EON Resources Inc S-1, filed May 9, 2025
EON Resources Inc. (EONR)
As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 9, 2025
Registration No. 333-
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form
REGISTRATION STATEMENT
Under
The Securities Act of 1933
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)
| 1311 | 85-4359124 | |||
| (State or other jurisdiction of | (Primary Standard Industrial | (IRS Employer | ||
| incorporation or organization) | Classification Code Number) | Identification No.) |
3730 Kirby Drive, Suite 1200
Houston, TX
(713) 834-1145
(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of Registrant’s principal executive offices)
Dante Caravaggio
Chief Executive Officer
3730 Kirby Drive, Suite 1200
Houston, TX
(713) 834-1145
(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)
Please send copies of all communications to:
Matthew Ogurick, Esq.
Pryor Cashman LLP
7 Times Square
New York, New York 10036
(212) 421-4100
Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public:
As soon as practicable after the effective date of this Registration Statement.
If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act, check the following box: ☒
If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐
If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐
If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
| Large accelerated filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer | ☐ |
| ☒ | Smaller reporting company | ||
| Emerging growth company | |||
If an emerging growth company,
indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised
financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act.
The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or until the Registration Statement shall become effective on such date as the Commission acting pursuant to said Section 8(a) may determine.
The information in this preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be changed. These securities may not be sold until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and it is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any state where the offer or sale is not permitted.
SUBJECT TO COMPLETION
PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS DATED MAY 9, 2025
EON Resources Inc.
Up to 7,818,600 Shares of Class A Common Stock
This prospectus relates to the offering from time to time by the selling securityholders named in this prospectus (the “Selling Securityholders”) of up to an aggregate of 7,818,600 shares of our Class A Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share (“Class A Common Stock”), consisting of (i) up to 7,000,000 shares of Class A Common Stock (the “ELOC Shares”) that we may sell to White Lion Capital, LLC (“White Lion”), from time to time at our sole discretion, pursuant to the common stock purchase agreement dated October 17, 2022 (as amended, the “Common Stock Purchase Agreement”), (ii) 368,600 shares of Class A Common Stock issued to certain Selling Securityholders in exchange for services (the “Service Shares”), and (iii) 450,000 shares of Class A Common Stock issued to certain Selling Securityholders in settlement of the Forward Purchase Agreement (as defined herein) (the “Meteora Shares”).
The shares of Class A Common Stock being registered for resale were issued to, purchased by or will be purchased by the Selling Securityholders for the following consideration: (i) a purchase price yet to be determined for the ELOC Shares (as described herein), (ii) the Service Shares were issued in consideration for services rendered with an average effective price of $0.71 per share of Class A Common Stock (for one such Selling Securityholder) and $1.00 per share of Class A Common Stock (for the other two such Selling Securityholders), and (iii) the Meteora Shares were issued as a settlement of obligations with an effective price of $1.00 per share of Class A Common Stock.
On November 15, 2023, we completed the purchase of equity interests and transactions contemplated thereby (the “Purchase”) as set forth in that certain Amended and Restated Membership Interest Purchase Agreement, dated August 28, 2023, as amended (the “MIPA”), by and among us, HNRA Upstream, LLC, a newly formed Delaware limited liability company which is managed by us, and is a subsidiary of ours (“OpCo”), and HNRA Partner, Inc., a newly formed Delaware corporation and wholly owned subsidiary of ours (“SPAC Subsidiary”, and together with us and OpCo, “Buyer” and each a “Buyer”), CIC Pogo LP, a Delaware limited partnership (“CIC”), DenCo Resources, LLC, a Texas limited liability company (“DenCo”), Pogo Resources Management, LLC, a Texas limited liability company (“Pogo Management”), 4400 Holdings, LLC, a Texas limited liability company (“4400” and, together with CIC, DenCo and Pogo Management, collectively, “Seller” and each a “Seller”), and, solely with respect to Section 6.20 of the MIPA, HNRAC Sponsors, LLC (the “Sponsor”).
We are registering the offer and sale of the securities listed herein to satisfy certain registration rights we have granted. All of the securities being registered for resale, when sold, will be sold by the Selling Securityholders.
We are not selling any Class A Common Stock under this prospectus and will not receive any of the proceeds from the sale or other disposition of shares by the Selling Securityholders except we may receive proceeds from the sale of the shares to White Lion under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, from time to time in our discretion after the date the registration statement that includes this prospectus is declared effective and after satisfaction of other conditions in the Common Stock Purchase Agreement. The purchase price to be paid by White Lion for any such shares will equal 96% of the lowest daily volume-weighted average price of Class A Common Stock during a period of two consecutive trading days following the applicable Notice Date.
We filed a registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-275378) that became effective on August 9, 2024, which registered for resale up to 5,000,000 shares of Class A Common Stock that may be sold to White Lion from time to time (the “2024 Registration Statement”) and a registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-28447) that became effective on February 4, 2025, which registered for resale up to an additional 5,000,000 shares of Class A Common Stock that may be sold to White Lion from time to time (the “2025 Registration Statement,” and together with the 2024 Registration Statement, collectively, the “Prior Registration Statements”). We have sold approximately $9.0 million in shares of our Class A Common Stock pursuant to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, and we may receive proceeds of up to $141.0 million remaining under the facility from the sale of the shares of Class A Common Stock to White Lion under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement. White Lion has resold 8,350,000 shares registered on the Prior Registration Statement, with 1,650,000 shares remaining registered under the 2025 Registration Statement but unissued and not resold. It is the intention of the parties for White Lion to sell the remaining shares from the Prior Registration Statements prior to reselling shares under the registration statement of which this prospectus is made a part.
White Lion is an underwriter within the meaning of Section 2(a)(11) of the Securities Act.
The Selling Securityholders may sell or otherwise dispose of the securities covered by this prospectus in a number of different ways. We provide more information about how the Selling Securityholders may sell or otherwise dispose of their securities in the section entitled “Plan of Distribution” on page 117. Discounts, concessions, commissions and similar selling expenses attributable to the sale of securities covered by this prospectus will be borne by the Selling Securityholders. We will pay the expenses incurred in registering the shares of Class A Common Stock covered by this prospectus, including legal and accounting fees. We will not be paying any underwriting discounts or commissions in this offering to any person.
Our Class A Common Stock is listed on NYSE American under the symbol “EONR” and our Public Warrants are listed on NYSE American under the symbol “EONR WS”. On May 8, 2025, the last reported sale price for our Class A Common Stock was $0.41.
As of May 8, 2025, there were 18,743,536 shares of Class A Common Stock outstanding. If all shares being registered hereby were sold, it would comprise approximately 30.4% of our total shares of Class A Common Stock outstanding. Given the current market price of our Class A Common Stock, certain of the Selling Securityholders who paid less for their shares than such current market price will receive a higher rate of return on any such sales than the public securityholders who purchased Class A Common Stock in our initial public offering or any Selling Securityholder who paid more for their shares than the current market price.
Investing in our Class A Common Stock involves risks. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 10.
We have not registered the sale of the shares under the securities laws of any state. Brokers or dealers effecting transactions in the shares of Class A Common Stock offered hereby should confirm that the shares have been registered under the securities laws of the state or states in which sales of the shares occur as of the time of such sales, or that there is an available exemption from the registration requirements of the securities laws of such states.
We have not authorized anyone, including any salesperson or broker, to give oral or written information about this offering, EON Resources Inc., or the shares of Class A Common Stock offered hereby that is different from the information included in this prospectus. You should not assume that the information in this prospectus, or any supplement to this prospectus, is accurate at any date other than the date indicated on the cover page of this prospectus or any supplement to it.
We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined under the federal securities laws, and, as such, may elect to comply with certain reduced public company reporting requirements for future filings.
Neither the SEC nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
The date of this prospectus is 2025.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
i
ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS
This prospectus is part of a registration statement on Form S-1 that we filed with the U.S. Securities Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), under which the Selling Securityholders may, from time to time, sell the securities listed herein offered by them described in this prospectus. We will not receive any proceeds from the sale by such Selling Securityholders of the securities offered by them described in this prospectus. However, we may receive proceeds of up to approximately $141.0 million in remaining available proceeds from the sale of the shares to White Lion under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, from time to time in our discretion after the date the registration statement that includes this prospectus is declared effective and after satisfaction of other conditions in the Common Stock Purchase Agreement.
Neither we nor the Selling Securityholders have authorized anyone to provide you with any information or to make any representations other than those contained in this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement, or any free writing prospectuses prepared by or on behalf of us or to which we have referred you. Neither we nor the Selling Securityholders take responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may give you. Neither we nor the Selling Securityholders will make an offer to sell these securities in any jurisdiction where such offer or sale is not permitted. No dealer, salesperson, or other person is authorized to give any information or to represent anything not contained in this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement or any related free writing prospectus. You should assume that the information appearing in this prospectus or any prospectus supplement is accurate as of the date on the front of those documents only, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or any applicable prospectus supplement, or any sale of a security. Our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects may have changed since those dates.
The Selling Securityholders and their permitted transferees may use this registration statement to sell securities from time to time through any means described in the section entitled “Plan of Distribution.” More specific terms of any securities that the Selling Securityholders and their permitted transferees offer and sell may be provided in a prospectus supplement that describes, among other things, the specific amounts and prices of the securities being offered and the terms of the offering.
We may also provide a prospectus supplement or post-effective amendment to the registration statement to add information to, or update or change information contained in, this prospectus. Any statement contained in this prospectus will be deemed to be modified or superseded for purposes of this prospectus to the extent that a statement contained in such prospectus supplement or post-effective amendment modifies or supersedes such statement. Any statement so modified will be deemed to constitute a part of this prospectus only as so modified, and any statement so superseded will be deemed not to constitute a part of this prospectus. You should read both this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement or post-effective amendment to the registration statement together with the additional information to which we refer you in the section of this prospectus entitled “Where You Can Find More Information.”
This prospectus contains summaries of certain provisions contained in some of the documents described herein, but reference is made to the actual documents for complete information. All of the summaries are qualified in their entirety by the actual documents. Copies of some of the documents referred to herein have been filed, will be filed, or will be incorporated by reference as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, and you may obtain copies of those documents as described below under “Where You Can Find More Information.”
ii
CERTAIN TERMS
Unless otherwise stated in this prospectus, or the context otherwise requires, references to:
| ● | “Class A Common Stock” is to our Class A Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share; |
| ● | “Class B Common Stock” is to our Class B Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share; |
| ● | “founder shares” are to shares of our Class A Common Stock initially purchased by our sponsor in a private placement prior to our Initial Public Offering; |
| ● | “initial business combination” or “Purchase” refers to the completion of our initial business combination on November 15, 2023, pursuant to the closing of the transactions contemplated by the MIPA whereby we acquired (through our subsidiaries) 100% of the outstanding membership interests of Pogo Resources, LLC, a Texas limited liability company (“Pogo” or the “Target”); | |
| ● | “Initial Public Offering” refers to the Initial Public Offering closed on February 15, 2022; |
| ● | “initial stockholders” are to our holders of our founder shares prior to our Initial Public Offering (or their permitted transferees); |
| ● | “management” or our “management team” are to our officers and directors; |
| ● | “MIPA” means that that certain Amended and Restated Membership Interest Purchase Agreement, dated August 28, 2023, as amended (the “MIPA”), by and among us, HNRA Upstream, LLC, a newly formed Delaware limited liability company which is managed by us, and is a subsidiary of ours (“OpCo”), and HNRA Partner, Inc., a newly formed Delaware corporation and wholly owned subsidiary of ours (“SPAC Subsidiary”, and together with us and OpCo, “Buyer” and each a “Buyer”), CIC Pogo LP, a Delaware limited partnership (“CIC”), DenCo Resources, LLC, a Texas limited liability company (“DenCo”), Pogo Resources Management, LLC, a Texas limited liability company (“Pogo Management”), 4400 Holdings, LLC, a Texas limited liability company (“4400” and, together with CIC, DenCo and Pogo Management, collectively, “Seller” and each a “Seller”), and, solely with respect to Section 6.20 of the MIPA, Sponsor. | |
| ● | “Predecessor” refers to the historical business of Pogo prior to the Purchase on November 15, 2023. | |
| ● | “private placement units” are to the units issued to our sponsor in a private placement simultaneously with the closing of our Initial Public Offering; |
| ● | “private placement warrants” are to the warrants sold as part of the private placement units, and to any private placement warrants or warrants issued in connection with working capital loans that were sold to third parties, our executive officers, or our directors (or permitted transferees). |
| ● | “public shares” are to shares of our Class A Common Stock sold as part of the units in our Initial Public Offering (whether they were purchased in our Initial Public Offering or thereafter in the open market); |
| ● | “public stockholders” are to the holders of our public shares, including our initial stockholders and management team to the extent our initial stockholders and/or members of our management team purchase public shares, provided that each initial stockholder’s and member of our management team’s status as a “public stockholder” shall only exist with respect to such public shares; |
| ● | “public warrants” are to our redeemable warrants sold as part of the units in our Initial Public Offering (whether they were purchased in our Initial Public Offering or thereafter in the open market); |
| ● | “Sponsor” refers to HNRAC Sponsors, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company; |
| ● | “warrants” are to our redeemable warrants, which includes the public warrants as well as the private placement warrants to the extent they are no longer held by the initial purchasers of the private placement units or their permitted transferees; |
| ● | “EON,” “EONR,” “registrant,” “we,” “us,” “company” or “our company” “Successor” are to EON Resources, Inc. (and the business of Pogo which became the business of the Company after giving effect to the Purchase). |
iii
PROSPECTUS SUMMARY
This summary highlights information contained elsewhere in this prospectus and may not contain all of the information that you should consider before investing in the shares. You are urged to read this prospectus in its entirety, including the information under “Risk Factors” and our financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Prospectus. Unless otherwise indicated, the estimates of our proved, probable and possible reserves as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 were prepared by the third-party independent petroleum engineering firm of Haas and Cobb Petroleum Consultants, LLC.
Overview
EON Resources, Inc. (f/k/a HNR Acquisition Corp), was incorporated in Delaware as a blank check company formed for the purpose of effecting a merger, capital stock exchange, asset acquisition, stock purchase, reorganization or similar business combination with one or more businesses or entities. Prior to closing the Purchase, our efforts were limited to organizational activities, completion of an initial public offering and the evaluation of possible business combinations. On February 15, 2022, we consummated the Initial Public Offering of 7,500,000 units (the “Units”), at $10.00 per Unit, generating proceeds of $75,000,000. Additionally, the underwriter fully exercised its option to purchase 1,125,000 additional Units, for which we received cash proceeds of $11,250,000. Simultaneously with the closing of the Initial Public Offering, we consummated the sale of 505,000 private placement units at a price of $10.00 per unit generating proceeds of $5,050,000 in a private placement to our Sponsor and EF Hutton (formerly Kingswood Capital Markets) (“EF Hutton”). On April 4, 2022, the Units separated into Class A Common Stock and warrants, and ceased trading. On April 4, 2022, the Class A Common Stock and Public Warrants commenced trading on the NYSE American.
We identified Pogo as the initial target for our initial business combination, and on November 15, 2023, we closed on the acquisition of Pogo. While we were permitted to pursue an acquisition opportunity in any industry or sector, we focused on assets used in exploring, developing, producing, transporting, storing, gathering, processing, fractionating, refining, distributing or marketing of natural gas, natural gas liquids, crude oil or refined products in North America.
On September 16, 2024, we filed a Certificate of Amendment to our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware to change our name from “HNR Acquisition Corp” to “EON Resources Inc.”, effective at 11:59PM on September 17, 2024. Following the change of our name from HNR Acquisition Corp to EON Resources Inc., effective at the beginning of trading on September 18, 2024, our Class A Common Stock began trading on the NYSE American under the symbol “EONR” and our Public Warrants began trading on the NYSE American under the symbol “EONR WS”. The CUSIP numbers for the Company’s Class A Common Stock and Public Warrants did not change.
Purchase
On December 27, 2022, we entered into a Membership Interest Purchase Agreement (the “Original MIPA”) with CIC Pogo LP, a Delaware limited partnership (“CIC”), DenCo Resources, LLC, a Texas limited liability company (“DenCo”), Pogo Resources Management, LLC, a Texas limited liability company (“Pogo Management”), 4400 Holdings, LLC, a Texas limited liability company (“4400” and, together with CIC, DenCo and Pogo Management, collectively, “Seller” and each a “Seller”), and, solely with respect to Section 7.20 of the Original MIPA, HNRAC Sponsors LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“Sponsor”). On August 28, 2023, we, HNRA Upstream, LLC, a newly formed Delaware limited liability company which is managed by us, and is a subsidiary of ours (“OpCo”), and HNRA Partner, Inc., a newly formed Delaware corporation and wholly owned subsidiary of ours (“SPAC Subsidiary”, and together with us and OpCo, “Buyer” and each a “Buyer”), entered into an Amended and Restated Membership Interest Purchase Agreement (the “A&R MIPA”) with Seller, and, solely with respect to Section 6.20 of the A&R MIPA, the Sponsor, which amended and restated the Original MIPA in its entirety (as amended and restated, the “MIPA”). Our stockholders approved the transactions contemplated by the MIPA at a special meeting of stockholders that was originally convened October 30, 2023, adjourned, and then reconvened on November 13, 2023 (the “Special Meeting”).
On November 15, 2023 (the “Closing Date”), as contemplated by the MIPA:
| ● | We filed a Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (the “Second A&R Charter”) with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware, pursuant to which the number of authorized shares of our capital stock, par value $0.0001 per share, was increased to 121,000,000 shares, consisting of (i) 100,000,000 shares of Class A Common Stock, (ii) 20,000,000 shares of Class B Common Stock, and (iii) 1,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share; |
1
| ● | Our shares of common stock were reclassified as Class A Common Stock; the Class B Common Stock has no economic rights but entitles its holder to one vote on all matters to be voted on by stockholders generally; holders of shares of Class A Common Stock and shares of Class B Common Stock will vote together as a single class on all matters presented to our stockholders for their vote or approval, except as otherwise required by applicable law or by the Second A&R Charter; |
| ● | (A) We contributed to OpCo (i) all of our assets (excluding our interests in OpCo and the aggregate amount of cash required to satisfy any exercise by our stockholders of their Redemption Rights (as defined below)) and (ii) 2,000,000 newly issued shares of Class B Common Stock (such shares, the “Seller Class B Shares”) and (B) in exchange therefor, OpCo issued to us a number of Class A common units of OpCo (the “OpCo Class A Units”) equal to the number of total shares of Class A Common Stock issued and outstanding immediately after the closing (the “Closing”) of the transactions contemplated by the MIPA (following the exercise by our stockholders of their Redemption Rights) (such transactions, the “SPAC Contribution”); and |
| ● | Immediately following the SPAC Contribution, OpCo contributed $900,000 to SPAC Subsidiary in exchange for 100% of the outstanding common stock of SPAC Subsidiary (the “SPAC Subsidiary Contribution”); |
| ● | Immediately following the SPAC Subsidiary Contribution, Seller sold, contributed, assigned, and conveyed to (A) OpCo, and OpCo acquired and accepted from Seller, ninety-nine percent (99.0%) of the outstanding membership interests of Pogo Resources, LLC, a Texas limited liability company (“Pogo” or the “Target”), and (B) SPAC Subsidiary, and SPAC Subsidiary purchased and accepted from Seller, one percent (1.0%) of the outstanding membership interest of Target (together with the ninety-nine percent (99.0%) interest, the “Target Interests”), in each case, in exchange for (x) $900,000 of the Cash Consideration (as defined below) in the case of SPAC Subsidiary and (y) the remainder of the Aggregate Consideration (as defined below) in the case of OpCo (such transactions, together with the SPAC Contribution and SPAC Subsidiary Contribution and the other transactions contemplated by the MIPA, the “Purchase”). |
The “Aggregate Consideration” for the Target Interests was: (a) cash in the amount of $31,074,127 in immediately available funds (the “Cash Consideration”), (b) 2,000,000 Class B common units of OpCo (“OpCo Class B Units”) valued at $10.00 per unit (the “Common Unit Consideration”), which will be equal to and exchangeable into 2,000,000 shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the OpCo Exchange Right (as defined below), as reflected in the amended and restated limited liability company agreement of OpCo that became effective at Closing (the “A&R OpCo LLC Agreement”), (c) the Seller Class B Shares, (d) $15,000,000 payable through a promissory note to Seller (the “Seller Promissory Note”), (e) 1,500,000 preferred units (the “OpCo Preferred Units” and together with the Opco Class A Units and the OpCo Class B Units, the “OpCo Units”) of OpCo (the “Preferred Unit Consideration”, and, together with the Common Unit Consideration, the “Unit Consideration”), and (f) an agreement for Buyer, on or before November 21, 2023, to settle and pay to Seller $1,925,873 from sales proceeds received from oil and gas production attributable to Pogo, including pursuant to its third party contract with affiliates of Chevron. At Closing, 500,000 Seller Class B Shares (the “Escrowed Share Consideration”) were placed in escrow for the benefit of Buyer pursuant to an escrow agreement and the indemnity provisions in the MIPA. The Aggregate Consideration is subject to adjustment in accordance with the MIPA.
2
In connection with the Purchase, holders of 3,323,707 shares of common stock sold in our initial public offering (the “public shares”) properly exercised their right to have their public shares redeemed (the “Redemption Rights”) for a pro rata portion of the trust account (the “Trust Account”) which held the proceeds from our initial public offering, funds from our payments to extend the time to consummate a business combination and interest earned, calculated as of two business days prior to the Closing, which was approximately $10.95 per share, or $49,362,479 in the aggregate. The remaining balance in the Trust Account (after giving effect to the Redemption Rights) was $12,979,300.
Immediately upon the Closing, Pogo Royalty exercised the OpCo Exchange Right as it relates to 200,000 OpCo Class B units (and 200,000 shares of Class B Common Stock). After giving effect to the Purchase, the redemption of public shares as described above and the exchange mentioned in the preceding sentence, were (i) 5,097,009 shares of Class A Common Stock issued and outstanding, (ii) 1,800,000 shares of Class B Common Stock issued and outstanding and (iii) no shares of preferred stock issued and outstanding.
On February 10, 2025, we entered into a Purchase, Sale, Termination and Exchange Agreement (the “Termination Agreement”), by and among EON, OpCo, SPAC Subsidiary, HNRA Royalties, LLC, a newly formed Delaware limited liability company and wholly-owned subsidiary of EON (“HNRA Royalties”), Pogo Royalty, CIC, DenCo, Pogo Management, and 4400. The closing of the transactions contemplated by the Agreement (the “Termination Closing”) is subject to the satisfaction of various conditions, including us obtaining financing.
Pursuant to the Termination Agreement, we agreed to purchase the ORR Interest (as defined herein) from Pogo Royalty for $14,000,000, payable in cash at the Termination Closing. In addition, at the Termination Closing, Pogo Royalty agreed to waive all outstanding interest accrued under the Seller Promissory Note, reduce the outstanding principal amount of the Seller Promissory Note to $8,000,000 and settle and discharge the Seller Promissory Note in exchange for the payment of $8,000,000 in cash. Pogo Royalty further agreed to assign and transfer the OpCo Preferred Units to OpCo in exchange for the issuance by us of 3,000,000 shares of Class A Common Stock at the Termination Closing.
As consideration for entering into the Agreement, we agreed to release the Escrowed Share Consideration to Pogo Royalty and to promptly process any exchange notice delivered by Pogo Royalty to exchange the Escrowed Share Consideration for shares of Class A Common Stock, and Pogo Royalty agreed to deliver such exchange notice within two days of the date of the Termination Agreement. The Termination Agreement contains customary representations, warranties, indemnification provisions closing conditions, and covenants.
The Termination Closing is contingent upon the occurrence of certain conditions, including (i) the availability of financing to EON, (ii) the receipt by Pogo Royalty of a consent of First International Bank & Trust (“FIBT”) to the Termination Agreement and a written termination agreement, executed by us and FIBT, terminating that certain Subordination Agreement, dated as of November 15, 2023, by and among FIBT, EON and Pogo Royalty, (iii) the receipt by us of any required stockholder consents, (iv) the respective representations and warranties of the parties being true and correct, subject to certain materiality exceptions and (v) the performance by the parties in all material respects of their respective obligations under the Termination Agreement.
The Termination Agreement may be terminated at any time by mutual consent of the parties thereto or by any one party if the counterparty is in material breach of the Termination Agreement. If the Termination Closing does not occur prior to 1:00 p.m. Central Time on June 3, 2025, the Termination Agreement will automatically terminate. No assurances can be made that we will satisfy these conditions or that the Closing will otherwise occur.
3
Operating Overview
Pogo is an exploration and production company that began operations in February 2017. Pogo is based in Dallas, Texas, and a field office in Loco Hills, New Mexico. As of December 31, 2023, Pogo’s operating focus is the Northwest Shelf of the Permian Basin, with a specific emphasis on oil and gas producing properties located in the Grayburg-Jackson Field in Eddy County, New Mexico. Pogo is the Operator of Record of its oil and gas properties, operating its properties through its wholly owned subsidiary, LH Operating LLC. Pogo completed multiple acquisitions in 2018 and 2019. These acquisitions included multiple producing properties in Lea and Eddy counties, New Mexico. In 2020, after identifying its core development property, Pogo successfully completed a series of divestures of its non-core properties. Then, with one key asset, its Grayburg-Jackson Field in Eddy County, New Mexico, Pogo focused all of its efforts on developing this asset. This has been Pogo’s focus for 2022 and 2023.
Pogo owns, manages, and operates, through its wholly owned subsidiary, LH Operating, LLC, 100% working interest in a gross 13,700 acres located on the Northwest Shelf of the prolific oil and gas producing Permian Basin. Pogo benefits from cash flow growth through continued development of its working interest’s ownership, with relatively low capital cost and lease operating expenses. As of December 31, 2024, average net daily production associated with Pogo’s working interests was 811 barrel of oil equivalent (“BOE”) per day consisting of 86% oil and 14% natural gas. Pogo expects to continue to grow its cash flow by production enhancements in its operations on its gross 13,700-acre leasehold. Furthermore, Pogo intends to make additional acquisitions within the Permian Basin, as well as other oil and gas producing regions in the USA, that meet its investment criteria for minimum risk, geologic quality, operator capability, remaining growth potential, cash flow generation and, most importantly, rate of return.
As of December 31, 2024, 100% of Pogo’s gross 13,700 leasehold acres were located in Eddy County, New Mexico, where 100% of the leasehold working interests owned by Pogo consist of state and federal lands. Pogo believes the Permian Basin offers some of the most compelling rates of return for Pogo and significant potential for cash flow growth. As a result of compelling rates of return, development activity in the Permian Basin has outpaced all other onshore U.S. oil and gas basins since the end of 2016. This development activity has driven basin-level production to grow faster than production in the rest of the United States.
Pogo’s working interests entitle it to receive an average of 97% of the net revenue from crude oil and natural gas produced from the oil and gas reservoirs underlying its acreage. Pogo is not under any mandatory obligation to fund drilling and completion costs associated with oil and gas development because 100% of its lease holdings are held by production. As a working interest owner with significant net earnings, Pogo seeks to fully capture all remaining oil and gas reserves underlying its leasehold acres by systematically developing its low risk, predictable, proven reserves by means of adding perforations in previously drilled and completed wells, were applicable, and drilling new wells in a predetermined drilling pattern. Accordingly, Pogo’s development model generates strong margins greater than 60%, at low risk, predictable, production outcomes that requires low overhead and is highly scalable. For the year ended December 31, 2024, Pogo’s lifting cost was about $28.92 per barrel of oil equivalent at a realized price of $77.01 per BOE, excluding the impact of settled commodity derivatives. Pogo is led by a management team with extensive oil and gas engineering, geologic and land expertise, long-standing industry relationships and a history of successfully managing a portfolio of working and leasehold interests, producing crude oil and natural gas assets. Pogo intends to capitalize on its management team’s expertise and relationships to increase production and cash flow in the field.
4
Pogo Business Strategies
Pogo’s primary business objective is to generate discretionary cash flow by maintaining its strong cash flow from the PDP reserves and increasing cash flow by developing predictable, low cost PDNP reserves in its Permian Basin asset. Pogo intends to accomplish this objective by executing the following strategies:
Generate strong cash flow supported by means of disciplined development of its PDNP Reserves. As the sole working interest owner, Pogo benefits from the continued organic development of its acreage in the Permian Basin. As of December 31, 2024, Pogo, in conjunction with Haas and Cobb Petroleum Consultants, LLC (“Cobb”), a third-party engineering consulting firm, has confirmed that EON has 127, low cost, well patterns to be developed during 2025 to 2028. The total costs to complete these 127 well patterns have been predetermined by historical analysis. The estimated cost to complete each PDNP pattern is $339,252 and the estimated cost to complete each PUD pattern is $1,187,698. A single well pattern consists of one each producing well with its corresponding or dedicated water injection wells, with each injection well situated on four sides of the producing well. Water injection wells are necessary to maintain reservoir pressure in its original state and to move the oil in place toward the producing well. Pressure maintenance helps ensure maximum oil and gas recovery. Without pressure maintenance, oil recoveries from a producing oil reservoir generally do not exceed 10% of the original oil in place (“OOIP”). With pressure maintenance by re-injecting produced water into the oil reservoir, then Pogo expects to see ultimate oil recoveries 25% or greater of the OOIP. Offsetting oil wells on its leasehold also take advantage of the water injected into the oil reservoir, and is able to convert a high percentage of its revenue to discretionary cash flow. Because Pogo owns 100% working interests it incurs 100% of the monthly leasehold operating costs for the production of crude oil and natural gas or capital costs for the drilling and completion of wells on its acreage. Because these wells are shallow oil producers, with vertical depths between 1500 ft and 4000 ft, the monthly operating expenses are relatively low.
Focus primarily on the Permian Basin. All of Pogo’s working interests are currently located in the Permian Basin, one of the most prolific oil and gas basins in the United States. Pogo believes the Permian Basin provides an attractive combination of highly-economic and oil-weighted geologic and reservoir properties, opportunities for development with significant inventory of drilling locations and zones to be delineated our top-tier management team.
| ● | Business Relations. Leverage expertise and relationships to continue acquiring Permian Basin targets with high working interests in actively producing oil fields from top-tier E&P operators, with predictable, stable cash flow, and with significant growth potential. Pogo has a history of evaluating, pursuing and consummating acquisitions of crude oil and natural gas targets in the Permian Basin and other oil producing basins. Pogo’s management team intends to continue to apply this experience in a disciplined manner when identifying and acquiring working interests. Pogo believes that the current market environment is favorable for oil and gas acquisitions in the Permian Basin and other oil generating basins. Numerous asset packages from sellers presents attractive opportunities for assets that meet Pogo’s target investment criteria. With sellers seeking to monetize their investments, Pogo intends to continue to acquire working interests that have substantial resource potential in the Permian Basin. Pogo expects to focus on acquisitions that complement its current footprint in the Permian Basin while targeting working interests underlying large scale, contiguous acreage positions that have a history of predictable, stable oil and gas production rates, and with attractive growth potential. Furthermore, Pogo seeks to maximize its return on capital by targeting acquisitions that meet the following criteria: |
| ● | sufficient visibility to production growth; |
| ● | attractive economics; |
| ● | de-risked geology supported by stable production; |
| ● | targets from top-tier E&P operators; and |
| ● | a geographic footprint that Pogo believes is complementary to its current Permian Basin asset and maximizes its potential for upside reserve and production growth. |
Maintain conservative and flexible capital structure to support Pogo’s business and facilitate long-term operations. Pogo is committed to maintaining a conservative capital structure that will afford it the financial flexibility to execute its business strategies on an ongoing basis. Pogo believes that internally generated cash flows from its working interests and operations, available borrowing capacity under its revolving credit facility, and access to capital markets will provide it with sufficient liquidity and financial flexibility to continue to acquire attractive targets with high working interests that will position it to grow its cash flows in order to distributed to its shareholders as dividends and/or reinvested to further expand its base of cash flow generating assets. Pogo intends to maintain a conservative leverage profile and utilize a mix of cash flows from operations and issuance of debt and equity securities to finance future acquisitions.
5
SUMMARY RISK FACTORS
You should carefully read this prospectus, including the section entitled “Risk Factors.” Certain of the key risks are summarized below.
| ● | There is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a “going concern.” |
| ● | The Company’s producing properties are located in the Permian Basin, making it vulnerable to risks associated with operating in a single geographic area. |
| ● | Title to the properties in which EON is acquiring an interest may be impaired by title defects. |
| ● | EON depends on various services for the development and production activities on the properties it operates. Substantially all EON’s revenue is derived from these producing properties. A reduction in the expected number of wells to be developed on EON’s acreage by or the failure of EON to develop and operate the wells on its acreage could have an adverse effect on its results of operations and cash flows adequately and efficiently. |
| ● | EON’s identified development activities are susceptible to uncertainties that could materially alter the occurrence or timing of their development activities. |
| ● | Acquisitions and EON’s development of EON’s leases will require substantial capital, and our company may be unable to obtain needed capital or financing on satisfactory terms or at all. |
| ● | EON currently plans to enter hedging arrangements with respect to the production of crude oil, and possibly natural gas which is a smaller portion of the reserves. EON will mitigate the exposure to the impact of decreases in the prices by establishing a hedging plan and structure that protects the earnings to a reasonable level, and the debt service requirements. |
| ● | EON’s estimated reserves are based on many assumptions that may turn out to be inaccurate. Any material inaccuracies in these reserve estimates or underlying assumptions will materially affect the quantities and present value of its reserves. |
| ● | We believe EON currently has ineffective internal control over its financial reporting. |
| ● | A substantial majority of EON’s revenues from crude oil and gas producing activities are derived from its operating properties that are based on the price at which crude oil and natural gas produced from the acreage underlying its interests are sold. Prices of crude oil and natural gas are volatile due to factors beyond EON’s control. A substantial or extended decline in commodity prices may adversely affect EON’s business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. |
| ● | If commodity prices decrease to a level such that EON’s future undiscounted cash flows from its properties are less than their carrying value, EON may be required to take write-downs of the carrying values of its properties. |
| ● | The unavailability, high cost or shortages of rigs, equipment, raw materials, supplies or personnel may restrict or result in increased costs to develop and operate EON’s properties. |
| ● | The marketability of crude oil and natural gas production is dependent upon transportation and processing and refining facilities, which EON cannot control. Any limitation in the availability of those facilities could interfere with EON’s ability to market its production and could harm EON’s business. |
| ● | Drilling for and producing crude oil and natural gas are high-risk activities with many uncertainties that may materially adversely affect EON’s business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. |
| ● | Crude oil and natural gas operations are subject to various governmental laws and regulations. Compliance with these laws and regulations can be burdensome and expensive for EON, and failure to comply could result in EON incurring significant liabilities, either of which may impact its willingness to develop EON’s interests. |
| ● | Federal and state legislative and regulatory initiatives relating to hydraulic fracturing could cause EON to incur increased costs, additional operating restrictions or delays and have fewer potential development locations. |
| ● | Purchases made pursuant to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement will be made at a discount to the volume weighted average price of Class A Common Stock, which may result in negative pressure on the stock price. |
| ● | It is not possible to predict the actual number of shares of Class A Common Stock, if any, we will sell under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement to White Lion or the actual gross proceeds resulting from those sales. |
| ● | The sale and issuance of Class A Common Stock to White Lion will cause dilution to our existing securityholders, and the resale of the Class A Common Stock acquired by White Lion, or the perception that such resales may occur, could cause the price of our Class A Common Stock to decrease. |
6
ABOUT THIS OFFERING
This prospectus relates to the offering of up to 7,818,600 shares of Class A Common Stock.
Resale Offering of Class A Common Stock
| Shares of Class A Common Stock Offered by the Selling Securityholders | An aggregate of 7,818,600 shares of our Class A Common Stock, consisting of (i) up to 7,000,000 shares of Class A Common Stock (the “ELOC Shares”) that we may sell to White Lion Capital, LLC (“White Lion”), from time to time at our sole discretion, pursuant to the common stock purchase agreement dated October 17, 2022 (as amended, the “Common Stock Purchase Agreement”), (ii) 368,600 shares of Class A Common Stock issued to certain Selling Securityholders in exchange for services (the “Service Shares”), and (iii) 450,000 shares of Class A Common Stock issued to certain Selling Securityholders in settlement of the Forward Purchase Agreement (as defined herein) (the “Meteora Shares”). | |
| Terms of the Offering | The Selling Securityholders will determine when and how they will dispose of the shares of Class A Common Stock registered under this prospectus for resale. | |
| Shares of Common Stock Outstanding | 18,743,536 shares of Class A Common Stock issued and outstanding and no shares of Class B Common Stock issued and outstanding, each as of May 8, 2025. | |
| Purchase Price of Securities offered for Resale | The shares of Class A Common Stock being registered for resale were issued to, purchased by or will be purchased by the Selling Securityholders for the following consideration: (i) a purchase price yet to be determined for the ELOC Shares (as described herein), (ii) the Service Shares were issued in consideration for services rendered with an average effective price of $0.71 per share of Class A Common Stock (for one such Selling Securityholder) and $1.00 per share of Class A Common Stock (for the other two such Selling Securityholders), and (iii) the Meteora Shares were issued as a settlement of obligations with an effective price of $1.00 per share of Class A Common Stock. | |
| Use of Proceeds | We will not receive any of the proceeds from the resale of the shares offered by the Selling Securityholders. However, we may receive up to approximately $141.0 million in remaining available proceeds from the sale of the shares to White Lion under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, from time to time in our discretion after the date the registration statement that includes this prospectus is declared effective and after satisfaction of other conditions in the Common Stock Purchase Agreement. We intend to use any proceeds from White Lion that we receive under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement for working capital, strategic and general corporate purposes. | |
| Market for Class A Common Stock | Our Class A Common Stock is currently listed on NYSE American under the symbol “EONR” and our Public Warrants are currently listed on NYSE American under the symbol “EONR WS”. On May 8, 2025, the last quoted sale price for our Class A Common Stock as reported on NYSE American was $0.41 per share. | |
| Risk Factors | See the section titled “Risk Factors” beginning on page 10 of this prospectus and other information included in this prospectus for a discussion of factors that you should consider carefully before deciding to invest in our Class A Common Stock. |
7
SUMMARY HISTORICAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF EON RESOURCES INC.
The summary historical consolidated financial data as of and for the period from January 1, 2023 to November 14, 2023 for the Predecessor are derived from Pogo’s audited consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto. The audited consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto for the are included elsewhere in this prospectus.
The Company’s historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any other period in the future. For a detailed discussion of the summary historical financial data contained in the following table, please read “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” The following table should also be read in conjunction with the historical financial statements of Pogo included elsewhere in this prospectus. Among other things, the historical financial statements include more detailed information regarding the basis of presentation for the information in the following table.
| Successor | Predecessor | |||||||||||
| Year Ended December 31, 2024 | November 15, 2023 to December 31, 2023 | January 1, 2023 to November 14, 2023 | ||||||||||
| Revenues | ||||||||||||
| Crude oil | $ | 19,298,698 | $ | 2,513,197 | $ | 22,856,521 | ||||||
| Natural gas and natural gas liquids | 483,486 | 70,918 | 809,553 | |||||||||
| Gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net | (850,374 | ) | 340,808 | 51,957 | ||||||||
| Other revenue | 487,109 | 50,738 | 520,451 | |||||||||
| Total revenues | 19,418,919 | 2,975,661 | 24,238,482 | |||||||||
| Expenses | ||||||||||||
| Production taxes, transportation and processing | 1,715,792 | 226,062 | 2,117,800 | |||||||||
| Lease operating | 8,614,080 | 1,453,367 | 8,692,752 | |||||||||
| Depletion, depreciation and amortization | 2,407,098 | 352,127 | 1,497,749 | |||||||||
| Accretion of asset retirement obligations | 144,988 | 11,062 | 848,040 | |||||||||
| General and administrative | 10,381,095 | 3,553,117 | 3,700,267 | |||||||||
| Acquisition costs | - | 9,999,860 | - | |||||||||
| Total expenses | 23,263,053 | 15,595,595 | 16,856,608 | |||||||||
| Operating income (loss) | (3,844,134 | ) | (12,619,934 | ) | 7,381,874 | |||||||
| Other Income (expenses) | ||||||||||||
| Change in fair value of warrant liability | (804,004 | ) | 187,704 | - | ||||||||
| Change in fair value of convertible note liability | (192,744 | ) | ||||||||||
| Change in fair value of FPA liability | 561,099 | 3,268,581 | - | |||||||||
| Amortization of debt discount | (2,361,627 | ) | (1,191,553 | ) | - | |||||||
| Interest expense | (7,643,200 | ) | (1,043,312 | ) | (1,834,208 | ) | ||||||
| Interest income | 58,793 | 6,736 | 313,401 | |||||||||
| Gain on extinguishment of liabilities | 1,638,138 | - | - | |||||||||
| Loss on sale of assets | - | - | (816,011 | ) | ||||||||
| Other Income (expense) | 36,989 | 2,937 | (74,193 | ) | ||||||||
| Total other income (expenses) | (8,706,556 | ) | 1,231,093 | (2,411,011 | ) | |||||||
| Loss before income taxes | (12,550,690 | ) | (11,388,841 | ) | 4,970,863 | |||||||
| Income tax provision (benefit) | 3,470,407 | 2,387,639 | - | |||||||||
| Net income (loss) | (9,080,283 | ) | (9,001,202 | ) | 4,970,863 | |||||||
| Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests | - | - | - | |||||||||
| Net income (loss) attributable to HNR Acquisition Corp. | $ | (9,080,283 | ) | $ | (9,001,202 | ) | $ | 4,970,863 | ||||
| Weighted average share outstanding, common stock - basic and diluted | 6,477,052 | 5,235,131 | - | |||||||||
| Net income (loss) per share of common stock - basic and diluted | $ | (1.40 | ) | $ | (1.72 | ) | $ | - | ||||
8
| Successor | Predecessor | |||||||||||
| Year Ended December 31, 2024 | November 15, 2023 to December 31, 2023 | January 1, 2023 to November 14, 2023 | ||||||||||
| Statement of Cash Flows Data: | ||||||||||||
| Operating activities | $ | 3,700,686 | $ | 484,474 | $ | 8,190,563 | ||||||
| Investing activities | (3,575,062 | ) | 18,296,176 | (6,960,555 | ) | |||||||
| Financing activities | (659,520 | ) | (17,866,128 | ) | (3,000,000 | ) | ||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 2,971,558 | $ | 3,505,454 | $ | 246,323 | ||||||
| December 31, 2024 | December 31, 2023 | |||||||
| Total current assets | $ | 5,159,105 | $ | 6,812,448 | ||||
| Total oil and natural gas properties, net | 97,525,912 | 93,837,245 | ||||||
| Other assets | 20,000 | 76,199 | ||||||
| Total current liabilities | 36,390,779 | 20,113,049 | ||||||
| Total for non-current liabilities | 38,594,767 | 50,006,614 | ||||||
| Total stockholders’ equity | 27,719,471 | 30,606,229 | ||||||
| Noncontrolling interest | 24,605,414 | 33,406,414 | ||||||
9
RISK FACTORS
An investment in our in our Class A Common Stock involves a high degree of risk. The risks described below include all material risks to our company or to investors in this offering that are known to our company. You should carefully consider such risks before participating in this offering. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially harmed. As a result, the trading price of our Class A Common Stock could decline, and you might lose all or part of your investment. When determining whether to buy our Class A Common Stock, you should also refer to the other information in this prospectus, including our financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus.
In addition to the other information in this prospectus, you should carefully consider the following factors in evaluating us and our business. This prospectus contains, in addition to historical information, forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties, some of which are beyond our control. Should one or more of these risks and uncertainties materialize or should underlying assumptions prove incorrect, our actual results could differ materially. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed below, as well as those discussed elsewhere in this prospectus, including the documents incorporated by reference.
There are risks associated with investing in companies such as ours who are primarily engaged in research and development. In addition to risks which could apply to any company or business, you should also consider the business we are in and the following:
Risks Related to Our Business
There is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a “going concern.”
As of December 31, 2024, we had $2,971,558 in cash and a working capital deficit of $31,231,674. Further, we had positive cash flow from operations of $3,700,686 for the year ended December 31, 2024. These factors raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans to alleviate this substantial doubt include improving profitability through streamlining costs, maintaining active hedge positions for its proven reserve production, and the issuance of additional shares of Class A Common Stock through the Common Stock Purchase Agreement with White Lion, which can fund our operations and production growth, and be used to reduce our liabilities. While management believes that its plans and the overall outlook of the oil and gas industry sufficiently alleviate the factors raising substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern, there can be no assurance of success.
Our producing properties are located in the Permian Basin, making it vulnerable to risks associated with operating in a single geographic area.
All of our producing properties are currently geographically concentrated in the Permian Basin. As a result of this concentration, we may be disproportionately exposed to the impact of regional supply and demand factors, delays or interruptions of production from wells in this area caused by governmental regulation, processing or transportation capacity constraints, availability of equipment, facilities, personnel or services market limitations, natural disasters, adverse weather conditions, plant closures for scheduled maintenance or interruption of the processing or transportation of crude oil and natural gas. In addition, the effect of fluctuations on supply and demand may become more pronounced within specific geographic crude oil and natural gas producing areas such as the Permian Basin, which may cause these conditions to occur with greater frequency or magnify the effects of these conditions. Due to the concentrated nature of Pogo’s portfolio of properties, a number of our properties could experience any of the same conditions at the same time, resulting in a relatively greater impact on its results of operations than they might have on other companies that have a more diversified portfolio of properties. Such delays or interruptions could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
As a result of our exclusive focus on the Permian Basin, it may be less competitive than other companies in bidding to acquire assets that include properties both within and outside of that basin. Although we are currently focused on the Permian Basin, it may from time to time evaluate and consummate the acquisition of asset packages that include ancillary properties outside of that basin, which may result in the dilution of its geographic focus.
10
Title to the properties in which Pogo is acquiring an interest may be impaired by title defects.
We are not required to, and under certain circumstances it may elect not to, incur the expense of retaining lawyers to examine the title to its operating interests. In such cases, we would rely upon the judgment of oil and gas lease brokers or landmen who perform the fieldwork in examining records in the appropriate governmental office before acquiring an operating interest. The existence of a material title deficiency can render an interest worthless and can materially adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. No assurance can be given that Pogo will not suffer a monetary loss from title defects or title failure. Additionally, undeveloped acreage has a greater risk of title defects than developed acreage. If there are any title defects in properties in which we holds an interest, it may suffer a financial loss.
We depend on various services for the development and production activities on the properties it operates. Substantially all our revenue is derived from these producing properties. A reduction in the expected number of wells to be developed on Pogo’s acreage by or the failure of EON to develop and operate the wells on its acreage could have an adverse effect on its results of operations and cash flows adequately and efficiently.
Our assets consist primarily of operating interests. The failure of the Company to perform operations adequately or efficiently or to act in ways that are not in our best interests could reduce production and revenues. Additionally, certain investors have requested that operators adopt initiatives to return capital to investors, which could also reduce the capital available to us for investment in development and production activities. Moreover, should a low commodity price environment incur, we may also opt to reduce development activity that could further reduce production and revenues.
If production on our acreage decreases due to decreased development activities, because of a low commodity price environment, limited availability of development capital, production-related difficulties or otherwise, our results of operations may be adversely affected. Pogo is not obligated to undertake any development activities other than those required to maintain their leases on our acreage. In the absence of a specific contractual obligation, any development and production activities will be subject to their reasonable discretion (subject to certain implied obligations to develop imposed by the laws of some states). Pogo could determine to develop wells on our acreage than is currently expected. The success and timing of development activities on our properties, depends on a number of factors that are largely outside of our control, including:
| ● | the capital costs required for development activities on Pogo’s acreage, which could be significantly more than anticipated; |
| ● | the ability of Pogo to access capital; |
| ● | prevailing commodity prices; |
| ● | the availability of suitable equipment, production and transportation infrastructure and qualified operating personnel; |
| ● | the availability of storage for hydrocarbons, Pogo’s expertise, operating efficiency and financial resources; |
| ● | Pogo’s expected return on investment in wells developed on Pogo’s acreage as compared to opportunities in other areas; |
| ● | the selection of technology; |
| ● | the selection of counterparties for the marketing and sale of production; |
| ● | and the rate of production of the reserves. |
We may elect not to undertake development activities, or may undertake these activities in an unanticipated fashion, which may result in significant fluctuations in our results of operations and cash flows. Sustained reductions in production by us on our properties may also adversely affect or results of operations and cash flows. Additionally, if we were to experience financial difficulty, we might not be able to pay invoices to continue its operations, which could have a material adverse impact on our cash flows.
11
Our future success depends on replacing reserves through acquisitions and the exploration and development activities.
Producing crude oil and natural gas wells are characterized by declining production rates that vary depending upon reservoir characteristics and other factors. Our future crude oil and natural gas reserves and our production thereof and our cash flows are highly dependent on the successful development and exploitation of our current reserves and its ability to successfully acquire additional reserves that are economically recoverable. Moreover, the production decline rates of our properties may be significantly higher than currently estimated if the wells on its properties do not produce as expected. We may also not be able to find, acquire or develop additional reserves to replace the current and future production of its properties at economically acceptable terms. If we are not able to replace or grow its oil and natural gas reserves, its business, financial condition and results of operations would be adversely affected.
Our failure to successfully identify, complete and integrate acquisitions of properties or businesses could materially and adversely affect its growth, results of operations and cash flows.
We depend, in part, on acquisitions to grow its reserves, production and cash flows. Our decision to acquire a property will depend in part on the evaluation of data obtained from production reports and engineering studies, geophysical and geological analyses and seismic data, and other information, the results of which are often inconclusive and subject to various interpretations. The successful acquisition of properties requires an assessment of several factors, including:
| ● | recoverable reserves; |
| ● | future crude oil and natural gas prices and their applicable differentials; |
| ● | development plans; |
| ● | operating costs Pogo’s E&P operators would incur to develop and operate the properties; |
| ● | and potential environmental and other liabilities that E&P operators may incur. |
The accuracy of these assessments is inherently uncertain and we may not be able to identify attractive acquisition opportunities. In connection with these assessments, we perform a review of the subject properties that it believes to be generally consistent with industry practices, given the nature of its interests. Our review will not reveal all existing or potential problems, nor will it permit it to become sufficiently familiar with the properties to assess fully their deficiencies and capabilities. Inspections are often not performed on every well, and environmental problems, such as groundwater contamination, are not necessarily observable even when an inspection is undertaken. Even when problems are identified, the seller may be unwilling or unable to provide effective contractual protection against all or part of the problems. Even if we do identify attractive acquisition opportunities, it may not be able to complete the acquisition or do so on commercially acceptable terms. Unless we further develop our existing properties, we will depend on acquisitions to grow our reserves, production and cash flow.
There is intense competition for acquisition opportunities in our industry. Competition for acquisitions may increase the cost of, or cause us to refrain from, completing acquisitions. Additionally, acquisition opportunities vary over time. Our ability to complete acquisitions is dependent upon, among other things, our ability to obtain debt and equity financing and, in some cases, regulatory approvals. Further, these acquisitions may be in geographic regions in which Pogo does not currently hold assets, which could result in unforeseen operating difficulties. In addition, if we acquire interests in new states, it may be subject to additional and unfamiliar legal and regulatory requirements. Compliance with regulatory requirements may impose substantial additional obligations on Pogo and its management, cause it to expend additional time and resources in compliance activities and increase its exposure to penalties or fines for non-compliance with such additional legal requirements. Further, the success of any completed acquisition will depend on Pourability to effectively integrate the acquired business into its existing business. The process of integrating acquired businesses may involve unforeseen difficulties and may require a disproportionate amount of our managerial and financial resources. In addition, potential future acquisitions may be larger and for purchase prices significantly higher than those paid for earlier acquisitions.
No assurance can be given that we will be able to identify suitable acquisition opportunities, negotiate acceptable terms, obtain financing for acquisitions on acceptable terms or successfully acquire identified targets. Our failure to achieve consolidation savings, to integrate the acquired assets into its existing operations successfully or to minimize any unforeseen difficulties could materially and adversely affect its financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. The inability to effectively manage these acquisitions could reduce Our focus on subsequent acquisitions and current operations, which, in turn, could negatively impact its growth, results of operations and cash flows.
12
We may acquire properties that do not produce as projected, and it may be unable to determine reserve potential, identify liabilities associated with such properties or obtain protection from sellers against such liabilities.
Acquiring crude oil and natural gas properties requires us to assess reservoir and infrastructure characteristics, including recoverable reserves, development and operating costs and potential environmental and other liabilities. Such assessments are inexact and inherently uncertain. In connection with the assessments, we perform a review of the subject properties, but such a review will not necessarily reveal all existing or potential problems. In the course of due diligence, we may not inspect every well or pipeline. We cannot necessarily observe structural and environmental problems, such as pipe corrosion, when an inspection is made. We may not be able to obtain contractual indemnities from the seller for liabilities created prior to its purchase of the property. We may be required to assume the risk of the physical condition of the properties in addition to the risk that the properties may not perform in accordance with its expectations.
Any acquisitions that we complete will be subject to substantial risks.
Even if we makes acquisitions that we believes will increase its cash generated from operations, these acquisitions may nevertheless result in a decrease in its cash flows. Any acquisition involves potential risks, including, among other things:
| ● | the validity of our assumptions about estimated proved reserves, future production, prices, revenues, capital expenditures, the operating expenses and costs to develop the reserves; |
| ● | a decrease in our liquidity by using a significant portion of its cash generated from operations or borrowing capacity to finance acquisitions; |
| ● | a significant increase in our interest expense or financial leverage if it incurs debt to finance acquisitions; |
| ● | the assumption of unknown liabilities, losses or costs for which we are not indemnified or for which any indemnity it receives is inadequate; |
| ● | mistaken assumptions about the overall cost of equity or debt; |
| ● | our ability to obtain satisfactory title to the assets it acquires; |
| ● | an inability to hire, train or retain qualified personnel to manage and operate our growing business and assets; |
| ● | and the occurrence of other significant changes, such as impairment of crude oil and natural gas properties, goodwill or other intangible assets, asset devaluation or restructuring charges. |
Our identified development activities are susceptible to uncertainties that could materially alter the occurrence or timing of our development activities.
The ability of the Company to perform development activities depends on a number of uncertainties, including the availability of capital, construction of and limitations on access to infrastructure, inclement weather, regulatory changes and approvals, crude oil and natural gas prices, costs, development activity results and the availability of water. Further, any identified potential development activities are in various stages of evaluation, ranging from wells that are ready to be developed to wells that require substantial additional interpretation. The use of technologies and the study of producing fields in the same area will not enable we to know conclusively prior to development activities whether crude oil and natural gas will be present or, if present, whether crude oil and natural gas will be present in sufficient quantities to be economically viable. Even if enough crude oil or natural gas exist, we may damage the potentially productive hydrocarbon-bearing formation or experience mechanical difficulties while performing development activities, possibly resulting in a reduction in production from the well or abandonment of the well. If Pogo performs additional development activities on wells that do not respond or they produce at quantities less than desired these wells may materially harm our business.
There is no guarantee that the conclusions we draw from available data and other wells near the Pogo acreage will be applicable to our development activities. Further, initial production rates reported by us in the areas in which ours reserves are located may not be indicative of future or long-term production rates. Additionally, actual production from wells may be less than expected. For example, a number of E&P operators have recently announced that newer wells drilled close in proximity to already producing wells have produced less oil and gas than forecast. Because of these uncertainties, Pogo does not know if the potential development activities that have been identified will ever be able to produce crude oil and natural gas from these or any other potential development activities. As such, the actual development activities of Pogo may materially differ from those presently identified, which could adversely affect our business, results of operation and cash flows.
13
Acquisitions and development of our leases will require substantial capital, and our company may be unable to obtain needed capital or financing on satisfactory terms or at all.
The crude oil and natural gas industry is capital intensive. We made substantial capital expenditures in connection with the acquisition and development of its properties. Our company may continue to make substantial capital expenditures in connection with the acquisition and development of properties. Our company will finance capital expenditures primarily with funding from cash generated by operations and borrowings under its revolving credit facility.
In the future, we may need capital more than the amounts it retains in its business or borrows under its revolving credit facility. The level of borrowing base available under our revolving credit facility is largely based on its estimated proved reserves and its lenders’ price decks and underwriting standards in the reserve-based lending space and may be reduced to the extent commodity prices decrease and cause underwriting standards to tighten or the lending syndication market is not sufficiently liquid to obtain lender commitments to a full borrowing base in an amount appropriate for our assets. Furthermore, we cannot assure you that it will be able to access other external capital on terms favorable to it or at all. For example, a significant decline in prices for crude oil and broader economic turmoil may adversely impact our ability to secure financing in the capital markets on favorable terms. Additionally, our ability to secure financing or access the capital markets could be adversely affected if financial institutions and institutional lenders elect not to provide funding for fossil fuel energy companies in connection with the adoption of sustainable lending initiatives or are required to adopt policies that have the effect of reducing the funding available to the fossil fuel sector. If we are unable to fund its capital requirements, e may be unable to complete acquisitions, take advantage of business opportunities or respond to competitive pressures, any of which could have a material adverse effect on its results of operation and free cash flow.
We are also dependent on the availability of external debt, equity financing sources and operating cash flows to maintain its development program. If those financing sources are not available on favorable terms or at all, then We expect the development of its properties to be adversely affected. If the development of our properties is adversely affected, then revenues from our operations may decline. If we issue additional equity securities or securities convertible into equity securities, existing stockholders will experience dilution and the new equity securities could have rights senior to those of our Class A Common Stock.
The widespread outbreak of an illness, pandemic (like COVID-19) or any other public health crisis may have material adverse effects on Pogo’s business, financial position, results of operations and/or cash flows.
We face risks related to the outbreak of illnesses, pandemics and other public health crises that are outside of its control and could significantly disrupt its operations and adversely affect its financial condition. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic has caused a disruption to the oil and natural gas industry and to our business. The COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted the global economy, disrupted global supply chains, reduced global demand for oil and gas, and created significant volatility and disruption of financial and commodity markets, but has been improving since 2020.
The degree to which the COVID-19 pandemic or any other public health crisis adversely impacts our operations, financial results and dividend policy will also depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted. These developments include, but are not limited to, the duration and spread of the pandemic, its severity, the actions to contain the virus or treat its impact, its impact on the economy and market conditions, and how quickly and to what extent normal economic and operating conditions can resume. While this matter may disrupt its operations in some way, the degree of the adverse financial impact cannot be reasonably estimated at this time.
14
We currently plan to enter hedging arrangements with respect to the production of crude oil, and possibly natural gas which is a smaller portion of the reserves. We will mitigate the exposure to the impact of decreases in the prices by establishing a hedging plan and structure that protects the earnings to a reasonable level, and the debt service requirements.
We currently plan to enter into hedging arrangements to establish, in advance, a price for the sale of the crude oil and possibly natural gas produced from its properties. The hedging plan and structure will be at a level to balance the debt service requirements and also allow us to realize the benefit of any short-term increase in the price of crude oil and natural gas. A portion of the crude oil and natural gas produced from its properties will not be protected against decreases in the price of crude oil and natural gas, or prolonged periods of low commodity prices. Hedging arrangements may limit our ability to realize the benefit of rising prices and may result in hedging losses.
The intent of the hedging arrangements is to mitigate the volatility in its cash flows due to fluctuations in the price of crude oil and natural gas. However, these hedging activities may not be as effective as our company intends in reducing the volatility of its cash flows and, if entered into, are subject to the risks of the terms of the derivative instruments derivative contract, there may be a change in the expected differential between the underlying commodity price in the derivative instrument and the actual price received, our company’s hedging policies and procedures may not be properly followed and the steps our company takes to monitor its derivative financial instruments may not detect and prevent violations of its risk management policies and procedures, particularly if deception or other intentional misconduct is involved. Further, our company may be limited in receiving the full benefit of increases in crude oil as a result of these hedging transactions. The occurrence of any of these risks could prevent us from realizing the benefit of a derivative contract.
Our estimated reserves are based on many assumptions that may turn out to be inaccurate. Any material inaccuracies in these reserve estimates or underlying assumptions will materially affect the quantities and present value of its reserves.
It is not possible to measure underground accumulation of crude oil and natural gas in an exact way. Crude oil and natural gas reserve engineering is not an exact science and requires subjective estimates of underground accumulations of crude oil and natural gas and assumptions concerning future crude oil and natural gas prices, production levels, ultimate recoveries and operating and development costs. As a result, estimated quantities of proved reserves, projections of future production rates and the timing of development expenditures may turn out to be incorrect. Estimates of our proved reserves and related valuations as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were prepared by Cobb. Cobb conducted a detailed review of all of our properties for the period covered by its reserve report using information provided by Pogo. Over time, Pogo may make material changes to reserve estimates taking into account the results of actual drilling, testing and production and changes in prices. In addition, certain assumptions regarding future crude oil and natural gas prices, production levels and operating and development costs may prove incorrect. For example, due to the deterioration in commodity prices and operator activity in 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and other factors, the commodity price assumptions used to calculate our reserves estimates declined, which in turn lowered its proved reserve estimates. A substantial portion of our reserve estimates are made without the benefit of a lengthy production history, which are less reliable than estimates based on a lengthy production history. Any significant variance from these assumptions to actual figures could greatly affect our estimates of reserves and future cash generated from operations. Numerous changes over time to the assumptions on which our reserve estimates are based, as described above, often result in the actual quantities of crude oil and natural gas that are ultimately recovered being different from its reserve estimates.
Furthermore, the present value of future net cash flows from our proved reserves is not necessarily the same as the current market value of its estimated reserves. In accordance with rules established by the SEC and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”), we base the estimated discounted future net cash flows from our proved reserves on the twelve-month average oil and gas index prices, calculated as the unweighted arithmetic average for the first-day-of-the-month price for each month, and costs in effect on the date of the estimate, holding the prices and costs constant throughout the life of the properties. Actual future prices and costs may differ materially from those used in the present value estimate, and future net present value estimates using then current prices and costs may be significantly less than the current estimate. In addition, the 10% discount factor we use when calculating discounted future net cash flows may not be the most appropriate discount factor based on interest rates in effect from time to time and risks associated with us or the crude oil and natural gas industry in general.
15
Operating hazards and partially insured or uninsured risks may result in substantial losses to Pogo and any losses could adversely affect our results of operations and cash flows.
The operations of Pogo will be subject to all of the hazards and operating risks associated with drilling for and production of crude oil and natural gas, including the risk of fire, explosions, blowouts, surface cratering, uncontrollable flows of crude oil and natural gas and formation water, pipe or pipeline failures, abnormally pressured formations, casing collapses and environmental hazards such as crude oil spills, natural gas leaks and ruptures or discharges of toxic gases. In addition, their operations will be subject to risks associated with hydraulic fracturing, including any mishandling, surface spillage or potential underground migration of fracturing fluids, including chemical additives. The occurrence of any of these events could result in substantial losses to Pogo due to injury or loss of life, severe damage to or destruction of property, natural resources and equipment, pollution or other environmental damage, clean-up responsibilities, regulatory investigations and penalties, suspension of operations and repairs required to resume operations.
Loss of our information and computer systems, including as a result of cyber-attacks, could materially and adversely affect our business.
Pogo relies on electronic systems and networks to control and manage Pogo’s respective businesses. If any of such programs or systems were to fail for any reason, including as a result of a cyber-attack, or create erroneous information in Pogo’s hardware or software network infrastructure, possible consequences could be significant, including loss of communication links and inability to automatically process commercial transaction or engage in similar automated or computerized business activities. Although Pogo has multiple layers of security to mitigate risks of cyber-attacks, cyber-attacks on business have escalated in recent years. Moreover, Pogo is becoming increasingly dependent on digital technologies to conduct certain exploration, development, production and processing activities, including interpreting seismic data, managing drilling rigs, production activities and gathering systems, conducting reservoir modeling and estimating reserves. The U.S. government has issued public warnings that indicate that energy assets might be specific targets of cyber security threats. If Pogo becomes the target of cyber-attacks of information security breaches, their business operations may be substantially disrupted, which could have an adverse effect on Pogo’s results of operations. In addition, Pogo’s efforts to monitor, mitigate and manage these evolving risks may result in increased capital and operating costs, and there can be no assurance that such efforts will be sufficient to prevent attacks or breaches from occurring.
A terrorist attack or armed conflict could harm our business.
Terrorist activities, anti-terrorist activities and other armed conflicts involving the United States or other countries may adversely affect the United States and global economies and could prevent Pogo from meeting its financial and other obligations. For example, on February 24, 2022, Russia launched a large-scale invasion of Ukraine that has led to significant armed hostilities. As a result, the United States, the United Kingdom, the member states of the European Union and other public and private actors have levied severe sanctions on Russia. To date, this conflict has resulted in a decreased supply of hydrocarbons which has resulted in higher commodity prices. The geopolitical and macroeconomic consequences of this invasion and associated sanctions cannot be predicted, and such events, or any further hostilities in Ukraine or elsewhere, could severely impact the world economy. If any of these events occur, the resulting political instability and societal disruption could reduce overall demand for crude oil and natural gas potentially putting downward pressure on demand for Pogo’s services and causing a reduction in its revenues. Crude oil and natural gas related facilities, including those of Pogo, could be direct targets of terrorist attacks, and, if infrastructure integral to Pogo is destroyed or damaged, they may experience a significant disruption in their operations. Any such disruption could materially adversely affect Pogo’s financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Costs for insurance and other security may increase as a result of these threats, and some insurance coverage may become more difficult to obtain, if available at all.
16
We believe we currently have ineffective internal control over its financial reporting.
A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim consolidated financial statements may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. We identified a material weakness and believe we currently have ineffective internal control over financial reporting, primarily due to: not maintaining a sufficient complement of personnel to permit segregation of duties among personnel with access to our accounting and information systems controls, lacking proper review evidence of controls over the reserves report prepared by the reservoir engineer, and lacking the controls needed to ensure that the accounting for certain items is accurate and complete.
We intend to remediate these deficiencies by putting into place proper internal controls and accounting systems to ensure effective internal control over its financial reporting. Completion of remediation does not provide assurance that our remediation or other controls will continue to operate properly or remain adequate and we cannot assure you that we will not identify additional material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting in the future. If we are unable to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting or disclosure controls and procedures, our ability to record, process and report financial information accurately, and to prepare financial statements within the time periods specified by the rules and forms of the SEC, could be adversely affected. This failure could negatively affect the market price and trading liquidity of our stock, cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, subject us to civil and criminal investigations and penalties and generally materially and adversely impact our business and financial condition.
However, completion of remediation does not provide assurance that our remediation or other controls will continue to operate properly or remain adequate and we cannot assure you that we will not identify additional material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting in the future. If we are unable to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting or disclosure controls and procedures, our ability to record, process and report financial information accurately, and to prepare financial statements within the time periods specified by the rules and forms of the SEC, could be adversely affected. This failure could negatively affect the market price and trading liquidity of our stock, cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, subject us to civil and criminal investigations and penalties and generally materially and adversely impact our business and financial condition.
We are dependent upon our executive officers and directors and their departure could adversely affect our ability to operate.
Our operations are dependent upon a relatively small group of individuals. We believe that our success depends on the continued service of our executive officers and directors. In addition, our executive officers and directors are not required to commit any specified amount of time to our affairs and, accordingly, will have conflicts of interest in allocating management time among various business activities. The unexpected loss of the services of one or more of our directors or executive officers could have a detrimental effect on us.
Certain of our executive officers and directors are now, and all of them may in the future become, affiliated with entities engaged in business activities similar to those conducted by us.
Our executive officers and directors are, or may in the future become, affiliated with entities that are engaged in business activities similar to our own.
Our officers and directors also may become aware of business opportunities which may be appropriate for presentation to us and the other entities to which they owe certain fiduciary or contractual duties. Accordingly, they may have conflicts of interest in determining to which entity a particular business opportunity should be presented. These conflicts may not be resolved in our favor and a potential target business may be presented to another entity prior to its presentation to us. Our Second A&R Charter provides that we renounce our interest in any corporate opportunity offered to any director or officer unless such opportunity is expressly offered to such person solely in his or her capacity as a director or officer of our company and such opportunity is one we are legally and contractually permitted to undertake and would otherwise be reasonable for us to pursue.
17
Our executive officers, directors, security holders and their respective affiliates may have competitive pecuniary interests that conflict with our interests.
We have not adopted a policy that expressly prohibits our directors, executive officers, security holders or affiliates from having a direct or indirect pecuniary or financial interest in any investment to be acquired or disposed of by us or in any transaction to which we are a party or have an interest. We also do not have a policy that expressly prohibits any such persons from engaging for their own account in business activities of the types conducted by us. Accordingly, such persons or entities may have a conflict between their interests and ours.
Increased costs of capital could adversely affect our business.
Our business and ability to raise capital and make acquisitions could be harmed by factors such as the availability, terms, and cost of capital, increases in interest rates or a reduction in our credit rating. Changes in any one or more of these factors could cause our cost of doing business to increase, limit its access to capital, limit its ability to pursue acquisition opportunities, and place it at a competitive disadvantage. A significant reduction in the availability of capital could materially and adversely affect our ability to achieve our planned growth and operating results.
For example, since March 2022, the Federal Reserve has raised its target range for the federal funds rate multiple times, and additional rate hikes may continue to occur. An increase in the interest rates associated with our floating rate debt would increase our debt service costs and affect our results of operations and cash flow available for payments of our debt obligations. In addition, an increase in interest rates could adversely affect our future ability to obtain financing or materially increase the cost of any additional financing.
We may be involved in legal proceedings that could result in substantial liabilities.
Like many crude oil and natural gas companies, we may from time to time be involved in various legal and other proceedings, such as title, royalty or contractual disputes, regulatory compliance matters and personal injury or property damage matters, in the ordinary course of its business. Such legal proceedings are inherently uncertain and their results cannot be predicted. Regardless of the outcome, such proceedings could have an adverse impact on us because of legal costs, diversion of management and other personnel and other factors. In addition, it is possible that a resolution of one or more such proceedings could result in liability, penalties or sanctions, as well as judgments, consent decrees or orders requiring a change in our business practices, which could materially and adversely affect its business, operating results and financial condition. Accruals for such liability, penalties or sanctions may be insufficient. Judgments and estimates to determine accruals or range of losses related to legal and other proceedings could change from one period to the next, and such changes could be material.
18
Risks Related to Our Industry
A substantial majority of our revenues from crude oil and gas producing activities are derived from its operating properties that are based on the price at which crude oil and natural gas produced from the acreage underlying its interests are sold. Prices of crude oil and natural gas are volatile due to factors beyond our control. A substantial or extended decline in commodity prices may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Our revenues, operating results, discretionary cash flows, profitability, liquidity and the carrying value of its interests depend significantly upon the prevailing prices for crude oil and natural gas. Historically, crude oil and natural gas prices and their applicable basis differentials have been volatile and are subject to fluctuations in response to changes in supply and demand, market uncertainty and a variety of additional factors that are beyond our control, including:
| ● | the regional, domestic foreign supply of and demand for crude oil and natural gas; |
| ● | the level of prices and market expectations about future prices of crude oil and natural gas; |
| ● | the level of global crude oil and natural gas E&P; |
| ● | the cost of exploring for, developing, producing and delivering crude oil and natural gas; |
| ● | the price and quantity of foreign imports and U.S. exports of crude oil and natural gas; |
| ● | the level of U.S. domestic production; |
| ● | political and economic conditions and events in foreign oil and natural gas producing countries, including embargoes, continued hostilities in the Middle East and other sustained military campaigns, the armed conflict in Ukraine and associated economic sanctions on Russia, conditions in South America, Central America and China and acts of terrorism or sabotage; |
| ● | global or national health concerns, including the outbreak of an illness pandemic (like COVID-19), which may reduce demand for crude oil and natural gas due to reduced global or national economic activity; |
| ● | the ability of members of OPEC and its allies and other oil exporting nations to agree to and maintain crude oil price and production controls; |
| ● | speculative trading in crude oil and natural gas derivative contracts; |
| ● | the level of consumer product demand; |
| ● | weather conditions and other natural disasters, such as hurricanes and winter storms, the frequency and impact of which could be increased by the effects of climate change; |
| ● | technological advances affecting energy consumption, energy storage and energy supply; |
| ● | domestic and foreign governmental regulations and taxes; |
| ● | the continued threat of terrorism and the impact of military and other action, including U.S. military operations in the Middle East and economic sanctions such as those imposed by the U.S. on oil and gas exports from Iran; |
| ● | the proximity, cost, availability and capacity of crude oil and natural gas pipelines and other transportation facilities; |
| ● | the impact of energy conservation efforts; |
| ● | the price and availability of alternative fuels; and |
| ● | overall domestic and global economic conditions. |
19
These factors and the volatility of the energy markets make it extremely difficult to predict future oil and natural gas price movements accurately. Lower commodity prices may reduce our operating margins, cash flow and borrowing ability. If we are unable to obtain needed capital or financing on satisfactory terms, our ability to develop future reserves or make acquisitions could be adversely affected. Also, using lower prices in estimating proved reserves may result in a reduction in proved and reserve volumes due to economic limits. In addition, sustained periods with oil and natural gas prices at levels lower than current West Texas Intermediate (“WTI”) and Henry Hub strip prices may adversely affect our drilling economics, cash flow and our ability to raise capital, which may require us to re-evaluate and postpone or substantially restrict our development program, and result in the reduction of some of our proved undeveloped reserves and related PV-10.
Any substantial decline in the price of crude oil and natural gas, or prolonged period of low commodity prices will materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. In addition, lower crude oil and natural gas may reduce the amount of crude oil and natural gas that can be produced economically, which may reduce our willingness to develop its properties. This may result in Pogo having to make substantial downward adjustments to our estimated proved reserves, which could negatively impact its ability to fund its operations. If this occurs or if production estimates change or exploration or development results deteriorate, the successful efforts method of accounting principles may require Pogo to write down, as a non-cash charge to earnings, the carrying value of its crude oil and natural gas properties. Pogo could also determine during periods of low commodity prices to shut in or curtail production from wells on our properties. In addition, we could determine during periods of low commodity prices to plug and abandon marginal wells that otherwise may have been allowed to continue to produce for a longer period under conditions of higher prices. Specifically, they may abandon any well if they reasonably believe that the well can no longer produce crude oil or natural gas in commercially paying quantities. Pogo may choose to use various derivative instruments in connection with anticipated crude oil and natural gas to minimize the impact of commodity price fluctuations. However, we cannot hedge the entire exposure of our operations from commodity price volatility. To the extent we does not hedge against commodity price volatility, or its hedges are not effective, our results of operations and financial position may be diminished.
If commodity prices decrease to a level such that our future undiscounted cash flows from its properties are less than their carrying value, Pogo may be required to take write-downs of the carrying values of its properties.
Accounting rules require that Pogo periodically review the carrying value of its properties for possible impairment. Based on specific market factors and circumstances at the time of prospective impairment reviews, production data, economics and other factors, Pogo may be required to write down the carrying value of its properties. Pogo evaluates the carrying amount of its proved oil and natural gas properties for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that a property’s carrying amount may not be recoverable. If the carrying value exceeds the estimated undiscounted future cash flows Pogo would estimate the fair value of its properties and record an impairment charge for any excess of the carrying value of the properties over the estimated fair value of the properties. Factors used to estimate fair value may include estimates of proved reserves, future commodity prices, future production estimates and a commensurate discount rate. The risk that Pogo will be required to recognize impairments of its crude oil and natural gas properties increases during periods of low commodity prices. In addition, impairments would occur if Pogo were to experience sufficient downward adjustments to its estimated proved reserves or the present value of estimated future net revenues. An impairment recognized in one period may not be reversed in a subsequent period. Pogo may incur impairment charges in the future, which could materially adversely affect its results of operations for the periods in which such charges are taken.
20
The unavailability, high cost or shortages of rigs, equipment, raw materials, supplies or personnel may restrict or result in increased costs to develop and operate Pogo’s properties.
The crude oil and natural gas industry is cyclical, which can result in shortages of drilling/workover rigs, equipment, raw materials (particularly water and sand and other proppants), supplies and personnel. When shortages occur, the costs and delivery times of rigs, equipment and supplies increase and demand for, and wage rates of, qualified drilling/workover rig crews also rise with increases in demand. Pogo cannot predict whether these conditions will exist in the future and, if so, what their timing and duration will be. In accordance with customary industry practice, Pogo relies on independent third-party service providers to provide many of the services and equipment necessary to drill new development wells. If Pogo is unable to secure a sufficient number of drilling/workover rigs at reasonable costs, Pogo’s financial condition and results of operations could suffer. Shortages of drilling/workover rigs, equipment, raw materials, supplies, personnel, trucking services, tubulars, hydraulic fracturing and completion services and production equipment could delay or restrict Pogo’s development operations, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on Pogo’s financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
The marketability of crude oil and natural gas production is dependent upon transportation and processing and refining facilities, which Pogo cannot control. Any limitation in the availability of those facilities could interfere with Pogo’s ability to market its production and could harm Pogo’s business.
The marketability of Pogo’s production depends in part on the availability, proximity and capacity of pipelines, gathering lines, tanker trucks and other transportation methods, and processing and refining facilities owned by third parties. Pogo does not control these third-party facilities and Pogo’s access to them may be limited or denied. Insufficient production from the wells on Pogo’s acreage or a significant disruption in the availability of third-party transportation facilities or other production facilities could adversely impact Pogo’s ability to deliver, to market or produce oil and natural gas and thereby cause a significant interruption in Pogo’s operations. If they are unable, for any sustained period, to implement acceptable delivery or transportation arrangements or encounter production related difficulties, they may be required to shut in or curtail production. In addition, the amount of crude oil that can be produced and sold is subject to curtailment in certain other circumstances outside of Pogo’s control, such as pipeline interruptions due to scheduled and unscheduled maintenance, excessive pressure, physical damage or lack of available capacity on these systems, tanker truck availability and extreme weather conditions. Also, production from Pogo’s wells may be insufficient to support the construction of pipeline facilities, and the shipment of Pogo’s crude oil and natural gas on third-party pipelines may be curtailed or delayed if it does not meet the quality specifications of the pipeline owners. The curtailments arising from these and similar circumstances may last from a few days to several months. In many cases, Pogo is provided only with limited, if any, notice as to when these circumstances will arise and their duration. Any significant curtailment in gathering system or transportation, processing or refining-facility capacity, or an inability to obtain favorable terms for delivery of the crude oil and natural gas produced from Pogo’s acreage, could reduce Pogo’s ability to market the production from Pogo’s properties and have a material adverse effect on Pogo’s financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Pogo’s access to transportation options and the prices Pogo receives can also be affected by federal and state regulation — including regulation of crude oil and natural gas production, transportation and pipeline safety — as well by general economic conditions and changes in supply and demand.
In addition, the third parties on whom Pogo relies for transportation services are subject to complex federal, state, tribal and local laws that could adversely affect the cost, manner or feasibility of conducting Pogo’s business.
21
Drilling for and producing crude oil and natural gas are high-risk activities with many uncertainties that may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
The development drilling activities of our properties will be subject to many risks. For example, Pogo will not be able to assure you that wells drilled by the E&P operators of its properties will be productive. Drilling for crude oil and natural gas often involves unprofitable efforts, not only from dry wells but also from wells that are productive but do not produce sufficient crude oil and natural gas to return a profit at then realized prices after deducting drilling, operating and other costs. The seismic data and other technologies used do not provide conclusive knowledge prior to drilling a well that crude oil and natural gas are present or that a well can be produced economically. The costs of exploration, exploitation and development activities are subject to numerous uncertainties beyond our control and increases in those costs can adversely affect the economics of a project. Further, our development drilling and producing operations may be curtailed, delayed, canceled or otherwise negatively impacted as a result of other factors, including:
| ● | unusual or unexpected geological formations; |
| ● | loss of drilling fluid circulation; |
| ● | title problems; |
| ● | facility or equipment malfunctions; |
| ● | unexpected operational events; |
| ● | shortages or delivery delays of equipment and services; |
| ● | compliance with environmental and other governmental requirements; and |
| ● | adverse weather conditions, including the recent winter storms in February 2021 that adversely affected operator activity and production volumes in the southern United States, including in the Delaware Basin. |
Any of these risks can cause substantial losses, including personal injury or loss of life, damage to or destruction of property, natural resources and equipment, pollution, environmental contamination or loss of wells and other regulatory penalties. In the event that planned operations, including the drilling of development wells, are delayed or cancelled, or existing wells or development wells have lower than anticipated production due to one or more of the factors above or for any other reason, Pogo’s financial condition, results of operations and cash flows may be materially adversely affected.
Competition in the crude oil and natural gas industry is intense, which may adversely affect our ability to succeed.
The crude oil and natural gas industry is intensely competitive, and our properties compete with other companies that may have greater resources. Many of these companies explore for and produce crude oil and natural gas, carry on midstream and refining operations, and market petroleum and other products on a regional, national or worldwide basis. In addition, these companies may have a greater ability to continue exploration activities during periods of low crude oil and natural gas market prices. our larger competitors may be able to absorb the burden of present and future federal, state, local and other laws and regulations more easily than we can, which would adversely affect our competitive position. Pogo may have fewer financial and human resources than many companies in our industry and may be at a disadvantage in bidding producing crude oil and natural gas properties. Furthermore, the crude oil and natural gas industry has experienced recent consolidation among some operators, which has resulted in certain instances of combined companies with larger resources. Such combined companies may compete against Pogo and thus limit our ability to acquire additional properties and add reserves.
A deterioration in general economic, business, political or industry conditions would materially adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
Concerns over global economic conditions, energy costs, geopolitical issues, the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, inflation, the availability and cost of credit and slow economic growth in the United States have contributed to economic uncertainty and diminished expectations for the global economy. Additionally, acts of protest and civil unrest have caused economic and political disruption in the United States. Meanwhile, continued hostilities in the Middle East, Ukraine and the occurrence or threat of terrorist attacks in the United States or other countries could adversely affect the economies of the United States and other countries. Concerns about global economic growth have had a significant adverse impact on global financial markets and commodity prices. An oversupply and decreased demand of crude oil in 2020 led to a severe decline in worldwide crude oil prices in 2020.
If the economic climate in the United States or abroad deteriorates, worldwide demand for petroleum products could further diminish, which could impact the price at which crude oil and natural gas from our properties are sold, affect the ability of the Company to continue operations and ultimately materially adversely impact our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
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Conservation measures, technological advances and increasing attention to ESG matters could materially reduce demand for crude oil and natural gas, availability of capital and adversely affect our results of operations.
Fuel conservation measures, alternative fuel requirements, increasing consumer demand for alternatives to crude oil and natural gas, technological advances in fuel economy and energy-generation devices could reduce demand for crude oil and natural gas. The impact of the changing demand for crude oil and natural gas services and products may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. It is also possible that the concerns about the production and use of fossil fuels will reduce the sources of financing available to Pogo. For example, certain segments of the investor community have developed negative sentiment towards investing in the oil and gas industry. Recent equity returns in the sector versus other industry sectors have led to lower oil and gas representation in certain key equity market indices. In addition, some investors, including investment advisors and certain sovereign wealth, pension funds, university endowments and family foundations, have stated policies to divest from, or not provide funding to, the oil and gas sector based on their social and environmental considerations. Furthermore, organizations that provide information to investors on corporate governance and related matters have developed ratings processes for evaluating companies on their approach to environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) matters. Such ratings are used by some investors and other financial institutions to inform their investment, financing and voting decisions, and unfavorable ESG ratings may lead to increased negative sentiment toward oil and gas companies from such institutions. Additionally, the SEC proposed rules on climate change disclosure requirements for public companies which, if adopted as proposed, could result in substantial compliance costs. Certain other stakeholders have also pressured commercial and investment banks to stop financing oil and gas and related infrastructure projects. Such developments, including environmental activism and initiatives aimed at limiting climate change and reducing air pollution, could result in downward pressure on the stock prices of oil and gas companies, and also adversely affect our availability of capital.
Risks Related to Environmental and Regulatory Matters
Crude oil and natural gas operations are subject to various governmental laws and regulations. Compliance with these laws and regulations can be burdensome and expensive for Pogo, and failure to comply could result in Pogo incurring significant liabilities, either of which may impact its willingness to develop our interests.
Our activities on the properties in which Pogo holds interests are subject to various federal, state and local governmental regulations that may change from time to time in response to economic and political conditions. Matters subject to regulation include drilling operations, production and distribution activities, discharges or releases of pollutants or wastes, plugging and abandonment of wells, maintenance and decommissioning of other facilities, the spacing of wells, unitization and pooling of properties and taxation. From time to time, regulatory agencies have imposed price controls and limitations on production by restricting the rate of flow of crude oil and natural gas wells below actual production capacity to conserve supplies of crude oil and natural gas. Further actions, including actions focused on addressing climate change, may negatively impact oil and gas operations and favor renewable energy projects in the United States, which may negatively impact the demand for oil and natural gas.
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In addition, the production, handling, storage and transportation of crude oil and natural gas, as well as the remediation, emission and disposal of crude oil and natural gas wastes, by-products thereof and other substances and materials produced or used in connection with crude oil and natural gas operations are subject to regulation under federal, state and local laws and regulations primarily relating to protection of worker health and safety, natural resources and the environment. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations may result in the assessment of sanctions on Pogo, including administrative, civil or criminal penalties, permit revocations, requirements for additional pollution controls and injunctions limiting or prohibiting some or all of our operations on our properties. Moreover, these laws and regulations have generally imposed increasingly strict requirements related to water use and disposal, air pollution control, species protection, and waste management, among other matters.
Laws and regulations governing E&P may also affect production levels. Pogo must comply with federal and state laws and regulations governing conservation matters, including, but not limited to:
| ● | provisions related to the unitization or pooling of the crude oil and natural gas properties; |
| ● | the establishment of maximum rates of production from wells; |
| ● | the spacing of wells; |
| ● | the plugging and abandonment of wells; and |
| ● | the removal of related production equipment. |
Additionally, federal and state regulatory authorities may expand or alter applicable pipeline-safety laws and regulations, compliance with which may require increased capital costs for third-party crude oil and natural gas transporters. These transporters may attempt to pass on such costs to Pogo, which in turn could affect profitability on the properties in which Pogo owns an interest.
Pogo must also comply with laws and regulations prohibiting fraud and market manipulations in energy markets. To the extent Pogo’s properties are shippers on interstate pipelines, they must comply with the tariffs of those pipelines and with federal policies related to the use of interstate capacity.
Pogo may be required to make significant expenditures to comply with the governmental laws and regulations described above and may be subject to potential fines and penalties if they are found to have violated these laws and regulations. Pogo believes the trend of more expansive and stricter environmental legislation and regulations will continue. The laws and regulations that affect Pogo could increase the operating costs of Pogo and delay production and may ultimately impact Pogo’s ability and willingness to develop its properties.
Federal and state legislative and regulatory initiatives relating to hydraulic fracturing could cause Pogo to incur increased costs, additional operating restrictions or delays and have fewer potential development locations.
Pogo engages in hydraulic fracturing. Hydraulic fracturing is a common practice that is used to stimulate production of hydrocarbons from tight formations, including shales. The process involves the injection of water, sand and chemicals under pressure into formations to fracture the surrounding rock and stimulate production. Currently, hydraulic fracturing is generally exempt from regulation under the Underground Injection Control program of the U.S. Safe Drinking Water Act (“SDWA”) and is typically regulated by state oil and gas commissions or similar agencies.
However, several federal agencies have asserted regulatory authority over certain aspects of the process. For example, in June 2016, the Environmental Protection Agency (the “EPA”) published an effluent limit guideline final rule prohibiting the discharge of wastewater from onshore unconventional oil and gas extraction facilities to publicly owned wastewater treatment plants. Also, from time to time, legislation has been introduced, but not enacted, in the U.S. Congress to provide for federal regulation of hydraulic fracturing and to require disclosure of the chemicals used in the hydraulic fracturing process. This or other federal legislation related to hydraulic fracturing may be considered again in the future, though Pogo cannot predict the extent of any such legislation at this time.
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Moreover, some states and local governments have adopted, and other governmental entities are considering adopting, regulations that could impose more stringent permitting, disclosure and well-construction requirements on hydraulic fracturing operations, including states in which Pogo’s properties are located. For example, Texas, among others, has adopted regulations that impose new or more stringent permitting, disclosure, disposal and well construction requirements on hydraulic fracturing operations. States could also elect to prohibit high volume hydraulic fracturing altogether. In addition to state laws, local land use restrictions, such as city ordinances, may restrict drilling in general and/or hydraulic fracturing in particular.
Increased regulation and attention given to the hydraulic fracturing process, including the disposal of produced water gathered from drilling and production activities, could lead to greater opposition to, and litigation concerning, crude oil and natural gas production activities using hydraulic fracturing techniques in areas where Pogo owns properties. Additional legislation or regulation could also lead to operational delays or increased operating costs for Pogo in the production of crude oil and natural gas, including from the development of shale plays, or could make it more difficult for Pogo to perform hydraulic fracturing. The adoption of any federal, state or local laws or the implementation of regulations regarding hydraulic fracturing could potentially cause a decrease in Pogo’s completion of new crude oil and natural gas wells and result in an associated decrease in the production attributable to Pogo’s interests, which could have a material adverse effect on Pogo’s business, financial condition and results of operations.
Legislation or regulatory initiatives intended to address seismic activity could restrict our development and production activities, as well as our ability to dispose of produced water gathered from such activities, which could have a material adverse effect on our future business, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our business.
State and federal regulatory agencies have recently focused on a possible connection between hydraulic fracturing related activities, particularly the underground injection of wastewater into disposal wells, and the increased occurrence of seismic activity, and regulatory agencies at all levels are continuing to study the possible linkage between oil and gas activity and induced seismicity. For example, in 2015, the United States Geological Study (“USGS”) identified eight states, including New Mexico, Oklahoma and Texas, with areas of increased rates of induced seismicity that could be attributed to fluid injection or oil and gas extraction.
In addition, a number of lawsuits have been filed alleging that disposal well operations have caused damage to neighboring properties or otherwise violated state and federal rules regulating waste disposal. In response to these concerns, regulators in some states are seeking to impose additional requirements, including requirements in the permitting of produced water disposal wells or otherwise to assess the relationship between seismicity and the use of such wells. For example, the Texas Railroad Commission has previously published a rule governing permitting or re-permitting of disposal wells that would require, among other things, the submission of information on seismic events occurring within a specified radius of the disposal well location, as well as logs, geologic cross sections and structure maps relating to the disposal area in question. If the permittee or an applicant of a disposal well permit fails to demonstrate that the produced water or other fluids are confined to the disposal zone or if scientific data indicates such a disposal well is likely to be or determined to be contributing to seismic activity, then the agency may deny, modify, suspend or terminate the permit application or existing operating permit for that well. The Texas Railroad Commission has used this authority to deny permits for waste disposal wells. In some instances, regulators may also order that disposal wells be shut in. In late 2021, the Texas Railroad Commission issued a notice to operators of disposal wells in the Midland area to reduce saltwater disposal well actions and provide certain data to the commission. Separately, in November 2021, New Mexico implemented protocols requiring operators to take various actions within a specified proximity of certain seismic activity, including a requirement to limit injection rates if a seismic event is of a certain magnitude. As a result of these developments, Pogo may be required to curtail operations or adjust development plans, which may adversely impact Pogo’s business.
Pogo will likely dispose of produced water volumes gathered from their production operations by injecting it into wells pursuant to permits issued by governmental authorities overseeing such disposal activities. While these permits will be issued pursuant to existing laws and regulations, these legal requirements are subject to change, which could result in the imposition of more stringent operating constraints or new monitoring and reporting requirements, owing to, among other things, concerns of the public or governmental authorities regarding such gathering or disposal activities. The adoption and implementation of any new laws or regulations that restrict Pogo’s ability to use hydraulic fracturing or dispose of produced water gathered from drilling and production activities by limiting volumes, disposal rates, disposal well locations or otherwise, or requiring them to shut down disposal wells, could have a material adverse effect on Pogo’s business, financial condition and results of operations.
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Restrictions on the ability of to obtain water may have an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Water is an essential component of crude oil and natural gas production during both the drilling and hydraulic fracturing processes. Over the past several years, parts of the country, and in particular Texas, have experienced extreme drought conditions. As a result of this severe drought, some local water districts have begun restricting the use of water subject to their jurisdiction for hydraulic fracturing to protect local water supply. Such conditions may be exacerbated by climate change. If Pogo is unable to obtain water to use in their operations from local sources, or if Pogo is unable to effectively utilize flowback water, they may be unable to economically drill for or produce crude oil and natural gas from Pogo’s properties, which could have an adverse effect on Pogo’s financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Pogo’s operations are subject to a series of risks arising from climate change.
Climate change continues to attract considerable public and scientific attention. As a result, numerous proposals have been made and are likely to continue to be made at the international, national, regional and state levels of government to monitor and limit emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and other “greenhouse gases” (“GHGs”). These efforts have included consideration of cap-and-trade programs, carbon taxes, GHG reporting and tracking programs and regulations that directly limit GHG emissions from certain sources.
In the United States, no comprehensive climate change legislation has been implemented at the federal level. However, following the U.S. Supreme Court finding that GHG emissions constitute a pollutant under the Clean Air Act (the “CAA”), the EPA has adopted regulations that, among other things, establish construction and operating permit reviews for GHG emissions from certain large stationary sources, require the monitoring and annual reporting of GHG emissions from certain petroleum and natural gas system sources in the United States, and together with the U.S. Department of Transportation (the “DOT”), implementing GHG emissions limits on vehicles manufactured for operation in the United States. The regulation of methane from oil and gas facilities has been subject to uncertainty in recent years. In September 2020, the Trump Administration revised prior regulations to rescind certain methane standards and remove the transmission and storage segments from the source category for certain regulations. However, subsequently, the U.S. Congress approved, and President Biden signed into law, a resolution under the Congressional Review Act to repeal the September 2020 revisions to the methane standards, effectively reinstating the prior standards. Additionally, in November 2021, the EPA issued a proposed rule that, if finalized, would establish OOOO(b) new source and OOOO(c) first-time existing source standards of performance for methane and volatile organic compound emissions for oil and gas facilities. Operators of affected facilities will have to comply with specific standards of performance to include leak detection using optical gas imaging and subsequent repair requirement, and reduction of emissions by 95% through capture and control systems. The EPA issued supplemental rules regarding methane emissions on December 6, 2022. The IRA established the Methane Emissions Reduction Program, which imposes a charge on methane emissions from certain petroleum and natural gas facilities, which may apply to our operations in the future and may require us to expend material sums. We cannot predict the scope of any final methane regulatory requirements or the cost to comply with such requirements. Given the long-term trend toward increasing regulation, future federal GHG regulations of the oil and gas industry remain a significant possibility.
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Separately, various states and groups of states have adopted or are considering adopting legislation, regulation or other regulatory initiatives that are focused on such areas as GHG cap and trade programs, carbon taxes, reporting and tracking programs, and restriction of emissions. For example, New Mexico has adopted regulations to restrict the venting or flaring of methane from both upstream and midstream operations. At the international level, the United Nations-sponsored “Paris Agreement” requires member states to submit non-binding, individually-determined reduction goals known as Nationally Determined Contributions every five years after 2020. President Biden recommitted the United States to the Paris Agreement and, in April 2021, announced a goal of reducing the United States’ emissions by 50-52% below 2005 levels by 2030. Additionally, at the 26th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (“COP26”) in Glasgow in November 2021, the United States and the European Union jointly announced the launch of a Global Methane Pledge, an initiative committing to a collective goal of reducing global methane emissions by at least 30% from 2020 levels by 2030, including “all feasible reductions” in the energy sector. However, in January 2025, President Trump withdrew from the Paris Agreement. The full impact of these actions cannot be predicted at this time.
Governmental, scientific, and public concern over the threat of climate change arising from GHG emissions has resulted in increasing political risks in the United States, including climate change related pledges made by certain candidates now in public office. Litigation risks are also increasing as a number of entities have sought to bring suit against various oil and natural gas companies in state or federal court, alleging among other things, that such companies created public nuisances by producing fuels that contributed to climate change or alleging that the companies have been aware of the adverse effects of climate change for some time but defrauded their investors or customers by failing to adequately disclose those impacts.
There are also increasing financial risks for fossil fuel producers as shareholders currently invested in fossil-fuel energy companies may elect in the future to shift some or all of their investments into non-fossil fuel related sectors. Institutional lenders who provide financing to fossil fuel energy companies also have become more attentive to sustainable lending practices and some of them may elect not to provide funding for fossil fuel energy companies. For example, at COP26, the Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero (“GFANZ”) announced that commitments from over 450 firms across 45 countries had resulted in over $130 trillion in capital committed to net zero goals. The various sub-alliances of GFANZ generally require participants to set short-term, sector-specific targets to transition their financing, investing, and/or underwriting activities to net zero emissions by 2050. There is also a risk that financial institutions will be required to adopt policies that have the effect of reducing the funding provided to the fossil fuel sector. In late 2020, the Federal Reserve announced that is has joined the Network for Greening the Financial System, a consortium of financial regulators focused on addressing climate-related risks in the financial sector. Subsequently, in November 2021, the Federal Reserve issued a statement in support of the efforts of the Network for Greening the Financial System to identify key issues and potential solutions for the climate-related challenges most relevant to central banks and supervisory authorities. Limitation of investments in and financing for fossil fuel energy companies could result in the restriction, delay or cancellation of drilling programs or development or production activities. Additionally, the SEC announced its intention to promulgate rules requiring climate disclosures. Although the form and substance of these requirements is not yet known, this may result in additional costs to comply with any such disclosure requirements.
The adoption and implementation of new or more stringent international, federal or state legislation, regulations or other regulatory initiatives that impose more stringent standards for GHG emissions from the oil and natural gas sector or otherwise restrict the areas in which this sector may produce oil and natural gas or generate the GHG emissions could result in increased costs of compliance or costs of consuming, and thereby reduce demand for oil and natural gas, which could reduce the profitability of Pogo’s interests. Additionally, political, litigation and financial risks may result in Pogo restricting or cancelling production activities, incurring liability for infrastructure damages as a result of climatic changes, or impairing their ability to continue to operate in an economic manner, which also could reduce the profitability of its interests. One or more of these developments could have a material adverse effect on Pogo’s business, financial condition and results of operation.
Climate change may also result in various physical risks, such as the increased frequency or intensity of extreme weather events or changes in meteorological and hydrological patterns, that could adversely impact our operations, as well as those of our operators and their supply chains. Such physical risks may result in damage to operators’ facilities or otherwise adversely impact their operations, such as if they become subject to water use curtailments in response to drought, or demand for their products, such as to the extent warmer winters reduce the demand for energy for heating purposes.
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Increased attention to ESG matters and conservation measures may adversely impact our business.
Increasing attention to climate change, societal expectations on companies to address climate change, investor and societal expectations regarding voluntary ESG disclosures and consumer demand for alternative forms of energy may result in increased costs, reduced demand for our products, reduced profits, and increased investigations and litigation. Increasing attention to climate change and environmental conservation, for example, may result in demand shifts for oil and natural gas products and additional governmental investigations and private litigation against Pogo. Additionally, the SEC proposed rules on climate change disclosure requirements for public companies which, if adopted as proposed, could result in substantial compliance costs. To the extent that societal pressures or political or other factors are involved, it is possible that such liability could be imposed without regard to our causation of, or contribution to, the asserted damage, or to other mitigating factors.
Moreover, while Pogo may create and publish voluntary disclosures regarding ESG matters from time to time, many of the statements in those voluntary disclosures are based on hypothetical expectations and assumptions that may or may not be representative of current or actual risks or events or forecasts of expected risks or events, including the costs associated therewith. Such expectations and assumptions are necessarily uncertain and may be prone to error or subject to misinterpretation given the long timelines involved and the lack of an established single approach to identifying, measuring and reporting on many ESG matters.
In addition, organizations that provide information to investors on corporate governance and related matters have developed ratings processes for evaluating companies on their approach to ESG matters. Such ratings are used by some investors to inform their investment and voting decisions. Unfavorable ESG ratings and recent activism directed at shifting funding away from companies with energy-related assets could lead to increased negative investor sentiment toward Pogo and its industry and to the diversion of investment to other industries, which could have a negative impact on Pogo’s access to and costs of capital. Also, institutional lenders may decide not to provide funding for fossil fuel energy companies based on climate change related concerns, which could affect Pogo’s access to capital for potential growth projects.
Our results of operations may be materially impacted by efforts to transition to a lower-carbon economy.
Concerns over the risk of climate change have increased the focus by global, regional, national, state and local regulators on GHG emissions, including carbon dioxide emissions, and on transitioning to a lower-carbon future. A number of countries and states have adopted, or are considering the adoption of, regulatory frameworks to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. These regulatory measures may include, among others, adoption of cap and trade regimes, carbon taxes, increased efficiency standards, prohibitions on the sales of new automobiles with internal combustion engines, and incentives or mandates for battery-powered automobiles and/or wind, solar or other forms of alternative energy. Compliance with changes in laws, regulations and obligations relating to climate change could result in increased costs of compliance for Pogo or costs of consuming crude oil and natural gas for such products, and thereby reduce demand, which could reduce the profitability of Pogo. For example, Pogo may be required to install new emission controls, acquire allowances or pay taxes related to their greenhouse gas emissions, or otherwise incur costs to administer and manage a GHG emissions program. Additionally, Pogo could incur reputational risk tied to changing customer or community perceptions of its, customers contribution to, or detraction from, the transition to a lower-carbon economy. These changing perceptions could lower demand for oil and gas products, resulting in lower prices and lower revenues as consumers avoid carbon-intensive industries, and could also pressure banks and investment managers to shift investments and reduce lending.
Separately, banks and other financial institutions, including investors, may decide to adopt policies that restrict or prohibit investment in, or otherwise funding, Pogo based on climate change-related concerns, which could affect its or Pogo’s access to capital for potential growth projects.
Approaches to climate change and transition to a lower-carbon economy, including government regulation, company policies, and consumer behavior, are continuously evolving. At this time, Pogo cannot predict how such approaches may develop or otherwise reasonably or reliably estimate their impact on its or its operators’ financial condition, results of operations and ability to compete. However, any long-term material adverse effect on the oil and gas industry may adversely affect Pogo’s financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
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Additional restrictions on development activities intended to protect certain species of wildlife may adversely affect our ability to conduct development activities.
In the United States, the Endangered Species Act (the “ESA”) restricts activities that may affect endangered or threatened species or their habitats. Similar protections are offered to migratory birds under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (the “MBTA”). To the extent species that are listed under the ESA or similar state laws, or are protected under the MBTA, live in the areas where Pogo operates, our ability to conduct or expand operations could be limited, or Pogo could be forced to incur additional material costs. Moreover, our development drilling activities may be delayed, restricted or precluded in protected habitat areas or during certain seasons, such as breeding and nesting seasons. For example, in June 2021, the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (the “FWS”) proposed to list two distinct population sections (“DPS”) of the Lesser Prairie Chicken, including one in portions of the Permian Basin, under the ESA (the “southern DPS”). On November 25, 2022, the FWS finalized the proposed rule, listing the southern DPS of the Lesser Prairie-Chicken as endangered and the northern DPS of the Lesser Prairie-Chicken as threatened.
Recently, there have also been renewed calls to review protections currently in place for the dunes sagebrush lizard, whose habitat includes parts of the Permian Basin, and to reconsider listing the species under the ESA.
In addition, as a result of one or more settlements approved by the FWS, the agency was required to make a determination on the listing of numerous other species as endangered or threatened under the ESA by the end of the FWS’ 2017 fiscal year. The FWS did not meet that deadline, but continues to evaluate whether to take action with respect to those species. The designation of previously unidentified endangered or threatened species could cause our operations to become subject to operating restrictions or bans, and limit future development activity in affected areas. The FWS and similar state agencies may designate critical or suitable habitat areas that they believe are necessary for the survival of threatened or endangered species. Such a designation could materially restrict use of or access to federal, state and private lands.
Risks Related to Our Financial and Debt Arrangements
Restrictions in our current and future debt agreements and credit facilities could limit our growth and our ability to engage in certain activities.
Our current Term Loan (as defined herein) contains certain customary representations and warranties and various covenants and restrictive provisions that limit our ability to, among other things:
| ● | incur or guarantee additional debt; |
| ● | enter into certain hedging contracts; |
| ● | pay dividends on, or redeem or repurchase, their equity interests, return capital to the holders of their equity interests, or make other distributions to holders of their equity interests; |
| ● | amend our organizational documents or certain material contracts; |
| ● | make certain investments and acquisitions; |
| ● | incur certain liens or permit them to exist; |
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| ● | enter into certain types of transactions with affiliates; |
| ● | merge or consolidate with another company; |
| ● | transfer, sell or otherwise dispose of assets; |
| ● | enter into certain other lines of business; |
| ● | repay or redeem certain debt; |
| ● | use the proceeds from the Term Loan for certain purposes; |
| ● | allow certain gas imbalances, take-or-pay, or other prepayments; |
A failure to comply with the provisions of the Term Loan could result in an event of default, which could enable the Lender to declare, subject to the terms and conditions of the Term Loan, any outstanding principal of that debt, together with accrued and unpaid interest, to be immediately due and payable. If the payment of the debt is accelerated, cash flows from our operations may be insufficient to repay such debt in full. The Term Loan contains events of default customary for transactions of this nature, including the occurrence of a change of control.
If we are unable to comply with the restrictions and covenants in our debt agreements, there could be an event of default under the terms of such agreements, which could result in an acceleration of repayment.
If we are unable to comply with the restrictions and covenants in the Term Loan Agreement, the Seller Promissory Note or any future debt agreement or if we default under the terms of the Term Loan Agreement, the Seller Promissory Note or any future debt agreement, there could be an event of default. Our ability to comply with these restrictions and covenants, including meeting any financial ratios and tests, may be affected by events beyond our control. We cannot assure that we will be able to comply with these restrictions and covenants or meet such financial ratios and tests. In the event of a default under the Term Loan Agreement, the Seller Promissory Note or any future debt agreement, the lenders could terminate accelerate the loans and declare all amounts borrowed due and payable. If any of these events occur, our assets might not be sufficient to repay in full all of our outstanding indebtedness and we may be unable to find alternative financing. Even if we could obtain alternative financing, it might not be on terms that are favorable or acceptable to us. Additionally, we may not be able to amend the Term Loan Agreement, the Seller Promissory Note or any future debt agreement or obtain needed waivers on satisfactory terms. There can be no assurance that, if needed to avoid noncompliance with our debt agreements in the future, we will obtain the necessary waivers from the applicable lenders on satisfactory terms or at all. As a result, there could be an event of default under such agreements, which could result in an acceleration of repayment.
Our debt levels may limit our flexibility to obtain additional financing and pursue other business opportunities.
Our existing and any future indebtedness could have important consequences to it, including:
| ● | our ability to obtain additional financing, if necessary, for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions or other purposes may be impaired, or such financing may not be available on terms acceptable to it; |
| ● | covenants in the Term Loan require, and in any future credit and debt arrangement may require, us to meet financial tests that may affect our flexibility in planning for and reacting to changes in its business, including possible acquisition opportunities; |
| ● | our access to the capital markets may be limited; |
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| ● | our borrowing costs may increase; |
| ● | we will use a portion of its discretionary cash flows to make principal and interest payments on its indebtedness, reducing the funds that would otherwise be available for operations, future business opportunities and payment of dividends to its stockholders; and |
| ● | our debt level will make us more vulnerable than competitors with less debt to competitive pressures or a downturn in its business or the economy generally. |
Our ability to service our indebtedness will depend upon, among other things, our future financial and operating performance, which will be affected by prevailing economic conditions and financial, business, regulatory and other factors, some of which are beyond its control. If our operating results are not sufficient to service its current or future indebtedness, we will be forced to take actions such as reducing distributions, reducing or delaying business activities, acquisitions, investments and/or capital expenditures, selling assets, restructuring or refinancing its indebtedness, or seeking additional equity capital or bankruptcy protection. We may not be able to effect any of these remedies on satisfactory terms or at all.
Our borrowings under the Term Loan Agreement expose us to interest rate risk.
Our results of operations are exposed to interest rate risk associated with borrowings under the Term Loan Agreement, which bears interest at rates based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) or an alternative floating interest rate benchmark. In response to inflation, the U.S. Federal Reserve increased interest rates multiple times in 2022 through 2024 and signaled that additional interest rate increases may be expected in 2025. Raising or lowering of interest rates by the U.S. Federal Reserve generally causes an increase or decrease, respectively, in SOFR and other floating interest rate benchmarks. As such, if interest rates increase, so will our interest costs. If interest rates continue to increase, it may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
Risks Related to Our Common Stock and this Offering
Our stock price may be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to investors and litigation.
In addition to changes to market prices based on our results of operations and the factors discussed elsewhere in this “Risk Factors” section, the market price of and trading volume for our Class A Common Stock may change for a variety of other reasons, not necessarily related to our actual operating performance. The capital markets have experienced extreme volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the trading price of our Class A Common Stock. In addition, the average daily trading volume of the securities of small companies can be very low, which may contribute to future volatility. Factors that could cause the market price of our Class A Common Stock to fluctuate significantly include:
| ● | the results of operating and financial performance and prospects of other companies in our industry; |
| ● | strategic actions by us or our competitors, such as acquisitions or restructurings; |
| ● | announcements of innovations, increased service capabilities, new or terminated customers or new, amended or terminated contracts by our competitors; |
| ● | the public’s reaction to our press releases, other public announcements, and filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission; |
| ● | lack of securities analyst coverage or speculation in the press or investment community about us or market opportunities in the telecommunications services and staffing industry; |
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| ● | changes in government policies in the United States and, as our international business increases, in other foreign countries; |
| ● | changes in earnings estimates or recommendations by securities or research analysts who track our Class A Common Stock or failure of our actual results of operations to meet those expectations; |
| ● | market and industry perception of our success, or lack thereof, in pursuing our growth strategy; |
| ● | changes in accounting standards, policies, guidance, interpretations or principles; |
| ● | any lawsuit involving us, our services or our products; |
| ● | arrival and departure of key personnel; |
| ● | sales of Class A Common Stock by us, our investors or members of our management team; and |
| ● | changes in general market, economic and political conditions in the United States and global economies or financial markets, including those resulting from natural or man-made disasters. |
Any of these factors, as well as broader market and industry factors, may result in large and sudden changes in the trading volume of our Class A Common Stock and could seriously harm the market price of our Class A Common Stock, regardless of our operating performance. This may prevent you from being able to sell your shares at or above the price you paid for your shares of our Class A Common Stock, if at all. In addition, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, stockholders often institute securities class action litigation against that company. Our involvement in any class action suit or other legal proceeding could divert our senior management’s attention and could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
The sale or availability for sale of substantial amounts of our Class A Common Stock could adversely affect the market price of our Class A Common Stock.
Sales of substantial amounts of shares of our Class A Common Stock, or the perception that these sales could occur, could adversely affect the market price of our Class A Common Stock and could impair our future ability to raise capital through common stock offerings.
We have never paid cash dividends on our Class A Common Stock and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our Class A Common Stock.
We have never paid cash dividends and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our Class A Common Stock in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain any earnings to finance our operations and growth. As a result, any short-term return on your investment will depend on the market price of our Class A Common Stock, and only appreciation of the price of our Class A Common Stock, which may never occur, will provide a return to stockholders. The decision whether to pay dividends will be made by our board of directors in light of conditions then existing, including, but not limited to, factors such as our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, business conditions, and covenants under any applicable contractual arrangements. Investors seeking cash dividends should not invest in our Class A Common Stock.
If equity research analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they issue unfavorable commentary or downgrade our Class A Common Stock, the market price of our Class A Common Stock will likely decline.
The trading market for our Class A Common Stock will rely in part on the research and reports that equity research analysts, over whom we have no control, publish about us and our business. We may never obtain research coverage by securities and industry analysts. If no securities or industry analysts commence coverage of our company, the market price for our Class A Common Stock could decline. In the event we obtain securities or industry analyst coverage, the market price of our Class A Common Stock could decline if one or more equity analysts downgrade our Class A Common Stock or if those analysts issue unfavorable commentary, even if it is inaccurate, or cease publishing reports about us or our business.
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The NYSE American may delist our securities from trading on its exchange, which could limit investors’ ability to make transactions in our securities and subject us to additional trading restrictions.
We have listed our Class A Common Stock and Public Warrants on the NYSE American. Although we have met the minimum initial listing standards set forth in the NYSE American rules, we cannot assure you that our securities will be, or will continue to be, listed on the NYSE American in the future. In order to continue listing our securities on the NYSE American, we must maintain certain financial, distribution and stock price levels. Generally, we must maintain a minimum amount in stockholders’ equity (generally $2,500,000) and a minimum number of holders of our securities (generally 300 public holders).
On April 17, 2024, we received a notice from the NYSE American that we were not in compliance with NYSE American listing standards as a result of our failure to timely file our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 with the SEC. On May 3, 2024, we filed our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, and regained compliance with NYSE American rules. Although we believe that the failure to timely file our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily as a result of the additional time needed to account for the Purchase and we expect to file our required subsequent reports in a timely fashion, there can be no assurance that we will be able to timely file required reports or meet other continued listing requirements in the future. However, in determining whether to afford a company a cure period prior to commencing suspension or delisting procedures, the NYSE American analyzes all relevant facts including any past history of late filings, and thus the late filing of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 could be used as a factor by the NYSE American in any future decision to delist our securities from trading on its exchange.
If the NYSE American delists our securities from trading on its exchange and we are not able to list our securities on another national securities exchange, we expect our securities could be quoted on an over-the-counter market. If this were to occur, we could face significant material adverse consequences, including:
| ● | a limited availability of market quotations for our securities; |
| ● | reduced liquidity for our securities; |
| ● | a determination that our Class A Common Stock is a “penny stock” which will require brokers trading in our Class A Common Stock to adhere to more stringent rules and possibly result in a reduced level of trading activity in the secondary trading market for our securities; |
| ● | a limited amount of news and analyst coverage; and |
| ● | a decreased ability to issue additional securities or obtain additional financing in the future. |
As a result of our prior status as a special purpose acquisition company (“SPAC”), regulatory obligations may impact us differently than other publicly traded companies.
We became a publicly traded company by completing the Purchase as a special purpose acquisition company (a “SPAC”). As a result of the Purchase, and the transactions contemplated thereby, our regulatory obligations have, and may continue to impact us differently than other publicly traded companies. For instance, the SEC and other regulatory agencies may issue additional guidance or apply further regulatory scrutiny to companies like us that have completed a business combination with a SPAC. Managing this regulatory environment, which has and may continue to evolve, could divert management’s attention from the operation of our business, negatively impact our ability to raise capital when needed, or have an adverse effect on the price of our Class A Common Stock.
We may redeem your Public Warrants prior to their exercise at a time that is disadvantageous to you, thereby making such warrants worthless.
We may redeem your Public Warrants prior to their exercise at a time that is disadvantageous to you, thereby making such warrants worthless. We have the ability to redeem outstanding Public Warrants at any time after they become exercisable and prior to their expiration, at a price of $0.01 per warrant, provided that the closing price of the shares of the Class A Common Stock equals or exceeds $18.00 per share (as adjusted for share subdivisions, share capitalizations, reorganizations, recapitalizations and the like) for any 20 trading days within a 30 trading day period ending on the third trading day prior to the date on which a notice of redemption is sent to the warrantholders. Please note that the closing price of our Class A Common Stock has not exceeded $18.00 per share for any of the 30 trading days prior to the date of this prospectus. We will not redeem the warrants as described above unless a registration statement under the Securities Act covering the shares of the Class A Common Stock issuable upon exercise of such warrants is effective and a current prospectus relating to shares of the Class A Common Stock is available throughout the 30-day redemption period. If and when the Public Warrants become redeemable by us, we may exercise our redemption right even if we are unable to register or qualify the underlying securities for sale under all applicable state securities laws. Redemption of the outstanding Public Warrants could force you (i) to exercise your Public Warrants and pay the exercise price therefor at a time when it may be disadvantageous for you to do so, (ii) to sell your Public Warrants at the then-current market price when you might otherwise wish to hold your Public Warrants, or (iii) to accept the nominal redemption price which, at the time the outstanding Public Warrants are called for redemption, is likely to be substantially less than the market value of your Public Warrants.
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The value received upon exercise of the Public Warrants (1) may be less than the value the holders would have received if they had exercised their Public Warrants at a later time where the underlying share price is higher and (2) may not compensate the holders for the value of the Public Warrants. The fair value of the Public Warrants that may be retained by redeeming shareholders is $1.1 million based on recent trading prices, and 8,625,000 Public Warrants held by public shareholders.
We may amend the terms of the Public Warrants in a manner that may be adverse to holders of Public Warrants with the approval by the holders of at least 50% of the then-outstanding Public Warrants. As a result, the exercise price of the warrants could be increased, the exercise period could be shortened and the number of shares of our Class A Common Stock purchasable upon exercise of a warrant could be decreased, all without a holder’s approval.
Our Public Warrants were issued in registered form under a warrant agreement between Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, as warrant agent, and us. The warrant agreement provides that the terms of the warrants may be amended without the consent of any holder (i) to cure any ambiguity or to correct any mistake, including to conform the provisions therein to the descriptions of the terms of the warrants, or to cure, correct or supplement any defective provision, or (ii) to add or change any other provisions with respect to matters or questions arising under the warrant agreement as the parties to the warrant agreement may deem necessary or desirable and that the parties deem to not adversely affect the interests of the registered holders of the warrants. The warrant agreement requires the approval by the holders of at least 50% of the then-outstanding Public Warrants to make any change that adversely affects the interests of the registered holders of Public Warrants. Accordingly, we may amend the terms of the Public Warrants in a manner adverse to a holder if holders of at least 50% of the then-outstanding Public Warrants approve of such amendment. Although our ability to amend the terms of the Public Warrants with the consent of at least 50% of the then-outstanding Public Warrants is unlimited, examples of such amendments could be amendments to, among other things, increase the exercise price of the warrants, convert the warrants into cash or stock (at a ratio different than initially provided), shorten the exercise period or decrease the number of shares of our Class A Common Stock purchasable upon exercise of a warrant.
Purchases made pursuant to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement will be made at a discount to the volume weighted average price of Class A Common Stock, which may result in negative pressure on the stock price following the Closing of the Purchase.
On October 17, 2022, we entered into the Common Stock Purchase Agreement and a related registration rights agreement (the “White Lion RRA”) with White Lion. Pursuant to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, we have the right, but not the obligation to require White Lion to purchase, from time to time, up to $150,000,000 in aggregate gross purchase price of newly issued shares of Class A Common Stock, subject to certain limitations and conditions set forth in the Common Stock Purchase Agreement.
We are obligated under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement and the White Lion RRA to file a registration statement with the SEC to register the Class A Common Stock under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, for the resale by White Lion of shares of Class A Common Stock that we may issue to White Lion under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement. We filed a registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-275378) that became effective on August 9, 2024, which registered for resale up to 5,000,000 shares of Class A Common Stock that may be sold to White Lion from time to time (the “2024 Registration Statement”) and a registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-28447) that became effective on February 4, 2025, which registered for resale up to an additional 5,000,000 shares of Class A Common Stock that may be sold to White Lion from time to time (the “2025 Registration Statement,” and together with the 2024 Registration Statement, collectively, the “Prior Registration Statements”). We have sold approximately $9.0 million in shares of our Class A Common Stock pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, and we may receive proceeds of up to approximately $141.0 million remaining under the facility from the sale of the shares of Class A Common Stock to White Lion under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement. White Lion has resold 8,350,000 shares registered on the Prior Registration Statements, with 1,350,000 shares remaining registered but unissued and not resold. Therefore, we have filed the registration statement that includes this prospectus with the SEC to register under the Securities Act the resale by White Lion of additional shares of Class A Common Stock that we may issue to White Lion under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement.
The purchase price to be paid by White Lion for any such shares will equal 96% of the lowest daily volume-weighted average price of Class A Common Stock during a period of two consecutive trading days following the applicable Notice Date.
Such purchases will dilute our stockholders and could adversely affect the prevailing market price of our Class A Common Stock and impair our ability to raise capital through future offerings of equity or equity-linked securities, although we intend to carefully control such purchases as to minimize the impact. Accordingly, the adverse market and price pressures resulting from the purchase and registration of Class A Common Stock pursuant to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement may continue for an extended period of time and continued negative pressure on the market price of our Class A Common Stock could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise additional equity capital.
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It is not possible to predict the actual number of shares of Class A Common Stock, if any, we will sell under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement to White Lion or the actual gross proceeds resulting from those sales.
We generally have the right to control the timing and amount of any sales of the Class A Common Stock to White under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement. Sales of Class A Common Stock, if any, to White Lion under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement will depend upon market conditions and other factors to be determined by us. We may ultimately decide to sell to White Lion all, some or none of the Class A Common Stock that may be available for us to sell to White Lion pursuant to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement.
Because the purchase price per share of Class A Common Stock to be paid by White Lion will fluctuate based on the market prices of the Class A Common Stock at the time we elect to sell Class A Common Stock to White Lion pursuant to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, if any, it is not possible for us to predict, as of the date of this prospectus and prior to any such sales, the number of shares of Class A Common Stock that we will sell to White Lion under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, the purchase price per share that White Lion will pay for Class A Common Stock purchased from us under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, or the aggregate gross proceeds that we will receive from those purchases by White Lion under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement.
The number of shares of Class A Common Stock ultimately offered for sale by White Lion is dependent upon the number of shares of Class A Common Stock, if any, we ultimately elect to sell to White Lion under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement. However, even if we elect to sell Class A Common Stock to White Lion pursuant to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, White Lion may resell all, some or none of such shares at any time or from time to time in its sole discretion and at different prices.
Because the purchase price per share to be paid by White Lion for the shares of Class A Common Stock that we may elect to sell to White Lion under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, if any, will fluctuate based on the market prices of our Class A Common Stock for each purchase made pursuant to the Common Stock, if any, it is not possible for us to predict, as of the date of this prospectus and prior to any such sales, the number of shares of Class A Common Stock that we will sell to White Lion under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, the purchase price per share that While Lion will pay for shares purchased from us under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, or the aggregate gross proceeds that we will receive from those purchases by White Lion under the Purchase Agreement, if any.
Moreover, although the Common Stock Purchase Agreement provides that we may sell up to an aggregate of $150,000,000 of our Class A Common Stock to White Lion (of which proceeds of approximately $9.0 million from the issuance and sale of 8,350,000 shares have been previously received by the Company, with approximately $141.0 million in available proceeds remaining under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement), we initially registered only 10,000,000 shares of our Class A Common Stock in the Prior Registration Statements and we are registering only an additional 7,000,000 ELOC Shares hereby. If we elect to sell to White Lion all of the ELOC Shares registered for resale (including the shares registered under the Prior Registration Statement), depending on the market prices of our Class A Common Stock for each purchase made pursuant to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, the actual gross proceeds from the sale of the shares may be substantially less than the $150,000,000 total commitment available to us under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement. If it becomes necessary for us to issue and sell to White Lion under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement more shares than the ELOC Shares being registered for resale under this prospectus in order to receive aggregate gross proceeds equal to $150,000,000 under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, we must file with the SEC additional registration statements to register under the Securities Act the resale by White Lion of any such additional shares of our Class A Common Stock over the ELOC Shares registered in this Registration Statement that we wish to sell from time to time under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, which the SEC must declare effective, in each case before we may elect to sell any additional shares of our Class A Common Stock to White Lion under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement.
Any issuance and sale by us under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement of a substantial amount of shares of Class A Common Stock in addition to the ELOC Shares being registered for resale by White Lion under this prospectus could cause additional substantial dilution to our stockholders. The number of shares of our Class A Common Stock ultimately offered for sale by White Lion is dependent upon the number of shares of Class A Common Stock, if any, we ultimately sell to White Lion under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement.
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The sale and issuance of Class A Common Stock to White Lion will cause dilution to our existing securityholders, and the resale of the Class A Common Stock acquired by White Lion, or the perception that such resales may occur, could cause the price of our Class A Common Stock to decrease.
The purchase price per share of Class A Common Stock to be paid by White Lion for additional shares of Class A Common Stock that we may elect to sell to White Lion under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, if any, will fluctuate based on the market prices of our Class A Common Stock at the time we elect to sell Class A Common Stock to White Lion pursuant to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement. Depending on market liquidity at the time, resales of such Class A Common Stock by White Lion may cause the trading price of our Class A Common Stock to decrease.
If and when we elect to sell additional shares of Class A Common Stock to White Lion registered hereunder, sales of newly issued Class A Common Stock by us to White Lion could result in substantial dilution to the interests of existing holders of our Class A Common Stock. Additionally, the sale of a substantial number of Class A Common Stock to White Lion, or the anticipation of such sales, could make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and at a price that we might otherwise wish to effect sales.
We expect to grant equity awards to employees and directors under our equity incentive plans. We may also raise capital through equity financings in the future. As part of our business strategy, we may make or receive investments in companies, solutions or technologies and issue equity securities to pay for any such acquisition or investment. Any such issuances of additional share capital may cause shareholders to experience significant dilution of their ownership interests and the per share value of our Class A Common Stock to decline.
Investors who buy shares at different times will likely pay different prices.
Pursuant to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, we will have discretion, subject to market demand, to vary the timing, prices, and numbers of shares sold to White Lion. If and when we do elect to sell additional shares of our Class A Common Stock to White Lion pursuant to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, after White Lion has acquired such shares, White Lion may resell all, some or none of such shares at any time or from time to time in its discretion and at different prices. As a result, investors who purchase shares from White Lion in this offering at different times will likely pay different prices for those shares, and so may experience different levels of dilution and in some cases substantial dilution and different outcomes in their investment results. Investors may experience a decline in the value of the shares they purchase from White Lion in this offering as a result of future sales made by us to White Lion at prices lower than the prices such investors paid for their shares in this offering.
Management will have broad discretion as to the use of the proceeds from the sale of shares to White Lion, and uses may not improve our financial condition or market value.
Because we have not designated the amount of net proceeds from the sale of shares of our Class A Common Stock to be used for any particular purpose, our management will have broad discretion as to the application of such net proceeds and could use them for purposes other than those contemplated hereby. Our management may use the net proceeds for corporate purposes that may not improve our financial condition or market value.
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The JOBS Act permits “emerging growth companies” like us to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies.
We qualify as an “emerging growth company” as defined in Section 2(a)(19) of the Securities Act, as modified by the JOBS Act. As such, we take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including (a) the exemption from the auditor attestation requirements with respect to internal control over financial reporting under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, (b) the exemptions from say-on-pay, say-on-frequency and say-on-golden parachute voting requirements and (c) reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements. As a result, our stockholders may not have access to certain information they deem important. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of (a) the last day of the fiscal year (i) following February 10, 2027, the fifth anniversary of our IPO, (ii) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.235 billion (as adjusted for inflation pursuant to SEC rules from time to time) or (iii) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our Class A Common Stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the last business day of our prior second fiscal quarter, and (b) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three year period.
In addition, Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of the exemption from complying with new or revised accounting standards provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act as long as we are an emerging growth company. An emerging growth company can therefore delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. The JOBS Act provides that a company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies, but any such election to opt out is irrevocable. We have elected to irrevocably opt out of such extended transition period, which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, we will adopt the new or revised standard at the time public companies adopt the new or revised standard. This may make comparison of our financial statements with another emerging growth company that has not opted out of using the extended transition period difficult or impossible because of the potential differences in accounting standards used.
We cannot predict if investors will find our Class A Common Stock less attractive because we will rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our Class A Common Stock less attractive as a result, there may be less active trading market for our Class A Common Stock and our stock price may be more volatile.
The Second A&R Charter designates state courts within the State of Delaware as the exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by our stockholders, which could limit stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, employees or agents.
The Second A&R Charter provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, (a) the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of the company, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by, or other wrongdoing by, any current or former director, officer, employee or agent of the company to us or our stockholders, or a claim of aiding and abetting any such breach of fiduciary duty, (iii) any action asserting a claim against us or any of our directors, officers, employees or agents arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL, the Second A&R Charter (as may be amended, restated, modified, supplemented or waived from time to time), (iv) any action to interpret, apply, enforce or determine the validity of the Second A&R Charter (as may be amended, restated, modified, supplemented or waived from time to time), (v) any action asserting a claim against us or any of our directors, officers, employees or agents that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine or (vi) any action asserting an “internal corporate claim” as that term is defined in Section 115 of the DGCL.
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In addition, the Second A&R Charter provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States of America shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Second A&R Charter provides that the exclusive forum provision will not apply to claims seeking to enforce any liability or duty created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the U.S. federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction.
This choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or any of our directors, officers, other employees or stockholders, which may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims, although our stockholders will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our amended and restated bylaws to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could harm our business, operating results and financial condition.
The Second A&R Charter contains a waiver of the corporate opportunities doctrine for our directors and officers, and therefore such persons have no obligations to make opportunities available to us.
The “corporate opportunities” doctrine provides that directors and officers of a corporation, as part of their duty of loyalty to the corporation and its shareholders, generally have a fiduciary duty to disclose opportunities to the corporation that are related to its business and are prohibited from pursuing those opportunities unless the corporation determines that it is not going to pursue them. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation waives the corporate opportunities doctrine. It states that, to the extent allowed by law, the doctrine of corporate opportunity, or any other analogous doctrine, shall not apply with respect to us or any of our officers or directors or any of their respective affiliates, in circumstances where the application of any such doctrine would conflict with any fiduciary duties or contractual obligations they may have as of the date of the amended and restated certificate of incorporation or in the future, and we renounce any expectancy that any of pir directors or officers will offer any such corporate opportunity of which he or she may become aware to us, except, the doctrine of corporate opportunity shall apply with respect to any of our directors or officers with respect to a corporate opportunity that was offered to such person solely in his or her capacity as a director or officer of the company and (i) such opportunity is one that we are legally and contractually permitted to undertake and would otherwise be reasonable for us to pursue and (ii) the director or officer is permitted to refer that opportunity to us without violating any legal obligation.
Our directors and officers or their respective affiliates may pursue acquisition opportunities that may be complementary to our business and, as a result of the waiver described above, those acquisition opportunities may not be available to us. In addition, our directors and officers or their respective affiliates may have an interest in pursuing acquisitions, divestitures and other transactions that, in its judgment, could enhance its investment, even though such transactions might involve risks to you.
We are a holding company with no operations of our own, and we depend on our subsidiaries for cash to fund all of our operations, taxes and other expenses and any dividends that we may pay.
Our operations are conducted entirely through our subsidiaries. Our ability to generate cash to meet our debt and other obligations, to cover all applicable taxes payable and to declare and pay any dividends on our Class A Common Stock is dependent on the earnings and the receipt of funds through distributions from our subsidiaries. Our subsidiaries’ respective abilities to generate adequate cash depends on a number of factors, including development of reserves, successful acquisitions of complementary properties, advantageous drilling conditions, natural gas, oil prices, compliance with all applicable laws and regulations and other factors.
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Because the currently outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock that are being registered in this prospectus represent a substantial percentage of our outstanding Class A Common Stock, the sale of such securities could cause the market price of our Class A Common Stock to decline significantly.
This prospectus relates to the offer and sale from time to time by the Selling Securityholders of an aggregate of up to 818,600 shares of our currently outstanding Class A Common Stock, consisting of the Services Shares and the Meteora Shares and the offer and sale from time to time by White Lion of up to 7,000,000 additional shares of Class A Common Stock that we may sell to White Lion, from time to time at our sole discretion, pursuant to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement.
The number of shares of Class A Common Stock that the Selling Securityholders can sell into the public markets pursuant to this prospectus represents a significant amount of our outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock. As of May 8, 2025, there were 18,743,536 shares of Class A Common Stock outstanding. If all shares that are already outstanding that are being registered hereby were sold, it would comprise approximately 4.4% of our total shares of Class A Common Stock outstanding. If we assume that all of the White Lion ELOC Shares registered in the Prior Registration Statement have been issued and resold pursuant to the Prior Registration Statement, the Company would have 25,743,536 shares of Class A Common Stock outstanding, and if all shares being registered hereunder were sold, it would comprise approximately 30.4% of our total shares of Class A Common Stock. Given the substantial number of shares of Class A Common Stock registered pursuant to this prospectus, the sale of Class A Common Stock by the Selling Securityholders, or the perception in the market that the Selling Securityholders of a large number of shares of Class A Common Stock intend to sell Class A Common Stock, could increase the volatility of the market price of our Class A Common Stock or result in a significant decline in the public trading price of our Class A Common Stock.
In addition, even though the current market price of our Class A Common Stock is significantly below the price at the time of our initial public offering, certain Selling Securityholders have an incentive to sell because they have purchased their Class A Common Stock at prices lower than the current trading price of the Class A Common Stock, and they may profit even under circumstances in which our public stockholders or certain other Selling Securityholders would experience losses in connection with their investment. The securities being registered for resale were issued to, purchased by or will be purchased by the Selling Securityholders for the following consideration: (i) a purchase price yet to be determined for the ELOC Shares (as described herein), (ii) the Service Shares were issued in consideration for services rendered with an average effective price of $0.71 per share of Class A Common Stock (for one such Selling Securityholder) and $1.00 per share of Class A Common Stock (for the other two such Selling Securityholders), and (iii) the Meteora Shares were issued as a settlement of obligations with an effective price of $1.00 per share of Class A Common Stock. If the Selling Securityholders were to sell the shares of Class A Common Stock at a price of $0.41 per share (the last reported sale price of our Class A Common Stock on May 8, 2025), they would recognize a profit or loss as follows: (i) an unknown profit or loss for the ELOC Shares, (ii) a loss of approximately $0.30 (for one such Selling Securityholder) and $0.59 (for the other two such Selling Securityholders) per share for the Service Shares, and (iii) a loss of approximately $0.59 per share for the Meteora Shares.
the Service Shares were issued in consideration for services rendered with an average effective price of $0.71 per share of Class A Common Stock (for one such Selling Securityholder) and $1.00 per share of Class A Common Stock (for the other two such Selling Securityholders),
Investors who purchase Class A Common Stock on the NYSE American following the Purchase are unlikely to experience a similar rate of return on the Class A Common Stock they purchase due to differences in the purchase prices and the current trading price referenced above. In addition, sales by the Selling Securityholders may cause the trading prices of our securities to experience a decline. As a result, the Selling Securityholders may effect sales of Class A Common Stock at prices significantly below the current market price, which could cause market prices to decline further.
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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
Some of the statements under “Prospectus Summary,” “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” “Business,” and elsewhere in this prospectus constitute forward-looking statements. These statements involve risks known to us, significant uncertainties, and other factors which may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance, or achievements to be materially different from any future results, levels of activity, performance, or achievements expressed or implied by those forward-looking statements. All statements, other than statements of present or historical fact, included in this prospectus concerning our strategy, future operations, financial condition, estimated revenues and losses, projected costs, prospects, plans and objectives of management are forward-looking statements. Words such as “could,” “believe,” “should,” “will,” “may,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “estimate,” “expect,” “project,” the negative of such terms and other similar expressions are used to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain such identifying words. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus include statements regarding our financial position, business strategy and other plans and objectives for future operations or transactions, and expectations and intentions regarding outstanding litigation,. These forward-looking statements are based on current expectations and assumptions of management about future events and are based on currently available information as to the outcome and timing of future events. Such forward-looking statements can be affected by assumptions used or by known or unknown risks or uncertainties, most of which are difficult to predict and many of which are beyond our control, incident to the development, production, gathering and sale of oil and natural gas. Consequently, no forward-looking statements can be guaranteed.
A forward-looking statement may include a statement of the assumptions or bases underlying the forward-looking statement. We believe that it has chosen these assumptions or bases in good faith and that they are reasonable. However, when considering these forward-looking statements, you should keep in mind the risk factors and other cautionary statements described under the heading “Risk Factors”. Actual results may vary materially. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. You should also understand that it is not possible to predict or identify all such factors and should not consider the following list to be a complete statement of all potential risks and uncertainties. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results contemplated by such forward-looking statements include:
| ● | the financial and business performance of EON; |
| ● | the ability to maintain the listing of the Class A Common Stock and the public warrants on the NYSE American, and the potential liquidity and trading of such securities; |
| ● | the diversion of management in connection with the Purchase and EON’s ability to successfully integrate Pogo’s operations and achieve or realize fully or at all the anticipated benefits, savings or growth of the Transactions; |
| ● | the impact of the announcement of the Purchase on relationships with third parties, including commercial counterparties, employees and competitors, and risks associated with the loss and ongoing replacement of key personnel; |
| ● | EON’s abilities to execute its business strategies; |
| ● | changes in general economic conditions, including the material and adverse negative consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic and its unfolding impact on the global and national economy and/or as a result of the armed conflict in Ukraine and associated economic sanctions on Russia; |
| ● | the actions of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (“OPEC”) and other significant producers and governments, including the armed conflict in Ukraine and the potential destabilizing effect such conflict may pose for the global oil and natural gas markets, and the ability of such producers to agree to and maintain oil price and production controls; |
| ● | the effect of change in commodity prices, including the volatility of realized oil and natural gas prices, as a result of the Russian invasion of Ukraine that has led to significant armed hostilities and a number of severe economic sanctions on Russia or otherwise; |
| ● | the level of production on our properties; |
| ● | overall and regional supply and demand factors, delays, or interruptions of production; |
| ● | our ability to replace our oil and natural gas reserves; |
| ● | ability to identify, complete and integrate acquisitions of properties or businesses; |
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| ● | general economic, business or industry conditions, including the cost of inflation; |
| ● | competition in the oil and natural gas industry; |
| ● | conditions in the capital markets and our ability, and the ability of our operators, to obtain capital or financing on favorable terms or at all; |
| ● | title defects in the properties in which EON invests; |
| ● | risks associated with the drilling and operation of crude oil and natural gas wells, including uncertainties with respect to identified drilling locations and estimates of reserves; |
| ● | the availability or cost of rigs, equipment, raw materials, supplies, oilfield services or personnel; |
| ● | restrictions on the use of water; |
| ● | the availability of pipeline capacity and transportation facilities; |
| ● | the ability of our operators to comply with applicable governmental laws and regulations, including environmental laws and regulations and to obtain permits and governmental approvals; |
| ● | the effect of existing and future laws and regulatory actions, including federal and state legislative and regulatory initiatives relating to hydraulic fracturing and environmental matters, including climate change; |
| ● | future operating results; |
| ● | risk related to our hedging activities; |
| ● | exploration and development drilling prospects, inventories, projects, and programs; |
| ● | the impact of reduced drilling activity in our focus areas and uncertainty in whether development projects will be pursued; |
| ● | operating hazards faced by our operators; |
| ● | technological advancements; |
| ● | weather conditions, natural disasters and other matters beyond our control; and |
| ● | certain risks and uncertainties discussed elsewhere in this prospectus, including those under the heading “Risk Factors” and other filings that have been made or will be made with the SEC. |
We caution that the foregoing list of factors is not exclusive. We may be subject to currently unforeseen risks that may have a materially adverse effect on it. All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements concerning us other matters attributable to us, or any person acting on our behalf, are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements above. The forward-looking statements speak only as of the date made and, other than as required by law, we do not undertake any obligation to update publicly or revise any of these forward-looking statements.
Although we believe that the exceptions reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements.
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WHITE LION CAPITAL COMMITTED EQUITY FINANCING
General
On October 17, 2022, we entered into the Common Stock Purchase Agreement and related White Lion RRA with White Lion. On March 7, 2024, we entered into an Amendment No. 1 to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement. On June 17, 2024, the Company entered into an Amendment No. 2 to Common Stock Purchase Agreement (the “2nd Amendment”) with White Lion. Pursuant to the 2nd Amendment, the Company and White Lion agreed to amend the process of a Rapid Purchase, whereby the parties will close on the Rapid Purchase on the trading day the notice of the applicable Rapid Purchase is given. The 2nd Amendment, among other things, also removed the maximum number of shares required to be purchased upon notice of a Rapid Purchase, added a limit of 100,000 shares of Common Stock per individual request, and revised the purchase price of a Rapid Purchase to equal the lowest traded price of Common Stock during the one hour following White Lion’s acceptance of the Rapid Purchase for each request. In addition, White Lion agreed that, on any single business day, it shall not publicly resell an aggregate amount of Commitment Shares in an amount that exceeds 7% of the daily trading volume of the Common Stock for such business day, excluding any trades before or after regular trading hours and any block trades. Pursuant to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, we have the right, but not the obligation to require White Lion to purchase, from time to time, up to $150,000,000 in aggregate gross purchase price of newly issued shares of our Class A Common Stock, subject to certain limitations and conditions set forth in the Common Stock Purchase Agreement. Capitalized terms used but not otherwise defined herein shall have the meaning given to such terms by the Common Stock Purchase Agreement.
We are obligated under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement and the White Lion RRA to file a registration statement with the SEC to register the common stock under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, for the resale by White Lion of shares of Class A Common Stock we may issue to White Lion under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement. In accordance with our obligations under the White Lion RRA, we filed the Prior Registration Statements, pursuant to which we have sold 8,350,000 shares of our Class A Common Stock pursuant to the Purchase Agreement for proceeds of approximately $9.0 million, and we may receive available proceeds of up to approximately $141.0 remaining under the facility from the sale of the shares of Class A Common Stock to White Lion under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement. We have sold 8,350,000 on the Prior Registration Statements with 1,650,000 shares remaining available for issuance and resale by White Lion. It is the intent of the parties for White Lion to sell all remaining shares registered on the Prior Registration Statements before reselling any shares issuable under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement being registered hereunder. Therefore, we have filed the registration statement that includes this prospectus with the SEC to register under the Securities Act the resale by White Lion of additional shares of Class A Common Stock that we may issue to White Lion under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement.
Subject to the satisfaction of certain customary conditions our right to sell shares to White Lion will extend until December 31, 2026. During such term, subject to the terms and conditions of the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, we may notify White Lion when we exercise our right to sell shares (the effective date of such notice, a “Notice Date”).
In addition, we may, from time to time while a purchase notice is active, issue a Rapid Purchase Notice to White Lion for the purchase of shares (not to exceed 100,000 shares per individual request) at a purchase price equal to the lowest traded price of Common Stock during the one hour following White Lion’s acceptance of the Rapid Purchase for each request, and the parties will close on the Rapid Purchase on the trading day the notice of the applicable Rapid Purchase is given. Furthermore, White Lion agreed that, on any single Business Day, it shall not publicly resell an aggregate amount of Commitment Shares in an amount that exceeds 7% of the daily trading volume of our Class A Common Stock for such Business Day, excluding any trades before or after regular trading hours and any block trades.
During such term we will control the timing and amount of any sales of our Class A Common Stock to White Lion. Actual sales of shares of our Class A Common Stock to White Lion under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement will depend on a variety of factors to be determined by us from time to time, including, among others, market conditions, the trading price of the Class A Common Stock and determinations by us as to the appropriate sources of funding for our company and our operations.
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The number of shares sold pursuant to any such purchase notice may not exceed (i) the lower of (a) $2,000,000 and (b) the dollar amount equal to the product of (1) the Effective Daily Trading Volume (2) the closing price of common stock on the Effective Date (3) 400% and (4) 30%, divided by the closing price of common stock on NYSE American preceding the Notice Date and (ii) a number of shares of common stock equal to the Average Daily Trading Volume multiplied by the Percentage Limit. The purchase price to be paid by White Lion for any such shares will equal 96% of the lowest daily volume-weighted average price of common stock during a period of two consecutive trading days following the applicable Notice Date.
The net proceeds from sales, if any, under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, will depend on the frequency and prices at which we sell shares of Class A Common Stock to White Lion. To the extent we sells share under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, we currently plan to use any proceeds therefrom for costs of this transaction, for working capital, strategic and other general corporate purposes.
We have the right to terminate the Common Stock Purchase Agreement at any time after Commencement Date, at no cost or penalty, upon three trading days’ prior written notice. Additionally, White Lion will have the right to terminate the Common Stock Purchase Agreement upon three days’ prior written notice to us if (i) there is a Fundamental Transaction, (ii) we are in breach or default in any material respect of the White Lion RRA, (iii) there is a lapse of the effectiveness, or unavailability of, the registration statement that includes this prospectus for a period of 45 consecutive trading days or for more than an aggregate of 90 trading days in any 365-day period, (iv) the suspension of trading of the common stock for a period of five consecutive trading days, (v) our material breach of the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, which breach is not cured within the applicable cure period or (vi) a Material Adverse Effect has occurred and is continuing. No termination of the Common Stock Purchase Agreement will affect the registration rights provisions contained in the White Lion RRA.
In consideration for White Lion’s execution and delivery of the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, we issued to White Lion 440,000 shares of Class A Common Stock (the “Commitment Shares”).
The Common Stock Purchase Agreement does not include any of the following: (i) limitations on our use of amounts we receive as the purchase price for shares of Class A Common Stock sold to White Lion; (ii) financial or business covenants; (iii) restrictions on future financings (other than restrictions on its ability to enter into other equity line of credit transactions or transactions that are similar thereto); (iv) rights of first refusal; or (v) participation rights or penalties.
As of May 8, 2025, there were 18,743,536 shares of Class A Common Stock outstanding. Although the Common Stock Purchase Agreement provides that we may sell up to an aggregate of $150,000,000 of shares of our Class A Common Stock to White Lion, only 7,000,000 shares of our Class A Common Stock are being registered for resale by White Lion under this prospectus. Depending on the market prices of our Class A Common Stock at the time we elect to issue and sell shares of our Class A Common Stock White Lion under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, we may need to register for resale under the Securities Act additional shares of our Class A Common Stock in order to receive aggregate gross proceeds equal to the $150,000,000 total commitment available to us under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement. If all of such 7,000,000 shares of our Class A Common Stock offered hereby were issued and outstanding as of May 8, 2025, such shares would represent approximately 27.2% of the total number of outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock. If we elect to issue and sell to White Lion under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement more than the 7,000,000 shares of our Class A Common Stock being registered for resale by White Lion under this prospectus, which we have the right, but not the obligation, to do, we must first register for resale under the Securities Act any such additional shares of our Class A Common Stock, which could cause additional substantial dilution to our shareholders. The number of shares of our Class A Common Stock ultimately offered for sale by White Lion is dependent upon the number of shares purchased by White Lion under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement.
Issuances of our Class A Common Stock to White Lion under the Purchase Agreement will not affect the rights or privileges of our existing shareholders, except that the economic and voting interests of each of our existing shareholders will be diluted as a result of any such issuance. Although the number of shares of our Class A Common Stock that our existing shareholders own will not decrease, the shares of our Class A Common Stock owned by our existing shareholders will represent a smaller percentage of our total outstanding shares of our Class A Common Stock after any such issuance of shares of our Class A Common Stock to White Lion under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement. There are substantial risks to our shareholders as a result of the sale and issuance of Class A Common Stock to White Lion under the Purchase Agreement. See the section entitled “Risk Factors.”
No Short-Selling or Hedging by White Lion
White Lion has represented to us that at no time prior to the date of the Common Stock Purchase Agreement has White Lion or its agents, representatives or affiliates engaged in or effected, in any manner whatsoever, directly or indirectly, any short sale (as such term is defined in Rule 200 of Regulation SHO of the Exchange Act) of our Class A Common Stock or any hedging transaction, which establishes a net short position with respect to our Class A Common Stock. White Lion has agreed that during the term of the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, neither White Lion, nor any of its agents, representatives or affiliates will enter into or effect, directly or indirectly, any of the foregoing transactions.
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Effect of Performance of the Common Stock Purchase Agreement on our Stockholders
All shares registered in this offering that may be issued or sold by us to White Lion under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement are expected to be freely tradable. The resale by White Lion of a significant number of shares registered in this offering at any given time, or the perception that these sales may occur, could cause the market price of our Class A Common Stock to decline and to be highly volatile. Sales of our Class A Common Stock to White Lion, if any, will depend upon market conditions and other factors to be determined by us. We may ultimately decide to sell to White Lion all, some or none of the additional shares of our Class A Common Stock that may be available for us to sell pursuant to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement. If and when we do sell shares to White Lion, after White Lion has acquired the shares, White Lion may resell all, some or none of those shares of Class A Common Stock at any time or from time to time in its discretion. Therefore, sales to White Lion by us under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement may result in substantial dilution to the interests of other holders of our Class A Common Stock. In addition, if we sell a substantial number of shares to White Lion under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, or if investors expect that we will do so, the actual sales of shares or the mere existence of our arrangement with White Lion may make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and at a price that we might otherwise wish to effect such sales. However, we have the right to control the timing and amount of any additional sales of Class A Common Stock to White Lion and the Common Stock Purchase Agreement may be terminated by us at any time at our discretion without any cost to us, subject to certain conditions.
Pursuant to the terms of the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, we have the right, but not the obligation, to direct White Lion to purchase up to $150,000,000 of our Class A Common Stock, subject to certain limitations. If we elect to issue and sell to White Lion under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement more than the 7,000,000 shares of our Class A Common Stock being registered for resale by White Lion under this prospectus, which we have the right, but not the obligation, to do, we must first register for resale under the Securities Act any such additional shares of our Class A Common Stock, which could cause additional substantial dilution to our shareholders. The number of shares of our Class A Common Stock ultimately offered for sale by White Lion is dependent upon the number of shares purchased by White Lion under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement.
The following table sets forth the amount of gross proceeds we would receive from White Lion from our sale of shares of Class A Common Stock to White Lion under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement at varying purchase prices:
| Assumed Average Purchase Price Per Share | Number of Registered ELOC Shares to be Issued if Full Purchase(1) | Percentage of Outstanding Shares After Giving Effect to the Issuance of the ELOC Shares(2) | Percentage of Outstanding Shares After Giving Effect to the Issuance of the ELOC Shares and the shares registered under the Prior Registration Statement(3) | Gross Proceeds from the Sale of the ELOC Shares to White Lion | ||||||||||||||
| $ | 0.20 | 7,000,000 | 27.2 | % | 25.6 | % | $ | 1,400,000 | ||||||||||
| $ | 0.30 | 7,000,000 | 27.2 | % | 25.6 | % | $ | 2,100,000 | ||||||||||
| $ | 0.40 | 7,000,000 | 27.2 | % | 25.6 | % | $ | 2,800,000 | ||||||||||
| $ | 0.41 | (4) | 7,000,000 | 27.2 | % | 25.6 | % | $ | 2,870,000 | |||||||||
| $ | 0.50 | 7,000,000 | 27.2 | % | 25.6 | % | $ | 3,500,000 | ||||||||||
| $ | 0.60 | 7,000,000 | 27.2 | % | 25.6 | % | $ | 4,200,000 | ||||||||||
| $ | 0.70 | 7,000,000 | 27.2 | % | 25.6 | % | $ | 4,900,000 | ||||||||||
| (1) | Although the Common Stock Purchase Agreement provides that we may sell up to $141.0 million of our Class A Common Stock in remaining available proceeds to White Lion, we are only registering 7,000,000 shares under this prospectus that we may issue and sell to White Lion in the future under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, if and when we elect to sell shares of our Class A Common Stock to White Lion under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement. |
| (2) | The denominator is based on 18,743,536 shares of our Class A Common Stock outstanding as of May 8, 2025, plus the number of shares set forth in the adjacent column that we would have issued or sold to White Lion, assuming the average purchase price in the first column. The numerator is based on the number of shares of our Class A Common Stock issuable under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement (that are the subject of this offering) at the corresponding assumed average purchase price set forth in the first column. |
| (3) | The denominator is based on 18,743,536 shares of our Class A Common Stock outstanding as of May 8, 2025, plus the number of shares set forth in the adjacent column that we would have issued or sold to White Lion, assuming the average purchase price in the first column, plus the 1,725,000 shares remaining available for issuance and resale by White Lion under the Prior Registration Statements. The numerator is based on the number of shares of our Class A Common Stock issuable under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement (that are the subject of this offering) at the corresponding assumed average purchase price set forth in the first column. |
| (4) | The closing sale price of our Class A Common Stock on May 8, 2025. |
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USE OF PROCEEDS
All of the securities offered by the Selling Securityholders pursuant to this prospectus will be sold by the Selling Securityholders for their respective accounts. We will not receive any of the proceeds from these sales, except we may receive proceeds of up to $141.0 in remaining available proceeds from the sale of the shares to White Lion under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement (assuming 8,725,000 shares have been previously issued and sold by the Company to White Lion as of the date of this prospectus), from time to time in our discretion after the date the registration statement that includes this prospectus is declared effective and after satisfaction of other conditions in the Common Stock Purchase Agreement. See “Plan of Distribution” elsewhere in this prospectus for more information.
We expect to use the net proceeds from the sales pursuant to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, if any, for general corporate purposes. We will have broad discretion over the use of any proceeds from such sales or exercise. We cannot specify with certainty all of the particular uses for the net proceeds that we will have from the sale of our shares pursuant to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement.
The Selling Securityholders will pay any underwriting discounts and commissions and expenses incurred by them for brokerage, accounting, tax or legal services or any other expenses incurred in disposing of the securities. We will bear the costs, fees and expenses incurred in effecting the registration of the securities covered by this prospectus, including all registration and filing fees, NYSE American listing fees and fees and expenses of our counsel and our independent registered public accounting firm.
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BUSINESS OF EON
Overview
EON Resources Inc. (f/k/a HNR Acquisition Corp), was incorporated in Delaware as a blank check company formed for the purpose of effecting a merger, capital stock exchange, asset acquisition, stock purchase, reorganization or similar business combination with one or more businesses or entities. Prior to closing the Purchase, our efforts were limited to organizational activities, completion of an initial public offering and the evaluation of possible business combinations. On February 15, 2022, we consummated the Initial Public Offering of 7,500,000 units (the “Units”), at $10.00 per Unit, generating proceeds of $75,000,000. Additionally, the underwriter fully exercised its option to purchase 1,125,000 additional Units, for which we received cash proceeds of $11,250,000. Simultaneously with the closing of the Initial Public Offering, we consummated the sale of 505,000 private placement units at a price of $10.00 per unit generating proceeds of $5,050,000 in a private placement to our Sponsor and EF Hutton (formerly Kingswood Capital Markets) (“EF Hutton”). On April 4, 2022, the Units separated into Class A Common Stock and warrants, and ceased trading. On April 4, 2022, the Class A Common Stock and warrants commenced trading on the NYSE American.
We identified Pogo as the initial target for our initial business combination, and we closed on the acquisition of Pogo on November 15, 2023. While we were permitted to pursue an acquisition opportunity in any industry or sector, we focused on assets used in exploring, developing, producing, transporting, storing, gathering, processing, fractionating, refining, distributing or marketing of natural gas, natural gas liquids, crude oil or refined products in North America.
On September 16, 2024, we filed a Certificate of Amendment to our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware to change our name from “HNR Acquisition Corp” to “EON Resources Inc.”, effective at 11:59PM on September 17, 2024. Following the change of our name from HNR Acquisition Corp to EON Resources Inc., effective at the beginning of trading on September 18, 2024, our Class A Common Stock began trading on the NYSE American under the symbol “EONR” and our Public Warrants began trading on the NYSE American under the symbol “EONR WS”. The CUSIP numbers for the Company’s Class A Common Stock and Public Warrants did not change.
Purchase
On December 27, 2022, we, entered into a Membership Interest Purchase Agreement (the “Original MIPA”) with CIC Pogo LP, a Delaware limited partnership (“CIC”), DenCo Resources, LLC, a Texas limited liability company (“DenCo”), Pogo Resources Management, LLC, a Texas limited liability company (“Pogo Management”), 4400 Holdings, LLC, a Texas limited liability company (“4400” and, together with CIC, DenCo and Pogo Management, collectively, “Seller” and each a “Seller”), and, solely with respect to Section 7.20 of the Original MIPA, HNRAC Sponsors LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“Sponsor”). On August 28, 2023, we, HNRA Upstream, LLC, a newly formed Delaware limited liability company which is managed by us, and is a subsidiary of ours (“OpCo”), and HNRA Partner, Inc., a newly formed Delaware corporation and wholly owned subsidiary of ours (“SPAC Subsidiary”, and together with us and OpCo, “Buyer” and each a “Buyer”), entered into an Amended and Restated Membership Interest Purchase Agreement (the “A&R MIPA”) with Seller, and, solely with respect to Section 6.20 of the A&R MIPA, the Sponsor, which amended and restated the Original MIPA in its entirety (as amended and restated, the “MIPA”). Our stockholders approved the transactions contemplated by the MIPA at a special meeting of stockholders that was originally convened October 30, 2023, adjourned, and then reconvened on November 13, 2023 (the “Special Meeting”).
On November 15, 2023 (the “Closing Date”), as contemplated by the MIPA:
| ● | We filed a Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (the “Second A&R Charter”) with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware, pursuant to which the number of authorized shares of our capital stock, par value $0.0001 per share, was increased to 121,000,000 shares, consisting of (i) 100,000,000 shares of Class A Common Stock, (ii) 20,000,000 shares of Class B Common Stock, and (iii) 1,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share; |
| ● | Our shares of common stock were reclassified as Class A Common Stock; the Class B Common Stock has no economic rights but entitles its holder to one vote on all matters to be voted on by stockholders generally; holders of shares of Class A Common Stock and shares of Class B Common Stock will vote together as a single class on all matters presented to our stockholders for their vote or approval, except as otherwise required by applicable law or by the Second A&R Charter; |
| ● | (A) We contributed to OpCo (i) all of our assets (excluding our interests in OpCo and the aggregate amount of cash required to satisfy any exercise by our stockholders of their Redemption Rights (as defined below)) and (ii) 2,000,000 newly issued shares of Class B Common Stock (such shares, the “Seller Class B Shares”) and (B) in exchange therefor, OpCo issued to us a number of Class A common units of OpCo (the “OpCo Class A Units”) equal to the number of total shares of Class A Common Stock issued and outstanding immediately after the closing (the “Closing”) of the transactions contemplated by the MIPA (following the exercise by our stockholders of their Redemption Rights) (such transactions, the “SPAC Contribution”); and |
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| ● | Immediately following the SPAC Contribution, OpCo contributed $900,000 to SPAC Subsidiary in exchange for 100% of the outstanding common stock of SPAC Subsidiary (the “SPAC Subsidiary Contribution”); |
| ● | Immediately following the SPAC Subsidiary Contribution, Seller sold, contributed, assigned, and conveyed to (A) OpCo, and OpCo acquired and accepted from Seller, ninety-nine percent (99.0%) of the outstanding membership interests of Pogo Resources, LLC, a Texas limited liability company (“Pogo” or the “Target”), and (B) SPAC Subsidiary, and SPAC Subsidiary purchased and accepted from Seller, one percent (1.0%) of the outstanding membership interest of Target (together with the ninety-nine percent (99.0%) interest, the “Target Interests”), in each case, in exchange for (x) $900,000 of the Cash Consideration (as defined below) in the case of SPAC Subsidiary and (y) the remainder of the Aggregate Consideration (as defined below) in the case of OpCo (such transactions, together with the SPAC Contribution and SPAC Subsidiary Contribution and the other transactions contemplated by the MIPA, the “Purchase”). |
The “Aggregate Consideration” for the Target Interests was: (a) cash in the amount of $31,074,127 in immediately available funds (the “Cash Consideration”), (b) 2,000,000 Class B common units of OpCo (“OpCo Class B Units”) valued at $10.00 per unit (the “Common Unit Consideration”), which will be equal to and exchangeable into 2,000,000 shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the OpCo Exchange Right (as defined below), as reflected in the amended and restated limited liability company agreement of OpCo that became effective at Closing (the “A&R OpCo LLC Agreement”), (c) the Seller Class B Shares, (d) $15,000,000 payable through a promissory note to Seller (the “Seller Promissory Note”), (e) 1,500,000 preferred units (the “OpCo Preferred Units” and together with the Opco Class A Units and the OpCo Class B Units, the “OpCo Units”) of OpCo (the “Preferred Unit Consideration”, and, together with the Common Unit Consideration, the “Unit Consideration”), and (f) an agreement for Buyer, on or before November 21, 2023, to settle and pay to Seller $1,925,873 from sales proceeds received from oil and gas production attributable to Pogo, including pursuant to its third party contract with affiliates of Chevron. At Closing, 500,000 Seller Class B Shares (the “Escrowed Share Consideration”) were placed in escrow for the benefit of Buyer pursuant to an escrow agreement and the indemnity provisions in the MIPA. The Aggregate Consideration is subject to adjustment in accordance with the MIPA.
In connection with the Purchase, holders of 3,323,707 shares of common stock sold in our initial public offering (the “public shares”) properly exercised their right to have their public shares redeemed (the “Redemption Rights”) for a pro rata portion of the trust account (the “Trust Account”) which held the proceeds from our initial public offering, funds from our payments to extend the time to consummate a business combination and interest earned, calculated as of two business days prior to the Closing, which was approximately $10.95 per share, or $49,362,479 in the aggregate. The remaining balance in the Trust Account (after giving effect to the Redemption Rights) was $12,979,300.
Immediately upon the Closing, Pogo Royalty exercised the OpCo Exchange Right as it relates to 200,000 OpCo Class B units (and 200,000 shares of Class B Common Stock). After giving effect to the Purchase, the redemption of public shares as described above and the exchange mentioned in the preceding sentence, were (i) 5,097,009 shares of Class A Common Stock issued and outstanding, (ii) 1,800,000 shares of Class B Common Stock issued and outstanding and (iii) no shares of preferred stock issued and outstanding.
First Amendment to Amended and Restated Membership Interest Purchase Agreement
On November 15, 2023, Buyer, Seller, and Sponsor entered into the MIPA Amendment, whereby the Parties agreed to extend the outside date for the transaction to November 30, 2023, and to place 500,000 shares of Seller Class B Shares into escrow instead of 500,000 OpCo Class B Units.
Settlement and Release Agreement
Effective June 20, 2024, the Company and the Seller entered into a settlement agreement and release. Under the settlement agreement and release, and in settlement of the working capital provisions of the Amended MIPA, the Seller agreed to waive all rights and claims to the amount of royalties payable under the ORRI as of December 31, 2023, totaling $1,523,138 and agreed to pay certain amounts related to vendor payable claims assumed by the Company at Closing.
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Settle Up Letter Agreement
On November 15, 2023, Buyer and Seller entered into the Settle Up Letter Agreement, whereby Seller agreed to accept a minimum amount of cash at Closing less than $33,000,000, provided that, on or before November 21, 2023, Buyer must settle and pay to Seller $1,925,873 from sales proceeds received from oil and gas production attributable to Pogo, including pursuant to its third party contract with affiliates of Chevron. As of June 30, 2024, Buyer still owed $645,872.76 to Seller; however, Seller waived any continuing default under the terms of the MIPA based on lack of payment, provided that such waiver is not a release of Buyer’s obligation to pay the amount in full.
Termination Agreement
On February 10, 2025, we entered into a Purchase, Sale, Termination and Exchange Agreement (the “Termination Agreement”), by and among EON, OpCo, SPAC Subsidiary, HNRA Royalties, LLC, a newly formed Delaware limited liability company and wholly-owned subsidiary of EON (“HNRA Royalties”), Pogo Royalty, CIC, DenCo, Pogo Management, and 4400. The closing of the transactions contemplated by the Agreement (the “Termination Closing”) is subject to the satisfaction of various conditions, including us obtaining financing.
Pursuant to the Termination Agreement, we agreed to purchase the ORR Interest (as defined herein) from Pogo Royalty for $14,000,000, payable in cash at the Termination Closing. In addition, at the Termination Closing, Pogo Royalty agreed to waive all outstanding interest accrued under the Seller Promissory Note, reduce the outstanding principal amount of the Seller Promissory Note to $8,000,000 and settle and discharge the Seller Promissory Note in exchange for the payment of $8,000,000 in cash. Pogo Royalty further agreed to assign and transfer the OpCo Preferred Units to OpCo in exchange for the issuance by us of 3,000,000 shares of Class A Common Stock at the Termination Closing.
As consideration for entering into the Agreement, we agreed to release the Escrowed Share Consideration to Pogo Royalty and to promptly process any exchange notice delivered by Pogo Royalty to exchange the Escrowed Share Consideration for shares of Class A Common Stock, and Pogo Royalty agreed to deliver such exchange notice within two days of the date of the Termination Agreement. The Termination Agreement contains customary representations, warranties, indemnification provisions closing conditions, and covenants.
The Termination Closing is contingent upon the occurrence of certain conditions, including (i) the availability of financing to EON, (ii) the receipt by Pogo Royalty of a consent of First International Bank & Trust (“FIBT”) to the Termination Agreement and a written termination agreement, executed by us and FIBT, terminating that certain Subordination Agreement, dated as of November 15, 2023, by and among FIBT, EON and Pogo Royalty, (iii) the receipt by us of any required stockholder consents, (iv) the respective representations and warranties of the parties being true and correct, subject to certain materiality exceptions and (v) the performance by the parties in all material respects of their respective obligations under the Termination Agreement.
The Termination Agreement may be terminated at any time by mutual consent of the parties thereto or by any one party if the counterparty is in material breach of the Termination Agreement. If the Termination Closing does not occur prior to 1:00 p.m. Central Time on June 3, 2025, the Termination Agreement will automatically terminate. No assurances can be made that we will satisfy these conditions or that the Closing will otherwise occur.
OpCo A&R LLC Agreement
In connection with the Closing, we and Pogo Royalty, LLC, a Texas limited liability company, an affiliate of Seller and Seller’s designated recipient of the Aggregate Consideration (“Pogo Royalty”), entered into an amended and restated limited liability company agreement of OpCo (the “OpCo A&R LLC Agreement”). Pursuant to the A&R OpCo LLC Agreement, each OpCo unitholder (excluding us) will, subject to certain timing procedures and other conditions set forth therein, have the right (the “OpCo Exchange Right”) to exchange all or a portion of its OpCo Class B Units for, at OpCo’s election, (i) shares of Class A Common Stock at an exchange ratio of one share of Class A Common Stock for each OpCo Class B Unit exchanged, subject to conversion rate adjustments for stock splits, stock dividends and reclassifications and other similar transactions, or (ii) an equivalent amount of cash. Additionally, the holders of OpCo Class B Units will be required to exchange all of their OpCo Class B Units (a “Mandatory Exchange”) upon the occurrence of the following: (i) upon our direction, with the consent of at least fifty percent (50%) of the holders of OpCo Class B Units; or (ii) upon the one-year anniversary of the Mandatory Conversion Trigger Date. In connection with any exchange of OpCo Class B Units pursuant to the OpCo Exchange Right or acquisition of OpCo Class B Units pursuant to a Mandatory Exchange, a corresponding number of shares of Class B Common Stock held by the relevant OpCo unitholder will be cancelled.
The OpCo Preferred Units will be automatically converted into OpCo Class B Units on the two-year anniversary of the issuance date of such OpCo Preferred Units (the “Mandatory Conversion Trigger Date”) at a rate determined by dividing (i) $20.00 per unit (the “Stated Conversion Value”), by (ii) the Market Price of the Class A Common Stock (the “Conversion Price”). The “Market Price” means the simple average of the daily VWAP of the Class A Common Stock during the five (5) trading days prior to the date of conversion. On the Mandatory Conversion Trigger Date, we will issue a number of shares of Class B Common Stock to Pogo Royalty equivalent to the number of OpCo Class B Units issued to Pogo Royalty. If not exchanged sooner, such newly issued OpCo Class B Units shall automatically exchange into Class A Common Stock on the one-year anniversary of the Mandatory Conversion Trigger Date at a ratio of one OpCo Class B Unit for one share of Class Common Stock. An equivalent number of shares of Class B Common Stock must be surrendered with the OpCo Class B Units to us in exchange for the Class A Common Stock. As noted above, the OpCo Class B Units must be exchanged upon the one-year anniversary of the Mandatory Conversion Trigger Date.
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Promissory Note
In connection with the Closing, OpCo issued the Seller Promissory Note to Pogo Royalty in the principal amount of $15,000,000. The Seller Promissory Note provides for a maturity date that is six (6) months from the Closing Date, bears an interest rate equal 12% per annum, and contains no penalty for prepayment. If the Seller Promissory Note is not repaid in full on or prior to its stated maturity date, OpCo will owe interest from and after default equal to the lesser of 18% per annum and the highest amount permissible under law, compounded monthly. The Seller Promissory Note is subordinated to the Term Loan (as defined herein).
Registration Rights Agreement
In connection with the Closing, we and Pogo Royalty entered into a Registration Rights Agreement (the “Registration Rights Agreement”), pursuant to which we agreed to provide Pogo Royalty with certain registration rights with respect to the shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the OpCo Exchange Right, including filing with the SEC an initial registration statement on Form S-1 covering the resale by the Pogo Royalty of the shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the OpCo Exchange Right so as to permit their resale under Rule 415 under the Securities Act, no later than thirty (30) days following the Closing, use its commercially reasonable efforts to have the initial registration statement declared effective by the SEC as soon as reasonably practicable following the filing thereof with the SEC, and use commercially reasonable efforts to convert the Form S-1 (and any subsequent registration statement) to a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 as promptly as practicable after we are is eligible to use a Form S-3 Shelf.
In certain circumstances, Pogo Royalty can demand our assistance with underwritten offerings, and Pogo Royalty will be entitled to certain piggyback registration rights.
We filed a registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-275378) that became effective on August 9, 2024, which registered for resale up to Pogo Royalty’s shares of Class A Common Stock and shares of Class A Common Stock underlying the Class B Common Stock.
Option Agreement
In connection with the Closing, we, HNRA Royalties, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and wholly-owned subsidiary of ours (“HNRA Royalties”) and Pogo Royalty entered into an Option Agreement (the “Option Agreement”). Pogo Royalty owns certain overriding royalty interests in certain oil and gas assets owned by Pogo (the “ORR Interest”). Pursuant to the Option Agreement, Pogo Royalty granted irrevocable and exclusive option to HNRA Royalties to purchase the ORR Interest for the Option Price (as defined below) at any time prior to November 15, 2024. The option is not exercisable while the Seller Promissory Note is outstanding.
The purchase price for the ORR Interest upon exercise of the option is: (i) (1) $30,000,000 the (“Base Option Price”), plus (2) an additional amount equal to annual interest on the Base Option Price of twelve percent (12%), compounded monthly, from the Closing Date through the date of acquisition of the ORR Interest, minus (ii) any amounts received by Pogo Royalty in respect of the ORR Interest from the month of production in which the effective date of the Option Agreement occurs through the date of the exercise of the option (such aggregate purchase price, the “Option Price”).
The Option Agreement and the option will immediately terminate upon the earlier of (a) Pogo Royalty’s transfer or assignment of all of the ORR Interest in accordance with the Option Agreement and (b) November 15, 2024.
Pursuant to the Option Agreement, upon execution, we issued to Pogo Royalty 10,000 shares of Class A Common Stock.
Director Nomination and Board Observer Agreement
In connection with the Closing, we entered into Director Nomination and Board Observer Agreement (the “Board Designation Agreement”) with CIC. Pursuant to the Board Designation Agreement, CIC has the right, at any time CIC beneficially owns our capital stock, to appoint two board observers to attend all meetings of our Board of Directors. In addition, after the time of the conversion of the OpCo Preferred Units owned by Pogo Royalty, CIC will have the right to nominate a certain number of members of the board of directors depending on Pogo Royalty’s ownership percentage of Class A Common Stock as further provided in the Board Designation Agreement.
Backstop Agreement
In connection with the Closing, we entered a Backstop Agreement (the “Backstop Agreement”) with Pogo Royalty and certain of our founders listed therein (the “Founders”) whereby Pogo Royalty will have the right (“Put Right”) to cause the Founders to purchase Pogo Royalty’s OpCo Preferred Units at a purchase price per unit equal to $10.00 per unit plus the product of (i) the number of days elapsed since the effective date of the Backstop Agreement and (ii) $10.00 divided by 730. Seller’s right to exercise the Put Right will survive for six (6) months following the date the Trust Shares (as defined below) are not restricted from transfer under the Letter Agreement (as defined in the MIPA) (the “Lockup Expiration Date”).
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As security that the Founders will be able to purchase the OpCo Preferred Units upon exercise of the Put Right, the Founders agreed to place at least 1,300,000 shares of Class A Common Stock into escrow (the “Trust Shares”), which the Founders can sell or borrow against to meet their obligations upon exercise of the Put Right, with the prior consent of Seller. We are not obligated to purchase the OpCo Preferred Units from Pogo Royalty under the Backstop Agreement. Until the Backstop Agreement is terminated, Pogo Royalty and its affiliates are not permitted to engage in any transaction which is designed to sell short the Class A Common Stock or any of our other publicly traded securities.
Founder Pledge Agreement
In connection with the Closing, we entered a Founder Pledge Agreement (the “Founder Pledge Agreement”) with the Founders whereby, in consideration of placing the Trust Shares into escrow and entering into the Backstop Agreement, we agreed: (a) by January 15, 2024, to issue to the Founders an aggregate number of newly issued shares of Class A Common Stock equal to 10% of the number of Trust Shares; (b) by January 15, 2024, to issue to the Founders a number of warrants to purchase an aggregate number of shares of Class A Common Stock equal to 10% of the number of Trust Shares, which such warrants shall be exercisable for five years from issuance at an exercise price of $11.50 per shares; (c) if the Backstop Agreement is not terminated prior to the Lockup Expiration Date, to issue an aggregate number of newly issued shares of Class A Common Stock equal to (i) (A) the number of Trust Shares, divided by (B) the simple average of the daily VWAP of the Class A Common Stock during the five (5) Trading Days prior to the date of the termination of the Backstop Agreement, subject to a minimum of $6.50 per share, multiplied by (C) a price between $10.00-$13.00 per share (as further described in the Founder Pledge Agreement), minus (ii) the number of Trust Shares; and (d) following the purchase of OpCo Preferred Units by a Founder pursuant to the Put Right, to issue a number of newly issued shares of Class A Common Stock equal to the number of Trust Shares sold by such Founder. Until the Founder Pledge Agreement is terminated, the Founders are not permitted to engage in any transaction which is designed to sell short the Class A Common Stock or any of our other publicly traded securities.
Financing at Closing
On November 2, 2023, we entered into an agreement with (i) Meteora Capital Partners, LP (“MCP”), (ii) Meteora Select Trading Opportunities Master, LP (“MSTO”), and (iii) Meteora Strategic Capital, LLC (“MSC” and, collectively with MCP and MSTO, “FPA Seller”) (the “Forward Purchase Agreement”) for OTC Equity Prepaid Forward Transactions. For purposes of the Forward Purchase Agreement, we are referred to as the “Counterparty”. Capitalized terms used herein but not otherwise defined shall have the meanings ascribed to such terms in the Forward Purchase Agreement. The purpose of our entering into this agreement and these transactions was to provide a mechanism whereby FPA Seller would purchase, and waive their redemption rights with respect to, a sufficient number of shares of our common stock to enable us to have at least $5,000,000 of net tangible assets, a non-waivable condition to the Closing of the Purchase, to provide the Company with cash to meet a portion of the transaction costs associated with the Purchase, and to provide the Company with a mechanism to raise cash in the future at maturity.
The Forward Purchase Agreement provides for a prepayment shortfall in an amount in U.S. dollars equal to 0.50% of the product of the Recycled Shares and the Initial Price (defined below). FPA Seller in its sole discretion may sell Recycled Shares (i) at any time following November 2, 2023 (the “Trade Date”) at prices greater than the Reset Price or (ii) commencing on the 180th day following the Trade Date at any sales price, in either case without payment by FPA Seller of any Early Termination Obligation until such time as the proceeds from such sales equal 100% of the Prepayment Shortfall (as set forth under the section entitled “Shortfall Sales” in the Forward Purchase Agreement) (such sales, “Shortfall Sales,” and such Shares, “Shortfall Sale Shares”). A sale of Shares is only (a) a “Shortfall Sale,” subject to the terms and conditions herein applicable to Shortfall Sale Shares, when a Shortfall Sale Notice is delivered under the Forward Purchase Agreement, and (b) an Optional Early Termination, subject to the terms and conditions of the Forward Purchase Agreement applicable to Terminated Shares, when an OET Notice is delivered under the Forward Purchase Agreement, in each case the delivery of such notice in the sole discretion of the FPA Seller (as further described in the “Optional Early Termination” and “Shortfall Sales” sections in the Forward Purchase Agreement).
Following the Closing, the reset price (the “Reset Price”) will be $10.00; provided that the Reset Price shall be reduced pursuant to a Dilutive Offering Reset immediately upon the occurrence of such Dilutive Offering. The Purchased Amount subject to the Forward Purchase Agreement shall be increased upon the occurrence of a Dilutive Offering Reset to that number of Shares equal to the quotient of (i) the Purchased Amount divided by (ii) the quotient of (a) the price of such Dilutive Offering divided by (b) $10.00.
From time to time and on any date following the Trade Date (any such date, an “OET Date”) and subject to the terms and conditions in the Forward Purchase Agreement, FPA Seller may, in its absolute discretion, terminate the Transaction in whole or in part by providing written notice to Counterparty (the “OET Notice”), by the later of (a) the fifth Local Business Day following the OET Date and (b) no later than the next Payment Date following the OET Date, (which shall specify the quantity by which the Number of Shares shall be reduced (such quantity, the “Terminated Shares”)). The effect of an OET Notice shall be to reduce the Number of Shares by the number of Terminated Shares specified in such OET Notice with effect as of the related OET Date. As of each OET Date, Counterparty shall be entitled to an amount from FPA Seller, and the FPA Seller shall pay to Counterparty an amount, equal to the product of (x) the number of Terminated Shares and (y) the Reset Price in respect of such OET Date. The payment date may be changed within a quarter at the mutual agreement of the parties.
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The “Valuation Date” will be the earlier to occur of (a) the date that is three (3) years after the date of the closing of the Purchase & Sale (the date of the closing of the Purchase & Sale, the “Closing Date”) pursuant to the A&R MIPA, (b) the date specified by FPA Seller in a written notice to be delivered to Counterparty at FPA Seller’s discretion (which Valuation Date shall not be earlier than the day such notice is effective) after the occurrence of any of (w) a VWAP Trigger Event, (x) a Delisting Event, (y) a Registration Failure or (z) unless otherwise specified therein, upon any Additional Termination Event, and (c) the date specified by FPA Seller in a written notice to be delivered to Counterparty at FPA Seller’s sole discretion (which Valuation Date shall not be earlier than the day such notice is effective). The Valuation Date notice will become effective immediately upon its delivery from FPA Seller to Counterparty in accordance with the Forward Share Purchase Agreement.
On the “Cash Settlement Payment Date,” which is the tenth Local Business Day immediately following the last day of the Valuation Period, the FPA Seller will remit to the Counterparty an amount equal to the Settlement Amount and will not otherwise be required to return to the Counterparty any of the Prepayment Amount and the Counterparty shall remit to the FPA Seller the Settlement Amount Adjustment; provided, that if the Settlement Amount less the Settlement Amount Adjustment is a negative number and either clause (x) of Settlement Amount Adjustment applies or the Counterparty has elected pursuant to clause (y) of Settlement Amount Adjustment to pay the Settlement Amount Adjustment in cash, then neither the FPA Seller nor the Counterparty shall be liable to the other party for any payment under the Cash Settlement Payment Date section of the Forward Purchase Agreement.
The FPA Seller agreed to waive any redemption rights with respect to any Recycled Shares in connection with the Closing, as well as any redemption rights under the Company’s certificate of incorporation that would require redemption by the Company.
The purpose of our entering into this agreement and these transactions was to provide a mechanism whereby FPA Seller would purchase, and waive their redemption rights with respect to, a sufficient number of shares of our common stock to enable us to have at least $5,000,000 of net tangible assets, a non-waivable condition to the Closing of the Purchase, to provide the Company with cash to meet a portion of the transaction costs associated with the Purchase, and to provide the Company with a mechanism to raise cash in the future at maturity. As of the date of this prospectus, however, the Company has not made any issuances, and has not received any proceeds, from Meteora pursuant to the Forward Purchase Agreement, and the Company is actively pursuing a mutual recission of the Forward Purchase Agreement.
Pursuant to the Forward Purchase Agreement, the FPA Seller obtained 50,070 shares (“Recycled Shares”) and such purchase price of $545,356, or $10.95 per share, was funded by the use of our trust account proceeds as a partial prepayment (“Prepayment Amount”), and the FPA Seller may purchase an additional 504,425 additional shares under the Forward Purchase Agreement, for the Forward Purchase Agreement redemption 3 years from the date of the Acquisition (“Maturity Date”).
The FPA Seller received an additional $1,004,736 in cash from the Trust Account related to reimbursement for 90,000 shares of Class A Common stock purchased by the FPA Seller in connection with the transactions at the redemption price of $10.95 per share and transaction fees.
The Maturity Date may be accelerated, at the FPA Sellers’ discretion, if the Company share price trades below $3.00 per share for any 10 trading days during a 30-day consecutive trading-day period or the Company is delisted. The Company’s common stock traded below minimum trading price during the period from November 15, 2023 to December 31, 2023, but no acceleration of the Maturity Date has been executed by the FPA Seller to date.
FPA Funding Amount PIPE Subscription Agreements
On November 2, 2023, we entered into a subscription agreement (the “FPA Funding Amount PIPE Subscription Agreement”) with FPA Seller.
Pursuant to the FPA Funding PIPE Subscription Agreement, FPA Seller agreed to subscribe for and purchase, and we agreed to issue and sell to FPA Seller, on the Closing Date, an aggregate of up to 3,000,000 our shares of Common Stock, less the Recycled Shares in connection with the Forward Purchase Agreement.
The fair value of the prepayment was $14,257,648 at inception of the agreement, $6,066,324 as of the Closing date and was $6,067,094 as of December 31, 2023, and is included as a reduction of additional paid-in capital on the consolidated statement of stockholders’ equity. The estimated fair value of the Maturity Consideration is $1,704,416. The Company recognized a gain from the change in fair value of the Forward Purchase Agreement of $3,268,581 during the period from November 15, 2023 to December 31, 2023.
On November 15, 2024, the Company entered into a Confidential Rescission, Settlement, and Release Agreement with the FPA Seller whereby the parties mutually agreed to rescind the Forward Purchase Agreement and related agreements between the parties, which as a result, any transactions, notices or other obligations thereunder are void ab initio. The parties also agreed to release each other of all claims related to the Forward Purchase Agreement, and in exchange for such release, the Company agreed to issue to the FPA Seller 450,000 restricted Class A Common shares which had a fair value of $450,000 based on the closing price of the Company’s common stock at the agreement date. The Company recognized a gain on settlement of the FPA liability of $82,998, which is included in Gain on Extinguishment of Liabilities on the Company’s consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2024.
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Non-Redemption Agreement
On November 13, 2023, we entered into an agreement with (i) Meteora Capital Partners, LP (“MCP”), (ii) Meteora Select Trading Opportunities Master, LP (“MSTO”), and (iii) Meteora Strategic Capital, LLC (“MSC” and, collectively with MCP and MSTO, “Backstop Investor”) (the “Non-Redemption Agreement”) pursuant to which Backstop Investor agreed to reverse the redemption of up to the lesser of (i) 600,000 shares of Class A Common Stock, and (ii) such number of shares of Class A Common Stock such that the number of shares beneficially owned by Backstop Investor and its affiliates and any other persons whose beneficial ownership of Class A Common Stock would be aggregated with those of Backstop Investor for purposes of Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act, does not exceed 9.99% of the total number of issued and outstanding shares of Common Stock (such number of shares, the “Backstop Investor Shares”).
Immediately upon consummation of the closing of the transactions contemplated by the MIPA (the “Closing”), we paid Backstop Investor, in respect of the Backstop Investor Shares, an amount in cash equal to (x) the Backstop Investor Shares, multiplied by (y) the Redemption Price (as defined in our then-current amended and restated certificate of incorporation) minus $5.00, or $3,567,960. The Company paid the Backstop Investor a total of $6,017,960 in cash related to the Non-Redemption Agreement from proceeds of the Trust Account.
Pogo
Pogo is an exploration and production company that began operations in February 2017. Pogo is based in Dallas, Texas, and a field office in Loco Hills, New Mexico. As of December 31, 2024, our operating focus is the Northwest Shelf of the Permian Basin, with a specific emphasis on oil and gas producing properties located in the Grayburg-Jackson Field in Eddy County, New Mexico. Pogo is the Operator of Record of its oil and gas properties, operating its properties through its wholly owned subsidiary, LH Operating LLC. Pogo completed multiple acquisitions in 2018 and 2019. These acquisitions included multiple producing properties in Lea and Eddy counties, New Mexico. In 2020, after identifying its core development property, Pogo successfully completed a series of divestures of its non-core properties. Then, with one key asset, its Grayburg-Jackson Field in Eddy County, New Mexico, Pogo focused all of its efforts on developing this asset. This has been Pogo’s focus for 2022 and 2023.
Currently, we have 12 employees (5 executive officers where 4 are in Houston and 1 in Lubbock; 7 field staff in Loco Hills). From time to time, on an as needed basis, contract workers handle additional necessary responsibilities.
Pogo owns, manages, and operates, through its wholly owned subsidiary, LH Operating, LLC, 100% working interest in a gross 13,700 acres located on the Northwest Shelf of the prolific oil and gas producing Permian Basin. Pogo benefits from cash flow growth through continued development of its working interest’s ownership, with relatively low capital cost and lease operating expenses. As of December 31, 2024, average net daily production associated with Pogo’s working interests was 811 barrel of oil equivalent (“BOE”) per day consisting of 86% oil and 14% natural gas. Pogo expects to continue to grow its cash flow by production enhancements in its operations on its gross 13,700-acre leasehold. Furthermore, Pogo intends to make additional acquisitions within the Permian Basin, as well as other oil and gas producing regions in the USA, that meet its investment criteria for minimum risk, geologic quality, operator capability, remaining growth potential, cash flow generation and, most importantly, rate of return.
As of December 31, 2024, 100% of Pogo’s gross 13,700 leasehold acres were located in Eddy County, New Mexico, where 100% of the leasehold working interests owned by Pogo consist of state and federal lands. Pogo believes the Permian Basin offers some of the most compelling rates of return for Pogo and significant potential for cash flow growth. As a result of compelling rates of return, development activity in the Permian Basin has outpaced all other onshore U.S. oil and gas basins since the end of 2016. This development activity has driven basin-level production to grow faster than production in the rest of the United States.
Pogo’s working interests entitle it to receive an average of 97% of the net revenue from crude oil and natural gas produced from the oil and gas reservoirs underlying its acreage. Pogo is not under any mandatory obligation to fund drilling and completion costs associated with oil and gas development because 100% of its lease holdings are held by production. As a working interest owner with significant net earnings, Pogo seeks to fully capture all remaining oil and gas reserves underlying its leasehold acres by systematically developing its low risk, predictable, proven reserves by means of adding perforations in previously drilled and completed wells, were applicable, and drilling new wells in a predetermined drilling pattern. Accordingly, Pogo’s development model generates strong margins greater than 60%, at low risk, predictable, production outcomes that requires low overhead and is highly scalable. For the year ended December 31, 2024, Pogo’s lifting cost was about $28.92 per barrel of oil equivalent at a realized price of $77.01 per BOE, excluding the impact of settled commodity derivatives. Pogo is led by a management team with extensive oil and gas engineering, geologic and land expertise, long-standing industry relationships and a history of successfully managing a portfolio of working and leasehold interests, producing crude oil and natural gas assets. Pogo intends to capitalize on its management team’s expertise and relationships to increase production and cash flow in the field.
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Market Conditions
The price that Pogo receives for the oil and natural gas we produce is largely a function of market supply and demand. Because Pogo’s oil and gas revenues are heavily weighted toward oil, Pogo is more significantly impacted by changes in oil prices than by changes in the price of natural gas. World-wide supply in terms of output, especially production from properties within the United States, the production quota set by OPEC, and the strength of the U.S. dollar can adversely impact oil prices.
Historically, commodity prices have been volatile, and Pogo expects the volatility to continue in the future. Factors impacting the future oil supply balance are world-wide demand for oil, as well as the growth in domestic oil production.
Our Key Producing Region
As of December 31, 2024, all of the Company’s properties were located exclusively within the Northwest Shelf of the Permian Basin. As of December 2023, the Permian Basin had the highest level of drilling activity in the United States with greater than 300 drilling rigs operating. By comparison, The Eagle Ford Shale region located in Southwest-central Texas has less than 60 rigs operating. The Permian Basin includes three major geologic provinces: the Delaware Basin to the west, the Midland Basin to the east and the Central Basin Platform in between. The Northwest Shelf is the western limits of the Delaware Basin, a sub-basin within the Permian Basin complex. The Delaware Basin is identified by an abundant amount of oil-in-place, stacked pay potential across an approximately 3,900-foot hydrocarbon column, attractive well economics, favorable operating environment, well developed network of oilfield service providers, and significant midstream infrastructure in place or actively under construction. One hundred percent (100%) of our working interests are located as of December 31, 2024, on the New Mexico side of the Delaware Basin. According to the USGS, the Delaware Basin contains the largest recoverable reserves among all unconventional basins in the United States.
We believe the stacked-play potential of the Delaware Basin combined with favorable drilling economics support continued production growth as Pogo develops its leasehold position and improve well-spacing and completion techniques. Relative to other basins in the continental United States, Pogo believes the Delaware Basin is in a mid-stage of well development and that per-well returns will improve as Pogo continues to employ enhanced oil recovery technologies on its leasehold acreage. Pogo believes these enhanced oil recoveries will continue to support development activity where it holds significant working interest, with predictable returns leading to increasing cash flows with low maintenance costs.
Our Working Interests in Grayburg-Jackson Field
As of December 31, 2024, the Company owns a 100% working interest in 13,700 gross acres located in Eddy County, New Mexico, with a 74% weighted average net revenue. The 13,700 gross acres are strategically located in the prolific oil field, Grayburg-Jackson field. Working interests granted to the Lessee (Pogo) under an Oil and Gas Lease are real property interests that grant ownership of the crude oil and natural gas underlying a specific tract of land and the rights to explore for, drill for and produce crude oil and natural gas on that land or to lease those exploration and development rights to a third party. Those rights to explore for, drill for and produce crude oil and natural gas on that land have a set period of time for the working interest owner to exercise those rights. Typically, an Oil and Gas Lease can be automatically extended beyond the initial lease term with continuous drilling, production or other operating activities or through negotiated contractual lease extension options. Only when production and drilling cease, the lease terminates.
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As of December 31, 2024, 100% of the Company’s working interests are held by production (“HBP”) meaning that Pogo is not under time sensitive obligation to drill or work-over any wells on its 13,700 acres. As of December 31, 2023, 100% of the wells and leases are operated by Pogo. Pogo is the official Operator of record with the state and federal regulatory agencies. As of December 31, 2024, the Company generates a substantial majority of its revenues and cash flows from its working interests when crude oil and natural gas are produced and sold from its acreage.
Currently, Pogo’s working interests reside entirely in the Northwest Shelf of the Permian Basin, which Pogo believes is one of the premier crude oil and natural gas producing regions in the United States. As of December 31, 2024, Pogo’s working interests covered 13,700 gross acres, with the royalty owners retaining a weighted average 26% royalty. The following table summarizes Pogo’s working interest’s position in the lands comprising its leasehold as of December 31, 2024.
| LH Operating, LLC Northwest Shelf (Permian Basin) Leasehold | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Date of Acquisition | Gross Acres | Federal Leases | State Leases | Working Interest | NRI (weighted avg.)(1) | Royalty Interest(2) | Operations | HBP | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 13,700 | 20 | 3 | 100 | % | 74 | % | 26 | % | 100 | % | 100 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| (1) | Pogo’s net revenue interests are based on its weighted average royalty interests across its entire leasehold |
| (2) | No unleased royalty interests as of December 31, 2024. |
As of December 31, 2024, Pogo has working interests in 342 shallow (above 4,000 ft), vertical wells producing oil and gas in paying quantities. Ninety-five of the 342 producing wells were completed between 2019 and June 2022 by Pogo. In 2019, Pogo initiated a 4-well pilot water injection project into the Seven Rivers (“7R”) oil reservoir underlying its 13,700-acre leasehold. After an evaluation period extending into early 2020, Pogo determined the pilot project was successful by producing oil in paying quantities by simply adding perforations in the 7R reservoir in previously drilled and completed wells. Following the successful completion of the 4-well pilot project, Pogo commenced a work-over program by adding perforations in the 7R reservoir in 91 previously drilled wells between 2019 and June 2022. Prior to initiating the 4-well pilot project the legacy wells were averaging 275 BOE/d. By December 2023, the total production increased to 1,022 BOE/d. Pogo’s management team has determined, and verified by Haas and Cobb Petroleum Consultants, LLC (“Cobb”), that 115 proved well patterns, developed but non-producing, are scheduled to be brought into production between 2024 and 2027.
As of December 31, 2024, the estimated proved crude oil and natural gas reserves attributable to Pogo’s interests in its underlying acreage were 14,492 MBOE (97% oil and 3% natural gas), based on a reserve report prepared by Cobb, worldwide petroleum consultants. Of these reserves, approximately 28% were classified as proved developed producing (“PDP”) reserves, 42% were classified as proved developed non-producing (“PDNP”) reserves and 30% were classified as proved undeveloped (“PUD”) reserves. PUD reserves included in these estimates relate solely to wells that are not yet drilled nor were not yet producing in paying quantities as of December 31, 2024. Estimated proved reserves included in this section is presented on an actual basis, without giving pro forma effect to transactions completed after such dates.
Pogo believes its production and discretionary cash flows will grow significantly as Pogo completes its substantial PDNP inventory of 7R well patterns located on its gross 13,700 acreage. As of December 31, 2024, Pogo had production from 342 vertical wells, and it has identified 127 additional PDNP well patterns based on its assessment of current geological, engineering and land data. As of December 31, 2024, Pogo has identified 43 PUD well patterns based on its assessment of current geological, engineering and land data.
Pogo’s working interest development strategy anticipates shifting any drilling activity associated with its PUD reserves following Pogo’s completion of its PDNP reserves. The work-over costs attributable to adding perforations in wells previously drilled and completed is significantly less than drilling new wells. As of December 31, 2024, Pogo’s leasehold position has 25.7 wells per square mile. Pogo expects to see increases in its production, revenue and discretionary cash flows from the development of 115 well patterns in the 7R reservoir. Pogo believes its current leasehold working interests provide the potential for significant long-term organic revenue growth as Pogo develops its PDNP reserves to increase crude oil and natural gas production.
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Business Strategies
Pogo’s primary business objective is to generate discretionary cash flow by maintaining its strong cash flow from the PDP reserves and increasing cash flow by developing predictable, low cost PDNP reserves in its Permian Basin asset. Pogo intends to accomplish this objective by executing the following strategies:
Generate strong cash flow supported by means of disciplined development of its PDNP Reserves. As the sole working interest owner, the Company benefits from the continued organic development of its acreage in the Permian Basin. As of December 31, 2024, EON, in conjunction with Cobb, a third-party engineering consulting firm, has confirmed that EON has 127, low cost, well patterns to be developed during 2025 to 2028. The total costs to complete these 127 well patterns have been predetermined by historical analysis. The estimated cost to complete each PDNP pattern is $339,252 and the estimated cost to complete each PUD pattern is $1,187,698. A single well pattern consists of one each producing well with its corresponding or dedicated water injection wells, with each injection well situated on four sides of the producing well. Water injection wells are necessary to maintain reservoir pressure in its original state and to move the oil in place toward the producing well. Pressure maintenance helps ensure maximum oil and gas recovery. Without pressure maintenance, oil recoveries from a producing oil reservoir generally do not exceed 10% of the original oil in place (“OOIP”). With pressure maintenance by re-injecting produced water into the oil reservoir, then Pogo expects to see ultimate oil recoveries 25% or greater of the OOIP. Offsetting oil wells on its leasehold also take advantage of the water injected into the oil reservoir, and is able to convert a high percentage of its revenue to discretionary cash flow. Because Pogo owns 100% working interests it incurs 100% of the monthly leasehold operating costs for the production of crude oil and natural gas or capital costs for the drilling and completion of wells on its acreage. Because these wells are shallow oil producers, with vertical depths between 1500 ft and 4000 ft, the monthly operating expenses are relatively low.
Focus primarily on the Permian Basin. All of the Company’s working interests are currently located in the Permian Basin, one of the most prolific oil and gas basins in the United States. Pogo believes the Permian Basin provides an attractive combination of highly-economic and oil-weighted geologic and reservoir properties, opportunities for development with significant inventory of drilling locations and zones to be delineated our top-tier management team.
| ● | Business Relations. Leverage expertise and relationships to continue acquiring Permian Basin targets with high working interests in actively producing oil fields from top-tier E&P operators, with predictable, stable cash flow, and with significant growth potential. the Company has a history of evaluating, pursuing and consummating acquisitions of crude oil and natural gas targets in the Permian Basin and other oil producing basins. the Company’s management team intends to continue to apply this experience in a disciplined manner when identifying and acquiring working interests. The Company believes that the current market environment is favorable for oil and gas acquisitions in the Permian Basin and other oil generating basins. Numerous asset packages from sellers presents attractive opportunities for assets that meet the Company’s target investment criteria. With sellers seeking to monetize their investments, Pogo intends to continue to acquire working interests that have substantial resource potential in the Permian Basin. Pogo expects to focus on acquisitions that complement its current footprint in the Permian Basin while targeting working interests underlying large scale, contiguous acreage positions that have a history of predictable, stable oil and gas production rates, and with attractive growth potential. Furthermore, the Company seeks to maximize its return on capital by targeting acquisitions that meet the following criteria: |
| ● | sufficient visibility to production growth; |
| ● | attractive economics; |
| ● | de-risked geology supported by stable production; |
| ● | targets from top-tier E&P operators; and |
| ● | a geographic footprint that Pogo believes is complementary to its current Permian Basin asset and maximizes its potential for upside reserve and production growth. |
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Maintain conservative and flexible capital structure to support Pogo’s business and facilitate long-term operations. The Company is committed to maintaining a conservative capital structure that will afford it the financial flexibility to execute its business strategies on an ongoing basis. Pogo believes that internally generated cash flows from its working interests and operations, available borrowing capacity under its revolving credit facility, and access to capital markets will provide it with sufficient liquidity and financial flexibility to continue to acquire attractive targets with high working interests that will position it to grow its cash flows in order to distributed to its shareholders as dividends and/or reinvested to further expand its base of cash flow generating assets. Pogo intends to maintain a conservative leverage profile and utilize a mix of cash flows from operations and issuance of debt and equity securities to finance future acquisitions.
Pogo Competitive Strengths
Pogo believes that the following competitive strengths will allow it to successfully execute its business strategies and achieve its primary business objective:
| ● | Permian Basin focused public company positioned as a preferred buyer in the basin. Pogo believes that its focus on the Permian Basin will position it as a preferred buyer of Permian Basin working interests in known producing oil and gas fields. As of December 31, 2023, 100% of its current leasehold is located in an area with proven results from multiple stacked productive zones. Pogo’s properties in the Permian Basin are high-quality, high-margin, and oil weighted, and Pogo believes they will be viewed favorably by the investment community as compared to equity consideration diluted by lower quality assets located in less prolific basins. Pogo targets acquisitions of operated properties with high working interest percentages that are relatively undeveloped in the Permian Basin, and it believes the organic development of its acreage will result in substantial production growth regardless of acquisition activity. |
| ● | Favorable and stable operating environment in the Permian Basin. With over 400,000 wells drilled in the Permian Basin since 1900, the region features a reliable and predictable geological and regulatory environment, according to Enverus. The Company believes that the impact of new technology, combined with the substantial geological information available about the Permian Basin, also reduces the risk of development and exploration activities as compared to other, emerging hydrocarbon basins. As of December 31, 2024, 100% of the Company’s acreage was located in New Mexico and does not require federal approval to develop its 115 well patterns classified as PDNP reserves and does not have impediments in order to deliver Pogo’s production to market. |
| ● | Experienced team with an extensive track record. Our team has deep industry experience focused on development in the Permian Basin as well as other significant oil producing regions and has a track record of identifying acquisition targets, negotiating agreements, and successfully consummating acquisitions, and operating the acquired target using industry standards. Pogo plans to continue to evaluate and pursue acquisitions of all sizes. Pogo expects to benefit from the industry relationships fostered by its management team’s decades of experience in the oil and natural gas industry with a focus on the Permian Basin, in addition to leveraging its relationships with many E & P company executives. |
| ● | Development potential of the properties underlying Pogo’s Permian Basin working interests. Pogo’s assets consist of 100% working interests in a gross 13,700 acres located in the Northwest Shelf of the Permian Basin. The Company expects production from its working interest ownership to increase its oil and gas production by 1,358 BOE/d as it develops its PDNP reserves after completing 115 well patterns. The Company believes its assets in the Permian Basin is in an earlier to mid-stage of development and that the average number of producing wells per section in its 13,700-acre leasehold will increase as Pogo continues to add PUD well patterns, which would allow the Company to achieve higher realized cash flows to distributed to its shareholders as dividends and/or reinvested to further expand its base of cash flow generating assets. The Company believes that once it completes its PDNP and PUD program as detailed in the Cobb reserve report, The Company expects its BOE/d will increase to 2,853 BOE/d combined with PDP. |
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Crude Oil and Natural Gas Data
In this prospectus, we include estimates of reserves associated with the assets located in New Mexico as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. Such reserve estimates are based on evaluations prepared by the independent petroleum engineering firm of Cobb, in accordance with Standards Pertaining to the Estimating and Auditing of Oil and Gas Reserves Information promulgated by the Society of Petroleum Evaluation Engineers and definitions and guidelines established by the SEC. The December 31, 2024 and 2023 reserve reports include the total interests of Pogo Resources, LLC, including the 10% overriding royalty interest not acquired in the Purchase, and the reserve report as of December 31, 2024 is included in this filing. As such, the estimates of proved oil and gas and discounted future net cash flows include the total interests of Pogo Resources, LLC.
Cobb is an independent consulting firm founded in 1983. Its compensation is not contingent on the results obtained or reported. Frank J. Marek, a Registered Texas Professional Engineer and a senior technical advisor of Cobb, is primarily responsible for overseeing the preparation of the reserve report. His professional qualifications meet or exceed the qualifications of reserve estimators set forth in the “Standards Pertaining to Estimation and Auditing of Oil and Gas Reserves Information” promulgated by the Society of Petroleum Engineers. His qualifications include: Bachelor of Science degree in Petroleum Engineering from Texas A&M University 1977; member of the Society of Petroleum Engineers; member of the Society of Petroleum Evaluation Engineers; and 40 years of experience in estimating and evaluating reserve information and estimating and evaluating reserves; he is proficient in judiciously applying industry standard practices to engineering and geoscience evaluations as well as applying SEC and other industry reserve definitions and guidelines.
Preparation of Reserve Estimates
Our reserve estimates as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 included in this prospectus is included are based on evaluations prepared by the independent petroleum engineering firm of Haas and Cobb Petroleum Consultants, LLC in accordance with Standards Pertaining to the Estimating and Auditing of Oil and Gas Reserves Information promulgated by the Society of Petroleum Evaluation Engineers and definitions and guidelines established by the SEC. The December 31, 2024 and 2023 reserve reports include the total interests of Pogo Resources, LLC, including the 10% overriding royalty interest not acquired in the Purchase, and the reserve report as of December 31, 2024 is included in this filing. As such, the estimates of proved oil and gas and discounted future net cash flows include the total interests of Pogo Resources, LLC.
We selected Cobb as its independent reserve engineer for its historical experience and geographic expertise in engineering similar resources.
In accordance with rules and regulations of the SEC applicable to companies involved in crude oil and natural gas producing activities, proved reserves are those quantities of crude oil and natural gas, which, by analysis of geoscience and engineering data, can be estimated with reasonable certainty to be economically producible from a given date forward, from known reservoirs, and under existing economic conditions, operating methods, and government regulations. The term “reasonable certainty” means deterministically, the quantities of crude oil and/or natural gas are much more likely to be achieved than not, and probabilistically, there should be at least a 90% probability of recovering volumes equal to or exceeding the estimate. All of our proved reserves were estimated using a deterministic method. The estimation of reserves involves two distinct determinations. The first determination results in the estimation of the quantities of recoverable crude oil and natural gas and the second determination results in the estimation of the uncertainty associated with those estimated quantities in accordance with the definitions established under SEC rules. The process of estimating the quantities of recoverable reserves relies on the use of certain generally accepted analytical procedures. These analytical procedures fall into four broad categories or methods: (i) production performance-based methods, (ii) material balance-based methods; (iii) volumetric-based methods and (iv) analogy. These methods may be used singularly or in combination by the reserve evaluator in the process of estimating the quantities of reserves. Reserves for proved developed producing wells were estimated using production performance methods. Non-producing reserve estimates, for developed and undeveloped properties, were forecast using a pattern simulation model.
To estimate economically recoverable proved reserves and related future net cash flows, EON considered many factors and assumptions, including the use of reservoir parameters derived from geological and engineering data that cannot be measured directly, economic criteria based on current costs and the SEC pricing requirements and forecasts of future production rates.
Under SEC rules, reasonable certainty can be established using techniques that have been proven effective by actual production from projects in the same reservoir or an analogous reservoir or by other evidence using reliable technology that establishes reasonable certainty. Reliable technology is a grouping of one or more technologies (including computational methods) that have been field tested and have been demonstrated to provide reasonably certain results with consistency and repeatability in the formation being evaluated or in an analogous formation. To establish reasonable certainty with respect to EON’s estimated proved reserves, the technologies and economic data used in the estimation of its proved reserves have been demonstrated to yield results with consistency and repeatability, and include production and well test data, downhole completion information, geologic data, electrical logs, radioactivity logs, core data, and historical well cost and operating expense data.
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Internal Controls
Our internal staff of petroleum engineers and geoscience professionals work closely with its independent reserve engineer to ensure the integrity, accuracy and timeliness of data furnished to such independent reserve engineer in their preparation of reserve estimates. The accuracy of any reserve estimate is a function of the quality of available data and of engineering and geological interpretation. As a result, the estimates of different engineers often vary. In addition, the results of drilling, testing and production may justify revisions of such estimates. Accordingly, reserve estimates often differ from the quantities of oil and natural gas that are ultimately recovered. See “Risk Factors Related to Our Business” appearing elsewhere in this prospectus. Our engineering group is responsible for the internal review of reserve estimates.
No portion of Pogo’s engineering group’s compensation is directly dependent on the quantity of reserves booked. The engineering group reviews the estimates with the third-party petroleum consultant, Cobb, an independent petroleum engineering firm.
Reconciliation of Standardized Measure to PV-10
Neither PV-10 nor PV-10 after ARO are financial measures defined under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”); therefore, the following table reconciles these amounts to the standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows, which is the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure. Management believes that the non-GAAP financial measures of PV-10 and PV-10 after ARO are relevant and useful for evaluating the relative monetary significance of oil and natural gas properties. PV-10 and PV-10 after ARO are used internally when assessing the potential return on investment related to oil and natural gas properties and in evaluating acquisition opportunities. Management believes that the presentation of PV-10 and PV-10 after ARO provide useful information to investors because they are widely used by professional analysts and sophisticated investors in evaluating oil and natural gas companies. PV-10 and PV-10 after ARO are not measures of financial or operating performance under GAAP, nor are they intended to represent the current market value of our estimated oil and natural gas reserves. PV-10 after ARO is equivalent to the standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows as defined under GAAP. Investors should not assume that PV-10, or PV-10 after ARO, of our proved oil and natural gas reserves shown above represent a current market value of our estimated oil and natural gas reserves.
The reconciliation of PV-10 and PV-10 after ARO to the standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows relating to our estimated proved oil and natural gas reserves is as follows (in thousands):
| December 31, 2024 | December 31, 2023 | |||||||
| Present value of estimated future net revenues (PV-10) | $ | 207,666 | $ | 280,791 | ||||
| Present value of estimated ARO, discounted at 10% | (404 | ) | (173 | ) | ||||
| Standardized measure | $ | 207,262 | $ | 280,618 | ||||
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Summary of Reserves
The following table presents EON’s estimated proved reserves as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. The reserve report include the total interests of Pogo Resources, LLC, including the 10% overriding royalty interest not acquired in the Purchase, and the December 31, 2024 reserve report is included in this filing as an exhibit. As such, the estimates of proved oil and gas and discounted future net cash flows include the total interests of Pogo Resources, LLC. The reserve estimates presented in the table below are based on reports prepared by Cobb, EON’s independent petroleum engineers, which reports were prepared in accordance with current SEC rules and regulations regarding oil and natural gas reserve reporting:
| December 31, 2024(1) | December 31, 2023(2) | |||||||
| Estimated proved developed producing reserves: | ||||||||
| Crude Oil (MBbls) | 3,870 | 4,002 | ||||||
| Natural Gas (MMcf) | 931 | 1,149 | ||||||
| NGLs (MBbls) | - | - | ||||||
| Total (MBOE) | 4,025 | 4,194 | ||||||
| Estimated proved non-producing reserves: | ||||||||
| Crude Oil (MBbls) | 5,933 | 7,275 | ||||||
| Natural Gas (MMcf) | 1,125 | 1,526 | ||||||
| NGLs (MBbls) | - | - | ||||||
| Total (MBOE) | 6,120 | 7,529 | ||||||
| Estimated proved undeveloped reserves: | ||||||||
| Crude Oil (MBbls) | 4,215 | 4,137 | ||||||
| Natural Gas (MMcf) | 784 | 850 | ||||||
| NGLs (MBbls) | - | - | ||||||
| Total (MBOE) | 4,346 | 4,279 | ||||||
| Estimated proved reserves: | ||||||||
| Crude Oil (MBbls) | 14,018 | 15,414 | ||||||
| Natural Gas (MMcf) | 2,840 | 3,525 | ||||||
| NGLs (MBbls) | - | - | ||||||
| Total (MBOE) | 14,491 | 16,002 | ||||||
| (1) | EON’s estimated proved reserves were determined using average first-day-of-the-month prices for the prior 12 months in accordance with SEC guidance. For crude oil volumes, the average WTI posted price of $75.48 per Bbl as of December 31, 2024, was adjusted for quality, transportation fees and a regional price differential. For natural gas volumes, the average Henry Hub spot price of $2.13 per MMBtu as of December 31, 2024, was adjusted for energy content, transportation fees and a regional price differential. The average adjusted product prices weighted by production over the remaining lives of the proved properties are $77.10 per Bbl of crude oil and $1.62 per Mcf of natural gas as of December 31, 2024. |
| (2) | EON’s estimated proved reserves were determined using average first-day-of-the-month prices for the prior 12 months in accordance with SEC guidance. For crude oil volumes, the average WTI posted price of $71.89 per Bbl as of December 31, 2023, was adjusted for quality, transportation fees and a regional price differential. For natural gas volumes, the average Henry Hub spot price of $2.52 per MMBtu as of December 31, 2023, was adjusted for energy content, transportation fees and a regional price differential. The average adjusted product prices weighted by production over the remaining lives of the proved properties are $78.40 per Bbl of crude oil and $2.38 per Mcf of natural gas as of December 31, 2023. |
Reserve engineering is a process of estimating volumes of economically recoverable crude oil and natural gas that cannot be measured in an exact manner. The accuracy of any reserve estimate is a function of the quality of available data and of engineering and geological interpretation. As a result, the estimates of different engineers often vary. In addition, the results of drilling, testing, and production may justify revisions of such estimates. Accordingly, reserve estimates often differ from the quantities of crude oil and natural gas that are ultimately recovered. Estimates of economically recoverable crude oil and natural gas and of future net revenues are based on a number of variables and assumptions, all of which may vary from actual results, including geologic interpretation, prices, and future production rates and costs. Please read “Risk Factors Related to Our Business.”
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PUDs
As of December 31, 2024, EON estimated its PUD reserves to be 4,215 MBbls of crude oil and 784 MMcf of natural gas for a total of 4,346 MBOE. As of December 31, 2023, EON estimated its PUD reserves to be 4,137 MBbls of crude oil and 850 MMcf of natural gas for a total of 4,279 MBOE. PUDs will be converted from undeveloped to developed as the applicable wells begin production.
The following table summarizes Pogo’s changes in PUD reserves during the year ended December 31, 2023 (in MBOE):
| Proved Undeveloped Reserves (MBOE) | ||||
| Balance, December 31, 2022 | 4,730 | |||
| Acquisitions of Reserves | 0 | |||
| Extensions and Discoveries | 0 | |||
| Revisions of Previous Estimates | (451 | ) | ||
| Transfers to Estimated Proved Developed | 0 | |||
| Balance, December 31, 2023 | 4,279 | |||
The following table summarizes Pogo’s changes in PUD reserves during the year ended December 31, 2024 (in MBOE):
| Proved Undeveloped Reserves (MBOE) | ||||
| Balance, December 31, 2023 | 4,279 | |||
| Acquisitions of Reserves | 0 | |||
| Extensions and Discoveries | 0 | |||
| Revisions of Previous Estimates | 147 | |||
| Transfers to Estimated Proved Developed | 0 | |||
| Balance, December 31, 2024 | 4,346 | |||
Changes in EON’s PUD reserves that occurred during the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were primarily due to increased operating costs.
EON has not made any capital expenditures in order to convert its existing PUDs because EON has been allocating its capital resources to convert PDNP reserves to PDP reserves and not to convert its PUD reserves to PDNP or PDP reserves.
EON’s PUD reserves at December 31, 2024 and 2023 are based on a development plan instituted by our management. All of such reserves are scheduled to be developed within five years from the date such locations were initially disclosed as PUD reserves. Our development plan is prepared annually by management and approved by the Board of Directors. Our PUD reserves only represent reserves that are scheduled, based on such plan, to be developed within five years from the date such locations were initially disclosed as PUDs. At December 31, 2024, we estimate that our future development costs relating to the development of PUD reserves are $0 in 2025, $15.7 million in 2026, $46.1 million in 2027 and $32.3 million in 2028. Under our development plan, our existing PUDs are expected to be converted to PDP reserves by 2028.
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Crude Oil and Natural Gas Production Prices and Costs
Production and Price History
The following table sets forth information regarding net production of crude oil and natural gas and certain price and cost information for each of the periods indicated:
| Year Ended December 31, 2024 | Year Ended December 31, 2023 | |||||||
| Production data: | ||||||||
| Crude Oil (MBbls) | 256 | 349 | ||||||
| Natural Gas (MMcf) | 213 | 355 | ||||||
| NGLs (MBbls) | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Total (MBOE) | 291 | 373 | ||||||
| Average realized prices: | ||||||||
| Crude Oil (per Bbl) | $ | 75.52 | $ | 72.69 | ||||
| Natural Gas (per Mcf) | $ | 2.27 | $ | 2.48 | ||||
| NGLs (per Bbl) | $ | 0.00 | $ | 0.00 | ||||
| Total (per BOE)(1) | $ | 67.96 | $ | 64.31 | ||||
| Average cost (per BOE): | ||||||||
| Lease Operating Expenses | $ | 29.59 | $ | 24.86 | ||||
| Production and ad valorem taxes | $ | 5.89 | $ | 5.74 | ||||
| (1) | “Btu-equivalent” production volumes are presented on an oil-equivalent basis using a conversion factor of six Mcf of natural gas per Bbl of “oil equivalent,” which is based on approximate energy equivalency and does not reflect the price or value relationship between crude oil and natural gas. |
Productive Wells
Productive wells located on our leasehold consist of producing vertical wells that are capable of producing oil and gas in paying quantities and are not dry wells. As of December 31, 2024, we owned working interests in 342 producing wells, 207 water injectors, and one water source well, all located on its 13,700 gross acre leasehold. Only one well owned by the Company is approved to be plugged and abandoned.
We are not aware of any dry holes drilled on the acreage underlying its working interest during the relevant periods.
The following table sets forth the total number of gross and net productive wells, all of which are oil wells.
| As of December 31, 2024 | ||||||||
| Gross | Net | |||||||
| Productive | 342 | 342 | ||||||
| Dry holes | - | - | ||||||
| Total | 342 | 342 | ||||||
Drilling and other exploration and development activities
For the years ended 2024 and 2023, we did not drill any new wells.
As of December 31, 2024, there were no wells being completed or waiting on completion. Furthermore, we were not installing any waterfloods or pressure maintenance systems or engaging in any other development activity as of such date.
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Acreage and Ownership
The following figures sets forth information relating to our acreage for its working interests as of December 31, 2024:
We own 100% working interests that is subject to a 26% weighted average net royalty interest across its 13,700 gross acres as of December 31, 2024. For information regarding the impact of lease expirations on our interests, please see “Risks Related to Our Business.” All of our 13,700 acres are held by production and or not under any mandatory lease expiration.
Pogo’s leasehold is 100% operated through its wholly owned subsidiary LH Operating and 100% of its 13,700 gross acre leasehold is HBP. The leasehold is comprised of 23 total leases, 20 BLM and 3 NM State leases. Ninety-seven percent of its leasehold classified as PDP has title opinion coverage. For regulatory purposes, the current producing reservoirs, 7R, Queen, Grayburg, and San Andres, are considered a single, unitized pool (“pool”) for all current PDP reserves and PDNP reserves. No regulatory approval is required prior to performing workovers on existing wells within the pool (i.e., perforations, fracking, or acidizing, etc.).
LH Operating, LLC was created to solely manage this asset on behalf of Pogo. LH Operating has performed its duties for two (2) years without any known liabilities, and are in good standing with regulatory agencies. LH Operating is fully bonded to operate in New Mexico.
Leasehold acreage
The following table sets forth certain information regarding the total developed and undeveloped acreage in which Pogo owned an interest as of December 31, 2024.
| Developed Acres | Undeveloped Acres | |||||||||||||||
| Gross | Net | Gross | Net | |||||||||||||
| Total | 13,700 | 13,700 | - | - | ||||||||||||
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All leasehold acreage of Pogo is considered to be “Developed Acres” because completed producing wells or wells capable of producing in economic quantities are located throughout the entirety of the acreage such that the acreage allocated to such wells for production on a spacing, allocated, unitized or pooled basis comprise the entire 13,700 acres leased by Pogo. The interests of Pogo in the oil, gas and other minerals in “Developed Acres” are, or may be, composed of one or multiple stratigraphic zones producing or capable of producing oil and gas in economic quantities.
The leasehold of Pogo has undergone development activities, including drilling, completion, and production operations in the Grayburg/San Andres zones (“legacy zones”) and/or the Seven Rivers waterflood zones. As a result, there are no remaining leasehold portions that require initial development. Pogo has identified new potential proved undeveloped reserves within the incremental waterflood zone of the Seven Rivers. Pogo intends to develop and produce the Seven Rivers zone comprised of approximately 1,677 acres underlying a portion of the Developed Acres including, without limitation, infield drilling or perforation and recompletion of existing wells.
Regulation
The following disclosure describes regulations directly associated with E&P companies who are classified with state and federal regulatory agencies as Operator of record of crude oil and natural gas properties, including Pogo.
Crude oil and natural gas operations are subject to various types of legislation, regulation and other legal requirements enacted by governmental authorities. This legislation and regulation affecting the crude oil and natural gas industry is under constant review for amendment or expansion. Some of these requirements carry substantial penalties for failure to comply. The regulatory burden on the crude oil and natural gas industry increases the cost of doing business.
Environmental Matters
Crude oil and natural gas exploration, development and production operations are subject to stringent laws and regulations governing the discharge of materials into the environment or otherwise relating to protection of the environment or occupational health and safety. These laws and regulations have the potential to impact production on the properties in which Pogo owns working interest, which could materially adversely affect its business and its prospects. Numerous federal, state and local governmental agencies, such as the EPA, issue regulations that often require difficult and costly compliance measures that carry substantial administrative, civil and criminal penalties and may result in injunctive obligations for non-compliance. These laws and regulations may require the acquisition of a permit before drilling commences, restrict the types, quantities and concentrations of various substances that can be released into the environment in connection with drilling and production activities, limit or prohibit construction or drilling activities on certain lands lying within wilderness, wetlands, ecologically sensitive and other protected areas, require action to prevent or remediate pollution from current or former operations, such as plugging abandoned wells or closing earthen pits, result in the suspension or revocation of necessary permits, licenses and authorizations, require that additional pollution controls be installed and impose substantial liabilities for pollution resulting from operations. The strict, joint and several liability nature of such laws and regulations could impose liability upon the Operator of record regardless of fault. Moreover, it is not uncommon for neighboring landowners and other third parties to file claims for personal injury and property damage allegedly caused by the release of hazardous substances, hydrocarbons or other waste products into the environment. Changes in environmental laws and regulations occur frequently, and any changes that result in more stringent and costly pollution control or waste handling, storage, transport, disposal or cleanup requirements could materially adversely affect our business and prospects.
Non-Hazardous and Hazardous Waste
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (“RCRA”), and comparable state statutes and regulations promulgated thereunder, affect crude oil and natural gas exploration, development, and production activities by imposing requirements regarding the generation, transportation, treatment, storage, disposal and cleanup of hazardous and non-hazardous wastes. With federal approval, the individual states administer some or all of the provisions of RCRA, sometimes in conjunction with their own, more stringent requirements. Administrative, civil and criminal penalties can be imposed for failure to comply with waste handling requirements. Although most wastes associated with the exploration, development and production of crude oil and natural gas are exempt from regulation as hazardous wastes under RCRA, these wastes typically constitute nonhazardous solid wastes that are subject to less stringent requirements. From time to time, the EPA and state regulatory agencies have considered the adoption of stricter disposal standards for nonhazardous wastes, including crude oil and natural gas wastes. Moreover, it is possible that some wastes generated in connection with exploration and production of oil and gas that are currently classified as nonhazardous may, in the future, be designated as “hazardous wastes,” resulting in the wastes being subject to more rigorous and costly management and disposal requirements. On May 4, 2016, a coalition of environmental groups filed a lawsuit against EPA in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia for failing to update its RCRA Subtitle D criteria regulations governing the disposal of certain crude oil and natural gas drilling wastes. In December 2016, EPA and the environmental groups entered into a consent decree to address EPA’s alleged failure. In response to the consent decree, in April 2019, the EPA signed a determination that revision of the regulations is not necessary at this time. However, any changes in the laws and regulations could have a material adverse effect on the Operator of record (Pogo) of its properties’ capital expenditures and operating expenses, which in turn could affect production from the acreage underlying our working interests and adversely affect our business and prospects.
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Remediation
The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (“CERCLA”) and analogous state laws generally impose strict, joint and several liability, without regard to fault or legality of the original conduct, on classes of persons who are considered to be responsible for the release of a “hazardous substance” into the environment. These persons include the current owner or operator of a contaminated facility, a former owner or operator of the facility at the time of contamination, and those persons that disposed or arranged for the disposal of the hazardous substance at the facility. Under CERCLA and comparable state statutes, persons deemed “responsible parties” may be subject to strict, joint and several liability for the costs of removing or remediating previously disposed wastes (including wastes disposed of or released by prior owners or operators) or property contamination (including groundwater contamination), for damages to natural resources and for the costs of certain health studies. In addition, it is not uncommon for neighboring landowners and other third parties to file claims for personal injury and property damage allegedly caused by the hazardous substances released into the environment. In addition, the risk of accidental spills or releases could expose Pogo’s working interests underlying its leasehold acreage to significant liabilities that could have a material adverse effect on the operators’ businesses, financial condition and results of operations. Liability for any contamination under these laws could require us to make significant expenditures to investigate and remediate such contamination or attain and maintain compliance with such laws and may otherwise have a material adverse effect on their results of operations, competitive position or financial condition.
Water Discharges
The Clean Water Act (“CWA”), the SDWA, the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (“OPA”), and analogous state laws and regulations promulgated thereunder impose restrictions and strict controls regarding the unauthorized discharge of pollutants, including produced waters and other crude oil and natural gas wastes, into regulated waters. The definition of regulated waters has been the subject of significant controversy in recent years. The EPA and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers published a revised definition on January 18, 2023, which has been challenged in court. To the extent any future rule expands the scope of jurisdiction, it may impose greater compliance costs or operational requirements on Pogo.as the Operator of record. The discharge of pollutants into regulated waters is prohibited, except in accordance with the terms of a permit issued by the EPA or the state. The CWA and regulations implemented thereunder also prohibit the discharge of dredge and fill material into regulated waters, including jurisdictional wetlands, unless authorized by an appropriately issued permit. In addition, spill prevention, control and countermeasure plan requirements under federal law require appropriate containment berms and similar structures to help prevent the contamination of navigable waters in the event of a petroleum hydrocarbon tank spill, rupture or leak. Production EPA has also adopted regulations requiring certain crude oil and natural gas facilities to obtain individual permits or coverage under general permits for storm water discharges, and in June 2016, the EPA finalized effluent limitation guidelines for the discharge of wastewater from hydraulic fracturing.
The OPA is the primary federal law for crude oil spill liability. The OPA contains numerous requirements relating to the prevention of and response to petroleum releases into regulated waters, including the requirement that operators of offshore facilities and certain onshore facilities near or crossing waterways must develop and maintain facility response contingency plans and maintain certain significant levels of financial assurance to cover potential environmental cleanup and restoration costs. The OPA subject’s owners of facilities to strict, joint and several liability for all containment and cleanup costs and certain other damages arising from a release, including, but not limited to, the costs of responding to a release of crude oil into surface waters.
Noncompliance with the CWA, the SDWA, or the OPA may result in substantial administrative, civil and criminal penalties, as well as injunctive obligations, for the Operator of record (Pogo) underlying its leasehold working interest.
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Air Emissions
The CAA, and comparable state laws and regulations, regulate emissions of various air pollutants through the issuance of permits and the imposition of other requirements. The EPA has developed, and continues to develop, stringent regulations governing emissions of air pollutants at specified sources. New facilities may be required to obtain permits before work can begin, and existing facilities may be required to obtain additional permits and incur capital costs in order to remain in compliance. For example, in June 2016, the EPA established criteria for aggregating multiple small surface sites into a single source for air quality permitting purposes, which could cause small facilities, on an aggregate basis, to be deemed a major source subject to more stringent air permitting processes and requirements. These laws and regulations may increase the costs of compliance for crude oil and natural gas producers and impact production of the acreage underlying Pogo’s working interests. In addition, federal and state regulatory agencies can impose administrative, civil and criminal penalties for non-compliance with air permits or other requirements of the federal CAA and associated state laws and regulations. Moreover, obtaining or renewing permits has the potential to delay the development of crude oil and natural gas projects.
Climate Change
Climate change continues to attract considerable public and scientific attention. As a result, numerous proposals have been made and are likely to continue to be made at the international, national, regional and state levels of government to monitor and limit emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and other GHGs. These efforts have included consideration of cap-and-trade programs, carbon taxes, GHG reporting and tracking programs and regulations that directly limit GHG emissions from certain sources.
In the United States, no comprehensive climate change legislation has been implemented at the federal level. However, following the U.S. Supreme Court finding that GHG emissions constitute a pollutant under the Clean Air Act (the “CAA”), the EPA has adopted regulations that, among other things, establish construction and operating permit reviews for GHG emissions from certain large stationary sources, require the monitoring and annual reporting of GHG emissions from certain petroleum and natural gas system sources in the United States, and together with the U.S. Department of Transportation (the “DOT”), implementing GHG emissions limits on vehicles manufactured for operation in the United States. The regulation of methane from oil and gas facilities has been subject to uncertainty in recent years. In September 2020, the Trump Administration revised prior regulations to rescind certain methane standards and remove the transmission and storage segments from the source category for certain regulations. However, subsequently, the U.S. Congress approved, and President Biden signed into law, a resolution under the Congressional Review Act to repeal the September 2020 revisions to the methane standards, effectively reinstating the prior standards. Additionally, in November 2021, the EPA issued a proposed rule that, if finalized, would establish OOOO(b) new source and OOOO(c) first-time existing source standards of performance for methane and volatile organic compound emissions for oil and gas facilities. Operators of affected facilities will have to comply with specific standards of performance to include leak detection using optical gas imaging and subsequent repair requirement, and reduction of emissions by 95% through capture and control systems. The EPA issued supplemental rules regarding methane emissions on December 6, 2022. The IRA established the Methane Emissions Reduction Program, which imposes a charge on methane emissions from certain petroleum and natural gas facilities, which may apply to our operations in the future and may require us to expend material sums. We cannot predict the scope of any final methane regulatory requirements or the cost to comply with such requirements. Given the long-term trend toward increasing regulation, future federal GHG regulations of the oil and gas industry remain a significant possibility.
Separately, various states and groups of states have adopted or are considering adopting legislation, regulation or other regulatory initiatives that are focused on such areas as GHG cap and trade programs, carbon taxes, reporting and tracking programs, and restriction of emissions. For example, New Mexico has adopted regulations to restrict the venting or flaring of methane from both upstream and midstream operations. At the international level, the United Nations-sponsored “Paris Agreement” requires member states to submit non-binding, individually-determined reduction goals known as Nationally Determined Contributions every five years after 2020. President Biden recommitted the United States to the Paris Agreement and, in April 2021, announced a goal of reducing the United States’ emissions by 50-52% below 2005 levels by 2030. Additionally, at the 26th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (“COP26”) in Glasgow in November 2021, the United States and the European Union jointly announced the launch of a Global Methane Pledge, an initiative committing to a collective goal of reducing global methane emissions by at least 30% from 2020 levels by 2030, including “all feasible reductions” in the energy sector. However, in January 2025, President Trump withdrew from the Paris Agreement. The full impact of these actions cannot be predicted at this time.
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Governmental, scientific, and public concern over the threat of climate change arising from GHG emissions has resulted in increasing political risks in the United States, including climate change related pledges made by certain candidates now in public office. Litigation risks are also increasing as a number of entities have sought to bring suit against various oil and natural gas companies in state or federal court, alleging among other things, that such companies created public nuisances by producing fuels that contributed to climate change or alleging that the companies have been aware of the adverse effects of climate change for some time but defrauded their investors or customers by failing to adequately disclose those impacts.
There are also increasing financial risks for fossil fuel producers as shareholders currently invested in fossil-fuel energy companies may elect in the future to shift some or all of their investments into non-fossil fuel related sectors. Institutional lenders who provide financing to fossil fuel energy companies also have become more attentive to sustainable lending practices and some of them may elect not to provide funding for fossil fuel energy companies. For example, at COP26, the Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero (“GFANZ”) announced that commitments from over 450 firms across 45 countries had resulted in over $130 trillion in capital committed to net zero goals. The various sub-alliances of GFANZ generally require participants to set short-term, sector-specific targets to transition their financing, investing, and/or underwriting activities to net zero emissions by 2050. There is also a risk that financial institutions will be required to adopt policies that have the effect of reducing the funding provided to the fossil fuel sector. In late 2020, the Federal Reserve announced that is has joined the Network for Greening the Financial System, a consortium of financial regulators focused on addressing climate-related risks in the financial sector. Subsequently, in November 2021, the Federal Reserve issued a statement in support of the efforts of the Network for Greening the Financial System to identify key issues and potential solutions for the climate-related challenges most relevant to central banks and supervisory authorities. Limitation of investments in and financing for fossil fuel energy companies could result in the restriction, delay or cancellation of drilling programs or development or production activities. Additionally, the SEC announced its intention to promulgate rules requiring climate disclosures. Although the form and substance of these requirements is not yet known, this may result in additional costs to comply with any such disclosure requirements.
The adoption and implementation of new or more stringent international, federal or state legislation, regulations or other regulatory initiatives that impose more stringent standards for GHG emissions from the oil and natural gas sector or otherwise restrict the areas in which this sector may produce oil and natural gas or generate the GHG emissions could result in increased costs of compliance or costs of consuming, and thereby reduce demand for oil and natural gas, which could reduce the profitability of Pogo’s interests. Additionally, political, litigation and financial risks may result in Pogo restricting or cancelling production activities, incurring liability for infrastructure damages as a result of climatic changes, or impairing their ability to continue to operate in an economic manner, which also could reduce the profitability of its interests. One or more of these developments could have a material adverse effect on Pogo’s business, financial condition and results of operation.
Climate change may also result in various physical risks, such as the increased frequency or intensity of extreme weather events or changes in meteorological and hydrological patterns, that could adversely impact our operations, as well as those of our operators and their supply chains. Such physical risks may result in damage to operators’ facilities or otherwise adversely impact their operations, such as if they become subject to water use curtailments in response to drought, or demand for their products, such as to the extent warmer winters reduce the demand for energy for heating purposes.
Regulation of Hydraulic Fracturing
Hydraulic fracturing is an important and common practice that is used to stimulate production of hydrocarbons from tight formations. The process involves the injection of water, sand and chemicals under pressure into formations to fracture the surrounding rock and stimulate production. Hydraulic fracturing operations have historically been overseen by state regulators as part of their crude oil and natural gas regulatory programs.
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However, several agencies have asserted regulatory authority over certain aspects of the process. For example, in August 2012, the EPA finalized regulations under the federal CAA that establish new air emission controls for crude oil and natural gas production and natural gas processing operations. Federal regulation of methane emissions from the oil and gas sector has been subject to substantial controversy in recent years.
In addition, governments have studied the environmental aspects of hydraulic fracturing practices. These studies, depending on their degree of pursuit and whether any meaningful results are obtained, could spur initiatives to further regulate hydraulic fracturing under the SDWA or other regulatory authorities. For example, in December 2016, the EPA issued its final report on a study it had conducted over several years regarding the effects of hydraulic fracturing on drinking water sources. The final report, concluded that “water cycle” activities associated with hydraulic fracturing may impact drinking water under certain limited circumstances.
Several states have adopted, or are considering adopting, regulations that could restrict or prohibit hydraulic fracturing in certain circumstances and/or require the disclosure of the composition of hydraulic fracturing fluids. For example, the Railroad Commission of Texas has previously issued a “well integrity rule,” which updates the requirements for drilling, putting pipe down, and cementing wells. The rule also includes new testing and reporting requirements, such as: (i) the requirement to submit cementing reports after well completion or after cessation of drilling, whichever is later; and (ii) the imposition of additional testing on wells less than 1,000 feet below usable groundwater. The well integrity rule took effect in January 2014. Local governments also may seek to adopt ordinances within their jurisdictions regulating the time, place and manner of drilling activities in general or hydraulic fracturing activities in particular or prohibit the performance of well drilling in general or hydraulic fracturing in particular.
State and federal regulatory agencies recently have focused on a possible connection between the hydraulic fracturing related activities, particularly the disposal of produced water in underground injection wells, and the increased occurrence of seismic activity. When caused by human activity, such events are called induced seismicity. In some instances, operators of injection wells in the vicinity of seismic events have been ordered to reduce injection volumes or suspend operations. Some state regulatory agencies, including those in Colorado, Ohio, Oklahoma and Texas, have modified their regulations to account for induced seismicity. For example, in October 2014, the Railroad Commission published a new rule governing permitting or re-permitting of disposal wells that would require, among other things, the submission of information on seismic events occurring within a specified radius of the disposal well location, as well as logs, geologic cross sections and structure maps relating to the disposal area in question. If the permittee or an applicant of a disposal well permit fails to demonstrate that the produced water or other fluids are confined to the disposal zone or if scientific data indicates such a disposal well is likely to be or determined to be contributing to seismic activity, then the agency may deny, modify, suspend or terminate the permit application or existing operating permit for that well. The Railroad Commission of Texas has used this authority to deny permits for waste disposal wells. In some instances, regulators may also order that disposal wells be shut in. In late 2021, the Railroad Commission of Texas issued a notice to operators of disposal wells in the Midland area, to reduce saltwater disposal well actions and provide certain data to the commission. Separately, in November 2021, New Mexico implemented protocols requiring operators to take various actions within a specified proximity of certain seismic activity, including a requirement to limit injection rates if a seismic event is of a certain magnitude. As a result of these developments, Pogo as the Operator of record may be required to curtail operations or adjust development plans, which may adversely impact Pogo’s business.
The USGS has identified six states with the most significant hazards from induced seismicity, including New Mexico, Oklahoma and Texas. In addition, a number of lawsuits have been filed, most recently in Oklahoma, alleging that disposal well operations have caused damage to neighboring properties or otherwise violated state and federal rules regulating waste disposal. These developments could result in additional regulation and restrictions on the use of injection wells and hydraulic fracturing. Such regulations and restrictions could cause delays and impose additional costs and restrictions on Pogo’s properties and on their waste disposal activities.
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If new laws or regulations that significantly restrict hydraulic fracturing and related activities are adopted, such laws could make it more difficult or costly to perform fracturing to stimulate production from tight formations. In addition, if hydraulic fracturing is further regulated at the federal or state level, fracturing activities could become subject to additional permitting and financial assurance requirements, more stringent construction specifications, increased monitoring, reporting and recordkeeping obligations, plugging and abandonment requirements and also to attendant permitting delays and potential increases in costs. Such legislative changes could cause Pogo to incur substantial compliance costs, and compliance or the consequences of any failure to comply could have a material adverse effect on Pogo’s financial condition and results of operations. At this time, it is not possible to estimate the impact on Pogo’s business of newly enacted or potential federal or state legislation governing hydraulic fracturing.
Endangered Species Act
The ESA restricts activities that may affect endangered and threatened species or their habitats. The designation of previously unidentified endangered or threatened species could cause E&P operators to incur additional costs or become subject to operating delays, restrictions or bans in the affected areas. Recently, there have been renewed calls to review protections currently in place for the dunes sagebrush lizard, whose habitat includes parts of the Permian Basin, and to reconsider listing the species under the ESA. For example, in October 2019 environmental groups filed a lawsuit against the FWS seeking to compel the agency to list the species under the ESA, and in July 2020, FWS agreed to initiate a 12-month review to determine whether listing the species was warranted, which determination remains outstanding. Additionally, in June 2021, the FWS proposed to list two distinct population sections of the Lesser Prairie Chicken, including one in portions of the Permian Basin, under the ESA, which was finalized on November 25, 2022. To the extent species are listed under the ESA or similar state laws, or previously unprotected species are designated as threatened or endangered in areas where Pogo’s properties are located, operations on those properties could incur increased costs arising from species protection measures and face delays or limitations with respect to production activities thereon.
Employee Health and Safety
Operations on Pogo’s properties are subject to a number of federal and state laws and regulations, including the federal Occupational Safety and Health Act (“OSHA”) and comparable state statutes, whose purpose is to protect the health and safety of workers. In addition, the OSHA hazard communication standard, the EPA community right-to-know regulations under Title III of the federal Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act, and comparable state statutes require that information be maintained concerning hazardous materials used or produced in operations and that this information be provided to employees, state and local government authorities and citizens.
Other Regulation of the Crude Oil and Natural Gas Industry
The crude oil and natural gas industry is extensively regulated by numerous federal, state and local authorities. Legislation affecting the crude oil and natural gas industry is under constant review for amendment or expansion, frequently increasing the regulatory burden. Also, numerous departments and agencies, both federal and state, are authorized by statute to issue rules and regulations that are binding on the crude oil and natural gas industry and its individual members, some of which carry substantial penalties for failure to comply. Although the regulatory burden on the crude oil and natural gas industry increases the cost of doing business, these burdens generally do not affect us any differently or to any greater or lesser extent than they affect other companies in the industry with similar types, quantities and locations of production.
The availability, terms and conditions and cost of transportation significantly affect sales of crude oil and natural gas. The interstate transportation of crude oil and natural gas and the sale for resale of natural gas is subject to federal regulation, including regulation of the terms, conditions and rates for interstate transportation, storage and various other matters, primarily by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (“FERC”). Federal and state regulations govern the price and terms for access to crude oil and natural gas pipeline transportation. FERC’s regulations for interstate crude oil and natural gas transmission in some circumstances may also affect the intrastate transportation of crude oil and natural gas.
Pogo cannot predict whether new legislation to regulate crude oil and natural gas might be proposed, what proposals, if any, might actually be enacted by the U.S. Congress or the various state legislatures, and what effect, if any, the proposals might have on its operations. Sales of crude oil and condensate are not currently regulated and are made at market prices.
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Drilling and Production
The operations on Pogo’s properties are subject to various types of regulation at the federal, state and local level. These types of regulation include requiring permits for the drilling of wells, drilling bonds and reports concerning operations. The state, and some counties and municipalities, in which Pogo operates also regulate one or more of the following:
| ● | the location of wells; |
| ● | the method of drilling and casing wells; |
| ● | the timing of construction or drilling activities, including seasonal wildlife closures; |
| ● | the rates of production or “allowables”; |
| ● | the surface use and restoration of properties upon which wells are drilled; |
| ● | the plugging and abandoning of wells; |
| ● | and notice to, and consultation with, surface owners and other third parties. |
State laws regulate the size and shape of drilling and spacing units or proration units governing the pooling of crude oil and natural gas properties. Some states allow forced pooling or integration of tracts to facilitate exploration while other states rely on voluntary pooling of lands and leases. In some instances, forced pooling or unitization may be implemented by third parties and may reduce Pogo’s interest in the unitized properties. In addition, state conservation laws establish maximum rates of production from crude oil and natural gas wells, generally prohibit the venting or flaring of natural gas and impose requirements regarding the ratability of production. These laws and regulations may limit the amount of crude oil and natural gas that the Pogo’s properties can produce from Pogo’s wells or limit the number of wells or the locations at which can be drill. Moreover, each state generally imposes a production or severance tax with respect to the production and sale of crude oil and natural gas within its jurisdiction. States do not regulate wellhead prices or engage in other similar direct regulation, but Pogo cannot assure you that they will not do so in the future. The effect of such future regulations may be to limit the amounts of crude oil and natural gas that may be produced from Pogo’s wells, negatively affect the economics of production from these wells or to limit the number of locations operators can drill.
Federal, state and local regulations provide detailed requirements for the abandonment of wells, closure or decommissioning of production facilities and pipelines and for site restoration in areas where Pogo operates. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and many other state and local authorities also have regulations for plugging and abandonment, decommissioning and site restoration. Although the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers does not require bonds or other financial assurances, some state agencies and municipalities do have such requirements.
Natural Gas Sales and Transportation
FERC has jurisdiction over the transportation and sale for resale of natural gas in interstate commerce by natural gas companies under the Natural Gas Act of 1938 (“NGA”) and the Natural Gas Policy Act of 1978. Since 1978, various federal laws have been enacted which have resulted in the complete removal of all price and non-price controls for sales of domestic natural gas sold in “first sales.”
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Under the Energy Policy Act of 2005, FERC has substantial enforcement authority to prohibit the manipulation of natural gas markets and enforce its rules and orders, including the ability to assess substantial civil penalties. FERC also regulates interstate natural gas transportation rates and service conditions and establishes the terms under which Pogo’s properties may use interstate natural gas pipeline capacity, as well as the revenues received for release of natural gas pipeline capacity. Interstate pipeline companies are required to provide nondiscriminatory transportation services to producers, marketers and other shippers, regardless of whether such shippers are affiliated with an interstate pipeline company. FERC’s initiatives have led to the development of a competitive, open access market for natural gas purchases and sales that permits all purchasers of natural gas to buy gas directly from third-party sellers other than pipelines.
Gathering service, which occurs upstream of jurisdictional transmission services, is regulated by the states onshore and in state waters. Section 1(b) of the NGA exempts natural gas gathering facilities from regulation by FERC under the NGA. FERC has in the past reclassified certain jurisdictional transmission facilities as non-jurisdictional gathering facilities, which may increase the operators’ costs of transporting gas to point-of-sale locations. This may, in turn, affect the costs of marketing natural gas that Pogo’s properties produce.
Historically, the natural gas industry was more heavily regulated; therefore, Pogo cannot guarantee that the regulatory approach currently pursued by FERC and the U.S. Congress will continue indefinitely into the future nor can Pogo determine what effect, if any, future regulatory changes might have on its natural gas related activities.
Crude Oil Sales and Transportation
Crude oil sales are affected by the availability, terms and cost of transportation. The transportation of crude oil in common carrier pipelines is also subject to rate regulation. FERC regulates interstate crude oil pipeline transportation rates under the Interstate Commerce Act and intrastate crude oil pipeline transportation rates are subject to regulation by state regulatory commissions. The basis for intrastate crude oil pipeline regulation, and the degree of regulatory oversight and scrutiny given to intrastate crude oil pipeline rates, varies from state to state. Insofar as effective interstate and intrastate rates are equally applicable to all comparable shippers, Pogo believes that the regulation of crude oil transportation rates will not affect its operations in any materially different way than such regulation will affect the operations of its competitors.
Further, interstate and intrastate common carrier crude oil pipelines must provide service on a non-discriminatory basis. Under this open access standard, common carriers must offer service to all similarly situated shippers requesting service on the same terms and under the same rates. When crude oil pipelines operate at full capacity, access is governed by pro-rationing provisions set forth in the pipelines’ published tariffs. Accordingly, Pogo believes that access to crude oil pipeline transportation services of Pogo’s properties will not materially differ from Pogo’s competitors’ access to crude oil pipeline transportation services.
State Regulation
New Mexico regulates the drilling for, and the production, gathering and sale of, crude oil and natural gas, including imposing severance taxes and requirements for obtaining drilling permits. New Mexico currently imposes a 3.75% severance tax on the market value of crude oil and natural gas production as well as other production taxes for conservation, schools, ad valorem, and equipment. Combined, these taxes amount to 8-9% tax on market value of crude and natural gas production. States also regulate the method of developing new fields, the spacing and operation of wells and the prevention of waste of crude oil and natural gas resources.
States may regulate rates of production and may establish maximum daily production allowables from crude oil and natural gas wells based on market demand or resource conservation, or both. States do not regulate wellhead prices or engage in other similar direct economic regulation, but Pogo cannot assure you that they will not do so in the future. Should direct economic regulation or regulation of wellhead prices by the states increase, this could limit the amount of crude oil and natural gas that may be produced from wells on Pogo’s properties and the number of wells or locations Pogo’s properties can drill.
The petroleum industry is also subject to compliance with various other federal, state and local regulations and laws. Some of those laws relate to resource conservation and equal employment opportunity. Pogo does not believe that compliance with these laws will have a material adverse effect on its business.
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Title to Properties
Prior to completing an acquisition of a target or working interests, Pogo performs a title review on each tract to be acquired. Pogo’s title review is meant to confirm the working interests owned by a prospective seller, the property’s lease status and royalty amount as well as encumbrances or other related burdens. As a result, title examinations have been obtained on substantially all of Pogo’s properties.
In addition to Pogo’s initial title work, Pogo often will conduct a thorough title examination prior to leasing any new acres, and/or drilling a well. Should any further title work uncover any further title defects, Pogo will perform curative work with respect to such defects. Pogo generally will not commence drilling operations on a property until any material title defects on such property have been cured.
Pogo believes that the title to its assets is satisfactory in all material respects. Although title to these properties is in some cases subject to encumbrances, such as customary royalty interest generally retained in connection with the acquisition of crude oil and gas interests, non-participating royalty interests and other burdens, easements, restrictions or minor encumbrances customary in the crude oil and natural gas industry, Pogo believes that none of these encumbrances will materially detract from the value of these properties or from its interest in these properties.
Competition
The crude oil and natural gas business is highly competitive; Pogo primarily competes with companies for the acquisition of targets with high percentage of working interests underlying crude oil and natural gas leases. Many of Pogo’s competitors not only own and acquire working interests but also explore for and produce crude oil and natural gas and, in some cases, carry on midstream and refining operations and market petroleum and other products on a regional, national or worldwide basis. By engaging in such other activities, Pogo’s competitors may be able to develop or obtain information that is superior to the information that is available to us. In addition, certain of Pogo’s competitors may possess financial or other resources substantially larger than Pogo possesses. Pogo’s ability to acquire additional working interests and properties and to discover reserves in the future will be dependent upon its ability to evaluate and select suitable properties and to consummate transactions in a highly competitive environment.
In addition, crude oil and natural gas products compete with other forms of energy available to customers, primarily based on price. These alternate forms of energy include electricity, coal, and fuel oils. Changes in the availability or price of crude oil and natural gas or other forms of energy, as well as business conditions, conservation, legislation, regulations, and the ability to convert to alternate fuels and other forms of energy may affect the demand for crude oil and natural gas.
Pogo Seasonality of Business
Weather conditions affect the demand for, and prices of, natural gas and can also delay drilling activities, disrupting Pour overall business plans. Additionally, Pogo’s properties are located in areas adversely affected by seasonal weather conditions, primarily in the winter and spring. During periods of heavy snow, ice or rain, Pogo may be unable to move their equipment between locations, thereby reducing its ability to operate Pogo’s wells, reducing the amount of crude oil and natural gas produced from the wells on Pogo’s properties during such times. Additionally, extended drought conditions in the areas in which Pogo’s properties are located could impact its ability to source sufficient water or increase the cost for such water. Furthermore, demand for natural gas is typically higher during the winter, resulting in higher natural gas prices for Pogo’s natural gas production during its first and fourth quarters. Certain natural gas users utilize natural gas storage facilities and purchase some of their anticipated winter requirements during the summer, which can lessen seasonal demand fluctuations. Seasonal weather conditions can limit drilling and producing activities and other crude oil and natural gas operations in Pogo’s operating areas. Due to these seasonal fluctuations, our results of operations for individual quarterly periods may not be indicative of the results that it may realize on an annual basis.
Employees and Human Working Capital
We have salaried and regular pay employees in the field as well as management at our corporate offices. As of December 31, 2024, we employed 7 full-time salaried and regular pay field individuals under no ongoing employment contracts who provided direct support to Pogo’s operations. As of December 31, 2024, we employed 5 full-time salaried employees at our corporate offices, 5 of which have ongoing employment contracts. None of these employees are covered by collective bargaining agreements.
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Human capital management is critical to our ongoing business success, which requires investing in our people. Our aim is to create a highly engaged and motivated workforce where employees are inspired by leadership, engaged in purpose-driven, meaningful work and have opportunities for growth and development. We are an equal opportunity employer and we are fundamentally committed to creating and maintaining a work environment in which employees are treated with respect and dignity. All human resources policies, practices and actions related to hiring, promotion, compensation, benefits and termination are administered in accordance with the principles of equal employment opportunity and other legitimate criteria without regard to race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender expression or identity, ethnicity, national origin, ancestry, age, mental or physical disability, genetic information, any veteran status, any military status or application for military service, or membership in any other category protected under applicable laws.
An effective approach to human capital management requires that we invest in talent, development, culture and employee engagement. We aim to create an environment where our employees are encouraged to make positive contributions and fulfill their potential.
Our Board of Directors is also actively involved in reviewing and approving executive compensation, selections and succession plans so that we have leadership in place with the requisite skills and experience to deliver results the right way.
Emerging Growth Company
We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act. As such, we are eligible to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies” including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a non-binding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. If some investors find our securities less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our securities and the prices of our securities may be more volatile.
In addition, Section 107 of the JOBS Act also provides that an “emerging growth company” can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards. In other words, an “emerging growth company” can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We intend to take advantage of the benefits of this extended transition period. Accordingly, the information we provide to you may be different than you might get from other public companies in which you hold securities.
We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of (i) the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the closing of our Initial Public Offering, or December 31, 2027, (ii) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.07 billion, (iii) the last day of the fiscal year in which we are deemed to be a “large accelerated filer” as defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), which would occur if the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates exceeded $700.0 million as of the last business day of the second fiscal quarter of such year or (iv) the date on which we have issued more than $1.00 billion in non-convertible debt securities during the prior three-year period.
Facilities
We currently maintain our executive offices at 3730 Kirby Drive, Suite 1200, Houston, Texas 77098. We recently leased a space at 10810 Old Katy Rd, Katy, TX 77494 just beyond the Houston city limits for our engineering and geological center. The cost for the two spaces combined is approximately $3,000 per month. We consider our current office space adequate for our current operations.
Legal Proceedings
There is no material litigation, arbitration or governmental proceeding currently pending against us or any members of our management team in their capacity as such.
Corporate Information
Our executive offices are located at 3730 Kirby Drive, Suite 1200, Houston, Texas 77098, and our telephone number is (713) 834-1145.
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Management’s
Discussion and Analysis of
Financial Condition and Results of Operations
References in this section to “we,” “us”, “EON”, the “Successor” or the “Company” refer to EON Resources Inc. (f/k/a HNR Acquisition Corp) (and the business of Pogo which became the business of the Company after giving effect to the Purchase). References to our “management” or our “management team” refer to our officers and directors, and references to the “Sponsor” refer to HNRAC Sponsors, LLC. “Predecessor” refers to the historical business of Pogo prior to the Purchase on November 15, 2023. The following discussion and analysis of the Company’s financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and the notes thereto contained elsewhere in this prospectus. Certain information contained in the discussion and analysis set forth below includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties - See “SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS”.
Overview
We are an independent oil and natural gas company based in Texas and formed in 2017 that is focused on the acquisition, development, exploration, production and divestiture of oil and natural gas properties in the Permian Basin. The Permian Basin is located in west Texas and southeastern New Mexico and is characterized by high oil and liquids-rich natural gas content, multiple vertical and horizontal target horizons, extensive production histories, long-lived reserves and historically high drilling success rates. our properties are in the Grayburg-Jackson Field in Eddy County, New Mexico, which is a sub-area of the Permian Basin. Pogo focuses primarily on production through waterflooding recovery methods.
The Company’s assets as mentioned above consist of contiguous leasehold positions of approximately 13,700 gross (13,700 net) acres with an average working interest of 100%. We operate 100% of the net acreage across the Company’s assets, all of which is net operated acreage of vertical wells with average depths of approximately 3,810 feet.
Our average daily production for the year ended December 31, 2024, was 798 barrel of oil equivalent (“BOE”) per day, and for the year ended December 31, 2023, was 1,022 BOE per day. The decrease in production is due to an increase in well downtime, field conditions requiring certain enhancements, and the conveyance of the 10% Override royalty interest to Pogo Royalty.
Selected Factors That Affect Our Operating Results
Our revenues, cash flows from operations and future growth depend substantially upon:
| ● | the timing and success of production and development activities; |
| ● | the prices for oil and natural gas; |
| ● | the quantity of oil and natural gas production from our wells; |
| ● | changes in the fair value of the derivative instruments we use to reduce our exposure to fluctuations in the price of oil and natural gas; |
| ● | our ability to continue to identify and acquire high-quality acreage and development opportunities; and |
| ● | the level of our operating expenses. |
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In addition to the factors that affect companies in our industry generally, the location of substantially all of our acreage discussed above subjects our operating results to factors specific to these regions. These factors include the potential adverse impact of weather on drilling, production and transportation activities, particularly during the winter and spring months, as well as infrastructure limitations, transportation capacity, regulatory matters and other factors that may specifically affect one or more of these regions.
The price at which our oil and natural gas production are sold typically reflects either a premium or discount to the New York Mercantile Exchange (“NYMEX”) benchmark price. Thus, our operating results are also affected by changes in the oil price differentials between the applicable benchmark and the sales prices we receive for our oil production. Our oil price differential to the NYMEX benchmark price during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, was $(1.03) and $(4.95) per barrel, respectively. Our natural gas price differential during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, was $0.08 and $(0.06) per one thousand cubic feet (“Mcf”), respectively. Fluctuations in our price differentials and realizations are due to several factors such as gathering and transportation costs, takeaway capacity relative to production levels, regional storage capacity, gain/loss on derivative contracts and seasonal refinery maintenance temporarily depressing demand.
Market Conditions
The price that we receive for the oil and natural gas we produce is largely a function of market supply and demand. Because our oil and gas revenues are heavily weighted toward oil, we are more significantly impacted by changes in oil prices than by changes in the price of natural gas. World-wide supply in terms of output, especially production from properties within the United States, the production quota set by OPEC, and the strength of the U.S. dollar can adversely impact oil prices.
Historically, commodity prices have been volatile, and we expect the volatility to continue in the future. Factors impacting the future oil supply balance are world-wide demand for oil, as well as the growth in domestic oil production.
Prices for various quantities of natural gas and oil that we produce significantly impact our revenues and cash flows. The following table lists average NYMEX prices for oil and natural gas for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.
| For the years ended December 31, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| Average NYMEX Prices (1) | ||||||||
| Oil (per Bbl) | $ | 76.55 | $ | 77.64 | ||||
| Natural gas (per Mcf) | $ | 2.19 | $ | 2.54 | ||||
| (1) | Based on average NYMEX closing prices. |
For the year ended December 31, 2024, the average NYMEX oil pricing was $76.55 per barrel of oil or 1% lower than the average NYMEX price per barrel for the year ended December 31, 2023. Our settled derivatives decreased our realized oil price per barrel by $1.91 and $3.63 in the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively. Our average realized oil price per barrel after reflecting settled derivatives and location differentials was $73.61 for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to $69.06 for the year ended December 31, 2023.
The average NYMEX natural gas pricing for the year ended December 31, 2024, was $2.19 per Mcf, or 14% lower than the average NYMEX price per Mcf for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Pogo Royalty Overriding Royalty Interest Transaction
Effective July 1, 2023, the Predecessor transferred to Pogo Royalty, a related party to the Predecessor, an assigned and undivided overriding royalty interest (“ORRI”) equal in amount to ten percent (10%) of the Company’s interest all oil, gas and minerals in, under and produced from each lease. The consideration received for the 10% ORRI was $10. Thus, a loss of $816,011 was recorded as a result of the conveyance in the previous year. Additionally, because of this transaction, our reserve balance was decreased as well our current net production volumes and revenues.
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Results of Operations
For the year ended December 31, 2024, 86% and 14% of sales volumes from the assets were attributable to crude and natural gas, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, the company was continuing development of the Seven River waterflood interval. Further, as of December 31, 2024, the Company owned an interest in approximately 342 gross (342 net) producing wells.
The following table sets forth selected operating data for the periods indicated. Average sales prices are derived from accrued accounting data for the relevant period indicated.
| Successor | Successor | Predecessor | ||||||||||
| For the year ended December 31, 2024 | November 15, 2023 to December 31, 2023 | January 1, 2023 to November 14, 2023 | ||||||||||
| Revenues | ||||||||||||
| Crude oil | $ | 19,298,698 | $ | 2,513,197 | $ | 22,856,521 | ||||||
| Natural gas and natural gas liquids | 483,486 | 70,918 | 809,553 | |||||||||
| Gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net | (850,374 | ) | 340,808 | 51,957 | ||||||||
| Other revenue | 487,109 | 50,738 | 520,451 | |||||||||
| Total revenues | 19,418,919 | 2,975,661 | 24,238,482 | |||||||||
| Average sales prices: | ||||||||||||
| Oil (per Bbl) | $ | 75.52 | $ | 65.11 | $ | 73.58 | ||||||
| Effect on gain (loss) of settled oil derivatives on average price (per Bbl) | (1.91 | ) | (2.66 | ) | 0.17 | |||||||
| Oil net of settled oil derivatives (per Bbl) | 73.61 | 62.45 | 73.75 | |||||||||
| Natural gas (per Mcf) | 2.27 | 2.41 | 2.48 | |||||||||
| Realized price on a BOE basis excluding settled commodity derivatives | 67.96 | 59.40 | 64.84 | |||||||||
| Effect of gain (loss) on settled commodity derivatives on average price (per BOE) | (1.68 | ) | (2.36 | ) | (3.19 | ) | ||||||
| Realized price on a BOE basis including settled commodity derivatives | $ | 66.28 | $ | 57.04 | $ | 61.66 | ||||||
| Expenses | ||||||||||||
| Production taxes, transportation and processing | 1,715,792 | 226,062 | 2,117,800 | |||||||||
| Lease operating | 8,614,080 | 1,453,367 | 8,692,752 | |||||||||
| Depletion, depreciation and amortization | 2,407,098 | 352,127 | 1,497,749 | |||||||||
| Accretion of asset retirement obligations | 144,988 | 11,062 | 848,040 | |||||||||
| General and administrative | 10,381,095 | 3,553,117 | 3,700,267 | |||||||||
| Acquisition costs | - | 9,999,860 | - | |||||||||
| Total expenses | 23,263,053 | 15,595,595 | 16,856,608 | |||||||||
| Costs and expenses (per BOE): | ||||||||||||
| Production taxes, transportation, and processing | $ | 5.89 | $ | 5.20 | $ | 5.80 | ||||||
| Lease operating expenses | 29.59 | 33.41 | 23.82 | |||||||||
| Depreciation, depletion, and amortization expense | 8.27 | 8.09 | 4.10 | |||||||||
| Accretion of asset retirement obligations | 0.50 | 0.25 | 2.32 | |||||||||
| General and administrative | 35.66 | 81.67 | 10.14 | |||||||||
| Net producing wells at period-end | 342 | 341 | 341 | |||||||||
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Oil and Natural Gas Sales
Our revenues vary from year to year primarily as a result of changes in realized commodity prices and production volumes. For the year ended December 31, 2024, our oil and natural gas sales decreased 15% from the year ended December 31, 2023 on a combined Successor and Predecessor basis, driven by a 28% decrease in production volumes offset by a 6% increase in realized prices, excluding the effect of settled commodity derivatives. The higher average price in the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the combined year 2023, was driven by higher average NYMEX oil and natural gas prices during the first nine months of the year. Realized production from oil and gas properties decreased due to an increase in well downtime.
Production for the comparable periods is set forth in the following table:
| For the year ended December 31, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| Production: | ||||||||
| Oil (MBbl) | 256 | 349 | ||||||
| Natural gas (MMcf) | 213 | 355 | ||||||
| Total (MBOE)(1) | 291 | 373 | ||||||
| Average daily production: | ||||||||
| Oil (Bbl) | 700 | 957 | ||||||
| Natural gas (Mcf) | 585 | 974 | ||||||
| Total (BOE)(1) | 798 | 1,022 | ||||||
| (1) | Natural gas is converted to BOE at the rate of one-barrel equals six Mcf based upon the approximate relative energy content of oil and natural gas, which is not necessarily indicative of the relationship of oil and natural gas prices. |
Derivative Contracts
We enter into commodity derivatives instruments to manage the price risk attributable to future oil production.
We recorded a loss on derivative contracts of $850,374 for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to a gain of $392,765 on a combined Successor and Predecessor basis for the year ended December 31, 2023. Lower commodity prices in 2024, resulted in realized losses of $489,084 for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to realized losses of $1,266,277 on a combined Successor and Predecessor basis for the year ended December 31, 2023. For the year ended December 31, 2024, our average realized oil price per barrel after reflecting settled derivatives was $73.61, compared to $73.82 on a combined Successor and Predecessor basis for the year ended December 31, 2023.
As of December 31, 2024, we ended the period with a $106,397 net derivative asset compared to $467,687 as of December 31, 2023.
Other Revenue
Other revenue was $487,109 for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $571,189 on a combined Successor and Predecessor basis for the year ended December 31, 2023. The revenue is related to providing water services to a third party and the slight decrease is due to lower volumes in 2024 from supply line disruptions during the third quarter of 2024
Lease Operating Expenses
Lease operating expenses were $8,614,080 for the year ended December 31,2024, compared to $10,146,119 on a combined Successor and Predecessor basis for the year ended December 31, 2023. On a per unit basis, production expenses increased 19% from $27.20 per BOE for the combined Successor and Predecessor year ended December 31, 2023, to $29.59 per BOE for the year ended December 31, 2024, due to increases in proactive maintenance activities, higher labor costs, and increased oil field service and supplies costs. Additionally, because of the conveyance of the 10% ORRI in July 2023, the net production volumes decreased, which increases the “per BOE” amounts.
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Production Taxes, Transportation and Processing
We pay production taxes, transportation and processing costs based on realized oil and natural gas sales. Production taxes, transportation and processing costs were $1,715,792 for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to $2,343,862 on a combined Successor and Predecessor basis for the year ended December 31, 2023. As a percentage of oil and natural gas sales, these costs were 8.7% and 8.9% for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 respectively. Production taxes, transportation, and processing as a percent of total oil and natural gas sales are consistent with historical trends.
Depletion, Depreciation and Amortization
Depletion, depreciation and amortization (“DD&A”) was $2,407,098 as of December 31, 2024, compared to $1,849,876 on a combined Successor and Predecessor basis for the year ended December 31, 2023. DD&A was $8.27 per BOE for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $4.53 per BOE on a combined Successor and Predecessor basis for the year ended December 31, 2023. The aggregate increase in DD&A expense for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to 2023 was driven by a 48% increase in the DD&A rate per BOE, partially offset by a 28% decrease in production levels. The increase in the DD&A rate per BOE was driven by the increase in the oil and gas properties balance due to the development of the Seven Rivers waterflood interval and the decrease in the reserves balance due to the conveyance of the 10% overriding royalty interest to Royalty.
Accretion of Asset Retirement Obligations
Accretion expense was $144,988 as of December 31, 2024, compared to $859,102 on a combined Successor and Predecessor basis for the year ended December 31, 2023. Accretion expense was $0.50 per BOE for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $2.32 per BOE on a combined Successor and Predecessor basis for the year ended December 31, 2023. The aggregate decrease in accretion expense for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 compared to 2023 was driven by changes in certain assumptions, specifically the inflation factor and discount rate as a result of the acquisition date where we revised our estimates as part of its fair value estimates for the acquired business.
General and Administrative
General and administrative expenses were $10,381,095 as of December 31, 2024 compared to $7,253,384 on a combined Successor and Predecessor basis for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase for general and administrative expenses is primarily due to increased cost of outsourced legal, professional, and accounting services as a result of the transaction disclosed in Note 1 in the notes to the consolidated financial statements and the costs of being a public company, and includes stock-based compensation expense of $2,778,991 for the year ended December 31, 2024. The general and administrative expense total of $3,553,117 for the period from November 15, 2023 to December 31, 2023 for the Successor includes $1,500,000 from the 138,122 shares of Class A common stock issued to White Lion for the commitment fee on the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, $910,565 in stock-based compensation to certain Founders under the Founder Pledge Agreement, and $135,400 in other stock-based compensation.
Acquisition costs
There were no acquisition costs as of December 31, 2024, compared to $9,999,860 during the Successor period from November 15, 2023 to December 31, 2023, and included an aggregate of $7,854,660 in costs related to the Forward Purchase Agreement and the Non-Redemption Agreements, due diligence and broker fees related to closing the Purchase.
Interest Expense and amortization of debt discount
Interest expense was $7,643,200 as of December 31, 2024, compared to $1,043,312 for the period from November 15, 2023 to December 31, 2023 (Successor), $1,834,208 for the period from January 1, 2023 to November 14, 2023 (Predecessor), The Successor period interest expense is driven by the Senior Secured Term loan entered into as part of the Closing, and the Private Notes Payable. The interest expense during the Predecessor period from January 1, 2023 to November 15, 2023 was primarily due to an increase in the average amount of the Predecessor’ revolving credit facility outstanding and an increase in the weighted average interest rate. The revolving credit facility was not assumed in the Acquisition.
Amortization of debt discount was $2,361,627 as of December 31, 2024 compared to $1,191,553 period from November 15, 2023 to December 31, 2023 (Successor), and attributable to deferred finance costs paid on the Senior Secured Term Loan, and discounts associated with the Private Notes Payable during 2023.
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Change in fair value of forward purchase agreement
The change in fair value of forward purchase agreement consisted of a gain of $561,099 for the year ended December 31, 2024, for the Successor related to the inputs used in the Company’s fair value estimate of the FPA Put Option. The key inputs to the fair value estimate include the Company’s stock price, which declined during the Successor period, and the likelihood, timing and price of a potential dilutive offering.
Gain on extinguishment of liabilities
The Company recognized a gain on extinguishment of liabilities of $1,638,138 during the year ended December 31, 2024. In November 2024, the Company entered into a settlement agreement with the FPA Seller to fully release the Company from the terms of the FPA. We agreed to issue to the FPA Seller 450,000 restricted Class A Common shares which had a fair value of $450,000 based on the closing price of the Company’s common stock at the agreement date. The Company recognized a gain on settlement of the FPA liability of $82,998, which is included in Gain on Extinguishment of Liabilities on the Company’s consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2024.
The Company also recognized a gain of $1,720,000 related to the settlement of royalties payable and other claims with the Sellers. The Company recognized a loss on extinguishment of accounts payable of $76,200, and recognized a loss of $88,660 related to the exchange of certain notes payable and warrant liabilities for convertible note agreements.
Change in fair value of warrant and convertible note liabilities
The change in fair value of warrant liabilities consisted of a loss of $804,004 as of December 31, 2024, compared to a gain of $187,704 for the period from November 15, 2023 to December 31, 2023 for the Successor related to fluctuations in the trading price of the Company’s warrants, a portion of which are accounted for as liabilities due to the redemption provisions in those issued to Private Note holders. The Company also recognized a loss of $192,744 from the change in fair value of its convertible note liabilities during the year ended December 31, 2024.
Loss on asset sales
Loss on asset sales was $816,011 on a combined Successor and Predecessor basis for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $0 for the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease was due to the loss that was recognized as a result of the conveyance of the 10% overriding royalty interest to Pogo Royalty in July 2023.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Liquidity
Our main sources of liquidity have been internally generated cash flows from operations, credit facility borrowings and equity line financing sales and issuances. Our primary use of capital has been for the development of oil and gas properties, payment to vendors, payment of debt obligations and the return of initial invested capital to our founders. We continually monitor potential capital sources for opportunities to enhance liquidity or otherwise improve our financial position.
As of December 31, 2024, we had outstanding debt of $23,641,517 under our Senior Secured Term Loan, $15,000,000 under the Seller Promissory Note, $3,556,750 of outstanding private notes payable, and $948,982 from short term merchant loans. A total of $9,080,910 of this is due within one year. As of December 31, 2024, we had $2,971,558 of cash and cash equivalents on hand, of which approximately $2,600,000 is in an escrow account pursuant to the requirements of the Senior Secured Term Loan. At December 31, 2024 we had a working capital deficit of $31,213674. These conditions raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued.
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The Company had positive cash flow from operations of $3,700,686 for the year ended December 31, 2024. Additionally, management’s plans to alleviate this substantial doubt include improving profitability through streamlining costs, maintaining active hedge positions for its proven reserve production, and the issuance of additional shares of Class A common stock.
We have a three-year equity line (ELOC) Common Stock Purchase Agreement with a maximum funding limit of $150,000,000 that can fund our operations and production growth, and be used to reduce liabilities. Through the date of this filing, we have received $6,992,906 in cash proceeds related to the sale of 7,000,000 shares of common stock under this agreement and expect to continue to utilize it to fund current operational needs. We cannot assure you, however, that any additional capital will be available to us on favorable terms or at all. Our capital expenditures could be curtailed if our cash flows decline from expected levels.
Cash Flows
Sources and uses of cash for the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, are as follows:
| Successor | Predecessor | |||||||||||
| Year Ended December 31, 2024 | November 15, 2023 to December 31, 2023 | January 1, 2023 to November 14, 2023 | ||||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 3,700,686 | $ | 484,474 | $ | 8,190,563 | ||||||
| Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities | (3,575,062 | ) | 18,296,176 | (6,960,555 | ) | |||||||
| Net cash used in financing activities | (659,520 | ) | (17,866,128 | ) | (3,000,000 | ) | ||||||
| Net change in cash and cash equivalents | $ | (533,896 | ) | $ | 914,522 | $ | (1,769,992 | ) | ||||
Operating Activities
The decrease in net cash flow provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to 2023 on a combined Successor and Predecessor basis is primarily due to increased net loss as a result of decreased prices and production volumes, and higher general and administrative costs associated with public filings.
Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily due to the development of crude oil and gas properties. Net cash provided by investing activities in the Successor period from November 15, 2023 to December 31, 2023 was primarily due to Trust Account withdrawals associated with the Closing in November 2023 of $49,362,479, partially offset by the cash paid to the Sellers of EON of $30,827,804 at the Closing, net of cash acquired. Cash flows used in investing activities in the Predecessor period ending November 14, 2023 consisted of $6,769,557 of cash paid for oil and gas property costs, primarily due to significant expenditures in the previous year to upgrade certain wells and meet compliance requirements.
Financing Activities
Net cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily due to repayments of long-term debt offset by the proceeds from the sale of common stock under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement. Net cash used by financing activities during the Successor period from November 15, 2023 to December 31, 2023 were primarily related to the redemptions of common stock of Public Shares at Closing of $44,737,839, partially offset by the net proceeds from the Senior Secured Term Loan of $27,191,008.
Off Balance Sheet Arrangements
As of December 31, 2024 and 202, the Company did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined in the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
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Contractual Obligations
We have contractual commitments under our Senior Secured Term Loan, the Seller Promissory Note and the Private Notes Payable which include periodic interest payments. See Note 5 to our interim condensed consolidated unaudited financial statements. We have contractual commitments that may require us to make payments upon future settlement of our commodity derivative contracts. See Note 4 to our interim condensed consolidated unaudited financial statements.
Our other liabilities represent current and noncurrent other liabilities that are primarily comprised of environmental contingencies, asset retirement obligations and other obligations for which neither the ultimate settlement amounts nor their timings can be precisely determined in advance.
Critical Accounting Estimates
The following is a discussion of our most critical accounting estimates, judgements and uncertainties that are inherent in the Company’s application of GAAP.
Proved Reserve Estimates
Estimates of our proved reserves included in this prospectus are prepared in accordance with GAAP and SEC guidelines. The accuracy of a proved reserve estimate is a function of:
| ● | the quality and quantity of available data; |
| ● | the interpretation of that data; |
| ● | the accuracy of various mandated economic assumptions; and |
| ● | the judgment of the persons preparing the estimate. |
Our proved reserve information included in this filing as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, was prepared by independent petroleum engineers. Because these estimates depend on many assumptions, all of which may substantially differ from future actual results, proved reserve estimates will be different from the quantities of oil and gas that are ultimately recovered. In addition, results of drilling, testing and production after the date of an estimate may justify, positively or negatively, material revisions to the estimate of proved reserves.
It should not be assumed that the standardized measure included as of December 31, 2024, is the current market value of our estimated proved reserves. In accordance with SEC requirements, we based the 2024 standardized measure on a twelve-month average of commodity prices on the first day of each month in 2024 and prevailing costs on the date of the estimate. Actual future prices and costs may be materially higher or lower than the prices and costs utilized in the estimate. See Note 13 of notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.
Our estimates of proved reserves materially impact depletion expense. If the estimates of proved reserves decline, the rate at which we records depletion expense will increase, reducing future net income. Such a decline may result from lower commodity prices, which may make it uneconomical to drill for and produce higher cost fields. In addition, a decline in proved reserve estimates may impact the outcome of our assessment of our proved properties for impairment.
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Impairment of Proved Oil and Gas Properties
We review our proved properties to be held and used whenever management determines that events or circumstances indicate that the recorded carrying value of the properties may not be recoverable. Management assesses whether or not an impairment provision is necessary based upon estimated future recoverable proved reserves, commodity price outlooks, production and capital costs expected to be incurred to recover the reserves, discount rates commensurate with the nature of the properties and net cash flows that may be generated by the properties. Proved oil and gas properties are reviewed for impairment at the level at which depletion of proved properties is calculated. See Note 2 of notes to the consolidated financial statements.
Asset Retirement Obligations
We have significant obligations to remove tangible equipment and facilities and to restore the land at the end of crude oil and natural gas production operations. Our removal and restoration obligations are primarily associated with plugging and abandoning wells. Estimating the future restoration and removal costs is difficult and requires management to make estimates and judgments because most of the removal obligations are many years in the future and contracts and regulations often have vague descriptions of what constitutes removal. Asset removal technologies and costs are constantly changing, as are regulatory, political, environmental, safety and public relations considerations.
Inherent in the present value calculation are numerous assumptions and judgments including the ultimate settlement amounts, credit-adjusted discount rates, timing of settlement and changes in the legal, regulatory, environmental and political environments. To the extent future revisions to these assumptions impact the present value of the existing asset retirement obligations, a corresponding adjustment is generally made to the crude oil and natural gas property or other property and equipment balance. See Note 5 of notes to the consolidated financial statements.
Litigation and Environmental Contingencies
We make judgments and estimates in recording liabilities for ongoing litigation and environmental remediation. Actual costs can vary from such estimates for a variety of reasons. The costs to settle litigation can vary from estimates based on differing interpretations of laws and opinions and assessments on the amount of damages. Similarly, environmental remediation liabilities are subject to change because of changes in laws and regulations, developing information relating to the extent and nature of site contamination and improvements in technology. A liability is recorded for these types of contingencies if we determine the loss to be both probable and reasonably estimable. See Note 10 of notes to the consolidated financial statements.
Forward Purchase Agreement Valuation
The Company has determined that the FPA Put Option, including the Maturity Consideration, within the Forward Purchase Agreement is (i) a freestanding financial instrument and (ii) a liability (i.e., an in-substance written put option). This liability was recorded as a liability at fair value on the consolidated balance sheet as of the reporting date in accordance with ASC 480. The fair value of the liability was estimated using a Monte-Carlo Simulation in a risk-neutral framework. Specifically, the future stock price is simulated assuming a Geometric Brownian Motion (“GBM”). For each simulated path, the forward purchase value is calculated based on the contractual terms and then discounted back to present. Finally, the value of the forward is calculated as the average present value over all simulated paths. The model also considered the likelihood of a dilutive offering of common stock.
Derivative Instruments
The Company uses derivative financial instruments to mitigate its exposure to commodity price risk associated with oil prices. The Company’s derivative financial instruments are recorded on the consolidated balance sheets as either an asset or a liability measured at fair value. The Company has elected not to apply hedge accounting for its existing derivative financial instruments, and as a result, the Company recognizes the change in derivative fair value between reporting periods currently in its consolidated statements of operations. The fair value of the Company’s derivative financial instruments is determined using industry-standard models that consider various inputs including: (i) quoted forward prices for commodities, (ii) time value of money and (iii) current market and contractual prices for the underlying instruments, as well as other relevant economic measures. Realized gains and losses from the settlement of derivative financial instruments and unrealized gains and unrealized losses from valuation changes in the remaining unsettled derivative financial instruments are reported in a single line item as a component of revenues in the consolidated statements of operations. Cash flows from derivative contract settlements are reflected in operating activities in the accompanying consolidated statements of cash flows. See Note 4 for additional information about the Company’s derivative instruments.
New Accounting Pronouncements
The effects of new accounting pronouncements are discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements.
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MANAGEMENT
Our Board of Directors consists of five directors. Three of the five directors are independent.
| Name | Age | Title | ||
| Dante Caravaggio | 67 | Chief Executive Officer, President and Director | ||
| Mitchell B. Trotter | 65 | Chief Financial Officer and Director | ||
| David M. Smith | 69 | General Counsel and Secretary | ||
| Joseph V. Salvucci Sr | 68 | Director and Chairman | ||
| Joseph V. Salvucci Jr. | 39 | Director | ||
| Byron Blount | 67 | Director |
Dante Caravaggio — Chief Executive Officer, President and Director. Mr. Caravaggio joined the company and has served as our Chief Executive Officer, President, and Director since December 2023. Since April 2021, Mr. Caravaggio has served as Chairman of SWI Excavating, one of the leading regional underground utility contractors in Colorado. In addition, since January 2021, Mr. Caravaggio has served as a strategy consultant for Shuler Industries to advance proprietary renewable technologies. From January 2020 to April 2022, Mr. Caravaggio served on the board of directors of McCarl’s Inc., a leading energy constructor in the northeast United States. Prior to joining McCarl’s Inc., Mr. Caravaggio was Senior Vice President, Hydrocarbons Americas for KBR (US) since January 2018. Prior to his role with KBR (US), Mr. Caravaggio held a number of roles as an executive and project manager with Parsons Corp. and Jacobs Engineering, overseeing upstream and downstream hydrocarbon projects. Mr. Caravaggio received his MBA at Pepperdine University in Malibu, California and his BS and MS in Petroleum Engineering at the University of Southern California.
Mr. Caravaggio is qualified to serve as CEO and as a member of our board of directors based on our review of his qualifications, attributes, and skills, including his oil and gas management experience and oil and gas acquisition experience.
Mitchell B. Trotter — Chief Financial Officer and Director. Mr. Trotter joined the company and has served as our Senior Vice President of Finance since October 2022 and became Chief Financial Officer and Director in November 2023. Mr. Trotter has 41 years of experience beginning his career in 1981 as an auditor with Coopers & Lybrand for seven years. He then served as CFO of two private investor backed private companies where the first was in real estate development and the latter in the engineering and construction industry. For the next 30 years, Mr. Trotter served in various CFO and Controller positions with three publicly traded companies in the engineering and construction services industry which were: Earth Tech to 2002; Jacobs Engineering to 2017; and AECOM to 2022. In those roles Mr. Trotter managed up to 400 plus staff across six continents supporting global operations with clients in multiple industries across private, semi-public and public sectors. Mr. Trotter earned his BS Accounting from Virginia Tech in 1981 and his MBA from Virginia Commonwealth University in 1994. He professional credentials are: Certified Public Accountant in Virginia; Certified Management Accountant; and Certified in Financial Management.
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Partners, LLC in 2012 to acquire oil and gas leases for drilling in the Rocky Mountain region. At Mr. Orr’s direction, XNP Resources began acquiring a strategic leasehold position in the Sand Wash Basin in Colorado. XNP Resources was able to secure a major leasehold position in the heart of what has become the highly competitive Niobrara Shale formation in western Colorado. Since 2014, Mr. Orr has been developing an unconventional resource play in Alaska that contains over 600 billion cubic feet of gas in stacked coal reservoirs. More recently, Mr. Orr assembled a team of oil and gas professionals in order to study certain oil provinces in Columbia. S.A. Mr. Orr also serves as President and on the Board of Directors of Houston Natural Resources, Inc. Mr. Orr has a Bachelor of Science degree in Geology from Texas A&I University, with a minor in Mathematics.
David M. Smith, Esq. — Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary of the Company. Mr. Smith has served as our General Counsel and Secretary since November 2023. Mr. Smith is a licensed attorney in Texas with over 40 years’ experience in the legal field of oil and gas exploration and production, manufacturing, purchase and sale agreements, exploration agreements, land and leaseholds, right of ways, pipelines, surface use, joint operating agreements, joint interest agreements, participation agreements and operations as well as transactional and litigation experience in oil and gas, real estate, bankruptcy and commercial industries. Mr. Smith purchased 142,500 shares of our Common Stock as a founder. Mr. Smith has represented a number of companies in significant oil and gas transactions, mergers and acquisitions, intellectual property research and development and sales in the oil and gas drilling business sector. Mr. Smith began his career by serving in a land and legal capacity as Vice President of Land and, subsequently, as President of a public Canadian company until beginning his legal practice as a partner with several law firms and ultimately creating his own independent legal practice. Mr. Smith holds a degree in Finance from Texas A&M University, a Doctor of Jurisprudence from South Texas College of Law and is licensed before the Texas Supreme Court.
Joseph V. Salvucci, Sr. — Independent Director and Chairman of the Board. Joseph V. Salvucci, Sr. has served as a member of our board of directors since December 2021. JVS Alpha Property, LLC, an entity which the majority is beneficially owned by Mr. Salvucci, with the balance owned by his immediate family, purchased 940,000 shares of our Common Stock as a founder. Mr. Salvucci acquired PEAK Technical Staffing USA (“PEAK”), peaktechnical.com in 1986 and has grown the business to be a premier provider of USA-based contract engineers and technical specialists, on assignment worldwide through a comprehensive, customer focused, enterprise-wide Managed Staffing Solution. During his 35-year tenure as owner of the company, PEAK has expanded from Pittsburgh to do business in all 50 States, Canada, Europe, South America, India, and the Philippines. He served 10 years on the board of directors culminating as President and Board Chairman of the National Technical Services Association, a trade association representing 300,000 contractors on assignment in the technical staffing industry that later merged with the American Staffing Association. He is an active member of the Young Presidents Organization (YPO GOLD), formerly known as the World Presidents Organization (WPO) and has served as a member of the WPO International Board, as well as chairman of East Central US (ECUS) Region and Pittsburgh chapters as Chairman of the Board. As a 1976 Civil Engineering graduate of the University of Pittsburgh, he was a member of the Triangle (Engineering) Fraternity and its Alumni Association. He earned the Triangle Fraternity Distinguished Alumnus Citation in 2011 and currently serves on the Board of Directors. After earning the rank of Eagle Scout in 1970, he has remained active with the Boy Scouts of America, having served as the founding Chairman of the Board of the Pittsburgh Chapter of the National Eagle Scout Association, earning the NOESA (National Outstanding Eagle Scout Award) and the Silver Beaver Award and is past VP of Development and a board member of the Laurel Highlands Council in Western Pennsylvania. He was awarded the Manifesting the Kingdom of God Award by the Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh in 2011. He was awarded the “Big Mac Award” from the Ronald McDonald Charities. As well as earning his BS in Civil Engineering from the University of Pittsburgh in 1976 and attended Harvard Business School’s OPM 33, graduating in 2003.
Joseph V. Salvucci, Jr. — Independent Director. Joseph V. Salvucci, Jr. has served as a member of our board of directors since December 2021. Mr. Salvucci began his career with PEAK Technical Staffing USA in November 2010 and is currently serving as the Chief Executive Officer overseeing nine branches with several hundred employees, and managing strategic initiatives for the company, including Staff Training, Career Pathing, and Organic Growth. Mr. Salvucci Jr received his Executive MBA from the University of Pittsburgh. In addition to his responsibilities as President/COO of PEAK, Mr. Salvucci serves on the board of Temporary Services Insurance Limited, a Workers’ Compensation company serving staffing companies.
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Byron Blount — Independent Director. Mr. Blount joined the board of directors and is the chair of the audit committee since November 2023. Mr. Blount has extensive experience in finance, investments, and acquisitions. He was Managing Director for the Blackstone Real Estate Group from 2011 to 2021 where he: had Primary Asset Management responsibilities for several industries and portfolio companies; oversaw the onboarding of acquisitions and establishment of Blackstone-affiliated portfolio companies; and had Primary Disposition responsibilities for several portfolios and companies across several industries. Mr. Blount was the LXR/Blackstone Executive Vice President from 2005 to 2010. His primary responsibilities involved: underwriting and acquisition of domestic and international property and mortgage loan portfolios; asset management; renovation and reconstruction projects, debt, and business model restructuring; and dispute resolution. He was a Principal of Colony Capital from 1993 to 2004 and was responsible for sourcing and structuring new investments, consummating transactions valued in excess of $5 billion. His Primary Acquisitions responsibilities included domestic and international acquisitions of real property, distressed mortgage debt, and real estate-related assets and entities. From 1987 to 1992, Mr. Blount was Vice President of WSGP which was formed to capitalize on the struggles of the US Savings and Loan industry and the FSLIC. He was responsible for structuring and managing/working out new investment opportunities, generally acquired from failed financial institutions. He graduated from University of Southern California in 1982 with a B.S. in Business Administration. Mr. Blount earned his MBA from University of Southern California’s Marshall School of Business in 1987 and is a member Beta Gamma Sigma (International Business Honor Society).
Family Relationships
There are no family relationships between any of our officers and directors, except that Mr. Joseph V. Salvucci Sr. and Mr. Joseph V. Salvucci Jr. are father and son, respectively.
Number and Terms of Office of Officers and Directors
Our board of directors has five directors. Our board of directors is divided into two classes with only one class of directors being elected in each year and each class (except for those directors appointed prior to our first annual meeting of stockholders) serving a two-year term. The class I directors consist of Dante Caravaggio and Joseph V. Salvucci, Jr., and their term will expire at our annual meeting of stockholders to be held in 2026. The class II directors consist of Mitchell Trotter, Byron Blount, and Joseph V. Salvucci, Sr. and their term will expire at the annual meeting of stockholders to be held in 2025.
Our officers are elected by the board of directors and serve at the discretion of the board of directors, rather than for specific terms of office. Our board of directors is authorized to appoint persons to the offices set forth in our bylaws as it deems appropriate. Our bylaws provide that our officers may consist of a Chief Executive Officer, President, Chief Financial Officer, Vice Presidents, Secretary, Assistant Secretaries, Treasurer and such other offices as may be determined by the board of directors.
Director Independence
The NYSE American listing standards require that a majority of our board of directors be independent. An “independent director” is defined generally as a person other than an officer or employee of the company or its subsidiaries or any other individual having a relationship which in the opinion of the company’s board of directors, would interfere with the director’s exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director. Of the current members of our board of directors, Messrs. Salvucci Sr., Salvucci Jr., and Byron Blount are each considered an “independent director” under the NYSE American listing standards and applicable SEC rules. Our independent directors will have regularly scheduled meetings at which only independent directors are present.
Committees of the Board of Directors
The standing committees of our Board of Directors consist of an audit committee (the “Audit Committee”), a compensation committee (the “Compensation Committee”), and a Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee (the “Nominating Committee”). The Audit Committee, Compensation Committee, and the Nominating Committee report to the Board.
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Audit Committee
The members of our Audit Committee are Messrs. Blount and Salvucci Sr., and Mr. Blount serves as chairman of the Audit Committee. As a smaller reporting company under the NYSE American listing standards, we are required to have at least two members on the Audit Committee. The rules of the NYSE American and Rule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act require that the audit committee of a listed company be comprised solely of independent directors. Each of Messrs. Salvucci Sr. and Blount qualifies as an independent director under applicable rules. Each member of the Audit Committee is financially literate and our board of directors has determined that Mr. Blount qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert” as defined in applicable SEC rules.
We have adopted an audit committee charter, which details the principal functions of the audit committee, including:
| ● | the appointment, compensation, retention, replacement, and oversight of the work of the independent registered accounting firm and any other independent registered public accounting firm engaged by us; |
| ● | pre-approving all audit and non-audit services to be provided by the independent registered accounting firm or any other registered public accounting firm engaged by us, and establishing pre-approval policies and procedures; |
| ● | reviewing and discussing with the independent registered accounting firm all relationships the auditors have with us in order to evaluate their continued independence; |
| ● | setting clear hiring policies for employees or former employees of the independent registered accounting firm; |
| ● | setting clear policies for audit partner rotation in compliance with applicable laws and regulations; |
| ● | obtaining and reviewing a report, at least annually, from the independent registered accounting firm describing (i) the independent registered accounting firm’s internal quality-control procedures and (ii) any material issues raised by the most recent internal quality-control review, or peer review, of the audit firm, or by any inquiry or investigation by governmental or professional authorities, within, the preceding five years respecting one or more independent audits carried out by the firm and any steps taken to deal with such issues; |
| ● | reviewing and approving any related party transaction required to be disclosed pursuant to Item 404 of Regulation S-K promulgated by the SEC prior to us entering into such transaction; and |
| ● | reviewing with management, the independent registered accounting firm, and our legal advisors, as appropriate, any legal, regulatory or compliance matters, including any correspondence with regulators or government agencies and any employee complaints or published reports that raise material issues regarding our financial statements or accounting policies and any significant changes in accounting standards or rules promulgated by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, the SEC or other regulatory authorities. |
Compensation Committee
The members of our Compensation Committee are Messrs. Salvucci Sr., Salvucci, Jr., and Blount. Mr. Salvucci, Jr. serves as chairman of the Compensation Committee. Under the NYSE American listing standards and applicable SEC rules, we are required to have at least two members on the Compensation Committee, all of whom must be independent.
We have adopted a compensation committee charter, which details the principal functions of the compensation committee, including:
| ● | reviewing and approving on an annual basis the corporate goals and objectives relevant to our Chief Executive Officer’s compensation, evaluating our Chief Executive Officer’s performance in light of such goals and objectives and determining and approving the remuneration (if any) of our Chief Executive Officer based on such evaluation; |
| ● | reviewing and approving the compensation of all of our other executive officers; |
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| ● | reviewing our executive compensation policies and plans; |
| ● | implementing and administering our incentive compensation equity-based remuneration plans; |
| ● | assisting management in complying with our proxy statement and annual report disclosure requirements; |
| ● | approving all special perquisites, special cash payments and other special compensation and benefit arrangements for our executive officers and employees; |
| ● | producing a report on executive compensation to be included in our annual proxy statement; and |
| ● | reviewing, evaluating and recommending changes, if appropriate, to the remuneration for directors. |
The charter also provides that the Compensation Committee may, in its sole discretion, retain or obtain the advice of a compensation consultant, legal counsel or other adviser and will be directly responsible for the appointment, compensation and oversight of the work of any such adviser. However, before engaging or receiving advice from a compensation consultant, external legal counsel or any other adviser, the compensation committee will consider the independence of each such adviser, including the factors required by the NYSE American and the SEC.
Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee
The members of our Nominating Committee are Messrs. Blount, Salvucci Sr. and Salvucci Jr. Mr. Salvucci Jr. serves as chair of Nominating Committee.
The primary purposes of our Nominating Committee is to assist the board in:
| ● | identifying, screening and reviewing individuals qualified to serve as directors and recommending to the board of directors candidates for nomination for election at the annual meeting of stockholders or to fill vacancies on the board of directors; |
| ● | developing, recommending to the board of directors and overseeing implementation of our corporate governance guidelines; |
| ● | coordinating and overseeing the annual self-evaluation of the board of directors, its committees, individual directors and management in the governance of the company; and |
| ● | reviewing on a regular basis our overall corporate governance and recommending improvements as and when necessary. |
The Nominating Committee is governed by a charter that complies with the rules of the NYSE American.
A copy of each of our Nominating Committee Charter, Compensation Committee Charter, and Audit Committee Charter are accessible at https://EON-R.com /.
Director Nominations
Our Nominating Committee will recommend to the board of directors candidates for nomination for election at the annual meeting of the stockholders. The board of directors will also consider director candidates recommended for nomination by our stockholders during such times as they are seeking proposed nominees to stand for election at the next annual meeting of stockholders (or, if applicable, a special meeting of stockholders).
We have not formally established any specific, minimum qualifications that must be met or skills that are necessary for directors to possess. In general, in identifying and evaluating nominees for director, the board of directors considers educational background, diversity of professional experience, knowledge of our business, integrity, professional reputation, independence, wisdom, and the ability to represent the best interests of our stockholders.
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Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation
None of our future executive officers currently serves, and in the past year has not served, as a member of the board of directors or compensation committee of any entity that has one or more executive officers serving on our board of directors.
Code of Ethics
We have adopted a Code of Ethics applicable to our directors, officers and employees. The Code of Ethics is available on our website accessible at https://EON-R.com /. In addition, a copy of the Code of Ethics will be provided without charge upon request from us. We intend to disclose any amendments to or waivers of certain provisions of our Code of Ethics in a Current Report on Form 8-K.
Insider Trading Policy
Our board of directors has adopted an Insider Trading Policy which prohibits trading based on “material, nonpublic information” regarding our company or any company whose securities are listed for trading or quotation in the United States. The policy covers all officers and directors of the company and its subsidiaries, all other employees of the company and its subsidiaries, and consultants or contractors to the company or its subsidiaries who have or may have access to material non-public information and members of the immediate family or household of any such person. The policy is reasonably designed to promote compliance with insider trading laws, rules and regulations, and Nasdaq listing standards. The policy is filed as an exhibit to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.
Clawback Policy
Our board of directors has adopted a clawback policy, which provides that in the event we are required to prepare an accounting restatement due to noncompliance with any financial reporting requirements under the securities laws or otherwise erroneous data or we determine there has been a significant misconduct that causes financial or reputational harm, we shall recover a portion or all of any incentive compensation. The policy is filed as an exhibit to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.
Timing of Option Awards
We provide the following discussion of the timing of option awards in relation to the disclosure of material nonpublic information, as required by Item 402(x) of Regulation S-K. We have no policy or practice regarding option grant timing because we do not grant, and have not granted, options to our NEOs. We have not timed the disclosure of material nonpublic information to affect the value of executive compensation. During 2024, we did not grant any stock options to the NEOs during any period beginning four business days before the filing of a periodic report on Form 10-Q or Form 10-K or the filing or furnishing of a current report on Form 8-K disclosing material non-public information (other than a current report on Form 8-K disclosing a material new stock option award under Item 5.02(e) of such Form 8-K), and ending one business day after the filing or furnishing of such report with the SEC.
Executive Officers
Our executive officers are:
| Name | Position | Age | ||
| Dante Caravaggio | Chief Executive Officer | 67 | ||
| Mitchell B. Trotter | Chief Financial Officer | 65 | ||
| David M. Smith | General Counsel and Secretary | 69 |
Biographical information for these individuals is set forth above.
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COMPENSATION OF EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS
Summary Compensation Table
The following table sets forth information regarding compensation earned during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 by our principal executive officers and our two other most highly compensated executive officers as of the end of December 31, 2024 (“NEOs”).
| (a) | (b) | (c) | (d) | (e) | (f) | (g) | (h) | (i) | (j) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Name and Principal Position | Year | Salary | Bonus | Stock Awards (1) | Option Awards(2) | Non-equity Incentive plan compensation | Nonqualified deferred compensation earnings | All other compensation | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ($) | ($) | ($) | ($) | ($) | ($) | ($) | ($) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dante Caravaggio | 2024 | 104,000 | - | 96,000 | 118,285 | - | 146,000 | 20,100 | 484,385 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chief Executive Officer and President | 2023 | 4,000 | - | - | - | - | 6,417 | - | 10,417 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mitchell B. Trotter | 2024 | 104,000 | - | 96,000 | 78,857 | - | 146,000 | 4,448 | 429,305 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chief Financial Officer | 2023 | 12,000 | - | - | - | - | 19,250 | - | 31,250 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| David M. Smith | 2024 | 104,000 | - | 96,000 | 78,857 | - | 146,000 | 20,100 | 444,957 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| General Counsel and Secretary | 2023 | 12,000 | - | - | - | - | 19,250 | - | 31,250 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (1) | The fair value of the stock awards to Messrs. Caravaggio, Trotter and Smith were based on the closing price of the Company’s Class A Common Stock on March 4, 2024 in accordance with FASB ASC 718. |
| (2) | The fair value of the option awards to Messrs. Caravaggio, Trotter and Smith were estimated under FASB ASC 718 using a Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model and the following assumptions: (1) expected volatility of 110.42% based on a group of comparable peer companies; (2) an exercise price of $2.02; (3) a stock price of $2.02 based on the closing price of the Company’s Class A Common Stock on the grant date of March 12, 2024; (4) an expected term of 4.5 years; (5) a risk-free rate of 4.26%; and (6) a dividend rate of 0%. |
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Narrative Disclosures Regarding Compensation; Employment Agreements
None of our NEOs received any cash compensation prior to the Closing of the Purchase on November 15, 2023, other than the $10,000 per month, including the deferred payments, administrative fee for office space, utilities, secretarial and administrative services, and the reimbursement for out-of-pocket expenses paid to Rhône Merchant Resources Inc., and $5,000 per month paid to Donald W. Orr, no compensation or fees of any kind was paid to the Sponsor, or members of our management team or their respective affiliates, for services rendered prior to or in connection with the consummation of our initial business combination.
Dante Caravaggio
Effective December 18, 2023, we entered into an employment agreement (the “Caravaggio Employment Agreement”) with Dante Caravaggio, pursuant to which he serves as our Chief Executive Officer, President, and a member of our board of directors. The Caravaggio Employment Agreement is on our standard form for executives, and provides that we pay to Mr. Caravaggio an annual base salary of $250,000. In addition, we agreed to issue a one-time Equity Sign-On Incentive to Mr. Caravaggio under the 2023 HNR Acquisition Corp Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2023 Plan”), which consists of restricted stock units (“RSUs”), equal to 200% of base salary divided by $10 (i.e. 50,000 RSUs), subject to time-based vesting as follows: 1/3 on the first anniversary of the date of grant, 1/3 on the second anniversary of the date of grant, and 1/3 on the third anniversary of the date of grant, so long as Mr. Caravaggio continues to provide service through such vesting date. The 50,000 RSU’s were approved by the Board and issued in March of 2024. Mr. Caravaggio will be permitted to participate in any broad-based retirement, health and welfare plans that will be offered to all of our employees.
Pursuant to the Caravaggio Employment Agreement, if we terminate Mr. Caravaggio’s employment without Cause (as defined in the Caravaggio Employment Agreement) or Mr. Caravaggio terminates his employment for Good Reason (as defined in the Caravaggio Employment Agreement), then Mr. Caravaggio will be entitled to: (i) any accrued obligations as of the date of termination, including base salary, PTO and holidays, and continued benefits required by our employee benefit plans; (ii) continued base salary for 12 months following the date of termination, paid in accordance with our payroll practices; (iii) the total monthly cost of coverage for Mr. Caravaggio and his covered dependents under COBRA, if elected; and (iv) full vesting in all equity grants as of the date of termination. To receive such severance benefits, Mr. Caravaggio will be required to execute a non-competition agreement, non-solicitation agreement, or confidentiality agreement or invention assignment agreement and release of claims.
Mitchell B. Trotter
Effective November 15, 2023, we entered into an employment agreement (the “Trotter Employment Agreement”) with Mitchell B. Trotter, pursuant to which he serves as our Chief Financial Officer and a member of our board of directors. The Trotter Employment Agreement is on our standard form for executives, and provides that we pay to Mr. Trotter an annual base salary of $250,000. In addition, we agreed to issue a one-time Equity Sign-On Incentive to Mr. Trotter under the 2023 Plan, which consists of RSUs equal to 200% of base salary divided by $10 (i.e. 50,000 RSUs), subject to time-based vesting as follows: 1/3 on the first anniversary of the date of grant, 1/3 on the second anniversary of the date of grant, and 1/3 on the third anniversary of the date of grant so long as Mr. Trotter continues to provide service through such vesting date. The 50,000 RSU’s were approved by the Board and issued in March of 2024. Mr. Trotter will be permitted to participate in any broad-based retirement, health and welfare plans that will be offered to all of our employees.
Pursuant to the Trotter Employment Agreement, if we terminate Mr. Trotter’s employment without Cause (as defined in the Trotter Employment Agreement) or Mr. Trotter terminates his employment for Good Reason (as defined in the Trotter Employment Agreement), then Mr. Trotter will be entitled to: (i) any accrued obligations as of the date of termination, including base salary, PTO and holidays, and continued benefits required by our employee benefit plans; (ii) continued base salary for 12 months following the date of termination, paid in accordance with our payroll practices; (iii) the total monthly cost of coverage for Mr. Trotter and his covered dependents under COBRA, if elected; and (iv) full vesting in all equity grants as of the date of termination. To receive such severance benefits, Mr. Trotter will be required to execute a non-competition agreement, non-solicitation agreement, or confidentiality agreement or invention assignment agreement and release of claims.
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David M. Smith
Effective November 15, 2023, we entered into an employment agreement (the “Smith Employment Agreement”) with David M. Smith, pursuant to which he serves as our General Counsel and Secretary. The Smith Employment Agreement is on our standard form for executives, and provides that we pay to Mr. Smit Pursuant to the Smith Employment Agreement, if we terminate Mr. Smith’s employment without Cause (as defined in the Smith Employment Agreement) or Mr. Smith terminates his employment for Good Reason (as defined in the Smith Employment Agreement), then Mr. Smith will be entitled to: (i) any accrued obligations as of the date of termination, including base salary, PTO and holidays, and continued benefits required by our employee benefit plans; (ii) continued base salary for 12 months following the date of termination, paid in accordance with our payroll practices; (iii) the total monthly cost of coverage for Mr. Smith and his covered dependents under COBRA, if elected; and (iv) full vesting in all equity grants as of the date of termination. To receive such severance benefits, Mr. Smith will be required to execute a non-competition agreement, non-solicitation agreement, or confidentiality agreement or invention assignment agreement and release of claims.
Compensation Advisor
The Compensation Committee retained Pearl Meyer & Partners, LLC (“Pearl Meyer”), a compensation consulting firm, to assist it in evaluating the elements and levels of our executive compensation, including base salaries, annual cash incentive awards and equity-based incentives for our executive officers, consultant, and directors. In November 2022, the Compensation Committee determined that Pearl Meyer is independent from management and that Pearl Meyer’s work has not raised any conflicts of interest. Pearl Meyer reports directly to the Compensation Committee and the Compensation Committee has the sole authority to approve Pearl Meyer’s compensation and may terminate the relationship at any time.
Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year End
2024 Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-end Table
The following table sets forth information regarding the outstanding equity awards held by our Named Executive Officers as of December 31, 2024:
| Option Awards | Stock Awards | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Name | Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options (#) Exercisable | Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options (#) Unexercisable | Equity Incentive Plan Awards: Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Unearned Options (#) | Option Exercise Price ($) | Option Expiration Date | Number of Shares or Units of Stock That Have Not Vested (#) | Market Value of Shares or Units of Stock That Have Not Vested ($) | Equity Incentive Plan Awards: Number of Unearned Shares, Units or Other Rights That Have Not Vested (#) | Equity Incentive Plan Awards: Market or Payout Value of Unearned Shares, Units or Other Rights That Have Not Vested ($) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dante Caravaggio | - | - | 75,000 | 2.02 | March 11, 2034 | - | - | 33,333 | $ | 27,333 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mitchell B. Trotter | - | - | 50,000 | 2.02 | March 11, 2034 | - | - | 33,333 | $ | 27,333 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| David M. Smith | - | - | 50,000 | 2.02 | March 11, 2034 | - | - | 33,333 | $ | 27,333 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Option Re-pricings
We have not engaged in any option re-pricings or other modifications to any of our outstanding equity awards to our NEOs during fiscal years 2023 and 2024.
Payments Upon Termination or Change in Control
None of our NEOs are entitled to receive payments or other benefits upon termination of employment or a change in control.
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Retirement Plans
We do not maintain any deferred compensation, retirement, pension or profit-sharing plans.
Employee Benefits
All of our full-time employees are eligible to participate in health and welfare plans maintained by us, including:
| ● | medical, dental and vision benefits; and |
| ● | basic life and accidental death & dismemberment insurance. |
Our NEOs participate in these plans on the same basis as other eligible employees. We do not maintain any supplemental health and welfare plans for our NEOs.
Nonqualified Deferred Compensation
During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, our NEOs deferred a portion of their salaries not paid by us during the years 2024 and 2023, as disclosed in the table above. Such payments were deferred because timely payments further jeopardize our ability to continue as a going concern. We intend to make such payments as soon as we are able.
Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan
On November 15, 2023, we adopted the 2023 Plan, the material terms of which are described below.
Purpose and Eligibility. The purpose of the 2023 Plan is (i) to provide eligible persons with an incentive to contribute to our success and to operate and manage our business in a manner that will provide for our long-term growth and profitability and that will benefit our stockholders and other important stakeholders, including our employees and customers, and (ii) to provide a means of recruiting, rewarding, and retaining key personnel.
Equity awards may be granted under the 2023 Plan to officers, directors, including non-employee directors, other employees, advisors, consultants or other service providers of the company or our subsidiaries or other affiliates, and to any other individuals who are approved by the Compensation Committee as eligible to participate in the 2023 Plan. Only our employees or employees of our corporate subsidiaries are eligible to receive incentive stock options.
Effective Date and Term. The 2023 Plan is effective as of November 15, 2023 and will terminate automatically at 11:59PM ET on the day before the 10th anniversary of the such date, unless earlier terminated by our board of directors or in accordance with the terms of the 2023 Plan.
Administration, Amendment and Termination. The 2023 Plan will generally be administered by the Compensation Committee. Except where the authority to act on such matters is specifically reserved to the full board of directors under the 2023 Plan or applicable law, the Compensation Committee will have full power and authority to interpret and construe all provisions of the 2023 Plan, any award, and any award agreement, and take all actions and to make all determinations required or provided for under the 2023 Plan, any award, and any award agreement, including the authority to:
| ● | designate grantees of awards; |
| ● | determine the type or types of awards to be made to a grantee; |
| ● | determine the number of shares of Class A Common Stock subject to an award or to which an award relates; |
| ● | establish the terms and conditions of each award; |
| ● | prescribe the form of each award agreement; |
| ● | subject to limitations in the 2023 Plan (including the prohibition on repricing of options or share appreciation rights without stockholder approval), amend, modify, or supplement the terms of any outstanding award; and |
| ● | make substitute awards. |
Our board of directors is also authorized to appoint one or more committees of the board of directors consisting of one or more directors who need not meet the independence requirements under the listing rules of any stock exchange on which Class A Common Stock is listed for certain limited purposes permitted by the 2023 Plan, and to the extent permitted by applicable law, the Compensation Committee is authorized to delegate authority to the Chief Executive Officer and/or any other officers of the company for certain limited purposes permitted by the 2023 Plan. Our board of directors will retain the authority under the 2023 Plan to exercise any or all of the powers and authorities related to the administration and implementation of the 2023 Plan.
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Our board of directors may amend, suspend, or terminate the 2023 Plan at any time; provided that with respect to awards that are granted under the 2023 Plan, no amendment, suspension or termination may materially impair the rights of the award holder without such holder’s consent. No such action may amend the 2023 Plan without the approval of stockholders if the amendment is required to be submitted for stockholder approval by our board of directors, the terms of the 2023 Plan, or applicable law.
Awards. Awards under the 2023 Plan may be made in the form of:
| ● | stock options, which may be either incentive stock options or nonqualified stock options; |
| ● | stock appreciation rights or “SARs”; |
| ● | restricted stock; |
| ● | restricted stock units; |
| ● | dividend equivalent rights; |
| ● | performance awards, including performance shares; |
| ● | other equity-based awards; or |
| ● | cash. |
An incentive stock option is an option that meets the requirements of Section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), and a nonqualified stock option is an option that does not meet those requirements. A SAR is a right to receive upon exercise, in the form of stock, cash or a combination of stock and cash, the excess of the fair market value of one share on the exercise date over the exercise price of the SAR. Restricted stock is an award of common stock subject to restrictions over restricted periods that subject the shares to a substantial risk of forfeiture, as defined in Section 83 of the Code. A restricted stock unit or deferred stock unit is an award that represents a conditional right to receive shares in the future and that may be made subject to the same types of restrictions and risk of forfeiture as restricted stock. Dividend equivalent rights are awards entitling the grantee to receive cash, shares, other awards under the 2023 Plan or other property equal in value to dividends or other periodic payments paid or made with respect to a specified number of shares of stock. Performance awards are awards made subject to the achievement of one or more performance goals over a performance period established by the Compensation Committee. Other equity-based awards are awards representing a right or other interest that may be denominated or payable in, valued in whole or in part by reference to, or otherwise based on or related to stock, other than an option, SAR, restricted stock, restricted stock unit, unrestricted stock, dividend equivalent right, or a performance award.
The 2023 Plan provides that each award will be evidenced by an award agreement, which may specify terms and conditions of the award that differ from the terms and conditions that would otherwise apply under the 2023 Plan in the absence of the different terms and conditions in the award agreement. In the event of any inconsistency between the 2023 Plan and an award agreement, the provisions of the 2023 Plan will control.
Awards under the 2023 Plan may be granted alone or in addition to, in tandem with, or in substitution or exchange for any other award under the 2023 Plan, other awards under another compensatory plan of the company or any of our affiliates (or any business entity that has been a party to a transaction with the company or any of our affiliates), or other rights to payment from the company or any of our affiliates. Awards granted in addition to or in tandem with other awards may be granted either at the same time or at different times.
The Compensation Committee may permit or require the deferral of any payment pursuant to any award into a deferred compensation arrangement, which may include provisions for the payment or crediting of interest or dividend equivalent rights, in accordance with rules and procedures established by the Compensation Committee. Awards under the 2023 Plan generally will be granted for no consideration other than past services by the grantee of the award or, if provided for in the award agreement or in a separate agreement, the grantee’s promise to perform future services to the company or one of our subsidiaries or other affiliates.
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Forfeiture; Recoupment. We may reserve the right in an award agreement to cause a forfeiture of the gain realized by a grantee with respect to an award on account of actions taken by, or failed to be taken by, such grantee in violation or breach of, or in conflict with, any employment agreement, non-competition agreement, agreement prohibiting solicitation of employees or clients of the company or any affiliate, confidentiality obligations with respect to the company or any affiliate, or otherwise in competition with the company or any affiliate, to the extent specified in such award agreement. If the grantee is an employee and is terminated for “Cause” (as defined in the 2023 Plan), the Compensation Committee may annul the grantee’s award as of the date of the grantee’s termination.
In addition, any award granted pursuant to the 2023 Plan will be subject to mandatory repayment by the grantee to the company to the extent (i) set forth in the 2023 Plan or in an award agreement, or (ii) the grantee is or becomes subject to our clawback policy, or any applicable laws which impose mandatory recoupment.
Shares Subject to the 2023 Plan. Subject to adjustment as described below, the maximum number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the 2023 Plan is equal to 1,400,000 shares of Class A Common Stock. The maximum number of shares of Class A Common Stock available for issuance pursuant to incentive stock options granted under the 2023 Plan will be the same as the total number of shares of Class A Common Stock reserved for issuance under the 2023 Plan. Shares issued under the 2023 Plan may be authorized and unissued shares, or treasury shares, or a combination of the foregoing.
Any shares covered by an award, or portion of an award, granted under the 2023 Plan that are not purchased or forfeited or canceled, or expire or otherwise terminate without the issuance of shares or are settled in cash in lieu of shares, will again be available for issuance under the 2023 Plan.
Shares subject to an award granted under the 2023 Plan will be counted against the maximum number of shares reserved for issuance under the 2023 Plan as one share for every one share subject to such an award. In addition, at least the target number of shares of stock issuable under a performance award will be counted against the maximum number of shares reserved for issuance under the 2023 Plan as of the grant date, but such number will be adjusted to equal the actual number of shares of stock issued upon settlement of the performance award to the extent different from such number initially counted against the share reserve.
The number of shares available for issuance under the 2023 Plan will not be increased by the number of shares of Class A Common Stock: (i) tendered or withheld or subject to an award surrendered in connection with the purchase of shares upon exercise of an option; (ii) that were not issued upon the net settlement or net exercise of a stock-settled SAR, (iii) deducted or delivered from payment of an award in connection with our tax withholding obligations; or (iv) purchased by us with proceeds from option exercises.
Options. The 2023 Plan authorizes the Compensation Committee to grant incentive stock options (under Section 422 of the Code) and options that do not qualify as incentive stock options. An option granted under the 2023 Plan will be exercisable only to the extent that it is vested. Each option will become vested and exercisable at such times and under such conditions as the Compensation Committee may approve consistent with the terms of the 2023 Plan. No option may be exercisable more than ten years after the option grant date, or five years after the option grant date in the case of an incentive stock option granted to a “ten percent stockholder” (as defined in the 2023 Plan); provided that, to the extent deemed necessary or appropriate by the Compensation Committee to reflect differences in local law, tax policy, or custom with respect to any option granted to a grantee who is a foreign national or is a natural person who is employed outside of the United States, such option may terminate, and all rights to purchase shares of stock thereunder may cease, upon the expiration of a period longer than ten (10) years from the date of grant of such option as the Compensation Committee shall determine. The Compensation Committee may include in the option agreement provisions specifying the period during which an option may be exercised following termination of the grantee’s service. The exercise price of each option will be determined by the Compensation Committee, provided that the per share exercise price will be equal to or greater than 100% of the fair market value of a share of Class A Common Stock on the grant date (other than as permitted for substitute awards). If we were to grant incentive stock options to any ten percent stockholder, the per share exercise price will not be less than 110% of the fair market value of a share of Class A Common Stock on the grant date.
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Incentive stock options and nonqualified stock options are generally non-transferable, except for transfers by will or the laws of descent and distribution. The Compensation Committee may, in its discretion, determine that a nonqualified stock option may be transferred to family members by gift or other transfers deemed not to be for value.
Share Appreciation Rights. The 2023 Plan authorizes the Compensation Committee to grant SARs that provide the recipient with the right to receive, upon exercise of the SAR, cash, Class A Common Stock, or a combination of the two. The amount that the recipient will receive upon exercise of the SAR generally will equal the excess of the fair market value of shares of Class A Common Stock on the date of exercise over the fair market value of shares of Class A Common Stock on the grant date. SARs will become exercisable in accordance with terms determined by the Compensation Committee. SARs may be granted in tandem with an option grant or independently from an option grant. The term of a SAR cannot exceed ten (10) years from the date of grant. The per share exercise price of a SAR will be no less than the fair market value of one share of Class A Common Stock on the grant date of such SAR.
SARs will be nontransferable, except for transfers by will or the laws of descent and distribution. The Compensation Committee may determine that all or part of a SAR may be transferred to certain family members of the grantee by gift or other transfers deemed not to be for value.
Fair Market Value. For so long as the Class A Common Stock remains listed on NYSE American, the fair market value of the Class A Common Stock on an award’s grant date, or on any other date for which fair market value is required to be established under the 2023 Plan, will be the closing price of the Class A Common Stock as reported on NYSE American on such date. If there is no such reported closing price on such date, the fair market value of the Class A Common Stock will be the closing price of the Class A Common Stock as reported on such market on the next preceding date on which any sale of Class A Common Stock will have been reported.
If the Class A Common Stock ceases to be listed on NYSE American and is listed on another established national or regional stock exchange, or traded on another established securities market, fair market value will similarly be determined by reference to the closing price of the Class A Common Stock on the applicable date as reported on such other stock exchange or established securities market.
If the Class A Common Stock ceases to be listed on NYSE American or another established national or regional stock exchange, or traded on another established securities market, the Compensation Committee will determine the fair market value of the Class A Common Stock by the reasonable application of a reasonable valuation method in a manner consistent with Section 409A of the Code.
No Repricing. Except in connection with a corporate transaction involving the company (including, without limitation, any stock dividend, distribution (whether in the form of cash, shares of stock, other securities or other property), stock split, extraordinary dividend, recapitalization, change in control, reorganization, merger, consolidation, split-up, spin-off, combination, repurchase or exchange of shares of stock or other securities or similar transaction), we may not, without obtaining stockholder approval, (a) amend the terms of outstanding options or SARs to reduce the exercise price of such outstanding options or SARs, (b) cancel outstanding options or SARs in exchange for, or in substitution of, options or SARs with an exercise price that is less than the exercise price of the original options or SARs, (c) cancel outstanding options or SARs with an exercise price above the current price of Class A Common Stock in exchange for cash or other securities, in each case, unless such action is (i) subject to and approved by our stockholders or (ii) would not be deemed to be a repricing under the rules of any stock exchange or securities market on which the Class A Common Stock is listed or publicly traded.
Restricted Stock; Restricted Stock Units. The 2023 Plan authorizes the Compensation Committee to grant restricted stock and restricted stock units. Subject to the provisions of the 2023 Plan, the Compensation Committee will determine the terms and conditions of each award of restricted stock and restricted stock units, including the restricted period for all or a portion of the award, the restrictions applicable to the award, and the purchase price, if any, for the shares of stock subject to the award. The restrictions, if any, may lapse over a specified period of time or through the satisfaction of conditions, in installments or otherwise, as the Compensation Committee may determine. A grantee of restricted stock will have all of the rights of a stockholder as to those shares, including, without limitation, the right to vote the shares and receive dividends or distributions on the shares, except to the extent limited by the Compensation Committee. The Compensation Committee may provide in an award agreement evidencing a grant of restricted stock that (a) cash dividend payments or distributions paid on restricted stock will be reinvested in shares of stock, which may or may not be subject to the same vesting conditions and restrictions as applicable to such shares of restricted stock or (b) any dividend payments or distributions declared or paid on shares of restricted stock will only be made or paid upon satisfaction of the vesting conditions and restrictions applicable to such shares of restricted stock. Dividend payments or distributions declared or paid on shares of restricted stock which vest or are earned based on upon the achievement of performance goals will not vest unless such performance goals for such shares of restricted stock are achieved, and if such performance goals are not achieved, the grantee of such shares of restricted stock will promptly forfeit and, to the extent already paid or distributed, repay to us such dividend payments or distributions. Grantees of restricted stock units and deferred stock units will have no voting or dividend rights or other rights associated with share ownership, although the Compensation Committee may award dividend equivalent rights on such units.
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During the restricted period, if any, when restricted stock and restricted stock units are non-transferable or forfeitable, a grantee is prohibited from selling, transferring, assigning, pledging, exchanging, hypothecating, or otherwise encumbering or disposing of the grantees’ restricted stock and restricted stock units.
Dividend Equivalent Rights. The 2023 Plan authorizes the Compensation Committee to grant dividend equivalent rights. Dividend equivalent rights may be granted independently or in connection with the grant of any equity-based award, except that no dividend equivalent right may be granted in connection with, or related to an option or SAR. Dividend equivalent rights may be paid currently (with or without being subject to forfeiture or a repayment obligation) or may be deemed to be reinvested in additional shares of stock or awards which may thereafter accrue additional dividend equivalent rights (with or without being subject to forfeiture or a repayment obligation) and may be payable in cash, common shares, or a combination of the two. Dividend equivalent rights granted as a component of another award may (a) provide that such dividend equivalent right will be settled upon exercise, settlement, or payment of, or lapse of restriction on, such other award and that such dividend equivalent will expire or be forfeited or annulled under the same conditions as such award or (b) contain terms and conditions which are different from the terms and conditions of such other award, provided that dividend equivalent rights credited pursuant to a dividend equivalent right granted as a component of another award which vests or is earned based on the achievement of performance goals will not vest unless such performance goals for such underlying award are achieved, and if such performance goals are not achieved, the grantee of such dividend equivalent right will promptly forfeit and, to the extent already paid or distributed, repay to us payments or distributions made in connection with such dividend equivalent rights.
Performance Awards. The 2023 Plan authorizes the Compensation Committee to grant performance awards. The Compensation Committee will determine the applicable performance period, the performance goals, and such other conditions that apply to the performance award. Any performance measures may be used to measure the performance of the company and our subsidiaries and other affiliates as a whole or any business unit of the company, our subsidiaries, and/or our affiliates or any combination thereof, as the Compensation Committee may deem appropriate, or any performance measures as compared to the performance of a group of comparable companies, or published or special index that the Compensation Committee deems appropriate. Performance goals may relate to our financial performance or the financial performance of our operating units, the grantee’s performance, or such other criteria determined by the Compensation Committee. If the performance goals are met, performance awards will be paid in cash, shares of stock, other awards, or a combination thereof.
Other Equity-Based Awards. The 2023 Plan authorizes the Compensation Committee to grant other types of stock-based awards under the 2023 Plan. The terms and conditions that apply to other equity-based awards are determined by the Compensation Committee.
Forms of Payment. The exercise price for any option or the purchase price (if any) for restricted stock, and vested restricted stock units is generally payable (i) in cash or in cash equivalents acceptable to the company, (ii) to the extent the award agreement provides, by the tender (or attestation of ownership) of shares of Class A Common Stock having a fair market value on the date of tender (or attestation) equal to the exercise price or purchase price, (iii) to the extent permitted by law and to the extent permitted by the award agreement, through a broker-assisted cashless exercise, or (iv) to the extent the award agreement provides and/or unless otherwise specified in an award agreement, any other form permissible by applicable law, including net exercise or net settlement and service rendered to us or our affiliates.
Change in Capitalization. The Compensation Committee may adjust the terms of outstanding awards under the 2023 Plan to preserve the proportionate interests of the holders in such awards on account of any recapitalization, reclassification, share split, reverse share split, spin-off, combination of share, exchange of shares, share dividend or other distribution payable in capital shares, or other increase or decrease in such shares effected without receipt of consideration by the company. The adjustments will include proportionate adjustments to (i) the number and kind of shares subject to outstanding awards and (ii) the per share exercise price of outstanding options or SARs.
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Transaction not Constituting a Change in Control. If the company is the surviving entity in any reorganization, merger, or consolidation with one or more other entities which does not constitute a “change in control” (as defined in the 2023 Plan), any awards will be adjusted to pertain to and apply to the securities to which a holder of the number of common shares subject to such award would have been entitled immediately after such transaction, with a corresponding proportionate adjustment to the per share price of options and SARs so that the aggregate price per share of each option or SAR thereafter is the same as the aggregate price per share of each option or SAR subject to the option or SAR immediately prior to such transaction. Further, in the event of any such transaction, performance awards (and the related performance measures if deemed appropriate by the Compensation Committee) will be adjusted to apply to the securities that a holder of the number of Class A Common Stock subject to such performance awards would have been entitled to receive following such transaction.
Effect of a Change in Control in which Awards are not Assumed. Except as otherwise provided in the applicable award agreement, in another agreement with the grantee, or as otherwise set forth in writing, upon the occurrence of a change in control in which outstanding awards are not being assumed or continued, the following provisions will apply to such awards, to the extent not assumed or continued:
| ● | Immediately prior to the occurrence of such change in control, in each case with the exception of performance awards, all outstanding shares of restricted stock and all restricted stock units, and dividend equivalent rights will be deemed to have vested, and all shares of stock and/or cash subject to such awards will be delivered; and either or both of the following two actions will be taken: |
| ● | At least 15 days prior to the scheduled consummation of such change in control, all options and SARs outstanding will become immediately exercisable and will remain exercisable for a period of 15 days. Any exercise of an option or SAR during this 15-day period will be conditioned on the consummation of the applicable change in control and will be effective only immediately before the consummation thereof, and upon consummation of such change in control, the 2023 Plan and all outstanding but unexercised options and SARs will terminate, with or without consideration as determined by the Compensation Committee in its sole discretion; and/or |
| ● | The Compensation Committee may elect, in its sole discretion, to cancel any outstanding awards of options, SARs, restricted stock, restricted stock units, and/or dividend equivalent rights and pay or deliver, or cause to be paid or delivered, to the holder thereof an amount in cash or capital stock having a value (as determined by the Compensation Committee acting in good faith), in the case of restricted stock, restricted stock units, deferred stock units, and dividend equivalent rights (for shares of stock subject thereto), equal to the formula or fixed price per share paid to holders of shares of stock pursuant to such change in control and, in the case of options or SARs, equal to the product of the number of shares of stock such subject to such options or SARs multiplied by the amount, if any, which (i) the formula or fixed price per share paid to holders of shares of stock pursuant to such change in control exceeds (ii) the option price or SAR price applicable to such options or SARs. |
| ● | For performance awards, if less than half of the performance period has lapsed, such awards will be treated as though the target performance thereunder has been achieved. If at least half of the performance period has lapsed, such performance awards will be earned, as of immediately prior to but contingent on the occurrence of such change in control, based on the greater of (i) deemed achievement of target performance or (ii) determination of actual performance as of a date reasonably proximate to the date of consummation of the change in control as determined by the Compensation Committee, in its sole discretion. |
| ● | Other Equity-Based Awards will be governed by the terms of the applicable award agreement. |
Effect of a Change in Control in which Awards are Assumed. Except as otherwise provided in the applicable award agreement, in another agreement with the grantee, or as otherwise set forth in writing, upon the occurrence of a change in control in which outstanding awards are being assumed or continued, the following provisions will apply to such awards, to the extent not assumed or continued: The 2023 Plan and the options, SARs, restricted stock, restricted stock units, dividend equivalent rights, and other equity-based equity awards granted under the 2023 Plan will continue in the manner and under the terms so provided in the event of any change in control to the extent that provision is made in writing in connection with such change in control for the assumption or continuation of such awards, or for the substitution for such awards of new options, SARs, restricted stock, restricted stock units, dividend equivalent rights, and other equity-based awards relating to the capital stock of a successor entity, or a parent or subsidiary thereof, with appropriate adjustment as to the number of shares and exercise price of options and SARs.
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In general, a “change in control” means:
| ● | a transaction or series of related transactions whereby a person or group (other than the company or any of our affiliates) becomes the beneficial owner of 50% or more of the total voting power of our voting stock on a fully diluted basis; |
| ● | individuals who constitute our board of directors, cease to constitute a majority of the members of our board of directors then in office; |
| ● | a merger or consolidation of the company, other than any such transaction in which the holders of our voting stock immediately prior to the transaction own directly or indirectly at least a majority of the voting power of the surviving entity immediately after the transaction; |
| ● | a sale of substantially all of our assets to another person or entity; or |
| ● | the consummation of a plan or proposal for the dissolution or liquidation of the company. |
Compensation of Directors
2024 Director Compensation Table
The following Director Compensation Table sets forth information concerning compensation for services rendered by our independent directors for fiscal year 2024.
| Name | Fees Earned or Paid in Cash ($) | Stock Awards ($) | Option Awards ($) | All Other Compensation ($) | Total ($) | |||||||||||||||
| Byron Blount(1) | $ | 125,000 | $ | 139,200 | $ | - | $ | 5,025 | $ | 369,225 | ||||||||||
| Joseph Salvucci, Jr.(2) | 110,000 | 143,040 | - | - | 253,040 | |||||||||||||||
| Joseph Salvucci, Sr. (3) | 100,000 | 148,800 | - | - | 248,800 | |||||||||||||||
| Total: | $ | 335,000 | $ | 431,040 | $ | - | $ | 5,025 | $ | 771,065 | ||||||||||
| (1) | Mr. Blount was appointed to serve as a member of the Board of Directors in November 2023. |
| (2) | Mr. Salvucci, Jr. was appointed to serve as a member of the Board of Directors in December 2021. |
| (3) | Mr. Salvucci, Sr. was appointed to serve as a member of the Board of Directors in December 2021. |
Messrs. Caravaggio and Trotter have not been included in the Director Compensation Table because there were NEOs of our company for all of our 2024 fiscal year, and all compensation paid to each of them during our 2024 fiscal year is reflected in the Summary Compensation Table above.
Director Compensation Program
We believe that attracting and retaining qualified directors is critical to our ability to grow in a manner that is consistent with our corporate governance principles and that is designed to create value for stockholders. We also believe that structuring director compensation with a significant equity component is key to achieving our goals. We believe that this structure will also allow directors to carry out their responsibilities with respect to oversight of the Company while also maintaining alignment with stockholder interests and fiduciary obligations. We anticipate that embedding these core principles and values of alignment and solid governance will enhance our ability to grow and unlock value for stockholders. We have implemented a director compensation policy for our non-employee directors, which is consists of:
| ● | An annual retainer for non-employee directors of $75,000; |
| ● | An annual grant for non-employee directors of RSUs, calculated by dividing $75,000 by the then current-stock price, which will vest on the first anniversary of the grant; |
| ● | An additional annual retainer payment of $50,000 to the Chairman; $25,000 to the Chair of the Audit Committee; $20,000 to the Chair of the Compensation Committee; and $15,000 to the Chair of the Nominating Committee. |
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BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP OF SECURITIES
The following table sets forth information known to us regarding the beneficial ownership of Class A Common Stock as of May 8, 2025 (the “Beneficial Ownership Date”) by:
| ● | each person who is the beneficial owner of more than 5% of the outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock; |
| ● | each of the Company’s named executive officers and directors; and |
| ● | all of the Company’s executive officers and directors as a group. |
Beneficial ownership is determined according to the rules of the SEC, which generally provide that a person has beneficial ownership of a security if he, she or it possesses sole or shared voting or investment power over that security. Under those rules, beneficial ownership includes securities that the individual or entity has the right to acquire, such as through the exercise of warrants or stock options or the vesting of restricted stock units, within 60 days of the Beneficial Ownership Date. Shares subject to warrants or options that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of the Beneficial Ownership Date or subject to restricted stock units that vest within 60 days of the Beneficial Ownership Date are considered outstanding and beneficially owned by the person holding such warrants, options or restricted stock units for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of that person but are not treated as outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person.
Except as described in the footnotes below and subject to applicable community property laws and similar laws, the Company believes that each person listed above has sole voting and investment power with respect to such shares.
The beneficial ownership of our securities is based on (i) 18,743,536 shares of Class A Common Stock issued and outstanding as of the Beneficial Ownership Date, and (ii) no shares of Class B Common Stock issued and outstanding as of the Beneficial Ownership Date.
| Name and Address of Beneficial Owners(1) | Number of Shares | % of Outstanding Common Stock | ||||||
| Directors and officers: | ||||||||
| Byron Blount(2) | 187,292 | * | ||||||
| Dante Caravaggio(3) | 830,190 | 4.39 | % | |||||
| Joseph V. Salvucci, Sr.(4) | 2,076,227 | 10.8 | % | |||||
| Joseph V. Salvucci, Jr.(5) | 932,617 | 4.8 | % | |||||
| Mitchell B. Trotter(6) | 245,963 | 1.3 | % | |||||
| David M. Smith(7) | 209,516 | 1.1 | % | |||||
| All directors and officers after as a group (6 persons) | 4,481,805 | 22.0 | % | |||||
| Five Percent Holders: | ||||||||
| JVS Alpha Property, LLC(8) | 2,482,929 | 12.6 | % | |||||
| Steve Wright(9) | 1,500,000 | 7.4 | % | |||||
| * | Less than one percent (1%) |
| (1) | Unless otherwise noted, the business address of each of the following entities or individuals is 3730 Kirby Drive, Suite 1200, Houston, Texas 77098. |
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| (2) | Consists of (1) 91,072 shares of Class A Common Stock held by Mr. Blount, (2) 53,053 shares of Class A Common Stock underlying 70,737 warrants held by Mr. Blount, and (3) 49,167 shares underlying vested RSUs. |
| (3) | Consists of (1) 1,400 shares of Class A Common Stock held by Mr. Caravaggio, (2) 460,040 shares of Class A Common Stock held by Dante Caravaggio, LLC, of which Mr. Caravaggio has voting and dispositive control over the shares held by such entity, (3) 89,000 shares of Class A Common Stock held by Alexandria VMA Capital, LLC, of which Mr. Caravaggio’s son has voting and dispositive control over the shares held by such entity, (4) 141,750 shares of Class A Common Stock underlying 189,000 warrants held by Dante Caravaggio, LLC, (5) 100,000 shares of Class A Common Stock held by Donna Caravaggio, the wife of Mr. Caravaggio (6) 13,000 shares underlying vested RSUs, and (7) 25,000 shares underlying vested common stock options.. |
| (4) | Consists of 1,732,929 shares of Class A Common Stock held by JVS Alpha Property, LLC, over which Mr. Salvucci, Sr. has voting and dispositive control, (2) 292,465 shares of Class A Common Stock underlying 389,953 warrants and (3) 50,833 shares underlying vested RSUs. |
| (5) | Consists of (1) 132,784 shares of Class A Common Stock held directly by Mr. Salvucci, Jr., (2) 750,000 shares of Class A Common Stock underlying 1,000,000 warrants held by JVS Alpha Property, LLC, over which Mr. Salvucci, Jr. has voting and dispositive control and (4) 49,833 shares underlying vested RSUs. |
| (6) | Consists of (1) 73,796 shares of Class A Common Stock held by Mr. Trotter, (2) 142,500 shares of Class A Common Stock underlying 190,000 warrants held by Mr. Trotter, (3) 13,000 shares underlying vested RSUs, and (4) 16,667 shares underlying stock options vesting on March 12, 2025. |
| (7) | Consists of (1) 159,693 shares of Class A Common Stock held directly by Mr. Smith, (2) 20,156 shares of Class A Common Stock underlying warrants held by Mr. Smith, (3) 13,000 shares underlying vested RSUs, and (4) 16,667 shares underlying stock options vesting on March 12, 2025. |
| (8) | JVS Alpha Property, LLC’s Manager is Joseph V. Salvucci, Jr., who has voting and dispositive control over the shares held by such entity. The business address for this holder is 583 Epsilon Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15238. |
| (9) | Consists of 1,500,000 shares of Class A Common Stock underlying 2,000,000 warrants held by Mr. Wright. The business address of Mr. Wright is 1121 Boyce Rd, Suite 400, Pittsburgh, PA 15241. |
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MARKET PRICES AND DIVIDENDS
Market Price of Our Class A Common Stock
Our Class A Common Stock and Public Warrants are currently listed on the NYSE American under the symbol “EONR and “EONR WS”, respectively.
On May 8, 2025, the closing sale price of our Class A Common Stock was $0.41 per share.
As of May 8, 2025, there were 33 holders of record of our Class A Common Stock and there were no holders of record of our Class B Common Stock. The number of record holders was determined from the records of our transfer agent and does not include beneficial owners of our shares of Class A Common Stock whose shares are held in the names of various security brokers, dealers and registered clearing agencies.
Dividend Philosophy
Our board of directors has not adopted a formal dividend policy for a recurring fixed dividend payment to shareholders. We have not paid any cash dividends on our Class A Common Stock to date. The payment of cash dividends in the future will be dependent upon our revenues and earnings, if any, capital requirements and general financial condition subsequent to completion of a business combination. The payment of any cash dividends in the future will be within the discretion of our board of directors at such time. In addition, our board of directors is not currently contemplating and does not anticipate declaring any stock dividends in the foreseeable future. Further, if we incur any indebtedness, our ability to declare dividends may be limited by restrictive covenants we may agree to in connection therewith.
Other than compensation arrangements for our named executive officers and directors, we describe below each transaction or series of similar transactions, since January 1, 2024, to which we were a party or will be a party, in which:
| ● | the amounts involved exceeded or will exceed $120,000; and |
| ● | any of our directors, executive officers or holders of more than 5% of our capital stock, or any member of the immediate family of the foregoing persons, had or will have a direct or indirect material interest. |
See “Compensation of Executive Officers and Directors” for a description of certain arrangements with our executive officers and directors.
Related Party Loans and Costs
In March 2024, we issued 100,000 warrants to our Vice President of Finance and Administration having terms substantially similar to the private placement warrants in connection with the receipt of $100,000 in cash and the issuance of a promissory note.
In April 2024, we issued 100,000 warrants to our Chief Financial Officer having terms substantially similar to the private placement warrants in connection with the receipt of $100,000 in cash and the issuance of a promissory note.
In May 2024, we issued 100,000 warrants to a stockholder controlled by a director having terms substantially similar to the private placement warrants in connection with the receipt of $100,000 in cash and the issuance of a promissory note.
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Founder Pledge Agreement
In connection with the Closing, we entered into the Founder Pledge Agreement with the Founders whereby, in consideration of placing the Trust Shares into escrow and entering into the Backstop Agreement, we agreed: (a) by January 15, 2024, to issue to the Founders an aggregate number of newly issued shares of Class A Common Stock equal to 10% of the number of Trust Shares; (b) by January 15, 2024, to issue to the Founders a number of warrants to purchase an aggregate number of shares of Class A Common Stock equal to 10% of the number of Trust Shares, which such warrants shall be exercisable for five years from issuance at an exercise price of $11.50 per shares; (c) if the Backstop Agreement is not terminated prior to the Lockup Expiration Date, to issue an aggregate number of newly issued shares of Class A Common Stock equal to (i) (A) the number of Trust Shares, divided by (B) the simple average of the daily VWAP of the Class A Common Stock during the five (5) Trading Days prior to the date of the termination of the Backstop Agreement, subject to a minimum of $6.50 per share, multiplied by (C) a price between $10.00-$13.00 per share (as further described in the Founder Pledge Agreement), minus (ii) the number of Trust Shares; and (d) following the purchase of OpCo Preferred Units by a Founder pursuant to the Put Right, to issue a number of newly issued shares of Class A Common Stock equal to the number of Trust Shares sold by such Founder. Until the Founder Pledge Agreement is terminated, the Founders are not permitted to engage in any transaction which is designed to sell short the Class A Common Stock or any of our other publicly traded securities.
Pursuant to the Founder Pledge Agreement, the Company issued (i) 94,000 shares of Class A Common Stock to JVS Alpha Property, LLC, an entity controlled by Joseph Salvucci, Jr., a member of our Board of Directors, (ii) 2,500 shares of Class A Common Stock to Byron Blount, a member of our Board of Directors, and (iii) 30,000 shares of Class A Common Stock to Dante Caravaggio, LLC, an entity controlled by Dante Caravaggio, our Chief Executive Officer, President, and member of our Board of Directors.
Exchange Agreements
On November 13, 2023, we entered into exchange agreements (“Exchange Agreements”) with certain holders (the “Noteholders”) of promissory notes issued us for working capital purposes which accrued interest at a rate of 15% per annum (the “Notes”). Pursuant to the Exchange Agreements, we agreed to exchange, in consideration of the surrender and termination of the Notes in an aggregate principal amount (including interest accrued thereon) of $2,257,771, for 451,563 shares of Common Stock at a price per share equal to $5.00 per share. The Noteholders include JVS Alpha Property, LLC, a company which is controlled by Joseph Salvucci, Jr., member of our Board of Directors, Dante Caravaggio, LLC, a company which is controlled by Dante Caravaggio, our Chief Executive Officer, President, and member of our Board of Directors, Byron Blount, a member of our Board of Directors, and Mitchell B. Trotter, our Chief Financial Officer and a member of our Board of Directors.
Consulting Agreement
In connection with a Referral Fee and Consulting Agreement (the “Consulting Agreement”) by and between us and Alexandria VMA Capital, LLC, an entity controlled by Dante Caravaggio, our Chief Executive Officer, President, and member of our Board of Directors (“Consultant”), we issued 89,000 shares of Class A Common Stock to Consultant in connection with the closing of the Purchase as consideration for services rendered with a value of $900,000. The Consultant also earned an additional $900,000 transaction fee, of which the Company owes $403,000 as of December 31, 2024.
Other
In October 2024, we issued 27,963 shares of Class A Common Stock (the “Pledge Shares”) issued to Dante Caravaggio, Mitch Trotter, David Smith, Byron Blount, and Jesse Allen (our VP of Operations) in connection with their agreement to pledge equity in favor of First International Bank & Trust (“FIBT”).
In October 2024, we issued 50,000 shares of Class A Common Stock to Mark Williams in connection with the forgiveness of $50,000 of accounts payable due to him for his services as a consultant prior to our initial business combination.
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SELLING SECURITYHOLDERS
This prospectus relates to the resale of an aggregate of 7,818,600 shares of our Class A Common Stock consisting of (i) up to 7,000,000 ELOC Shares that we may sell to White Lion, from time to time at our sole discretion, pursuant to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, (ii) 368,600 Service Shares, and 450,000 Meteora Shares.
We issued, or will issue, all of the shares that may be sold hereunder in connection with the following transactions:
| ● | See the section above entitled “White Lion Committed Equity Financing” for a description of the transactions with White Lion. |
| ● | See the section above entitled “Business of EON – Financing at Closing ” for a description of the transactions with Meteora. | |
| ● | On October 18, 2024, we entered into an Independent Contractor Agreement with Howie Energy Holdings, LLC, pursuant to which we agreed to issue $15,000 in shares of Class A Common Stock per month in return for various strategic services. | |
| ● | On March 21, 2025, we entered into a Marketing Services Agreement with Outside The Box Capital Inc. for marketing services, pursuant to which we agreed to issue 120,000 service shares with piggyback registration rights. |
| ● | On March 28, 2025, we entered into an Agreement with Jack Holmes Energy Advisors LLC for strategic services for development of our oil and gas interests, pursuant to which we agreed to issue 100,000 service shares with piggyback registration rights. |
The following table sets forth information with respect to the maximum number of shares of Class A Common Stock beneficially owned by the Selling Securityholders named below and as adjusted to give effect to the sale of the shares offered hereby. The shares beneficially owned have been determined in accordance with rules promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission, and the information is not necessarily indicative of beneficial ownership for any other purpose. The information in the table below is current as of May 8, 2025. All information contained in the table below is based upon information provided to us by the Selling Securityholders and we have not independently verified this information. The Selling Securityholders are not making any representation that any shares covered by the prospectus will be offered for sale. The Selling Securityholders may from time to time offer and sell pursuant to this prospectus any or all of the Class A Common Stock being registered.
Other than in connection with the transactions listed above, none of the Selling Securityholders has had any material relationship with us within the past three years.
The shares of Class A Common Stock being covered hereby may be sold or otherwise disposed of from time to time during the period the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part remains effective, by or for the account of the Selling Securityholders. After the date of effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, the Selling Stockholders may have sold or transferred, in transactions covered by this prospectus, some or all of their common stock.
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As explained below under “Plan of Distribution,” we have agreed with the selling shareholder to bear certain expenses (other than broker discounts and commissions, if any) in connection with the registration statement, which includes this prospectus.
| Shares of Common Stock Beneficially Owned Prior to Offering(1) | Shares Being Offered | Shares of Common Stock Beneficially Owned After Offering(2) | Percentage of Common Stock Beneficially Owned After Offering(1) | |||||||||||||
| White Lion Capital, LLC(3) | - | 7,000,000 | - | - | ||||||||||||
| Howie Energy Holdings, LLC(4) | 148,600 | 148,600 | - | - | ||||||||||||
| Outside The Box Capital Inc.(5) | 120,000 | 120,000 | - | - | ||||||||||||
| Jack Holmes Energy Advisors LLC(6) | 100,000 | 100,000 | - | - | ||||||||||||
| Meteora Select Trading Opportunities Master, LP(7) | 164,029 | 164,029 | - | - | ||||||||||||
| Meteora Capital Partners, LP(8) | 214,503 | 214,503 | - | - | ||||||||||||
| Meteora Strategic Capital, LLC(9) | 43,553 | 43,553 | - | - | ||||||||||||
| Meteora Special Opportunity Fund I, LP(10) | 27,915 | 27,915 | - | - | ||||||||||||
| * | Indicates beneficial ownership of less than 1%. |
| (1) | This table is based upon information supplied by principal stockholders and in Schedules 13D and 13G filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Unless otherwise indicated in the footnotes to this table and subject to community property laws, where applicable, we believe the stockholder named in this table has sole voting and investment power with respect to the shares indicated as beneficially owned. The number and percentage of shares beneficially owned are based on an aggregate of (i) 18,743,536 shares of Class A Common Stock issued and outstanding as of May 8, 2025, and (ii) no shares of Class B Common Stock issued and outstanding as of May 8, 2025, and are determined under rules promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission. This information is not necessarily indicative of beneficial ownership for any other purpose. Under such rules, beneficial ownership includes any shares as to which the individual has sole or shared voting power or investment power and also any shares which the individual has the right to acquire within 60 days through the exercise of any stock option or other right. |
| (2) | Because the Selling Securityholders identified in this table may sell some, all or none of the shares owned by it that are registered under this registration statement, and because, to our knowledge, there are currently no agreements, arrangements or understandings with respect to the sale of any of the shares registered hereunder, no estimate can be given as to the number of shares available for resale hereby that will be held by the Selling Securityholders at the time of this registration statement. Therefore, unless otherwise noted, we have assumed for purposes of this table that the Selling Securityholders will sell all of the shares beneficially owned by it as of May 8, 2025. |
| (3) | Represents up to 7,000,000 ELOC Shares. In accordance with Rule 13d-3(d) under the Exchange Act, we have excluded from the number of shares beneficially owned by White Lion prior to the offering all of the shares that White Lion may be required to purchase under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, because the issuance of such shares is solely at our discretion and is subject to conditions contained in the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, the satisfaction of which are entirely outside of White Lion’s control, including the registration statement that includes this prospectus becoming and remaining effective. Furthermore, the purchase of Common Stock is subject to certain agreed upon maximum amount limitations set forth in the Common Stock Purchase Agreement. Additionally, the Common Stock Purchase Agreement prohibits us from issuing and selling any shares of our Class A Common Stock to White Lion to the extent such shares, when aggregated with all other shares of our Class A Common Stock then beneficially owned by White Lion, would cause White Lion’s beneficial ownership of our Class A Common Stock to exceed the 4.99% Beneficial Ownership Cap in the Common Stock Purchase Agreement. The Beneficial Ownership Cap may not be amended or waived under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement. The business address of White Lion is 17631 Ventura Blvd., Suite 1008, Encino, CA 91316. White Lion’s principal business is that of a private investor. Dmitriy Slobodskiy Jr., Yash Thukral, Sam Yaffa, and Nathan Yee are the managing principals of White Lion. Therefore, each of Slobodskiy Jr., Thukral, Yaffa, and Yee may be deemed to have sole voting control and investment discretion over securities beneficially owned directly by White Lion and, indirectly, by White Lion. We have been advised that White Lion is not a member of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, or FINRA, or an independent broker-dealer. The foregoing should not be construed in and of itself as an admission by Slobodskiy Jr., Thukral, Yaffa, and Yee as to beneficial ownership of the securities beneficially owned directly by White Lion and, indirectly, by White Lion. |
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| (4) | Represents 148,600 Service Shares. The business address of the Selling Securityholder is 7670 Woodway Drive, Ste. 340-A, Houston, TX 77063. John Howie is the President of the Selling Securityholder. Therefore, John Howie may be deemed to have sole voting control and investment discretion over securities beneficially owned directly by the Selling Securityholder and, indirectly, by the Selling Securityholder. The foregoing should not be construed in and of itself as an admission by John Howie as to beneficial ownership of the securities beneficially owned directly by the Selling Securityholder and, indirectly, by the Selling Securityholder. |
| (5) | Represents 120,000 Service Shares. The business address of the Selling Securityholder is 2202 Green Orchard Place, Oakville, ON L6H 4V4, Canada. Jason Cokes is the CEO of the Selling Securityholder. Therefore, Jason Cokes may be deemed to have sole voting control and investment discretion over securities beneficially owned directly by the Selling Securityholder and, indirectly, by the Selling Securityholder. The foregoing should not be construed in and of itself as an admission by Jason Cokes as to beneficial ownership of the securities beneficially owned directly by the Selling Securityholder and, indirectly, by the Selling Securityholder.
|
| (6) | Represents 100,000 Service Shares. The business address of the Selling Securityholder is PO Box 51451, Midland, TX 79710. John B. Holmes, Jr. is the Manager of the Selling Securityholder. Therefore, John B. Holmes, Jr. may be deemed to have sole voting control and investment discretion over securities beneficially owned directly by the Selling Securityholder and, indirectly, by the Selling Securityholder. The foregoing should not be construed in and of itself as an admission by John B. Holmes, Jr. as to beneficial ownership of the securities beneficially owned directly by the Selling Securityholder and, indirectly, by the Selling Securityholder. |
| (7) | Represents 164,029 Meteora Shares. Voting and investment power over the securities held by this person resides with its investment manager, Meteora Capital, LLC. Mr. Vikas Mittal serves as the managing member of Meteora Capital, LLC and may be deemed to be the beneficial owner of the securities held by such entities. Mr. Mittal disclaims any beneficial ownership over such securities except to the extent of his pecuniary interest therein. The business address for this person is 71 Fort St, PO Box 500, Grand Cayman KY 1106. |
| (8) | Represents 214,503 Meteora Shares. Voting and investment power over the securities held by this person resides with its investment manager, Meteora Capital, LLC. Mr. Vikas Mittal serves as the managing member of Meteora Capital, LLC and may be deemed to be the beneficial owner of the securities held by such entities. Mr. Mittal disclaims any beneficial ownership over such securities except to the extent of his pecuniary interest therein. The business address for this person is 1200 N Federal Hwy, #200, Boca Raton, FL 33432. |
| (9) | Represents 43,553 Meteora Shares. Voting and investment power over the securities held by this person resides with its investment manager, Meteora Capital, LLC. Mr. Vikas Mittal serves as the managing member of Meteora Capital, LLC and may be deemed to be the beneficial owner of the securities held by such entities. Mr. Mittal disclaims any beneficial ownership over such securities except to the extent of his pecuniary interest therein. The business address for this person is 1200 N Federal Hwy, #200, Boca Raton, FL 33432. |
| (10) | Represents 27,915 Meteora Shares. Voting and investment power over the securities held by this person resides with its investment manager, Meteora Capital, LLC. Mr. Vikas Mittal serves as the managing member of Meteora Capital, LLC and may be deemed to be the beneficial owner of the securities held by such entities. Mr. Mittal disclaims any beneficial ownership over such securities except to the extent of his pecuniary interest therein. The business address for this person is 1200 N Federal Hwy, #200, Boca Raton, FL 33432. |
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DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES
Pursuant to the Second A&R Charter, our authorized capital stock consists of 121,000,000 shares, consisting of (i) 100,000,000 shares of Class A Common Stock, (ii) 20,000,000 shares of Class B Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share, and (iii) 1,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share. The following description summarizes the material terms of our capital stock. Because it is only a summary, it may not contain all the information that is important to you.
Units
Public Units
Pursuant to the Initial Public Offering, we sold 7,500,000 units at a price of $10.00 per unit (the “Units”). Each Unit consisted of one (1) share of our common stock, $0.0001 par value and one (1) warrant to purchase three quarters of one share of common stock. On April 4, 2022, the Units separated into common stock and warrants, and ceased trading.
Private Placement Units
The Sponsor, together with such other members, if any, of our executive management, directors, advisors or third party investors as determined by the Sponsor in its sole discretion, purchased, in the aggregate, 505,000 units (“Private Placement Units”) at a price of $10.00 per Private Placement Unit in a private placement which included a share of common stock and warrant to purchase three quarters of one share of common stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share, subject to certain adjustments (“Private Placement Warrants” and together, the “Private Placement”) that occurred immediately prior to the Initial Public Offering in such amounts as is required to maintain the amount in the Trust Account at $10.30 per Unit sold. The Sponsor agreed that if the over-allotment option was exercised by the underwriter in full or in part, the Sponsor and/or its designees shall purchase from us additional private placement units on a pro rata basis in an amount that is necessary to maintain in the trust account $10.30. Since the over-allotment was exercised in full, the Sponsor purchased 505,000 Private Placement Units. The purchase price of the Private Placement Units was added to the proceeds from the Public Offering to be held in the Trust Account pending completion of the Company’s initial business combination. The Private Placement Units (including the warrants and common stock issuable upon exercise of the Private Placement Units) will not be transferable, assignable, or salable until 30 days after the completion of the initial business combination and they will be non-redeemable so long as they are held by the original holders or their permitted transferees. If the Private Placement Units are held by someone other than the original holders or their permitted transferees, the Private Placement Units will be redeemable by the Company and exercisable by such holders on the same basis as the Warrants included in the Units being sold in the Initial Public Offering. Otherwise, the Private Placement Units have terms and provisions that are substantially identical to those of the Warrants sold as part of the Units in the Initial Public Offering.
Common Stock
Class A Common Stock
Holders of record of Class A Common Stock are entitled to one vote for each share held on all matters to be voted on by stockholders. Unless specified in the Second A&R Charter or our bylaws, or as required by applicable provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law (“DGCL”) or applicable stock exchange rules, the affirmative vote of a majority of our common stock (with Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock voting together in one class) that are voted is required to approve any such matter voted on by our stockholders. Our board of directors is divided into two classes, each of which will generally serve for a term of one year with only one class of directors being elected in each year. There is no cumulative voting with respect to the election of directors, with the result that the holders of more than 50% of the shares voted for the election of directors can elect all of the directors. The holders of Class A Common Stock are entitled to receive ratable dividends when, as and if declared by the board of directors out of funds legally available therefor.
Under Section 211(b) of the DGCL, we are required to hold an annual meeting of stockholders for the purposes of electing directors in accordance with the bylaws unless such election is made by written consent in lieu of such a meeting. We did not hold an annual meeting of stockholders to elect new directors prior to the consummation of the Purchase, and thus we may not be in compliance with Section 211(b) of the DGCL, which requires an annual meeting.
In the event of a liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the company, the holders of Class A Common Stock are entitled to share ratably in all assets remaining available for distribution to them after payment of liabilities and after provision is made for each class of stock, if any, having preference over the Class A Common Stock. Our stockholders have no preemptive or other subscription rights. There are no sinking fund provisions applicable to the Class A Common Stock.
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Class B Common Stock
Each share of Class B Common Stock has no economic rights but entitles its holder to one vote on all matters to be voted on by stockholders generally. Holders of shares of Class A Common Stock and shares of Class B Common Stock will vote together as a single class on all matters presented to the stockholders for their vote or approval, except as otherwise required by applicable law or by the Second A&R Charter. We do not intend to list any shares of Class B Common Stock on any exchange.
Preferred Stock
The Second A&R Charter provides that shares of preferred stock may be issued from time to time in one or more series. The Board of Directors is authorized to fix the voting rights, if any, designations, powers, preferences, the relative, participating, optional or other special rights and any qualifications, limitations and restrictions thereof, applicable to the shares of each series. The Board of Directors is able to, without stockholder approval, issue preferred stock with voting and other rights that could adversely affect the voting power and other rights of the holders of the common stock and could have anti-takeover effects. The ability of the Board of Directors to issue preferred stock without stockholder approval could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change of control of the company or the removal of existing management. We have no preferred stock outstanding at the date hereof. Although we do not currently intend to issue any shares of preferred stock, we cannot assure investors that it will not do so in the future.
Warrants
Public Warrants
There are currently 8,625,000 warrants outstanding held by public shareholders (“Public Warrants”).
Each Public Warrant entitles the registered holder to purchase three quarters of one share of Class A Common Stock at a price of $11.50 per share, subject to adjustment as discussed below, at any time commencing 30 days after the completion of the Purchase. However, no Public Warrants will be exercisable for cash unless we have an effective and current registration statement covering the shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Public Warrants and a current prospectus relating to such shares of Class A Common Stock. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if a registration statement covering the shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Public Warrants is not effective within a specified period following the consummation of the Purchase, Public Warrant holders may, until such time as there is an effective registration statement and during any period when the Company shall have failed to maintain an effective registration statement, exercise Public Warrants on a cashless basis pursuant to the exemption provided by Section 3(a)(9) of the Securities Act, provided that such exemption is available. If that exemption, or another exemption, is not available, holders will not be able to exercise their Public Warrants on a cashless basis. In the event of such cashless exercise, each holder would pay the exercise price by surrendering the Public Warrants for that number of shares of Class A Common Stock equal to the quotient obtained by dividing (x) the product of the number of shares of Class A Common Stock underlying the Public Warrants, multiplied by the difference between the exercise price of the Public Warrants and the “fair market value” (defined below) by (y) the fair market value. The “fair market value” for this purpose will mean the average reported last sale price of the shares of Class A Common Stock for the 5 trading days ending on the trading day prior to the date of exercise. The Public Warrants will expire on the fifth anniversary of the completion of the Purchase, at 5:00 p.m., New York City time, or earlier upon redemption or liquidation.
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We may call the Public Warrant for redemption, in whole and not in part, at a price of $0.01 per Public Warrant,
| ● | at any time after the Public Warrant become exercisable, |
| ● | upon not less than 30 days’ prior written notice of redemption to each warrant holder, |
| ● | if, and only if, the reported last sale price of the shares of Class A Common Stock equals or exceeds $18.00 per share (as adjusted for stock splits, stock dividends, reorganizations and recapitalizations), for any 20 trading days within a 30 trading day period commencing at any time after the Public Warrants become exercisable and ending on the third business day prior to the notice of redemption to warrant holders; and |
| ● | if, and only if, there is a current registration statement in effect with respect to the shares of Class A Common Stock underlying such Public Warrants. |
The right to exercise will be forfeited unless the Public Warrants are exercised prior to the date specified in the notice of redemption. On and after the redemption date, a record holder of a Public Warrants will have no further rights except to receive the redemption price for such holder’s Public Warrants upon surrender of such Public Warrant.
The redemption criteria for our Public Warrants have been established at a price which is intended to provide Public Warrants holders a reasonable premium to the initial exercise price and provide a sufficient differential between the then- prevailing share price and the Public Warrant exercise price so that if the share price declines as a result of our redemption call, the redemption will not cause the share price to drop below the exercise price of the Public Warrants.
If we call the Public Warrants for redemption as described above, our management will have the option to require all holders that wish to exercise Public Warrants to do so on a “cashless basis.” In such event, each holder would pay the exercise price by surrendering the Public Warrants for that number of shares of Class A Common Stock equal to the quotient obtained by dividing (x) the product of the number of shares of Class A Common Stock underlying the Public Warrants, multiplied by the difference between the exercise price of the Public Warrants and the “fair market value” (defined below) by (y) the fair market value. The “fair market value” for this purpose shall mean the average reported last sale price of the shares of Class A Common Stock for the 5 trading days ending on the third trading day prior to the date on which the notice of redemption is sent to the holders of Public Warrants.
Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, acts as warrant agent for the Public Warrants pursuant to a warrant agreement between Continental Stock Transfer & Trust and us. The warrant agreement provides that the terms of the Public Warrants may be amended without the consent of any holder (i) to cure any ambiguity or correct any mistake, including to conform the provisions of the Public Warrant agreement to the description of the terms of the Public Warrants and the warrant agreement set forth in this prospectus, or to cure, correct or supplement any defective provision, or (ii) to add or change any other provisions with respect to matters or questions arising under the warrant agreement as the parties to the warrant agreement may deem necessary or desirable and that the parties deem to not adversely affect the interests of the registered holders of the Public Warrants. The warrant agreement requires the approval, by written consent or vote, of the holders of at least 50% of the then outstanding Public Warrants in order to make any change that adversely affects the interests of the registered holders.
The exercise price and number of shares of Class A Common Stock issuable on exercise of the Public Warrants may be adjusted in certain circumstances including in the event of a stock dividend, extraordinary dividend or our recapitalization, reorganization, merger or consolidation. However, except as described below, the Public Warrants will not be adjusted for issuances of shares of Class A Common Stock at a price below their respective exercise prices.
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The Public Warrants may be exercised upon surrender of the warrant certificate on or prior to the expiration date at the offices of the warrant agent, with the exercise form on the reverse side of the warrant certificate completed and executed as indicated, accompanied by full payment of the exercise price, by certified or official bank check payable to us, for the number of Public Warrants being exercised. The warrant holders do not have the rights or privileges of holders of shares of Class A Common Stock and any voting rights until they exercise their Public Warrants and receive shares of Class A Common Stock. After the issuance of shares of Class A Common Stock upon exercise of the Public Warrants, each holder will be entitled to one vote for each share held of record on all matters to be voted on by stockholders.
Warrant holders may elect to be subject to a restriction on the exercise of their Public Warrants such that an electing warrant holder would not be able to exercise their Public Warrants to the extent that, after giving effect to such exercise, such holder would beneficially own in excess of 9.8% of the shares of Class A Common Stock outstanding.
No fractional shares will be issued upon exercise of the Public Warrants. If, upon exercise of the Public Warrants, a holder would be entitled to receive a fractional interest in a share, we will, upon exercise, round up to the nearest whole number the number of shares of Class A Common Stock to be issued to the warrant holder.
We have agreed that, subject to applicable law, any action, proceeding or claim against us arising out of or relating in any way to the warrant agreement, including under the Securities Act, will be brought and enforced in the courts of the State of New York or the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, and we irrevocably submit to such jurisdiction, which jurisdiction will be the exclusive forum for any such action, proceeding or claim. This exclusive forum provision shall not apply to suits brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Exchange Act, any other claim for which the federal district courts of the United States of America are the sole and exclusive forum.
Private Warrants
As of December 31, 2024, the following non-Public Warrants were outstanding:
| Number of warrants | Exercise price | Issuance Date | Expiry date | Remaining life (in years) | ||||||||||
| 56,000 | $ | 11.50 | January 23, 2023 | January 19, 2028 | 3.30 | |||||||||
| 541,000 | $ | 11.50 | January 27, 2023 | January 26, 2028 | 3.32 | |||||||||
| 700,000 | $ | 11.50 | February 14, 2023 | February 13, 2028 | 3.37 | |||||||||
| 67,000 | $ | 11.50 | April 13, 2023 | April 11, 2028 | 3.53 | |||||||||
| 50,000 | $ | 11.50 | April 24, 2023 | April 22, 2028 | 3.56 | |||||||||
| 50,000 | $ | 11.50 | May 4, 2023 | May 2, 2028 | 3.59 | |||||||||
| 15,000 | $ | 11.50 | May 5, 2023 | May 3, 2028 | 3.59 | |||||||||
| 100,000 | $ | 11.50 | May 18, 2023 | May 16, 2028 | 3.58 | |||||||||
| 250,000 | $ | 11.50 | May 24, 2023 | May 22, 2028 | 3.64 | |||||||||
| 150,000 | $ | 11.50 | June 6, 2023 | June 4, 2028 | 3.68 | |||||||||
| 200,000 | $ | 11.50 | July 11, 2023 | July 9, 2028 | 3.78 | |||||||||
| 25,000 | $ | 11.50 | July 13, 2023 | July 11, 2028 | 3.78 | |||||||||
| 50,000 | $ | 11.50 | July 20, 2023 | July 18, 2028 | 3.80 | |||||||||
| 10,000 | $ | 11.50 | July 24, 2023 | July 22, 2028 | 3.81 | |||||||||
| 250,000 | $ | 11.50 | August 23, 2023 | August 21, 2018 | 3.89 | |||||||||
| 50,000 | $ | 11.50 | August 29, 2023 | August 27, 2028 | 3.91 | |||||||||
| 20,000 | $ | 11.50 | September 8, 2023 | September 6,2028 | 3.94 | |||||||||
| 100,000 | $ | 11.50 | October 2, 2023 | October 2, 2028 | 4.01 | |||||||||
| 500,000 | $ | 11.50 | October 3, 2023 | October 3, 2028 | 4.01 | |||||||||
| 100,000 | $ | 11.50 | October 12, 2023 | October 12, 2028 | 4.04 | |||||||||
| 1,600,000 | $ | 11.50 | November 10, 2023 | November 10, 2028 | 4.12 | |||||||||
| 250,000 | $ | 11.50 | November 13, 2023 | November 13, 2028 | 4.12 | |||||||||
| 100,000 | $ | 11.50 | March 8, 2024 | March 31, 2029 | 4.50 | |||||||||
| 50,000 | $ | 11.50 | March 14, 2024 | March 31, 2029 | 4.50 | |||||||||
| 50,000 | $ | 11.50 | March 15, 2024 | March 31, 2029 | 4.50 | |||||||||
| 50,000 | $ | 11.50 | March 18, 2024 | March 31, 2029 | 4.50 | |||||||||
| 100,000 | $ | 11.50 | March 15, 2024 | March 31, 2029 | 4.50 | |||||||||
| 100,000 | $ | 11.50 | March 18, 2024 | March 31, 2029 | 4.50 | |||||||||
| 5,584,000 | ||||||||||||||
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Dividends
We have not paid any cash dividends on our Class A Common Stock to date. The payment of cash dividends in the future will be dependent upon our revenues and earnings, if any, capital requirements and general financial condition subsequent to completion of a business combination. The payment of any cash dividends in the future will be within the discretion of our board of directors at such time. In addition, our board of directors is not currently contemplating and does not anticipate declaring any stock dividends in the foreseeable future. Further, if we incur any indebtedness, our ability to declare dividends may be limited by restrictive covenants we may agree to in connection therewith.
Our Transfer Agent and Warrant Agent
The transfer agent for our common stock and warrant agent for our warrants is Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company. We have agreed to indemnify Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company in its roles as transfer agent and warrant agent, its agents and each of its stockholders, directors, officers and employees against all liabilities, including judgments, costs and reasonable counsel fees that may arise out of acts performed or omitted for its activities in that capacity, except for any liability due to any gross negligence, willful misconduct or bad faith of the indemnified person or entity.
Listing of our Securities
Our Class A Common Stock and Public Warrants are listed on the NYSE American under the symbols “EONR” and “EONR WS”, respectively.
The Second A&R Charter
Certain Anti-Takeover Provisions of Delaware Law and our Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws
We are subject to the provisions of Section 203 of the DGCL regulating corporate takeovers. This statute prevents certain Delaware corporations, under certain circumstances, from engaging in a “business combination” with:
| ● | a stockholder who owns 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock, otherwise known as an “interested stockholder”; |
| ● | an affiliate of an interested stockholder; or |
| ● | an associate of an interested stockholder, for three years following the date that the stockholder became an interested stockholder. |
A “business combination” includes a merger or sale of more than 10% of our assets. However, the above provisions of Section 203 do not apply if:
| ● | our board of directors approves the transaction that made the stockholder an “interested stockholder,” prior to the date of the transaction; |
| ● | after the completion of the transaction that resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, that stockholder owned at least 85% of our voting stock outstanding at the time the transaction commenced, other than statutorily excluded shares of common stock; or |
| ● | on or subsequent to the date of the transaction, the business combination is approved by our board of directors and authorized at a meeting of our stockholders, and not by written consent, by an affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of the outstanding voting stock not owned by the interested stockholder. |
The Second A&R Charter provides that our board of directors will be classified into two classes of directors. As a result, in most circumstances, a person can gain control of our board only by successfully engaging in a proxy contest at two or more annual meetings.
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Our authorized but unissued common stock and preferred stock are available for future issuances without stockholder approval and could be utilized for a variety of corporate purposes, including future offerings to raise additional capital, acquisitions and employee benefit plans. The existence of authorized but unissued and unreserved common stock and preferred stock could render more difficult or discourage an attempt to obtain control of us by means of a proxy contest, tender offer, merger or otherwise.
Exclusive Forum for Certain Lawsuits
The Second A&R Charter requires, to the fullest extent permitted by law, that derivative actions brought in our name, actions against our directors, officers, other employees or stockholders for breach of fiduciary duty and certain other actions may be brought only in the Court of Chancery in the State of Delaware and, if brought outside of Delaware, the stockholder bringing the suit will be deemed to have consented to service of process on such stockholder’s counsel except any action (A) as to which the Court of Chancery in the State of Delaware determines that there is an indispensable party not subject to the jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery (and the indispensable party does not consent to the personal jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery within ten days following such determination), (B) which is vested in the exclusive jurisdiction of a court or forum other than the Court of Chancery or (C) for which the Court of Chancery does not have subject matter jurisdiction. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our capital stock shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to the forum provisions in the Second A&R Charter. This choice of forum provision may limit or make more costly a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or any of our directors, officers, other employees or stockholders, which may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims. Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in the Second A&R Charter to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could harm our business, operating results and financial condition.
The Second A&R Charter provides that the exclusive forum provision will be applicable to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, subject to certain exceptions. Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. As a result, the exclusive forum provision will not apply to suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. In addition, our the Second A&R Charter provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States of America shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. We note, however, that there is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce this provision and that investors cannot waive compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for state and federal courts over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder.
Special Meeting of Stockholders
Our bylaws provide that special meetings of our stockholders may be called only by a majority vote of our board of directors, by our Chief Executive Officer or by our Chairman.
Advance Notice Requirements for Stockholder Proposals and Director Nominations
Our bylaws provide that stockholders seeking to bring business before our annual meeting of stockholders, or to nominate candidates for election as directors at our annual meeting of stockholders must provide timely notice of their intent in writing. To be timely, a stockholder’s notice will need to be received by the company secretary at our principal executive offices not later than the close of business on the 90th day nor earlier than the opening of business on the 120th day prior to the anniversary of the immediately preceding annual meeting of stockholders. Pursuant to Rule 14a-8 of the Exchange Act, proposals seeking inclusion in our annual proxy statement must comply with the notice periods contained therein. Our bylaws also specify certain requirements as to the form and content of a stockholders’ meeting. These provisions may preclude our stockholders from bringing matters before our annual meeting of stockholders or from making nominations for directors at our annual meeting of stockholders.
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Action by Written Consent
Any action required or permitted to be taken by our common stockholders must be effected by a duly called annual or special meeting of such stockholders and may not be effected by written consent of the stockholders other than with respect to our common stock.
Classified Board of Directors
Our board of directors is divided into two classes, Class I and Class II, with members of each class serving staggered one-year terms. The Second A&R Charter provide that the authorized number of directors may be changed only by resolution of the board of directors. Subject to the terms of any preferred stock, any or all of the directors may be removed from office at any time, but only for cause and only by the affirmative vote of holders of a majority of the voting power of all then outstanding shares of our capital stock entitled to vote generally in the election of directors, voting together as a single class. Any vacancy on our board of directors, including a vacancy resulting from an enlargement of our board of directors, may be filled only by vote of a majority of our directors then in office.
Registration Rights
The holders of the founder shares, the private placement shares and private placement warrants (and shares issuable upon exercise of such constituent securities) and warrants that may be issued upon conversion of working capital loans, (and any shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon exercise of such warrants), are entitled to registration rights pursuant to one or more registration rights agreements to be signed prior to or on the closing date of this offering requiring us to register such securities for resale. The holders of these securities will be entitled to make up to three demands in the case of the founder shares, excluding short form demands, and one demand in the case of the private placement shares and private placement warrants (and their constituent securities), the working capital loan warrants and, in each case, the underlying shares, that we register such securities. In addition, the holders have certain “piggy-back” registration rights with respect to registration statements filed subsequent to the completion of our initial business combination and rights to require us to register for resale such securities pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act.
The Company is obligated under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement and the White Lion RRA to file a registration statement with SEC to register the Class A Common Stock under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, for the resale by White Lion of shares of Class A Common Stock that the Company may issue to White Lion under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement.
We will bear the expenses incurred in connection with the filing of any such registration statements.
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MATERIAL UNITED STATES FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS
The following is discussion of material U.S. federal income tax considerations of the purchase, ownership and disposition of common stock. This discussion applies only to shares of common stock that are held as a capital asset for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, references in this subsection to “we,” “us,” “our” and other similar terms refer to EON Resources Inc. This discussion is limited to U.S. federal income tax considerations, and does not address estate or gift tax considerations or considerations arising under the tax laws of any state, local or non-U.S. jurisdiction. This discussion does not describe all of the U.S. federal income tax consequences that may be relevant to you in light of your particular circumstances, including the alternative minimum tax, the Medicare tax on certain investment income and the different consequences that may apply if you are subject to special rules that apply to certain types of investors, such as:
| ● | financial institutions or financial services entities; |
| ● | broker dealers; |
| ● | insurance companies; |
| ● | dealers or traders in securities subject to a mark-to-market method of accounting with respect to shares of common stock; |
| ● | persons holding shares of common stock as part of a “straddle,” hedge, integrated transaction or similar transaction; |
| ● | U.S. holders (as defined below) whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar; |
| ● | “specified foreign corporations” (including “controlled foreign corporations”), “passive foreign investment companies” and corporations that accumulate earnings to avoid U.S. federal income tax; |
| ● | U.S. expatriates or former long-term residents of the U.S.; |
| ● | governments or agencies or instrumentalities thereof; |
| ● | regulated investment companies (RICs) or real estate investment trusts (REITs); |
| ● | persons who received their shares of common stock as compensation; |
| ● | partnerships or other entities or arrangements treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes; and |
| ● | tax-exempt entities. |
If you are a partnership or entity or arrangement treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the U.S. federal income tax treatment of your partners (or other owners) will generally depend on the status of the partners and your activities. Partnerships and their partners (or other owners) should consult their tax advisors with respect to the consequences to them of selling their shares of common stock.
This discussion is based on the Code and administrative pronouncements, judicial decisions and final, temporary and proposed Treasury regulations as of the date hereof, changes to any of which subsequent to the date of this prospectus may affect the tax consequences described herein. No assurance can be given that the IRS would not assert, or that a court would not sustain, a contrary position.
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The discussion below regarding material U.S. federal income tax considerations of the purchase, ownership and disposition of common stock is intended to provide only a summary of the material U.S. federal income tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of common stock. It does not address tax consequences that may vary with, or are contingent on, your individual circumstances. In addition, the discussion does not address any non-income tax or any non-U.S., state or local tax consequences of ownership. Accordingly, you are strongly urged to consult with your tax advisor to determine the particular United States federal, state, local or non-U.S. income or other tax consequences to you.
U.S. Holders
This section applies to you if you are a “U.S. holder.” A U.S. holder is a beneficial owner of shares of common stock who or that is, for U.S. federal income tax purposes:
| ● | an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States; |
| ● | a corporation (or other entity taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) organized in or under the laws of the United States, any state thereof or the District of Columbia; |
| ● | an estate the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation purposes regardless of its source; or |
| ● | an entity treated as a trust for U.S. federal income tax purposes if (i) a court within the United States is able to exercise primary supervision over the administration of such trust, and one or more U.S. persons have the authority to control all substantial decisions of such trust or (ii) it has a valid election in effect under Treasury regulations to be treated as a U.S. person. |
Taxation of Distributions. If we pay distributions in cash or other property (other than certain distributions of our stock or rights to acquire our stock) to U.S. holders of common stock, such distribution generally will constitute a dividend for U.S. federal income tax purposes to the extent paid from our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles. Distributions in excess of current and accumulated earnings and profits will constitute a return of capital that will be applied against and reduce (but not below zero) the U.S. holder’s adjusted tax basis in its shares of common stock. Any remaining excess will be treated as gain realized on the sale or other disposition of the shares of common stock and will be treated as described below under the section titled “Gain or Loss on Sale, Taxable Exchange or Other Taxable Disposition of Shares of Common Stock.”
Dividends we pay to a U.S. holder that is a taxable corporation generally will qualify for the dividends received deduction if the requisite holding period is satisfied. With certain exceptions (including, but not limited to, dividends treated as investment income for purposes of investment interest deduction limitations), and provided certain holding period requirements are met, dividends we pay to a non-corporate U.S. holder generally will constitute “qualified dividends” that will be subject to tax at the maximum tax rate accorded to long-term capital gains.
Gain or Loss on Sale, Taxable Exchange or Other Taxable Disposition of Shares of Common Stock. Upon a sale or other taxable disposition of shares of common stock, a U.S. holder generally will recognize capital gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference between the amount of cash and the fair market value of other consideration received and the U.S. holder’s adjusted tax basis in the shares of common stock sold. A U.S. holder’s adjusted tax basis in its shares of common stock generally will equal the U.S. holder’s acquisition cost less any prior distributions paid to such U.S. holder with respect to its shares of common stock treated as a return of capital. Any such capital gain or loss generally will be long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. holder’s holding period for the shares of common stock so disposed of exceeds one year. Long-term capital gains recognized by noncorporate U.S. holders will be eligible to be taxed at reduced rates. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations. U.S. holders who hold different blocks of shares of common stock (shares of common stock purchased or acquired on different dates or at different prices) should consult their tax advisors to determine how the above rules apply to them.
Non-U.S. Holders
This section applies to you if you are a “Non-U.S. holder.” A Non-U.S. holder is a beneficial owner of shares of common stock who, or that is, for U.S. federal income tax purposes:
| ● | a non-resident alien individual, other than certain former citizens and residents of the United States subject to U.S. tax as expatriates; |
| ● | a foreign corporation; or |
| ● | an estate or trust that is not a U.S. holder. |
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Taxation of Distributions. If we pay distributions in cash or other property (other than certain distributions of our stock or rights to acquire our stock) to Non-U.S. holders of common stock, to the extent paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits (as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles), such distribution will constitute a dividend for U.S. federal income tax purposes and, provided such dividend is not effectively connected with the Non-U.S. holder’s conduct of a trade or business within the United States, we or the applicable withholding agent will be required to withhold tax from the gross amount of the dividend at a rate of 30 percent (30%), unless such Non-U.S. holder is eligible for a reduced rate of withholding tax under an applicable income tax treaty and provides proper certification of its eligibility for such reduced rate (usually on an IRS Form W-8BEN or W-8BEN-E). Any distribution not constituting a dividend will be treated first as reducing (but not below zero) the Non-U.S. holder’s adjusted tax basis in its shares of common stock and, to the extent such distribution exceeds the Non-U.S. holder’s adjusted tax basis, as gain realized from the sale or other disposition of the shares of common stock, which will be treated as described below under the section titled “Gain on Sale, Taxable Exchange or Other Taxable Disposition of Shares of Common Stock.”.
The withholding tax described in the preceding paragraph does not apply to dividends paid to a Non-U.S. holder who provides an IRS Form W-8ECI certifying that the dividends are effectively connected with the Non-U.S. holder’s conduct of a trade or business within the United States. Instead, the effectively connected dividends will be subject to regular U.S. federal income tax as if the Non-U.S. holder were a U.S. resident, subject to an applicable income tax treaty providing otherwise. A Non-U.S. holder that is a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes and is receiving effectively connected dividends may also be subject to an additional “branch profits tax” imposed at a rate of 30 percent (30%) (or a lower applicable income tax treaty rate).
Gain on Sale, Taxable Exchange or Other Taxable Disposition of Shares of Common Stock. Upon a sale or other taxable disposition of common stock, subject to the discussion of backup withholding and FATCA below, a Non-U.S. holder generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income or withholding tax in respect of the sale or disposition, unless:
| ● | the gain is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business by the Non-U.S. holder within the United States (and, under certain income tax treaties, is attributable to a United States permanent establishment or fixed base maintained by the Non-U.S. holder); |
| ● | such Non-U.S. holder is an individual who is present in the United States for 183 days or more during the taxable year in which the disposition takes place and certain other conditions are met; or |
| ● | we are or have been a “United States real property holding corporation” for U.S. federal income tax purposes at any time during the shorter of the five-year period ending on the date of disposition or the period that the Non-U.S. holder held shares of common stock and, in the circumstance in which shares of common stock are regularly traded on an established securities market, the Non-U.S. holder has owned, directly or constructively, more than five percent (5%) of the issued and outstanding shares of common stock at any time within the shorter of the five-year period preceding the sale or other disposition or such Non-U.S. holder’s holding period for the shares of common stock. There can be no assurance that shares of common stock will be treated as regularly traded on an established securities market for this purpose. |
Unless an applicable treaty provides otherwise, gain described in the first bullet point above will be subject to tax at generally applicable U.S. federal income tax rates as if the Non-U.S. holder were a U.S. resident. Any gains described in the first bullet point above of a Non-U.S. holder that is a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes may also be subject to an additional “branch profits tax” at a 30 percent (30%) rate (or lower income tax treaty rate). If the second bullet point applies to a Non-U.S. holder, such Non-U.S. holder will be subject to U.S. tax on such Non-U.S. holder’s net capital gain for such year (including any gain realized in connection with the redemption) at a tax rate of 30 percent (30%).
If the third bullet point above applies to a Non-U.S. holder, gain recognized by such holder in the redemption will be subject to tax at generally applicable U.S. federal income tax rates. In addition, we or an applicable withholding agent may be required to withhold U.S. federal income tax at a rate of fifteen percent (15%) of the amount realized upon such sale or other taxable disposition. We believe that we are not, and have not been at any time since our formation, a United States real property holding corporation and we do not expect to be a United States real property holding corporation immediately after a business combination is completed.
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Information Reporting and Backup Withholding
Dividend payments with respect to shares of common stock and proceeds from the sale, taxable exchange or taxable disposition of shares of common stock may be subject to information reporting to the IRS and possible United States backup withholding. Backup withholding will not apply, however, to a U.S. holder who furnishes a correct taxpayer identification number and makes other required certifications, or who is otherwise exempt from backup withholding and establishes such exempt status.
Amounts treated as dividends that are paid to a Non-U.S. holder are generally subject to reporting on IRS Form 1042-S even if the payments are exempt from withholding. A Non-U.S. holder generally will eliminate any other requirement for information reporting and backup withholding by providing certification of its foreign status, under penalties of perjury, on a duly executed applicable IRS Form W-8 or by otherwise establishing an exemption.
Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Amounts withheld as backup withholding may be credited against a holder’s United States federal income tax liability, and a holder generally may obtain a refund of any excess amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules by timely filing the appropriate claim for refund with the IRS and furnishing any required information.
FATCA Withholding Taxes
Sections 1471 through 1474 of the Code and the Treasury Regulations and administrative guidance promulgated thereunder (commonly referred to as “FATCA”) impose withholding of 30 percent (30%) on payments of dividends on shares of common stock. In general, no such withholding will be required with respect to a U.S. holder or an individual Non-U.S. holder that timely provides the certifications required on a valid IRS Form W-9 or W-8BEN, respectively. Holders potentially subject to withholding include “foreign financial institutions” (which is broadly defined for this purpose and in general includes investment vehicles) and certain other non-U.S. entities unless various U.S. information reporting and due diligence requirements (generally relating to ownership by U.S. persons of interests in or accounts with those entities) have been satisfied, or an exemption applies (typically certified as to by the delivery of a properly completed IRS Form W-8BEN-E). If FATCA withholding is imposed, a beneficial owner that is not a foreign financial institution generally will be entitled to a refund of any amounts withheld by filing a U.S. federal income tax return (which may entail significant administrative burden). Foreign financial institutions located in jurisdictions that have an intergovernmental agreement with the United States governing FATCA may be subject to different rules. Non-U.S. holders should consult their tax advisers regarding the effects of FATCA on dividends paid with respect to shares of common stock.
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SECURITIES ACT RESTRICTIONS ON RESALE OF OUR SECURITIES
Pursuant to Rule 144 under the Securities Act (“Rule 144”), a person who has beneficially owned restricted our Class A Common Stock, Class B Common Stock, or our Warrants for at least six months would be entitled to sell their securities provided that (i) such person is not deemed to have been our affiliate at the time of, or at any time during the three months preceding, a sale and (ii) we are subject to the Exchange Act periodic reporting requirements for at least three months before the sale and have filed all required reports under Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act during the 12 months (or such shorter period as the Company was required to file reports) preceding the sale.
Persons who have beneficially owned restricted Class A Common Stock, Class B Common Stock, or our Warrants for at least six months but who are our affiliates at the time of, or at any time during the three months preceding, a sale, would be subject to additional restrictions, by which such person would be entitled to sell within any three-month period only a number of securities that does not exceed the greater of:
| ● | 1% of the total number of shares of our Class A Common Stock then outstanding; |
| ● | The average weekly reported trading volume of our Class A Common Stock during the four calendar weeks preceding the filing of a notice on Form 144 with respect to the sale. |
Sales by our affiliates under Rule 144 are also limited by manner of sale provisions and notice requirements and to the availability of current public information about us.
Restrictions on the Use of Rule 144 by Shell Companies or Former Shell Companies
Rule 144 is not available for the resale of securities initially issued by shell companies (other than business combination related shell companies) or issuers that have been at any time previously a shell company. However, Rule 144 also includes an important exception to this prohibition if the following conditions are met:
| ● | the issuer of the securities that was formerly a shell company has ceased to be a shell company; |
| ● | the issuer of the securities is subject to the reporting requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act; |
| ● | the issuer of the securities has filed all Exchange Act reports and material required to be filed, as applicable, during the preceding 12 months (or such shorter period that the issuer was required to file such reports and materials), other than Current Reports on Form 8-K; and |
| ● | at least one year has elapsed from the time that the issuer filed current Form 10 type information with the SEC reflecting its status as an entity that is not a shell company. |
As a result, the Sponsor will be able to sell their Founder Shares and Private Placement Warrants, as applicable, pursuant to Rule 144 without registration one year after the Purchase.
Following the recent completion of the Purchase, the Company is no longer a shell company, and, once the conditions set forth in the exceptions listed above are satisfied, Rule 144 will become available for the resale of the above noted restricted securities.
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PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION
We are registering the resale by the Selling Securityholders of up to an aggregate an aggregate of 7,818,600 shares of our Class A Common Stock consisting of (i) up to 7,000,000 ELOC Shares, (ii) 368,600 Service Shares, and (iii) 450,000 Meteora Shares.
The Selling Securityholders and any of their pledgees, donees, assignees and successors-in-interest may, from time to time sell any or all of its shares of Class A Common Stock being offered under this prospectus on any stock exchange, market or trading facility on which our Class A Common Stock is traded or in private transactions. These sales may be at fixed or negotiated prices. The Selling Securityholders may use any one or more of the following methods when disposing of the shares of Class A Common Stock:
| ● | ordinary brokerage transactions and transactions in which the broker-dealer solicits purchasers; | |
| ● | block trades in which the broker-dealer will attempt to sell the shares as agent but may position and resell a portion of the block as principal to facilitate the transaction; | |
| ● | purchases by a broker-dealer as principal and resales by the broker-dealer for its account; | |
| ● | an exchange distribution in accordance with the rules of the applicable exchange; | |
| ● | privately negotiated transactions; | |
| ● | to cover short sales made after the date that the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part is declared effective by the SEC; | |
| ● | broker-dealers may agree with the Selling Securityholders to sell a specified number of such shares at a stipulated price per share; | |
| ● | through trading plans entered into by a Selling Securityholder pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act that are in place at the time of an offering pursuant to this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement hereto that provide for periodic sales of their securities on the basis of parameters described in such trading plans; | |
| ● | through one or more underwritten offerings on a firm commitment or best efforts basis; | |
| ● | in “at the market” offerings, as defined in Rule 415 under the Securities Act, at negotiated prices, at prices prevailing at the time of sale or at prices related to such prevailing market prices, including sales made directly on a national securities exchange or sales made through a market maker other than on an exchange or other similar offerings through sales agents; | |
| ● | through the writing or settlement of options or other hedging transactions, whether through an options exchange or otherwise; | |
| ● | through the distributions by any Selling Securityholder or its affiliates to its partners, members or stockholders; | |
| ● | a combination of any of these methods of sale; and | |
| ● | any other method permitted pursuant to applicable law. |
The shares of Class A Common Stock may also be sold under Rule 144 under the Securities Act, or any other exemption from registration under the Securities Act, if available for the Selling Securityholders, rather than under this prospectus. The Selling Securityholders have the sole and absolute discretion not to accept any purchase offer or make any sale of shares of Class A Common Stock if it deems the purchase price to be unsatisfactory at any particular time.
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The Selling Securityholders may pledge their shares of Class A Common Stock to their brokers under the margin provisions of customer agreements. If the Selling Securityholders default on a margin loan, the broker may, from time to time, offer and sell the pledged shares.
Broker-dealers engaged by the Selling Securityholders may arrange for other broker-dealers to participate in sales. Broker-dealers may receive commissions or discounts from the Selling Securityholders (or, if any broker-dealer acts as agent for the purchaser of shares, from the purchaser) in amounts to be negotiated, which commissions as to a particular broker or dealer may be in excess of customary commissions to the extent permitted by applicable law.
If sales of shares of Class A Common Stock offered under this prospectus are made to broker-dealers as principals, we would be required to file a post-effective amendment to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. In the post-effective amendment, we would be required to disclose the names of any participating broker-dealers and the compensation arrangements relating to such sales.
White Lion is an underwriter within the meaning of Section 2(a)(11) of the Securities Act and any broker-dealers or agents that participate in distribution of the securities will also be underwriters within the meaning of Section 2(a)(11) of the Securities Act, and any profit on sale of the securities by them and any discounts, commissions or concessions received by them will be underwriting discounts and commissions under the Securities Act. The other Selling Securityholders and any broker-dealers or agents that are involved in selling the securities may be deemed to be “underwriters” within the meaning of the Securities Act in connection with such sales. In such event, any commissions received by such broker-dealers or agents and any profit on the resale of the securities purchased by them may be deemed to be underwriting commissions or discounts under the Securities Act. White Lion has informed us that each such broker-dealer participating in a distribution of securities by White Lion may receive commissions from White Lion and, if so, such commissions will not exceed customary brokerage commissions. Each Selling Securityholder has informed us that it does not have any written or oral agreement or understanding, directly or indirectly, with any person to distribute the securities. The compensation paid to any such particular broker-dealer or agent by any such purchasers of shares of our Class A Common Stock sold by White Lion or any other Selling Securityholder may be less than or in excess of customary commissions. None of us, White Lion or the other Selling Securityholders can presently estimate the amount of compensation that any such broker-dealer or agent will receive from any purchasers of shares of our Class A Common Stock sold by White Lion or the other Selling Securityholders.
White Lion has informed us that it intends to use one or more registered broker-dealers (one of which is an affiliate of White Lion) to effectuate all sales, if any, of our Class A Common Stock that it may acquire from us pursuant to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement. Such sales will be made at prices and at terms then prevailing or at prices related to the then current market price. Each such registered broker-dealer will be an underwriter within the meaning of Section 2(a)(11) of the Securities Act. White Lion has informed us that each such broker-dealer may receive commissions from White Lion and, if so, such commissions will not exceed customary brokerage commissions.
We know of no existing arrangements between White Lion or any other stockholder, broker, dealer, underwriter or agent relating to the sale or distribution of the shares of our Class A Common Stock offered by this prospectus.
We also have agreed to indemnify White Lion and certain other persons against certain liabilities in connection with the offering of shares of our Class A Common Stock offered hereby, including liabilities arising under the Securities Act or, if such indemnity is unavailable, to contribute amounts required to be paid in respect of such liabilities. White Lion has agreed to indemnify us against liabilities under the Securities Act that may arise from certain written information furnished to us by White Lion specifically for use in this prospectus or, if such indemnity is unavailable, to contribute amounts required to be paid in respect of such liabilities. Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to our directors, officers, and controlling persons, we have been advised that in the opinion of the SEC this indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore, unenforceable.
118
White Lion has represented to us that at no time prior to the date of the Common Stock Purchase Agreement has White Lion or its agents, representatives or affiliates engaged in or effected, in any manner whatsoever, directly or indirectly, any short sale (as such term is defined in Rule 200 of Regulation SHO of the Exchange Act) of our Class A Common Stock or any hedging transaction, which establishes a net short position with respect to our Class A Common Stock. White Lion has agreed that during the term of the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, neither White Lion, nor any of its agents, representatives or affiliates will enter into or effect, directly or indirectly, any of the foregoing transactions.
The Selling Securityholders and any other persons participating in the sale or distribution of the shares of Class A Common Stock offered under this prospectus will be subject to applicable provisions of the Exchange Act, and the rules and regulations under that act, including Regulation M. These provisions may restrict activities of, and limit the timing of purchases and sales of any of the shares of Class A Common Stock by, the Selling Securityholders or any other person. With certain exceptions, Regulation M precludes the Selling Securityholders, including White Lion, any affiliated purchasers, and any broker-dealer or other person who participates in the distribution from bidding for or purchasing, or attempting to induce any person to bid for or purchase any security which is the subject of the distribution until the entire distribution is complete. Regulation M also prohibits any bids or purchases made in order to stabilize the price of a security in connection with the distribution of that security. Furthermore, under Regulation M, persons engaged in a distribution of securities are prohibited from simultaneously engaging in market making and other activities with respect to those securities for a specified period of time prior to the commencement of such distributions, subject to specified exceptions or exemptions. All of these limitations may affect the marketability of the shares of Class A Common Stock offered by this prospectus.
If any of the shares of Class A Common Stock offered for sale pursuant to this prospectus are transferred other than pursuant to a sale under this prospectus, then subsequent holders could not use this prospectus until a post-effective amendment or prospectus supplement is filed, naming such holders. We offer no assurance as to whether the Selling Securityholder will sell all or any portion of the shares offered under this prospectus.
The shares of Class A Common Stock will be sold only through registered or licensed brokers or dealers if required under applicable state securities laws. In addition, in certain states, the shares of Class A Common Stock covered hereby may not be sold unless they have been registered or qualified for sale in the applicable state or an exemption from the registration or qualification requirement is available and is complied with.
We are required to pay certain fees and expenses incurred incident to the registration of the securities. We have agreed to indemnify the Selling Securityholders, including White Lion, against certain losses, claims, damages and liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act.
We agreed to keep this prospectus effective until the earlier of (i) all of the securities registered hereunder have been sold pursuant to this prospectus or Rule 144 under the Securities Act or any other rule of similar effect, or (ii) they may be sold pursuant to Rule 144 without volume or manner-of-sale restrictions, as determined by us. The Resale Securities will be sold only through registered or licensed brokers or dealers if required under applicable state securities laws. In addition, in certain states, the resale securities covered hereby may not be sold unless they have been registered or qualified for sale in the applicable state or an exemption from the registration or qualification requirement is available and is complied with.
119
LEGAL MATTERS
The legality of the issuance of the shares offered in this prospectus will be passed upon for us by Pryor Cashman LLP, New York, New York. Pryor Cashman LLP beneficially owns 1,200,000 shares of our Class A Common Stock, subject to the beneficial ownership limitation of 4.99% associated with the warrants to purchase common stock issued for services rendered.
EXPERTS
The consolidated financial statements of EON Resources Inc. (f/k/a HNR Acquisition Corp) as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, for the year ended December 31, 2024, and for each of the periods from November 15, 2023 to December 31, 2023 (Successor) and the period from January 1, 2023 to November 14, 2023 (Predecessor) appearing in this prospectus have been audited by Marcum LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as set forth in their report (which includes an explanatory paragraph relating to EON Resources Inc.’s ability to continue as a going concern) appearing elsewhere in this prospectus, and are included in reliance upon such report given on the authority of such firm as experts in accounting and auditing.
Estimates of the Company’s oil and natural gas reserves and related future net cash flows and present values thereof for the years December 31, 2024 and 2023 appearing in this prospectus were prepared by the third-party independent petroleum engineering firm of Haas and Cobb Petroleum Consultants, LLC, summary letters of which are incorporated by reference herein. We have incorporated these estimates in reliance on the authority of such firm as an expert in such matters.
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION
We have filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form S-1 under the Securities Act with respect to the securities we are offering by this prospectus. This prospectus does not contain all of the information included in the registration statement. For further information about us and our securities, you should refer to the registration statement and the exhibits and schedules filed with the registration statement. Whenever we make reference in this prospectus to any of our contracts, agreements or other documents, the references are materially complete but may not include a description of all aspects of such contracts, agreements or other documents, and you should refer to the exhibits attached to the registration statement for copies of the actual contract, agreement or other document.
Upon the effectiveness of this registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, we will be subject to the information requirements of the Exchange Act and will file annual, quarterly and current event reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. You can read our SEC filings, including the registration statement, over the Internet at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. You may also read and copy any document we file with the SEC at its public reference facility at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549.
You may also obtain copies of the documents at prescribed rates by writing to the Public Reference Section of the SEC at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information on the operation of the public reference facilities.
120
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
EON RESOURCES, INC.
F-1
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of
EON Resources Inc.
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of EON Resources Inc. (Formerly HNR Acquisition Corp.) (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders’ equity (deficit) and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2024, the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders’ equity (deficit) and cash flows for each of the periods from November 15, 2023 to December 31, 2023 (Successor), the period from January 1, 2023 to November 14, 2023 (Predecessor), and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year in the period ended December 31, 2024, the results of its operations and its cash flows for the period from November 15, 2023 to December 31, 2023, and the period from January 1, 2023 to November 14, 2023 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Explanatory Paragraph – Going Concern
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As more fully described in Note 1, the Company has a significant working capital deficiency, has incurred significant losses and needs to raise additional funds to meet its obligations and sustain its operations. These conditions raise substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern. Management's plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 1. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
/s/ Marcum llp
Marcum llp
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2022.
Houston, Texas
April 15, 2025
F-2
EON RESOURCES INC
(FORMERLY HNR ACQUISITION CORP)
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
| December 31, 2024 | December 31, 2023 | |||||||
| ASSETS | ||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | $ | ||||||
| Accounts receivable | ||||||||
| Crude Oil and natural gas sales | ||||||||
| Other | ||||||||
| Short-term derivative instrument asset | ||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | ||||||||
| Total current assets | ||||||||
| Crude oil and natural gas properties, successful efforts method: | ||||||||
| Proved Properties | ||||||||
| Accumulated depreciation, depletion, amortization and impairment | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Total oil and natural gas properties, net | ||||||||
| Other property, plant and equipment, net | ||||||||
| Long-term derivative instrument asset | ||||||||
| TOTAL ASSETS | $ | $ | ||||||
| LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ (DEFICIT) EQUITY | ||||||||
| Current liabilities | ||||||||
| Accounts payable | $ | $ | ||||||
| Accounts payable – related parties | ||||||||
| Accrued liabilities and other | ||||||||
| Revenue and royalties payable | ||||||||
| Revenue and royalties payable - Related Parties | ||||||||
| Deferred underwriting fee payable | ||||||||
| Related party notes payable, net of discount | ||||||||
| Current portion of warrant liability | ||||||||
| Current portion of long term debt | ||||||||
| Forward purchase agreement liability | ||||||||
| Total current liabilities | ||||||||
| Long-term debt, net of current portion and discount | ||||||||
| Warrant liability | ||||||||
| Convertible note liability | ||||||||
| Deferred tax liability | ||||||||
| Asset retirement obligations | ||||||||
| Other liabilities | ||||||||
| Total for non-current liabilities | ||||||||
| Total liabilities | ||||||||
| Commitments and Contingencies | ||||||||
| Stockholders’ (deficit) equity | ||||||||
| Preferred stock, $ | ||||||||
| Class A Common stock, $ | ||||||||
| Class B Common stock, $ | ||||||||
| Additional paid in capital | ||||||||
| Accumulated deficit | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Total stockholders’ equity (deficit) attributable to HNR Acquisition Corp | ( | ) | ||||||
| Noncontrolling interest | ||||||||
| Total stockholders’ equity | ||||||||
| Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | $ | ||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-3
EON RESOURCES INC
(FORMERLY HNR ACQUISITION CORP)
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
| Successor | Predecessor | |||||||||||
| Year Ended December 31, 2024 | November 15, 2023 to December 31, 2023 | January 1, 2023 to November 14, 2023 | ||||||||||
| Revenues | ||||||||||||
| Crude oil | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Natural gas and natural gas liquids | ||||||||||||
| Gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Other revenue | ||||||||||||
| Total revenues | ||||||||||||
| Expenses | ||||||||||||
| Production taxes, transportation and processing | ||||||||||||
| Lease operating | ||||||||||||
| Depletion, depreciation and amortization | ||||||||||||
| Accretion of asset retirement obligations | ||||||||||||
| General and administrative | ||||||||||||
| Acquisition costs | ||||||||||||
| Total expenses | ||||||||||||
| Operating income (loss) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Other Income (expenses) | ||||||||||||
| Change in fair value of warrant liability | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Change in fair value of convertible note liability | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Change in fair value of FPA liability | ||||||||||||
| Amortization of debt discount | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Interest expense | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Interest income | ||||||||||||
| Gain on extinguishment of liabilities | ||||||||||||
| Loss on sale of assets | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Other Income (expense) | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Total other income (expenses) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Loss before income taxes | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Income tax provision (benefit) | ||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests | ||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) attributable to HNR Acquisition Corp. | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | |||||
| Weighted average share outstanding, common stock - basic and diluted | ||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) per share of common stock – basic and diluted | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | |||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-4
EON RESOURCES INC
(FORMERLY HNR ACQUISITION CORP)
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)
| Predecessor | Owner’s Equity | |||
| Balance at December 31, 2022 | ||||
| Net income | ||||
| Equity-based compensation | ||||
| Balance at November 14, 2023 | $ | |||
| Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stockholders’ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Class A | Class B | Additional | (Deficit) Equity Attributable to HNR | Total Stockholders’ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common Stock | Common Stock | Common Stock | Paid-In | Accumulated | Acquisition | Noncontrolling | (Deficit) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Successor | Shares | Amount | Shares | Amount | Shares | Amount | Capital | deficit | Corp. | Interest | Equity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance – November 15, 2023 | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reclassification of shares under two class structure and non-redemptions | ( | ) | ( | ) | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reclassification of Public shares not redeemed | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares reclassified under Non redemption agreement | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares not redeemed under forward purchase agreement to FPA Seller | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Excise tax imposed on common stock redemptions | - | - | - | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Forward purchase agreement prepayment | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares issued for Acquisition | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss | - | - | - | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance – December 31, 2023 | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares issued under equity line of credit | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Class B exchanged for Class A | - | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares issued to settle FPA | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares issued to settle accounts payable | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss | - | - | - | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance – December 31, 2024 | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-5
EON RESOURCES INC
(FORMERLY HNR ACQUISITION CORP)
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
| Successor | Predecessor | |||||||||||
| Year Ended December 31, 2024 | November 15, 2023 to December 31, 2023 | January 1, 2023 to November 14, 2023 | ||||||||||
| Operating activities: | ||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | |||||
| Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: | ||||||||||||
| Depreciation, depletion, and amortization expense | ||||||||||||
| Accretion of asset retirement obligations | ||||||||||||
| Equity-based compensation | ||||||||||||
| Deferred income tax benefit | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Amortization of operating lease right-of-use assets | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Amortization of debt issuance costs | ||||||||||||
| Gain on extinguishment of liabilities | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Change in fair value of unsettled derivatives | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Change in fair value of convertible note liability | ||||||||||||
| Change in fair value of warrant liability | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Change in fair value of forward purchase agreement | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Change in other property, plant, and equipment, net | ||||||||||||
| Loss on sale of assets | ||||||||||||
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities: | ||||||||||||
| Accounts receivable | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other assets | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Related party note receivable interest income | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Accounts payable | ||||||||||||
| Accounts payable – related parties | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Accrued liabilities and other | ||||||||||||
| Royalties payable | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Royalties payable, related party | ||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities | ||||||||||||
| Investing activities: | ||||||||||||
| Development of crude oil and gas properties | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Purchases of other equipment | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Acquisition of business, net of cash acquired | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Trust Account withdrawals | ||||||||||||
| Issuance of related party note receivable | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Financing activities: | ||||||||||||
| Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt | ||||||||||||
| Payment of debt issuance costs | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Repayments of long-term debt | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Proceeds of short-term notes payable | ||||||||||||
| Repayment of short-term notes payable | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Proceeds from related party notes payable | ||||||||||||
| Repayment of related party notes payable | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Proceeds from sale of common stock | ||||||||||||
| Redemptions of common stock | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Net cash used in financing activities | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Net change in cash and cash equivalents | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | ||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Cash paid during the period for: | ||||||||||||
| Interest on debt | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Income taxes | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities: | ||||||||||||
| Operating lease assets obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Accrued purchases of property and equipment at period end | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-6
EON RESOURCES INC
(FORMERLY HNR ACQUISITION CORP)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 1 — DESCRIPTION OF ORGANIZATION AND BUSINESS OPERATIONS
Organization and General
EON Resources, Inc., Formerly HNR Acquisition Corp (the “Company”) was incorporated in Delaware on December 9, 2020. The Company was a blank check company formed for the purpose of effecting a merger, capital stock exchange, asset acquisition, stock purchase, reorganization or similar business combination with one or more businesses (the “Business Combination”). The Company is an “emerging growth company,” as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the “Securities Act,” as modified by the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”).
The registration statement for the Company’s
IPO was declared effective on February 10, 2022 (the “Effective Date”). On February 15, 2022, the Company consummated the
IPO of
The Sponsor and other parties, purchased, in the
aggregate,
Effective November 15, 2023, the Company completed its business combination as described in Note 3. Through its subsidiary EON Resources, LLC, a Texas limited liability Company “(“EON” or “EON Resources”) and its subsidiary LH Operating, LLC, a Texas limited liability company “(“LHO”), the Company is an independent oil and natural gas company focused on the acquisition, development, exploration, and production of oil and natural gas properties in the Permian Basin. The Permian Basin is located in west Texas and southeastern New Mexico and is characterized by high oil and liquids-rich natural gas content, multiple vertical and horizontal target horizons, extensive production histories, long-lived reserves and historically high drilling success rates. The Company’s properties are in the Grayburg-Jackson Field in Eddy County, New Mexico, which is a sub-area of the Permian Basin. The Company focuses exclusively on vertical development drilling.
Inflation Reduction Act of 2022
On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act
of 2022 (the “IR Act”) was signed into federal law. The IR Act provides for, among other things, a new U.S. federal
Any redemption or other repurchase that occurs after December 31, 2022, in connection with a Business Combination, extension vote or otherwise, may be subject to the excise tax. Whether and to what extent the Company would be subject to the excise tax in connection with a Business Combination, extension vote or otherwise would depend on a number of factors, including (i) the fair market value of the redemptions and repurchases in connection with the Business Combination, extension or otherwise, (ii) the structure of a Business Combination, (iii) the nature and amount of any “PIPE” or other equity issuances in connection with a Business Combination (or otherwise issued not in connection with a Business Combination but issued within the same taxable year of a Business Combination) and (iv) the content of regulations and other guidance from the Treasury. In addition, because the excise tax would be payable by the Company and not by the redeeming holder, the mechanics of any required payment of the excise tax have not been determined. The foregoing could cause a reduction in the cash available on hand to complete a Business Combination and in the Company’s ability to complete a Business Combination.
F-7
On May 11, 2023, in connection with the stockholder
vote for the amendment to the Company’s certificate of incorporation, a total of
Going Concern Considerations
At December 31, 2024, the Company had $
NOTE 2 — SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Basis of Presentation
On November 15, 2023 (the “Closing Date”), the Company consummated a business combination which resulted in the acquisition of EON Resources, LLC, a Texas limited liability Company “(“EON” or “EON Resources”) and its subsidiary LH Operating, LLC, a Texas limited liability company “(“LHO”, and collectively, the EON Business”) (the “Acquisition”). The Company was deemed the accounting acquirer in the Acquisition based on an analysis of the criteria outlined in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 805, Business Combinations, and the EON Business was deemed to be the Predecessor entity. Accordingly, the historical consolidated financial statements of the EON Business became the historical financial statements of the Company’s upon consummation of the Acquisition. As a result, the financial statements included in this report reflect (i) the historical operating results of EON Business prior to the Acquisition (“Predecessor”) and (ii) the combined results of the companies, including EON Business following the closing of the Acquisition (“Successor”). The accompanying financial statements include a Predecessor period, which was the period January 1, 2023 through November 14, 2023, concurrent with completion of the Acquisition and Successor period from November 15, 2023 through December 31, 2023. As a result of the Acquisition, the results of operations, financial position and cash flows of the Predecessor and Successor may not be directly comparable. A black-line between the Successor and Predecessor periods has been placed in the consolidated financial statements and in the tables to the notes to the consolidated financial statements to highlight the lack of comparability between these two periods as the Acquisition resulted in a new basis of accounting for the EON Business. See Note 3 for additional information.
The accompanying financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC.
F-8
Principles of Consolidation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Segments Reporting
The Company manages its operations as a single
segment for the purpose of assessing performance and making operating decisions. The Company’s Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”)
is its executive management committee. The CODM allocates resources and evaluates the performance of the Company using information about
combined net income from operations. All significant operating decisions are based upon an analysis of the Company as
Emerging Growth Company
Section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies (that is, those that have not had a Securities Act registration statement declared effective or do not have a class of securities registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that a company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies but any such an election to opt out is irrevocable. The Company has elected not to opt out of such extended transition period which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, the Company, as an emerging growth company, can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard. This may make comparison of the Company’s consolidated financial statements with another public company which is neither an emerging growth company nor an emerging growth company which has opted out of using the extended transition period difficult or impossible because of the potential differences in accounting standards used.
Net Income (Loss) Per Share:
Net income (loss) per share of common stock is computed by dividing net income (loss) applicable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period, excluding shares of common stock subject to forfeiture.
The Company’s Class B Common shares do not have economic rights to the undistributed earnings of the Companyand are not considered participating securities under ASC 260. As such, they are excluded from the calculation of net income (loss) per common share.
The Company has not considered the effect of the
warrants sold in the Initial Public Offering and private placement warrants to purchase an aggregate of
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires the Company’s management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates and assumptions reflected in the financial statements include: i) estimates of proved reserves of oil and natural gas, which affect the calculation of depletion, depreciation, and amortization (“DD&A”) and impairment of proved oil and natural gas properties, ii) impairment of undeveloped properties and other assets; and iii) the valuation of commodity and other derivative financial instruments. These estimates are based on information available as of the date of the financial statements; therefore, actual results could differ materially from management’s estimates using different assumptions or under different conditions. Future production may vary materially from estimated oil and natural gas proved reserves. Actual future prices may vary significantly from price assumptions used for determining proved reserves and for financial reporting.
F-9
Cash
The Company considers all cash on hand, depository accounts held by banks, money market accounts and investments with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. The Company’s cash and cash equivalents are held in financial institutions in amounts that exceed the insurance limits of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. The Company believes its counterparty risks are minimal based on the reputation and history of the institutions selected.
Accounts Receivable
Accounts receivable consist of receivables from crude oil and natural gas purchasers and are generally uncollateralized. Accounts receivables are typically due within 30 to 60 days of the production date and 30 days of the billing date and are stated at amounts due from purchasers and industry partners. Amounts are considered past due if they have been outstanding for 60 days or more. No interest is typically charged on past due amounts.
The Company reviews its need for an allowance for doubtful accounts on a periodic basis and determines the allowance, if any, by considering the length of time past due, previous loss history, future net revenues associated with the debtor’s ownership interest in oil and natural gas properties operated by the Company and the debtor’s ability to pay its obligations, among other things. The Company believes its accounts receivable are fully collectible. Accordingly, no allowance for doubtful accounts has been provided.
As of December 31,
2024 and 2023, the Company had approximately
Crude Oil and Natural Gas Properties
The Company accounts for its crude oil and natural gas properties under the successful efforts method of accounting. Under this method, costs of proved developed producing properties, successful exploratory wells and developmental dry hole costs are capitalized. Internal costs that are directly related to acquisition and development activities, including salaries and benefits, are capitalized. Internal costs related to production and similar activities are expensed as incurred. Capitalized costs are depleted by the unit-of-production method based on estimated proved developed producing reserves. The Company calculates quarterly depletion expense by using the estimated prior period-end reserves as the denominator. The process of estimating and evaluating crude oil and natural gas reserves is complex, requiring significant decisions in the evaluation of available geological, geophysical, engineering, and economic data. The data for a given property may also change substantially over time because of numerous factors, including additional development activity, evolving production history and a continual reassessment of the viability of production under changing economic conditions. As a result, revisions in existing reserve estimates occur. Capitalized development costs of producing oil and natural gas properties are depleted over proved developed reserves and leasehold costs are depleted over total proved reserves. Upon the sale or retirement of significant portions of or complete fields of depreciable or depletable property, the net book value thereof, less proceeds or salvage value, is recognized as a gain or loss.
Exploration costs, including geological and geophysical expenses, seismic costs on unproved leaseholds and delay rentals are expensed as incurred. Exploratory well drilling costs, including the cost of stratigraphic test wells, are initially capitalized, but charged to expense if the well is determined to be economically nonproductive. The status of each in-progress well is reviewed quarterly to determine the proper accounting treatment under the successful efforts method of accounting. Exploratory well costs continue to be capitalized so long as the Company has identified a sufficient quantity of reserves to justify completion as a producing well, is making sufficient progress assessing reserves with economic and operating viability, and the Company remains unable to make a final determination of productivity.
F-10
If an in-progress exploratory well is found to be economically unsuccessful prior to the issuance of the financial statements, the costs incurred prior to the end of the reporting period are charged to exploration expense. If the Company is unable to make a final determination about the productive status of a well prior to issuance of the financial statements, the costs associated with the well are classified as suspended well costs until the Company has had sufficient time to conduct additional completion or testing operations to evaluate the pertinent geological and engineering data obtained. At the time the Company can make a final determination of a well’s productive status, the well is removed from suspended well status and the resulting accounting treatment is recorded.
The Successor recognized
depreciation, depletion, and amortization expense totaling $
Impairment of Oil and Gas Properties
Proved oil and natural gas properties are reviewed for impairment when events and circumstances indicate a possible decline in the recoverability of the carrying amount of such property. The Company estimates the expected future cash flows of its oil and natural gas properties and compares the undiscounted cash flows to the carrying amount of the oil and natural gas properties, on a field-by-field basis, to determine if the carrying amount is recoverable. If the carrying amount exceeds the estimated undiscounted future cash flows, the Company will write down the carrying amount of the oil and natural gas properties to estimated fair value.
The Company and the Predecessor did not recognize any impairment of oil and natural gas properties in the periods presented.
Asset Retirement Obligations
The Company recognizes the fair value of an asset retirement obligation (“ARO”) in the period in which it is incurred if a reasonable estimate of fair value can be made. The asset retirement obligation is recorded as a liability at its estimated present value, with an offsetting increase recognized in oil and natural gas properties on the consolidated balance sheets. Periodic accretion of the discounted value of the estimated liability is recorded as an expense in the consolidated statements of operations.
Other Property and Equipment, net
Other property and equipment are recorded at cost. Other property and equipment are depreciated over its estimated useful life on a straight-line basis. The Company expenses maintenance and repairs in the period incurred. Upon retirements or dispositions of assets, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the consolidated balance sheet with the resulting gains or losses, if any, reflected in operations.
Materials and supplies are stated at the lower of cost or market and consist of oil and gas drilling or repair items such a tubing, casing, and pumping units. These items are primarily acquired for use in future drilling or repair operations and are carried at lower of cost or market.
The Company reviews its long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If such assets are considered impaired, the impairment to be recorded is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its estimated fair value. The estimated fair value is determined using either a discounted future cash flow model or another appropriate fair value method.
F-11
Derivative Instruments
The Company uses derivative financial instruments to mitigate its exposure to commodity price risk associated with oil prices. The Company’s derivative financial instruments are recorded on the consolidated balance sheets as either an asset or a liability measured at fair value. The Company has elected not to apply hedge accounting for its existing derivative financial instruments, and as a result, the Company recognizes the change in derivative fair value between reporting periods currently in its consolidated statements of operations. The fair value of the Company’s derivative financial instruments is determined using industry-standard models that consider various inputs including: (i) quoted forward prices for commodities, (ii) time value of money and (iii) current market and contractual prices for the underlying instruments, as well as other relevant economic measures. Realized gains and losses from the settlement of derivative financial instruments and unrealized gains and unrealized losses from valuation changes in the remaining unsettled derivative financial instruments are reported in a single line item as a component of revenues in the consolidated statements of operations. Cash flows from derivative contract settlements are reflected in operating activities in the accompanying consolidated statements of cash flows. See Note 4 for additional information about the Company’s derivative instruments.
The Company’s credit risk related to derivatives is a counterparties’ failure to perform under derivative contracts owed to the Company. The Company uses credit and other financial criteria to evaluate the credit standing of, and to select, counterparties to its derivative instruments. Although the Company does not obtain collateral or otherwise secure the fair value of its derivative instruments, associated credit risk is mitigated by the Company’s credit risk policies and procedures.
The Company has entered into International Swap Dealers Association Master Agreements (“ISDA Agreements”) with its derivative counterparty. The terms of the ISDA Agreements provide the Company and the counterparty with rights of set off upon the occurrence of defined acts of default by either the Company or a counterparty to a derivative, whereby the party not in default may set off all derivative liabilities owed to the defaulting party against all derivative asset receivables from the defaulting party.
Product Revenues
The Company accounts for sales in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Revenue is recognized when the Company satisfies a performance obligation in an amount reflecting the consideration to which it expects to be entitled. The Company applies a five-step approach in determining the amount and timing of revenue to be recognized: (1) identifying the contract with a customer; (2) identifying the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determining the transaction price; (4) allocating the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (5) recognizing revenue when the performance obligation is satisfied.
The Company enters into contracts with customers to sell its oil and natural gas production. Revenue from these contracts is recognized when the Company’s performance obligations under these contracts are satisfied, which generally occurs with the transfer of control of the oil and natural gas to the purchaser. Control is generally considered transferred when the following criteria are met: (i) transfer of physical custody, (ii) transfer of title, (iii) transfer of risk of loss and (iv) relinquishment of any repurchase rights or other similar rights. Given the nature of the products sold, revenue is recognized at a point in time based on the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in accordance with the price specified in the contract. Consideration under oil and natural gas marketing contracts is typically received from the purchaser one to two months after production.
Most of the Company’s oil marketing contracts transfer physical custody and title at or near the wellhead or a central delivery point, which is generally when control of the oil has been transferred to the purchaser. The majority of the oil produced is sold under contracts using market-based pricing, which price is then adjusted for differentials based upon delivery location and oil quality. To the extent the differentials are incurred at or after the transfer of control of the oil, the differentials are included in oil revenues on the statements of operations, as they represent part of the transaction price of the contract. If other related costs are incurred prior to the transfer of control of the oil, those costs are included in production taxes, transportation and processing expenses on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations, as they represent payment for services performed outside of the contract with the customer.
The Company’s natural gas is sold at the lease location. Most of the Company’s natural gas is sold under gas purchase agreements. Under the gas purchase agreements, the Company receives a percentage of the net production from the sale of the natural gas and residue gas, less associated expenses incurred by the buyer.
The Company does not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations under its contracts with customers as it applies the practical expedient in accordance with ASC 606. The expedient, as described in ASC 606-10-50-14(a), applies to variable consideration that is recognized as control of the product is transferred to the customer. Since each unit of product represents a separate performance obligation, future volumes are wholly unsatisfied, and disclosure of the transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations is not required.
F-12
Customers
The Company sold
Warranty Obligations
The Company provides an assurance-type warranty that guarantees its products comply with agreed-upon specifications. This warranty is not sold separately and does not convey any additional goods or services to the customer; therefore, the warranty is not considered a separate performance obligation. As the Company typically incurs minimal claims under the warranties, no liability is estimated at the time goods are delivered, but rather at the point of a claim.
Other Revenue
Other revenue is generated from the fees the Company charges a single customer for the disposal of water, saltwater, brine, brackish water, and other water (collectively, “Water”) into the Company’s water injection system. Revenue recognized under the agreement is variable in nature and primarily based on the volume of Water accepted during the period.
Warrant Liabilities
The Company accounts for warrants as either equity-classified or liability-classified instruments based on an assessment of the warrant’s specific terms and applicable authoritative guidance in Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (“ASC 480”) and ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging (“ASC 815”). The assessment considers whether the warrants are freestanding financial instruments pursuant to ASC 480, meet the definition of a liability pursuant to ASC 480, and whether the warrants meet all of the requirements for equity classification under ASC 815, including whether the warrants are indexed to the Company’s own common stock, among other conditions for equity classification. This assessment is conducted at the time of warrant issuance and as of each subsequent quarterly period end date while the warrants are outstanding.
In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification ASC 815-40, Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity, the warrants issued in connection with the Private Notes Payable do not meet the criteria for equity classification due to the redemption right whereby the holder may require the Company to settle the warrant in cash 18 months after the closing of the MIPA, and must be recorded as liabilities. The warrants are measured at fair value at inception and at each reporting date in accordance with ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement, with changes in fair value recognized in the statements of operations in the period of change.
Forward Purchase Agreement Valuation
The Company has determined that the FPA Put Option, including the Maturity Consideration, within the Forward Purchase Agreement is (i) a freestanding financial instrument and (ii) a liability (i.e., an in-substance written put option). This liability was recorded as a liability at fair value on the consolidated balance sheet as of the reporting date in accordance with ASC 480. The fair value of the liability was estimated using a Monte-Carlo Simulation in a risk-neutral framework. Specifically, the future stock price is simulated assuming a Geometric Brownian Motion (“GBM”). For each simulated path, the forward purchase value is calculated based on the contractual terms and then discounted back to present. Finally, the value of the forward is calculated as the average present value over all simulated paths. The model also considered the likelihood of a dilutive offering of common stock.
F-13
Concentration of Credit Risk:
Financial instruments that potentially subject
the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist of a cash account in a financial institution, which, at times, may exceed the Federal
Depository Insurance Coverage (“FDIC”) of $
Income Taxes
The Company follows the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes under FASB ASC 740, “Income Taxes.” Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statements carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that included the enactment date. Valuation allowances are established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.
FASB ASC 740 prescribes a recognition threshold and a measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. For those benefits to be recognized, a tax position must be more-likely-than-not to be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities. There were no unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as income tax expense. No amounts were accrued for the payment of interest and penalties at December 31, 2024 and 2023. The Company is currently not aware of any issues under review that could result in significant payments, accruals, or material deviation from its position. The Company is subject to income tax examinations by major taxing authorities since inception.
Prior the closing of the Acquisition, the Predecessor elected to be treated as a partnership for income tax purposes and was not subject to federal, state, or local income taxes. Any taxable income or loss was recognized by the owners. Accordingly, no federal, state, or local income taxes have been reflected in the accompanying consolidated financial statements of the Predecessor. Significant differences may exist between the results of operations reported in these consolidated financial statements and those determined for income tax purposes primarily due to the use of different asset valuation methods for tax purposes.
Segment Reporting
Segment information is prepared on the same basis
that our CEO, who is our Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”), manages our segments, evaluates financial results, and makes
key operating decisions. The Company has
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In November 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280) — Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which adds new disclosure requirements related to significant segment expenses regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (CODM) and included in each reported measure of segment profit or loss, other segment items that constitute the difference between segment revenues less significant segment expenses and the measure of profit or loss, disclosure of the CODM’s title and position as well as an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measures and expanded interim disclosures. ASU 2023-07 is effective for financial statements for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company has implemented this ASU during the year ended December 31, 2024, and determined no retrospective changes were necessary.
F-14
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740) — Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. Under this ASU, entities must disclose, on an annual basis, specific categories in the rate reconciliation and provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold. In addition, ASU 2023-09 requires entities to disclose additional information about income taxes paid. ASU 2023-09 is effective for financial statements for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact of adopting this guidance on the consolidated financial statements and the notes to consolidated financial statements.
Management does not believe that any recently issued, but not yet effective, accounting pronouncements, if currently adopted, would have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
NOTE 3 — BUSINESS COMBINATION
The Company entered into that certain Amended and Restated Membership Interest Purchase Agreement, dated as of August 28, 2023 (as amended, the “MIPA”), by and among HNRA, HNRA Upstream, LLC, a newly formed Delaware limited liability company which is managed by, and is a subsidiary of, HNRA (“OpCo”), and HNRA Partner, Inc., a newly formed Delaware corporation and wholly owned subsidiary of OpCo (“SPAC Subsidiary”, and together with the Company and OpCo, “Buyer” and each a “Buyer”), CIC EON LP, a Delaware limited partnership (“CIC”), DenCo Resources, LLC, a Texas limited liability company (“DenCo”), EON Resources Management, LLC, a Texas limited liability company (“EON Management”), 4400 Holdings, LLC, a Texas limited liability company (“4400” and, together with CIC, DenCo and EON Management, collectively, “Seller” and each a “Seller”), and, solely with respect to Section 6.20 of the MIPA, the Sponsor.
On November 15, 2023 (the “Closing Date”), as contemplated by the MIPA:
| ● | HNRA filed a Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (the “Second A&R Charter”) with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware, pursuant to which the number of authorized shares of HNRA’s capital stock, par value $ |
| ● | The current shares of common stock of HNRA were reclassified as Class A Common Stock, the Class B Common Stock have no economic rights but entitles its holder to |
| ● | (A) HNRA contributed to OpCo (i) all of its assets (excluding its interests in OpCo and the aggregate amount of cash required to satisfy any exercise by HNRA stockholders of their Redemption Rights (as defined below)) and (ii) |
| ● | Immediately following the SPAC Contribution, OpCo contributed $ |
| ● | Immediately following the SPAC Subsidiary Contribution, Seller sold, contributed, assigned, and conveyed to (A) OpCo, and OpCo acquired and accepted from Seller, ninety-nine percent ( |
F-15
The “Aggregate Consideration” for
the EON Business was (a), cash in the amount of $
OpCo A&R LLC Agreement
In connection with the Closing, HNRA and EON Royalty,
LLC, a Texas limited liability company, an affiliate of Seller and Seller’s designated recipient of the Aggregate Consideration
(“EON Royalty”), entered into an amended and restated limited liability company agreement of OpCo (the “OpCo A&R
LLC Agreement”). Pursuant to the A&R OpCo LLC Agreement, each OpCo unitholder (excluding HNRA) will, subject to certain timing
procedures and other conditions set forth therein, have the right(the “OpCo Exchange Right”) to exchange all or a portion
of its OpCo Class B Units for, at OpCo’s election,(i) shares of Class A Common Stock at an exchange ratio of
Immediately upon the Closing, EON Royalty exercised
the OpCo Exchange Right as it relates to
The OpCo Preferred Units will be automatically
converted into OpCo Class B Units on the two-year anniversary of the issuance date of such OpCo Preferred Units (the “Mandatory
Conversion Trigger Date”) at a rate determined by dividing (i) $
F-16
Option Agreement
In connection with the Closing, HNRA Royalties, LLC, a newly formed Delaware limited liability company and wholly-owned subsidiary of HNRA (“HNRA Royalties”) and EON Royalty entered into an Option Agreement (the “Option Agreement”). EON Royalty owns certain overriding royalty interests in certain oil and gas assets owned by EON Resources, LLC (the “ORR Interest”). Pursuant to the Option Agreement, EON Royalty granted irrevocable and exclusive option to HNRA Royalties to purchase the ORR Interest for the Option Price (as defined below) at any time prior to November 15, 2024. The option is not exercisable while the Seller Promissory Note is outstanding.
The purchase price for the ORR Interest upon exercise
of the option is: (i) (1) $
The Option Agreement and the option will immediately
terminate upon the earlier of (a) EON Royalty’s transfer or assignment of all of the ORR Interest in accordance with the Option
Agreement and (b) November 15, 2024. As consideration for the Option Agreement, the Company issued
Backstop Agreement
In connection with the Closing, HNRA entered a
Backstop Agreement (the “Backstop Agreement”) with EON Royalty and certain of HNRA’s founders listed therein (the “Founders”)
whereby the EON Royalty will have the right (“Put Right”) to cause the Founders to purchase Seller’s OpCo Preferred
Units at a purchase price per unit equal to $
As security that the Founders will be able to
purchase the OpCo Preferred Units upon exercise of the Put Right, the Founders agreed to place at least
Founder Pledge Agreement
In connection with the Closing, HNRA entered a
Founder Pledge Agreement (the “Founder Pledge Agreement”) with the Founders whereby, in consideration of placing the Trust
Shares into escrow and entering into the Backstop Agreement, HNRA agreed: (a) by January 15, 2024, to issue to the Founders an aggregate
number of newly issued shares of Class A Common Stock equal to
F-17
The above description of the Founder Pledge Agreement
is a summary only and is qualified in its entirety by the text of the Founder Pledge Agreement. In consideration for entering into the
Backstop agreement, the Company issued the Founders an aggregate of
The Acquisition was accounted for as a business
combination under ASC 805.
| Purchase Price: | ||||
| Cash | $ | |||
| Side Letter payable | ||||
| Promissory note to Sellers of EON Business | ||||
| Total purchase consideration | $ | |||
| Purchase Price Allocation | ||||
| Cash | $ | |||
| Accounts receivable | ||||
| Prepaid expenses | ||||
| Oil & gas reserves | ||||
| Derivative assets | ||||
| Accounts payable | ( | ) | ||
| Accrued liabilities and other | ( | ) | ||
| Revenue and royalties payable | ( | ) | ||
| Revenue and royalties payable, related parties | ( | ) | ||
| Short-term derivative liabilities | ( | ) | ||
| Deferred tax liabilities | ( | ) | ||
| Asset retirement obligations, net | ( | ) | ||
| Other liabilities | ( | ) | ||
| Net assets acquired | $ | |||
The fair value of the Class A common shares is
based on the closing price of the Company’s common stock at November 15, 2023, which was $
Effective June 20, 2024, the Company and the Seller
entered into a settlement agreement and Release (the “Settlement Agreement”). Under the Settlement Agreement, and in settlement
of the working capital provisions of the Amended MIPA, the Seller agreed to waive all rights and claims to the amount of royalties payable
under the ORRI as of December 31, 2023, totaling $
As of December 31, 2024, the Company owes $
F-18
Unaudited Pro Forma Financial Information
The following table sets
forth the pro-forma consolidated results of operations of the combined Successor Predecessor companies for the year ended December 31,
2023 as if the Acquisition occurred on January 1, 2023.
| Year ended December 31, | ||||
| 2023 | ||||
| Revenue | $ | |||
| Operating income | ||||
| Net income | ||||
| Net income per common share | $ | |||
| Weighted Average common shares outstanding | ||||
NOTE 4 — DERIVATIVES
Derivative Activities
The Company is exposed to volatility in market prices and basis differentials for natural gas, oil and NGLs, which impacts the predictability of its cash flows related to the sale of those commodities. These risks are managed by the Company’s use of certain derivative financial instruments. The company has historically used crude diff swaps, fixed price swaps, and costless collars. As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s derivative financial instruments consisted of costless collars and crude diff swaps, which are described below:
Costless Collars
Arrangements that contain a fixed floor price (“purchased put option”) and a fixed ceiling price (“sold call option”) based on an index price which, in aggregate, have no net cost. At the contract settlement date, (1) if the index price is higher than the ceiling price, the Company pays the counterparty the difference between the index price and ceiling price, (2) if the index price is between the floor and ceiling prices, no payments are due from either party, and (3) if the index price is below the floor price, the Company will receive the difference between the floor price and the index price.
Additionally, the Company will occasionally purchase an additional call option at a higher strike price than the aforementioned fixed ceiling price. Often this is accomplished in conjunction with the costless collar at no additional cost. If an additional call option is utilized, at the contract settlement date, (1) if the index price is higher than the sold call strike price but lower than the purchased option strike price, then the Company pays the difference between the index price and the sold call strike price, (2) if the index price is higher than the purchased call price, then the company pays the difference between the purchased call option and the sold call option, and the company receives payment of the difference between the index price and the purchased option strike price, (3) if the index price is between the purchased put strike price and the sold call strike price, no payments are due from either party, (4) if the index price is below the floor price, the Company will receive the difference between the floor price and the index price.
The Company had no agreements in place classified as costless collars as of December 31, 2024
F-19
The following table sets forth the derivative volumes by period as of December 31, 2023 for the Company:
| Price collars | ||||||||||||||||
| Period | Volume (Bbls/month) | Weighted average floor price ($/Bbl) | Weighted average ceiling price ($/Bbl) | Weighted average sold call ($/Bbl) | ||||||||||||
| Q1-Q2 2024 | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||
| Q3-Q4 2024 | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||
Crude price differential swaps
During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company has entered into commodity swap contracts that are effective over the next 1 to 24 months and are used to hedge against location price risk of the respective commodity resulting from supply and demand volatility and protect cash flows against price fluctuations.
The following table reflects the weighted-average price of open commodity swap contracts as of December 31, 2024:
| Commodity Swaps | ||||||||
| Weighted | ||||||||
| Volume | average | |||||||
| Period | (Bbls/month) | price ($/Bbl) | ||||||
| Q1-Q4 2024 | $ | |||||||
| Q1-Q4 2025 | $ | |||||||
The following table reflects the weighted-average price of open commodity swap contracts as of December 31, 2023:
| Commodity Swaps | ||||||||
| Weighted | ||||||||
| Volume | average | |||||||
| Period | (Bbls/month) | price ($/Bbl) | ||||||
| Q1-Q4 2024 | $ | |||||||
| Q1-Q4 2025 | $ | |||||||
Derivative Assets and Liabilities
As of December 31,
2024 and 2023, the Company is conducting derivative activities with one counterparty, which is secured by the lender in the Company’s
bank credit facility. The Company believes the counterparty is acceptable credit risk, and the credit worthiness of the counterparty is
subject to periodic review. The assets and liabilities are netted given that all positions are held by a single counterparty and subject
to a master netting arrangement.
| As of December 31, 2024 (Successor) | ||||||||||||
| Gross fair value | Amounts netted | Net fair value | ||||||||||
| Commodity derivatives: | ||||||||||||
| Short-term derivative asset | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | |||||||
| Long-term derivative asset | ||||||||||||
| Short-term derivative liability | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Long-term derivative liability | ||||||||||||
| Total derivative asset | $ | |||||||||||
F-20
| As of December 31, 2023 (Successor) | ||||||||||||
| Gross fair value | Amounts netted | Net fair value | ||||||||||
| Commodity derivatives: | ||||||||||||
| Short-term derivative asset | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | |||||||
| Long-term derivative asset | ||||||||||||
| Short-term derivative liability | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Long-term derivative liability | ||||||||||||
| Total derivative liability | $ | |||||||||||
The effects of the Company’s derivatives on the consolidated statements of operations are summarized below:
| Successor | Predecessor | |||||||||||
| For the Year ended December 31, 2024 | November 15, 2023 to December 31, 2023 | January 1, 2023 to November 14, 2023 | ||||||||||
| Total gain on unsettled derivatives | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | |||||||
| Total loss on settled derivatives | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Net gain (loss) on derivatives | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | |||||||
NOTE 5 — LONG-TERM DEBT AND NOTES PAYABLE
The Company’s debt instruments are as follows:
| December 31, 2024 | December 31, 2023 | |||||||
| Senior Secured Term Loan | $ | $ | ||||||
| Seller Promissory Note | ||||||||
| Merchant Cash Advances | ||||||||
| Convertible Notes Payable at fair value | ||||||||
| Private loans | ||||||||
| Total | ||||||||
| Less: unamortized financing cost | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Less: current portion including amortization | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Long-term debt, net of current portion | $ | $ | ||||||
Senior Secured Term Loan Agreement
In connection with the
Closing, HNRA (for purposes of the Loan Agreement, the “Borrower”) and First International Bank & Trust (“FIBT”
or “Lender”), OpCo, SPAC Subsidiary, EON, and LH Operating, LLC (for purposes of the Loan Agreement, collectively, the “Guarantors”
and together with the Borrower, the “Loan Parties”), and FIBT entered into a Senior Secured Term Loan Agreement on November
15, 2023 (the “Loan Agreement”), setting forth the terms of a senior secured term loan facility in an aggregate principal
amount of $
Pursuant to the terms
of the Term Loan Agreement, the Term Loan was advanced in one tranche on the Closing Date. The proceeds of the Term Loan were used to
(a) fund a portion of the purchase price, (b) partially fund a debt service reserve account funded with $
F-21
On the Closing Date,
Borrower deposited $
On
April 18, 2024, the Company and FIBT entered into a Second Amendment to Term Loan Agreement (the “Amendment”) effective as
of March 31, 2024. Pursuant to the Amendment, the Term Loan Agreement was modified to provide that the Company must, on or before December
31, 2024, deposit funds in a Debt Service Reserve Account (as defined in the Loan Agreement) such that the balance of the account equals
$
The Term Loan Agreement contains affirmative and restrictive covenants and representations and warranties. The Loan Parties are bound by certain affirmative covenants setting forth actions that are required during the term of the Term Loan Agreement, including, without limitation, certain information delivery requirements, obligations to maintain certain insurance, and certain notice requirements. Additionally, the Loan Parties from time to time will be bound by certain restrictive covenants setting forth actions that are not permitted to be taken during the term of the Term Loan Agreement without prior written consent, including, without limitation, incurring certain additional indebtedness, entering into certain hedging contracts, consummating certain mergers, acquisitions or other business combination transactions, consummating certain dispositions of assets, making certain payments on subordinated debt, making certain investments, entering into certain transactions with affiliates, and incurring any non-permitted lien or other encumbrance on assets. The Term Loan Agreement also contains other customary provisions, such as confidentiality obligations and indemnification rights for the benefit of the Lender. The Company was in compliance with covenants of the Term Loan Agreement as of December 31, 2024.
For year ended December
31, 2024, the Company amortized $
Pledge and Security Agreement
In connection with the Term Loan, FIBT and the Loan Parties entered into a Pledge and Security Agreement on November 15, 2023 (the “Security Agreement”), whereby the Loan Parties granted a senior security interest to FIBT on all assets of the Loan Parties, except certain excluded assets described therein, including, among other things, any interests in the ORR Interest.
F-22
Guaranty Agreement
In connection with the Term Loan, FIBT and the Loan Parties entered into a Guaranty Agreement on November 15, 2023 (the “Guaranty Agreement”), whereby the Guarantors guaranteed payment and performance of all Loan Parties under the Term Loan Agreement.
Subordination Agreement
In connection with the Term Loan and the Seller Promissory Note, the Lenders, the Sellers and the Company entered into a Subordination Agreement whereby the Sellers cannot require repayment, nor commence any action or proceeding at law or equity against the Company or the Lenders to recover any or all of the unpaid Seller Promissory Note until the Term Loan is repaid in full.
Seller Promissory Note
In connection with the Closing, OpCo issued the
Seller Promissory Note to EON Royalty in the principal amount of $
Private Notes Payable
Prior to December 31, 2023 the Company entered
into various unsecured promissory notes with existing investors of the Company for total principal of $
During the year ended
December 31, 2024, the Company received an additional $
On November 13, 2023, the Company entered into
exchange agreements (“Exchange Agreements”) with certain holders of Private Notes Payable, The Company issued
During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company
and certain note holders, including White Lion, entered into exchange agreements whereby the holders agreed to exchange their outstanding
working capital notes totaling $
F-23
The Company is amortizing the debt discount through
a period of nine months from the Closing Date. The Company recognized amortization of debt discount of $
Convertible Notes Payable
During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company
and certain note holders entered into exchange agreements whereby the holders agreed to exchange their outstanding working capital notes
totaling $
Accrued interest on the promissory notes was $
Predecessor Revolving Credit Facility
On June 25, 2019, the Predecessor entered into
a credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with a banking institution for a revolving credit facility (the “Predecessor
Revolver”) that provided for a maximum facility amount of $
Future Maturities of Long-term debt
The following summarizes the Company’s maturities of all debt instruments described above:
| Principal | ||||
| Fiscal year ended: | ||||
| December 31, 2025 | $ | |||
| December 31, 2026 | ||||
| December 31, 2027 | ||||
| December 31, 2028 | ||||
| Total | $ | |||
NOTE 6 — FORWARD PURCHASE AGREMENT
Forward Purchase Agreement
On November 2, 2023, the Company entered into an agreement with (i) Meteora Capital Partners, LP (“MCP”), (ii) Meteora Select Trading Opportunities Master, LP (“MSTO”), and (iii) Meteora Strategic Capital, LLC (“MSC” and, collectively with MCP and MSTO, “FPA Seller”) (the “Forward Purchase Agreement”) for OTC Equity Prepaid Forward Transactions. For purposes of the Forward Purchase Agreement, the Company is referred to as the “Counterparty”. Capitalized terms used herein but not otherwise defined shall have the meanings ascribed to such terms in the Forward Purchase Agreement.
F-24
The Forward Purchase
Agreement provides for a prepayment shortfall in an amount in U.S. dollars equal to
Following the Closing,
the reset price (the “Reset Price”) will be $
From time to time and on any date following the Trade Date (any such date, an “OET Date”) and subject to the terms and conditions in the Forward Purchase Agreement, FPA Seller may, in its absolute discretion, terminate the Transaction in whole or in part by providing written notice to Counterparty (the “OET Notice”), by the later of (a) the fifth Local Business Day following the OET Date and (b) no later than the next Payment Date following the OET Date, (which shall specify the quantity by which the Number of Shares shall be reduced (such quantity, the “Terminated Shares”)). The effect of an OET Notice shall be to reduce the Number of Shares by the number of Terminated Shares specified in such OET Notice with effect as of the related OET Date. As of each OET Date, Counterparty shall be entitled to an amount from FPA Seller, and the FPA Seller shall pay to Counterparty an amount, equal to the product of (x) the number of Terminated Shares and (y) the Reset Price in respect of such OET Date. The payment date may be changed within a quarter at the mutual agreement of the parties.
The “Valuation Date” will be the earlier to occur of (a) the date that is three (3) years after the date of the closing of the Purchase & Sale (the date of the closing of the Purchase & Sale, the “Closing Date”) pursuant to the A&R MIPA, (b) the date specified by FPA Seller in a written notice to be delivered to Counterparty at FPA Seller’s discretion (which Valuation Date shall not be earlier than the day such notice is effective) after the occurrence of any of (w) a VWAP Trigger Event, (x) a Delisting Event, (y) a Registration Failure or (z) unless otherwise specified therein, upon any Additional Termination Event, and (c) the date specified by FPA Seller in a written notice to be delivered to Counterparty at FPA Seller’s sole discretion (which Valuation Date shall not be earlier than the day such notice is effective). The Valuation Date notice will become effective immediately upon its delivery from FPA Seller to Counterparty in accordance with the Forward Share Purchase Agreement.
On the “Cash Settlement Payment Date,” which is the tenth Local Business Day immediately following the last day of the Valuation Period, the FPA Seller will remit to the Counterparty an amount equal to the Settlement Amount and will not otherwise be required to return to the Counterparty any of the Prepayment Amount and the Counterparty shall remit to the FPA Seller the Settlement Amount Adjustment; provided, that if the Settlement Amount less the Settlement Amount Adjustment is a negative number and either clause (x) of Settlement Amount Adjustment applies or the Counterparty has elected pursuant to clause (y) of Settlement Amount Adjustment to pay the Settlement Amount Adjustment in cash, then neither the FPA Seller nor the Counterparty shall be liable to the other party for any payment under the Cash Settlement Payment Date section of the Forward Purchase Agreement.
The FPA Seller has agreed to waive any redemption rights with respect to any Recycled Shares in connection with the Closing, as well as any redemption rights under the Company’s certificate of incorporation that would require redemption by the Company.
Pursuant to the Forward
Purchase Agreement, the FPA Seller obtained
F-25
The FPA Seller received
an additional $
The Maturity Date may
be accelerated, at the FPA Sellers’ discretion, if the Company share price trades below $
The fair value of the
prepayment was $
On November 15, 2024, the Company entered into
a Confidential Rescission, Settlement, and Release Agreement with the FPA Seller whereby the parties mutually agreed to rescind the Forward
Purchase Agreement and related agreements between the parties, which as a result, any transactions, notices or other obligations thereunder
are void ab initio. The parties also agreed to release each other of all claims related to the Forward Purchase Agreement, and
in exchange for such release, the Company agreed to issue to the FPA Seller
NOTE 7 — STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
As of December 31, 2024, there were
On November 15, 2023, as contemplated by the MIPA,
HNRA filed the Second A&R Charter with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware, pursuant to which the number of authorized
shares of HNRA’s capital stock, par value $
As part of the Closing
on November 15, 2023, all previously issued and outstanding shares of HNRA common stock were converted into Class A common shares. Prior
to the Closing, there were
As part of the consideration
to effect the Acquisition, the Company issued
During the year ended
December 31, 2024, EON Royalty exercised its OpCo Exchange Right related to
F-26
Class A Common Stock Issuances
In consideration for entering into the Backstop
agreement, the Company issues the Founders an aggregate of
During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company
issued
During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company
issued
During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company
issued
During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company issued
On October 18, 2024, the Company entered into
a consulting agreement with a third party for financing services on a month to month basis. As compensation for services the Company
will pay the consultant a fee of $
Restricted Stock Awards
On March 4, 2024, the Compensation Committee of
the Board of Directors approved awards of restricted stock units (“RSU’s”) to various employees, non-employee directors
and consultants. Non-employee directors received an aggregate of
On December 16, 2024, the Compensation Committee
of the Board of Directors approved
As of December 31, 2024,
F-27
Class A Common Stock Options
During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Compensation
Committee of the Board of Directors approved common stock options to purchase
The following table reflects the weighted average assumptions used to estimate the fair value of stock options granted during the year ended December 31, 2024:
| 2024 | ||||
| Volatility | % | |||
| Expected life (years) | ||||
| Risk-free interest rate | % | |||
| Dividend rate | % | |||
The following table summarizes the stock option activity for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:
| Options | Weighted- Exercise Price Per Share | |||||||
| Outstanding, December 31, 2023 | $ | |||||||
| Granted | $ | |||||||
| Exercised | $ | |||||||
| Forfeited | $ | |||||||
| Expired | $ | |||||||
| Outstanding and expected to vest, December 31, 2024 | $ | |||||||
The following table discloses information regarding outstanding and exercisable options at December 31, 2024:
| Outstanding | Exercisable | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Exercise Price Range | Number of Option Shares | Weighted Average Exercise Price | Weighted Average Remaining Life (Years) | Number of Option Shares | Weighted Average Exercise | |||||||||||||||||
| $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the
difference between the exercise price of the underlying stock option and the fair value of the Company’s common stock for stock
options that were in-the-money at period end. As of December 31, 2024, the intrinsic value for the options vested and outstanding was
$
Class A Common Stock Warrants
During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company
issued
The following table reflects the weighted average assumptions used to estimate the fair value of stock warrants granted during the year ended December 31, 2024:
| 2024 | ||||
| Volatility | % | |||
| Expected life (years) | ||||
| Risk-free interest rate | % | |||
| Dividend rate | % | |||
F-28
The warrants had an estimated fair value of $
The following table summarizes the stock warrant activity for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:
| Warrants | Weighted- Exercise Price Per Share | |||||||
| Outstanding and exercisable, January 1, 2023 | $ | |||||||
| Granted | $ | |||||||
| Exercised | $ | |||||||
| Forfeited | $ | |||||||
| Expired | $ | |||||||
| Outstanding, December 31, 2023 | $ | |||||||
| Granted | $ | |||||||
| Exercised | $ | |||||||
| Forfeited | ( | ) | $ | |||||
| Expired | $ | |||||||
| Outstanding and expected to vest, December 31, 2024 | $ | |||||||
The following table discloses information regarding outstanding and exercisable warrants at December 31, 2024:
| Outstanding | Exercisable | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Exercise Price Range | Number of Warrant Shares | Weighted Average Exercise Price | Weighted Average Remaining Life (Years) | Number of Warrant Shares | Weighted Average Exercise Price | |||||||||||||||||
| $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||
Aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the
difference between the exercise price of the underlying stock option and the fair value of the Company’s common stock for stock
options that were in-the-money at period end. As of December 31, 2024, the intrinsic value for the warrants vested and outstanding was
$
The Company recognized total stock-based compensation
expense of $
Non-Redemption Agreement
On November 13, 2023,
the Company entered into an agreement with (i) Meteora Capital Partners, LP (“MCP”), (ii) Meteora Select Trading Opportunities
Master, LP (“MSTO”), and (iii) Meteora Strategic Capital, LLC (“MSC” and, collectively with MCP and MSTO, “Backstop
Investor”) (the “Non-Redemption Agreement”) pursuant to which Backstop Investor agreed to reverse the redemption of
F-29
Common Stock Purchase Agreement
On October 17, 2022, the Company entered into
a common stock purchase agreement (as amended, the “Common Stock Purchase Agreement”) and a related registration rights agreement
(the “White Lion RRA”) with White Lion Capital, LLC, a Nevada limited liability company (“White Lion”). On March
7, 2024, we entered into an Amendment No. 1 to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement. Pursuant to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, the
Company has the right, but not the obligation to require White Lion to purchase, from time to time, up to $
Subject to the satisfaction of certain customary
conditions including, without limitation, the effectiveness of a registration statement registering the shares issuable pursuant to the
Common Stock Purchase Agreement, the Company’s right to sell shares to White Lion will commence on the effective date of the registration
statement and extend until December 31, 2026. During such term, subject to the terms and conditions of the Common Stock Purchase Agreement,
the Company may notify White Lion when the Company exercises its right to sell shares (the effective date of such notice, a “Notice
Date”). The number of shares sold pursuant to any such notice may not exceed (i) the lower of (a) $
The purchase price to be paid by White Lion for
any such shares will equal
The Company will have the right to terminate the
Common Stock Purchase Agreement at any time after Commencement, at no cost or penalty, upon three trading days’ prior written notice.
Additionally, White Lion will have the right to terminate the Common Stock Purchase Agreement upon
In consideration for the commitments of White Lion, as described above,
during the period from November 16, 2023 to December 31, 2023 (Successor) the Company issued
On March 7, 2024, the Company entered into an Amendment No. 1 to Common
Stock Purchase Agreement (the “Amendment”) with White Lion. Pursuant to the Amendment, the Company and White Lion agreed to
an aggregate fixed number of Commitment Shares equal to
Finally, pursuant to the Amendment, the Company’s right to sell shares of common stock to White Lion will now extend until December 31, 2026.
F-30
On June 17, 2024, the
Company entered into an Amendment No. 2 to Common Stock Purchase Agreement (the “2nd Amendment”) with White Lion. Pursuant
to the 2nd Amendment, the Company and White Lion agreed to amend the process of a Rapid Purchase, whereby the parties will close on the
Rapid Purchase on the trading day the notice of the applicable Rapid Purchase is given. The 2nd Amendment, among other things, also removed
the maximum number of shares required to be purchased upon notice of a Rapid Purchase, added a limit of
In addition, the Company
may, from time to time while a purchase notice is active, issue a Rapid Purchase Notice to White Lion for the purchase of shares (not
to exceed
In addition, pursuant
to the Amendment, the Company may, from time to time while a Purchase Notice is active, issue a Rapid Purchase Notice to White Lion which
the parties will close on the Rapid Purchase within
During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company
issued
Registration Rights Agreement (White Lion)
Concurrently with the execution of the Common
Stock Purchase Agreement, the Company entered into the White Lion RRA with the White Lion in which the Company has agreed to register
the shares of common stock purchased by White Lion with the SEC for resale within
The Common Stock Purchase Agreement and the White Lion RRA contain customary representations, warranties, conditions and indemnification obligations of the parties. The representations, warranties and covenants contained in such agreements were made only for purposes of such agreements and as of specific dates, were solely for the benefit of the parties to such agreements and may be subject to limitations agreed upon by the contracting parties.
NOTE 8 — FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS:
The fair value of the Company’s assets and liabilities, which qualify as financial instruments under FASB ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurement”, approximates the carrying amounts represented on the balance sheet.
The Fair value is defined as the price that would be received for sale of an asset or paid for transfer of a liability, in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. GAAP establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). These tiers include:
| ● | Level 1, defined as observable inputs such as quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical instruments in active markets; |
| ● | Level 2, defined as inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are either directly or indirectly observable such as quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets or quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and |
| ● | Level 3, defined as unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions, such as valuations derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable. |
F-31
In some circumstances, the inputs used to measure fair value might be categorized within different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In those instances, the fair value measurement is categorized in its entirety in the fair value hierarchy based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement.
Recurring Basis
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are as follows:
Derivatives
The Company’s commodity
price derivatives primarily represent crude oil collar contracts (some with long calls), fixed price swap contracts and differential swap
contracts. The asset and liability measurements for the Company’s commodity price derivative contracts are determined using Level
2 inputs. The asset and liability values attributable to the Company’s commodity price derivatives were determined based on inputs
that include, but not limited to, the contractual price of the underlying position, current market prices, crude oil forward curves, discount
rates, and volatility factors. The Company had a net derivative asset of $
Convertible Note Liability
Certain of the Company’s convertible note agreements contain features that contain conversion terms that may require the debt to be settled with a variable number of shares based on discounted pricing to market of the Company’s Class A Common Stock. Under ASC 480, the instrument is accounted for at fair value, which are determined using level 3 inputs.
The following table represents the weighted average inputs used in calculating the fair value of the conversion features of the convertible notes on the date of issuance and December 31, 2024:
| December 31, 2024 | Issuance Date | |||||||
| Term, in years | ||||||||
| Expected volatility | % | % | ||||||
| Risk-free interest rate | % | % | ||||||
| Expected dividend yield | % | % | ||||||
The Company estimated
the present value of the convertible notes using an estimated
Forward Purchase Agreement
The fair value upon issuance of the Forward Purchase Agreement (both the FPA Put Option liability and Fixed Maturity Consideration) and the change in fair value is included in other expense, net in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The fair value of the FPA was estimated using a Monte-Carlo Simulation in a risk-neutral framework. Specifically, the future stock price is simulated assuming a Geometric Brownian Motion (“GBM”). For each simulated path, the forward purchase value is calculated based on the contractual terms and then discounted back to present. Finally, the value of the forward is calculated as the average present value over all simulated paths. The Maturity Consideration was also valued as part of this model as the timing of the payment of the Maturity Consideration may be accelerated if the Maturity Date is accelerated. The model also considered the likelihood of a dilutive offering of common stock.
F-32
On November 15, 2024, the Company entered into
a Confidential Rescission, Settlement, and Release Agreement with the FPA Seller whereby the parties mutually agreed to rescind the Forward
Purchase Agreement and related agreements between the parties, which as a result, any transactions, notices or other obligations thereunder
are void ab initio. The parties also agreed to release each other of all claims related to the Forward Purchase Agreement, and
in exchange for such release, the Company agreed to issue to the FPA Seller
The following table represents the weighted average inputs used in calculating the fair value of the prepaid forward contract and the Maturity Consideration as of November 15, 2024, the date of settlement, and December 31, 2023:
| November 15, 2024 | December 31, 2023 | |||||||
| Stock price | $ | $ | ||||||
| Term (in years) | ||||||||
| Expected volatility | % | % | ||||||
| Risk-free interest rate | % | % | ||||||
| Expected dividend yield | % | % | ||||||
The Company estimated
the likelihood of a Dilutive Offering at a price of $
Warrant Liability
Based on the redemption right present in the warrants issued in connection with promissory notes, the warrants are accounted for as a liability in accordance with ASC 480 and ASC 815, with the changes in fair value of the warrants recognize in the statement of operations.
The Company valued the warrants using the trading
prices of the Public Warrants, which mirror the terms of the note payable warrants. The Company also estimated the fair value of the redemption
put using a present value calculation for the time from the Closing Date of the MIPA through the 18-month redemption date and an estimated
discount rate of
Nonrecurring Basis
The carrying value of the Company’s financial instruments, consisting of cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses, approximates their fair value due to the short maturity of such instruments. Financial instruments also consist of debt for which fair value approximates carrying values as the debt bears interest at fixed or variable rates which are reflective of current rates otherwise available to the Company. The Company is not exposed to significant interest, currency or credit risks arising from these financial instruments.
F-33
NOTE 9 — RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
On May 5, 2022, the Company entered into a Referral
Fee and Consulting Agreement (the “Consulting Agreement”) with Alexandria VMA Capital, LLC (“Alexandria”), an
entity controlled by Mr. Caravaggio, who became the Company’s CEO on December 17, 2023. Pursuant to the Consulting Agreement, Alexandria
provided information and contacts with suitable investments and acquisition candidates for the Company’s initial business combination.
In addition, Alexandria provided due diligence, purchasing and negotiating strategy advice, organizational and operational advice, and
such other services as requested by the Company. In consideration of the services provided by Alexandria, the Company paid to Alexandria
Capital a referral fee of $
On January 20, 2023, January 27, 2023, and February
14, 2023, Mr. Caravaggio entered into Private Notes Payable with the Company. Pursuant to the Private Notes Payable, Mr. Caravaggio paid
an aggregate amount of $
On November 13, 2023, pursuant to an Exchange
Agreement, the Company agreed with Dante Caravaggio to exchange, in consideration of the surrender and forgiveness of an aggregate amount
(including principal and interest accrued thereon) of $
Pursuant to the Founder Pledge Agreement, upon
the Closing, the Company issued
On February 14, 2023, the Company entered into
a consulting agreement with Donald Orr, the Company’s former President, which became effective upon the closing of the MIPA for
a term of three years. Under the agreement, the Company will pay Mr. Orr an initial cash amount of $
On February 15, 2023, the Company entered into
a consulting agreement with Rhône Merchant House, Ltd. (“RMH Ltd”), a company controlled by the Company’s former
Chairman and CEO Donald H. Goree, which became effective upon the closing of the MIPA for a term of three years. Under the agreement,
the Company paid RMH Ltd an initial cash amount of $
Effective May 6, 2024, the Company and RMH Ltd.
entered into a settlement and mutual release agreement pursuant to which the Company paid $
F-34
NOTE 10 — COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Registration Rights Agreement (Founder Shares)
The holders of the Founder Shares and the Private Placement Units and warrants that may be issued upon conversion of Private Notes Payable (and any shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of the Private Placement Units or warrants issued upon conversion of the working capital loans) will be entitled to registration rights pursuant to a registration rights agreement to be signed on or before the date of the prospectus for the Initial Public Offering. The holders of these securities are entitled to make up to three demands in the case of the founder shares, excluding short form registration demands, and one demand in the case of the private placement warrants, the working capital loan warrants and, in each case, the underlying shares that the Company register such securities for sale under the Securities Act. In addition, these holders will have “piggy-back” registration rights to include their securities in other registration statements filed by the Company. In the case of the private placement warrants, representative shares issued to EF Hutton, the demand registration rights provided will not be exercisable for longer than years from the effective date of the registration statement in compliance with FINRA Rule 5110(f)(2)(G)(iv) and the piggyback registration right provided will not be exercisable for longer than years from the effective date of the registration statement in compliance with FINRA Rule 5110(f)(2)(G)(v). The Company will bear the expenses incurred in connection with the filing of any such registration statements.
Contingencies
The Company is a party to various legal actions arising in the ordinary course of its businesses. In accordance with ASC 450, Contingencies, the Company accrues reserves for outstanding lawsuits, claims and proceedings when a loss contingency is probable and can be reasonably estimated. The Company estimates the amount of loss contingencies using current available information from legal proceedings, advice from legal counsel and available insurance coverage. Due to the inherent subjectivity of the assessments and unpredictability of the outcomes of the legal proceedings, any amounts accrued or included in this aggregate amount may not represent the ultimate loss to the Company from the legal proceedings in question. Thus, the Company’s exposure and ultimate losses may be higher, and possibly significantly more, than the amounts accrued.
Environmental
From time to time, and in the ordinary course of business, the Company may be subject to certain environmental liabilities. Environmental expenditures that relate to an existing condition caused by past operations and have no future economic benefits are expensed. Environmental expenditures that extend the life of the related property or mitigate or prevent future environmental contamination are capitalized. Liabilities for expenditures that will not qualify for capitalization are recorded when environmental assessment and/or remediation is probable, and the costs can be reasonably estimated. Such liabilities are undiscounted unless the timing of cash payments for the liability is fixed or reliably determinable. Environmental liabilities normally involve estimates that are subject to revision until settlement or remediation occurs.
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company
has an environmental remediation liability of $
F-35
NOTE 11 — INCOME TAXES
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company’s net deferred tax assets were as follows:
| December 31, 2024 | December 31, 2023 | |||||||
| Deferred tax assets | ||||||||
| Federal net operating loss | $ | $ | ||||||
| Transaction costs | ||||||||
| Other debt costs | ||||||||
| Accrued expenses | ||||||||
| Deferred compensation | ||||||||
| Derivative liability | ||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | ||||||||
| Other | ||||||||
| Total deferred tax assets | ||||||||
| Deferred tax liabilities | ||||||||
| Oil and natural gas properties | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Unrealized gain on derivatives | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Total deferred tax assets | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Net deferred tax liabilities | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets | ||||||||
| Net Deferred tax liability, net of allowance | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
The income tax provision consists of the following:
| For the period from | ||||||||
| For the Year Ended December 31, 2024 | November 15, 2023 to December 31, 2023 | |||||||
| Current income tax (benefit) expense | ||||||||
| Federal | $ | $ | ( | ) | ||||
| State | ||||||||
| Total current income tax benefit | ( | ) | ||||||
| Deferred tax (benefit) expense: | ||||||||
| Federal | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| State | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Valuation allowance | ( | ) | ||||||
| Total deferred income tax (benefit) expense | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Total income tax (benefit) expense | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
As of December 31, 2024, the Company had $
In assessing the realization of the deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion of all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which temporary differences representing net future deductible amounts become deductible. Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies in making this assessment. After consideration of all of the information available, management believes that significant uncertainty exists with respect to future realization of the deferred tax assets and has therefore established a full valuation allowance.
Under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, net operating
losses incurred after December 31, 2017 can only offset
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A reconciliation of the federal income tax rate to the Company’s effective tax rate is as follows:
| For the period from | For the period from | |||||||
| November 15, 2023 to December 31, 2023 | November 15, 2023 to December 31, 2023 | |||||||
| Statutory federal income tax rate | % | % | ||||||
| State Taxes (Net of Federal Benefit) | % | % | ||||||
| Permanent Differences | ( | )% | ( | )% | ||||
| Exchange of Class B units for Class A common stock | % | % | ||||||
| Change in valuation allowance | % | % | ||||||
| Other | ( | )% | % | |||||
| Income tax provision | % | % | ||||||
The effective income tax rate differs from the
U.S. statutory rate of
The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, Texas and New Mexico, and is subject to examination by the various taxing authorities. The Company’s tax returns since inception remain open to examination by the taxing authorities. Significant differences may exist between the results of operations reported in these consolidated financial statements and those determined for income tax purposes primarily due to the use of different asset valuation methods for tax purposes.
NOTE 12 — SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
The Company evaluated subsequent events and transactions that occurred after the balance sheet date up to the date that the consolidated financial statements were issued.
On January 10, 2025, the Company issued a total
of
On January 13, 2025, the Company entered into
a settlement agreement with its former President, Donald Orr, whereby the Company agreed to pay Mr Orr. $
On January 14, 2025, the Company entered into
an agreement with a consultant whereby the Company agreed to issue the consultant
On February 10, 2025, the Company entered into a Purchase, Sale, Termination and Exchange Agreement (the “Agreement”), by and among the Company, OpCo, SPAC Subsidiary, HNRA Royalties, EON Royalty, CIC, DenCo, EON Management, and 4400. The closing of the transactions contemplated by the Agreement (the “Closing”) is subject to the satisfaction of various conditions, including the Company obtaining financing.
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Pursuant to the Agreement, the Company agreed
to purchase the ORRI from EON Royalty for $
As consideration for entering into the Agreement, the Company agreed to release the Escrow Shares to EON Royalty and to promptly process any exchange notice delivered by EON Royalty to exchange the Escrow Share for shares of Class A Common Stock, and EON Royalty agreed to deliver such exchange notice within two days of the date of the Agreement. The Agreement contains customary representations, warranties, indemnification provisions closing conditions, and covenants.
The Closing is contingent upon the occurrence of certain conditions, including (i) the availability of financing to the Company, (ii) the receipt by EON Royalty of a consent of First International Bank & Trust to the Agreement and a written termination agreement, executed by the Company and First International Bank & Trust, terminating that certain Subordination Agreement, dated as of November 15, 2023, by and among First International Bank & Trust, the Company and EON Royalty, (iii) the receipt by the Company of any required stockholder consents, (iv) the respective representations and warranties of the parties being true and correct, subject to certain materiality exceptions and (v) the performance by the parties in all material respects of their respective obligations under the Agreement.
The Agreement may be terminated at any time by mutual consent of the parties thereto or by any one party if the counterparty is in material breach of the Agreement. If the Closing does not occur prior to 1:00 p.m. Central Time on June 3, 2025, the Agreement will automatically terminate.
Subsequent to December 31, 2024, the Company and
16 of the Investors (the “Exchange Investors”) entered into exchange agreements (the “Exchange Agreements”) whereby
the Exchange Investors exchanged their Old Notes and Old Warrants for convertible promissory notes (the “Convertible Notes”).
The principal amounts of the Convertible Notes were determined by adding the original principal amount of the Old Notes and the number
of Old Warrants. In connection with the Exchange Agreements, the Company issued Convertible Notes in the aggregate principal amount of
$
The Convertible Notes mature on
Subsequent to year end, the Company issued
Subsequent to December 31, 2024, the Company issued
Subsequent to year end, an additional
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NOTE 13 — SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF OIL AND NATURAL GAS OPERATIONS (UNAUDITED)
The Company has only
Capitalized Costs Related to Crude Oil and Natural Gas Producing Activities
Aggregate capitalized costs related to crude oil and natural gas exploration and production activities with applicable accumulated depreciation, depletion, and amortization are presented below as of the dates indicated:
| As of December 31, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| Oil and natural gas properties | ||||||||
| Proved | $ | $ | ||||||
| Less: accumulated depreciation, depletion, and amortization | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Net oil and natural gas properties capitalized costs | $ | $ | ||||||
Costs Incurred for Oil and Natural Gas Producing Activities
Costs incurred in crude oil and natural gas exploration and development for the periods presented:
| Successor | Predecessor | |||||||||||
| For the Year Ended December 31, 2024 | November 15, 2023 to December 31, 2023 | January 1, 2023 to November 14, 2023 | ||||||||||
| Exploration costs | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Development costs | ||||||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
Reserve Quantity Information
The following information represents estimates of the Company’s proved reserves as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, which have been prepared by an independent third party and they are presented in accordance with SEC rules. These rules require SEC reporting companies to prepare their reserve estimates using specified reserve definitions and pricing based on a 12-month unweighted average of the first-day-of-the-month pricing. The pricing that was used for estimates of the Company’s reserves as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was based on an unweighted average 12-month average U.S. Energy Information Administration WTI posted price per Bbl for oil and Henry Hub prices for natural gas price per Mcf for natural gas, adjusted for transportation, quality and basis differentials.
Subject to limited exceptions, proved undeveloped reserves may only be booked if they relate to wells scheduled to be drilled within five years of the date of booking. This requirement has limited and may continue to limit, the Company’s potential to record additional proved undeveloped reserves as it pursues its drilling program. Moreover, the Company may be required to write down its proved undeveloped reserves if it does not drill on those reserves within the required five-year timeframe. The Company does not have any proved undeveloped reserves which have remained undeveloped for five years or more. The Company’s proved oil and natural gas reserves are located in the United States in the Permian Basin of southeast New Mexico. Proved reserves were estimated in accordance with the guidelines established by the SEC and the FASB. Oil and natural gas reserve quantity estimates are subject to numerous uncertainties inherent in the estimation of quantities of proved reserves and in the projection of future rates of production and the timing of development expenditures. The accuracy of such estimates is a function of the quality of available data and of engineering and geological interpretation and judgment. Results of subsequent drilling, testing and production may cause either upward or downward revision of previous estimates. Further, the volumes considered to be commercially recoverable fluctuate with changes in prices and operating costs. The Company emphasizes that reserve estimates are inherently imprecise and that estimates of new discoveries are more imprecise than those of currently producing oil and natural gas properties. Accordingly, these estimates are expected to change as additional information becomes available in the future.
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The following table and subsequent narrative disclosure provides a roll forward of the total proved reserves for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2024 as well as proved developed and proved undeveloped reserves at the beginning and end of each respective year:
| For the years ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oil (MBbls) | Natural Gas (MMcf) | Total (MBoe) | Oil (MBbls) | Natural Gas (MMcf) | Total (MBoe) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Proved Reserves: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Beginning of period | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Extensions and discoveries | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dispositions | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Revisions to previous estimates | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||
| Production | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||
| End of period | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Proved Developed Reserves: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Beginning of period | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| End of period | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Proved Undeveloped Reserves: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Beginning of period | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| End of period | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Extensions and discoveries. For
the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, extensions and discoveries contributed to the increase of
Dispositions: For
the year ended December 31, 2023, dispositions represent the removal of reserves attributed to the sale of an undivided royalty interest
equal in amount to ten percent (
Revisions of previous
estimates. For the year ended December 31, 2024, revisions of previous estimates resulted in the decrease of reserves with
a negative revision of
Standardized Measure of Discounted Future Net Cash Flows
The standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows does not purport to be, nor should it be interpreted to present, the fair value of the oil and natural gas reserves of a property. An estimate of fair value would take into account, among other things, the recovery of reserves not presently classified as proved, the value of unproved properties and consideration of expected future economic and operating conditions.
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The estimates of future
cash flows and future production and development costs as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are based on the unweighted arithmetic average
first-day-of-the-month price for the preceding 12-month period. Estimated future production of proved reserves and estimated future production
and development costs of proved reserves are based on current costs and economic conditions. All wellhead prices are held flat over the
forecast period for all reserve categories. The estimated future net cash flows are then discounted at a rate of
The standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows relating to proved oil and natural gas reserves is as follows:
| For the year ended December 31, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||
| Future cash inflows | $ | $ | ||||||
| Future production costs | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Future development costs | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Future net cash flows | ||||||||
| ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||
| Standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows | $ | $ | ||||||
In the foregoing determination of future cash inflows, sales prices used for oil and natural gas for December 31, 2024 and 2023 were estimated using the average price during the 12-month period, determined as the unweighted arithmetic average of the first-day-of-the-month price for each month. Prices were adjusted by lease for quality, transportation fees and regional price differentials. Future costs of developing and producing the proved gas and oil reserves reported at the end of each year shown were based on costs determined at each such year-end, assuming the continuation of existing economic conditions. Furthermore, future development costs include abandonment costs.
It is not intended that
the FASB’s standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows represent the fair market value of the Company’s proved
reserves. The Company cautions that the disclosures shown are based on estimates of proved reserve quantities and future production schedules
which are inherently imprecise and subject to revision and the
Changes in the standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows relating to proved oil and natural gas reserves are as follows:
| For the year ended December 31, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||
| Balance, beginning of period (Successor for 2024, Predecessor for 2023) | $ | $ | ||||||
| Net change in sales and transfer prices and in production (lifting) costs related to future production | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Sales and transfers of oil and natural gas produced during the period | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Changes in estimated future development costs | ( | ) | ||||||
| Previously estimated development incurred during the period | ||||||||
| Net purchases (divestitures) of reserves in place | ( | ) | ||||||
| Net change due to revisions in quantity estimates | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Net change due to extensions and discoveries, and improved recovery | ||||||||
| Accretion of discount | ||||||||
| Timing and other differences | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows (Successor for 2024, Predecessor for 2023) | $ | $ | ||||||
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NOTE 14 — RESTATEMENT OF PREVIOUSLY ISSUED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
In connection with the preparation of the Company's
Consolidated Financial Statements as of and for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, the Company discovered that as of and for the
three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 it had not appropriately accounted for the fair value of its forward purchase agreement.
The error resulted in an overstatement of the loss on change in fair value of its forward purchase agreement of $
The misstatements were material to the previously issued condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company and as a result, the Company has restated its condensed consolidated balance sheet, condensed consolidated statements of operations, condensed consolidated statements of changes in stockholder's equity, and condensed consolidated statements of cash flows as of and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 presented herein. The restatement includes adjustments to forward purchase agreement liability, change in fair value of forward purchase agreement, accumulated deficit, net loss before income taxes, net loss, net loss attributable to EON Resources, Inc., and net loss per share.
The impact of the correction of the error is summarized below:
| Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations | Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 (Successor) | |||||||||||
| As Reported | Adjustment | As Restated | ||||||||||
| Change in fair value of FPA liability | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | |||||||
| Total Other Income (expense) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Loss before income taxes | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Net income (loss) attributable to EON Resources, Inc. | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Net income (loss) per share of common stock – basic and diluted | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | |||||||
| Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 (Successor) | |||||||||||
| As Reported | Adjustment | As Restated | ||||||||||
| Change in fair value of FPA liability | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | |||||||
| Total Other Income (expense) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Loss before income taxes | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Net income (loss) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Net income (loss) attributable to EON Resources, Inc. | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Net income (loss) per share of common stock – basic and diluted | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | ( | ) | |||||
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet | As of September 30, 2024 (Successor) | |||||||||||
| As Reported | Adjustment | As Restated | ||||||||||
| Forward purchase agreement liability | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Total current liabilities | ||||||||||||
| Total liabilities | ||||||||||||
| Accumulated deficit | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Total stockholders’ deficit attributable to EON Resources, Inc. | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Total stockholders’ equity | ||||||||||||
| Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 (Successor) | |||||||||||
| As Reported | Adjustment | As Restated | ||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | ( | ) | |||||
| Change in fair value of FPA liability | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
F-42
Up to 7,818,600 Shares of Class A Common Stock
EON RESOURCES INC.
CLASS A COMMON STOCK
PROSPECTUS
, 2025
PART II
INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS
Item 13. Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution
The following table sets forth the expenses expected to be incurred by us in connection with the issuance and distribution of the Class A Common Stock registered hereby, all of which expenses, except for the Securities and Exchange Commission registration fee, are estimates:
| Description | Amount | |||
| Securities and Exchange Commission registration fee | $ | 491 | ||
| Accounting fees and expenses | $ | 7,000 | * | |
| Legal fees and expenses | $ | 30,000 | * | |
| Miscellaneous fees and expenses | $ | -- | ||
| Total | $ | 37,491 | ||
| * | Estimated |
Item 14. Indemnification of Directors and Officers.
The Second A&R Charter provides that all of our directors, officers, employees and agents shall be entitled to be indemnified by us to the fullest extent permitted by Section 145 of the DGCL. Section 145 of the DGCL concerning indemnification of officers, directors, employees and agents is set forth below.
Section 145. Indemnification of officers, directors, employees and agents; insurance.
| (a) | A corporation shall have power to indemnify any person who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative (other than an action by or in the right of the corporation) by reason of the fact that the person is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of the corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, against expenses (including attorneys’ fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by the person in connection with such action, suit or proceeding if the person acted in good faith and in a manner the person reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the corporation, and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe the person’s conduct was unlawful. The termination of any action, suit or proceeding by judgment, order, settlement, conviction, or upon a plea of nolo contendere or its equivalent, shall not, of itself, create a presumption that the person did not act in good faith and in a manner which the person reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the corporation, and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had reasonable cause to believe that the person’s conduct was unlawful. |
| (b) | A corporation shall have power to indemnify any person who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action or suit by or in the right of the corporation to procure a judgment in its favor by reason of the fact that the person is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of the corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise against expenses (including attorneys’ fees) actually and reasonably incurred by the person in connection with the defense or settlement of such action or suit if the person acted in good faith and in a manner the person reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the corporation and except that no indemnification shall be made in respect of any claim, issue or matter as to which such person shall have been adjudged to be liable to the corporation unless and only to the extent that the Court of Chancery or the court in which such action or suit was brought shall determine upon application that, despite the adjudication of liability but in view of all the circumstances of the case, such person is fairly and reasonably entitled to indemnity for such expenses which the Court of Chancery or such other court shall deem proper. |
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| (c) | To the extent that a present or former director or officer of a corporation has been successful on the merits or otherwise in defense of any action, suit or proceeding referred to in subsections (a) and (b) of this section, or in defense of any claim, issue or matter therein, such person shall be indemnified against expenses (including attorneys’ fees) actually and reasonably incurred by such person in connection therewith. |
| (d) | Any indemnification under subsections (a) and (b) of this section (unless ordered by a court) shall be made by the corporation only as authorized in the specific case upon a determination that indemnification of the present or former director, officer, employee or agent is proper in the circumstances because the person has met the applicable standard of conduct set forth in subsections (a) and (b) of this section. Such determination shall be made, with respect to a person who is a director or officer at the time of such determination, (1) by a majority vote of the directors who are not parties to such action, suit or proceeding, even though less than a quorum, or (2) by a committee of such directors designated by majority vote of such directors, even though less than a quorum, or (3) if there are no such directors, or if such directors so direct, by independent legal counsel in a written opinion, or (4) by the stockholders. |
| (e) | Expenses (including attorneys’ fees) incurred by an officer or director in defending any civil, criminal, administrative or investigative action, suit or proceeding may be paid by the corporation in advance of the final disposition of such action, suit or proceeding upon receipt of an undertaking by or on behalf of such director or officer to repay such amount if it shall ultimately be determined that such person is not entitled to be indemnified by the corporation as authorized in this section. Such expenses (including attorneys’ fees) incurred by former officers and directors or other employees and agents may be so paid upon such terms and conditions, if any, as the corporation deems appropriate. |
| (f) | The indemnification and advancement of expenses provided by, or granted pursuant to, the other subsections of this section shall not be deemed exclusive of any other rights to which those seeking indemnification or advancement of expenses may be entitled under any bylaw, agreement, vote of stockholders or disinterested directors or otherwise, both as to action in such person’s official capacity and as to action in another capacity while holding such office. A right to indemnification or to advancement of expenses arising under a provision of the certificate of incorporation or a bylaw shall not be eliminated or impaired by an amendment to such provision after the occurrence of the act or omission that is the subject of the civil, criminal, administrative or investigative action, suit or proceeding for which indemnification or advancement of expenses is sought, unless the provision in effect at the time of such act or omission explicitly authorizes such elimination or impairment after such action or omission has occurred. |
| (g) | A corporation shall have power to purchase and maintain insurance on behalf of any person who is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of the corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise against any liability asserted against such person and incurred by such person in any such capacity, or arising out of such person’s status as such, whether or not the corporation would have the power to indemnify such person against such liability under this section. |
| (h) | For purposes of this section, references to “the corporation” shall include, in addition to the resulting corporation, any constituent corporation (including any constituent of a constituent) absorbed in a consolidation or merger which, if its separate existence had continued, would have had power and authority to indemnify its directors, officers, and employees or agents, so that any person who is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of such constituent corporation, or is or was serving at the request of such constituent corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, shall stand in the same position under this section with respect to the resulting or surviving corporation as such person would have with respect to such constituent corporation if its separate existence had continued. |
II-2
| (i) | For purposes of this section, references to “other enterprises” shall include employee benefit plans; references to “fines” shall include any excise taxes assessed on a person with respect to any employee benefit plan; and references to “serving at the request of the corporation” shall include any service as a director, officer, employee or agent of the corporation which imposes duties on, or involves services by, such director, officer, employee or agent with respect to an employee benefit plan, its participants or beneficiaries; and a person who acted in good faith and in a manner such person reasonably believed to be in the interest of the participants and beneficiaries of an employee benefit plan shall be deemed to have acted in a manner “not opposed to the best interests of the corporation” as referred to in this section. |
| (j) | The indemnification and advancement of expenses provided by, or granted pursuant to, this section shall, unless otherwise provided when authorized or ratified, continue as to a person who has ceased to be a director, officer, employee or agent and shall inure to the benefit of the heirs, executors and administrators of such a person. |
| (k) | The Court of Chancery is hereby vested with exclusive jurisdiction to hear and determine all actions for advancement of expenses or indemnification brought under this section or under any bylaw, agreement, vote of stockholders or disinterested directors, or otherwise. The Court of Chancery may summarily determine a corporation’s obligation to advance expenses (including attorneys’ fees). |
Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to our directors, officers, and controlling persons pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, we have been advised that, in the opinion of the SEC, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person in a successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, we will, unless in the opinion of our counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to the court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by us is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.
In accordance with Section 102(b)(7) of the DGCL, the Second A&R Charter provides that no director shall be personally liable to us or any of our stockholders for monetary damages resulting from breaches of their fiduciary duty as directors, except to the extent such limitation on or exemption from liability is not permitted under the DGCL. The effect of this provision of the Second A&R Charter is to eliminate our rights and those of our stockholders (through stockholders’ derivative suits on our behalf) to recover monetary damages against a director for breach of the fiduciary duty of care as a director, including breaches resulting from negligent or grossly negligent behavior, except, as restricted by Section 102(b)(7) of the DGCL. However, this provision does not limit or eliminate our rights or the rights of any stockholder to seek nonmonetary relief, such as an injunction or rescission, in the event of a breach of a director’s duty of care.
If the DGCL is amended to authorize corporate action further eliminating or limiting the liability of directors, then, in accordance with the Second A&R Charter, the liability of our directors to us or our stockholders will be eliminated or limited to the fullest extent authorized by the DGCL, as so amended. Any repeal or amendment of provisions of the Second A&R Charter limiting or eliminating the liability of directors, whether by our stockholders or by changes in law, or the adoption of any other provisions inconsistent therewith, will (unless otherwise required by law) be prospective only, except to the extent such amendment or change in law permits us to further limit or eliminate the liability of directors on a retroactive basis.
The Second A&R Charter also provides that we will, to the fullest extent authorized or permitted by applicable law, indemnify our current and former officers and directors, as well as those persons who, while directors or officers of our corporation, are or were serving as directors, officers, employees or agents of another entity, trust or other enterprise, including service with respect to an employee benefit plan, in connection with any threatened, pending or completed proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative, against all expense, liability and loss (including, without limitation, attorneys’ fees, judgments, fines, ERISA excise taxes and penalties and amounts paid in settlement) reasonably incurred or suffered by any such person in connection with any such proceeding. Notwithstanding the foregoing, a person eligible for indemnification pursuant to the Second A&R Charter will be indemnified by us in connection with a proceeding initiated by such person only if such proceeding was authorized by our board of directors, except for proceedings to enforce rights to indemnification.
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The right to indemnification which is conferred by the Second A&R Charter is a contract right that includes the right to be paid by us the expenses incurred in defending or otherwise participating in any proceeding referenced above in advance of its final disposition, provided, however, that if the DGCL requires, an advancement of expenses incurred by our officer or director (solely in the capacity as an officer or director of our corporation) will be made only upon delivery to us of an undertaking, by or on behalf of such officer or director, to repay all amounts so advanced if it is ultimately determined that such person is not entitled to be indemnified for such expenses under the Second A&R Charter or otherwise.
The rights to indemnification and advancement of expenses will not be deemed exclusive of any other rights which any person covered by the Second A&R Charter may have or hereafter acquire under law, the Second A&R Charter, our bylaws, an agreement, vote of stockholders or disinterested directors, or otherwise.
Any repeal or amendment of provisions of the Second A&R Charter affecting indemnification rights, whether by our stockholders or by changes in law, or the adoption of any other provisions inconsistent therewith, will (unless otherwise required by law) be prospective only, except to the extent such amendment or change in law permits us to provide broader indemnification rights on a retroactive basis, and will not in any way diminish or adversely affect any right or protection existing at the time of such repeal or amendment or adoption of such inconsistent provision with respect to any act or omission occurring prior to such repeal or amendment or adoption of such inconsistent provision. The Second A&R Charter also permits us, to the extent and in the manner authorized or permitted by law, to indemnify and to advance expenses to persons other that those specifically covered by the Second A&R Charter.
Our bylaws include the provisions relating to advancement of expenses and indemnification rights consistent with those which are set forth in the Second A&R Charter. In addition, our bylaws provide for a right of indemnity to bring a suit in the event a claim for indemnification or advancement of expenses is not paid in full by us within a specified period of time. Our bylaws also permit us to purchase and maintain insurance, at our expense, to protect us and/or any director, officer, employee or agent of our corporation or another entity, trust or other enterprise against any expense, liability or loss, whether or not we would have the power to indemnify such person against such expense, liability or loss under the DGCL.
Any repeal or amendment of provisions of our bylaws affecting indemnification rights, whether by our board of directors, stockholders or by changes in applicable law, or the adoption of any other provisions inconsistent therewith, will (unless otherwise required by law) be prospective only, except to the extent such amendment or change in law permits us to provide broader indemnification rights on a retroactive basis, and will not in any way diminish or adversely affect any right or protection existing thereunder with respect to any act or omission occurring prior to such repeal or amendment or adoption of such inconsistent provision.
We have entered into indemnification agreements with each of our officers and directors a form of which is filed as Exhibit 10.21 to this registration statement. These agreements require us to indemnify these individuals to the fullest extent permitted under Delaware law against liabilities that may arise by reason of their service to us, and to advance expenses incurred as a result of any proceeding against them as to which they could be indemnified.
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Item 15. Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
Set forth below is information regarding securities sold and issued by us in the past three years that were not registered under the Securities Act, as well as the consideration received by us for such securities and information relating to the section of the Securities Act, or rule of the Securities and Exchange Commission, under which exemption from registration was claimed.
In January 2023, we issued 50,000 warrants to a third-party having terms substantially similar to the Private Placement Warrants in connection with the receipt of $50,000 in cash and the issuance of a promissory note.
In January 2023, we issued 10,000 warrants to a third-party having terms substantially similar to the Private Placement Warrants in connection with the receipt of $10,000 in cash and the issuance of a promissory note.
In January 2023, we issued 75,000 warrants to a stockholder having terms substantially similar to the Private Placement Warrants in connection with the receipt of $75,000 in cash and the issuance of a promissory note.
In January 2023, we issued 100,000 warrants to a third-party having terms substantially similar to the Private Placement Warrants in connection with the receipt of $100,000 in cash and the issuance of a promissory note.
In January 2023, we issued 100,000 warrants to a stockholder having terms substantially similar to the Private Placement Warrants in connection with the receipt of $100,000 in cash and the issuance of a promissory note.
In January 2023, we issued 50,000 warrants to a director nominee having terms substantially similar to the Private Placement Warrants in connection with the receipt of $50,000 in cash and the issuance of a promissory note.
In February 2023, we issued 700,000 warrants to a stockholder controlled by a director having terms substantially similar to the Private Placement Warrants in connection with the receipt of $700,000 in cash and the issuance of a promissory note.
In February 2023, we issued 179,000 warrants to a stockholder having terms substantially similar to the Private Placement Warrants in connection with the receipt of $179,000 in cash and the issuance of a promissory note.
In March 2023, we issued 33,000 warrants to a stockholder controlled by a director having terms substantially similar to the Private Placement Warrants in connection with the receipt of $33,000 in cash and the issuance of a promissory note.
In April 2023, we issued 67,000 warrants to a stockholder controlled by a director having terms substantially similar to the Private Placement Warrants in connection with the receipt of $67,000 in cash and the issuance of a promissory note.
In April 2023, we issued 50,000 warrants to a third-party having terms substantially similar to the Private Placement Warrants in connection with the receipt of $50,000 in cash and the issuance of a promissory note.
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In May 2023, we issued 50,000 warrants to a stockholder controlled by a director having terms substantially similar to the Private Placement Warrants in connection with the receipt of $67,000 in cash and the issuance of a promissory note.
In May 2023, we issued 15,000 warrants to a stockholder having terms substantially similar to the Private Placement Warrants in connection with the receipt of $15,000 in cash and the issuance of a promissory note.
In May 2023, we issued 100,000 warrants to a third-party having terms substantially similar to the Private Placement Warrants in connection with the receipt of $100,000 in cash and the issuance of a promissory note.
In May 2023, we issued 250,000 warrants to a third-party having terms substantially similar to the Private Placement Warrants in connection with the receipt of $250,000 in cash and the issuance of a promissory note.
In June 2023, we issued 150,000 warrants to a third-party having terms substantially similar to the Private Placement Warrants in connection with the receipt of $150,000 in cash and the issuance of a promissory note.
In July 2023, we issued 150,000 warrants to a third-party having terms substantially similar to the Private Placement Warrants in connection with the receipt of $150,000 in cash and the issuance of a promissory note.
In July 2023, we issued 50,000 warrants to a third-party having terms substantially similar to the Private Placement Warrants in connection with the receipt of $50,000 in cash and the issuance of a promissory note.
In July 2023, we issued 25,000 warrants to a stockholder having terms substantially similar to the Private Placement Warrants in connection with the receipt of $25,000 in cash and the issuance of a promissory note.
In July 2023, we issued 10,000 warrants to a third-party having terms substantially similar to the Private Placement Warrants in connection with the receipt of $10,000 in cash and the issuance of a promissory note.
In August 2023, we issued 50,000 warrants to a third-party having terms substantially similar to the Private Placement Warrants in connection with the receipt of $50,000 in cash and the issuance of a promissory note.
In August 2023, we issued 150,000 warrants to a third-party having terms substantially similar to the Private Placement Warrants in connection with the receipt of $150,000 in cash and the issuance of a promissory note.
In August 2023, we issued 100,000 warrants to a third-party having terms substantially similar to the Private Placement Warrants in connection with the receipt of $100,000 in cash and the issuance of a promissory note.
In September 2023, we issued 50,000 warrants to a third-party having terms substantially similar to the Private Placement Warrants in connection with the receipt of $50,000 in cash and the issuance of a promissory note.
In September 2023, we issued 20,000 warrants to a third-party having terms substantially similar to the Private Placement Warrants in connection with the receipt of $20,000 in cash and the issuance of a promissory note.
In October 2023, we issued 875,000 warrants to a third-party having terms substantially similar to the Private Placement Warrants in connection with the receipt of $875,000 in cash and the issuance of a promissory note.
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In October 2023, we issued 100,000 warrants to a third-party having terms substantially similar to the Private Placement Warrants in connection with the receipt of $100,000 in cash and the issuance of a promissory note.
In October 2023, we issued 500,000 warrants to a third-party having terms substantially similar to the Private Placement Warrants in connection with the receipt of $500,000 in cash and the issuance of a promissory note.
In October 2023, we issued 50,000 warrants to a third-party having terms substantially similar to the Private Placement Warrants in connection with the receipt of $50,000 in cash and the issuance of a promissory note.
In October 2023, we issued 50,000 warrants to a third-party having terms substantially similar to the Private Placement Warrants in connection with the receipt of $50,000 in cash and the issuance of a promissory note.
In October 2023, we issued 125,000 warrants to a third-party having terms substantially similar to the Private Placement Warrants in connection with the receipt of $125,000 in cash and the issuance of a promissory note.
In October 2023, we issued 50,000 warrants to a third-party having terms substantially similar to the Private Placement Warrants in connection with the receipt of $50,000 in cash and the issuance of a promissory note.
In November 2023, we issued 600,000 warrants to a third-party having terms substantially similar to the Private Placement Warrants in connection with the receipt of $600,000 in cash and the issuance of a promissory note.
In November 2023, we issued 500,000 warrants to a third-party having terms substantially similar to the Private Placement Warrants in connection with the receipt of $500,000 in cash and the issuance of a promissory note.
In November 2023, we issued 250,000 warrants to a third-party having terms substantially similar to the Private Placement Warrants in connection with the receipt of $250,000 in cash and the issuance of a promissory note.
In November 2023, we issued 50,000 warrants to a third-party having terms substantially similar to the Private Placement Warrants in connection with the receipt of $50,000 in cash and the issuance of a promissory note.
In November 2023, we issued 200,000 warrants to a third-party having terms substantially similar to the Private Placement Warrants in connection with the receipt of $200,000 in cash and the issuance of a promissory note.
In November 2023, we issued 250,000 warrants to a third-party having terms substantially similar to the Private Placement Warrants in connection with the receipt of $250,000 in cash and the issuance of a promissory note.
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In November 2023, we entered agreements with (i) Meteora Capital Partners, LP (“MCP”), (ii) Meteora Select Trading Opportunities Master, LP (“MSTO”), and (iii) Meteora Strategic Capital, LLC (“MSC” and, collectively with MCP and MSTO, “Meteora”), pursuant to which Meteora agreed to reverse the redemption of up to the lesser of (i) 600,000 shares of Class A Common Stock, and (ii) such number of shares of Class A Common Stock such that the number of shares beneficially owned by Meteora and its affiliates and any other persons whose beneficial ownership of Class A Common Stock would be aggregated with those of Meteora for purposes of Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act, does not exceed 9.99% of the total number of issued and outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock. In addition, Meteora agreed to subscribe for and purchase, and we agreed to issue and sell to Meteora, on the Closing Date, shares of Class A Common Stock, less the number of shares of Class A Common Stock purchased by Meteora separately from third parties through a broker in the open market.
On November 13, 2023, we entered into exchange agreements (“Exchange Agreements”) with certain holders (the “Noteholders”) of promissory notes issued by us for working capital purposes which accrued interest at a rate of 15% per annum (the “Notes”). Pursuant to the Exchange Agreements, we agreed to exchange, in consideration of the surrender and termination of the Notes in an aggregate principal amount (including interest accrued thereon) of $2,257,771, for 451,563 shares of Class A Common Stock at a price per share equal to $5.00 per share.
In connection with a Referral Fee and Consulting Agreement (the “Consulting Agreement”) by and between us and Alexandria VMA Capital, LLC, an entity controlled by Dante Caravaggio, our Chief Executive Officer, President, and member of our Board of Directors (“Consultant”), we issued 89,000 shares of Class A Common Stock to Consultant in connection with the closing of the Purchase as consideration for services rendered.
In connection with the Closing of the Purchase, we issued to two employees 10,000 shares of Class A Common Stock each.
Upon the Closing of the Purchase, we issued 2,000,000 shares of Class B Common Stock, 2,000,000 OpCo Class B Units, and 1,500,000 OpCo Preferred Units to Seller as consideration for the Purchase. In addition, we issued to the Seller 10,000 shares of Class A Common Stock as consideration for the Option Agreement.
In March 2024, we issued 50,000 warrants to a third-party having terms substantially similar to the private placement warrants in connection with the receipt of $50,000 in cash and the issuance of a promissory note.
In March 2024, we issued 100,000 warrants to a third-party having terms substantially similar to the private placement warrants in connection with the receipt of $100,000 in cash and the issuance of a promissory note.
In March 2024, we issued 50,000 warrants to a third-party having terms substantially similar to the private placement warrants in connection with the receipt of $50,000 in cash and the issuance of a promissory note.
In March 2024, we issued 40,000 RSUs to a director for services. The RSUs vest 1/3 on November 15, 2024, 1/3 on November 15, 2025, and 1/3 on November 15, 2026. We also issued 37,500 RSUs to such director that vest on November 15, 2024.
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In March 2024, we issued 37,000 RSUs to a director for services. The RSUs vest 1/3 on November 15, 2024, 1/3 on November 15, 2025, and 1/3 on November 15, 2026. We also issued 37,500 RSUs to such director that vest on November 15, 2024.
In March 2024, we issued 35,000 RSUs to a director for services. The RSUs vest 1/3 on November 15, 2024, 1/3 on November 15, 2025, and 1/3 on November 15, 2026. We also issued 37,500 RSUs to such director that vest on November 15, 2024.
In March 2024, we issued 50,000 RSUs to our Chief Executive Officer for services. The RSUs vest 1/3 on November 15, 2024, 1/3 on November 15, 2025, and 1/3 on November 15, 2026.
In March 2024, we issued 50,000 RSUs to our Chief Financial Officer for services. The RSUs vest 1/3 on November 15, 2024, 1/3 on November 15, 2025, and 1/3 on November 15, 2026.
In March 2024, we issued 50,000 RSUs to our General Counsel for services. The RSUs vest 1/3 on November 15, 2024, 1/3 on November 15, 2025, and 1/3 on November 15, 2026.
In March 2024, we issued 40,000 RSUs to an officer for services. The RSUs vest 1/3 on November 15, 2024, 1/3 on November 15, 2025, and 1/3 on November 15, 2026.
In March 2024, we issued 35,000 RSUs to an officer for services. The RSUs vest 1/3 on November 15, 2024, 1/3 on November 15, 2025, and 1/3 on November 15, 2026.
In March 2024, we issued 35,000 RSUs to a former officer for services. The RSUs vested on issuance.
In March 2024, we issued 60,000 RSUs to a consultant for services. The RSUs vest on November 15, 2024.
In March 2024, we issued 30,000 RSUs to a consultant for services. The RSUs vest on November 15, 2024.
In March 2024, we issued 100,000 warrants to our Vice President of Finance and Administration having terms substantially similar to the private placement warrants in connection with the receipt of $100,000 in cash and the issuance of a promissory note.
In April 2024, we issued 100,000 warrants to our Chief Financial Officer having terms substantially similar to the private placement warrants in connection with the receipt of $100,000 in cash and the issuance of a promissory note.
In May 2024, we issued 100,000 warrants to a stockholder controlled by a director having terms substantially similar to the private placement warrants in connection with the receipt of $100,000 in cash and the issuance of a promissory note.
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In October 2024, we issued 27,963 shares of Class A Common Stock (the “Pledge Shares”) issued to certain Selling Securityholders in connection with their agreement to pledge equity in favor of First International Bank & Trust (“FIBT”).
In October 2024, we issued 75,000 shares of Class A Common Stock in connection with fees owed for consulting services.
In October 2024, we issued 60,000 shares of Class A Common Stock in connection with a separation and release effective December 17, 2023.
In October 2024, we issued 150,000 shares of Class A Common Stock in connection with a settlement and mutual release agreement effective May 6, 2024.
In October 2024, we issued a warrant to purchase 1,200,000 shares of Class A Common in connection with the forgiveness of certain accounts payable.
In October 2024, we issued 100,000 shares of Class A Common Stock in connection with the forgiveness of $100,000 of accounts payable.
In October 2024, we issued 50,000 shares of Class A Common Stock in connection with the forgiveness of $50,000 of accounts payable.
In October 2024, we issued 30,000 shares of Class A Common Stock in connection with the forgiveness of $30,000 of accounts payable.
In October 2024, we issued 80,000 shares of Class A Common Stock in connection with the forgiveness of $80,000 of accounts payable.
In January 2025, we issued 24,000 shares in connection with the forgiveness of $24,000 of accounts payable.
In January 2025, we issued 24,000 shares in connection with the forgiveness of $45,050 of accounts payable.
In January 2025, we issued 10,000 shares in connection with the provision of targeting and research services.
Between November 2024 and May 2025, we and certain of the investors listed above who received promissory notes and warrants (the “Exchange Investors”) entered into exchange agreements whereby the Exchange Investors exchanged their promissory notes and warrants for convertible promissory notes. The principal amounts of the convertible promissory notes were determined by adding the original principal amount of the prior notes and the number of warrants. In connection with the exchange agreements, we issued convertible promissory notes in the aggregate principal amount of $9,766,500 in exchange for promissory notes in the aggregate principal amount of $3,882,500 and 5,884,000 warrants.
All issuances described above were not registered under the Securities Act in reliance upon the exemption provided in Section 3(a)(9) and/or 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act and/or Regulation D promulgated thereunder.
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Item 16. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.
| (a) | Exhibits. The list of exhibits immediately preceding the signature page of this registration statement is incorporated herein by reference. |
| (b) | Financial Statements. See page F-1 for an index to the financial statements and schedules included in the registration statement. |
Item 17. Undertakings
Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.
The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes:
| (1) | To file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement: |
| (i) | To include any prospectus required by section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act of 1933; |
| (ii) | To reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in the registration statement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering range may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume and price represent no more than 20% change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the “Calculation of Registration Fee” table in the effective registration statement. |
| (iii) | To include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement or any material change to such information in the registration statement; |
| (2) | That, for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof. |
| (3) | To remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering. |
| (4) | That, for the purpose of determining liability under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser: |
| (i) | Each prospectus filed by the registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3) shall be deemed to be part of the registration statement as of the date the filed prospectus was deemed part of and included in the registration statement; and |
| (ii) | Each prospectus required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(2), (b)(5), or (b)(7) as part of a registration statement in reliance on Rule 430B relating to an offering made pursuant to Rule 415(a)(1)(i), (vii), or (x) for the purpose of providing the information required by section 10(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement as of the earlier of the date such form of prospectus is first used after effectiveness or the date of the first contract of sale of securities in the offering described in the prospectus. As provided in Rule 430B, for liability purposes of the issuer and any person that is at that date an underwriter, such date shall be deemed to be a new effective date of the registration statement relating to the securities in the registration statement to which that prospectus relates, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof. Provided, however, that no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such effective date, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such effective date. |
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| (5) | That, for the purpose of determining liability of the registrant under the Securities Act to any purchaser in the initial distribution of the securities: the undersigned registrant undertakes that in a primary offering of securities of the undersigned registrant pursuant to this registration statement, regardless of the underwriting method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, if the securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the following communications, the undersigned registrant will be a seller to the purchaser and will be considered to offer or sell such securities to such purchaser: |
| (i) | Any preliminary prospectus or prospectus of the undersigned registrant relating to the offering required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424; |
| (ii) | Any free writing prospectus relating to the offering prepared by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant or used or referred to by the undersigned registrant; |
| (iii) | The portion of any other free writing prospectus relating to the offering containing material information about the undersigned registrant or its securities provided by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant; and |
| (iv) | Any other communication that is an offer in the offering made by the undersigned registrant to the purchaser. |
| (6) | Provide to the underwriter at the closing specified in the underwriting agreements certificates in such denominations and registered in such names as required by the underwriter to permit prompt delivery to each purchaser. |
| (7) | For purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act, the information omitted from the form of prospectus filed as part of this registration statement in reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in a form of prospectus filed by the registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b) (1) or (4) or 497(h) under the Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of this registration statement as of the time it was declared effective. |
| (8) | For the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each post-effective amendment that contains a form of prospectus shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof. |
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EXHIBIT INDEX
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| * | Filed herewith. |
| † | Schedules and exhibits to this Exhibit omitted pursuant to Regulation S-K Item 601(b)(2). The Company agrees to furnish supplementally a copy of any omitted schedule or exhibit to the SEC upon request. |
| + | Denotes a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement. |
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SIGNATURES
In accordance with the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the Registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it met all the requirements of filing on Form S-1 and authorized this Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, in Houston, Texas, on May 9, 2025.
| EON RESOURCES INC. | ||
| By: | /s/ Mitchell B. Trotter | |
| Mitchell B. Trotter | ||
| Chief Financial Officer | ||
In accordance with the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this Registration Statement was signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates stated.
| Signature | Title | Date | ||
| /s/ Dante Caravaggio | Chief Executive Officer, President and Director | May 9, 2025 | ||
| Dante Caravaggio | (Principal Executive Officer) | |||
| /s/ Mitchell B. Trotter | Chief Financial Officer and Director | May 9, 2025 | ||
| Mitchell B. Trotter | (Principal Financial Officer) | |||
| /s/ Byron Blount | Director | May 9, 2025 | ||
| Byron Blount | ||||
| /s/ Joseph V. Salvucci, Sr. | Director | May 9, 2025 | ||
| Joseph V. Salvucci, Sr. | ||||
| /s/ Joseph V. Salvucci, Jr. | Director | May 9, 2025 | ||
| Joseph V. Salvucci, Jr. |
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Exhibit 5.1
May [9], 2025
EON Resources Inc.
3730 Kirby Drive
Suite 1200
Houston, TX 77098
| Re: | Registration Statement on Form S-1 of EON Resources Inc. |
Ladies and Gentlemen:
We have acted as counsel to EON Resources Inc. , a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), in connection with the Registration Statement on Form S-1 (the “Registration Statement”) filed by the Company on the date hereof with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission”) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), relating to the offering for resale of up to an aggregate 7,818,600 shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share (“Class A Common Stock”), consisting of: (i) up to 7,000,000 shares of Class A Common Stock (the “ELOC Shares”) that the Company may sell to White Lion Capital, LLC (“White Lion”), from time to time at the Company’s sole discretion, pursuant to the common stock purchase agreement dated October 17, 2022 (the “Common Stock Purchase Agreement”), (ii) 368,600 shares of Class A Common Stock issued to certain Selling Securityholders in exchange for services, and (iii) 450,000 shares of Class A Common Stock issued to certain Selling Securityholders in settlement of the Forward Purchase Agreement (as defined herein) (the “Meteora Shares”), each for the account of the persons listed as selling stockholders identified in the Registration Statement (the “Selling Securityholders”). This opinion letter is furnished to you at your request to enable you to fulfill the requirements of Item 601(b)(5) of Regulation S-K, 17 C.F.R. § 229.601(b)(5), in connection with the Registration Statement.
|
EON Resources Inc. May [9], 2025 Page 2 |
In our capacity as corporate counsel to the Company and for the purposes of this opinion, we have examined originals, or copies certified or otherwise identified to our satisfaction, of the following documents:
| 1. | the Registration Statement (including the prospectus contained therein); |
| 2. | the Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company, as amended; |
| 3. | the Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company, as amended; |
| 4. | the Marketing Services Agreement by and between the Company and Outside The Box Capital Inc. dated March 21, 2025 for marketing services, pursuant which the Company agreed to issue 120,000 of Class A Common Stock; |
| 5. | the Agreement by and between the Company and Jack Holmes Energy Advisors LLC dated March 28, 2025 for strategic services, pursuant which the Company agreed to issue 100,000 shares of Class A Common Stock; | |
| 6. | the Independent Contractor Agreement by and between the Company and Howie Energy Holdings, LLC dated October 18, 2024 for strategic services, pursuant which the Company agreed to issue $15,000 in shares of Class A Common Stock per month in return for various strategic services; |
| 7. | the Common Stock Purchase Agreement; |
| 8. | Amendment No. 1 to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, dated March 7, 2024, by and between the Company and White Lion Capital, LLC and Amendment No. 2 to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, dated June 17, 2024 by and between the Company and White Lion Capital, LLC; | |
| 9. | The Agreement dated November 2, 2023, by and among the Company, Meteora Capital Partners, LP (“MCP”), Meteora Select Trading Opportunities Master, LP (“MSTO”), Meteora Strategic Capital, LLC (“MSC” and, collectively with MCP and MSTO, “FPA Seller”) (the “Forward Purchase Agreement”) and the related subscription agreement dated November 2, 2023 by and among the Company and FPA Seller and the Confidential Rescission, Settlement, and Release Agreement dated November 15, 2024, by and among the Company and FPA Seller; and |
| 10. | certain Unanimous Written Consents of the Board of Directors of the Company and resolutions of the Board of Directors of the Company authorizing the transactions relating to the Marketing Services Agreement, Agreement by and between the Company and Jack Holmes Energy Advisors LLC, the Independent Contractor Agreement, the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, the Forward Purchase Agreement, and the Confidential Rescission, Settlement, and Release Agreement, including the issuance of shares of Class A Common Stock thereunder. |
|
EON Resources Inc. May [9], 2025 Page 3 |
In rendering the opinion expressed below, we have assumed without verification the genuineness of all signatures, the legal capacity of natural persons, the authenticity of all documents submitted to us as originals, the conformity to the originals of all documents submitted to us as copies and the authenticity of the originals of such copies, and the due authorization, execution and delivery of all documents by all parties and the validity, binding effect and enforceability thereof (other than the authorization, execution and delivery of documents by the Company and the validity, binding effect and enforceability thereof upon the Company). In addition, we have assumed and not verified the accuracy as to the factual matters of each document we have reviewed and the accuracy of, and each applicable party’s full compliance with, any representations and warranties contained therein. As to questions of fact material to this opinion, we have, to the extent deemed appropriate, relied upon certain representations of certain officers of the Company. Accordingly, we are relying upon (without any independent investigation thereof) the truth and accuracy of the statements, covenants, representations and warranties set forth in the documents we have reviewed.
Based upon the foregoing and subject to the assumptions, exceptions, limitations and qualifications set forth herein, we are of the opinion that:
| 1. | Each of the Service Shares and the Meteora Shares have been duly authorized for issuance by all necessary corporate action on the part of the Company and are validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable; |
| 2. | The ELOC Shares issuable in accordance with the Common Stock Purchase Agreement have been duly authorized for issuance by all necessary corporate action on the part of the Company and, when issued and delivered against payment therefor in accordance with the terms of the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, will be validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable |
Our opinion is limited to applicable statutory provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”) and the reported judicial decisions interpreting those laws, and federal laws of the United States of America to the extent referred to specifically herein. We are generally familiar with the DGCL as currently in effect and the judicial decisions thereunder and have made such inquiries and review of matters of fact and law as we determined necessary to render the opinions contained herein. We assume no obligation to revise or supplement this opinion letter in the event of future changes in such laws or the interpretations thereof or such facts. We express no opinion regarding the Securities Act, or any other federal or state laws or regulations.
This opinion letter is issued as of the date hereof and is necessarily limited to laws now in effect and facts and circumstances presently existing and brought to our attention. We assume no obligation to supplement this opinion letter if any applicable laws change after the date hereof, or if we become aware of any facts or circumstances that now exist or that occur or arise in the future and may change the opinions expressed herein after the date hereof.
We hereby consent to the filing of this opinion as Exhibit 5.1 to the Registration Statement and to the use of our name under the caption “Legal Matters” in the Registration Statement and the prospectus that forms a part thereof. In giving the foregoing consent, we do not admit that we are in the category of persons whose consent is required under Section 7 of the Securities Act, or the rules and regulations of the Commission.
| Very truly yours, | |
| /s/ PRYOR CASHMAN LLP |
Exhibit 23.1
Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm’s Consent
We consent to the use in this Registration Statement on Form S-1 of our report dated April 15, 2025 relating to the financial statements of EON Resources, Inc. appearing in this Registration Statement. We also consent to the reference to us under the heading “Experts” in such Registration Statement.
/s/ Marcum llp
Houston, TX
May 9, 2025
Exhibit 23.3
CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT PETROLEUM ENGINEERS AND GEOLOGISTS
I hereby consent to the references to William M. Cobb & Associates, Inc., a subsidiary of Hass and Cobb Petroleum Consultants, LLC, and Haas and Cobb Petroleum Consultants, LLC, in this Registration Statement on Form S-1 for EON Resources Inc. and to the use of information from, and the inclusion of, the report dated March 17, 2025 with respect to the estimates of proved reserves, future production and income as of December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023 attributable to the interest of EON Resources Inc. and subsidiary LH Operating, LLC in certain oil and gas properties in this this Registration Statement on Form S-1.
| /s/ Thad Toups | |
| Thad Toups | |
| President, Hass and Cobb Petroleum Consultants, LLC | |
| Texas Registered Firm # F-26129 |
William M. Cobb & Associates, Inc., a subsidiary
of Hass and Cobb Petroleum Consultants., LLC
Texas Registered Engineering Firm # F-84
May 9, 2025