evolving regulatory landscape and any adverse changes to laws and regulations, including changes in government policies, permitting requirements or land use regulations resulting from community opposition to data center development, or our failure to comply with, any applicable laws and regulations could adversely affect our business, reputation, prospects or operations.
Risks Related to Regulatory Framework
•We may face electricity market risks relating to changes in laws, regulations and requirements of market operators, network operators and/or regulatory bodies, including with respect to interconnection of facilities of large electrical loads to the ERCOT grid, (including ERCOT’s batch study process for large load interconnection requests and related governmental reviews), grid stability, voltage ride-through, frequency ride-through and curtailment obligations.
•We are subject to environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including applicable zoning, building-code and energy-efficiency standards and worker health and safety laws and regulations, and these laws and regulations and any changes to them may materially adversely affect our brand, reputation, business, results of operations and financial position.
Risks Related to Our Indebtedness
•Our indebtedness and liabilities could limit the cash flow available for our operations, expose us to risks that could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and impair our ability to satisfy our debt obligations.
2
•We may not be able to generate sufficient cash to service all of our indebtedness and to fund our working capital and capital expenditures, and may be forced to take other actions to satisfy our obligations under our indebtedness that may not be successful.
•Our debt agreements contain restrictions that will limit flexibility in operating our business.
•The important factors discussed in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on February 24, 2026 (the “2025 Form 10-K”), as updated in our subsequent filings with the SEC, including this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and any additional risks as described in our other reports filed with the SEC.
The forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report are based upon information available to us as of the date of this Quarterly Report, and while we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain and investors are cautioned not to unduly rely upon these statements.
You should read this Quarterly Report and the documents that we reference in this Quarterly Report and have filed as exhibits to this Quarterly Report with the understanding that our actual future results, performance and achievements may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Quarterly Report. Except as required by applicable law, we do not plan to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report, whether as a result of any new information, future events or otherwise.
3
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION
Our corporate website address is https://www.cipherdigital.com (“Corporate Website”). The contents of, or information accessible through, our Corporate Website are not part of this Quarterly Report.
The Company maintains a dedicated investor website at investors.cipherdigital.com (“Investors’ Website”) which is similarly not part of this Quarterly Report. We make our filings with the SEC, including our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10‑Q, Current Reports on Form 8‑K, and all amendments to those reports, available free of charge on our Investors’ Website as soon as reasonably practicable after we file such reports with, or furnish such reports to, the SEC.
We may use our Investors’ Website as a distribution channel of material information about the Company including through press releases, investor presentations, sustainability reports, and notices of upcoming events. We intend to utilize our Investors’ Website as a channel of distribution to reach public investors and as a means of disclosing material non‑public information for complying with disclosure obligations under Regulation FD.
Any reference to our Corporate Website or Investors’ Website addresses does not constitute incorporation by reference of the information contained on or available through those websites, and you should not consider such information to be a part of this Quarterly Report or any other filings we make with the SEC.
4
PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements
INDEX TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
5
CIPHER DIGITAL INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands, except for share and per share amounts)
(unaudited)
6
| September 30, 2026 | December 31, 2025 | ||||||||||
| ASSETS | |||||||||||
| Current assets | |||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | $ | |||||||||
Restricted cash, current | |||||||||||
| Accounts receivable | |||||||||||
| Receivables, related party | |||||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | |||||||||||
| Bitcoin | |||||||||||
Miners held for sale | |||||||||||
| Derivative asset, current | |||||||||||
| Total current assets | |||||||||||
| Restricted cash, non-current | |||||||||||
| Property and equipment, net | |||||||||||
| Intangible assets, net | |||||||||||
| Investment in equity investees | |||||||||||
| Derivative asset, non-current | |||||||||||
| Operating lease right-of-use asset | |||||||||||
| Security deposits | |||||||||||
| Other non-current assets | |||||||||||
| Total assets | $ | $ | |||||||||
LIABILITIES, REDEEMABLE NONCONTROLLING INTEREST, AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY | |||||||||||
| Current liabilities | |||||||||||
| Accounts payable | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | |||||||||||
| Finance lease liability, current portion | |||||||||||
| Operating lease liability, current portion | |||||||||||
| Warrant liability | |||||||||||
| Short-term borrowings | |||||||||||
| Total current liabilities | |||||||||||
| Deferred revenue | |||||||||||
| Long-term borrowings, net | |||||||||||
| Asset retirement obligations | |||||||||||
| Finance lease liability | |||||||||||
| Operating lease liability | |||||||||||
| Total liabilities | |||||||||||
Commitments and contingencies (Note 13) | |||||||||||
| Redeemable noncontrolling interest | |||||||||||
| Stockholders’ equity | |||||||||||
Preferred stock, $ | |||||||||||
Common stock, $ | |||||||||||
| Additional paid-in capital | |||||||||||
| Accumulated deficit | ( | ( | |||||||||
Treasury stock, at par, | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Total stockholders’ equity | |||||||||||
Total liabilities, redeemable noncontrolling interest, and stockholders’ equity | $ | $ | |||||||||
7
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
8
CIPHER DIGITAL INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(in thousands, except for share and per share amounts)
(unaudited)
| Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2026 | 2025 | 2026 | 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenue - bitcoin mining | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Revenue - HPC leasing | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total revenue | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Costs and operating (expenses) income | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cost of revenue - bitcoin mining | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cost of revenue - HPC leasing | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Compensation and benefits | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| General and administrative | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Change in fair value of power purchase agreement | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Power sales | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Equity in losses of equity investees | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Unrealized gains (losses) on fair value of bitcoin | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Realized gains (losses) on sale of bitcoin | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other operating income (losses) | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total costs and operating expenses | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Operating loss | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other income (expense) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest income | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Change in fair value of warrant liability | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other income (expenses) | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total other income (expense) | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Income (loss) before taxes | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Current income tax benefit (expense) | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Deferred income tax (expense) benefit | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total income tax benefit (expense) | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net income (loss) | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Less: Net loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net income (loss) available for common stockholders | $ | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Earnings (loss) per share - basic | $ | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Earnings (loss) per share - diluted | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||
Weighted average shares outstanding - basic | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Weighted average shares outstanding - diluted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
9
CIPHER DIGITAL INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN REDEEMABLE NONCONTROLLING INTEREST AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)
(in thousands, except for share amounts)
(unaudited)
Three Months Ended September 30, 2026
| Common Stock | Additional Paid-in Capital | Accumulated Deficit | Treasury Stock | Total Stockholders’ Equity | Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares | Amount | Shares | Amount | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of June 30, 2026 | $ | $ | $ | ( | ( | $ | ( | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Delivery of common stock underlying restricted stock units, net of shares settled for tax withholding settlement | ( | - | ( | ( | ( | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net income (loss) | - | - | - | - | - | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of September 30, 2026 | $ | $ | $ | ( | ( | $ | ( | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Three Months Ended September 30, 2025
Common Stock | Additional Paid-in Capital | Accumulated Deficit | Treasury Stock | Total Stockholders’ Equity | Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Shares | Amount | Shares | Amount | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of June 30, 2025 | $ | $ | $ | ( | ( | $ | ( | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common shares, net of offering costs - At-the-market offering | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Delivery of common stock underlying restricted stock units, net of shares settled for tax withholding settlement | ( | - | ( | ( | ( | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Warrants exercised | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss | - | - | - | ( | - | - | ( | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of September 30, 2025 | $ | $ | $ | ( | ( | $ | ( | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
10
CIPHER DIGITAL INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN REDEEMABLE NONCONTROLLING INTEREST AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)
(in thousands, except for share amounts)
(unaudited)
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2026
| Common Stock | Additional Paid-in Capital | Accumulated Deficit | Treasury Stock | Total Stockholders’ Equity | Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares | Amount | Shares | Amount | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2025 | $ | $ | $ | ( | ( | $ | ( | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Distributions to non-controlling interest | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common shares, net of offering costs - At-the-market offering | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Delivery of common stock underlying restricted stock units and performance stock units, net of shares settled for tax withholding settlement | ( | - | ( | ( | ( | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss | - | - | - | ( | - | - | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of September 30, 2026 | $ | $ | $ | ( | ( | $ | ( | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025
Common Stock | Additional Paid-in Capital | Accumulated Deficit | Treasury Stock | Total Stockholders’ Equity | Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Shares | Amount | Shares | Amount | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2024 | $ | $ | $ | ( | ( | $ | ( | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common shares, net of offering costs - At-the-market offering | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Treasury stock reissued for PIPE Investment | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Delivery of common stock underlying restricted stock units, net of shares settled for tax withholding settlement | ( | - | ( | ( | ( | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Warrants exercised | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net loss | - | - | - | ( | - | - | ( | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of September 30, 2025 | $ | $ | $ | ( | ( | $ | ( | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
11
CIPHER DIGITAL INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(unaudited)
(in thousands)
| Nine Months Ended September 30, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2026 | 2025 | ||||||||||||||||
| Cash flows from operating activities | |||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||||||||
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: | |||||||||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization | |||||||||||||||||
| Amortization of operating right-of-use asset | |||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation | |||||||||||||||||
| Equity in losses of equity investees | |||||||||||||||||
Write-down of assets held for sale | |||||||||||||||||
Loss on disposal of assets | |||||||||||||||||
Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs | |||||||||||||||||
Non-cash lease expense | |||||||||||||||||
Deferred income taxes | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Non-cash consideration received for services | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
Change in fair value of derivative assets | |||||||||||||||||
| Change in fair value of warrant liability | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
Change in fair value of investments at fair value | |||||||||||||||||
Change in fair value of bitcoin collateral | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Change in fair value of bitcoin loan | |||||||||||||||||
Change in unrealized (gains) losses on fair value of bitcoin | ( | ||||||||||||||||
Realized losses (gains) on sale of bitcoin | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities | |||||||||||||||||
(Decrease) increase in operating assets | ( | ||||||||||||||||
Decrease in operating liabilities | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
Net cash used in operating activities | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Cash flows from investing activities | |||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from sale of bitcoin | |||||||||||||||||
Proceeds from disposal of assets | |||||||||||||||||
| Purchases of property and equipment | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Purchases and development of software | ( | ||||||||||||||||
Distributions paid to non-controlling interest | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Investment in equity investees | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
Purchases of strategic contracts | ( | ||||||||||||||||
Net cash used in investing activities | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Cash flows from financing activities | |||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from notes, net of issuance costs | |||||||||||||||||
Proceeds from the issuance of common stock, net of offering costs | |||||||||||||||||
Repurchase of common shares to pay employee withholding taxes | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
Principal payments of financing lease | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
Purchase of capped call options | ( | ||||||||||||||||
Proceeds from treasury stock reissued for PIPE investment | |||||||||||||||||
| Principal payments on loan | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by financing activities | |||||||||||||||||
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | |||||||||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, beginning of the period | |||||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of the period | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
12
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements
CIPHER DIGITAL INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS - CONTINUED
(unaudited)
(in thousands)
| Nine Months Ended September 30, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2026 | 2025 | ||||||||||||||||
Supplemental information | |||||||||||||||||
Cash paid for interest | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
Cash paid for income taxes, net | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities | |||||||||||||||||
| Property and equipment purchases in accounts payable and accrued expenses | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
| Interest capitalized on construction in progress | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
| Investments acquired at fair value for sale of equity in investees interests | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
| Right-of-use asset obtained in exchange for operating lease liability | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
| Miners reclassified from held for sale to in service | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
Right-of-use asset obtained in exchange for finance lease liability | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
Derecognition of asset retirement obligation and asset retirement cost | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
| Investments acquired at fair value for sale of miners | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
| Sales tax accrual on machines placed in service | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
Decrease in Right-of-use asset and operating lease liability from lease modification | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
| Bitcoin received from equity investees | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
| Land asset adjustment on derecognition of lease liability and right-of-use asset | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
Issuance of warrant liability | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
Reclassification of deposits on equipment to property and equipment | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
Initial estimate of asset retirement obligation and related capitalized costs | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
| Bitcoin transferred for rehypothecated collateral | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
Bitcoin loan payments | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
Bitcoin received as a loan | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
| Treasury stock reissued for PIPE investment | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
The following table provides a reconciliation of Cash and cash equivalents together with Restricted cash as reported within the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets to the sum of the same such amounts shown in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.
13
| September 30, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2026 | 2025 | ||||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
| Restricted cash, current | |||||||||||||||||
| Restricted cash, non-current | |||||||||||||||||
| Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash shown in the statement of cash flows | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
14
CIPHER DIGITAL INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)
NOTE 1. ORGANIZATION
Nature of operations
Cipher Digital Inc. (“Cipher,” “CDI,” or the “Company”) is focused on the development and operation of industrial-scale data centers for high-performance compute (“HPC”) hosting and bitcoin mining. The Company has a 300 MW data center in Wink, Texas that draws power from the power grid (the “Black Pearl Facility”) that was used for bitcoin mining through February 2026, and in August 2026 commenced phased delivery to an HPC tenant. The Company is also in the process of constructing two other sites for HPC tenants, with the 300 MW Barber Lake Facility for Fluidstack USA II Inc. (“Fluidstack”), expecting phased commencement in the fourth quarter of 2026 and the 100 MW Stingray data center (the “Stingray Facility”) expecting commencement in 2027. The Company’s portfolio as of September 30, 2026 also consists of seven additional sites expected to be built out for HPC. The Company also operates one wholly owned bitcoin mining data center, a 207 MW site located in Odessa, Texas that draws fixed priced power from a power purchase agreement with its electricity provider (the “Odessa Facility”).
Risks and uncertainties
Liquidity and capital resources
The Company has historically experienced net losses and negative cash flows from operations; however, proceeds from sales of bitcoin are categorized as cash flows from investing activities to the extent bitcoin is sold after seven days from receipt. As of September 30, 2026, the Company had approximate balances of Cash and cash equivalents of $656.0 million, working capital of $1,016.8 million, Total stockholders’ equity of $600.3 million and an Accumulated deficit of $1,353.9 million. The Company uses a combination of short-term and long-term financing arrangements, proceeds from sales of bitcoin earned by or received from its bitcoin mining data centers, and strategic sales of shares through “at-the-market” offerings to support its operating expenses and capital expenditures.
The Company monitors its balance sheet on an ongoing basis to determine the proper mix of bitcoin retention and bitcoin sales to support its cash requirements, ongoing operations, and capital expenditures. Bitcoin is classified as a current asset on the Company’s balance sheets due to its intent and ability to sell bitcoin to support operations when needed. Approximately $283.2 million of cash was used in operating activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2026.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2026, the Company sold bitcoin for proceeds of approximately $168.9 million. The Company paid approximately $2,517.2 million for property and equipment primarily related to the build-out of various facilities.
The Company has a master loan agreement with Coinbase Credit, Inc., as Lender, and Coinbase, Inc., as Lending Service Provider (the “Coinbase Master Loan Agreement”). Pursuant to the master loan agreement, the Company has a secured line of credit, with capacity to be determined, subject to credit review (the “Coinbase Overnight Credit Facility”). The borrowings are collateralized by bitcoin transferred to the Lending Service Provider’s platform.
On May 22, 2025, the Company issued $172.5 million of principal amount of convertible notes due in 2030 with an interest rate of 1.75 % (the “2030 Convertible Notes”). The 2030 Convertible Notes are senior, unsecured obligations with interest due semiannually on May 15 and November 15 each year beginning on November 15, 2025. On October 16, 2026, the Company exchanged approximately $165.9 million of principal amount of the 2030 Convertible Notes for approximately 40.7 million shares of the Company’s common stock. Following this exchange, approximately $6.6 million aggregate principal amount of the 2030 Convertible Notes remains outstanding.
On September 30, 2025, the Company issued $1,300.0 million of principal amount of convertible notes due in 2031 with an interest rate of 0.00 % (the “2031 Convertible Notes”). The 2031 Convertible Notes are senior, unsecured obligations.
On March 23, 2026, the Company entered into a $200.0 million revolving credit facility (the “Revolving Credit Facility”) with Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc. as administrative agent and collateral agent, and a syndicate of lenders. The Revolving Credit Facility also provides for an additional accordion option of up to $50.0 million. The Revolving Credit Facility matures on March 23, 2030 (the fourth anniversary of the closing date); provided, however, that if any of the 2030 Convertible Notes (or certain refinancing indebtedness in respect thereof) are outstanding on the date that is 91 days prior to the maturity date thereof, the maturity date of the Revolving Credit Facility will spring to such earlier date (the “Springing Maturity Date”).
15
CIPHER DIGITAL INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)
On October 16, 2026, the Company issued $850.0 million aggregate principal amount of 0.00 % convertible senior notes due in 2032 (the “2032 Convertible Notes”). The 2032 Convertible Notes are senior, unsecured obligations of the Company and will mature on November 1, 2032, unless earlier repurchased or converted. Refer to Note 21, Subsequent Events for additional information.
Refer to Note 14. Debt for more details on all debt arrangements.
Management believes that the Company’s existing financial resources, ability to obtain project level financing, projected cash and bitcoin inflows from its data centers, ability to sell bitcoin received or earned, and its intent and ability to sell common stock through at-the-market offerings will be sufficient to enable the Company to meet its operating and capital requirements for at least 12 months from the date these condensed consolidated financial statements are issued.
NOTE 2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Basis of presentation and principles of consolidation
The Company prepares its unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (“GAAP”) as determined by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) and pursuant to the accounting and disclosure rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).
The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its controlled subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated.
The Company had no items of other comprehensive income or loss for any of the periods presented. Accordingly, comprehensive loss equals net loss for all periods presented, and a separate statement of comprehensive loss has not been presented.
Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified for consistency with the current period presentation.
Use of estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. The most significant estimates inherent in the preparation of the Company’s financial statements include, but are not limited to, those related to equity instruments issued in share-based compensation arrangements, valuation of its Level 3 assets and liabilities, useful lives of property and equipment, asset retirement obligations and the valuation allowance associated with the Company’s deferred tax assets, among others. Making estimates requires management to exercise significant judgment. It is at least reasonably possible that the estimate of the effect of a condition, situation or set of circumstances that existed at the date of the financial statements, which management considered in formulating its estimate, could change in the near term due to one or more future confirming events. Accordingly, the actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.
Unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements
The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP for interim financial information and the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of the Company’s management, these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, which consist of only normal recurring adjustments necessary for the fair presentation of the balances and results for the periods presented. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statement results are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the full fiscal year or any future period.
A detailed description of the Company’s significant accounting policies is included in the Company’s 2025 Form 10-K as filed with the SEC on February 24, 2026. The Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes in the Company’s 2025 Form 10-K. There have been no material changes to the Company’s significant accounting policies from those disclosed in the notes to the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements included in the Company’s 2025 Form 10-K, except for the addition of our HPC leasing described below.
16
CIPHER DIGITAL INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)
Revenue recognition - bitcoin mining
The Company recognizes revenue related to bitcoin mining under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”). The core principle of the revenue standard is that a company should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.
The Company recognizes revenue on the same day that the control of the contracted service of providing hashrate transfers to the mining pool operator, which is the same day as contract inception. The noncash consideration received in the form of bitcoin is measured at 0:00:00 Coordinated Universal Time (“UTC”) using the Company’s principal market for bitcoin.
The contract is terminable at any time by either party with no substantive termination penalty. The Company’s enforceable right to compensation begins when, and lasts for as long as, the Company provides computing power to the mining pool operator; the Company’s performance obligation extends over the contract term given the Company’s continuous provision of hashrate. This period of time corresponds with the period of service for which the mining pool operator determines compensation due to the Company. Given the terms of the contract, and the Company’s customary business practice, the contract effectively provides the Company with a contract that continuously renews throughout the day.
Revenue recognition - HPC leasing
The Company generates revenue by leasing data center capacity and providing related services to customers including hyperscalers, AI labs, and neoclouds for high-performance computing. These arrangements generally include lease components related to the right to use specified data center space and associated infrastructure and nonlease components, including power delivery, environmental controls, physical security, connectivity products, operations and maintenance services and certain other operating services.
The Company evaluates each arrangement under ASC 842, Leases (“ASC 842”), to determine whether the arrangement contains a lease and whether the Company is acting as lessor. For its HPC data center assets, the Company has elected the practical expedient available under ASC 842 to combine nonlease components that have the same pattern of transfer as the related lease components into a single combined component. The combined component is accounted for under ASC 842 when the lease component is predominant and under ASC 606 when the nonlease component is predominant. The lease components are the predominant components in the Company's HPC lease arrangements and, accordingly, the combined components are accounted for as operating leases under ASC 842. As a result, all of the consideration within the HPC lease arrangement is presented as HPC leasing revenue on the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Recognition of HPC leasing revenue begins upon lease commencement, which occurs for each lease component when the applicable facility or phase is delivered to the customer and made available for its intended use.
The Company has concluded that it is probable that substantially all of the payments will be collected over the term of the arrangements. For each lease component, the Company recognizes the total fixed payments allocated to the component on a straight-line basis over the noncancellable term. The difference between lease revenue recognized on a straight-line basis and contractual lease payments is recorded as an accrued rent receivable or deferred rent liability on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Certain arrangements include options to extend the term. These extension options are not reasonably certain to be exercised and are excluded from the lease term and calculation of lease payments at lease commencement.
The lease arrangements generally require the Company to provide power delivery, environmental controls, physical security, connectivity, operations and maintenance and certain other operating services throughout the lease term. Any fixed monthly payments associated with these services are allocated to the related lease components and recognized as lease revenue on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
Certain arrangements also provide for reimbursement of electricity, taxes, insurance, maintenance and other operating costs incurred on behalf of tenants. These amounts are generally variable and are recognized as HPC leasing revenue in the period earned. Reimbursement-related lease payments are presented on a gross basis in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Certain lease arrangements also include customer-requested change orders to the lease component during the construction period. Recognition of HPC leasing revenue begins upon lease commencement, which occurs for each lease component when the applicable facility or phase is delivered to the customer and made available for its intended use.
17
CIPHER DIGITAL INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)
Segment information
Restricted cash
Restricted cash primarily relates to proceeds from various senior secured notes offerings which the Company is restricted from using for general corporate purposes outside of financing specific site developments. As these funds are expected to be used in the short term to build out the various sites, this restricted cash is classified in current assets on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.
Restricted cash classified as noncurrent on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets represents cash required to be held in debt service accounts related to various senior secured notes, as well as amounts pledged as collateral to Luminant ET Services Company LLC (“Luminant”), and Vistra Operations Company, LLC (“Vistra”), a Luminant affiliate, primarily related to the Luminant Power Agreement (defined below in Note 4. Derivative Assets).
Accounts receivable
The Company’s accounts receivable balance as of September 30, 2026 consists primarily of amounts due related to rent, operating expense reimbursements, and change orders requested from tenants for its HPC data centers. Amounts recorded in accounts receivable consist of the amount invoiced, but not yet received from the tenant.
The Company’s accounts receivable balance as of December 31, 2025 consists of amounts due from its mining pool operator. Amounts recorded in accounts receivable consist of the block rewards and transaction fees earned on the last day (last contract period) of the period, but not yet received from the mining pool operator.
Fixed assets
As a result of fixed assets placed into service related to the Black Pearl Facility, the Company established estimated useful lives for Buildings from 10 to 40 years, and Infrastructure assets from 10 to 40 years.
Long-term borrowings, net
Long-term borrowings, net represents the Company’s convertible senior notes and senior secured notes. The Company records the aggregate principal amount of each of its long-term debt instruments as a liability on the balance sheet, offset by the instrument’s issuance costs. The issuance costs are amortized to interest expense using the effective interest rate method over the expected term of each instrument. The Company records contractually obligated payments due within one year as short term liabilities.
Earnings (Loss) per share
Basic earnings (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) allocated to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings (loss) per common share adjusts net income (loss) and net income (loss) per common share for the effect of all potentially dilutive shares of Common Stock. Potentially dilutive common shares consist of the Company’s outstanding warrants to purchase Common Stock, Common Stock to settle convertible notes, as well as unvested restricted stock units (“RSUs”).
The dilutive effect of RSUs is calculated using the treasury stock method. The dilutive effect of PSUs is calculated using the contingently issuable share method. For warrants that are liability-classified, during periods when the impact is dilutive, the Company assumes share settlement of the instruments as of the beginning of the reporting period and adjusts the numerator to remove the change in fair value of the warrant liability and adjusts the denominator to include the dilutive
18
CIPHER DIGITAL INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)
shares calculated using the treasury stock method. The dilutive effect of the convertible notes was determined using the if-converted method. Under the if-converted method, net income (loss) is adjusted to reflect the assumption that the convertible notes were converted at the beginning of the period.
The Company’s potentially dilutive common shares have been excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per common share when the effect would be to reduce the net loss per common share, or increase the net income per common share.
The following is a reconciliation of the numerator and denominator of the diluted earnings (loss) per share computations for the periods indicated below:
| Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2026 | 2025 | 2026 | 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Net income (loss) available for common stockholders - basic | $ | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | ||||||||||||||||
Less: gain on change in fair value of Google warrant liability | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Net income (loss) available for common stockholders - diluted | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Weighted average shares outstanding - basic | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Add: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Google Warrants | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Weighted average shares outstanding - diluted | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net earnings (loss) per share - basic | $ | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Net earnings (loss) per share - diluted | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||||||||||
The following table presents the common share equivalents that are excluded from the computation of diluted earnings (loss) per common share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025, because including them would have been antidilutive.
| Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2026 | 2025 | 2026 | 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Note conversion(1) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Google warrants | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Unvested RSUs & PSUs | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Public warrants | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Recently adopted accounting pronouncements
In November 2024, the FASB issued Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) 2024-04, Debt - Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20): Induced Conversions of Convertible Debt Instruments (“ASU 2024-04”). ASU 2024-04 seeks to improve the relevance and consistency in application of Subtopic 470-20 around when the terms of convertible
19
CIPHER DIGITAL INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)
debt instruments are changed to incentivize conversion. The Company adopted ASU 2024-04 on January 1, 2026. Adoption did not have a material impact on the Company's financial statements and disclosures.
Recently issued accounting pronouncements
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses (“ASU 2024-03”). ASU 2024-03 seeks to improve disclosures around expenses and provide more detail to investors about certain types of expenses in commonly presented captions. The updated guidance is effective for the Company for annual periods beginning January 1, 2027, and interim periods beginning January 1, 2028. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this amended guidance may have on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-06, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software (“ASU 2025-06”). ASU 2025-06 seeks to modernize the internal-use software guidance, primarily by removing the project-stage framework (preliminary/application development/post-implementation) in favor of a principle focused on when it is probable that the software will be completed and used as intended. The updated guidance is effective for the Company for annual periods beginning January 1, 2028. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this amended guidance may have on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-11, Interim Reporting (Topic 270): Narrow-Scope Improvements (“ASU 2025-11”). ASU 2025-11 is intended to improve the navigability of the guidance in ASC 270 and clarify when it applies. Under the amendments, an entity is subject to ASC 270 if it provides interim financial statements and notes in accordance with GAAP. ASU 2025-11 also addresses the form and content of interim financial statements, provides a comprehensive list of required interim disclosures, and establishes a principle under which an entity must disclose events since the end of the last annual reporting period that have a material impact on the entity. The updated guidance is effective for the Company for interim periods beginning January 1, 2028, and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this guidance may have on the notes to its condensed consolidated financial statements.
In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-12, Codification Improvements (“ASU 2025-12”). ASU 2025-12 contains 33 amendments intended to correct errors in, clarify, and make narrow-scope improvements to various Codification topics, including clarifications to the calculation of diluted earnings per share when a loss from continuing operations exists, the permissible methods for accounting for treasury stock retirements, and the accounting for transfers of receivables from contracts with customers. The updated guidance is effective for the Company for fiscal years beginning January 1, 2027, including interim periods within those years. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this guidance may have on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
The Company continually assesses any new accounting pronouncements to determine their applicability. When it is determined that a new accounting pronouncement affects the Company’s financial reporting, the Company undertakes to determine the consequences of the change to its financial statements and assures that there are proper controls in place to ascertain that the Company’s financial statements properly reflect the change. The Company reviewed all other recently issued accounting pronouncements and concluded that they were either not applicable or not expected to have a significant impact on its condensed consolidated financial statements.
20
CIPHER DIGITAL INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)
NOTE 3. BITCOIN
The following table presents information about the Company’s bitcoin (in thousands):
| For the Nine Months Ended September 30, | |||||||||||
| 2026 | 2025 | ||||||||||
| Opening balance | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Bitcoin received from equity investees | |||||||||||
| Bitcoin received from mining activities | |||||||||||
| Bitcoin received from loan | |||||||||||
| Bitcoin paid for interest on loan | ( | ||||||||||
| Proceeds from sales of bitcoin | ( | ( | |||||||||
Realized (losses) gains on sales of bitcoin, net | ( | ||||||||||
| Unrealized gains (losses) on fair value of bitcoin | ( | ||||||||||
Realized loss on bitcoin transferred to collateral, net | ( | ||||||||||
Bitcoin transferred from collateral, net | |||||||||||
| Ending balance | $ | $ | |||||||||
The Company held approximately 310 and 1,433 bitcoin at September 30, 2026, and December 31, 2025, respectively. The associated fair values and cost bases of bitcoin held were $25.9 million, and $21.6 million, respectively, at September 30, 2026, and $125.4 million, and $154.1 million, respectively at December 31, 2025. Fair value of bitcoin is estimated using the closing price at 23:59:59 UTC in the Company’s principal market, which is a Level 1 input (i.e., an observable input such as a quoted price in an active market for an identical asset). The Company accounts for bitcoin on a first-in-first-out (“FIFO”) basis.
Additionally, the Company may pledge bitcoin as collateral related to bitcoin trading strategies. As of September 30, 2026, the Company had 10 bitcoin with a fair value of $0.8 million pledged as part of trading strategies. As of December 31, 2025 the Company had no bitcoin pledged as part of trading strategies.
NOTE 4. DERIVATIVE ASSETS
On June 23, 2021, the Company entered into a power purchase agreement with Luminant, which was subsequently amended on July 9, 2021, and further amended on February 28, 2022, August 26, 2022, and August 23, 2023 (as amended, the “Luminant Power Agreement”), for the supply of a fixed amount of electric power to the Odessa Facility at a fixed price for a term of five years , subject to certain early termination exemptions. The Luminant Power Agreement provides for subsequent automatic annual renewal unless either party provides written notice to the other party of its intent to terminate the agreement at least six months prior to the expiration of the then current term.
The Company’s management determined that the Luminant Power Agreement meets the definition of a derivative under ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging (“ASC 815”). Accordingly, the Luminant Power Agreement is recorded at its estimated fair value each reporting period with the change in the fair value recorded in change in fair value of power purchase agreement in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. See additional information regarding valuation of the Luminant Power Agreement derivative in Note 18. Fair Value Measurements.
The Company may opportunistically sell electricity in the ERCOT market in exchange for cash payments, rather than utilizing the power to mine for bitcoin at the Odessa Facility to manage the Company’s operating costs. From power sales, the Company earned approximately $4.3 million and $2.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2026, and 2025, respectively, and $8.7 million, and $4.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2026, and 2025, respectively, and recorded this amount within Costs and operating (expenses) income on the condensed consolidated statements of operations, with the corresponding cost of the power sold recorded in Cost of revenue - bitcoin mining.
21
CIPHER DIGITAL INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)
NOTE 5. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT
Property and equipment, net, including leased property and equipment, consisted of the following (in thousands):
| September 30, 2026 | December 31, 2025 | ||||||||||
| Miners and mining equipment | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Leasehold improvements | |||||||||||
| Land | |||||||||||
Buildings | |||||||||||
| Infrastructure | |||||||||||
| Other | |||||||||||
| Construction-in-progress | |||||||||||
Deposits on equipment | |||||||||||
| Total cost of property and equipment | |||||||||||
| Less: accumulated depreciation | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Property and equipment, net | $ | $ | |||||||||
As of September 30, 2026, the Company had approximately $3,357.4 million of construction-in-progress related to construction at various sites related to building data centers for leasing to HPC tenants.
Depreciation expense was approximately $18.6 million and $59.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively, and included approximately $0.6 million and $0.8 million of accretion expense related to the Company’s asset retirement obligations, and $56.5 million, and $146.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2026, and 2025, respectively, and included approximately $1.8 million and $1.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2026, and 2025, respectively, of accretion expense related to the Company’s asset retirement obligations.
The Company completed a quantitative assessment during the fourth quarter of 2025 in connection with a substantial decline in the price of bitcoin with increased network hashrate, and concluded an impairment existed on the miners and leasehold improvements at the Odessa Facility as of the assessment date. The Company recorded an impairment of $45.3 million on these long-lived assets at the Odessa Facility in Other operating losses in the year ended December 31, 2025. There was no impairment recognized for the nine months ended September 30, 2026.
NOTE 6. MINERS HELD FOR SALE
As of September 30, 2026, the Company has no equipment classified as held for sale. As of December 31, 2025, the Company presented separately from Property and equipment, net $94.9 million of mining rigs that the Company determined met the criteria to be classified as held for sale and were presented in Miners held for sale on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.
The Company recognized a loss of $7.4 million on the fair value of the miners during the nine months ended September 30, 2026. The loss is recorded in Other operating income (losses) on the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations.
NOTE 7. INVESTMENTS IN JOINT VENTURES
The Company accounted for its 49 % equity ownership in each of Alborz LLC, Bear LLC, and Chief Mountain LLC (the “WindHQ JV sites”) using the equity method of accounting. The book value of these investments was included in Investment in equity investees on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets, with the Company’s portion of income included in Equity in losses of equity investees on the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Activity in the Company’s investments in equity investees during the nine months ended September 30, 2026, and 2025, consisted of the following (in thousands):
22
CIPHER DIGITAL INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)
| For the Nine Months Ended September 30, | |||||||||||
| 2026 | 2025 | ||||||||||
| Opening balance | $ | $ | |||||||||
Capital contributions | |||||||||||
| Accretion of basis differences related to miner contributions | |||||||||||
| Bitcoin received from equity investees | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Equity in net losses of equity investees | ( | ( | |||||||||
Proceeds from sale of equity investee interests | ( | ||||||||||
| Ending Balance | $ | $ | |||||||||
On February 19, 2026, the Company sold its 49 % interests in the WindHQ JV sites to Canaan Inc (“Canaan”) in exchange for $29.4 million of Canaan common stock. In the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company recorded an additional expense in Equity in losses of equity investees to adjust the carrying value of its investments to the negotiated sale price.
In October 2025, the Company purchased 53 % of the equity in Colchis LLC (“Colchis”), a joint venture of a potential 1 GW site in Texas, the “Colchis Site.” The Company is the managing member and consolidates Colchis, and records redeemable noncontrolling interest for the minority interest in the site. The Company deems the noncontrolling interest to be redeemable due to certain clauses in the agreement, which could trigger the redemption of the noncontrolling shares upon events outside of the Company's control.
Since the original purchase of Colchis, the Company made capital contributions to Colchis, which increased the Company’s ownership to 76 % as of September 30, 2026.
NOTE 8. INTANGIBLE ASSETS
The Company’s intangible assets consisted of the following (in thousands):
| September 30, 2026 | |||||||||||||||||
| Gross Carrying Amount | Accumulated Amortization | Net Carrying Amount | |||||||||||||||
Strategic contracts | $ | $ | ( | $ | |||||||||||||
| Capitalized software | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | ( | $ | |||||||||||||
| December 31, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||
| Gross Carrying Amount | Accumulated Amortization | Net Carrying Amount | |||||||||||||||
| Strategic contracts | $ | $ | ( | $ | |||||||||||||
| Capitalized software | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | ( | $ | |||||||||||||
The Company recorded amortization expense related to intangible assets of $0.2 0.7 million and $0.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively. The Company expects to record amortization expense as follows over the next five subsequent years:
23
CIPHER DIGITAL INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)
| (in thousands) | |||||
| Remainder of Year Ending December 31, 2026 | |||||
| Year Ending December 31, 2027 | |||||
| Year Ending December 31, 2028 | |||||
| Year Ending December 31, 2029 | |||||
| Year Ending December 31, 2030 | |||||
NOTE 9. SECURITY DEPOSITS
The Company’s security deposits consisted of the following (in thousands):
| September 30, 2026 | December 31, 2025 | ||||||||||
| Security deposits with utility providers | |||||||||||
| Other deposits | |||||||||||
| Total security deposits | $ | $ | |||||||||
As part of various transactions to acquire wholly owned sites, the Company has deposits with Oncor Electric Delivery Company LLC (“Oncor”), Lower Colorado River Authority (“LCRA”), City Public Service Board (“CPS Energy”), and American Electric Power (“AEP”) to construct infrastructure to provide the ability to energize each data center. These deposits are eligible to be returned to the Company if the data centers energize an agreed upon capacity within an agreed upon timeframe. As of September 30, 2026 the Company believes these deposits will be returned.
NOTE 10. SUPPLEMENTAL FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Prepaid expenses and other current assets were $56.3 million as of September 30, 2026, primarily consisting of receivables from utilities for cash deposits replaced with letters of credit, as well as the fair value of the 806,439,900 shares of Canaan Inc. common stock, acquired on February 19, 2026, as part of the sale of the Company’s WindHQ JV sites and certain mining rigs located at the Black Pearl Facility to Canaan.
Prepaid expenses and other current assets were $8.0 million at December 31, 2025, consisting primarily of prepaid insurance.
Other noncurrent assets were $555.1 million, and $562.0 million as of September 30, 2026, and December 31, 2025, respectively. The balance primarily consisted of an asset of $544.5 million at both periods representing the value of Google agreeing to make the lease payments from Fluidstack in the event of Fluidstack not fulfilling its obligations under the lease. The Company will amortize this asset over the life of the lease on a straight-line basis to recognize the benefit over the term of the benefit derived from the backstop.
The Company’s accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):
| September 30, 2026 | December 31, 2025 | ||||||||||
| Construction costs | $ | $ | |||||||||
Accrued interest | |||||||||||
Contingent liabilities | |||||||||||
| Employee compensation | |||||||||||
| Professional fees | |||||||||||
| Taxes | |||||||||||
| Power costs | |||||||||||
| Other | |||||||||||
| Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities | $ | $ | |||||||||
24
CIPHER DIGITAL INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)
NOTE 11. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
Related party receivables
The Company had no related party receivables as of September 30, 2026, and recorded related party receivables of approximately $0.3 million as of December 31, 2025, representing amounts owed to the Company from its equity method investees.
NOTE 12. LEASES
Lessor Accounting
In September 2025, the Company, through its wholly owned subsidiary Cipher Barber Lake LLC, entered into an agreement with Fluidstack for the development, construction and lease of an HPC data center facility for a 10-year term, with two five-year extension options, which lease was subsequently amended and restated in November 2025 (as so amended and restated, the “Fluidstack Lease”). As part of the Fluidstack Lease, the Company is required to provide certain services for the data center including supplying power, environmental controls, physical security and connectivity products to the tenant, and failure to provide these services may result in additional costs under the lease.
In connection with the Fluidstack Lease, Google LLC (“Google”) agreed to support certain payment obligations under the lease upon the occurrence of specified events. See additional information regarding this agreement in Note 16. Warrants.
In September 2026, the Company amended the Fluidstack Lease to provide for an updated phased delivery schedule, with individual data halls expected to be delivered between the fourth quarter of 2026 and the first quarter of 2027 and remove the two five-year extension options. Concurrently with the execution of the amendment to the Fluidstack Lease, the Company entered into a binding agreement with a leading AI lab to lease the facility for 10 years to commence following the term of the Fluidstack Lease. In connection with the amendment to the Fluidstack Lease and related tenant-modification change orders, the Company, Fluidstack and the leading AI lab established a cost reimbursement framework under which the Company will bear the first $359.3 million of costs in excess of the initial budgeted amount under the Fluidstack Lease. The tenant will reimburse the Company over the aggregate 20-year contracted term for 50 % of any such costs above that amount, payable as additional rent and calculated in a manner to provide the Company with a contracted rate of return on such reimbursed amounts.
In October 2025, the Company, through its wholly owned subsidiary Cipher Black Pearl LLC, entered into a 15-year lease agreement with an investment grade hyperscaler tenant to deliver approximately 300 gross MW of turnkey data center capacity at the Black Pearl Facility (the “Black Pearl Facility Lease”). Delivery of the facility occurs on a phased basis, with the initial phase commenced in August 2026. The Black Pearl Facility Lease provides three five-year extension options, as well as a short-term extension option under specified conditions. The Company is required to provide ongoing services including power, operations and maintenance, and other operating services, and may be subject to rent credits or other remedies for failure to achieve specified milestones. Between November 2025 and July 2026, the parties entered into three amendments to the Black Pearl Facility Lease that, among other things, revised the data hall configuration and milestone delivery dates.
In March 2026, the Company, through a wholly owned subsidiary, entered into a data center lease agreement with an investment grade hyperscaler tenant for the development, construction and lease of an additional HPC data center facility at one of the Company’s existing sites in Texas. The initial term of the lease is 15 years, with multiple extension options at the tenant's election. The Company is responsible for construction of the facility, with phased delivery expected to begin in 2027. Base rent is abated prior to the first phase commencement date and commences on a per-phase basis as each phase is
25
CIPHER DIGITAL INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)
delivered. The Company is required to provide ongoing services including power, operations and maintenance, and other operating services, and may be subject to rent credits or other remedies for failure to achieve specified delivery milestones.
The components of the Company’s HPC leasing revenue for its commenced operating leases were as follows (in thousands):
| Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2026 | 2025 | 2026 | 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income relating to fixed payments | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income relating to variable payments | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total HPC leasing revenue | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
The difference between lease revenue recognized on a straight-line basis and contractual lease payments billed is recorded as accrued rent receivable or deferred rent liability. As of September 30, 2026, the Company had accrued rent receivables of $1.4 million, included in Other noncurrent assets, and deferred rent liabilities of $46.2 million included in Deferred revenue, in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. There were no
The following table presents the Company’s future minimum operating lease payments expected to be received from commenced lease components as of September 30, 2026. The table includes only base rent and excludes reimbursements and variable lease components:
| Remainder of Year Ending December 31, 2026 | $ | ||||
| Year Ending December 31, 2027 | |||||
| Year Ending December 31, 2028 | |||||
| Year Ending December 31, 2029 | |||||
| Year Ending December 31, 2030 | |||||
| Thereafter | |||||
| Total undiscounted lease payments | $ | ||||
Lessee Accounting
Odessa Facility Lease
The Company entered into a series of agreements with affiliates of Luminant, including the Lease Agreement dated June 29, 2021, as amended on July 9, 2021 and August 23, 2023 (as amended, the “Luminant Lease Agreement”). The Luminant Lease Agreement leases a plot of land to the Company for the data center, ancillary infrastructure and electrical system (the “Interconnection Electrical Facilities” or “substation”) of the Odessa Facility. The Company entered into the Luminant Lease Agreement and the Purchase and Sale Agreement dated June 28, 2021 with Vistra Operations Company LLC (the “Luminant Purchase and Sale Agreement”) to build the infrastructure necessary to support its Odessa Facility operations. The Company determined that the Luminant Lease Agreement and the Luminant Purchase and Sale Agreement should be combined for accounting purposes under ASC 842, Leases (collectively, the “Combined Luminant Lease Agreement”) and that amounts exchanged under the combined contract should be allocated to the various components of the overall transaction based on relative fair values. The Combined Luminant Lease Agreement is classified as a finance lease.
The Combined Luminant Lease Agreement commenced on November 22, 2022 and has an initial term of approximately five years , with renewal provisions that are aligned with the Luminant Power Agreement. Financing for use of the land and substation is provided by Luminant affiliates.
At the end of the lease term for the Interconnection Electrical Facilities, the substation will be sold back to Luminant’s affiliate, Vistra Operations Company, LLC, at a price to be determined based upon bids obtained in the secondary market.
Mikeska Ground Lease
26
CIPHER DIGITAL INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)
In August 2026, the Company, through its wholly-owned subsidiary Mikeska LLC, entered into a Second Amendment to Ground Lease with Purchase Option with the property owner to expand the optioned land, and extend term during which the purchase option is exercisable. The Company determined that it is reasonably certain to exercise the purchase option and classified the lease as a finance lease. At the amendment date, the Company recognized a finance lease ROU asset of $18.2 million and a lease liability of $18.0 million.
Reveille Facility Lease
The Company, through its wholly owned subsidiary, Cipher Reveille LLC, assumed a lease for up to 52 acres of land in LaSalle, Texas, in October 2024 for the purpose of constructing a data center, and ancillary infrastructure. The initial term of the lease is ten years , and includes two consecutive renewal options for ten years each.
Office and warehouse leases
The Company leases office space for its headquarters in New York, New York, and office space in Charleston, South Carolina, and Denver, Colorado. In September 2026, the Company entered into an agreement to terminate the license for its One Vanderbilt Avenue office effective January 30, 2027, and remeasured the related lease liability and right-of-use asset.
In April 2025, the Company entered into a commercial lease for a warehouse in Odessa, Texas.
In April 2026, the Company entered into an operating lease for office space in New York, New York.
All of the Company's office leases are classified as operating leases.
Additional lease information
Components of the Company’s lease expenses are as follows (in thousands):
| Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2026 | 2025 | 2026 | 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Finance leases: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Amortization of ROU assets (1) | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest on lease liability | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total finance lease expense | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating leases: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating lease expense | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total operating lease expense | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total lease expense | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
(1)Amortization of finance lease ROU asset is included within depreciation expense. The Mikeska ROU asset is not amortized as the underlying asset is land. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The Company did no
Other information related to the Company’s leases is shown below (dollar amounts in thousands):
| Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2026 | 2025 | 2026 | 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating cash flows - operating lease | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Right-of-use asset obtained in exchange for finance lease liabilities | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Right-of-use asset obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Decrease in right-of-use asset and operating lease liability from lease modification | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
27
CIPHER DIGITAL INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)
| September 30, 2026 | December 31, 2025 | ||||||||||
| Weighted-average remaining lease term – finance lease (in years) | |||||||||||
| Weighted-average remaining lease term – operating lease (in years) | |||||||||||
| Weighted-average discount rate – finance lease | % | % | |||||||||
| Weighted-average discount rate – operating lease | % | % | |||||||||
| $ | $ | ||||||||||
(1)As of September 30, 2026, the Company recorded accumulated amortization of $8.9 million for the Odessa finance lease ROU asset. Finance lease ROU assets are recorded within property and equipment, net on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Mikeska finance lease ROU asset is not amortized, as the underlying asset is land.
As of September 30, 2026, future minimum lease payments are as follows (in thousands):
Finance Lease | Operating Lease | Total | |||||||||||||||
| Remainder of Year Ending December 31, 2026 | |||||||||||||||||
| Year Ending December 31, 2027 | |||||||||||||||||
| Year Ending December 31, 2028 | |||||||||||||||||
| Year Ending December 31, 2029 | |||||||||||||||||
| Year Ending December 31, 2030 | |||||||||||||||||
| Thereafter | |||||||||||||||||
| Total lease payments | |||||||||||||||||
| Less present value discount | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
NOTE 13. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Commitments
In the normal course of business, the Company enters into contracts that contain a variety of indemnifications with its employees, licensors, suppliers and service providers. The Company’s maximum exposure under these arrangements, if any, is unknown as of September 30, 2026. In the normal course of business, the Company enters into contracts with suppliers, primarily related to construction, and has commitments of approximately $1,610.1 million as of September 30, 2026. The majority of commitments relate to construction at sites with leases to HPC tenants.
Contingencies
The Company, and its subsidiaries, are subject at times to various claims, lawsuits and governmental proceedings relating to the Company’s business and transactions arising in the ordinary course of business. The Company cannot predict the final outcome of such proceedings. Where appropriate, the Company vigorously defends such claims, lawsuits and proceedings. Some of these claims, lawsuits and proceedings seek damages, including consequential, exemplary or punitive damages, in amounts that could, if awarded, be significant. Certain of the claims, lawsuits and proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business are covered by the Company’s insurance program. The Company maintains property and various types of liability insurance in an effort to protect the Company from such claims. In terms of any matters where there is no insurance coverage available to the Company, or where coverage is available and the Company maintains a retention or deductible associated with such insurance, the Company may establish an accrual for such loss, retention or deductible based on current available information. In accordance with accounting guidance, if it is probable that an asset has been impaired or a liability has been incurred as of the date of the financial statements, and the amount of loss is reasonably estimable, then an accrual for the cost to resolve or settle these claims is recorded by the Company in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. If it is reasonably possible that an asset may be impaired as of the date of the financial statements, then the Company discloses the range of possible loss. Expenses related to the defense of such claims are recorded by the Company as incurred and included in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations. Management, with the assistance of outside counsel, may from time to time adjust such accruals according to new developments in the matter, court rulings, or changes in the strategy affecting the Company’s defense of such matters. On the basis of current information, the Company does not believe there is a reasonable possibility that a
28
CIPHER DIGITAL INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)
material loss, if any, will result from any claims, lawsuits and proceedings, to which the Company is subject to either individually, or in the aggregate.
Litigation
The Company is not a party to any material legal proceedings and is not aware of any pending or threatened claims. From time to time, the Company may be subject to various legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of its business activities.
NOTE 14. DEBT
Short-term borrowings
Coinbase Master Loan Agreement
The Company has the Coinbase Master Loan Agreement, under which the Company established the Coinbase Overnight Credit Facility with capacity to be determined, subject to credit review. The Company will not incur commitment fees for unused portions of the Coinbase Overnight Credit Facility. The borrowing rate on amounts drawn against the Coinbase Overnight Credit Facility is determined based on the Federal Funds Target Rate - Upper Bound, plus 2.5 %, calculated daily based on a 365-day year and payable monthly for the duration of the loan, and market demand. Borrowings under the Coinbase Overnight Credit Facility are available on demand, open term, and collateralized by bitcoin transferred to the Lending Service Provider’s platform.
Current Portion of Long-term debt
As of September 30, 2026, the Company recorded $112.7 million in short-term borrowings on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet as these scheduled principal payments are due within one year based on contractual terms.
Long-term borrowings
The following summarizes the Company’s long-term borrowings, net of debt issuance costs as of the period presented:
| September 30, 2026 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Maturity Date | Interest Rate | Outstanding Principal | Unamortized debt issuance costs and original issue discounts and premium, net | Current portion of Long-term Debt | Outstanding Borrowings, net | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Long-term borrowings: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2030 Convertible Notes | May 2030 | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2031 Convertible Notes | October 2031 | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cipher Compute 2030 Senior Secured Notes | November 2030 | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Black Pearl 2031 Senior Secured Notes | February 2031 | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stingray 2031 Senior Secured Notes | June 2031 | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Vehicle Loans | Various | % | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total Long-term borrowings | $ | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
29
CIPHER DIGITAL INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)
| December 31, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Maturity Date | Interest Rate | Outstanding Principal | Unamortized debt issuance costs and original issue discounts and premium, net | Current portion of Long-term Debt | Outstanding Borrowings, net | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Long-term borrowings: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2030 Convertible Notes | May 2030 | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2031 Convertible Notes | October 2031 | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cipher Compute 2030 Senior Secured Notes | November 2030 | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total Long-term borrowings | $ | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2030 Convertible Notes
On May 22, 2025, the Company issued $172.5 million of principal amount of the 2030 Convertible Notes with an interest rate of 1.75 %. The 2030 Convertible Notes are senior, unsecured obligations with interest due semiannually on May 15 and November 15 each year beginning on November 15, 2025. The 2030 Convertible Notes will mature on May 15, 2030, unless earlier repurchased, redeemed or converted.
Before February 15, 2030, noteholders will have the right to convert their 2030 Convertible Notes only upon the occurrence of certain events. On and after February 15, 2030, noteholders may convert their 2030 Convertible Notes at any time at their election until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately before the maturity date. The Company will settle conversions by paying or delivering, as applicable, cash, shares of its common stock or a combination of cash and shares of its common stock, at the Company’s election. As the Company has the option to settle in shares, these shares are considered potentially dilutive for the calculation of diluted earnings per share. The initial conversion rate is 224.9213 shares of the Company’s common stock per $1,000 principal amount of 2030 Convertible Notes, which represents an initial conversion price of approximately $4.45 per share of the Company’s common stock.
The 2030 Convertible Notes will be redeemable, in whole or in part (subject to certain limitations), at the Company’s option at any time, and from time to time, on or after May 22, 2028 and on or before the 30 th scheduled trading day immediately before the maturity date, but only if the last reported sale price per share of the Company’s common stock exceeds 130 % of the conversion price on (1) each of at least 20 trading days, whether or not consecutive, during the 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the trading day immediately before the date the Company sends the related redemption notice; and (2) the trading day immediately before the date the Company sends such redemption notice. However, the Company may not redeem less than all of the outstanding 2030 Convertible Notes unless at least $50.0 million aggregate principal amount of 2030 Convertible Notes are outstanding and not called for redemption as of the time the Company sends the related redemption notice. The 2030 Convertible Notes have an effective interest rate of 2.430 %.
On October 16, 2026, the Company exchanged approximately $165.9 million of principal amount of the 2030 Convertible Notes for approximately 40.7 million shares of the Company’s common stock. Following this exchange, approximately $6.6 million aggregate principal amount of the 2030 Convertible Notes remains outstanding.
2031 Convertible Notes
On September 30, 2025, the Company issued $1.3 billion of principal amount of the 2031 Convertible Notes with an interest rate of 0.00 %. The 2031 Convertible Notes are senior, unsecured obligations and will be equal in right of payment with the Company’s existing and future senior, unsecured indebtedness, including the 2030 Convertible Notes. The 2031 Convertible Notes will mature on October 1, 2031, unless earlier repurchased, redeemed or converted.
Before July 1, 2031, the 2031 Convertible Notes will be convertible only upon satisfaction of certain conditions and during a certain period. On or after July 1, 2031, the 2031 Convertible Notes will be convertible at any time until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date (the “2031 Note Conversion
30
CIPHER DIGITAL INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)
Option”). The Company will settle conversions by paying or delivering, as applicable, cash, shares of its common stock, or a combination of cash and shares of its common stock, at the Company’s election. The initial conversion rate is 62.3733 shares of the Company’s common stock per $1,000 principal amount of the 2031 Convertible Notes, which represents an initial conversion price of approximately $16.03 per share of the Company’s common stock.
The 2031 Convertible Notes will be redeemable, in whole or in part (subject to certain limitations described below), for cash at the Company’s option at any time, and from time to time, on or after October 5, 2028 and on or before the 30 th scheduled trading day immediately before the maturity date, but only if (i) the last reported sale price per share of the Company’s common stock exceeds 130 % of the conversion price on (1) each of at least 20 trading days, whether or not consecutive, during the 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the trading day immediately before the date the Company sends the related redemption notice and (2) the trading day immediately before the date the Company sends such redemption notice, and (ii) certain “liquidity conditions” (as defined in the indenture) having been satisfied. However, the Company may not redeem less than all of the outstanding 2031 Convertible Notes unless at least $100.0 million aggregate principal amount of 2031 Convertible Notes are outstanding and not called for redemption as of the time the Company sends the related redemption notice. The 2031 Convertible Notes have an effective interest rate of 6.890 %.
The following table summarizes the components of interest expense recognized on the Company's convertible notes for three and nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025 (in thousands):
| Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2026 | 2025 | 2026 | 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 2030 Convertible Notes: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Contractual interest expense | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Amortization of issuance costs and discount | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total interest expense | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2031 Convertible Notes: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Contractual interest expense | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Amortization of issuance costs and discount | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total interest expense | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
Cipher Compute 2030 Senior Secured Notes
On November 13, 2025, Cipher Compute LLC (“Cipher Compute”), a wholly owned indirect subsidiary of the Company, issued an aggregate principal amount of $1.4 billion of 7.125 % Senior Secured Notes due 2030 (the “Cipher Compute 2030 Senior Secured Notes”). The Cipher Compute 2030 Senior Secured Notes are senior secured obligations of Cipher Compute and bear interest at a rate of 7.125 % per year payable semiannually in arrears on May 15 and November 15 of each year, beginning on May 15, 2026. The Cipher Compute 2030 Senior Secured Notes will mature on November 15, 2030, unless earlier redeemed or repurchased in accordance with their terms. On November 24, 2025, Cipher Compute issued an additional $333.0 million aggregate principal amount of the Cipher Compute 2030 Senior Secured Notes.
The principal amount of the Cipher Compute 2030 Senior Secured Notes will amortize on a semi-annual basis on May 15 and November 15 of each year in amounts based on schedules in the indenture. No amortization will be payable prior to the completion of the Barber Lake Facility. Required amortization shall be subject to adjustment in case of partial redemption or repurchase.
On or after November 15, 2027, Cipher Compute may redeem the Cipher Compute 2030 Senior Secured Notes at its option, in whole at any time or in part from time to time, at the redemption prices set forth in the indenture. Prior to November 15, 2027, Cipher Compute may redeem the Cipher Compute 2030 Senior Secured Notes at its option, in whole at any time or in part from time to time, at a redemption price equal to 100 % of the principal amount of the Cipher Compute 2030 Senior Secured Notes redeemed, plus a “make-whole” premium and accrued and unpaid interest, if any. In addition, prior to November 15, 2027, Cipher Compute may redeem up to 40 % of the aggregate principal amount of the Cipher Compute 2030 Senior Secured Notes in an amount not to exceed the amount of the proceeds of certain equity offerings, at the redemption price set forth in the indenture, plus accrued and unpaid interest.
31
CIPHER DIGITAL INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)
Black Pearl 2031 Senior Secured Notes
On February 11, 2026, Black Pearl Compute LLC (“BP Compute”), a wholly owned indirect subsidiary of the Company, issued an aggregate principal of $2.0 billion of 6.125 % Senior Secured Notes due 2031 (the “Black Pearl 2031 Senior Secured Notes”). The Black Pearl 2031 Senior Secured Notes are senior secured obligations of BP Compute and bear interest at a rate of 6.125 % per year payable semiannually in arrears on February 15 and August 15 of each year, beginning on August 15, 2026. The Black Pearl 2031 Senior Secured Notes will mature on February 15, 2031, unless earlier redeemed or repurchased in accordance with their terms.
The principal amount of the Black Pearl 2031 Senior Secured Notes will amortize on a semi-annual basis on February 15 and August 15 of each year in amounts based on schedules in the indenture. No amortization will be payable prior to the completion of the Black Pearl Facility. Required amortization shall be subject to adjustment in case of partial redemption or repurchase.
On or after February 15, 2028, BP Compute may redeem the Black Pearl 2031 Senior Secured Notes at its option, in whole at any time or in part from time to time, at the redemption prices set forth in the indenture. Prior to February 15, 2028, BP Compute may redeem the Black Pearl 2031 Senior Secured Notes at its option, in whole at any time or in part from time to time, at a redemption price equal to 100 % of the principal amount of the Black Pearl 2031 Senior Secured Notes redeemed, plus a “make-whole” premium and accrued and unpaid interest, if any. In addition, prior to February 15, 2028, BP Compute may redeem up to 40 % of the aggregate principal amount of the Black Pearl 2031 Senior Secured Notes in an amount not to exceed the amount of the net proceeds of certain equity offerings at the redemption price set forth in the indenture, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any.
Stingray 2031 Senior Secured Notes
On June 15, 2026, Stingray Compute LLC (“Stingray Compute”), a wholly owned indirect subsidiary of the Company, issued an aggregate principal of $810.0 million of 6.000 % Senior Secured Notes due 2031 (the “Stingray 2031 Senior Secured Notes”). The Stingray 2031 Senior Secured Notes are senior secured obligations of Stingray Compute and bear interest at a rate of 6.000 % per year payable semiannually in arrears on June 15 and December 15 of each year, beginning on December 15, 2026. The Stingray 2031 Senior Secured Notes will mature on June 15, 2031, unless earlier redeemed or repurchased in accordance with their terms.
The principal amount of the Stingray 2031 Senior Secured Notes will amortize on a semi-annual basis on June 15 and December 15 of each year based on the consolidated net operating income of Stingray Compute and its subsidiaries. No amortization will be payable prior to the completion of the Stingray Facility.
Revolving Credit Facility
On March 23, 2026, the Company entered into a $200.0 million revolving credit facility (the “Revolving Credit Facility”) with Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc. as administrative agent and collateral agent, and a syndicate of lenders. The Revolving Credit Facility also provides for additional accordion option of up to $50.0 million. The Revolving Credit Facility matures on March 23, 2030 (the fourth anniversary of the closing date); provided, however, that if any of the 2030 Convertible Notes (or certain refinancing indebtedness in respect thereof) are outstanding on the date that is 91 days prior to the maturity date thereof, the maturity date of the Revolving Credit Facility will spring to such earlier date (the “Springing Maturity Date”).
During the period prior to the first to occur of the commencement of operations at the Barber Lake Facility and the Black Pearl Facility (the “Pre-Completion Availability Period”), aggregate borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility are limited to $50.0 million (the “Pre-Completion Availability Cap”). The Revolving Credit Facility includes a letter of credit sublimit of $50.0 million, which is part of, and not in addition to, the total revolving commitment.
Borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility bear interest at a rate per annum equal to, at the Company’s election, either Adjusted Term SOFR plus an applicable margin or the Alternate Base Rate (“ABR”) plus an applicable margin. The applicable margin for Initial Revolving Loans is initially 1.750 % per annum for Term SOFR borrowings and 0.750 % per annum for ABR borrowings, in each case through the date the Company delivers its first compliance certificate following the fiscal quarter ending September 30, 2026. Thereafter, the applicable margin is subject to adjustment based on the Company’s Consolidated Total Debt to Market Capitalization Ratio, ranging from 1.250 % to 1.750 % per annum for Term SOFR borrowings. The Company is also required to pay a commitment fee of 0.500 % per annum on the daily average unfunded revolving commitments, payable quarterly.
32
CIPHER DIGITAL INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)
The Company’s obligations under the Revolving Credit Facility are secured on a first-priority basis by security interests in substantially all of the assets of the Borrower and each guarantor, including pledges of equity interests in the Borrower’s material subsidiaries.
The Revolving Credit Facility contains a financial maintenance covenant requiring the Company to maintain minimum Liquidity (as defined in the credit agreement) as of the last day of each fiscal quarter of: (i) $100.0 million prior to the commencement of all phases of the first of the Barber Lake Facility or the Black Pearl Facility; (ii) $150.0 million following commencement of all phases of the first such facility but prior to commencement of the second; and (iii) $200.0 million following commencement of all phases of both facilities. The Company has the right to cure a liquidity shortfall by issuing equity and designating the net proceeds thereof as cure proceeds within 15 business days following the date on which the related compliance certificate is required to be delivered. Each borrowing under the Revolving Credit Facility is also conditioned upon, among other things, the Company’s market capitalization meeting a specified minimum as of the trading day immediately preceding such borrowing. As of September 30, 2026, the Company was in compliance with all covenants under the Revolving Credit Facility.
Debt issuance costs associated with the Revolving Credit Facility are presented as a deferred asset within other noncurrent assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets and are amortized to interest expense on a straight-line basis over the term of the Revolving Credit Facility.
As of September 30, 2026, there were $40.6 million of letters of credit outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility and no revolving borrowings outstanding.
As of September 30, 2026, aggregate future required minimum principal payments based on the terms of the long-term borrowings were as follows:
(in thousands) | ||||||||
| Remainder of 2026 | $ | |||||||
| 2027 | ||||||||
| 2028 | ||||||||
| 2029 | ||||||||
2030(1) | ||||||||
Thereafter(2) | ||||||||
| Total principal of long-term borrowings | $ | |||||||
(1) Included in 2030 is $ | ||||||||
(2) Included in Thereafter is $ | ||||||||
NOTE 15. STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
As of September 30, 2026, 1,010,000,000 shares with a par value of $0.001 per share are authorized, of which 1,000,000,000 shares are designated as Common Stock and 10,000,000 shares are designated as preferred stock (“Preferred Stock”).
Common Stock
Holders of each share of Common Stock are entitled to dividends when, as and if declared by the Board. As of the issuance of these condensed consolidated financial statements, the Company had not declared any dividends. The holder of each share of Common Stock is entitled to one vote. The voting, dividend, liquidation and other rights and powers of the Common Stock are subject to and qualified by the rights, powers and preferences of any outstanding series of Preferred Stock, for which there currently are none outstanding.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2026, the Company issued 4,902,606 shares of Common Stock to officers, employees and consultants in settlement of an equal number of fully vested RSUs awarded to these individuals, 2,709,999 shares of Common Stock upon the vesting and settlement of performance-based stock awards, and 53,656 shares of Common Stock to directors, pursuant to grants made under the Cipher Mining Inc. 2021 Incentive Award Plan (the “Incentive Award Plan”). The Company immediately repurchased 3,033,490 shares of Common Stock from officers and
33
CIPHER DIGITAL INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)
employees, with a fair value of approximately $68.7 million, to cover taxes related to the settlement of vested RSUs and PSUs, as permitted by the Incentive Award Plan. The Company placed the repurchased shares in treasury stock.
At-the-Market Sales Agreement
On September 21, 2022, the Company filed with the SEC a shelf registration statement on Form S-3, which was declared effective on October 6, 2022 (the “Registration Statement”).
On August 3, 2023, the Company entered into a Controlled Equity OfferingSM Sales Agreement (the “Sales Agreement”) with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co., Canaccord Genuity LLC, Needham & Company, LLC and Compass Point Research & Trading, LLC (each, an “Original Agent” and, together, the “Original Agents”), pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell, from time to time through or to the Agents, shares of its Common Stock, for aggregate gross proceeds of up to $250.0 million. The offering and sale of up to $250.0 million of the shares has been registered under the Registration Statement, the base prospectus contained within the Registration Statement, and a prospectus supplement that was filed with the SEC on August 4, 2023 (the “Prospectus Supplement”).
On March 6, 2024, the Company entered into an amendment (the “Amendment”) to the Sales Agreement (as amended, the “Amended Sales Agreement”) by and among the Original Agents, Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated (“Stifel”) and Virtu Americas LLC (“Virtu”). The Amendment modifies the Sales Agreement to include Stifel and Virtu as additional agents under the Amended Sales Agreement. On March 6, 2024, the Company also filed an amendment to the Prospectus Supplement (i) increasing the dollar amount of shares available to be sold pursuant to the Amended Sales Agreement, to $296,560,661 , which consists of $96,560,661 remaining as originally authorized under the Prospectus Supplement and an additional $200,000,000 , and (ii) including Stifel and Virtu as additional agents.
On September 3, 2024, the Company amended and restated the Amended Sales Agreement (as amended and restated, the “Amended and Restated Sales Agreement”) with the Original Agents, Keefe, Bruyette & Woods, Inc. (“KBW”), Virtu and BTIG, LLC (“BTIG”) (each, an “Agent” and, together, the “Agents”). The Amended and Restated Sales Agreement modified the Amended Sales Agreement to, among other things, include BTIG as an additional Agent under the Amended and Restated Sales Agreement and to replace Stifel with KBW as an Agent under the Amended and Restated Sales Agreement.
Pursuant to the Amended and Restated Sales Agreement, the Company may offer and sell, from time to time through or to the Agents, shares of the Company’s Common Stock, for aggregate gross proceeds of up to $725.7 million (the “Shares”), which consists of up to $600.0 million of Shares, which can be issued and sold pursuant to the Company’s shelf registration statement on Form S-3ASR, filed with the SEC on September 3, 2024, which became immediately effective upon filing, and a prospectus supplement dated September 3, 2024, filed by the Company with the SEC.
NOTE 16. WARRANTS
On September 24, 2025, as consideration for Google agreeing to backstop certain obligations of Fluidstack in connection with the Fluidstack Lease, the Company entered into an agreement with Google, amended and restated on November 20, 2025 (the “Google Warrant Agreement”), pursuant to which the Company issued to Google a warrant to purchase 24,178,576 shares (the “Warrant Shares”) of the Company’s Common Stock for an exercise price of $0.01 per share of Common Stock (the “Google Warrants”), subject to adjustments related to delivery of shares to settle the 2030 Convertible Notes and the 2031 Convertible Notes. The Google Warrants have an exercise period beginning on the commencement
34
CIPHER DIGITAL INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)
date of the Fluidstack Lease and expiring on November 20, 2030. Additionally, if, on the business day prior to the beginning of the exercise period under the Google Warrant Agreement, the value of the Warrant Shares does not equal or exceed $435.0 million, the Company shall be obligated to issue additional Warrant Shares and/or make a cash payment equal in the aggregate to such shortfall amount on the terms set forth in the Google Warrant Agreement. The Google Warrants are recorded at fair value in Warrant liability on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets and changes in the fair value are recorded in Change in fair value of warrant liability on the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations. See additional information regarding valuation of the Google Warrants in Note 18. Fair Value Measurements.
On October 16, 2026, the Company delivered shares to settle a portion of the 2030 Convertible Notes, resulting in an increase of approximately 2.0 million underlying Warrant Shares.
The Company recorded an asset of $544.5 million in Other noncurrent assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets at the initial fair value of the Google Warrants at issuance to represent the value of Google agreeing to make the lease payments from Fluidstack in the event of Fluidstack not fulfilling its obligations under the lease. The Company will amortize this asset over the life of the lease on a straight-line basis to recognize the benefit over the term of the benefit derived from the backstop.
NOTE 17. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION
The Incentive Award Plan provides for the grant of stock options, including incentive stock options and nonqualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, RSUs and other stock or cash-based awards to employees, consultants and directors. Upon vesting of an award, the Company may either issue new shares or reissue treasury shares.
Initially, up to 19,869,312 shares of Common Stock were available for issuance under awards granted pursuant to the Incentive Award Plan. In addition, the number of shares of Common Stock available for issuance under the Incentive Award Plan is increased on January 1 of each calendar year beginning in 2022 and ending in 2031 by an amount equal to the lesser of (a) three percent (3 %) of the total number of shares of Common Stock outstanding on the final day of the immediately preceding calendar year and (b) such smaller number of shares determined by the Board. On January 1, 2026, this resulted in an increase of 12,148,892 shares of Common Stock available for issuance under the Incentive Award Plan. As of September 30, 2026, 26,765,571 shares of Common Stock were available for issuance under the Incentive Award Plan.
The Company recognized total share-based compensation in Compensation and benefits on the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the following categories of awards as follows (in thousands):
| Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2026 | 2025 | 2026 | 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Service-based RSUs | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Performance-based RSUs | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total share-based compensation expense | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Service-based RSUs
A summary of the Company's unvested Service-Based RSU activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2026 is shown below:
Number of Shares | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value | ||||||||||
| Unvested at December 31, 2025 | $ | ||||||||||
| Granted | $ | ||||||||||
| Forfeited | ( | $ | |||||||||
Vested | ( | $ | |||||||||
| Unvested at September 30, 2026 | $ | ||||||||||
35
CIPHER DIGITAL INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)
As of September 30, 2026, there was approximately $41.2 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested Service-Based RSUs, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average vesting period of approximately 0.7 years.
If not fully vested upon grant, service-based RSUs awarded generally vest over a period ranging from to four years in installments as determined by the Board.
Vesting is subject to the award recipient’s continuous service on the applicable vesting date; provided, that if the award recipient’s employment is terminated by the Company without “cause”, by award recipient for “good reason” (if applicable, as such term or similar term may be defined in any employment, consulting or similar service agreement between award recipient and the Company) or due to award recipient’s death or permanent disability, all unvested service-based RSUs will vest in full (unless otherwise specified in the agreement between the award recipient and the Company). In addition, in the event of a change in control, any unvested service-based RSUs will vest subject to the award recipient’s continuous service to the Company through such change in control.
Performance-Based RSUs
In 2021, the Company issued 4,257,710 performance-based RSUs (the “2021 Performance-Based RSUs”) at a weighted average grant date fair value of $7.76 .
There was no unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested 2021 Performance-Based RSUs at September 30, 2026.
In June 2026, the last of the 2021 Performance-Based RSUs vested as the Company achieved a market capitalization equal to or exceeding $10 billion.
On February 26, 2025, the Company issued an additional 2,490,943 Performance-Based RSUs (the “2025 Performance-Based RSUs”) to the Company’s senior management team under the Incentive Award Plan at a weighted average grant date fair value of $5.01 . There was approximately $1.4 million in unrecognized compensation expense related to the 2025 Performance-Based RSUs at September 30, 2026, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average vesting period of approximately 0.27 years, regardless of whether the market conditions required for vesting are achieved.
As of the end of the performance period, the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors certified that the Company’s common stock achieved the necessary Total Shareholder Return (“TSR”) relative to the TSR of peer companies identified in the grant agreements and overall TSR for the performance period, and earned 225 % of the 2025 Performance-Based RSUs originally granted, resulting in the issuance of 5,604,621 shares. One-third of the earned PSUs vested on December 31, 2025, and the remaining two-thirds of the earned PSUs will vest in equal quarterly installments over the following two years .
On February 25, 2026, the Company issued an additional 2,179,406 Performance-Based RSUs (the “2026 Executive Officer PSU Agreement”) to the Company’s senior management team under the Incentive Award Plan at a weighted average grant date fair value of $26.80 . None of the 2026 Performance-Based RSUs were vested as of September 30, 2026. There was approximately $31.0 million in unrecognized compensation expense related to the 2026 Performance-Based RSUs at September 30, 2026, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average vesting period of approximately 0.98 years, regardless of whether the market conditions required for vesting are achieved.
On or about December 31, 2026, the Company will calculate the number of PSUs expected to vest (the “Earned PSUs”), based upon the Company’s common stock achieving certain TSR relative to the TSR of peer companies identified in the grant agreements and the overall TSR of the Company for the 2026 calendar year. The number of Earned PSUs will range from 0 % to 225 % of the number of 2026 Performance-Based RSUs originally granted. Subject to the employee’s continuous service through the vesting date, one-third of the Earned PSUs will vest on December 31, 2026 and the remaining two-thirds of the Earned PSUs will vest in equal quarterly installments over the following two years with the first such vesting date occurring on March 31, 2027.
The grant date fair value of the Performance-Based RSUs was measured using a Monte Carlo simulation model based on the following assumptions:
36
CIPHER DIGITAL INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)
| Risk-free interest rate | Expected volatility | |||||||
| 2026 Executive Officer PSU Agreement | ||||||||
| 2025 Performance-Based RSUs | ||||||||
On February 25, 2026, the Company also issued additional 132,660 Performance-Based RSUs (the “2026 Key Service Provider PSU Equity Grants”) to other senior employees under the Incentive Award Plan. The awards vest upon the achievement of pre-established operational, infrastructure and execution-based milestones, as approved and certified by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. Performance milestones include, but are not limited to, data center delivery, timely lease payments, interconnection progress with respect to company sites, execution of additional HPC leases, and securing additional megawatts as established by the Compensation Committee at the time of grant. No awards will vest unless at least one milestone is certified as achieved by the Compensation Committee.
Following the conclusion of the performance period, the Company will calculate the number of PSUs expected to vest based upon the level of milestone attainment. The number of Earned PSUs will range from 0 % to 200 % of the target award amount based on the extent to which specified performance milestones are achieved during the performance period. For 94,757 of the awards, the applicable performance period ends on December 31, 2026, and for 37,903 of the awards, the applicable performance period ends on March 31, 2027. Subject to the employee’s continuous service through the vesting date, one-third of the Earned PSUs will vest at the end of the applicable performance period and the remaining two-thirds will vest in equal quarterly installments over the following two years with the first such vesting date occurring on March 31, 2027.
Compensation expense is recognized over the requisite service period based on the grant-date fair value of the award and the probability of achieving the applicable performance conditions, in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation — Stock Compensation. The Company reassesses the probability of milestone achievement at each reporting date. If a milestone is deemed not probable of achievement, any previously recognized compensation expense associated with that milestone is reversed in the period of the change in estimate, regardless of whether service has been rendered to date.
As of September 30, 2026, there was approximately $3.2 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested PSUs, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average remaining service period of 0.98 years.
NOTE 18. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value are classified and disclosed in one of the following categories based on the inputs used to derive the fair value:
Level 1 — Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities;
Level 2 — Quoted prices in markets that are not active and financial instruments for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly; or
Level 3 — Prices or valuations that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable
The Company’s financial assets and liabilities subject to fair value measurement on a recurring basis and the level of inputs used for such measurements were as follows as of the dates indicated (in thousands):
37
CIPHER DIGITAL INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)
| Fair Value Measured as of September 30, 2026 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Assets included in: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Money market securities | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Restricted cash | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Money market securities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bitcoin | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accounts receivable | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bitcoin receivable | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investments at fair value | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Derivative asset | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Liabilities included in: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Warrant liability | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair Value Measured as of December 31, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Assets included in: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Money market securities | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Restricted cash | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Money market securities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bitcoin | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accounts receivable | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Derivative assets | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Liabilities included in: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Warrant liability | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||
The Company’s financial assets and liabilities not subject to fair value measurement on a recurring basis and the level of inputs used for such measurements were as follows as of the dates indicated (in thousands):
38
CIPHER DIGITAL INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)
| September 30, 2026 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total carrying value | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Liabilities included in: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Long-term borrowings | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2030 Convertible Notes | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2031 Convertible Notes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cipher Compute 2030 Senior Secured Notes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Black Pearl 2031 Senior Secured Notes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stingray 2031 Senior Secured Notes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total carrying value | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Liabilities included in: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Long-term borrowings | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2030 Convertible Notes | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2031 Convertible Notes | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cipher Compute 2030 Senior Secured Notes | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
The carrying values reported in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets for cash (excluding cash equivalents which are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis), accounts payable and accrued expenses and other current liabilities are reasonable estimates of their fair values due to the short-term nature of these items.
There were no transfers of financial instruments between Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 during the periods presented.
Power purchase agreement
The Company’s power purchase agreement, related to the Luminant Power Agreement, is divided between current and noncurrent assets, and was initially recorded on its condensed consolidated balance sheets on the derivative asset’s effective date of July 1, 2022, with an offsetting amount recorded to change in fair value of derivative asset in costs and operating expenses on the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Subsequent changes in fair value are also recorded to change in fair value of derivative asset. The Luminant Power Agreement was not designated as a hedging instrument. The estimated fair value of the Company’s derivative asset was derived from Level 2, and Level 3 inputs, due to a lack of quoted prices for similar type assets and as such, is classified in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Specifically, the discounted cash flow estimation models contain quoted spot and forward prices for electricity, as well as estimated usage rates consistent with the terms of the Luminant Power Agreement, the initial term of which is five years , and a remaining term of approximately 0.8 years. The valuations performed by the third-party valuation firm engaged by the Company utilized pre-tax discount rates of 5.52 % and 4.80 % as of September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively, and include observable market inputs, but also include unobservable inputs based on qualitative judgment related to company-specific risk factors. Unrealized gains and losses associated with the derivative asset within the Level 3 category include changes in fair value that were attributable to amendments to the Luminant Power Agreement, changes to the quoted forward electricity rates, as well as unobservable inputs (e.g., changes in estimated usage rates and discount rate assumptions).
39
CIPHER DIGITAL INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)
The following table presents the changes in the estimated fair value of the power purchase agreement measured using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025 (amounts in thousands):
| Nine Months Ended September 30, | |||||||||||
| 2026 | 2025 | ||||||||||
| Opening balance | $ | $ | |||||||||
| ( | ( | ||||||||||
| Ending balance | $ | $ | |||||||||
Level 3 liabilities
Google Warrants
The Company’s Google Warrants (as defined in Note 16. Warrants) were classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy because the fair value is based on significant inputs that are unobservable in the market. The valuation of the Google Warrants used assumptions and estimates the Company believes would be made by a market participant in making the same valuation. The initial valuation of the Google Warrants was recorded to Warrant liability on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets, and subsequent changes in fair value are also recorded to Change in fair value of warrant liability in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations.
The Company engaged a third-party valuation firm to determine the fair value of the Google Warrants using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model and the quoted price of Common Stock. The following table presents significant assumptions utilized in the valuations of the Google Warrants as of the date indicated:
| September 30, 2026 | |||||
| Risk-free rate | |||||
| Dividend yield rate | |||||
| Volatility | |||||
| Contractual term (in years) | |||||
The following table presents changes in the estimated fair value of the Google Warrants (amounts in thousands):
| Balance as of December 31, 2025 | |||||
| ( | |||||
| Balance as of September 30, 2026 | $ | ||||
NOTE 19. SEGMENT REPORTING
Prior to the third quarter of 2026, the Company had one two operating segments, Bitcoin Mining, which through operations produces bitcoin to generate revenue, and HPC Leasing through which data centers are constructed and leased to tenants for HPC. The CODM for the Company consists of the CEO and CFO. The CODM reviews the performance of the Company’s operating segments primarily based on operating income when deciding on allocating resources. As a result, the Company retrospectively recast prior period results by segment to conform to the current period presentation. Asset information by reportable segment is not regularly provided to the CODM for resource allocations and, accordingly, segment asset information is not presented.
The Company’s revenues, significant expenses, operating income, and net income by segment for the three months ended September 30, 2026, and 2025 are summarized in the following table (in thousands):
| Three Months Ended September 30, 2026 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Bitcoin Mining | HPC Leasing | Consolidated | ||||||||||||||||||
Revenue | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||
40
CIPHER DIGITAL INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)
| Costs and operating (expenses) income | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Cost of revenue | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||
| Change in fair value of power purchase agreement | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||
| Equity in losses of equity investees | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Unrealized gains (losses) on fair value of bitcoin | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Realized gains (losses) on sale of bitcoin | ||||||||||||||||||||
Direct operating expenses(1) | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||
Other segment items(2) | ( | |||||||||||||||||||
| Segment operating income (loss) | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | ||||||||||||||
Other operating items(3) | ( | |||||||||||||||||||
| Operating (loss) income | $ | ( | ||||||||||||||||||
| Interest income | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | ( | |||||||||||||||||||
Other non-operating items(4) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Income before taxes | ||||||||||||||||||||
Total income tax benefit | ||||||||||||||||||||
Net income | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Bitcoin Mining | HPC Leasing | Consolidated | ||||||||||||||||||
Revenue | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||
| Costs and operating (expenses) income | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Cost of revenue | $ | ( | $ | $ | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||
| Change in fair value of power purchase agreement | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||
| Equity in losses of equity investees | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||
| Unrealized gains (losses) on fair value of bitcoin | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Realized gains (losses) on sale of bitcoin | ||||||||||||||||||||
Direct operating expenses(1) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Other segment items(2) | ( | |||||||||||||||||||
| Segment operating income (loss) | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | ||||||||||||||
Other operating items(3) | ( | |||||||||||||||||||
| Operating (loss) income | $ | ( | ||||||||||||||||||
| Interest income | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | ( | |||||||||||||||||||
Other non-operating items(4) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Loss before taxes | ( | |||||||||||||||||||
Total income tax benefit | ||||||||||||||||||||
Net loss | $ | ( | ||||||||||||||||||
| (1) Direct operating expenses consist of site-specific general and administrative expenses, primarily insurance, property taxes and site-level legal and professional fees, at operating HPC sites. | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (2) Other segment items consist of power sales and other operating expenses, including non-capitalized project costs at HPC data center sites, loss on disposal of assets and fixed asset write-downs. | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (3) Other operating items include compensation and benefits and general and administrative expenses not recorded at operating HPC sites (including those of HPC sites not yet commenced), which are not allocated to segments. | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (4) Other non-operating items consist of the change in fair value of warrant liability and other income (expense), net. | ||||||||||||||||||||
41
CIPHER DIGITAL INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)
The Company’s revenues, significant expenses, operating income, and net income by segment for the nine months ended September 30, 2026, and 2025 are summarized in the following table (in thousands):
| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2026 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Bitcoin Mining | HPC Leasing | Consolidated | ||||||||||||||||||
Revenue | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||
| Costs and operating (expenses) income | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Cost of revenue | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||
| Change in fair value of power purchase agreement | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||
| Equity in losses of equity investees | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||
| Unrealized gains (losses) on fair value of bitcoin | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Realized gains (losses) on sale of bitcoin | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||
Direct operating expenses(1) | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||
Other segment items(2) | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||
Segment operating loss | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | ||||||||||||||
Other operating items(3) | ( | |||||||||||||||||||
Operating loss | $ | ( | ||||||||||||||||||
| Interest income | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | ( | |||||||||||||||||||
Other non-operating items(4) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Loss before taxes | ( | |||||||||||||||||||
Total income tax expense | ( | |||||||||||||||||||
Net loss | $ | ( | ||||||||||||||||||
| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Bitcoin Mining | HPC Leasing | Consolidated | ||||||||||||||||||
Revenue | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||
| Costs and operating (expenses) income | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Cost of revenue | $ | ( | $ | $ | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||
| Change in fair value of power purchase agreement | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||
| Equity in losses of equity investees | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||
| Unrealized gains (losses) on fair value of bitcoin | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||
| Realized gains (losses) on sale of bitcoin | ||||||||||||||||||||
Direct operating expenses(1) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Other segment items(2) | ( | |||||||||||||||||||
| Segment operating income (loss) | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | ||||||||||||||
Other operating items(3) | ( | |||||||||||||||||||
Operating loss | $ | ( | ||||||||||||||||||
| Interest income | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | ( | |||||||||||||||||||
42
CIPHER DIGITAL INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)
Other non-operating items(4) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Loss before taxes | ( | |||||||||||||||||||
Total income tax expense | ( | |||||||||||||||||||
Net loss | $ | ( | ||||||||||||||||||
| (1) Direct operating expenses consist of site-specific general and administrative expenses, primarily insurance, property taxes and site-level legal and professional fees, at operating HPC sites. | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (2) Other segment items consist of power sales and other operating expenses, including non-capitalized project costs at HPC data center sites, loss on disposal of assets and fixed asset write-downs. | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (3) Other operating items include compensation and benefits and general and administrative expenses not recorded at operating HPC sites (including those of HPC sites not yet commenced), which are not allocated to segments. | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (4) Other non-operating items consist of the change in fair value of warrant liability and other income (expense), net. | ||||||||||||||||||||
NOTE 20. INCOME TAXES
The determination of income tax expense in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations is based upon the estimated effective tax rate for the year, adjusted for the impact of any discrete items which are accounted for in the period in which they occur. The Company recorded an income tax benefit of approximately 0.2 % of income before taxes and 8.4 % of loss before taxes for the three months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively, and income tax expense of approximately 0.2 % and 0.9 % of loss before taxes for the nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively.
The Company’s income tax expense is primarily driven by state income taxes.
NOTE 21. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
The Company has evaluated subsequent events for adjustment to or disclosure in its condensed consolidated financial statements through the date of this report. No subsequent events have been identified other than those disclosed in these condensed consolidated financial statements except for the following:
On October 16, 2026, the Company exchanged approximately $165.9 million of principal amount of the 2030 Convertible Notes for approximately 40.7 million shares of common stock. Following this exchange, approximately $6.6 million aggregate principal amount of the 2030 Convertible Notes remains outstanding.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report. This discussion contains forward‑looking statements based upon current plans, expectations and beliefs involving risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward‑looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth in Part II, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” and other factors set forth in other parts of this Quarterly Report.
Unless the context otherwise requires, references in this Quarterly Report to the “Company,” “Cipher,” “Cipher Digital,” “we,” “us” or “our” refers to Cipher Digital Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries, unless otherwise indicated.
Overview
We are dedicated to developing and operating industrial-scale data centers engineered for next-generation computing at the highest standards of innovation, precision, and excellence. Over the past several years, we have intentionally evolved from a pure-play bitcoin miner into a vertically integrated data center development and operations platform focused on energy-intensive compute infrastructure. Our vertical integration spans critical stages of the data center value chain, including land and power origination and interconnection, site development, data center design and construction, oversight and ongoing facility operations.
Fundamentally, we bring together construction, engineering, operations, power, real estate and technology expertise to deliver high quality, purpose-built data centers that meet tenants’ needs. Our in-house teams source and control industrial-scale sites with access to substantial electric power capacity, advance grid interconnection and substation development, and manage the design and construction of data center campuses. We also operate and maintain energy-intensive data center facilities, leveraging operational expertise developed through our employees’ extensive experience managing Tier III HPC data centers and large, flexible electrical loads. Against a backdrop of increasing demand for AI technology and access to energized HPC data centers to meet consumers’ demands for such technology, we believe we play an important part of the AI economy and we expect to benefit from powerful, long-term growth drivers.
While bitcoin mining has been an important component of our business model in prior years, our strategy increasingly emphasizes the development of industrial-scale data centers that can be leased to hyperscalers and other HPC customers under long-term contracts, while retaining the flexibility to deploy bitcoin mining as an interim or complementary use of power.
On February 20, 2026, we changed our name to “Cipher Digital Inc.” Rebranding to “Cipher Digital” aligns with our corporate strategy to scale into a leading HPC data center developer and operator, as we leverage our existing site pipeline and source additional sites, partnering with premier tenants, and developing and operating industry-leading data centers purpose-built for HPC. Our goal is to monetize our power assets and manage capital efficiently through market cycles in order to align our infrastructure with the growing global demand for AI-driven compute capacity.
Our data center portfolio consists of approximately 4.3 gigawatts (“GW”) of grid capacity across 11 sites, at various stages of interconnection, as well as on-site generation capacity from the development of lateral pipelines capable of delivering natural gas sufficient to support up to 2.5 gigawatts of generation across multiple sites. We are currently developing 700 MW of HPC data center facilities across three sites for hyperscaler tenants, and we currently operate approximately 207 MW of capacity at one bitcoin mining data center in Texas. We also maintain a grid pipeline of approximately 3.4 GW across six sites in Texas and one additional site in Ohio.
We have executed HPC leases at three of our data centers and are currently marketing potential leases at others of our pipeline sites. We believe we have a demonstrated ability to source high-quality sites suitable for HPC tenants, with characteristics like proximity to major metropolitan areas, ample acreage, diverse fiber routes, and available interconnection infrastructure. We have experienced in-house construction, engineering and operations teams and project management competencies. We have demonstrated an ability to access and manage capital in a disciplined manner.
A significant component of our current and future growth is expected to be generated through the development of our existing portfolio and acquisition of new sites. We are focused on developing the remaining sites in our pipeline for future HPC tenants, and evaluating additional sites, locations, and partnerships to expand our pipeline that are suitable for HPC tenants. From time to time, we may also look to sell individual assets that we do not consider to be core to our
44
business and growth strategy. For further details on our pipeline of future sites that we expect to be suitable for HPC, see “Business—Site Pipeline” of our 2025 Form 10-K.
Recent Developments
On October 16, 2026, we exchanged approximately $165.9 million of principal amount of the 1.75% Convertible Senior Notes due 2030 (the “2030 Convertible Notes”) for approximately 40.7 million shares of common stock. Following this exchange, approximately $6.6 million aggregate principal amount of the 2030 Convertible Notes remains outstanding.
On October 16, 2026, we issued $850.0 million aggregate principal of 0.00% Convertible Senior Notes due 2032 (the “2032 Convertible Notes”). The 2032 Convertible Notes will mature on November 1, 2032, and have an initial conversion price of approximately $15.31 per share of our common stock. In connection with the pricing of the 2032 Convertible Notes, we entered into privately negotiated capped call transactions (the “Capped Call Transactions”). The Capped Call Transactions cover, subject to customary anti-dilution adjustments, the number of shares of our common stock that initially underlie the 2032 Convertible Notes. The Capped Call Transactions are generally expected to reduce the potential dilution to our common stock upon any conversion of the 2032 Convertible Notes, and/or offset any potential cash payments we are required to make in excess of the principal amount of converted 2032 Convertible Notes, as the case may be with such reduction and/or offset subject to a cap. The cost of the Capped Call Transactions was approximately $89.7 million. With the net proceeds of the 2032 Convertible Notes, we funded capped call transactions, and expect to use the remaining proceeds to fund the additional equity investment at Barber Lake, continue to develop our sites, and for general corporate purposes.
Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations
There have been no material changes to the “Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations” in the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” section of our 2025 Form 10-K. Our financial position and results of operations depend to a significant extent on those factors.
Summary of Bitcoin Inventory
The following table presents information about our Bitcoin inventory for the nine months ended September 30, 2026, including bitcoin production and sales of bitcoin (dollar amounts in thousands):
Quantity | Amounts | ||||||||||
| Opening balance | 1,433 | $ | 125,400 | ||||||||
| Bitcoin received from equity investees | 34 | 2,772 | |||||||||
| Bitcoin received from mining activities | 1,095 | 80,908 | |||||||||
| Proceeds from sales of bitcoin | (2,252) | (168,941) | |||||||||
| Realized losses on sale of bitcoin | — | (47,251) | |||||||||
| Unrealized gains on fair value of bitcoin | — | 33,055 | |||||||||
| Ending balance | 310 | $ | 25,943 | ||||||||
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Components of Our Results of Operations
Bitcoin Mining Revenue
Our bitcoin mining revenue consists of bitcoin earned through mining activities at the Odessa and Black Pearl Facilities. We currently participate in third-party mining pools to mine bitcoin. The provision of computing power in accordance with the mining pool operator’s terms of service is the only performance obligation in our contract with the mining pool operator. We are entitled to a fractional share of the set cryptocurrency award from the mining pool operator (referred to as a “block reward”) and potentially transaction fees generated from blockchain users and distributed to individual miners by the mining pool operator.
Our fractional share of the block reward is based on the proportion of computing power we contributed to the mining pool operator to the total computing power contributed by all mining pool participants in solving the current algorithm, over the contract term. The block reward is pre-determined in the protocol governing the relevant blockchain. Our proportionate share of transaction fees is based on our contributed share of hashrate as a percentage of total network hashrate during the contract term. The transaction fees are the aggregate fees paid by parties whose transactions are included in the block. Bitcoin earned is measured at fair value at contract inception and is recognized in revenue over the contract term as hashrate is provided.
HPC Leasing Revenue
HPC leasing revenue is generated by leasing data center capacity and providing related services to our tenants. These lease arrangements contain fixed payments for base rent of the data center, as well as variable components for certain operating expenses, primarily power, which are provided to tenants at cost and are recorded on a gross basis in HPC leasing revenue and Cost of revenue - HPC leasing.
Cost of revenue - bitcoin mining
Cost of revenue for bitcoin mining consists of direct production costs for our bitcoin mining data centers, primarily electricity expenses, as well as other facilities costs, but excludes depreciation which is separately stated.
Cost of revenue - HPC leasing
Cost of revenue for HPC leasing consists of direct production costs for our HPC data centers, primarily electricity expenses, as well as other facilities costs, but excludes depreciation which is separately stated. As part of our lease arrangements, certain operating expenses, primarily power, which are provided to tenants at cost and are recorded on a gross basis in HPC leasing revenue and Cost of revenue - HPC leasing.
Compensation and benefits
Compensation and benefits includes payroll and payroll-related expenses, as well as stock based compensation awarded to employees of the Company.
General and administrative expenses
General and administrative expenses represent insurance expense, rent expense, professional fees, including accounting and audit, consulting, legal, public relations and/or investor relations expenses, non-income taxes and licenses, travel, and other expenses.
Depreciation and amortization
Our Depreciation and amortization expense consists primarily of depreciation on our miners and mining equipment, and other capitalized assets placed into service related to construction of our data centers. We record depreciation expense on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the equipment.
Change in fair value of derivative asset and power sales
The change in fair value of derivative asset represents the changes in fair value of the Luminant Power Agreement recorded during the reporting period.
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Equity in losses of equity investees
Equity in losses of equity investees includes our share of the losses recorded by Alborz LLC, Bear LLC and Chief Mountain LLC prior to February 19, 2026, when we sold our interests in these joint ventures.
Changes in fair value of bitcoin and realized gain/loss on sale of bitcoin
All of our bitcoin is recorded as a current asset on our condensed consolidated balance sheet as we expect to regularly exchange our bitcoin held for fiat currency to fund our operating expenses. We adopted ASU 2023-08 Accounting for and Disclosure of Crypto Assets (“ASU 2023-08”) effective January 1, 2023, which requires cryptocurrencies to be measured at fair value each reporting period with changes in fair value being reported in net income.
The fair value of bitcoin has been highly volatile since we began to obtain bitcoin through our operating activities, which has impacted our operating results and we expect volatility in the fair value of bitcoin to continue for the foreseeable future.
Provision for income taxes
Our provision for income taxes primarily consists of state income taxes. A valuation allowance is recorded against substantially all of our net deferred tax assets, which are composed primarily of federal and state net operating loss carryforwards, stock-based compensation, intangible assets other than goodwill, investments in joint ventures and lease liabilities; in addition, we have deferred tax liabilities resulting from our derivative and right-to-use assets. Our ability to offset our deferred tax liabilities with our deferred tax assets is limited due to restrictions on the ability to offset taxable income by more than eighty percent with federal net operating losses. As a result, we have recorded a deferred tax liability for the amount of future taxable income that is not expected to be covered by net operating losses. We evaluate our ability to recognize our deferred tax assets annually by considering all positive and negative evidence available as prescribed by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) under its general principles of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 740, Income Taxes.
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Results of Operations
The following table sets forth our results of operations for the periods indicated (in thousands):
| Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2026 | 2025 | 2026 | 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenue - bitcoin mining | $ | 20,849 | $ | 71,707 | $ | 80,524 | $ | 164,231 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Revenue - HPC leasing | 5,852 | $ | - | 5,852 | $ | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Total revenue | 26,701 | 71,707 | 86,376 | 164,231 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Costs and operating (expenses) income | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cost of revenue - bitcoin mining | (14,638) | (26,733) | (46,487) | (56,957) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cost of revenue - HPC leasing | (726) | - | (1,629) | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Compensation and benefits | (38,555) | (14,445) | (115,917) | (44,407) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| General and administrative | (26,359) | (8,167) | (54,578) | (26,196) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | (18,821) | (59,549) | (57,200) | (147,102) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Change in fair value of power purchase agreement | (13,910) | (9,030) | (48,040) | (17,180) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Power sales | 4,251 | 2,335 | 8,684 | 4,702 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Equity in losses of equity investees | - | (1,479) | (1,601) | (8,472) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Unrealized gains (losses) on fair value of bitcoin | 12,394 | 108 | 33,055 | (2,927) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Realized gains (losses) on sale of bitcoin | 481 | 7,535 | (47,251) | 16,092 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other operating income (losses) | (2,733) | 101 | (20,432) | (2,732) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total costs and operating expenses | (98,616) | (109,324) | (351,396) | (285,179) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Operating loss | (71,915) | (37,617) | (265,020) | (120,948) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other income (expense) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest income | 32,684 | 457 | 100,135 | 943 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | (58,994) | (1,286) | (184,888) | (3,200) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Change in fair value of warrant liability | 127,180 | 31,860 | 20,280 | 31,860 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other income (expenses) | 2,587 | 3,000 | (20,036) | 4,064 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total other income (expense) | 103,457 | 34,031 | (84,509) | 33,667 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Income (loss) before taxes | 31,542 | (3,586) | (349,529) | (87,281) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Current income tax benefit (expense) | 54 | 767 | (720) | (1,157) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Deferred income tax (expense) benefit | - | (464) | - | 399 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total income tax benefit (expense) | 54 | 303 | (720) | (758) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net income (loss) | 31,596 | (3,283) | (350,249) | (88,039) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Less: Net loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest | 9 | $ | — | 9 | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Net income (loss) available for common stockholders | $ | 31,605 | $ | (3,283) | $ | (350,240) | $ | (88,039) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Comparative Results for the Three Months Ended September 30, 2026 and 2025
Total Revenue
Total revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2026 was $26.7 million compared to $71.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025.
Bitcoin mining revenue was $20.8 million, a decrease of $50.9 million, and was generated from bitcoin mining operations at the Odessa Facility. The decrease was primarily driven by a decrease in bitcoin mined following the cessation of mining operations at the Black Pearl Facility in February 2026 in connection with its conversion into an HPC data center
HPC leasing revenue was $5.9 million following commencement of the initial phase of the Black Pearl Facility Lease in August 2026. HPC leasing revenue consisted primarily of $5.2 million of fixed lease payments recognized on a straight-line basis. There was no HPC leasing revenue in the prior year period.
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Cost of revenue - bitcoin mining
Bitcoin mining cost of revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2026 was $14.6 million, compared with $26.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, and consisted primarily of power costs at our Odessa data center, which has a fixed power cost. The decrease was primarily due to lower power costs following the cessation of mining at the Black Pearl Facility.
Cost of revenue - HPC Leasing
HPC leasing cost of revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2026 was $0.7 million. Included in HPC leasing cost of revenue are costs passed on to our tenants, which are recognized as revenue.
Compensation and benefits
Compensation and benefits for the three months ended September 30, 2026 was $38.6 million, compared to $14.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025. The increase is primarily due to stock-based compensation.
General and administrative
General and administrative expenses increased by $18.2 million to $26.4 million during the three months ended September 30, 2026 from $8.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025. The increase was primarily driven by increased charitable contributions, and legal fees in the current quarter related to strategic initiatives, as well as insurance related to construction.
Depreciation and amortization
Depreciation and amortization for the three months ended September 30, 2026 was $18.8 million, a decrease of $40.7 million compared to Depreciation and amortization of $59.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025. The decrease was primarily due to asset write-downs related to our mining business, and fewer assets in service in the current year due to sales of mining rigs.
Change in fair value of power purchase agreement
Change in fair value of power purchase agreement was a $13.9 million loss for the three months ended September 30, 2026 and was driven by the fair value of the Luminant Power Agreement. The estimated fair value of power purchase agreement was derived from Level 2 and Level 3 inputs, and, due to a lack of quoted prices for similar type assets, is classified in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Specifically, the discounted cash flow estimation models contain quoted spot and forward prices for electricity, as well as estimated usage rates consistent with the terms of the Luminant Power Agreement, the initial term of which is five years. The loss was driven by a decrease in the forward curve for power prices as well as less time remaining on the contract.
Power sales
At the Odessa Facility we sold excess electricity that was available under the Luminant Power Agreement back to the ERCOT market through Luminant. We sold power for proceeds of $4.3 million and $2.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2026, and 2025, respectively. Power sales fluctuate each period based on power and bitcoin prices which are both volatile.
Equity in losses of equity investees
There were no Equity in losses of equity investees for the three months ended September 30, 2026 compared to $1.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025. Equity in losses of equity investees consisted of our 49% share in the losses generated by our three partially-owned mining sites prior to selling our interests in February 2026.
Unrealized gains on fair value of bitcoin
Unrealized gains on fair value of bitcoin totaled $12.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2026, compared to $0.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025. Unrealized gains on fair value of bitcoin is driven by the cost of bitcoin mined compared to the price of bitcoin at the end of the period.
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Realized gains (losses) on sale of bitcoin
Realized gains on sale of bitcoin totaled $0.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2026 compared to $7.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025. Realized gains on sale of bitcoin is a result of selling bitcoin at prices different from the cost basis.
Other operating (losses) income
Other operating losses were $2.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2026, compared to other operating income of $0.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025. The current period primarily consisted of costs incurred at the Barber Lake Facility prior to lease commencement.
Other income (losses)
Other income totaled $103.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2026, compared to Other income of $34.0 million for three months ended September 30, 2025.The increase was primarily driven by a $127.2 million gain on the change in fair value of our warrant liability, compared to a gain of $31.9 million in the prior year period, and interest income of $32.7 million earned on cash and restricted cash raised from our debt financings. These were partially offset by interest expense of $59.0 million, net of capitalized interest, on our senior secured notes and convertible notes, compared to $1.3 million in the prior year period.
Provision for income taxes
For the three months ended September 30, 2026, we recorded a benefit for income taxes of $0.1 million. For the three months ended September 30, 2025, we recorded a benefit for income taxes of $0.3 million.
Comparative Results for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2026 and 2025
Revenue
Total revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2026 was $86.4 million, compared to $164.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025.
Bitcoin mining revenue was $80.5 million, a decrease of $83.7 million, and was generated from bitcoin mining operations at the Odessa Facility and, through February 2026, the Black Pearl Facility. The decrease was primarily driven by fewer bitcoin mined following the cessation of mining at the Black Pearl Facility.
HPC leasing revenue was $5.9 million following commencement of the initial phase of the Black Pearl Facility Lease in August 2026. HPC leasing revenue consisted primarily of $5.2 million of fixed lease payments recognized on a straight-line basis. There was no HPC leasing revenue in the prior year period.
Cost of revenue - bitcoin mining
Cost of revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2026 was $46.5 million, compared with $57.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and consisted primarily of power costs at our data centers. The decrease is primarily due to decreased power costs as the Black Pearl Facility was being retrofit for HPC.
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Cost of revenue - HPC Leasing
HPC leasing cost of revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2026 was $1.6 million. Included in HPC leasing cost of revenue are costs passed on to our tenants, which are recognized as revenue.
Compensation and benefits
Compensation and benefits for the nine months ended September 30, 2026 was $115.9 million, an increase from $44.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, driven by an increase in headcount, and higher valuation on performance based stock compensation in the year.
General and administrative
General and administrative expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2026 was $54.6 million, an increase of $28.4 million compared to $26.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. The increase was primarily driven by an increase in charitable contributions, and consulting and legal fees related to strategic initiatives, including our lease negotiations and other transactions, as well as insurance related to construction.
Depreciation and amortization
Depreciation and amortization for the nine months ended September 30, 2026 was $57.2 million, a decrease of $89.9 million compared to Depreciation and amortization of $147.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. The decrease was primarily due to asset write-downs and sales related to our mining business resulting in fewer assets in service in the current year.
Change in fair value of power purchase agreement
Change in fair value of power purchase agreement was a $48.0 million decrease for the nine months ended September 30, 2026 and was driven by the fair value of the Luminant Power Agreement. The estimated fair value of our power purchase agreement was derived from Level 2 and Level 3 inputs, and, due to a lack of quoted prices for similar type assets, is classified in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Specifically, the discounted cash flow estimation models contain quoted spot and forward prices for electricity, as well as estimated usage rates consistent with the terms of the Luminant Power Agreement. The loss was driven by a decrease in the forward curve for power prices as well as less time remaining on the contract.
Power sales
At our Odessa Facility, we sell excess electricity that is available under the Luminant Power Agreement, but not needed in our mining operations, back to the ERCOT market through Luminant. We sold power for proceeds of $8.7 million and $4.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2026, and 2025, respectively. Power sales fluctuate each period based on power and bitcoin prices, which are volatile.
Equity in losses of equity investees
Equity in losses of equity investees totaled $1.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2026 compared to $8.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. Equity in losses of equity investees consists of our 49% share in the losses generated by our three partially-owned bitcoin mining sites, and the accretion of the basis differences in our investments in the equity investees. These interests were sold in February 2026.
Unrealized (losses) gains on fair value of bitcoin
Unrealized gains on fair value of bitcoin totaled $33.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2026, compared to immaterial unrealized losses on fair value of bitcoin for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. Unrealized (losses) gains on fair value of bitcoin is driven by the cost of bitcoin mined compared to the price of bitcoin at the end of the period.
Realized gains and losses on sale of bitcoin
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Realized losses on sale of bitcoin totaled $47.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2026 compared to gains of $16.1 million in the prior year period. In both periods, this is driven by selling bitcoin at prices differing from our cost basis.
Other operating (losses) income
Other operating losses were $20.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2026, compared to $2.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. The increase was primarily driven by a $10.4 million loss on disposal of assets and a $7.4 million loss on miners reclassified as held for sale, both related to our bitcoin mining business.
Other expense
Other expense totaled $84.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2026, compared to other income of $33.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. The change was primarily driven by interest expense of $184.9 million, net of capitalized interest, on our senior secured notes and convertible notes, compared to $3.2 million in the prior year period, and a $21.2 million unrealized loss on our investment in Canaan common stock. These were partially offset by interest income of $100.1 million on cash and restricted cash balances and a $20.3 million gain on the change in fair value of our warrant liability.
Income tax benefit (expense)
For the nine months ended September 30, 2026, we recorded a provision for income taxes of $0.7 million as a result of projected taxable income for the current year in the jurisdictions which we operate. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, we recorded a provision for income taxes of $0.8 million.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Cash used in operations was $283.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2026. As of September 30, 2026, we had cash and cash equivalents of $656.0 million, total stockholders’ equity of $600.3 million and an accumulated deficit of $1,353.9 million. We fund operations primarily through a combination of at-the-market stock issuances, short-term and long-term financing arrangements, and bitcoin sales.
We have established an at-the-market sales agreement (as amended and restated, the “Amended and Restated Sales Agreement”) with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co., Canaccord Genuity LLC, Needham & Company, LLC, Compass Point Research & Trading, LLC, Keefe, Bruyette & Woods, Inc., Virtu Americas LLC, and BTIG, LLC (each, an “Agent” and, together, the “Agents”), pursuant to which we may, from time to time, sell shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $725.7 million. For the nine months ended September 30, 2026, we received net proceeds on sales of 5.5 million shares of common stock under the Amended and Restated Sales Agreement of approximately $129.2 million (net of commissions and expenses) at an average net selling price of $23.50 per share. For more information on our at-the-market sales agreement and our at-the-market offerings, see Note 15. Stockholders’ Equity.
On March 23, 2026, we entered into a $200.0 million Revolving Credit Facility with Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc. as administrative agent and collateral agent, and a syndicate of lenders, which matures on March 23, 2030 (subject to a potential Springing Maturity Date tied to the 2030 Convertible Notes). The Revolving Credit Facility also provides for additional accordion option of up to $50.0 million. During the Pre-Completion Availability Period, the period prior to the earlier of the completion of the Barber Lake Facility or the Black Pearl Facility, aggregate borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility are limited to $50.0 million. The Revolving Credit Facility includes a $50.0 million letter of credit sublimit. Borrowings bear interest at Term SOFR plus an initial applicable margin of 1.75% (or ABR plus 0.75%), with the margin adjustable thereafter based on our Consolidated Total Debt to Market Capitalization Ratio. We are also required to pay a commitment fee of 0.50% per annum on unfunded commitments. The Revolving Credit Facility is secured on a first-priority basis by substantially all of the assets of the Borrower and the guarantors. The Revolving Credit Facility contains a financial maintenance covenant requiring us to maintain minimum Liquidity of $100.0 million, increasing to $150.0 million after the first, and $200.0 million after both, of the Barber Lake Facility and the Black Pearl Facility commence operations. As of September 30, 2026, we had no outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility and were in compliance with all covenants. For more information on the Revolving Credit Facility, see Note 14. Debt.
We have a master loan agreement with Coinbase Credit, Inc., as lender, and Coinbase, Inc., as lending service provider. Pursuant to the master loan agreement, we currently have a secured line with capacity to be determined, (the
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“Coinbase Overnight Credit Facility”), subject to credit review. We will not incur commitment fees for unused portions of the Coinbase Overnight Credit Facility. The borrowing rate on amounts drawn against the Coinbase Overnight Credit Facility is determined on the basis of the Federal Funds Target Rate - Upper Bound, plus 2.5%, calculated daily based on a 365-day year and payable monthly for the duration of the loan. Borrowings under the Coinbase Overnight Credit Facility are available on demand, open term, and collateralized by bitcoin transferred to the lending service provider’s platform. As of September 30, 2026, we had nothing drawn on the Coinbase Overnight Credit Facility.
On May 22, 2025, we issued $172.5 million principal amount of the 2030 Convertible Notes. The 2030 Convertible Notes are senior, unsecured obligations with interest due semiannually on May 15 and November 15 each year beginning on November 15, 2025.
On September 30, 2025, we issued an aggregate principal amount of $1,300.0 million of 0.00% Convertible Senior Notes due 2031 (the “2031 Convertible Notes” and together with the 2030 Convertible Notes and the 2032 Convertible Notes, the “Convertible Notes”). With the net proceeds of the 2031 Convertible Notes, we funded capped call transactions which are generally expected to reduce the potential dilution of the Company’s common stock that will initially underlie the 2031 Convertible Notes, and expect to use the remaining proceeds to finance a portion of the construction at the Barber Lake Facility, continue to develop our sites, and for general corporate purposes.
For more information on our Convertible Notes, and the Revolving Credit Facility see Note 14. Debt.
Management believes that our existing financial resources, combined with projected cash and bitcoin inflows from our data centers, our intent and ability to sell bitcoin received or earned, and our intent and ability to sell common stock through at-the-market offerings will be sufficient to enable us to meet our operating and capital requirements for at least 12 months from the date the condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report are issued and the foreseeable future.
Cash Flows
The following table summarizes our sources and uses of cash for the periods indicated (in thousands):
| Nine Months Ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||
| 2026 | 2025 | |||||||||||||
Net cash used in operating activities | $ | (283,194) | $ | (153,506) | ||||||||||
Net cash used in investing activities | (2,352,910) | (131,454) | ||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by financing activities | 2,824,067 | 1,486,202 | ||||||||||||
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents, and restricted cash | $ | 187,963 | $ | 1,201,242 | ||||||||||
Operating Activities
Net cash used in operating activities was $283.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2026 compared to net cash used in operating activities of $153.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. We incurred a net loss of $350.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2026, compared to a net loss of $88.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, representing an increase of $262.2 million. Cash flows from operating activities was impacted by a $132.5 million increase in non-cash items, primarily driven by the increase in amortization of debt discount and issuance costs of $184.9 million, change in fair value of derivative assets of $38.1 million, and change in fair value of warrant liability of $11.6 million, partially offset by a $36.0 million decrease in unrealized losses on fair value of bitcoin, a decrease of $89.9 million in depreciation. Additionally, changes in assets and liabilities resulted in an increase in cash used of $215.7 million between the nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025.
Investing Activities
Cash used in investing activities increased to $2,352.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2026 compared to $131.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. This change primarily related to an increase of $2,254.3 million in purchases of property and equipment related to building out various facilities, partially offset by an increase of $18.7 million in proceeds from the sale of bitcoin, partially offset by $52.8 million of proceeds from disposal of assets.
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Financing Activities
Cash flows provided by financing activities increased by $1,337.9 million to $2,824.1 million net cash provided by financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2026 from $1,486.2 million net cash provided by financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. This change was primarily driven by $1,329.0 million of proceeds from the issuance of notes, net of issuance costs, increase of $11.8 million of proceeds from issuance of common stock, net of offering costs, partially offset by a $61.5 million increase in cash used to repurchase common shares to pay employee withholding taxes during the nine months ended September 30, 2026.
Contractual Obligations and Other Commitments
We have leases for corporate office space with monthly rent payments of approximately $0.2 million. In April 2026, we entered into a lease for a new office in New York, with monthly rent payments of approximately $0.4 million starting in June 2027. In September 2026, we entered into an agreement to terminate our existing New York office at One Vanderbilt Avenue, effective January 30, 2027.
In August 2026, one component of the Black Pearl Facility Lease commenced. For scheduled principal payments on our long-term borrowings, including the Black Pearl 2031 Senior Secured Notes, see Note 14. Debt.
In the normal course of business, we enter into contracts with suppliers, primarily related to construction, and have commitments of approximately $1,610.1 million as of September 30, 2026. The majority of commitments relate to construction at sites with leases to HPC tenants.
We also entered into a series of agreements with affiliates of Luminant ET Services Company LLC (“Luminant”), including the Lease Agreement dated June 29, 2021, as amended on July 9, 2021 and August 23, 2023 (as amended, the “Luminant Lease Agreement”). The Luminant Lease Agreement leases a plot of land to us where our data center, ancillary infrastructure and electrical system (the “Interconnection Electrical Facilities” or “substation”) have been set up for our Odessa Facility. We entered into the Luminant Lease Agreement and the Luminant Purchase and Sale Agreement to build the infrastructure necessary to support our planned operations. Management determined that the Luminant Lease Agreement and the Luminant Purchase and Sale Agreement should be combined for accounting purposes under ASC 842, Leases (collectively, the “Combined Luminant Lease Agreement”) and that amounts exchanged under the combined contract should be allocated to the various components of the overall transaction based on relative fair values.
Our management determined that the Combined Luminant Lease Agreement contains two lease components; and the components should be accounted for together as a single lease component, because the effect of accounting for the land lease separately would be insignificant.
The Combined Luminant Lease Agreement commenced on November 22, 2022 and has an initial term of approximately five years, with renewal provisions that are aligned with the Luminant Power Agreement. Financing for use of the land and substation is provided by Luminant affiliates. Despite lease commencement in November 2022, we had not been required by Luminant to make any lease payments for the substation prior to July 2023, therefore we accrued amounts due under the Combined Luminant Lease Agreement in accrued expenses and other current liabilities on our condensed consolidated balance sheet.
On August 23, 2023, we entered into a second amendment of the Luminant Lease Agreement, the terms of which included an amended payment schedule, reflecting monthly installments of principal and interest totaling $19.7 million on an undiscounted basis, due over the remaining four-year period starting in July 2023. This amendment did not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.
At the end of the lease term for the Interconnection Electrical Facilities, the substation will be sold back to Luminant’s affiliate, Vistra Operations Company, LLC, at a price to be determined based upon bids obtained in the secondary market.
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Non-GAAP Financial Measures
We are providing supplemental financial measures for Adjusted EBITDA, that excludes the impact of (i) interest income, (ii) interest expense, (iii) income taxes, (iv) depreciation and amortization, (v) the non-cash change in fair value of derivative asset, (vi) share-based compensation expense, (vii) nonrecurring gains and losses, (viii) the non-cash change in fair value of warrant liability, (ix) non-cash losses related to miners reclassified as held for sale, (x) impairment of long-lived assets, and (xi) non-cash disposal of miners.
Beginning with the three months ended March 31, 2026, we changed our primary non-GAAP performance measure from “Adjusted Earnings (Loss)”, to Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA differs from Adjusted Earnings (Loss) only in that, in addition to the adjustments previously made to compute Adjusted Earnings (Loss), Adjusted EBITDA also excludes interest expense, interest income, and current income tax expense. We believe Adjusted EBITDA is more representative of our core operating performance, more comparable to measures used by industry peers, and more useful to investors evaluating our underlying business. The reconciliation table below presents Adjusted EBITDA for both periods presented under our new methodology. We do not intend to report Adjusted Earnings (Loss) in future periods.
These supplemental financial measures are not measurements of financial performance under GAAP accounting principles and, as a result, these supplemental financial measures may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies. Management uses these non-GAAP financial measures internally to help understand, manage, and evaluate our business performance and to help make operating decisions. We believe the use of these non-GAAP financial measures can also facilitate comparison of our operating results to those of our competitors by excluding certain items that vary in our industry based on company policy.
Non-GAAP financial measures are subject to material limitations as they are not in accordance with, or a substitute for, measurements prepared in accordance with GAAP. For example, we expect that share-based compensation expense, which is excluded from the non-GAAP financial measure, will continue to be a significant recurring expense over the coming years and is an important part of the compensation provided to certain employees, officers and directors. Similarly, we expect that depreciation and amortization will continue to be a recurring expense over the term of the useful life of the related assets. Our non-GAAP financial measures are not meant to be considered in isolation and should be read only in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. We rely primarily on such condensed consolidated financial statements to understand, manage and evaluate our business performance and use the non-GAAP financial measures only supplementally.
The following is a reconciliation of our Adjusted EBITDA to the most directly comparable GAAP measure for the periods indicated (in thousands):
| Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2026 | 2025 | 2026 | 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | $ | 31,596 | $ | (3,283) | $ | (350,249) | $ | (88,039) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest income | (32,684) | (457) | (100,135) | (943) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | 58,994 | 1,286 | 184,888 | 3,200 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total income tax expense | (54) | (303) | 720 | 758 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 18,821 | 59,549 | 57,200 | 147,102 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| EBITDA | $ | 76,673 | $ | 56,792 | $ | (207,576) | $ | 62,078 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Change in fair value of power purchase agreement | 13,910 | 9,030 | 48,040 | 17,180 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation expense | 26,634 | 9,074 | 84,208 | 28,736 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other (gains) losses - nonrecurring | — | (2,246) | — | 4,049 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Change in fair value of warrant liability | (127,180) | (31,860) | (20,280) | (31,860) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loss on miners held for sale | — | — | 7,437 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | $ | (9,963) | $ | 40,790 | $ | (88,171) | $ | 80,183 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Critical Accounting Policies, and Use of Estimates
For a description of our policies regarding our critical accounting estimates, see “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” of Part II, Item 7 “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our 2025 Form 10-K. As of September 30, 2026, there were no significant changes in our critical accounting policies and estimates or the application or the results of the application of those policies to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements from those previously disclosed in our 2025 Form 10-K except for the addition of our HPC leasing described in Note 2 to our condensed consolidated financial statements located in “Part I - Financial Information, Item 1. Financial Statements” in this Quarterly Report.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Information regarding recent accounting pronouncements applicable to us, adopted and not yet adopted as of the date of this report, is included in Note 2 to our condensed consolidated financial statements located in “Part I - Financial Information, Item 1. Financial Statements” in this Quarterly Report.
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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
The following discussion of our market risks involves forward-looking statements. Actual results could differ materially from those projected in our forward-looking statements. For more information regarding the forward-looking statements used in this section and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report, see the Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements at the forepart of this Quarterly Report.
Our primary market risks are described below. We use various strategies to manage these risks; however, they may still from time to time impact our condensed consolidated financial statements.
Bitcoin Price Risk
We hold bitcoin on our inventory at fair value, and as such we are exposed to the impact of the change in bitcoin price. As of September 30, 2026, we had 310 bitcoin in inventory. A 10% decrease in the price of bitcoin would result in an estimated $2.6 million increase in Net loss for the nine months ended September 30, 2026.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures.
Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls and Procedures
In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our “disclosure controls and procedures” (“Disclosure Controls”), as defined by Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act, as of September 30, 2026, the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report. The Disclosure Controls evaluation was done under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, with the goal being that the information required to be disclosed by us in reports filed with the SEC under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and (ii) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding disclosure. Based upon this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level as of September 30, 2026.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
In the course of preparing our financial statements for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2026, management implemented enhanced internal controls over financial reporting related to our HPC leasing segment including design and operation of controls over revenue recognition related to leasing arrangements, and the completeness and accuracy of costs and related liabilities associated with capital projects.
We will continue to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of these measures and are committed to taking further action and implementing additional improvements as necessary.
Except as noted above, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the three months ended September 30, 2026 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings.
We are not a party to any material pending legal proceedings. From time to time, we may be subject to legal proceedings and claims arising in the ordinary course of business. The outcome of any such claims or proceedings, regardless of the merits, is inherently uncertain.
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
Our business, financial condition and operating results can be affected by a number of factors, whether currently known or unknown, including but not limited to the risk factors as previously disclosed in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” of our 2025 Form 10-K, which is incorporated herein by reference. Other than the additional and updated risk factors set forth below, there have been no material changes to the risk factors previously disclosed in our 2025 Form 10-K.
Risks Related to Regulatory Framework
We may face electricity market risks relating to changes in laws, regulations and requirements of market operators, network operators and/or regulatory bodies, including with respect to interconnection of facilities of large electrical loads to the ERCOT grid (including ERCOT’s batch study process for large load interconnection requests and related governmental reviews), grid stability, voltage ride-through, frequency ride-through and curtailment obligations.
Certain governments and regulators are increasingly focused on the energy and environmental impact of HPC services and bitcoin mining. This has led, and could lead, to new governmental measures regulating, restricting or prohibiting the use of electricity for data center operators in the HPC industry, or could result in increased power costs for these types of power consumers. See “- Operating HPC data centers is energy-intensive, which may have a negative environmental impact. Changing environmental regulation and public energy policy may expose our business to new risks.” For example, in 2025, the Texas legislature enacted legislation SB 6 to support ERCOT’s grid reliability by proposing minimum transmission rates on certain large loads and removing phantom loads from its interconnection queue to enhance accuracy of actual future load growth. SB 6 requires the PUCT and ERCOT to create new processes and impose new requirements for the interconnection of facilities with large electrical loads of at least 75 MWs to the ERCOT system. SB 6 also requires security type payments as part of the initial interconnection request, and creates a new approval that is required for co-location of generation with large loads.
In September 2026, the PUCT adopted rules implementing SB 6’s large-load interconnection standards, including requirements relating to financial security, disclosures, interconnection agreements and funding of direct interconnection costs. These requirements became effective on October 8, 2026. SB 6 also requires the PUCT to amend its wholesale transmission cost-allocation rules by December 31, 2026, and the PUCT is considering measures that could require large loads to bear a greater share of transmission system upgrade costs, to pay minimum demand charges based on contracted peak demand and to move from the current four coincident peak (“4CP”) cost-allocation methodology to a twelve coincident peak (“12CP”) methodology, any of which could increase our or our tenants’ transmission-related costs. SB 6 further directs the PUCT and ERCOT to establish curtailment and demand-management obligations for large loads, including protocols to curtail large loads interconnected at transmission voltage after December 31, 2025 during firm load-shed events.
In addition, ERCOT has amended and continues to evaluate its processes for interconnection of large electrical loads to the ERCOT grid. In December 2025, ERCOT announced amendments to the approval process for large load interconnection requests and has since implemented a batch study process under which large load interconnection requests are grouped and evaluated collectively in periodic study cycles rather than on a first-come, first-served basis. The initial study under this process, known as “Batch Zero,” was established through revisions to ERCOT’s Planning Guide and Nodal Protocols that the PUCT approved on June 18, 2026, with an effective date of July 11, 2026. Under Batch Zero, large loads are classified as base load, studied load, or load that has not met the criteria for inclusion and will require study in a future process. The approval of any individual request may depend on the aggregate load requested in the same batch, the results of system-wide reliability studies and the scope and cost of required network upgrades, and our requests could be delayed to a later study cycle, conditioned on our funding network upgrades or posting financial security, or approved at less than the requested load. These developments, along with requirements relating to grid stability, voltage ride-through and frequency ride-through that ERCOT has adopted for large computational loads, and curtailment obligations, could
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increase costs, delay project timelines, or impose additional operational constraints. On August 3, 2026, the Governor of Texas directed the PUCT and ERCOT to conduct a comprehensive verification and audit of all data centers advancing through ERCOT’s interconnection process before additional data centers are approved to move forward, including the collection of project-level information regarding public financial incentives, reliance on the ERCOT grid versus on-site generation, water use and community impacts. ERCOT has indicated that its process to verify large loads included in Batch Zero is expected to take several months, and on August 20, 2026, the PUCT granted ERCOT’s request for additional time to develop and implement that process. We have completed submissions in connection with ERCOT’s initial Batch Zero eligibility verification and state and community impact review processes. ERCOT currently expects to issue the related reports by December 10, 2026. In the meantime, ERCOT has temporarily paused certain energization approvals for large data center loads pending completion of that process. We cannot predict the scope, duration or outcome of these reviews or any requirements or legislation that may result, and they could delay or prevent the interconnection or energization of our data centers. In 2024, the PUCT also required operators of large virtual currency mining operations connected to register their facilities with the PUCT. See “Business- Government Regulation” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K.
We are subject to environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including applicable zoning, building-code and energy-efficiency standards and worker health and safety laws and regulations, and these laws and regulations and any changes to them may materially adversely affect our brand, reputation, business, results of operations and financial position.
We and our operations and properties are subject to laws and regulations governing health and safety, the discharge of pollutants into the environment or otherwise relating to health, safety and environmental protection requirements in the jurisdictions in which we operate. These laws and regulations may impose numerous obligations that are applicable to us, including acquisition of a permit or other approval before conducting construction or regulated activities; restrictions on the types, quantities and concentration of materials that can be released into the environment; limitation or prohibition of construction and operating activities in environmentally sensitive areas, such as wetlands or areas with endangered plants or species; imposition of specific health and safety standards addressing worker protection from work related health and safety risks; imposition of certain zoning, building code and energy-efficiency standards for the sites at which we operate; and imposition of significant liabilities for pollution, including investigation, remedial and clean-up costs, which can be joint and several. Failure to comply with these requirements may expose us to fines, penalties and/or interruptions in our operations, among other sanctions, that could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. Failure to obtain, secure renewal of, or maintain, permits or tightening of restrictions within our permits, or the failure to meet the zoning, building code, health and safety and energy-efficiency standards imposed by regulations applicable to our sites, could have a material adverse effect on our business, including our ability to recruit and retain personnel, or cause us to incur material expenses. Moreover, it is not uncommon for neighboring landowners, community groups, activists and other third parties to file claims for personal injury, property damage and nuisance allegedly caused by noise or the release of hazardous substances into the environment.
For example, on September 21, 2026, the Governor of Texas directed the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (“TCEQ”) to halt all permits sought by data centers in Texas until completion of ERCOT’s audit of data centers in its interconnection queues. Although we do not expect the permitting pause to have a material impact on our near-term development timeline, the pause could delay future projects, expansions or modifications requiring additional or amended TCEQ authorizations. On-site gas-fired generation at our facilities could require air quality permits under the Clean Air Act and analogous Texas laws, including New Source Review requirements, and changes in federal or state emissions standards or permitting requirements could delay or prevent such generation or increase our costs.
In addition, a number of governments or governmental bodies have introduced or are contemplating environmental and energy legislative and regulatory changes in response to the increasing focus on power consumption required to operate industrial-scale data centers. A changing legislative environment could create economic and regulatory uncertainty for our business because the industries in which we operate, with their high energy demand, could become targets for future environmental and energy regulations.
The trend of increased environmental regulation is not linear and can fluctuate depending on the administration and jurisdiction, even within the same county. For example, although the Trump Administration initially withdrew the U.S. from the Paris Agreement in November 2020, the U.S. reentered the Paris Agreement in February 2021 under the Biden Administration, but the Trump Administration again withdrew from the Paris Agreement on January 20, 2025. Though we are closely following developments in this area and changes in the regulatory landscape in the United States, we cannot predict with precision or quantify how or when challenges may arise and ultimately impact our business.
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Legislation and increased regulation regarding climate change could impose significant costs on us and our suppliers, including costs related to increased energy requirements, capital equipment, environmental monitoring and reporting, costs to purchase renewable energy credits or allowances, and other costs to comply with such regulations. Specifically, imposition of a tax or other regulatory fee in jurisdictions where we operate or on electricity that we purchase could result in substantially higher energy costs, and due to the significant amount of electrical power required to operate bitcoin mining machines, could in turn put our facilities at a competitive disadvantage. Any future climate change regulations could also negatively affect our ability to compete with companies situated in areas not subject to such limitations.
Given the political significance and uncertainty around the impact of climate change and how it should be addressed, we cannot predict how legislation and regulation will affect our financial condition, operating performance and ability to compete. Furthermore, even without such regulation, increasing awareness of climate change and any negative publicity in the global marketplace about potential impacts on climate change by us or other companies in our industry could harm our reputation. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, prospects, results of operations and cash flows.
Risks Related to our Indebtedness
Our indebtedness and liabilities could limit the cash flow available for our operations, expose us to risks that could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and impair our ability to satisfy our debt obligations.
As of September 30, 2026, our total consolidated indebtedness amounted to $6,016 million. In May 2025 and September 2025, we completed offerings of our 2030 Convertible Notes, 2031 Convertible Notes, from which we incurred $172.5 million and $1,300.0 million of additional indebtedness, respectively. In October 2026, we exchanged approximately $165.9 million of principal amount of the 2030 Convertible Notes for approximately 40.7 million shares of our common stock. Following this exchange, approximately $6.6 million aggregate principal amount of the 2030 Convertible Notes remains outstanding.
Additionally, in November 2025, Cipher Compute LLC, our wholly owned indirect subsidiary, incurred $1,733.0 million of indebtedness from offerings of $1,400.0 million and $333.0 million of our senior secured notes due 2030. In February 2026, Black Pearl Compute LLC, our wholly owned indirect subsidiary, incurred $2.0 billion of 6.125% senior secured notes due 2031. In March 2026, we entered into a $200.0 million revolving credit facility (the “Revolving Credit Facility”), under which, as of September 30, 2026, we had nothing drawn on revolving borrowings and $40.6 million of letters of credit outstanding. In June 2026, Stingray Compute LLC, our wholly owned indirect subsidiary, incurred $810.0 million of 6.000% senior secured notes due 2031. In October 2026, we completed an offering of our 2032 Convertible Notes, from which we incurred $850.0 million of additional indebtedness. We may also incur additional indebtedness to meet future financing needs. Our indebtedness could have significant negative consequences for our security holders and our business, results of operations and financial condition by, among other things:
•increasing our vulnerability to adverse economic and industry conditions;
•limiting our ability to obtain additional financing, such as in the event of adverse changes to our credit ratings;
•requiring the dedication of a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to service our indebtedness, which will reduce the amount of cash available for other purposes;
•limiting our flexibility to plan for, or react to, changes in our business;
•diluting the interests of our existing stockholders as a result of issuing shares of our common stock upon conversion of the Convertible Notes; and
•placing us at a possible competitive disadvantage with competitors that are less leveraged than us or have better access to capital.
Our ability to make scheduled payments of the principal of, to pay interest on or to refinance our indebtedness depends on our future performance, which is subject to economic, financial, competitive and other factors beyond our control. Our business may not generate sufficient funds, and we may otherwise be unable to maintain sufficient cash reserves, to pay amounts due under our indebtedness, including the Convertible Notes, and our cash needs may increase in the future. In addition, future indebtedness that we may incur may contain financial and other restrictive covenants that
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limit our ability to operate our business, raise capital or make payments under our other indebtedness. If we fail to comply with these covenants or to make payments under our indebtedness when due, then we would be in default under that indebtedness, which could, in turn, result in that and our other indebtedness becoming immediately payable in full.
We may be unable to raise the funds necessary to repurchase the Convertible Notes for cash following a fundamental change or on a specified optional repurchase date or to pay any cash amounts due upon maturity or conversion of the Convertible Notes, and our other indebtedness may limit our ability to repurchase the Convertible Notes or to pay any cash amounts due upon their maturity or conversion.
Holders of the Convertible Notes may, subject to limited exceptions, require us to repurchase their Convertible Notes on May 15, 2028 (for the 2030 Convertible Notes), October 1, 2029 (for the 2031 Convertible Notes) and November 1, 2030 (for the 2032 Convertible Notes), and following a fundamental change, at a cash repurchase price generally equal to the principal amount of the Convertible Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid special interest and additional interest, if any. Upon maturity of the Convertible Notes, we must pay their principal amount and accrued and unpaid special interest and additional interest, if any, in cash, unless they have been previously repurchased, redeemed or converted.
In addition, upon conversion, we will satisfy part or all of our conversion obligation in cash unless we elect to settle conversions solely in shares of our common stock.
We may not have enough available cash or be able to obtain financing at the time we are required to repurchase the Convertible Notes or pay any cash amounts due upon their maturity or conversion. In addition, applicable law, regulatory authorities and the agreements that we may have in the future governing our other indebtedness may restrict our ability to repurchase the Convertible Notes or to pay any cash amounts due upon their maturity or conversion. Our failure to repurchase Convertible Notes or to pay any cash amounts due upon their maturity or conversion when required will constitute a default under the applicable indenture. A default under the indenture or the fundamental change itself could also lead to a default under agreements governing our other indebtedness, which may result in that other indebtedness becoming immediately payable in full. We may not have sufficient funds to satisfy all amounts due under the other indebtedness and the Convertible Notes.
The conditional conversion feature of the Convertible Notes, if triggered, may adversely affect our financial condition and operating results.
In the event the conditional conversion feature of the Convertible Notes is triggered, holders of such notes will be entitled to convert the Convertible Notes at any time during specified periods at their option. If one or more holders elect to convert their Convertible Notes, unless we elect to satisfy our conversion obligation by delivering solely shares of our common stock (other than paying cash in lieu of delivering any fractional share), we would be required to settle a portion or all of our conversion obligation in cash, which could adversely affect our liquidity. In addition, even if holders do not elect to convert their Convertible Notes, we could be required under applicable accounting rules to reclassify all or a portion of the outstanding principal of the Convertible Notes as a current rather than long-term liability, which would result in a material reduction of our net working capital.
The accounting method for the Convertible Notes could adversely affect our reported financial condition and results.
The accounting method for reflecting the Convertible Notes on our balance sheet, accruing interest expense for the Convertible Notes and reflecting the underlying shares of our common stock in our reported diluted earnings per share may adversely affect our reported earnings and financial condition.
The issuance costs for the Convertible Notes are treated as a debt discount for accounting purposes and will be amortized into interest expense over the term of the Convertible Notes. As a result of this amortization, the interest expense that we expect to recognize for the Convertible Notes for accounting purposes will be greater than the cash special interest or additional interest payments, if any, we may be required to pay on the Convertible Notes, which will result in lower reported income.
In addition, the shares underlying the Convertible Notes are reflected in our diluted earnings per share using the “if converted” method. Under that method, diluted earnings per share is generally calculated assuming that all the Convertible Notes were converted solely into shares of our common stock at the beginning of the reporting period, unless
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the result would be anti-dilutive. The application of the if-converted method may reduce our reported diluted earnings per share, and accounting standards may change in the future in a manner that may adversely affect our diluted earnings per share.
Furthermore, if any of the conditions to the convertibility of the Convertible Notes is satisfied, then we may be required under applicable accounting standards to reclassify the liability carrying value of the Convertible Notes as a current, rather than a long-term, liability. This reclassification could be required even if no investors convert their Convertible Notes and could materially reduce our reported working capital.
The capped call transactions may affect the value of the 2031 Convertible Notes and the 2032 Convertible Notes and the market price of our common stock.
In connection with the issuance of the 2031 Convertible Notes and the 2032 Convertible Notes, we entered into privately negotiated capped call transactions with certain financial institutions (collectively, the “option counterparties”). The capped call transactions are generally expected to reduce the potential dilution to our common stock upon any conversion of the 2031 Convertible Notes or the 2032 Convertible Notes and/or offset any potential cash payments we are required to make in excess of the principal amount of converted 2031 Convertible Notes or 2032 Convertible Notes, as the case may be, with such reduction and/or offset subject to a cap. In connection with establishing their initial hedges of the capped call transactions, the option counterparties entered into various derivative transactions, which may be exited in the future. The option counterparties or their respective affiliates may modify their hedge positions by entering into or unwinding various derivatives with respect to our common stock and/or purchasing or selling shares of our common stock or other securities of ours in secondary market transactions prior to the maturity of the applicable Convertible Notes (and are likely to do so during the 30 trading day period beginning on the 31st scheduled trading day prior to the maturity date of the applicable Convertible Notes and following any early conversion, repurchase or redemption of such notes, if we exercise the relevant election to terminate the corresponding portion of the capped call transactions). This activity could cause or avoid an increase or a decrease in the market price of our common stock.
We are subject to counterparty risk with respect to the capped call transactions and these capped call transactions may not operate as planned.
The option counterparties are financial institutions, and we will be subject to the risk that any or all of them might default under the capped call transactions. Our exposure to the credit risk of the option counterparties will not be secured by any collateral. Past global economic conditions have resulted in the actual or perceived failure or financial difficulties of many financial institutions and could adversely affect the option counterparties’ performance under the capped call transactions. If an option counterparty becomes subject to insolvency proceedings, we will become an unsecured creditor in those proceedings with a claim equal to our exposure at that time under the capped call transactions with such option counterparty. Our exposure will depend on many factors but, generally, an increase in our exposure will be correlated to an increase in the market price and in the volatility of our common stock. In addition, upon a default by an option counterparty, we may suffer more dilution, the effect of which would not be compensated for, than we currently anticipate with respect to our common stock. We can provide no assurance as to the financial stability or viability of the option counterparties.
In addition, the terms of the capped call transactions are complex, and they may not operate as planned. For example, the terms of these transactions may be subject to adjustment, modification or, in some cases, renegotiation in the event of certain corporate and other transactions. Accordingly, the capped call transactions may not operate as we intend in the event that we are required to adjust the terms of such instruments as a result of transactions in the future or in the event of other unanticipated developments that may adversely affect the functioning of the capped call transactions.
The capped call transactions are separate transactions (in each case entered into between us and the option counterparties), are not part of the terms of the 2031 Convertible Notes or the 2032 Convertible Notes and will not change the holders’ rights under the 2031 Convertible Notes or the 2032 Convertible Notes.
The issuance of shares of our common stock upon conversion of the Convertible Notes and in exchange transactions will dilute the ownership interests of our stockholders and could depress the trading price of our common stock.
Upon conversion of the Convertible Notes, we will satisfy part or all of our conversion obligations in shares of our common stock. The issuance of shares of our common stock upon conversion of the Convertible Notes will dilute the ownership interests of our stockholders, which could depress the trading price of our common stock. In addition, the
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market’s expectation that conversions may occur could depress the trading price of our common stock even in the absence of actual conversions. Moreover, the expectation of conversions could encourage the short selling of our common stock, which could place further downward pressure on the trading price of our common stock. In addition, in October 2026, we issued 40.7 million shares of our common stock in exchange transactions with certain holders of the 2030 Convertible Notes, and we may engage in additional exchanges of, or repurchases of, Convertible Notes. Holders that participate in any such exchanges may purchase or sell shares of our common stock or enter into or unwind derivative transactions in connection with hedge positions, which could adversely affect the market price of our common stock, and any issuance of shares in such exchanges will dilute our existing stockholders.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.
None.
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.
None.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
Not applicable.
Item 5. Other Information.
(a) Material changes to the procedures by which security holders may recommend nominees to the board of directors.
None.
(b) Insider trading arrangements and policies.
No directors or “officers” (as defined in Section 16a-1(f) of the Exchange Act) adopted terminated
Item 6. Exhibits.
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| Incorporated by Reference | Filed/ Furnished Herewith | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Exhibit Number | Exhibit Description | From | File No | Exhibit | Filing Date | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2.1† | 8-K | 001-39625 | 2.1 | 3/5/21 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3.1 | 8-K | 001-39625 | 3.1 | 2/24/26 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3.2 | 8-K | 001-39625 | 3.2 | 2/24/26 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4.1 | 8-K | 001-39625 | 4.1 | 10/16/26 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4.2 | 8-K | 001-39625 | 4.2 | 10/16/26 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4.3 | 10-Q | 001-39625 | 4.3 | 8/4/26 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.1# | 10-Q | 001-39625 | 10.1# | 8/4/26 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.2# | 10-Q | 001-39625 | 10.2# | 8/4/26 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.3# | 10-Q | 001-39625 | 10.3# | 8/4/26 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.4# | 10-Q | 001-39625 | 10.4# | 8/4/26 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.5 | 8-K | 001-39625 | 10.1 | 10/16/26 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 31.1 | * | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 31.2 | * | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 32.1 | ** | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 32.2 | ** | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 101.INS | Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document | * | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 101.SCH | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document | * | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) | * | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
_____________________________________________________
*Filed herewith.
**Furnished herewith.
†Certain confidential portions (indicated by brackets and asterisks) have been omitted from this exhibit pursuant to Item 601(b)(10)(iv) of Regulation S-K because such information is (i) non-material, (ii) is of the type that the registrant customarily and actually treats as private or confidential and (iii) would be competitively harmful if publicly disclosed.
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# Indicates management contract or compensatory plan.
65
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
CIPHER DIGITAL INC. | ||||||||
Date: November 2, 2026 | By: | /s/ Tyler Page | ||||||
| Tyler Page | ||||||||
| Chief Executive Officer | ||||||||
(Principal Executive Officer) | ||||||||
Date: November 2, 2026 | By: | /s/ Gregory Mumford | ||||||
Gregory Mumford | ||||||||
| Chief Financial Officer | ||||||||
(Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer) | ||||||||
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Exhibit 31.1
CERTIFICATION
I, Tyler Page, certify that:
1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Cipher Digital Inc.;
2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a–15(f) and 15d–15(f)) for the registrant and have:
(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and
5.The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.
| Date: November 2, 2026 | By: | /s/ Tyler Page | ||||||
| Tyler Page | ||||||||
Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) | ||||||||
Exhibit 31.2
CERTIFICATION
I, Gregory Mumford, certify that:
1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Cipher Digital Inc.;
2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a–15(f) and 15d–15(f)) for the registrant and have:
(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and
5.The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.
| Date: November 2, 2026 | By: | /s/ Gregory Mumford | ||||||
| Gregory Mumford | ||||||||
Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) | ||||||||
Exhibit 32.1
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
In connection with the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Cipher Digital Inc. (the “Company”) for the period ended September 30, 2026 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Tyler Page, principal executive officer, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to the best of my knowledge:
(1)The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and
(2)The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.
| Date: November 2, 2026 | By: | /s/ Tyler Page | ||||||
| Tyler Page | ||||||||
Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) | ||||||||
This certification accompanies each Report pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and shall not, except to the extent required by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, be deemed filed by the Company for purposes of § 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
A signed original of this written statement required by § 906, or other document authenticating, acknowledging, or otherwise adopting the signature that appears in typed form within the electronic version of this written statement required by § 906, has been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.
Exhibit 32.2
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
In connection with the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Cipher Digital Inc. (the “Company”) for the period ended September 30, 2026 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Gregory Mumford, principal financial officer, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to the best of my knowledge:
(1)The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and
(2)The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.
| Date: November 2, 2026 | By: | /s/ Gregory Mumford | ||||||
| Gregory Mumford | ||||||||
Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) | ||||||||
This certification accompanies each Report pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and shall not, except to the extent required by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, be deemed filed by the Company for purposes of § 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
A signed original of this written statement required by § 906, or other document authenticating, acknowledging, or otherwise adopting the signature that appears in typed form within the electronic version of this written statement required by § 906, has been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.