FUBO 10-K
FuboTV Inc. (FUBO)
10-K
2024-03-05
For: 2023-12-31
View Original
Added on
April 10, 2026
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form 10-K
(Mark One)
| ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 | |||||
For the fiscal year ended December 31 , 2023
or
| TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 | |||||
For the transition period from ________ to ________
Commission file number 001-39590
fuboTV Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
| (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) | |||||||
| (Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code) | |||||||
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code (212 ) 672-0055
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
| Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of exchange on which registered | ||||||||||||
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes o No x
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. x Yes o No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). x Yes o No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
| Large accelerated filer | o | x | |||||||||
| Non-accelerated filer | o | Smaller reporting company | |||||||||
| Emerging growth company | |||||||||||
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. x
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. o
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act.) Yes o No x
The aggregate market value of the registrant’s voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant, based on the closing sale price of the registrant’s common stock on June 30, 2023 (the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter) was $577,302,821 .
The number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s common stock as of February 29, 2024 was 299,502,862 shares.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement relating to its 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31 , 2023
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Item 1C. | ||||||||
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BASIS OF PRESENTATION
As used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (“Annual Report”), unless expressly indicated or the context otherwise requires, references to “fuboTV Inc.,” “Fubo,” “we,” “us,” “our,” “the Company,” and similar references refer to fuboTV Inc., a Florida corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries.
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Annual Report includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). These forward-looking statements, which are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, generally relate to future events or our future financial or operating performance. In some cases, you can identify these statements by forward-looking words such as “believe,” “may,” “will,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “design,” “intend,” “expect,” “could,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “seek,” “should,” “would,” “target,” “project,” “contemplate,” or the negative version of these words and other comparable terminology that concern our expectations, strategy, plans, intentions, or projections. Forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report include, but are not limited to, statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, anticipated cash requirements, industry and business trends, stock-based compensation, revenue recognition, business strategy, plans and market growth, legal proceedings, and our objectives for future operations, including related to investment in our technologies and data capabilities, subscriber acquisition strategies, impacts of the dissolution of our gaming business, and our international operations.
We have based the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report primarily on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, prospects, business strategy and financial needs. These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, including those described in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” of this Annual Report. These risks are not exhaustive. Other sections of this Annual Report include additional factors that could adversely impact our business and financial performance. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment, and new risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. In light of these risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, the forward-looking events and circumstances discussed in this Annual Report may not occur and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements.
In addition, forward-looking statements are based upon information available to us as of the date of this Annual Report, and while we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain, and investors are cautioned not to unduly rely upon these statements.
The forward-looking statements made in this Annual Report relate only to events as of the date on which the statements are made. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements made in this Annual Report to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this Annual Report or to reflect new information or the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as required by law.
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RISK FACTORS SUMMARY
Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including those described in Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report. Material risks that may affect our business, operating results and financial condition include, but are not limited to, the following:
•We have incurred operating losses in the past, expect to incur operating losses in the future and may never achieve or maintain profitability.
•We may require additional capital to meet our financial obligations and support planned business growth, and this capital might not be available on acceptable terms or at all.
•Our revenue is subject to seasonality, and if subscriber behavior during certain seasons falls below our expectations, our business may be harmed.
•Our operating results may fluctuate, which makes our results difficult to predict.
•If we fail to effectively manage our growth, our business, operating results, and financial condition may suffer.
•The long-term nature of certain of our content commitments may limit our operating flexibility and could adversely affect our liquidity and results of operations.
•Our results may be adversely affected if long-term content contracts are not renewed on sufficiently favorable terms.
•If our efforts to attract and retain subscribers are not successful, our business will be adversely affected.
•Our agreements with certain distribution partners may contain parity obligations which limit our ability to pursue unique partnerships.
•If content providers refuse to license streaming content or other rights upon terms acceptable to us, our business could be adversely affected.
•Our content providers impose a number of restrictions on how we distribute and market our products and services, which can adversely affect our business.
•We rely upon Google Cloud Platform and Amazon Web Services to operate certain aspects of our service, and any disruption of or interference with our use of Google Cloud Platform and/or Amazon Web Services would impact our operations and our business would be adversely impacted.
•Our key metrics and other estimates are subject to inherent challenges in measurement, and real or perceived inaccuracies in those metrics may seriously harm and negatively affect our reputation and our business.
•Preparing and forecasting our financial results requires us to make judgments and estimates which may differ materially from actual results, and if our operating and financial performance does not meet the guidance that we provide to the public, the market price of our common stock may decline.
•TV streaming is highly competitive and many companies, including large technology and entertainment companies, TV brands, and service operators, are actively focusing on this industry. If we fail to differentiate ourselves and compete successfully with these companies, it will be difficult for us to attract or retain subscribers and our business will be harmed.
•If the technology we use in operating our business fails, is unavailable, or does not operate to expectations, our business and results of operation could be adversely impacted.
•If government regulations relating to the Internet or other areas of our business change, we may need to alter the manner in which we conduct our business and we may incur greater operating expenses.
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•We are subject to taxation-related risks in multiple jurisdictions.
•We could be subject to claims or have liability based on defects with respect to certain historical corporate transactions that were not properly authorized or documented.
•Legal proceedings could cause us to incur unforeseen expenses and could occupy a significant amount of our management’s time and attention.
•We may be unable to successfully expand our international operations and our international expansion plans, if implemented, will subject us to a variety of economic, political, regulatory and other risks.
•The impact of worldwide economic conditions may adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.
•We are subject to a number of legal requirements and other obligations regarding data privacy and security, consumer protection and data protection, and any actual or perceived failure to comply with these requirements or obligations could have an adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and operating results.
•Any significant interruptions, delays or discontinuations in service or disruptions in or unauthorized access to our information technology systems or those of third parties that we utilize in our operations, including those relating to cybersecurity or arising from cyber-attacks, could result in a loss or degradation of service, unauthorized disclosure of data, including subscriber and corporate information, or theft of intellectual property, including digital content assets, which could adversely impact our business.
•The impact of worldwide economic conditions may adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.
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PART I
Item 1. Business.
Our Mission
With a global mission to aggregate the best in TV, including premium sports, news and entertainment content, through a single app, Fubo aims to transcend the industry’s current TV model.
Overview
We are a sports-first, Pay TV replacement product offering subscribers access to tens of thousands of live sporting events annually, alongside leading news and entertainment content, both live and on demand. Fubo’s platform is designed to empower customers to seamlessly access content through streaming devices and on Smart TVs, mobile phones, tablets, and computers.
Live TV streaming has disrupted the traditional Pay TV model (linear video delivered via cable or satellite providers for a paid subscription), which we refer to as “Pay TV.” This disruption has shifted billions of dollars in subscription and advertising revenue to over-the-top (“OTT”) streaming platforms, as evidenced by the accelerating rate of Pay TV cord-cutting in the United States. Consumers increasingly favor the streaming experience, leading us to believe that advertisers will follow, further shifting dollars away from traditional linear TV advertising towards streaming services. Yet, despite being a growing share of overall consumption, live TV streaming is still a fraction of the size of traditional Pay TV. We believe this creates a significant opportunity for us to capitalize on the cord-cutting movement.
We offer subscribers a live TV streaming service with the option to purchase incremental features, including additional content or enhanced functionality (“Attachments”) best suited to their preferences. Our base plan, Fubo Pro, boasts a broad mix of top Nielsen-ranked channels across sports, news, and entertainment. Our core offering sits on a proprietary technology platform built specifically for live TV and sports viewership, leveraging our first-party data. This enables us to consistently introduce new features and functionalities. Unlike video on demand (VOD)-only services, live TV streaming demands sophisticated infrastructure due to the nuances of regularly refreshing live programming. Notably, our video delivery platform caters to all major sports leagues and entertainment content owners. For example, Apple TV users can enjoy MultiView, allowing them to watch up to four live streams simultaneously. Moreover, we leverage data across the organization to acquire subscriber-preferred content, influence product design and strategy, boost subscriber engagement, and enhance the capabilities and performance of our advertising platform for partners.
Our direct-to-consumer model grants us further insight by capturing billions of data points monthly. This data set drives our continuous innovation, shaping our enhanced user experience, product & content strategy, and differentiated advertising approach. By analyzing this data, we can personalize live and on-demand content discovery in real-time, creating relevant suggestions for each subscriber.
Our growth strategy includes acquiring subscribers who are attracted to our sports offering and can find with us a compelling sports, news, and entertainment viewing alternative to a traditional Pay TV service. We actively engage those subscribers by providing a seamless Pay TV replacement through a personalized easy-to-use streaming product at competitive prices with greater convenience and flexibility than traditional Pay TV providers. We then monetize our audience through subscription fees and our digital advertising offering. In 2022 and 2023, the majority of our revenue was generated from the sale of subscription services and the sale of advertisements in the United States, though the Company also has operations in Canada, Spain and France.
Consistent with our focus on interactivity, we completed the acquisition of Edisn Inc. (“Edisn”), an AI-powered computer vision platform with patent-pending video recognition technologies based in Bangalore, India, in December 2021. With Edisn, we have expanded, and continue to expand, our data science and engineering organization globally, while strengthening our technology capabilities and accelerating innovation. We also acquired Molotov SAS (“Molotov”), a video streaming platform based in Paris, France, in December 2021. With Molotov, we have augmented our technology capabilities, which we believe will enable us to launch our interactive sports and entertainment streaming platform more efficiently on a global scale.
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Industry Overview
Streaming services have experienced rapid growth in adoption as consumers engage with streaming video and audio through a variety of devices, including connected TVs, mobile phones, and tablets. While traditional Pay TV still accounts for a meaningful share of TV viewing hours for U.S. households, the proportion is declining as customers continue cutting the cord. We believe consumers are increasingly favoring the superior customer experience, competitive pricing, and better value of streaming services.
Sports and news content have been a key driver for Pay TV operators to retain and grow audiences. Historically most streaming subscription services primarily focused on entertainment content offerings, requiring sports fans to, until recently, remain tethered to the Pay TV ecosystem. This positions our offering well to provide a Pay TV replacement service via streaming that also features an enhanced live sports and news viewing experience.
Our Business Model
Our business motto is “come for the sports, stay for the entertainment.” This consists of leveraging sporting events to acquire subscribers at efficient acquisition costs, given the built-in demand for sports. We then leverage our technology and data to drive higher engagement and induce retentive behaviors such as watching content, favoriting channels, recording shows, and increasing discovery through our proprietary machine learning recommendations engine. We monetize our growing base of highly engaged subscribers by driving higher average revenue per user (“ARPU”).
We drive our business model with three core strategies:
•Grow our paid subscriber base
•Optimize our content portfolio, engagement and retention
•Increase monetization through subscription and advertising
Our Offerings
Subscribers
Our live TV streaming platform caters to sports, news, and entertainment fans. With flexible plans and optional "Attachments," users can customize their experience. The base plan, Fubo Pro, boasts over 100+ channels, including top Nielsen-rated networks, and dozens of sports, news, and entertainment options. It also features numerous Regional Sports Networks (RSNs) for in-market games unavailable on national channels. Subscribers can further tailor their experience by adding premium channels and channel packages, or upgrading "Attachments" like Cloud DVR Plus for more storage and Family Share for additional simultaneous streams.
Advertisers
As cord cutting continues and traditional Pay TV viewers decline, advertisers are increasingly allocating their ad budgets to OTT streaming platforms to reach these audiences. We believe our sports-first, live TV streaming platform offers advertisers a growing and valuable live audience, deeply engaged with premium content and unreachable through traditional channels. Moreover, Fubo provides unskippable ad inventory within this high-quality engagement, maximizing exposure. Advertisers further benefit from our innovative ad formats, bridging the gap between traditional Pay TV and the advantages of digital advertising, including measurability, relevancy, and interactivity. We believe this combination delivers a differentiated advertising experience for brands and viewers alike.
Content Providers
Our platform allows content providers to monetize and distribute their content to our highly engaged audience, counteracting the shrinking viewership market share of Pay TV due to cord-cutting. By aggregating a diverse mix of content, we believe Fubo delivers a more compelling and engaging experience for subscribers than providers could offer alone. Furthermore, our data-powered platform generates valuable insights into consumer behavior and preferences, which are increasingly valuable to our content partners.
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Seasonality
We generate significantly higher levels of revenue and subscriber additions in the third and fourth quarters of the year. This seasonality is driven primarily by an influx of new subscribers at the start of the National Football League and college football. Our operating results may also be affected by the scheduling of major sporting events that do not occur annually, such as the World Cup or Olympic Games, or the cancellation or postponement of sporting events. In addition, we typically see the total number of subscribers on our platform decline from the fourth quarter of the previous year through the first and second quarter of the following year.
Our Growth Strategies
We believe that we are at the early stages of our growth and that we are at an inflection point in the TV industry where streaming has begun to surpass traditional linear Pay TV in several key areas, including content choice, ease of access and use across devices, and cost savings to consumers. We remain committed to our goal of driving sustainable and profitable growth, and we believe we are well-positioned to do this by executing on the following strategies:
•Continue to efficiently grow our subscriber base: As of December 31, 2023, Fubo had approximately 1.618 million paid subscribers in the United States and Canada (“North America” or “NA”) and approximately 406,000 paid subscribers in Spain and France (“Rest of World” or “ROW”), compared to approximately 1.445 million in NA and approximately 420,000 in ROW as of December 31, 2022. We utilize a broad range of subscriber acquisition channels and tactics designed to optimize marketing spend and efficiently acquire and retain subscribers. Our Sales and Marketing expenses relative to total revenues was approximately 15.1% for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to 18.2% for the year ended December 31, 2022. We will continue to utilize and analyze the data we have collected to help us become more efficient with our marketing campaigns relative to spend.
•Enactment of ARPU expansion efforts: Our NA ARPU was $82.25 and $72.74 for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Our ROW ARPU was $6.82 and $6.14 for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We drive ARPU expansion through price-increases, attachment sales, and advertising revenue growth. By pricing against content portfolio adjustments, we aim to deliver value through our offerings. Attachments, including channel package add-ons and interactive features, increase our margins by piggybacking on to our base offerings and not meaningfully increasing our cost basis while increasing revenues.
•Further investment in advertising sales team, technology and infrastructure: For the year ended December 31, 2023, Fubo’s advertising revenue was approximately $115.4 million, up from approximately $101.7 million in December 31, 2022. Improvements to our content portfolio, user interface, navigational elements, content merchandising and targeting capabilities, combined with evolutions in customer behavior and growth in our subscriber base, have driven growth of our viewership over time. We are increasingly monetizing this engagement through advertising on the Fubo platform. We intend to continue leveraging our data and analytics to deliver relevant advertising while improving the ability of our advertisers to optimize and measure the results of their campaigns. We have also expanded our direct sales teams to increase the number of advertisers who leverage our platform and continue improving our fill-rates and Cost Per Thousands (“CPMs”).
•Continue to enhance our content portfolio with cost vigilance: Because we have a direct-to-consumer relationship with the ability to analyze all the content that our subscribers consume, we believe we can continue to drive better subscriber experiences. We plan to continue to optimize our content mix to best suit our subscribers’ interests by leveraging our deep understanding of our subscribers through the data captured on the platform, with the goal of expanding unit economics by balancing the aggregation of the best sports and entertainment programming with vigilance around content costs.
•Continue to invest in our technology and data capabilities: We believe our unique combination of technology and content sets us apart. We continue to invest in building a scalable, automated infrastructure specifically designed to fuel subscriber acquisition, strategic content selection, and informed product decisions. We emphasize interactive features that empower users to transform from passive viewers to active participants. Moreover, we believe our integration of the Fubo and Molotov platforms into a single Unified Platform will yield significant cost savings, and increased product development velocity and innovation.
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•Expand Internationally: Outside of the United States, we currently operate in Canada, Spain and, through our acquisition of Molotov in 2021, France. We believe there remains a significant opportunity to expand internationally.
Intellectual Property
Our intellectual property is an essential element of our business. We rely on a combination of patent, trademark, copyright and other intellectual property laws, confidentiality agreements and license agreements to protect our intellectual property rights. We also license certain third-party technology for use in conjunction with our products.
We believe that our continued success depends on hiring and retaining highly capable and innovative employees, especially as it relates to our engineering base. It is our policy that our employees and independent contractors involved in development are required to sign agreements acknowledging that all inventions, trade secrets, works of authorship, developments and other processes generated by them on our behalf are our property and assigning to us any ownership that they may claim in those works. Despite our precautions, it may be possible for third parties to obtain and use without consent intellectual property that we own or license. Unauthorized use of our intellectual property by third parties, and the expenses incurred in protecting our intellectual property rights, may adversely affect our business.
Patents and Registered Designs
As of December 31, 2023, we had four issued U.S. utility patents, one U.S. utility patent application, five granted foreign utility patents, seventeen foreign utility patent applications, and eighteen granted foreign design registrations in three jurisdictions. The issued U.S. utility patents expire in 2038, the U.S. utility patent application, if granted, will expire in 2041, the granted foreign utility patents will expire on dates ranging from 2033 to 2038, the foreign utility patent applications, if granted, will expire on dates ranging from 2033 to 2041, and the foreign design registrations will expire on dates ranging from 2035 to 2045. Although we actively attempt to utilize patents to protect our technologies, we believe that none of our patents, individually or in the aggregate, are material to our business. We will continue to file and prosecute patent applications when appropriate to attempt to protect our rights in our proprietary technologies. However, there can be no assurance that our patent applications will be approved, that any patents issued will adequately protect our intellectual property, or that such patents will not be challenged by third parties or held to be invalid or unenforceable.
Trademarks
We also rely on several registered and unregistered trademarks to protect our brand. As of December 31, 2023, we had 37 trademarks registered globally. “fuboTV” is a registered trademark in the United States and the European Union ("EU").
Competition
The TV streaming market continues to grow and evolve as more viewers shift from traditional Pay TV to OTT streaming. There is significant competition in the live TV market for users, advertisers, and broadcasters. We principally compete with Pay TV operators, such as Comcast, Cox and Altice, along with other virtual multichannel video programming distributors (“vMVPDs”), such as YouTube TV, Hulu Live and Sling TV. We also compete to a lesser extent with network-operated direct-to-consumer streaming services, such as Peacock, Paramount+, ESPN+, and would expect to compete with the proposed joint venture between The Walt Disney Company ("Disney"), Fox Corporation ("Fox") and Warner Brothers Discovery, Inc. ("WBD") (the “Network JV”), which, if it becomes operational, would operate a new sports streaming service.
We are actively taking steps in response to actions by certain competitors that we believe are harmful to competition within the industry and to consumers. As announced on February 20, 2024, we have filed an antitrust lawsuit against the parties to the Network JV and certain of their affiliates, challenging the formation of the Network JV and their past business practices on antitrust grounds, and seeking injunctive relief to stop the proposed Network JV and other practices, as well as damages. There can be no assurance, however, that we will be successful in this lawsuit. For additional information, please see Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Relationships with Content Providers, Customers and Other Third Parties—If our efforts to attract and retain subscribers are not successful, our business will be adversely affected.” and Part I, Item 3. “Legal Proceedings” in this Annual Report.
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We compete on various factors to acquire and retain subscribers. These factors include quality and breadth of content offerings, especially within live sports; features of our TV streaming platform; user experience and engagement; brand awareness in the market; and a competitive value proposition. Many users have multiple subscriptions to various Pay TV and streaming services and allocate time and money between them. Thus, while the presence of these competitors in the market has helped to boost consumer awareness of TV streaming, contributing to the growth of the overall market, their resources and brand recognition present substantial competitive challenges.
We also face competition for advertisers, which in part depends on our ability to scale our subscriber base. Providing a large and engaged audience is crucial for advertisers on our live TV streaming platform. In the TV streaming market, the effectiveness of advertisements and return on investments play a pivotal role. As such, we are also competing for advertisers based on the return of ads compared to various other digital advertising platforms, including mobile and web. Additionally, advertisers continue to allocate a large portion of spend to advertise offline. Therefore, we also compete with traditional media platforms such as traditional linear Pay TV and radio. We are increasingly leveraging our data and analytics capabilities to optimize advertisements for both users and advertisers. We need to continue to maintain an appropriate advertising inventory for the growing demand for ads on our platform.
Furthermore, we compete to attract and retain broadcasters. Our ability to license content from broadcasters is dependent on the scale of our user base as well as license terms.
Our People and Human Capital Management
Who We Are
We are a diverse group of individuals, creatives, technologists, analysts and more. Some of us love sports, some binge the news, others prefer rom-coms. But we are united by a common mission — building the world’s leading global live TV streaming platform with the greatest breadth of premium content and interactivity.
As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately 530 employees globally, of which approximately 370 were located in North America and approximately 160 were located in Europe and India. Additionally, we rely on independent contractors and temporary personnel to supplement our workforce from time to time. We have not experienced any work stoppages, and we consider our relationship with our employees to be good. None of our U.S. or Indian employees is represented by a labor union or covered by a collective bargaining agreement. Our French employees are covered by the national collective bargaining agreement for the consulting and engineering activities in France.
Our Values and Talent Development
We view our employees as central to the success of our business and achieving our mission. We onboard new employees with training programs on our values, certain aspects of our business, and important policies, including our Code of Business Conduct. We also value ongoing development and continuous learning, and strive to support and provide enriching opportunities to our employees. Throughout the year we monitor employee engagement and provide periodic training and informational sessions on our business and policies, including security awareness, through a variety of forums, including all-hands meetings, “ask me anything” sessions, and company-wide newsletters. Management uses input collected during these sessions to ensure ongoing awareness of employees’ needs and improve activities aimed to serve our customers. Collectively through these initiatives we aim to keep our employees well-informed and to increase transparency.
Diversity, Equity and Inclusion
We prioritize building a diverse, inclusive, equitable, and empowered team representing a mix of gender, racial and ethnic backgrounds, industries, and levels of experience. We believe the different backgrounds, traditions, views and talents each of our employees brings to Fubo enrich the company as a whole and will help us achieve executional excellence. In 2020, we formed a Diversity, Engagement and Belonging Council, comprised of different team members throughout various levels of the organization, who recommend and help organize diversity and inclusion initiatives within the company. We are committed to creating and maintaining a workplace free from discrimination or harassment on the basis of race, religion, religious creed, color, ethnic or national origin, ancestry, gender, sexual orientation, age, marital status, military service or veteran status, disability, medical condition, or any other status protected by applicable law. Our policies and compliance trainings prohibit such discrimination and harassment, and all our employees are expected to exhibit and promote honest, ethical, and respectful conduct in the workplace.
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Compensation and Benefits
Our compensation programs and benefits packages are designed to attract, retain and motivate exceptional talent who possess the skills necessary to drive our business objectives, assist in the achievement of our strategic goals and create long-term value for our shareholders. We offer employees compensation packages designed to be competitive that include base salary, and, depending on the role, business function and geographic market, performance-based cash bonuses, commissions, long-term incentive equity, and performance-based equity. We are proud that we have granted equity to the majority of our employees across all levels of the organization as part of their total compensation package. We believe this fosters a stronger sense of ownership and further aligns our employees’ interests with the interest of our shareholders. In addition to our compensation programs, we offer a variety of benefits to our employees, which can include 401(k) plan with matching, health (medical, dental and vision) insurance, life insurance, paid time off, paid parental leave, a referral bonus program and company-sponsored short term and long term disability. We believe that a competitive compensation and benefits program with both short-term and long-term award opportunities, including awards tied to the achievement of meaningful performance metrics, allows us to align employees with shareholder interests.
Health and Safety
We are committed to the health and safety of our employees, and continue to adapt to ever-changing workplace and workforce dynamics. The majority of our employees have adopted a hybrid work schedule (consisting of both in-person work and working from home); however some of our employees continue to work remotely full-time, and, in the long term, we expect some personnel to continue to do so on a regular basis. We are focused on building capabilities to support a variety of work styles where individuals, teams, and our business can be successful. We have invested in programs that help support our employees’ day-to-day wellness needs and goals including access to professional counselors, health coaching and advocacy services. We also maintain a whistleblower hotline through which employees can report health and safety risks.
Government Regulation
Our business and our devices and platform are subject to numerous domestic and foreign laws and regulations covering a wide variety of subject matters. These include general business regulations and laws, as well as regulations and laws specific to providers of Internet-delivered streaming services and Internet-connected devices. New or modified laws and regulations in these areas may have an adverse effect on our business. The costs of compliance with these laws and regulations are high and are likely to increase in the future. We anticipate that several jurisdictions may, over time, impose greater financial and regulatory obligations on us. If we fail to comply with these laws and regulations, we may be subject to significant liabilities and other penalties. Additionally, compliance with these laws and regulations could, individually or in the aggregate, increase our cost of doing business, impact our competitive position relative to our peers, and otherwise have an adverse impact on our operating results. For additional information about the impact of government regulations on our business, see “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Regulation” and “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Privacy, Consumer Protection and Cybersecurity” in Part I, Item 1A in this Annual Report.
Data Protection and Privacy
We are subject to various laws and regulations covering the privacy and protection of users’ data. Because we handle, collect, store, receive, transmit, transfer, and otherwise process certain information, which may include personal information, regarding our users and employees in the ordinary course of business, we are subject to federal, state and foreign laws related to the privacy and protection of such data. These laws and regulations, and their application to our business, are increasingly shifting and expanding. Compliance with these laws and regulations, such as the California Consumer Privacy Act ("CCPA"), as amended by the California Privacy Rights Act ("CPRA"), and the EU General Data Protection Regulation 2016/679 (the “GDPR”) could affect our business, and their potential impact is unknown. Any actual or perceived failure to comply with these laws and regulations may result in investigations, claims and proceedings, regulatory fines or penalties, damages for breach of contract, or orders that require us to change our business practices, including the way we process data.
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We are also subject to breach notification laws, including the GDPR, in the jurisdictions in which we operate, and we may be subject to litigation and regulatory enforcement actions as a result of any data breach or other unauthorized access to or acquisition or loss of personal information. Any significant change to applicable laws, regulations, interpretations of laws or regulations, or market practices, regarding the processing of personal data, or regarding the manner in which we seek to comply with applicable laws and regulations, could require us to make modifications to our products, services, policies, procedures, notices, and business practices, including potentially material changes. Such changes could potentially have an adverse impact on our business. For additional information about the impact of data protection and privacy regulations on our business, see “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Privacy, Consumer Protection and Cybersecurity” in Part I, Item 1A in this Annual Report.
Corporate Information
We were incorporated in 2009 as a Florida corporation under the name York Entertainment, Inc., and on August 10, 2020, our name was changed to fuboTV Inc. FuboTV Media Inc. (f/k/a fuboTV Inc.) was incorporated in 2014 as a Delaware corporation. Our principal executive offices are located at 1290 Avenue of the Americas, 9th Floor, New York, New York 10104, and our telephone number is (212) 672-0055. Our website address is at https://fubo.tv. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report, and you should not consider information on our website to be part of this Annual Report.
Available Information
Our internet website address is www.fubo.tv. At our Investor Relations website, ir.fubo.tv, we make available free of charge a variety of information for investors, including our annual report, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to those reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file that material with or furnish it to the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). The information found on our website is not part of this or any other report we file with, or furnish to, the SEC.
We announce material information to the public through filings with the SEC, the investor relations page on our website, press releases, our Twitter account (@fuboTV), our Instagram account (@fubotv), our Facebook page (www.facebook.com/fuboTV), our LinkedIn page (www.linkedin.com/company/fubotv/), public conference calls, and webcasts in order to achieve broad, non-exclusionary distribution of information to the public and for complying with our disclosure obligations under Regulation FD. We encourage investors, the media, and others to follow the channels listed above and to review the information disclosed through such channels. Any updates to the list of disclosure channels through which we will announce information will be posted on the investor relations page on our website.
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Item 1A. Risk Factors.
You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information in this Annual Report, including our consolidated financial statements and related notes and the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” If any of the risks actually occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects could be adversely affected. In that event, the market price of our common stock could decline, and you could lose part or all of your investment.
This Annual Report also contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. See “Forward-Looking Statements.” Our actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, including those set forth below.
Risks Related to Our Financial Position and Capital Needs
We have incurred operating losses in the past, expect to incur operating losses in the future and may never achieve or maintain profitability.
We have incurred losses since inception. Our net loss on continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $293.1 million. We expect that expanding our operations will cause our future operating expenses to increase. If our revenue does not grow at a greater rate than our operating expenses, we will not be able to achieve and maintain profitability. A number of our operating expenses, including expenses related to streaming content obligations, are fixed. If we are not able to either reduce these fixed obligations or other expenses or maintain or grow our revenue, our near-term operating losses may increase. Additionally, we may encounter unforeseen operating or legal expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other factors that may result in losses in future periods. If our expenses exceed our revenue, we may never achieve or maintain profitability and our business may be harmed.
We may require additional capital to meet our financial obligations and support planned business growth, and this capital might not be available on acceptable terms or at all.
We have made, and intend in the future to make, significant investments to support planned business growth and may require additional funds to respond to business challenges, including the need to develop new features or enhance our existing platform, products and services, expand into additional markets around the world, improve our operating infrastructure or acquire complementary businesses, personnel and technologies. Accordingly, we may need to secure additional funds. If we raise additional funds through future issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, including pursuant to our shelf registration statements on Form S-3, our then existing shareholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges superior to those of holders of our common stock. Any debt financing we secure could involve restrictive covenants relating to our capital raising activities and other financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities, including potential acquisitions. If we were to violate the restrictive covenants contained in the indenture governing our 2029 Secured Convertible Notes (the “2029 notes indenture”) or in any future document governing our indebtedness, we could incur penalties, increased expenses and an acceleration of the payment terms of our outstanding debt, which could in turn harm our business.
We may not be able to obtain additional financing on terms favorable to us, if at all, due to unfavorable market conditions, including rising interest rates, or otherwise. In addition, the 2029 notes indenture, and the exchange agreement entered into in connection with the issuance of the 2029 Secured Convertible Notes (the “Exchange Agreement), restrict our ability to incur certain indebtedness and issue certain equity securities. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us when we require it, our ability to support our business growth and to respond to business challenges could be significantly impaired, and our business may be harmed.
In addition, our cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash are maintained at financial institutions in amounts that exceed federally insured limits. In the event of failure of any of the financial institutions where we maintain our cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, there can be no assurance that we will be able to access uninsured funds in a timely manner or at all, and we may be obligated to seek alternative sources of liquidity.
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Our revenue is subject to seasonality, and if subscriber behavior during certain seasons falls below our expectations, our business may be harmed.
Seasonal variations in subscriber and marketing behavior significantly affect our business. We have previously experienced, and expect to continue to experience, effects of seasonal trends in subscriber behavior due to the seasonal nature of sports. We generate significantly higher levels of revenue and subscriber additions in the third and fourth quarters of the year, driven primarily by sports leagues, especially the National Football League and college football. Our operating results may also be affected by the scheduling of major sporting events that do not occur annually, such as the World Cup or Olympic Games, or the cancellation or postponement of sporting events. We also typically experience higher advertising sales during the fourth quarter of each calendar year due to greater advertiser demand during the holiday season, but, on the other hand, also typically incur greater marketing expenses as we attempt to attract new subscribers to our platform. In addition, expenditures by advertisers tend to be cyclical and are often discretionary in nature, reflecting overall economic conditions, the economic prospects of specific advertisers or industries, budgeting constraints and buying patterns, and a variety of other factors, many of which are outside our control.
Accordingly, given the seasonal nature of our business, accurate forecasting is critical to our operations. We anticipate that this seasonal impact on revenue is likely to continue, and any shortfall in expected revenue due to macroeconomic conditions, a decline in the effectiveness of our promotional activities, actions by our competitors, or for any other reason, would cause our results of operations to suffer significantly. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic created significant volatility, uncertainty, and economic disruption and, in addition, mounting inflationary cost pressures and potential recession indicators have negatively impacted the global economy. If these factors continue, or worsen, our revenue may be materially impacted. A substantial portion of our expenses are personnel-related and include salaries, stock-based compensation and benefits that are not seasonal in nature. Accordingly, in the event of a revenue shortfall, we would be unable to mitigate the negative impact on margins, at least in the short term, and our business would be harmed.
We might not be able to utilize a significant portion of our net operating loss carryforwards.
As of December 31, 2023, we had federal net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $1,381.0 million, a portion of which will expire at various dates if not used prior to such dates. Under legislation enacted in 2017, informally titled the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, as modified by the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (“CARES”) Act, federal net operating losses incurred in 2018 and in future years may be carried forward indefinitely, but the deductibility of such federal net operating losses in tax years beginning after December 31, 2020 is limited. Other limitations may apply for state tax purposes.
In addition, under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), and corresponding provisions of state law, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” which is generally defined as a greater than 50% change, by value, in its equity ownership over a three-year period, the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change net operating loss carryforwards to offset its post-change income may be limited. We have experienced ownership changes in the past, and therefore a portion of our net operating loss carryforwards are subject to an annual limitation under Section 382 of the Code. In addition, we may experience ownership changes in the future as a result of subsequent changes in our stock ownership, including as a result of conversions of the 2026 Convertible Notes and 2029 Secured Convertible Notes, some of which may be outside of our control. A past or future ownership change that materially limits our ability to use our historical net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards may harm our future operating results by effectively increasing our future tax obligations.
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Our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected if we do not effectively manage our current or future debt.
As of December 31, 2023, we had $405.4 million of outstanding indebtedness on a consolidated basis which included $397.5 million of 2026 Convertible Notes and other notes outstanding with an aggregate principal of approximately $7.9 million. In January 2024, the Company exchanged 2026 Convertible Notes with an aggregate principal of $205.8 million for 2029 Secured Convertible Notes with an aggregate principal of $177.5 million. Additionally, the terms of the 2029 notes indenture allow for interest payments on the 2029 Secured Convertible Notes to be paid-in-kind. If we choose to pay interest on the 2029 Secured Convertible Notes in kind, the aggregate principal amount of 2029 Secured Convertible Notes outstanding will increase.
Our obligations related to our outstanding or any future indebtedness could adversely affect our ability to take advantage of corporate opportunities, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations, including, but not limited to, the following:
•our ability to obtain any necessary financing in the future for working capital, capital expenditures, debt service requirements, or other purposes may be limited, or financing may be unavailable;
•a substantial portion of our cash flows must be dedicated to the payment of principal and interest on our indebtedness and other obligations and will not be available for use in our business;
•lack of liquidity could limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the markets in which we operate;
•our debt obligations will make us more vulnerable to changes in general economic conditions and/or a downturn in our business, thereby making it more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations; and
•if we fail to make required debt payments or to comply with other covenants in our debt agreements, we would be in default under the terms of these agreements, which could permit our creditors to accelerate repayment of the debt and could cause cross-defaults under other debt agreements. For example, our failure to repay or refinance our 2026 Convertible Notes upon or prior to maturity may trigger an event of default under our 2029 Secured Convertible Notes.
We may also incur additional indebtedness to meet future financing needs. If we incur any additional debt, the related risks that we and our subsidiaries face could intensify.
Finally, we may in the future be in non-compliance with the terms of certain of our other debt instruments. To the extent we are in non-compliance with the terms of such debt instruments, we may be required to make payments to the holders of such instruments, those holders may be entitled to the issuance of stock by us, and the holders of such stock may be entitled to registration or other investor rights.
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Servicing our indebtedness will require a significant amount of cash, and we may not have sufficient cash flow from our business to pay our substantial indebtedness.
Our ability to make scheduled payments of the principal and interest when due, or to refinance our borrowings under our debt agreements, will depend on our future performance and our ability to raise further equity financing, which is subject to economic, financial, competitive and other factors beyond our control. Our business may not generate cash flow from operations in the future sufficient to both (i) satisfy our existing and future obligations to our creditors and (ii) allow us to make necessary capital expenditures. If we are unable to generate such cash flow or raise further equity financing, we may be required to adopt one or more alternatives, such as reducing or delaying investments or capital expenditures, selling assets, refinancing or obtaining additional equity capital on terms that may be onerous or highly dilutive. Additionally, the terms of the 2029 notes indenture allow for interest payments on the 2029 Secured Convertible Notes to be paid-in-kind. If we choose to pay interest on the 2029 Secured Convertible Notes in kind, the aggregate principal amount of 2029 Secured Convertible Notes outstanding will increase. We may need or desire to repay, refinance, restructure or defease our existing indebtedness, including prior to its maturity, in one or more transactions, which may involve the payment of cash or the issuance of additional debt or equity securities. There can be no assurance that we will be able to refinance any of our indebtedness on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. Our ability to refinance existing or future indebtedness will depend on the capital markets and our financial condition at such time. In addition, the terms of the 2029 notes indenture and the Exchange Agreement restrict our ability to incur certain indebtedness and issue certain equity securities.
We may not be able to engage in any of these activities or engage in these activities on desirable terms, which could result in a default on our current or future debt agreements.
Our operating results may fluctuate, which makes our results difficult to predict.
Our revenue and operating results could vary significantly from quarter-to-quarter and year-to-year because of a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control and may not fully reflect the underlying performance of our business. As a result, comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful. In addition to other risk factors discussed herein, factors that may contribute to the variability of our quarterly and annual results include:
•our ability to retain and grow our subscriber base, as well as increase engagement among new and existing subscribers;
•our ability to maintain effective pricing practices, in response to the competitive markets in which we operate or other macroeconomic factors, such as inflation or increased taxes;
•the addition or loss of popular content or channels, including our ability to enter into new content deals or negotiate renewals with our content providers on terms that are favorable to us, or at all;
•our ability to effectively manage our growth;
•our ability to attract and retain existing advertisers;
•seasonal, cyclical or other shifts in revenue and expenses;
•our revenue mix;
•the entrance of new competitors or competitive products or services, whether by established or new companies;
•our ability to keep pace with changes in technology and our competitors, and the timing of the launch of new or updated products, content or features;
•interruptions in service, whether or not we are responsible for such interruptions, and any related impact on our reputation;
•our ability to pursue and appropriately time our entry into new geographic or content markets and, if pursued, our management of this expansion;
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•costs associated with defending any litigation, including intellectual property infringement litigation;
•the impact of general economic conditions on our revenue and expenses; and
•changes in regulations affecting our business.
This variability makes it difficult to forecast our future results with precision and to assess accurately whether increases or decreases are likely to cause quarterly or annual results to exceed or fall short of previously issued guidance. While we assess our quarterly and annual guidance and update such guidance when we think it is appropriate, unanticipated future volatility can cause actual results to vary significantly from our guidance, even where that guidance reflects a range of possible results.
If we fail to effectively manage our growth, our business, operating results, and financial condition may suffer.
We have experienced significant growth rates in both the number of subscribers on our platform and revenue over the last few years. As we grow larger and increase our subscriber base and usage, we expect it will become increasingly difficult to maintain the rate of growth we have experienced.
In addition, our growth to date has placed significant demands on our management and on our operational and financial infrastructure, and we expect these trends to continue in connection with further growth. In order to attain and maintain profitability, we will need to recruit, integrate, and retain skilled and experienced personnel who can demonstrate our value proposition to subscribers, advertisers, and business partners and who can increase the monetization of our platform. Continued growth could also strain our ability to maintain reliable service levels for our customers, effectively monetize the content streamed, develop and improve our operational and financial controls, and recruit, train, and retain highly skilled personnel. If our systems do not evolve to meet the increased demands placed on us by an increasing number of advertisers, we also may be unable to meet our obligations under advertising agreements with respect to the delivery of advertising or other performance obligations. As our operations grow in size, scope, and complexity, we will need to improve and upgrade our systems and infrastructure, which will require significant expenditures and allocation of valuable technical and management resources. If we fail to maintain efficiency and allocate limited resources effectively in our organization as it grows, our business, operating results, and financial condition may suffer.
We have been expanding our operations internationally, and as our international offering evolves, we are managing and adjusting our business to address varied content offerings, consumer customs and practices, in particular those dealing with e-commerce and streaming video, as well as differing legal and regulatory environments.
Risks Related to Our Relationships with Content Providers, Customers and Other Third Parties
The long-term nature of certain of our content commitments may limit our operating flexibility and could adversely affect our liquidity and results of operations.
In connection with licensing streaming content, we typically enter into multi-year agreements with content providers. Given the multiple-year duration, if subscriber acquisition and retention do not meet our expectations, our margins may be adversely impacted. In the past, we had long term programming deals that required minimum license guarantee payments and we failed to make certain of those minimum guarantee payments to certain key programmers. We currently do not have any material programming deals that require minimum license fees in the United States, however, to the extent we fail to make any minimum guarantee payments in the future, if applicable, we may lose access to such content.
We also enter into multi-year commitments for content that we produce, either directly or through third parties, including elements associated with these productions such as non-cancelable commitments under talent agreements. Payment terms for certain content commitments, such as content we directly produce, will typically require more up-front cash payments than other content licenses or arrangements whereby we do not fund the production of such content.
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To the extent subscriber and/or revenue growth do not meet our expectations, our liquidity and results of operations could be adversely affected as a result of content commitments and payment requirements of certain agreements. In addition, the long-term nature of certain of our commitments may limit our flexibility in planning for or reacting to changes in our business and the market segments in which we operate. If we license and/or produce content that is not favorably received by consumers in a territory, or is unable to be shown in a territory, acquisition and retention may be adversely impacted and given the long-term and fixed cost nature of certain of our content commitments, as well as operational/technical costs tied to those commitments, we may not be able to adjust our content offering quickly and our results of operations may be adversely impacted.
Our results may be adversely affected if long-term content contracts are not renewed on sufficiently favorable terms.
We typically enter into long-term contracts for both the acquisition and the distribution of media content, including contracts for the acquisition of content rights for sporting events and other programs. As these contracts expire, we must renew or renegotiate the contracts, and if we are unable to renew them on acceptable terms, we may lose content rights or distribution rights. Even if these contracts are renewed, the cost of obtaining content rights may increase (or increase at faster rates than our historical experience). Moreover, our ability to renew these contracts on favorable terms may be affected by consolidation in the market for content distribution, the entrance of new participants in the market for distribution of content, the scale of our subscriber base and other factors. With respect to the acquisition of content rights, particularly sports content rights, the impact of these long-term contracts on our results over the term of the contracts depends on a number of factors, including the strength of advertising markets, subscription levels and rates for content, effectiveness of marketing efforts and the size of viewer audiences. There can be no assurance that revenues from content based on these rights will exceed the cost of the rights plus the other costs of producing and distributing the content.
If we fail to obtain or maintain popular content, we may fail to retain existing subscribers and attract new subscribers.
We have invested a significant amount of time to cultivate relationships with our content providers; however, such relationships may not continue to grow or yield further financial results. We must continuously maintain existing relationships and identify and establish new relationships with content providers to provide popular content. In order to remain competitive, we must consistently meet customer demand for popular streaming channels and content, particularly as we enter new markets, including international markets. If we are not successful in maintaining channels on our platform that attract and retain a significant number of subscribers, or if we are not able to do so in a cost-effective manner, our business will be harmed.
We enter into agreements with our content providers, which have varying terms and conditions, including expiration dates. Upon expiration of these agreements, we are required to re-negotiate and renew them in order to continue providing content from these providers on our streaming platform. We have in the past been unable, and in the future may not be able, to reach a satisfactory agreement with certain content providers before our existing agreements have expired. If we are unable to renew such agreements on a timely basis on mutually agreeable terms, we may be required to temporarily or permanently remove certain channels from our streaming platform. The loss of such channels from our streaming platform for any period of time may harm our business, including as a result of customer confusion and/or dissatisfaction regarding the change in programming available on our platform. If we fail to maintain our relationships with the content providers on terms favorable to us, or at all, or if these content providers face problems in delivering their content across our platform, we may lose channel partners or subscribers and our business may be harmed.
If our efforts to attract and retain subscribers are not successful, our business will be adversely affected.
We have experienced significant subscriber growth over the past several years. Our ability to continue to attract subscribers will depend in part on our ability to consistently provide our subscribers with compelling content choices at competitive prices and effectively market our platform. Furthermore, the relative service levels, content offerings, pricing and related features of our competitors may adversely impact our ability to attract and retain subscribers. In addition, many of our subscribers re-join our platform or originate from word-of-mouth referrals from existing subscribers. If our efforts to satisfy our existing subscribers are not successful, we may not be able to attract subscribers, and as a result, our ability to maintain and/or grow our business will be adversely affected.
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If consumers perceive a reduction in the value of our platform because, for example, we introduce new or adjust existing features, adjust pricing or platform offerings, or change the mix of content in a manner that is not favorably received by them, we may not be able to attract and retain subscribers. Subscribers cancel their subscription for many reasons, including due to a perception that they do not use the platform sufficiently, the need to cut household expenses, the availability of content is unsatisfactory, competitive services provide a better value or experience and customer service issues are not satisfactorily resolved. We must continually add new subscriptions both to replace canceled or expired subscriptions and to grow our business beyond our current subscription base. While we permit multiple subscribers within the same household to share a single account for non-commercial purposes, if account sharing is abused, our ability to add new subscribers may be hindered and our results of operations may be adversely impacted. If we do not grow as expected, given, in particular, that our content costs are largely contracted over several years, we may not be able to adjust our expenditures or increase our (per subscriber) revenues commensurate with the lowered growth rate such that our margins, liquidity and results of operations may be adversely impacted.
Our business, financial condition, and results of operations are also impacted by changes in the distribution strategy by the various content providers on our platform. This also impacts our ability to accurately forecast subscriber growth and revenue. Some of these changes may include the simulcasting and/or exclusive streaming of content, including sporting events that traditionally were only broadcasted on linear Pay TV, on direct-to-consumer (“DTC”) “plus services” at generally lower prices. If current or future content partners refuse to grant our subscribers access to stream certain channels or sporting events, or make their content available on their own DTC platform or our competitors’ platforms, whether exclusively or at more attractive pricing, this could adversely affect our ability to acquire and retain subscribers, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operation. In addition, if popular local sports programming, which has historically had limited carriage and distribution via regional sports networks, continues to shift to national broadcast networks and as a result continues to become more widely available on competitor platforms, including those that have not previously carried regionalized sports programming, it could adversely impact our ability to acquire this content, or to do so in cost-effective manner, or our ability to compete with current and new competitors.
If we are unable to successfully compete with current and new competitors in both retaining our existing subscribers and attracting new subscribers, our business could be adversely affected. Further, if excessive numbers of subscribers cancel our service, we may be required to incur significantly higher marketing expenditures than we currently anticipate replacing these subscribers with new subscribers.
We are actively taking steps in response to actions by competitors that we believe are harmful to competition within the industry and to consumers. For example, in February 2024, Disney, Fox and WBD announced the proposed formation of the Network JV, a forthcoming sports streaming service. As announced on February 20, 2024, we have filed an antitrust lawsuit against the parties to the Network JV and certain of their affiliates, challenging the formation of the Network JV and their past business practices on antitrust grounds, and seeking injunctive relief to stop the proposed Network JV and other practices, and damages. There can be no assurance, however, that we will be successful in this lawsuit. If we are not successful in obtaining an injunction and defendants are permitted to operate the Network JV, and/or maintain certain business practices, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
Our agreements with certain distribution partners may contain parity obligations which limit our ability to pursue unique partnerships.
Our agreements with certain distribution partners contain obligations which require us to offer them the same technical features, content, pricing and packages that we make available to our other distribution partners and also require us to provide parity in the marketing of the availability of our application across our distribution partners. These parity obligations may limit our ability to pursue technological innovation or partnerships with individual distribution partners and may limit our capacity to negotiate favorable transactions with different partners or otherwise provide improved products and services. As our technical feature developments progress at varying speeds and at different times with different distribution partners, we currently offer some enhanced technical features on distribution platforms that we do not make available on other distribution platforms, which limits the quality and uniformity of our offering to all consumers across our distribution platforms. In addition, delays in technical developments across our distribution partners puts us at risk of breaching our parity obligations with such distribution platforms, which threatens the certainty of our agreements with distribution partners.
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If we are unable to maintain an adequate supply of ad inventory on our platform, our business may be harmed.
We may fail to attract content providers that generate sufficient ad content hours on our platform and continue to grow our video ad inventory. Our business model depends on our ability to grow video ad inventory on our platform and sell it to advertisers. We grow ad inventory by adding and retaining content providers on our platform with ad-supported channels that we can monetize. If we are unable to grow and maintain a sufficient supply of quality video advertising inventory at reasonable costs to keep up with demand, our business may be harmed.
We operate in a highly competitive industry, and we compete for advertising revenue with other internet streaming platforms and services, as well as traditional media, such as radio, broadcast, cable and satellite TV and satellite and Internet radio. We may not be successful in maintaining or improving our fill-rates or CPMs.
Our competitors offer content and other advertising mediums that may be more attractive to advertisers than our TV streaming platform. These competitors are often very large and have more advertising experience and financial resources than we do, which may adversely affect our ability to compete for advertisers and may result in lower revenue from advertising. If we are unable to increase our advertising revenue by, among other things, continuing to improve our platform’s data capabilities to further optimize and measure advertisers’ campaigns, increase our advertising inventory and expand our advertising sales team and programmatic capabilities, our business and our growth prospects may be harmed. We may not be able to compete effectively or adapt to any such changes or trends, which would harm our ability to grow our advertising revenue and harm our business.
If content providers refuse to license streaming content or other rights upon terms acceptable to us, our business could be adversely affected.
Our ability to provide our subscribers with content they can watch depends on content providers and other rights holders licensing rights, including distribution rights, to such content and certain related elements thereof, such as the public performance of music contained within the content we distribute. The license periods and the terms and conditions of such licenses vary, and we may be operating outside the terms of some of our current licenses. As content providers develop their own streaming services, they may be unwilling to provide us with access to certain content, including popular series or movies. If the content providers and other rights holders are not or are no longer willing or able to license us content upon terms acceptable to us, our ability to stream content to our subscribers may be adversely affected and/or our costs could increase. Because of these provisions as well as other actions we may take, content available through our service can be withdrawn on short notice. As competition increases, we see the cost of certain programming increase.
Further, if we do not maintain a compelling mix of content, our subscriber acquisition and retention may be adversely affected.
Our content providers impose a number of restrictions on how we distribute and market our products and services, which can adversely affect our business.
A number of our major content partners impose significant restrictions on how we can distribute and market our products and services. For example, our content partners may prevent us from partnering with third party distributors and manufacturers to exploit new market opportunities or prevent us from bundling or reselling our products with third party products and services, or otherwise restrict how we might brand or market our products and services. Our content partners also impose restrictions on the content and composition of the packages we can make available to our customers and restrictions on how we might make some or all of our content available to customers (such as on a standalone basis, length of free trials/ previous or modified access or shorter form content). These restrictions may prevent us from responding dynamically to changing customer expectations or market demands or exploiting lucrative partnership opportunities. Content providers may also restrict the advertising that may be made available in connection with their content, including restrictions on the content and timing of such advertising, and restrictions on how advertising may be sold (such as a limit to sale on an aggregated, non-content specific basis only), which limits our opportunity to exploit potentially lucrative revenue streams.
Content providers may also provide their content only on a service that includes a minimum number of channels from other providers or require that we only provide their content in specific service tiers that include a specific mix of programming. Certain provisions in these agreements could become a challenge to comply with if we were to lose rights under agreements with key programmers.
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In addition, our content partners generally impose requirements on us to treat them at least as favorably as other major providers in various ways, such as equal treatment with respect to content recommendations, displays on user interfaces, the marketing and promotion of content and streaming quality standards. This may materially restrict the functionality and performance of our technology, particularly our proprietary recommendation engine. This may also prevent us from offering commercial benefits to certain content providers, limiting our capacity to negotiate favorable transactions and overall limiting our ability to provide improved products and services.
Our agreements with content providers are complex, with various rights restrictions and favorability obligations which impose onerous compliance obligations.
The content rights granted to us are complex and multi-layered and differ substantially across different content and content providers. We may be able to make certain content available on a VOD basis or on certain devices but may be restricted from doing the same with other content, sometimes even with the same content provider. We are often not able to make certain content available at certain times or in certain geographical regions. In addition, our obligations to provide equality in the treatment between certain content providers require us to continuously monitor and assess treatment of content providers and content across our products and services.
These complex restrictions and requirements impose a significant compliance burden which is costly and challenging to maintain. A failure to maintain these obligations places us at risk of breaching our agreements with content providers, which could lead to loss of content and damages claims, which would have a negative impact on our products and service and our financial position.
We face risks, such as unforeseen costs and potential liability in connection with content we acquire, produce, license and/or distribute through our service.
As a producer and distributor of content, we face potential liability for negligence, copyright and trademark infringement, or other claims based on the nature and content of materials that we acquire, produce, license and/or distribute. We also may face potential liability for content used in promoting our service, including marketing materials. We are devoting more resources toward the development, production, marketing and distribution of original programming, including Fubo Sports Network and the Maximum Effort Channel. We believe that original and exclusive programming can help differentiate our service from other offerings, enhance our brand and otherwise attract and retain subscribers. To the extent our programming does not meet our expectations, in particular, in terms of costs, viewing and popularity, our business, including our brand and results of operations may be adversely impacted. As we have expanded our original programming, we have become responsible for production costs and other expenses, such as ongoing guild payments. We also take on risks associated with production, such as completion and key talent risk, which risks were heightened during COVID-19. Further, negotiations or renewals related to entertainment industry collective bargaining agreements could negatively impact timing and costs associated with our productions. We contract with third parties related to the development, production, marketing and distribution of our original programming. We may face potential liability or may suffer significant losses in connection with these arrangements, including but not limited to if such third parties violate applicable law, become insolvent or engage in fraudulent behavior. To the extent we create and sell physical or digital merchandise relating to our programming, and/or license such rights to third parties, we could become subject to product liability, intellectual property or other claims related to such merchandise. We may decide to remove content from our service, not to place licensed or produced content on our service or discontinue or alter production of original content if we believe such content might not be well-received by our current or potential subscribers, or could be damaging to our brand or business.
To the extent we do not accurately anticipate costs or mitigate risks, including for content that we obtain but ultimately does not appear on or is removed from our service, or if we become liable for content we acquire, produce, license and/or distribute, our business may suffer. Litigation to defend these claims could be costly and the expenses and damages arising.
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If our efforts to build a strong brand and to maintain customer satisfaction and loyalty are not successful, we may not be able to attract or retain subscribers, and our business may be harmed.
Building and maintaining a strong brand is important to our ability to attract and retain subscribers, as potential subscribers have a number of TV streaming choices. Successfully building a brand is a time-consuming and comprehensive endeavor and can be positively and negatively impacted by any number of factors. Some of these factors, such as the quality or pricing of our platform or our customer service, are within our control. Other factors, such as the quality of the content that our content publishers provide, may be out of our control, yet subscribers may nonetheless attribute those factors to us. Our competitors may be able to achieve and maintain brand awareness and market share more quickly and effectively than we can. Many of our competitors are larger companies with substantial resources to devote to promoting their brands through traditional forms of advertising, such as print media and TV commercials, and have substantial resources to devote to such efforts. Our competitors may also have greater resources to utilize Internet advertising or website product placement more effectively than we can. In addition, as our current and/or future content partners continue to shift content, including sporting events, that were traditionally only broadcasted on linear Pay TV, to their own platform or our competitors’ DTC platforms, whether exclusively or at more attractive prices, it could adversely affect our ability to build and differentiate our brand and value proposition to our subscribers. If we are unable to execute on building a strong brand, differentiating our business and platform from our competitors in the marketplace, our ability to attract and retain subscribers may be adversely affected and our business may be harmed.
We rely upon a number of partners to make our service available on their devices.
We currently offer subscribers the ability to receive streaming content through a host of Internet-connected screens, including TVs, digital video players, television set-top boxes and mobile devices. Some of our agreements with key distribution partners give distribution partners the ability to terminate their carriage of our service. If we are not successful in maintaining existing and creating new relationships, or if we encounter technological, content licensing, regulatory, business or other impediments to delivering our streaming content to our subscribers via these devices, our ability to retain subscribers and grow our business could be adversely impacted.
Our business could be adversely affected if a number of our partners do not continue to provide access to our service or are unwilling to do so on terms acceptable to us, which terms may include the degree of accessibility and prominence of our service. Furthermore, devices are manufactured and sold by entities other than Fubo, and while these entities should be responsible for the devices’ performance, the connection between these devices and Fubo may nonetheless result in consumer dissatisfaction toward Fubo and such dissatisfaction could result in claims against us or otherwise adversely impact our business. In addition, technology changes to our streaming functionality may require that partners update their devices or may lead us to stop supporting the delivery of our service on certain legacy devices. If partners do not update or otherwise modify their devices, or if we discontinue support for certain devices, our service and our subscribers’ use and enjoyment could be negatively impacted.
We rely upon Google Cloud Platform and Amazon Web Services to operate certain aspects of our service, and any disruption of or interference with our use of Google Cloud Platform and/or Amazon Web Services would impact our operations and our business could be adversely impacted.
Each of Google Cloud Platform (“GCP”) and Amazon Web Services (“AWS”) provides a distributed computing infrastructure platform for business operations, or what is commonly referred to as a “cloud” computing service. We have architected our software and information technology systems so as to utilize data processing, storage capabilities and other services provided by both GCP and AWS. Currently, we run the vast majority of our computing on GCP with some key components running on AWS. Given this, along with the fact that we cannot easily switch what is specifically running now on GCP and/or AWS to another cloud provider, any disruption of or interference with our use of GCP and/or AWS would impact our operations, and our business could be adversely impacted. Google (through YouTube TV) and, to a lesser extent, Amazon (through Amazon Prime) compete with us and, if Google or Amazon were to use GCP or AWS, respectively, in such a manner as to gain competitive advantage against our service, it could harm our business.
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Risks Related to Our Financial Reporting and Disclosure
If we may identify material weaknesses in the future or otherwise fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, investors could lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports.
As a public company, we are required to maintain internal control over financial reporting and to report any material weaknesses in such internal control. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires that we evaluate and determine the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. This assessment includes disclosure of any material weaknesses identified by our management in our internal control over financial reporting. Our independent registered public accounting firm is required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting.
The process of designing and implementing internal control over financial reporting required to comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act is time-consuming, costly, and complicated. If during the evaluation and testing process we identify one or more material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, our management will be unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective. Even if our management concludes that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, our independent registered public accounting firm may conclude that there are material weaknesses with respect to our internal controls or the level at which our internal controls are documented, designed, implemented, or reviewed. If we are unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an opinion as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, the market price of our common stock could be adversely affected and we could become subject to litigation or investigations by the stock exchange on which our securities are listed, the SEC or other regulatory authorities, which could require additional financial and management resources.
Our key metrics and other estimates are subject to inherent challenges in measurement, and real or perceived inaccuracies in those metrics may seriously harm and negatively affect our reputation and our business.
We regularly review key metrics related to the operation of our business, including but not limited to average revenue per user, and number of subscribers, to evaluate growth trends, measure our performance, and make strategic decisions. These metrics are calculated using internal company data and have not been validated by an independent third party. While these numbers are based on what we believe to be reasonable estimates of our subscriber base for the applicable period of measurement, there are inherent challenges in measuring how our platform is used across large populations.
Errors or inaccuracies in our metrics or data could result in incorrect business decisions and inefficiencies. For instance, if a significant understatement or overstatement of subscribers were to occur, we may expend resources to implement unnecessary business measures or fail to take required actions to attract a sufficient number of subscribers to satisfy our growth strategies.
In addition, advertisers generally rely on third-party measurement services to calculate our metrics, and these third-party measurement services may not reflect our true audience. If advertisers, partners, or investors do not perceive our subscriber, geographic, or other demographic metrics to be accurate representations of our subscriber base, or if we discover material inaccuracies in our subscriber, geographic, or other demographic metrics, our reputation may be seriously harmed, and our business and operating results could be materially and adversely affected.
Preparing and forecasting our financial results requires us to make judgments and estimates which may differ materially from actual results, and if our operating and financial performance does not meet the guidance that we provide to the public, the market price of our common stock may decline.
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reported periods. We base such estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, but actual results may differ from these estimates. Using such estimates has the potential to negatively impact the results we report which could negatively impact our stock price.
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In addition, from time to time, we release guidance regarding our future performance. Such guidance is based upon a number of assumptions and estimates that, although presented with numerical specificity, are inherently subject to business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control and are based upon specific assumptions with respect to future business decisions, some of which will change. Any such guidance will be composed of forward-looking statements subject to the risks and uncertainties described in this Annual Report and in our other public filings and public statements. Our actual results may not always be in line with or exceed, and could differ materially from, any guidance we have provided, especially in times of economic uncertainty such as the current environment. If, in the future, our operating or financial results for a particular period do not meet any guidance we provide or the expectations of investment analysts, or if we reduce our guidance for future periods, the market price of our common stock may decline.
Impairment in the carrying value of goodwill or long-lived assets could negatively affect our operating results.
We have a significant amount of goodwill and long-lived assets on our condensed consolidated balance sheet. Under generally accepted accounting principles, annually, and upon the identification of a triggering event, management is required to perform an evaluation of the recoverability of goodwill and long-lived assets. Triggering events potentially warranting an interim goodwill impairment test include, among other factors, declines in historical or projected revenue, operating income or cash flows, and sustained declines in the Company’s stock price or market capitalization, considered both in absolute terms and relative to peers. If business conditions or other factors cause profitability and cash flows to decline, we may be required to record non-cash impairment charges. If the carrying value of our reporting unit exceeds the current fair value, the goodwill is considered impaired and is reduced to fair value by a non-cash charge to earnings. The Company evaluates long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their net book value may not be recoverable. When such factors and circumstances exist, the Company compares the projected undiscounted future cash flows associated with the related asset or group of assets over their estimated useful lives against their respective carrying amount. Impairment, if any, is based on the excess of the carrying amount over the fair value, based on market value when available, or discounted expected cash flows, of those assets and is recorded in the period in which the determination is made.
In August 2022, the Company initiated a strategic review of Fubo Sportsbook, and in October 2022 ceased operations of Fubo Sportsbook in connection with the dissolution of Fubo Gaming. As a result, the Company recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $87.4 million for the wagering segment during the year ended December 31, 2022. The impairment charge represented all of the goodwill and long-lived assets of Fubo Sportsbook.
While management cannot predict if or when additional future goodwill or long-lived asset impairments may occur, additional impairments could have material adverse effects on the Company’s operating income, net assets, and/or the Company’s cost of, or access to, capital.
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Risks Related to Our Products and Technologies
TV streaming is highly competitive and many companies, including large technology and entertainment companies, TV brands, and service operators, are actively focusing on this industry. If we fail to differentiate ourselves and compete successfully with these companies, it will be difficult for us to attract or retain subscribers and our business will be harmed.
TV streaming is increasingly competitive and global. Our success depends in part on attracting and retaining subscribers on, and effective monetization of, our platform. To attract and retain subscribers, we need to be able to respond efficiently to changes in consumer tastes and preferences and to further increase the type and number of content offerings. Effective monetization requires us to continue to update the features and functionality of our streaming platform for subscribers and advertisers.
Companies such as AT&T, Comcast, Cox and Altice, along with virtual multichannel video programming distributors, such as YouTube TV, Hulu Live and Sling TV, offer TV streaming products that compete with our platform. In many cases, these competitors have the financial resources to subsidize the cost of their streaming services in order to promote their other products and services making it harder for us to acquire new subscribers and increase hours streamed. Similarly, some service operators, such as Comcast and Altice, offer TV streaming applications as part of their cable service plans and can leverage their existing consumer bases, installation networks, broadband delivery networks and name recognition to gain traction in the TV streaming market. Some of these companies also promote their brands through traditional forms of advertising, such as TV commercials, as well as Internet advertising or website product placement, and have greater resources than us to devote to such efforts.
In addition, many TV manufacturers, such as LG Electronics Inc., Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. and VIZIO, Inc., offer their own TV streaming solutions pre-installed on their TVs. Other devices, such as Microsoft’s Xbox and Sony’s PlayStation game consoles and many DVD and Blu-ray players, also incorporate TV streaming functionality.
We expect competition in TV streaming from the large technology companies and service operators described above, as well as new and growing companies, to increase in the future. This increased competition could result in pricing pressure, lower revenue or the failure of our platform to gain or maintain broad market acceptance. To remain competitive, we need to continuously invest in product development and marketing. We may not have sufficient resources to make additional investments needed to maintain our competitive position. In addition, many of our competitors have longer operating histories, greater name recognition, larger customer bases and significantly greater financial, technical, sales, marketing and other resources than us, which provide them with advantages in developing, marketing or servicing new products and offerings. As a result, they may be able to respond more quickly to market demand, devote greater resources to the development, promotion and sales of their products or the distribution of their content, and influence market acceptance of their products better than we can. These competitors may also be able to adapt more quickly to new or emerging technologies or standards and may be able to deliver products and services at a lower cost. New entrants may enter the TV streaming market with unique service offerings or approaches to providing video. In addition, our competitors may enter into business combinations or alliances that strengthen their competitive positions. Increased competition could reduce our market share, revenue and operating margins, increase our operating costs, harm our competitive position and otherwise harm our business.
If the advertisements and audience development campaigns and other promotional advertising on our platform are not relevant or not engaging to our subscribers, our growth in subscribers, advertisers and hours streamed may be adversely impacted.
We have made, and are continuing to make, investments to enable advertisers to deliver relevant advertising content to subscribers on our platform. Existing and prospective advertisers may not be successful in serving ads and audience development campaigns and sponsoring other promotional advertising that lead to and maintain user engagement. Those ads may seem irrelevant, repetitive or overly targeted and intrusive. We are continuously seeking to balance the objectives of our subscribers and advertisers with our desire to provide an optimal user experience, but we may not be successful in achieving a balance that continues to attract and retain subscribers and advertisers. If we do not introduce relevant advertisements, audience development campaigns and other promotional advertising or such advertisements, audience development campaigns and other promotional advertising are overly intrusive and impede the use of our TV streaming platform, our subscribers may stop using our platform which will harm our business.
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Our future growth depends on the acceptance and growth of OTT advertising and OTT advertising platforms.
We operate in a highly competitive advertising industry and we compete for revenue from advertising with other streaming platforms and services, as well as traditional media, such as radio, broadcast, cable and satellite TV, and satellite and internet radio. These competitors offer content and other advertising mediums that may be more attractive to advertisers than our streaming platform. These competitors are often very large and have more advertising experience and financial resources than we do, which may adversely affect our ability to compete for advertisers and may result in lower revenue from advertising. If we are unable to increase our revenue from advertising by, among other things, continuing to improve our platform’s capabilities to further optimize and measure advertisers’ campaigns, increase our advertising inventory and expand our advertising sales team and programmatic capabilities, our business and our growth prospects may be harmed. We may not be able to compete effectively or adapt to any such changes or trends, which would harm our ability to grow our advertising revenue and harm our business.
Many advertisers continue to devote a substantial portion of their advertising budgets to traditional advertising, such as linear TV, radio and print. The future growth of our business depends on the growth of OTT advertising, and on advertisers increasing their spend on advertising on our platform. Although traditional TV advertisers have showed growing interest in OTT advertising, we cannot be certain that their interest will continue to increase or that they will not revert to traditional TV advertising, especially if our customers no longer stream TV or significantly reduce the amount of TV they stream. If advertisers, or their agency relationships, do not perceive meaningful benefits of OTT advertising, the market may develop more slowly than we expect, which could adversely impact our operating results and our ability to grow our business.
We may not be successful at expanding our content to areas outside our current content offering and even if we are able to expand into other content areas and sustain such expansion, we may not be successful in overcoming our reputation as primarily a live sports streaming service.
We currently have a reputation as primarily a live sports streaming service. We are making efforts to expand our content offerings outside live sports streaming, and currently offer a wide selection of news and entertainment content. However, we may not be successful at expanding our content to areas outside our current content offering, or maintaining content from our current content offering, and even if we are able to expand into other content areas and sustain such expansion, we may not be successful in overcoming our reputation as primarily a live sports streaming service.
If TV streaming develops more slowly than we expect, our operating results and growth prospects could be harmed. In addition, our future growth depends in part on the growth of TV streaming advertising.
TV streaming is a relatively new and rapidly evolving industry, making our business and prospects difficult to evaluate. The growth and profitability of this industry and the level of demand and market acceptance for our platform are subject to a high degree of uncertainty.
We believe that the continued growth of streaming as an entertainment alternative will depend on the availability and growth of cost-effective broadband Internet service, the quality of broadband content delivery, the quality and reliability of new devices and technology, the cost for subscribers relative to other sources of content, as well as the quality and breadth of content that is delivered across streaming platforms. These technologies, products and content offerings continue to emerge and evolve. Subscribers, content publishers or advertisers may find TV streaming platforms to be less attractive than traditional TV, which would harm our business. In addition, many advertisers continue to devote a substantial portion of their advertising budgets to traditional advertising, such as TV, radio and print. The future growth of our business depends in part on the growth of TV streaming advertising, and on advertisers increasing spend on such advertising. We cannot be certain that they will do so. If advertisers do not perceive meaningful benefits of TV streaming advertising, then this market may develop more slowly than we expect, which could adversely impact our operating results and our ability to grow our business.
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Changes in competitive offerings for entertainment video, including the potential rapid adoption of piracy-based video offerings, could adversely impact our business.
The market for entertainment video is intensely competitive and subject to rapid change. Through new and existing distribution channels, consumers have increasing options to access entertainment video. The various economic models underlying these channels include subscription, transactional, ad-supported, and piracy-based models. All of these have the potential to capture meaningful segments of the entertainment video market. Piracy in particular, threatens to damage our business, as its fundamental proposition to consumers is so compelling and difficult to compete against: virtually all content for free. Furthermore, in light of the compelling consumer proposition, piracy services are subject to rapid global growth. Traditional providers of entertainment video, including broadcasters and cable network operators, as well as Internet based e-commerce or entertainment video providers are increasing their streaming video offerings.
Several of these competitors have long operating histories, large customer bases, strong brand recognition, exclusive rights to certain content and significant financial, marketing and other resources. They may secure better terms from suppliers, adopt more aggressive pricing and devote more resources to product development, technology, infrastructure, content acquisitions and marketing. New entrants may enter the market or existing providers may adjust their services with unique offerings or approaches to providing entertainment video. Companies also may enter into business combinations or alliances that strengthen their competitive positions. If we are unable to successfully compete with current and new competitors, our business could be materially and adversely affected, and we may not be able to increase or maintain market share or revenues.
Our products and services related to sports wagering subjected our business to a variety of related gaming laws, many of which are unsettled and still developing, and which could subject us to claims or otherwise harm our business. The violation of any such laws, any adverse change in any such laws or their interpretation, or the regulatory climate applicable to these products and services, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
While Fubo Gaming dissolved and ceased operation of Fubo Sportsbook in October 2022, Fubo Gaming had launched the Fubo Sportsbook app in Iowa and Arizona during the fourth quarter of 2021, and in New Jersey during the third quarter of 2022. Expansion of our business into sports wagering, including through third-party partnerships, has generally subjected us to the laws and regulations of the jurisdictions in which we conducted our business or in some circumstances, of those jurisdictions in which our services were offered or were available, as well as the general laws and regulations that apply to all e-commerce businesses, such as those related to the privacy and security of personal information, tax and consumer protection and, potentially, any additional laws and regulations that may impact our business partners. These laws and regulations vary from one jurisdiction to another. We may to some extent again become subject to these laws and regulations to the extent we were to engage in gaming operations or otherwise partner with a third party subject to these laws and regulations in the future.
In connection with the foregoing, future legislative and regulatory action, and court decisions or other governmental action, may have a material adverse impact on our operations and financial results. Governmental authorities could view us as having violated applicable laws, despite efforts to obtain all applicable licenses or approvals and otherwise comply with such laws. There is also a risk that civil and criminal proceedings, including class actions brought by or on behalf of prosecutors or public entities or incumbent monopoly providers, or private individuals, could be initiated against us, Internet service providers, credit card and other payment processors, advertisers and others involved in the sports wagering industry who partnered with, serviced or worked with or for us. Such potential proceedings could involve substantial litigation expense, penalties, fines, seizure of assets, injunctions or other restrictions being imposed upon us or our licensees or other business partners, while diverting the attention of key executives. Such proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects, as well as impact our reputation.
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If the technology we use in operating our business fails, is unavailable, or does not operate to expectations, our business and results of operation could be adversely impacted.
We utilize a combination of proprietary and third-party technology to operate our business. This includes the technology that we have developed to recommend and merchandise content to our consumers as well as enable fast and efficient delivery of content to our subscribers and their various consumer electronic devices. For example, as part of the content delivery systems, we use third-party content delivery networks (“CDNs”). To the extent Internet Service Providers (“ISPs”) do not interconnect with our CDN or charge us to access their networks, or if we experience difficulties in our CDN’s operation, our ability to efficiently and effectively deliver our streaming content to our subscribers could be adversely impacted and our business and results of operation could be adversely affected.
Likewise, our system for predicting subscriber content preferences is based on advanced data analytics systems and our proprietary algorithms. We have invested, and plan to continue to invest, significant resources in refining these technologies; however, we cannot assure you that such investments will yield an attractive return or that such refinements will be effective. The effectiveness of our ability to predict subscriber content preferences depends in part on our ability to gather and effectively analyze large amounts of subscriber data. Our ability to predict content that our subscribers enjoy is critical to the perceived value of our platform among subscribers and failure to make accurate predictions could materially adversely affect our ability to adequately attract and retain subscribers and sell advertising to meet investor expectations for growth or to generate revenue. We also utilize third-party technology to help market our service, process payments, and otherwise manage the daily operations of our business. If our technology or that of third parties we utilize in our operations fails or otherwise operates improperly, including as a result of “bugs” in our development and deployment of software, our ability to operate our service, retain existing subscribers and add new subscribers may be impaired. Any harm to our subscribers’ personal computers or other devices caused by software used in our operations could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We rely on third-party providers to validate the identity and identify the location of our users, and if such providers fail to perform adequately, provide accurate information or we do not maintain business relationships with them, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.
There is no guarantee that the third-party geolocation and identity verification systems that we rely on will perform adequately or be effective. We rely on our geolocation and identity verification systems to ensure we are in compliance with certain laws and regulations, and any service disruption to those systems would prohibit us from operating our offerings and could adversely affect our business. Additionally, incorrect or misleading geolocation and identity verification data with respect to current or potential users received from third-party service providers may result in us inadvertently allowing access to our offerings to individuals who should not be permitted to access them, or otherwise inadvertently deny access to individuals who should be able to access our offerings, in each case based on inaccurate identity or geographic location determination. Our third-party geolocation services provider relies on its ability to obtain information necessary to determine geolocation from mobile devices, operating systems, and other sources. Changes, disruptions or temporary or permanent failure to access such sources by our third-party services providers may result in their inability to accurately determine the location of our users. Moreover, our inability to maintain our existing contracts with third-party services providers, or to replace them with equivalent third parties, may result in our inability to access geolocation and identity verification data necessary for our day-to-day operations. If any of these risks materializes, we may be subject to disciplinary action, fines, lawsuits, and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.
We may face risks associated with our use of certain artificial intelligence and machine learning models.
Our business utilizes internally developed and third party artificial intelligence ("AI") and machine learning technologies, including in connection with offering interactive functionality on our platform. In December 2021, we completed the acquisition of Edisn, an AI-powered computer vision platform with patent-pending video recognition technologies based in Bangalore, India. We are, and plan in the future, to evaluate the further investment in and/or use artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies, including potential utilization by our business. As with many technological innovations, artificial intelligence presents risks and challenges that could affect our ability to effectively use such technologies, and therefore our business. If our AI tools are inadequately or incorrectly designed, improperly trained or used, or the data used to train them is incomplete, inadequate or biased in some way, our use of AI may inadvertently reduce our efficiency or cause unintentional or unexpected outputs that are incorrect, do not match our business goals, do not comply with our policies or standards or adversely affect our financial condition, business and reputation.
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Artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies are complex and rapidly evolving, and we face significant competition from other companies in our industry as well as an evolving regulatory landscape. These efforts, including the introduction of new products or changes to existing products, may result in new or enhanced governmental or regulatory scrutiny, litigation, ethical concerns, or other complications that could adversely affect our business, reputation, or financial results. Changes to existing regulations, their interpretation or implementation or new regulations could impede our use of artificial intelligence and machine learning technology and also may increase the burden and cost of research and development in this area. For example, in Europe, on December 8, 2023, the EU legislators reached a political agreement on the EU Artificial Intelligence Act (“EU AI Act”), which establishes a comprehensive, risk-based governance framework for artificial intelligence in the EU market. The EU AI Act is expected to enter into force in 2024, and the majority of the substantive requirements will apply two years later. The EU AI Act will apply to companies that develop, use and/ or provide artificial intelligence in the EU and includes requirements around transparency, conformity assessments and monitoring, risk assessments, human oversight, security, accuracy, general purpose artificial intelligence and foundation models, and proposes fines for breach of up to 7% of worldwide annual turnover. In addition, on 28 September 2022, the European Commission proposed two Directives seeking to establish a harmonized civil liability regime for artificial intelligence in the EU, in order to facilitate civil claims in respect of harm caused by artificial intelligence and to include artificial intelligence-enabled products within the scope of the EU’s existing strict liability regime. Once fully applicable, the EU AI Act will have a material impact on the way artificial intelligence is regulated in the EU, and together with developing guidance and/ or decisions in this area, may affect our use of artificial intelligence and our ability to provide and to improve our services, require additional compliance measures and changes to our operations and processes, result in increased compliance costs and potential increases in civil claims against us, and could adversely affect our business, operations and financial condition. In addition to regulatory developments, there is an increase in litigation in a number of jurisdictions, including the United States, relating to the use of artificial intelligence, particularly generative artificial intelligence. In addition, market acceptance of artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies is uncertain, and we may be unsuccessful in our product development efforts. Any of these factors and regulatory developments, and together with developing guidance and/ or decisions in this area, could adversely affect our use of artificial intelligence and our ability to provide and to improve our services, our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Risks Related to Regulation
We will be subject to regulatory investigations, which could cause us to incur substantial costs or require us to change our business practices in a materially adverse manner.
We expect to receive formal and informal inquiries from government authorities and regulators from time to time, including securities authorities, tax authorities and, potentially, gaming regulators, regarding our compliance with laws and other matters. We expect to continue to be the subject of investigations and audits in the future as we continue to grow and expand our operations. Violation of existing or future regulatory orders or consent decrees could subject us to substantial monetary fines and other penalties providing a negative effect on our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, there is a possibility that future orders issued by, or inquiries or enforcement actions initiated by, government or regulatory authorities may cause us to incur substantial costs, expose us to unanticipated civil and criminal liability or penalties, or require us to change our business practices that may have materially adverse effects to our business.
If government regulations relating to the Internet or other areas of our business change, we may need to alter the manner in which we conduct our business and we may incur greater operating expenses.
We are subject to general business regulations and laws, as well as regulations and laws specific to the Internet, which may include laws and regulations related to user privacy, data protection, information security, consumer protection, payment processing, taxation, intellectual property, electronic contracts, Internet access and content restrictions. We cannot guarantee that we have been or will be fully compliant in every jurisdiction. Litigation and regulatory proceedings are inherently uncertain, and the laws and regulations governing issues such as privacy, payment processing, taxation and consumer protection related to the Internet continue to develop.
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As our streaming service and others like us gain traction in the United States and international markets, governments are increasingly looking to introduce new or extend legacy regulations to these services, in particular those related to broadcast media and tax. For example, in 2023 and 2024 Congress has held several hearings regarding the potential expansion of the Federal Communications Commission’s (“FCC”) regulations governing traditional Pay TV providers, such as cable and satellite providers, to include virtual multichannel video programming distributors (“vMVPDs”) that offer linear programming. Any such expansion or changes to the laws or regulations governing vMVPDs could adversely impact our business. In addition, European law enables individual member states to impose levies and other financial obligations on media operators located outside their jurisdiction. Several jurisdictions have and others may, over time, impose financial and regulatory obligations on us. In addition, the continued growth and development of the market for online commerce may lead to more stringent consumer protection laws, which may impose additional burdens on us. If we are required to comply with new regulations or legislation or new interpretations of existing regulations or legislation, this compliance could cause us to incur additional expenses or alter our business model.
Laws relating to the liability of providers of online services for activities of their subscribers and other third parties have been tested by a number of claims, including actions based on invasion of privacy and other torts, unfair competition, copyright and trademark infringement, and other theories based on the nature and content of the materials searched, the advertisements posted, or the content provided by subscribers. In some instances, we have certain protections against claims related to such subscriber or third-party generated content, including defamatory content. Specifically, in the United States, Section 230 of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended by the Communications Decency Act (“Section 230”), limits the liability of providers of interactive computer services with respect to claims arising from content generated by a subscriber or third party. The scope of liability protection available to interactive computer service providers under Section 230 has been well-established through case law. On a regular basis, however, parties in litigation seek to limit the scope of immunity under Section 230, and government officials and others propose to eliminate or reduce existing liability protections under Section 230 via legislation. In 2023, the U.S. Supreme Court was presented with the opportunity to address the scope of protection available to interactive computer service providers under Section 230 in circumstances where such providers recommend content to users. The Court ultimately declined to rule on this issue, however, thereby leaving intact the current scope of protection to which interactive computer service providers are entitled under Section 230. Any future changes to the scope of liability protection available to providers of interactive computer services could affect our ability to claim protection under Section 230.
Moreover, as Internet commerce and advertising continues to evolve, increasing regulation by federal, state and foreign regulatory authorities becomes more likely. For example, California’s Automatic Renewal Law requires companies to adhere to enhanced disclosure requirements when entering into automatically renewing contracts with consumers. Other states have enacted similar laws in recent years. As a result, a wave of consumer class action lawsuits has been brought against companies that offer online products and services on a subscription or recurring basis, and we have received a letter alleging that we may have violated such a law. Any failure, or perceived failure, by us to comply with any of these laws or regulations could result in damage to our reputation, lost business, and proceedings or actions against us by governmental entities or others, which could impact our operating results. As we improve our TV streaming platform, we may also be subject to new laws and regulations specific to such technologies.
We are subject to payment processing risk.
Acceptance and processing of payments are subject to certain rules and regulations, including additional authentication and security requirements for certain payment methods, and require payment of interchange and other fees. To the extent there are increases in payment processing fees, material changes in the payment ecosystem, such as large re-issuances of payment cards, delays in receiving payments from payment processors, changes to rules or regulations concerning payments, loss of payment partners and/or disruptions or failures in the operations or security of our payment processing systems, partner systems or payment products, including products we use to update payment information, our revenue, operating expenses and results of operation could be adversely impacted.
We may be subject to fines or other penalties imposed by the Internal Revenue Service and other tax authorities.
Certain of our subsidiaries are currently delinquent in filing annual tax returns with the Internal Revenue Service and several states. Although we do not believe taxes are due, we may be subject to penalties and interest by the tax authorities because of the late tax returns. There can be no assurance that we will remedy our delinquent filings sufficiently, and we may face penalties and fees which could adversely affect our operating results and investors’ confidence in our internal operations.
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We could be required to collect additional sales and other similar taxes or be subject to other tax liabilities that may increase the costs our customers would have to pay for our subscriptions and adversely affect our operating results.
Sales, value-added, goods and services, and similar tax laws are complicated and vary greatly by jurisdiction. Although the vast majority of states have considered or adopted laws that impose collection obligations on out-of-state companies for such taxes, there is significant uncertainty as to what constitutes sufficient nexus for a state or local jurisdiction to levy taxes, fees, and surcharges for sales made over the internet, as well as whether our subscriptions are subject to tax in various jurisdictions. Additionally, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc. et. al. (Wayfair) that online sellers can be required to collect sales tax despite not having a physical presence in the buyer’s state. In response to Wayfair, or otherwise, states or local governments may enforce laws requiring us to calculate, collect, and remit taxes on sales in their jurisdictions. We have not always collected sales and other similar taxes in all jurisdictions in which we are required to. We may be obligated to collect and remit sales tax in jurisdictions in which we have not previously collected and remitted sales tax. A successful assertion by one or more states requiring us to collect taxes where we historically have not or presently do not do so could result in substantial tax liabilities, including taxes on past sales, as well as penalties and interest. The imposition by state governments or local governments of sales tax collection obligations on out-of-state sellers could also create additional administrative burdens for us and decrease our future sales, which could adversely affect our business and operating results.
We are subject to taxation-related risks in multiple jurisdictions.
We are a U.S.-based multinational company subject to tax in multiple U.S. and foreign tax jurisdictions. Judgment is required in determining our global provision for income taxes, value added and other similar taxes, deferred tax assets or liabilities and in evaluating our tax positions on a worldwide basis. It is possible that our tax positions may be challenged by jurisdictional tax authorities, which may have a significant impact on our global provision for income taxes.
Tax laws are being re-examined and evaluated globally. New laws and interpretations of the law are taken into account for financial statement purposes in the quarter or year that they become applicable. Tax authorities are increasingly scrutinizing the tax positions of multinational companies. If U.S. or other foreign tax authorities change applicable tax laws, our overall liability could increase, and our business, financial condition or results of operations may be adversely impacted. In addition, the U.S. government may enact significant changes to the taxation of business entities including, among others, an increase in the corporate income tax rate. Recently, the U.S. enacted the Inflation Reduction Act, which, among other changes, introduced a 15% corporate minimum tax on certain United States corporations and a 1% excise tax on certain stock redemptions by United States corporations. Furthermore, governmental agencies in domestic and international jurisdictions in which we and our affiliates do business, as well as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, have recently focused on issues related to the taxation of multinational corporations (such as “base erosion and profit shifting”) and proposed potential changes to existing legislation (such as the imposition of minimum taxes). We are currently unable to predict whether such changes will occur and, if so, the ultimate impact on our business.
Risks Related to Our Operations
We could be subject to claims or have liability based on defects with respect to certain historical corporate transactions that were not properly authorized or documented.
We have determined that there have been defects with respect to certain historical corporate transactions relating to FaceBank Group, Inc., including transactions that were not or may not have been properly approved by our board of directors, transactions that may have breached our organizational documents, or transactions that may not have been adequately documented.
While we have attempted to narrow potential future claims by taking certain remedial corporate actions, the scope of liability with respect to such defects is uncertain and we cannot be sure that these actions will entirely remediate these defects or that we will not receive claims in the future from other persons asserting rights to shares of our capital stock, to stock options, or to amounts owed under other equity or debt instruments or investment contracts. To the extent any such claims are successful, the claims could result in dilution to existing shareholders, payments by us to note holders or security holders, us having to comply with registration or other investor rights, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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Legal proceedings could cause us to incur unforeseen expenses and could occupy a significant amount of our management’s time and attention.
From time to time, we may be subject to litigation or claims that could negatively affect our business operations and financial position. We may face allegations or litigation related to our acquisitions, securities issuances, business practices or other strategic decisions. For example, putative class action lawsuits have been filed by certain of our shareholders against us and certain of our officers and directors alleging certain violations of the federal securities laws in connection with certain statements we have made regarding our business and financial condition. In addition, certain of our shareholders have filed related derivative lawsuits against certain of our officers and directors alleging certain federal securities law violations and that the officers and directors breached their fiduciary duties and committed corporate waste. The securities class action litigations described above remain pending; however, the derivative lawsuits were dismissed with prejudice in June 2021. Further, following the dissolution of Fubo Gaming in October 2022, we have received communications from several commercial partners of Fubo Gaming, alleging breach by Fubo Gaming of applicable agreements. Certain of these parties have also asserted that the Company is responsible for Fubo Gaming’s debts, such as by matter of law or through guaranty of Fubo Gaming’s obligations under applicable agreements. On May 2, 2023, one such party (comprising two related plaintiff entities, Dynamo Stadium, LLC and Dynamo Soccer, LLC) filed Demands for Arbitration with the AAA against Fubo Gaming, alleging breaches by Fubo Gaming of a sports betting agreement and a sponsorship agreement, as well as against the Company for alleged guaranty obligations under the sports betting agreement. On February 5, 2024, the AAA dismissed the arbitration relating to the sponsorship agreement, and, on February 27, 2024, the AAA dismissed without prejudice the arbitration relating to the sports betting agreement. Additional allegations, or litigation, may arise in the future related to the dissolution of Fubo Gaming, including potential breach of contract claims by other commercial partners of Fubo Gaming or claims related to guarantees by the Company of Fubo Gaming’s contractual obligations.
In addition, from time to time, we may pursue litigation against third parties, including antitrust claims in response to actions by certain competitors that we believe are harmful to competition within the industry and to consumers. For example, on February 20, 2022, we filed a lawsuit against the parties to the Network JV and certain of their affiliates, challenging the formation of the Network JV and the parties' past business practices on anticompetitive grounds, and seeking injunctive relief to stop the proposed Network JV and other practices, as well as damages.
Litigation disputes, including the disputes we are currently facing and/or pursuing, could cause us to incur unforeseen expenses, result in content unavailability, and otherwise occupy a significant amount of our management’s time and attention, any of which could negatively affect our business operations and financial position. While the ultimate outcome of investigations, inquiries, information requests and related legal proceedings is difficult to predict, such matters can be expensive, time-consuming and distracting, and adverse resolutions or settlements of those matters may result in, among other things, modification of our business practices, reputational harm or costs and significant payments, any of which could negatively affect our business operations and financial position.
The quality of our customer support is important to our subscribers, and if we fail to provide adequate levels of customer support, we could lose subscribers, which would harm our business.
Our subscribers depend on our customer support organization to resolve any issues relating to our platform, including pricing, product and technical issues. A high level of support is necessary to acquire and retain our customers. As we currently, or in the future, migrate from one business process outsourcing ("BPO") provider and/or location to new third party providers and/or geographies, we are presented with the challenges of effectively transitioning and ramping up new BPO operations and locations, while closing and phasing out existing operations. This presents a significant challenge and risk to our overall ability in the short term to provide the level of customer support necessary and could adversely affect our ability to service new and current subscribers, which in turn could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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We may be unable to successfully expand our international operations and our international expansion plans, if implemented, will subject us to a variety of economic, political, regulatory and other risks.
We currently generate the vast majority of our revenue in the United States and have limited experience marketing, selling, licensing, running or monetizing our platform outside the United States. In addition, we have limited experience managing the administrative aspects of a global organization.
Outside of the United States, we operate in Canada, Spain, and, through our acquisition of Molotov, we also operate in France. We also have offices and employees based in India through our acquisition of Edisn Inc. in December 2021. While we intend to explore additional opportunities to expand our business in international markets in which we see compelling opportunities, we may not be able to create or maintain international market demand for our platform.
Operating in international markets requires significant resources and management attention and subjects us to economic, political, regulatory and other risks that may be different from or incremental to those in the United States. In addition to the risks that we face in the United States, our international operations involve risks that could adversely affect our business, including:
•differing legal and regulatory requirements, including country-specific data privacy and security laws and regulations, consumer protection laws and regulations, tax laws, trade laws, labor regulations, tariffs, export quotas, custom duties on cross-border movements of goods or data flows, extension of limits on TV advertising minutes to OTT advertising, local content requirements, data or data processing localization requirements, or other trade restrictions;
•slower adoption and acceptance of streaming services in other countries;
•the need to adapt our content and user interfaces for specific cultural and language differences, including delivering support and training documentation in languages other than English;
•our ability to deliver or provide access to popular streaming channels or content to users in certain international markets;
•different or unique competitive pressures as a result of, among other things, the presence of local consumer electronics companies and the greater availability of free content on over-the-air channels in certain countries, such as France;
•challenges inherent in efficiently staffing and managing an increased number of employees over large geographic distances, including the need to implement appropriate systems, policies, compensation and benefits, and compliance programs;
•political or social unrest, including the ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine, conflicts in the Middle East and economic instability;
•compliance with laws such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, UK Bribery Act and other anti-corruption laws, export controls and economic sanctions, and local laws prohibiting corrupt payments to government officials;
•compliance with various privacy, data transfer, data protection, accessibility, consumer protection and child protection laws in the EU and other international markets that we operate in;
•difficulties in understanding and complying with local laws, regulations and customs in foreign jurisdictions, including local ownership requirements for streaming content providers and laws and regulations relating to privacy, data protection and information security, and the risks and costs of non-compliance with such laws, regulations and customs;
•regulatory requirements or government action against our service, whether in response to enforcement of actual or purported legal and regulatory requirements or otherwise, that results in disruption or non-availability of our service or particular content in the applicable jurisdiction;
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•adverse tax consequences such as those related to changes in tax laws or tax rates or their interpretations, and the related application of judgment in determining our global provision for income taxes, deferred tax assets or liabilities or other tax liabilities given the ultimate tax determination is uncertain;
•differing legal and court systems, including limited or unfavorable intellectual property protection;
•fluctuations in currency exchange rates could impact our revenue and expenses of our international operations and expose us to foreign currency exchange rate risk;
•profit repatriation and other restrictions on the transfer of funds;
•differing payment processing systems;
•working capital constraints; and
•new and different sources of competition.
If we invest substantial time and resources to expand our international operations and are unable to do so successfully and in a timely manner, our business and financial condition may be harmed. Our failure to manage any of these risks successfully could harm our international operations and our overall business and results of our operations.
Our operations outside the U.S. may be adversely affected by the operation of laws in those jurisdictions.
Our operations in non-U.S. jurisdictions are in many cases subject to the laws of the jurisdictions in which they operate rather than U.S. law. Laws in some jurisdictions differ in significant respects from those in the U.S. These differences can affect our ability to react to changes in our business, and our rights or ability to enforce rights may be different than would be expected under U.S. law. Moreover, enforcement of laws in some overseas jurisdictions can be inconsistent and unpredictable, which can affect both our ability to enforce our rights and to undertake activities that we believe are beneficial to our business. In addition, the business and political climate in some jurisdictions may encourage corruption, which could reduce our ability to compete successfully in those jurisdictions while remaining in compliance with local laws or U.S. anti-corruption laws applicable to our businesses. As a result, our ability to generate revenue and our expenses in non-U.S. jurisdictions may differ from what would be expected if U.S. law governed these operations.
We depend on highly skilled key personnel to operate our business, and if we are unable to attract, retain, and motivate qualified personnel, our ability to develop and successfully grow our business could be harmed.
We believe that our future success is highly dependent on the talents and contributions of Edgar Bronfman, our Executive Chairman, David Gandler, our Co-Founder and Chief Executive Officer, other members of our executive team, and other key employees, such as engineering, finance, legal, research and development, marketing, and sales personnel. Our future success depends on our continuing ability to attract, develop, motivate, and retain highly qualified and skilled employees. All of our employees, including our senior management, are free to terminate their employment relationship with us at any time, and their knowledge of our business and industry may be difficult to replace. Qualified individuals are in high demand, particularly in the digital media industry, and we may incur significant costs to attract them. We use equity awards to attract talented employees, but if the value of our common stock declines significantly and remains depressed, that may prevent us from recruiting and retaining qualified employees. If we are unable to attract and retain our senior management and key employees, we may not be able to achieve our strategic objectives, and our business could be harmed. In addition, we believe that our key executives have developed highly successful and effective working relationships. We cannot ensure that we will be able to retain the services of any members of our senior management or other key employees. If one or more of these individuals leave, we may not be able to fully integrate new executives or replicate the current dynamic and working relationships that have developed among our senior management and other key personnel, and our operations could suffer.
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The impact of worldwide economic conditions may adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.
Our financial performance is subject to worldwide economic conditions, including rising levels of inflation, and their impact on levels of advertising spending. Expenditures by advertisers generally tend to reflect overall economic conditions, and to the extent that the economy continues to stagnate, reductions in spending by advertisers could have a material adverse impact on our business. Historically, economic downturns have resulted in overall reductions in advertising spending.
Economic conditions may adversely impact levels of consumer spending, which could adversely impact the number of subscribers to our platform. Consumer purchases of discretionary items generally decline during recessionary periods and other periods in which disposable income is adversely affected. To the extent that overall economic conditions continue to reduce spending on discretionary activities, our ability to retain current and obtain new subscribers could be hindered, which could reduce our revenue and negatively impact our business.
Changes in how we market our service could adversely affect our marketing expenses and subscription levels may be adversely affected.
We utilize a broad mix of marketing and public relations programs, including social media sites, to promote our service and content to existing and potential new subscribers. We may limit or discontinue use or support of certain marketing sources or activities if advertising rates increase or if we become concerned that subscribers or potential subscribers deem certain marketing platforms or practices intrusive or damaging to our brand. If the available marketing channels are curtailed, our ability to engage subscribers and attract new subscribers may be adversely affected.
Companies that promote our service may decide that we negatively impact their business or may make business decisions that in turn negatively impact us. For example, if they decide that they want to compete more directly with us, enter a similar business or exclusively support our competitors, we may no longer have access to their marketing channels. We also acquire a number of subscribers who re-join our service having previously canceled their subscription. If we are unable to maintain or replace our sources of subscribers with similarly effective sources, or if the cost of our existing sources increases, our subscription levels and marketing expenses may be adversely affected.
We utilize marketing to promote our content, drive conversation about our content and service, and drive viewing by our subscribers. To the extent we promote our content inefficiently or ineffectively, we may not obtain the expected acquisition and retention benefits and our business may be adversely affected.
We have pursued and may in the future engage in strategic acquisitions and investments, which involve a number of risks, and if we are unable to address and resolve these risks successfully, such acquisitions and investments could harm our business.
From time to time, we acquire or invest in businesses, products or technologies to expand our offerings and capabilities, subscriber base and business. The risks associated with such acquisitions or investments include: the difficulty of integrating solutions, operations, and personnel; inheriting liabilities and exposure to litigation; failure to realize anticipated benefits and expected synergies; and diversion of management’s time and attention, among other risks related to strategic transactions. We have evaluated, and expect in the future to evaluate, a wide array of potential strategic transactions. Any acquisition could be material to our financial condition and results of operations. Also, any anticipated benefits from a given acquisition, including, but not limited to, the acquisition of Vigtory, Inc. in February 2021 and Edisn Inc. and Molotov in December 2021, may never materialize. In addition, the process of integrating any businesses, products or technologies acquired by us may create unforeseen operating difficulties and expenditures and we may have difficulties retaining key employees. Acquisitions in international markets, including Edisn Inc. and Molotov, involve additional risks, including those related to integration of operations across different cultures and languages, currency risks and the particular economic, political and regulatory risks associated with specific countries. We may not be successful in overcoming such risks, and such acquisitions and investments may negatively impact our business. In addition, if we do not complete an announced acquisition transaction or integrate an acquired business successfully and in a timely manner, we may not realize the benefits of the acquisition to the extent anticipated. Acquisitions and investments may contribute to fluctuations in our quarterly financial results. These fluctuations could arise from transaction-related costs and charges associated with eliminating redundant expenses or write-offs of impaired assets recorded in connection with acquisitions and investments and could negatively impact our financial results.
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Risks Related to Privacy, Consumer Protection and Cybersecurity
We are subject to a number of legal requirements and other obligations regarding privacy, security, consumer protection and data protection, and any actual or perceived failure to comply with these requirements or obligations could have an adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and operating results.
Various international, federal, and state laws and regulations govern the processing of personal information, including the collection, use, retention, transfer, sharing and security of the data we receive from and about our subscribers and other individuals. The regulatory environment for the collection and processing of data relating to individuals, including subscriber and other consumer data, by online service providers, content distributors, advertisers and publishers is unsettled in the United States and internationally. Privacy groups and government bodies, including the Federal Trade Commission ("FTC"), increasingly have scrutinized issues relating to the use, collection, storage, disclosure, and other processing of data, including data that is associated with personal identities or devices, and we expect such scrutiny to continue to increase. Various federal, state and foreign government bodies and agencies have adopted or are considering adopting laws and regulations limiting, or laws and regulations covering the processing, collection, distribution, use, disclosure, storage, transfer and security of certain types of information. In addition to government regulation, self-regulatory standards and other industry standards may legally or contractually apply to us, be argued to apply to us, or we may elect to comply with such standards or facilitate compliance by content publishers, advertisers, or others with such standards.
For example, in the United States, the CCPA became operative on January 1, 2020. The CCPA requires covered businesses to provide new disclosures to California consumers, and to afford such consumers the ability to access and delete their personal information, opt out of certain personal information activities, and receive details about how their personal information is used. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for certain data breaches that has increased the likelihood of, and risks associated with, data breach litigation. California voters also approved a modification of the CCPA, the CPRA, which went into effect on January 1, 2023. The CPRA significantly expands the rights granted to consumers under the CCPA. The CCPA and CPRA and other similar state laws may increase our compliance costs and exposure to liability. For example, Virginia, Colorado, Connecticut and Utah adopted information privacy laws that went into effect in 2023. These laws grant consumers certain rights with respect to their personal information, have notice obligations, and require consent in some circumstances, among other things. While there is no private right of action under these laws, they empower the attorneys general in the various states to enforce the laws. As with the CCPA and the CPRA, these laws may increase our compliance costs and exposure to liability. Other U.S. states have passed or are considering adopting and/or enforcing similar laws and regulations and there remains increased interest at the federal level as well.
Additionally, our use of subscriber data to deliver relevant advertising on our platform places us and our content publishers at risk for claims under a number of other laws, including but not limited to the Video Privacy Protection Act ("VPPA"), and we have been subject to such claims to date related to our practices with subscriber data. In a recent trend, some content publishers have been engaged in litigation over alleged violations of the VPPA relating to activities on online platforms in connection with advertising provided by unrelated third parties, the results of which may impact our business. Further, as an operator of an online service that is used in part by children, we are subject to the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (“COPPA”). The FTC rule implementing COPPA (the "COPPA Rule") broadly defines the types of information that are subject to these regulations. The COPPA Rules limit the information that we and, our content publishers and advertisers can collect and use, the content of advertisements and certain channel partner content. We and our content publishers and advertisers could be at risk for violation or alleged violation of these and other laws, regulations, and other standards and contractual obligations relating to privacy, data protection, and information security. More generally, the FTC and various state regulatory agencies are aggressively investigating and bringing enforcement actions that are focused on companies' collection, use, processing and sharing of consumer data, such as browsing information, for various uses, including but not limited to advertising.
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In the EU and its member states, the GDPR imposes stringent obligations relating to data protection and security for processing the personal data of individuals within the European Economic Area ("EEA") or in the context of our activities within the EEA. Further, the departure of the United Kingdom (“UK”) from the EU has created a separate regime with similarly onerous obligations under the United Kingdom General Data Protection Regulation and Data Protection Act 2018 (collectively, the “UK GDPR”). The GDPR and UK GDPR each authorize regulators to impose sanctions, including changes to data processing, and each allow for fines of up to 4% of the global annual revenue or €20 million (£17.5 million) of a noncompliant undertaking, whichever is greater, for certain violations. In addition to fines, a breach of the GDPR or UK GDPR may result in regulatory investigations, reputational damage, orders to cease/ change our data processing activities, enforcement notices, assessment notices (for a compulsory audit) and/ or civil claims (including class actions).
Additionally, we may incur expenses, costs, and other operational losses under the GDPR, UK GDPR and the privacy laws of applicable EU Member States in connection with any measures we take to comply with such laws.
Although certain legal mechanisms have been designed to allow for the transfer of personal data from the UK, EEA and Switzerland to the United States, uncertainty about compliance with such data protection laws remains and such mechanisms may not be available or applicable with respect to the personal data processing activities necessary to research, develop and market our products. We expect the existing legal complexity and uncertainty regarding international personal data transfers to continue. As a result, we may have to make certain operational changes and we may have to implement revised standard contractual clauses and other relevant documentation for existing data transfers within required time frames.
We are also subject to evolving EU and UK privacy laws on cookies, tracking technologies and e-marketing In the EEA and the UK, under national laws derived from the ePrivacy Directive, informed consent is required for the placement of a cookie or similar technologies on a user’s device and for direct electronic marketing. The GDPR also imposes conditions on obtaining valid consent for cookies, such as a prohibition on pre-checked consents and a requirement to ensure separate consents are sought for each type of cookie or similar technology. In addition, European court decisions and regulatory guidance are driving increased attention to cookies and tracking technologies. If the trend of increasing enforcement by regulators of the strict approach to opt-in consent for all but essential use cases, as seen in recent guidance and decisions continues, this could lead to substantial costs, require significant systems changes, limit the effectiveness of our marketing activities, divert the attention of our technology personnel, adversely affect our margins, and subject us to additional liabilities.
Complying with the GDPR / UK GDPR, CCPA/CPRA, VCDPA, VPPA and other laws, regulations, and other obligations relating to privacy, consumer protection, data protection, data localization or security may cause us to incur substantial operational costs or require us to modify our data handling practices. We also expect that there will continue to be new proposed laws and regulations concerning privacy, data protection and information security, and we cannot yet determine the impact such future laws, regulations and standards, or amendments to, expansions of or re-interpretations of, existing laws and regulations, industry standards, or other obligations may have on our business. New laws and regulations, amendments to, expansions of or re-interpretations of existing laws and regulations, industry standards, and contractual and other obligations may require us to incur additional costs and restrict our business operations. Additionally, the costs of compliance with, and other burdens imposed by, the laws, regulations, and policies that are applicable to the businesses of content publishers and advertisers may limit their use and adoption of, and reduce the overall demand for, our platform and advertising on our platform, and content publishers and advertisers may be at risk for violation or alleged violation of laws, regulations, and other standards relating to privacy, data protection, and information security relating to their activities on our platform. More generally, privacy, data protection, and information security concerns, whether or not valid, may inhibit market adoption of our platform, particularly in certain countries.
Furthermore, the interpretation and application of laws, regulations, standards, contractual obligations and other obligations relating to privacy, data processing and protection, and information security are uncertain, and these laws, standards, and contractual and other obligations may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is, or is alleged to be, inconsistent with our data management and processing practices, our policies or procedures, or the features of our platform. We may face regulatory investigations, litigation, claims or allegations that we are in violation of these laws, regulations, standards, or contractual or other obligations. We could be required to fundamentally change our business activities and practices or modify our platform or practices to address laws, regulations, or other obligations relating to privacy, data protection, or information security, or claims or allegations that we have failed to comply with any of the foregoing, which could have an adverse effect on our business. We may be unable to make such changes and modifications in a commercially reasonable manner or at all, and our ability to develop new features could be limited.
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Any actual or perceived inability to adequately address privacy, consumer protection, data protection or security-related concerns, even if unfounded, or to successfully negotiate privacy, consumer protection, data protection or security-related contractual terms with content publishers, card associations, advertisers, or others, or to comply with applicable laws, regulations and other obligations relating to privacy, data protection, and security, could result in additional cost and liability to us.
Any significant interruptions, delays or discontinuations in service or disruptions in or unauthorized access to our information technology systems or those of third parties that we utilize in our operations, including those relating to cybersecurity or arising from cyber-attacks, could result in a loss or degradation of service, unauthorized disclosure of data, including subscriber and corporate information, or theft of intellectual property, including digital content assets, which could adversely impact our business.
Our reputation and ability to attract, retain and serve our subscribers is dependent upon the reliable performance and security of our computer networks and information technology systems and those of third parties that we utilize in our operations. These systems may be subject to attack, damage or interruption from, among other things, earthquakes, adverse weather conditions, other natural disasters, terrorist attacks, war, sophisticated nation-state and nation-state supported-actors, employee theft or misuse or employees who are inattentive or careless and cause security vulnerabilities, fraud, power loss, telecommunications failures, and cybersecurity risks (for example, ransomware). Interruptions in these systems, or with the Internet in general, could make our service unavailable or degraded or otherwise hinder our ability to deliver our service. Service interruptions, errors in our software or the unavailability of information technology systems used in our operations could diminish the overall attractiveness of our subscription to existing and potential subscribers.
Our information technology systems and those of third parties we use in our operations are subject to cybersecurity threats, including cyber-attacks such as computer viruses, and malware, malicious code, denial or degradation of service attacks, hacking, phishing attacks and other social engineering schemes, physical or electronic break-ins and similar disruptions. These systems periodically experience directed attacks intended to lead to interruptions and delays in our service and operations as well as loss, misuse or theft of personal information and other data, content, confidential information, trade secrets or intellectual property. Additionally, outside parties may attempt to induce employees or subscribers to disclose sensitive or confidential information, or to take advantage of software or hardware bugs and vulnerabilities, in order to gain access to data. Any attempt by hackers to obtain our data (including subscriber and corporate information) or intellectual property (including digital content assets), disrupt our service, or otherwise access our systems, or those of third parties we use could harm our business, be expensive to remedy and damage our reputation. We and certain of our third-party providers regularly experience cyberattacks and other incidents, and we expect such attacks and incidents to continue. As previously disclosed, we suffered one such incident on December 14, 2022, when we experienced service outage as a result of a criminal cyber-attack. Once we detected the attack, we took steps to contain the incident and worked to restore service to users as quickly as possible. Though service was temporarily disrupted, we were able to restore service on the evening of December 14, 2022. We reported the incident to law enforcement and engaged an industry-leading incident response firm to assist with our response. Though as of the date of this filing this incident has been resolved, we could be subject to future similar attacks.
We use third-party cloud computing services in connection with our business operations. We also use third-party content delivery networks to help us stream content to our subscribers over the Internet. Problems faced by us or our third-party cloud computing or other network providers, including technological or business-related disruptions, as well as cybersecurity threats and regulatory interference, could adversely impact the experience of our users.
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We have implemented certain systems and processes designed to thwart hackers and protect our data and systems, but the techniques used to gain unauthorized access to data, systems, and software are constantly evolving, and we may be unable to anticipate or prevent unauthorized access, and we may be delayed in detecting unauthorized access or other security breaches and other incidents. There is no assurance that hackers may not have a material impact on our service or systems in the future or that security breaches or other incidents may not occur due to these or other causes. Efforts and technologies to prevent disruptions to our service and unauthorized access to our systems are expensive to develop, implement and maintain. These efforts require ongoing monitoring and updating as technologies change and efforts to overcome security measures by circumventing controls, evading detection and obfuscating forensic evidence become more sophisticated and may limit the functionality of or otherwise negatively impact our service offering and systems. Additionally, disruption to our service and data security breaches and other incidents may occur as a result of employee or contractor error. Any significant disruption to our service or access to our systems or any data that we or those who provide services for us maintain or otherwise process, or the perception that any of these have occurred, could result in a loss of subscriptions, harm to our reputation, and adversely affect our business and results of operations. Further, a penetration of our systems or a third-party’s systems on which we depend or any loss of or unauthorized access to, use, alteration, destruction, or disclosure of personal information or other data could subject us to business, regulatory, contractual, litigation and reputation risk, which could have a negative effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. With the increase in remote work during the COVID-19 pandemic and continued hybrid working environment, we and the third parties we use in our operations face increased risks to the security of infrastructure and data, and we cannot guarantee that our or their security measures will prevent security breaches. We also may face increased costs relating to maintaining and securing our infrastructure and data that we maintain and otherwise process.
Additionally, we cannot be certain that our insurance coverage will be adequate for data security liabilities actually incurred, will cover any indemnification claims against us relating to any incident, that insurance will continue to be available to us on economically reasonable terms, or at all, or that any insurer will not deny coverage as to any future claim. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that exceed available insurance coverage, or the occurrence of changes in our insurance policies, including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements, could have a material adverse effect on our business, including our financial condition, operating results, and reputation.
Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property
We could become subject to litigation regarding intellectual property rights that could be costly and harm our business.
Third parties have previously asserted, and may in the future assert, that we have infringed, misappropriated, or otherwise violated their patent, trademark, copyright, or other intellectual property rights. Due to a large number of patents in the streaming field, it is not economically feasible to predict whether any product or component will infringe the patent rights of others. Defending ourselves against intellectual property infringement claims, whether or not they have merit, could be costly and could result in the diversion of resources and management time and attention, even if we are ultimately successful in the defending the claim. If a claim is successfully asserted against us, in addition to being liable for damages and/or indemnification of customers or partners, our ability to use our current streaming technology and market our service could be restricted. We may also have to remove content from our service, or marketing materials. As a result of a dispute, we may have to develop non-infringing technology, enter into royalty or licensing agreements, adjust our content, or marketing activities or take other actions to resolve the claims. Some of our competitors may be better able to sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings because of their substantially greater financial resources. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of patent litigation or other proceedings could impair our ability to compete in the marketplace. The occurrence of any of the foregoing events could harm our business. In addition, while the existence of our patent portfolio may deter some plaintiffs from asserting claims against us, from time to time we have faced, and expect in the future to face, allegations from “non-practicing entities.” Because these non-practicing entities have no relevant product revenue, and they exist primarily for the purpose of monetizing their patent portfolio through licensing and litigation, they may not be deterred by our own issued patents and pending patent applications in bringing intellectual property rights claims against us
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As a result of intellectual property infringement claims, or to avoid potential claims, we have previously chosen to, and may in the future choose or be required to, seek licenses from third parties. These licenses may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Even if we are able to obtain a license, the license would likely obligate us to pay license fees, royalties or other consideration, and the rights granted to us might be nonexclusive, with the potential for our competitors to gain access to the same intellectual property. Furthermore, an adverse outcome of a dispute may require us to pay damages, potentially including treble damages and attorneys’ fees, if we are found to have willfully infringed a party’s intellectual property. We may also be required to cease making, licensing or using technologies that are alleged to infringe or misappropriate the intellectual property of others, and as a result may need to expend additional development resources to redesign our solutions; enter into potentially unfavorable royalty or license agreements in order to obtain the right to use necessary technologies, content or materials; and to indemnify our partners and other third parties. The inability to obtain intellectual property rights or licenses on favorable terms, or the need to engage in litigation related to these matters, may materially impact our business and financial condition.
An inability to obtain licenses for our streaming content from suppliers or other rights holders could be costly and harm our business.
We rely on our content suppliers to secure the rights to publicly perform and display the musical works and sound recordings embodied in any programming provided to or through our platform. If our content suppliers have not secured public performance or communication to the public licenses on a through to the viewer basis, then we could be liable to copyright owners or their agents copyright infringement. If our content suppliers are unable to secure such rights from copyright owners, then we may have to secure licenses in our own name.
We cannot guarantee that our content providers or we have or will be able to obtain all of the licenses we need to stream our content, as the process of obtaining such licenses involves many rights holders, some of whom are unknown, and myriad complex legal issues across many jurisdictions, including open questions of law as to when and whether particular licenses are needed. Additionally, rights holders, creators, performers, writers and their agents, or societies, unions, guilds, or legislative or regulatory bodies have created and may in the future create or attempt to create new rights or regulations that could require our content providers or us to enter into license agreements with, and pay royalties to, newly defined groups of rights holders, some of which may be difficult or impossible to identify.
We cannot guarantee that the licenses currently held by our content providers or by us will be available in the future at rates and on terms that are favorable or commercially reasonable or at all. The terms of these licenses, including the royalty rates that our content providers or we are required to pay pursuant to them, may change as a result of changes in our bargaining power, the industry, laws and regulations, or for other reasons. Increases in royalty rates or changes to other terms of these licenses could have an impact on how much our content providers charge us, and accordingly they may materially impact our business, operating results, and financial condition.
Additionally, our content suppliers may develop their own streaming services and may be unwilling to provide us with access to certain content. If we do not maintain a compelling mix of content, our customer acquisition and retention may be adversely affected. The occurrence of any of the foregoing risks could harm our business.
If our technology, trademarks and other proprietary rights are not adequately protected to prevent use or misappropriation by our competitors, the value of our brand and other intangible assets may be diminished, and our business may be adversely affected.
The success of our business depends on our ability to protect and enforce our patents, trade secrets, trademarks, copyrights, and all of our other intellectual property rights, including the intellectual property rights underlying our Service. We attempt to protect our intellectual property under patent, trade secret, trademark, and copyright law through a combination of intellectual property registration, employee and third-party assignment and nondisclosure agreements, other contractual restrictions, technological measures, and other methods. While we generally enter into confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with our employees and consultants and while we also generally enter into confidentiality agreements with the parties with whom we have strategic relationships and business alliances, these agreements may not have been properly entered into on every occasion with the applicable counterparty, and such agreements may not always be effective to vest ownership of the relevant intellectual property in Fubo, or to control access to and distribution of our proprietary information. Further, these agreements do not prevent our competitors or partners from independently developing technologies that are substantially equivalent or superior to our platform.
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We have filed and we expect to file from time to time for trademark and patent applications. Nevertheless, these applications may not be approved, or if approved, they may be limited in scope and might not provide us with a meaningful competitive advantage. Furthermore, third parties may oppose our applications, or challenge the validity or enforceability of any patents or other intellectual property issued or registered to, or otherwise held by us. Third parties may also knowingly or unknowingly infringe our intellectual property rights, and litigation or proceedings before governmental authorities and administrative bodies may be necessary in the future to protect and enforce our patents, trademarks, trade secrets and other intellectual property rights, to protect our patent rights and to challenge the validity or scope of the proprietary rights of others. Our efforts to enforce or protect our proprietary rights may be ineffective and could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management time, each of which could substantially harm our operating results. Additionally, changes in law may be implemented, or changes in interpretation of such laws may occur, that may affect our ability to protect and enforce our patents and other intellectual property. If the protection of our intellectual property rights is inadequate to prevent use or misappropriation by third parties, the value of our brand, content, and other intangible assets may be diminished. Furthermore, failure to protect our domain names could also adversely affect our reputation and brand and make it more difficult for subscribers to find our website and our service. We may be unable, without significant cost or at all, to prevent third parties from acquiring domain names that are similar to, or that infringe upon or otherwise decrease the value of our trademarks and other proprietary rights.
Our use of open-source software could impose limitations on our ability to commercialize our platform.
We incorporate open-source software in our platform. From time to time, companies that incorporate open-source software into their proprietary software and products have faced claims challenging the ownership of their proprietary software and/or compliance with open-source license terms. Therefore, we could be subject to suits by parties claiming ownership of what we believe to be our proprietary software or non-compliance with open-source licensing terms. Use and distribution of open source software may also entail greater risks than that of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or other contractual protections regarding infringement claims or the quality of the code. In addition, certain open source licenses require that source code for software programs that are subject to the license (including, in certain cases, source code of proprietary software that is distributed with or linked to open source software) be made available to licensees or the public, and that any modifications or derivative works to such software continue to be licensed under potentially unfavorable terms or at no or minimal cost.
Although we monitor our use of open-source software in an effort both to comply with the terms of the applicable open source licenses and to avoid subjecting our software to conditions we do not intend, the terms of many open-source licenses have not been interpreted by U.S. courts, and there is a risk that these licenses could be construed in a way that could impose unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to commercialize our platform. By the terms of certain open source licenses, we could be required to release the source code of our software and to make our software available under open source licenses, if we combine or distribute or link our software with open source software in certain manners. In the event that portions of our software are determined to be subject to an open source license, we could be required to publicly release the affected portions of our source code, re-engineer all, or a portion of, that software or otherwise be limited in the licensing of our software, each of which could negatively impact the value of our platform. While we are selective in our use of open source software and we have taken precautions to reduce the risk of subjecting our software to problematic “copyleft” open source license terms, many of the of the risks associated with usage of open source software cannot be eliminated, and could negatively affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
If we are unable to obtain necessary or desirable third-party technology licenses, our ability to develop platform enhancements may be impaired.
We utilize commercially available off-the-shelf technology in the development of our platform. As we introduce new features or improvements to our platform, we may be required to license additional technologies from third parties. These third-party licenses may be unavailable to us on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. If we are unable to obtain necessary third-party licenses, we may be required to obtain substitute technologies with lower quality or performance standards, or at a greater cost, any of which could harm the competitiveness of our platform and our business.
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Risks Related to the 2026 Convertible Notes
We may not have the ability to raise the funds necessary to settle conversions of the 2026 Convertible Notes in cash or to repurchase the 2026 Convertible Notes upon a fundamental change, and our future debt may contain limitations on our ability to pay cash upon conversion or repurchase of the 2026 Convertible Notes.
Holders of the 2026 Convertible Notes will have the right to require us to repurchase all or a portion of the 2026 Convertible Notes upon the occurrence of a fundamental change before the maturity date at a repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2026 Convertible Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any. In addition, upon conversion of the 2026 Convertible Notes, unless we elect to deliver solely shares of our common stock to settle such conversion (other than paying cash in lieu of delivering any fractional share), we will be required to make cash payments in respect of the notes being converted. Moreover, we will be required to repay the 2026 Convertible Notes in cash at their maturity unless earlier converted, redeemed, or repurchased. However, we may not have enough available cash or be able to obtain financing at the time we are required to make repurchases of all or a portion of the 2026 Convertible Notes surrendered therefor or pay cash with respect to notes being converted or at their maturity.
In addition, our ability to repurchase the 2026 Convertible Notes or to pay cash upon conversions of all or a portion of the 2026 Convertible Notes or at their maturity may be limited by law, regulatory authority or agreements governing our future indebtedness. Our failure to repurchase all or a portion of the 2026 Convertible Notes at a time when the repurchase is required by the indenture governing the 2026 Convertible Notes (the “2026 notes indenture”) or to pay cash upon conversions of all or a portion of the 2026 Convertible Notes or at their maturity as required by the 2026 notes indenture would constitute a default under the 2026 notes indenture. A default under the 2026 notes indenture or the fundamental change itself could also lead to a default under agreements governing our existing or future indebtedness, including the 2029 notes indenture. Moreover, the occurrence of a fundamental change under the 2026 notes indenture could constitute an event of default under any such agreement. If the payment of the related indebtedness were to be accelerated after any applicable notice or grace periods, we may not have sufficient funds to repay the indebtedness and repurchase the notes or make cash payments upon conversions thereof.
The conditional conversion feature of all or a portion of the 2026 Convertible Notes, if triggered, may adversely affect our financial condition and operating results.
In the event the conditional conversion feature of any or all of the 2026 Convertible Notes is triggered, holders of the 2026 Convertible Notes will be entitled to convert their 2026 Convertible Notes at any time during specified periods at their option. If one or more holders elect to convert 2026 Convertible Notes, unless we elect to satisfy our conversion obligation by delivering solely shares of our common stock (other than paying cash in lieu of delivering any fractional share), we would be required to settle a portion or all of our conversion obligation in cash, which could adversely affect our liquidity. In addition, even if holders of the 2026 Convertible Notes do not elect to convert their 2026 Convertible Notes, we could be required under applicable accounting rules to reclassify all or a portion of the outstanding principal of the 2026 Convertible Notes as a current rather than long-term liability, which would result in a material reduction of our net working capital.
The accounting method for convertible debt securities that may be settled in cash, such as the 2026 Convertible Notes, could have a material effect on our reported financial results.
In August 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") published an Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2020-06, which amends these accounting standards by reducing the number of accounting models for convertible instruments and limiting instances of separate accounting for the debt and equity or a derivative component of the convertible debt instruments. ASU 2020-06 no longer allows the use of the treasury stock method for convertible instruments and instead requires application of the “if-converted” method. Under that method, diluted earnings per share will generally be calculated assuming that all the 2026 Convertible Notes were converted solely into shares of common stock at the beginning of the reporting period, unless the result would be anti-dilutive, which could adversely affect our diluted earnings per share. The Company adopted the ASU on January 1, 2022.
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Provisions in the indenture for the 2026 Convertible Notes may deter or prevent a business combination that may be favorable to you.
If a fundamental change occurs prior to the maturity date of the 2026 Convertible Notes, holders of the 2026 Convertible Notes will have the right, at their option, to require us to repurchase all or a portion of their 2026 Convertible Notes. In addition, if a make-whole fundamental change occurs prior the maturity date, we will in some cases be required to increase the conversion rate for a holder that elects to convert all or a portion of their 2026 Convertible Notes in connection with such make-whole fundamental change. Furthermore, the 2026 notes indenture will prohibit us from engaging in certain mergers or acquisitions unless, among other things, the surviving entity assumes our obligations under the 2026 Convertible Notes. These and other provisions in the indenture could deter or prevent a third party from acquiring us even when the acquisition may be favorable to you.
Risks Related to the 2029 Secured Convertible Notes
We may not have the ability to raise the funds necessary to settle conversions of the 2029 Secured Convertible Notes in cash or to repurchase the 2029 Secured Convertible Notes upon a fundamental change, and our future debt may contain limitations on our ability to pay cash upon conversion or repurchase of the 2029 Secured Convertible Notes.
Holders of the 2029 Secured Convertible Notes will have the right to require us to repurchase all or a portion of the 2029 Secured Convertible Notes upon the occurrence of a fundamental change before the maturity date at a repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2029 Secured Convertible Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid cash interest, if any. In addition, upon conversion of the 2029 Secured Convertible Notes, unless we elect to deliver solely shares of our common stock to settle such conversion (other than paying cash in lieu of delivering any fractional share), we will be required to make cash payments in respect of the notes being converted. Moreover, we will be required to repay the 2029 Secured Convertible Notes in cash at their maturity unless earlier converted or repurchased. However, we may not have enough available cash or be able to obtain financing at the time we are required to make repurchases of all or a portion of the 2029 Secured Convertible Notes surrendered therefor or pay cash with respect to notes being converted or at their maturity.
In addition, our ability to repurchase the 2029 Secured Convertible Notes or to pay cash upon conversions of all or a portion of the 2029 Secured Convertible Notes or at their maturity may be limited by law, regulatory authority or agreements governing our future indebtedness. Our failure to repurchase all or a portion of the 2029 Secured Convertible Notes at a time when the repurchase is required by the 2029 notes indenture or to pay cash upon conversions of all or a portion of the 2029 Secured Convertible Notes or at their maturity as required by the 2029 notes indenture would constitute a default under the 2029 notes indenture. A default under the 2029 notes indenture or the fundamental change itself could also lead to a default under agreements governing our existing or future indebtedness, including the 2026 notes indenture. Moreover, the occurrence of a fundamental change under the 2029 notes indenture could constitute an event of default under any such agreement. If the payment of the related indebtedness were to be accelerated after any applicable notice or grace periods, we may not have sufficient funds to repay the indebtedness and repurchase the notes or make cash payments upon conversions thereof.
The conditional conversion feature of all or a portion of the 2029 Secured Convertible Notes, if triggered, may adversely affect our financial condition and operating results.
In the event the conditional conversion feature of any or all of the 2029 Secured Convertible Notes is triggered, holders of the 2029 Secured Convertible Notes will be entitled to convert their 2029 Secured Convertible Notes at any time during specified periods at their option. If one or more holders elect to convert 2029 Secured Convertible Notes, unless we elect to satisfy our conversion obligation by delivering solely shares of our common stock (other than paying cash in lieu of delivering any fractional share), we would be required to settle a portion or all of our conversion obligation in cash, which could adversely affect our liquidity. In addition, even if holders of the 2029 Secured Convertible Notes do not elect to convert their 2029 Secured Convertible Notes, we could be required under applicable accounting rules to reclassify all or a portion of the outstanding principal of the 2029 Secured Convertible Notes as a current rather than long-term liability, which would result in a material reduction of our net working capital.
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Provisions in the indenture for the 2029 Secured Convertible Notes may deter or prevent a business combination that may be favorable to you.
If a fundamental change occurs prior to the maturity date of the 2029 Secured Convertible Notes, holders of the 2029 Secured Convertible Notes will have the right, at their option, to require us to repurchase all or a portion of their 2029 Secured Convertible Notes. In addition, if a make-whole fundamental change occurs prior the maturity date, we will in some cases be required to increase the conversion rate for a holder that elects to convert all or a portion of their 2029 Secured Convertible Notes in connection with such make-whole fundamental change. Furthermore, the 2029 notes indenture will prohibit us from engaging in certain mergers or acquisitions unless, among other things, the surviving entity assumes our obligations under the 2029 Secured Convertible Notes. These and other provisions in the 2029 notes indenture could deter or prevent a third party from acquiring us even when the acquisition may be favorable to you.
The terms of the 2029 notes indenture and the Exchange Agreement place restrictions on our operating and financial flexibility. If we raise additional capital through debt financing, the terms of any new debt could further restrict our ability to operate our business.
The 2029 Secured Convertible Notes are senior, secured obligations of us and our wholly-owned subsidiaries guaranteeing the notes (the “2029 Notes Guarantors”), secured by substantially all of our and 2029 Notes Guarantors’ assets (including intellectual property), in each case, excluding certain excluded assets and immaterial subsidiaries, and senior in right of payment to our existing and future indebtedness that is expressly subordinated to the 2029 Secured Convertible Notes. Subject to certain exceptions, our future material wholly-owned domestic subsidiaries are required to become guarantors of the 2029 Secured Convertible Notes and grant security interests in their assets securing the obligations in respect of the 2029 Secured Convertible Notes.
The 2029 notes indenture restricts our ability to, among other restrictions, incur additional secured indebtedness, pursue certain dispositions, mergers or acquisitions, transfer certain assets to any of our subsidiaries that are not guarantors under the 2029 Secured Convertible Notes, and engage in certain other business transactions. If we fail to comply with these or any of the other covenants under the 2029 notes indenture and are unable to obtain a waiver or amendment, the holders of the 2029 Secured Convertible Notes may, among other things, declare all of the 2029 Secured Convertible Notes due and payable and exercise rights with respect to collateral securing the 2029 Secured Convertible Notes, each of which could significantly harm our business, financial condition and prospects and could cause the price of our common stock to decline.
In addition, pursuant to the terms of the Exchange Agreement, we agreed, among other things, to grant the exchanging investors identified therein certain rights with respect to us and certain of our subsidiaries, including a right of first refusal with respect to the incurrence of additional secured indebtedness, participation rights with respect to the incurrence of unsecured indebtedness, and preemptive rights with respect to the issuance of certain equity securities, in each case subject to the terms set forth in the Exchange Agreement.
If we raise any additional debt financing, the terms of such additional debt could further restrict our operating and financial flexibility.
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Risks Related to Ownership of our Common Stock
Our stock price is volatile.
The market price of our common stock is subject to wide price fluctuations in response to various factors, many of which are beyond our control. The factors include:
•global and regional macroeconomic conditions;
•variations in our operating results;
•variations between our actual operating results and the expectations of securities analysts, investors and the financial community;
•announcements of developments affecting our business, systems or expansion plans by us or others;
•technical factors in the public trading market for our stock that may produce price movements that may or may not comport with macro, industry or company-specific fundamentals, including, without limitation, the sentiment of retail investors (including as it may be expressed on financial trading and other social media sites), the amount and status of short interest in our securities, access to margin debt, trading in options and other derivatives on our common stock, fractional share trading, and other technical trading factors or strategies;
•competition, including the introduction of new competitors, their pricing strategies and services;
•announcements regarding stock repurchases and sales of our equity and debt securities;
•market volatility in general;
•the level of demand for our stock, including the amount of short interest in our stock; and
•the operating results of our competitors.
In addition, the stock market in general, and the market for technology companies in particular, has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. Broad market and industry factors may seriously affect the market price of companies’ stock, including ours, regardless of actual operating performance. In addition, in the past, following periods of volatility in the overall market and the market price of a particular company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against these companies. This litigation, if instituted against us, could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management’s attention and resources.
If a substantial number of shares become available for sale and are sold in a short period of time, the market price of our common stock could decline.
If our existing shareholders sell substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market, the market price of our common stock could decrease significantly. The perception in the public market that our existing shareholders might sell shares of common stock could also depress our market price. Our executive officers and directors and certain of our shareholders were in the past subject to certain lock-up agreements and the Rule 144 holding period requirements that have since expired. Now that these lock-up periods have expired and the holding periods have elapsed, additional shares are eligible for sale in the public market. The market price of shares of our common stock may drop significantly if our existing holders sell substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market. A decline in the price of shares of our common stock might impede our ability to raise capital through the issuance of additional shares of our common stock or other equity securities.
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We also filed Form S-8 registration statements to register shares reserved for future issuance under our equity compensation plans. As a result, subject to the satisfaction of applicable exercise periods, the shares issued upon exercise of outstanding stock options will be available for immediate resale in the United States in the open market. Further, we have filed two effective shelf registration statements on Form S-3 under each of which we may offer from time to time in one or more offerings any combination of common and preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, purchase contracts and units of up to $750.0 million in the aggregate.
Additionally, certain of our employees, executive officers, and directors have already entered into, or may in the future enter into Rule 10b5-1 trading plans providing for sales of shares of our common stock from time to time. Under a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan, a broker executes trades pursuant to parameters established by the employee, director, or officer when entering into the plan, without further direction from the employee, officer, or director. A Rule 10b5-1 trading plan may be amended or terminated in some circumstances. Our employees, executive officers, and directors also may buy or sell additional shares outside of a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan when they are not in possession of material, nonpublic information.
General Risk Factors
We have no plans to declare any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future.
We do not anticipate declaring any cash dividends to holders of our common stock in the foreseeable future. Consequently, investors may need to rely on sales of their common stock after price appreciation, which may never occur to realize future gains on their investment.
Future sales and issuances of our capital stock could reduce our stock price and any additional capital raised by us through the sale of equity or convertible securities may dilute your ownership in us.
We may issue additional shares of capital stock in the future, including shares issuable pursuant to securities that are convertible into or exchangeable for, or that represent a right to receive, capital stock. We may sell common stock, convertible securities and other equity securities in one or more transactions at prices and in a manner as we may determine from time to time, including pursuant to our shelf registration statements on Form S-3, which could result in substantial dilution to our existing shareholders. New investors in such future transactions could gain rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock.
If few securities or industry analysts publish research or reports, or if they publish adverse or misleading research or reports, regarding us, our business or our market, our stock price and trading volume could decline.
The trading market for our common stock will be influenced by the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us, our business or our market. If few securities or industry analysts commence coverage of us, the stock price would be negatively impacted. Additionally, if any of the analysts who currently cover us or initiate coverage on us in the future issue adverse or misleading research or reports regarding us, our business model, our intellectual property, our stock performance or our market, or if our operating results fail to meet the expectations of analysts, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.
Our insurance may not provide adequate levels of coverage against claims.
We maintain insurance that we believe is customary for businesses of our size and type. However, there are types of losses we may incur that cannot be insured against or that we believe are not economically reasonable to insure. Moreover, any loss incurred could exceed policy limits and policy payments made to us may not be made on a timely basis. Such losses could adversely affect our business prospects, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.
None.
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Item 1C. Cybersecurity
Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy
We have developed and implemented a cybersecurity risk management program intended to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our critical systems and information. We design and assess our program based on the International Organization for Standardization (“ISO”) 27001 Framework and other applicable industry standards. This does not imply that we meet any particular technical standards, specifications, or requirements, only that we use such standards, including the ISO 27001 Framework, as a guide to help us identify, assess, and manage cybersecurity risks relevant to our business.
Our cybersecurity risk management program is supported by both management and our Board of Directors, and is integrated into our overall enterprise risk management program, and shares common methodologies, reporting channels and governance processes that apply across the enterprise risk management program to other legal, compliance, strategic, operational, and financial risk areas.
Our cybersecurity risk management program includes:
•risk assessments designed to help identify material cybersecurity risks to our critical systems, information, products, services, and our broader enterprise IT environment, which are then used to drive alignment on, and prioritization of, initiatives to enhance our security controls, make recommendations to improve processes, and inform a broader enterprise-level risk assessment that is presented to our management team and Audit Committee on a quarterly basis;
•a security team principally responsible for managing (1) our cybersecurity risk assessment processes, (2) our security controls, and (3) our response to cybersecurity incidents;
•the use of external service providers, where appropriate, to assess, test or otherwise assist with aspects of our security controls;
•periodic assessment and deployment of security tools and technical safeguards designed to protect our information systems from cybersecurity threats;
•cybersecurity awareness training of our employees, incident response personnel, and senior management;
•a cybersecurity incident response plan that includes procedures for responding to cybersecurity incidents; and
•controls designed to identify and manage cybersecurity threats associated with our use of third-party service providers, suppliers and vendors with respect to our critical systems and data.
We have not identified any cybersecurity threats, including as a result of prior incidents, that as of the date of this Annual Report have materially affected us, or are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our operations, business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. We continue to invest in the cybersecurity and resiliency of our networks and to enhance our internal controls and processes, which are designed to help protect our systems and infrastructure, and the information they contain. However, there can be no guarantee that such controls, policies and procedures will be fully implemented and properly followed in every instance, or that those investments or policies and procedures will be effective. We therefore can provide no assurance that there will not be incidents in the future or that they will not materially affect us, including our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. For more information regarding the risks we face from cybersecurity threats, please see Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Privacy, Consumer Protection and Cybersecurity—Any significant interruptions, delays or discontinuations in service or disruptions in or unauthorized access to our information technology systems or those of third parties that we utilize in our operations, including those relating to cybersecurity or arising from cyber-attacks, could result in a loss or degradation of service, unauthorized disclosure of data, including subscriber and corporate information, or theft of intellectual property, including digital content assets, which could adversely impact our business."
Cybersecurity Governance
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Our Board considers cybersecurity risk as part of its risk oversight function and has delegated to the Audit Committee oversight of cybersecurity and other information technology risks. The Audit Committee oversees management’s implementation of our cybersecurity risk management program.
The Committee receives quarterly reports from management and our internal cybersecurity personnel, including our Senior Director of Cybersecurity, on our cybersecurity risks. In addition, management updates the Audit Committee, as necessary, regarding any material cybersecurity incidents, as well as any incidents with lesser impact potential. The Audit Committee reports to the full Board regarding its activities, including those related to cybersecurity. The full Board also receives briefings from management on our cyber risk management program.
Our management team, including our Chief Financial Officer, Chief Legal Officer and Chief Technology Officer, is responsible for assessing and managing our material risks from cybersecurity threats, and has primary responsibility for our overall cybersecurity risk management program. The management team has broad experience in overseeing and managing enterprise risk, governance and compliance functions, and supervises both our internal cybersecurity personnel, including our Senior Director of Cybersecurity who reports directly to our Chief Financial Officer, and external cybersecurity consultants retained from time to time, in each case who have broad cybersecurity experience and expertise, including in threat assessments and detection, mitigation technologies, training, incident response, cyber forensics, insider threats and regulatory compliance.
Our management team supervises efforts to prevent, detect, mitigate, and remediate cybersecurity risks and incidents through various means, which may include briefings from internal security personnel; threat intelligence and other information obtained from governmental, public or private sources, including external consultants engaged by us from time to time to review and assess our cyber programs and policies; and alerts and reports produced by security tools deployed in the IT environment. In addition, our Chief Financial Officer, Chief Technology Officer and Chief Legal Officer are members of our internal Cybersecurity Governance Committee, chaired by the Senior Director of Cybersecurity, a management committee comprised of leadership from primary corporate functions including Finance, Human Resources, Information Technology, Engineering, Internal Audit and Legal, which meets quarterly to drive alignment on security decisions across the Company, including reviewing security performance metrics, identifying security risks, and assessing the status of approved security enhancements.
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Item 2. Properties.
Our worldwide corporate headquarters and executive offices are located at 1290 Avenue of the Americas in New York, New York, where we occupy approximately 55,000 square feet of office space under a lease that expires in 2035. In addition, we lease various office and shared workspaces throughout the United States and internationally. We believe that our facilities are suitable to meet our current needs, and that suitable additional or substitute space will be available as needed to accommodate any further physical expansion of operations and for any additional offices.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings.
We are, and may in the future, be involved in various legal proceedings arising from the normal course of business activities. Although the results of litigation and claims cannot be predicted with certainty, currently, the Company believes that the likelihood of any material adverse impact on the Company’s consolidated results of operations, cash flows or our financial position for any such litigation or claims is remote. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on the Company because of the costs to defend lawsuits, diversion of management resources and other factors.
Said-Ibrahim v. fuboTV Inc., David Gandler, Edgar M. Bronfman Jr., & Simone Nardi, Case No. 21-cv-01412 (S.D.N.Y) & Lee v. fuboTV, Inc., David Gandler, Edgar M. Bronfman Jr., & Simone Nardi, Case No. 21-cv-01641 (S.D.N.Y.) (consolidated as In re fuboTV Inc. Securities Litigation, No. 21-cv-01412 (S.D.N.Y.))
On February 17, 2021, putative shareholders Wafa Said-Ibrahim and Adhid Ibrahim filed a class action lawsuit against the Company, co-founder and CEO David Gandler, Executive Chairman Edgar M. Bronfman Jr., and former CFO Simone Nardi (collectively, the “Class Action Defendants”). Plaintiffs allege that Class Action Defendants violated federal securities laws by disseminating false and misleading statements regarding the Company’s financial health and operating condition, including the Company’s ability to grow subscription levels, prospects, future profitability, seasonality factors, cost escalations, ability to generate advertising revenue, valuation, and entering the online sports wagering market. The Plaintiffs allege that Class Action Defendants violated Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”) and Rule 10b-5 thereunder, as well as Section 20(a) of the Exchange Act, and seek damages and other relief.
On February 24, 2021, putative shareholder Steven Lee filed a nearly identical class action lawsuit against the same Defendants.
On April 29, 2021, the court consolidated Said-Ibrahim v. fuboTV Inc., David Gandler, Edgar M. Bronfman Jr., & Simone Nardi, Case No. 21-cv-01412 (S.D.N.Y) and Lee v. fuboTV, Inc., David Gandler, Edgar M. Bronfman Jr., & Simone Nardi, Case No. 21-cv-01641 (S.D.N.Y.) under In re FuboTV Inc. Securities Litigation, No. 1:21-cv-01412 (S.D.N.Y.). The court also appointed putative shareholder Nordine Aamchoune as lead plaintiff.
On July 12, 2021, Lead Plaintiff filed an Amended Class Action Complaint. Lead Plaintiff seeks to pursue this claim on behalf of himself as well as all other persons who purchased or otherwise acquired Company securities publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) between March 23, 2020 and January 4, 2021, inclusive, and who were allegedly damaged thereby.
The Class Action Defendants filed a motion to dismiss the Amended Class Action Complaint on September 10, 2021. Lead Plaintiff filed an opposition on November 9, 2021. Class Action Defendants filed their reply in support of the motion to dismiss on December 9, 2021. On March 30, 2023, the Court granted the Class Action Defendants' motion to dismiss without prejudice.
On May 22, 2023, Lead Plaintiff filed a Second Amended Class Action Complaint, which amended the class period to purchases or acquisitions between May 20, 2020 and January 4, 2021, inclusive. The Class Action Defendants filed their motion to dismiss the Second Amended Class Action Complaint on August 1, 2023. Lead Plaintiff filed his opposition on September 14, 2023. The Class Action Defendants filed their reply on October 5, 2023. The Company believes the claims alleged in both lawsuits are without merit and intends to vigorously defend these litigations.
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DISH Technologies, LLC, et al. v. fuboTV Media Inc., No. 1:23-cv-00986 (D. Del)
On September 6, 2023, DISH Technologies L.L.C. and Sling TV L.L.C. (collectively, “DISH”) filed a complaint in the District of Delaware alleging that fuboTV Media Inc. (“fuboTV Media”) infringes certain of DISH's patents by streaming video through a fuboTV Media application and seeking damages and injunctive relief.
On December 14, 2023, following a series of stipulated extensions, fuboTV Media filed a motion to dismiss the complaint asserting that DISH’s patents are invalid. Briefing on the motion is complete and a hearing is currently scheduled for March 25, 2024.
The Company believes it has meritorious defenses and intends to defend itself vigorously in this matter.
Fubo Gaming Dissolution
Following the dissolution of Fubo Gaming in October 2022, the Company has received communications from several commercial partners of Fubo Gaming, alleging breach by Fubo Gaming of applicable agreements. Certain of these parties have also asserted that the Company is a guarantor of Fubo Gaming’s obligations under the applicable agreements. On May 2, 2023, one such party (comprising two related plaintiff entities, Dynamo Stadium, LLC and Dynamo Soccer, LLC (together, “Dynamo”)) filed Demands for Arbitration with the American Arbitration Association ("AAA") against Fubo Gaming, alleging breaches by Fubo Gaming of a sports betting agreement and a sponsorship agreement, as well as against the Company for alleged guaranty obligations under the sports betting agreement. Dynamo sought monetary damages and attorneys’ fees and costs. On February 5, 2024, the AAA dismissed the arbitration relating to the sponsorship agreement, and, on February 27, 2024, the AAA dismissed without prejudice the arbitration relating to the sports betting agreement.
Additional allegations or litigation may arise against Fubo Gaming or the Company in the future related to the dissolution of Fubo Gaming, including potential breach of contract claims by other commercial partners of Fubo Gaming or claims seeking to hold the Company responsible for Fubo Gaming’s contractual obligations (on contractual guaranty and other bases). The Company believes it has meritorious defenses and intends to defend itself vigorously in any such matters.
FuboTV Inc. and FuboTV Media Inc. vs. The Walt Disney Company, ESPN, Inc., ESPN Enterprises, Inc., Hulu, LLC, Fox Corporation, and Warner Brothers Discovery, Inc.
On February 20, 2024, the Company filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of
New York asserting federal and state antitrust claims against Disney, ESPN, Inc. and ESPN Enterprises, Inc. (collectively, “ESPN”), Hulu, LLC (“Hulu”), Fox, and WBD. The Company's complaint asserts four major categories of claims. First, the complaint alleges that the announced joint venture between Disney, WBD, and Fox is unlawful under Section 7 of the Clayton Act and Section 1 of the Sherman Act. Second, the complaint alleges that “bundling” requirements imposed by Disney, ESPN and Fox constitute unlawful tying and block-booking arrangements under Section 1 of the Sherman Act. Third, the complaint alleges that the Defendants’ use of “most-favored-nation” clauses in their carriage agreements, in combination with other anticompetitive terms, violates Section 1 of the Sherman Act. Fourth, the complaint alleges that all of this conduct violates New York’s Donnelly Act, N.Y. Gen. Bus. Law § 340, for the same reasons it violates federal antitrust law. The Company’s complaint seeks injunctive relief to stop the proposed joint venture and other practices described above, damages for harm already suffered because of those practices, and other relief.
The Company believes it has meritorious claims and will continue to pursue its rights vigorously in this matter.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
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PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.
Market Information
Our common stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol, “FUBO.”
Holders of Record
As of February 29, 2024, there were 303 holders of record of our common stock. The actual number of shareholders is greater than this number of record holders and includes shareholders who are beneficial owners but whose shares are held in street name by brokers and other nominees.
Dividend Policy
We have not declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock. We intend to retain future earnings, if any, to finance the operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Payment of future cash dividends, if any, will be at the discretion of our board of directors after taking into account various factors, including our financial condition, operating results, current and anticipated cash needs, the requirements and contractual restrictions of then-existing debt instruments, and other factors that our board of directors deems relevant.
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities; Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer or Affiliated Purchasers
None.
Stock Performance Graph
The information contained in this stock performance graph section shall not be deemed to be “soliciting material” or “filed” or incorporated by reference in future filings with the SEC, or subject to the liabilities of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, except to the extent that we specifically incorporate it by reference into a document filed under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.
The following graph compares the total shareholder return from October 8, 2020, the date on which our common shares commenced trading on the New York Stock Exchange, through December 31, 2023 of (i) our common stock, (ii) the Russell 3000 Index (“Russell 3000”) and (iii) the S&P Media and Entertainment Index, assuming an initial investment of $100 on October 8, 2020 including reinvestment of dividends where applicable. The results presented below are not necessarily indicative of future performance.
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Item 6. Reserved.
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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
The following discussion and analysis by our management of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes and other financial information included elsewhere in this Annual Report. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Annual Report, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. You should review the sections titled “Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors” for a discussion of forward-looking statements and important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any period in the future.
Overview
We are a sports-first, cable TV replacement product, offering subscribers access to tens of thousands of live sporting events annually, as well as leading news and entertainment content, both live and on demand. Fubo allows customers to access content through streaming devices and on Smart TVs, mobile phones, tablets, and computers.
Our business motto is “come for the sports, stay for the entertainment.”
First, we leverage sporting events to acquire subscribers at efficient acquisition costs, given the built-in demand for sports. We then leverage our technology and data to drive higher engagement and induce retentive behaviors such as watching content, favoriting channels, recording shows, and increasing discovery through our proprietary machine learning recommendations engine. We monetize our growing base of highly engaged subscribers by driving higher average revenue per user.
We drive our business model with three core strategies:
•Grow our paid subscriber base
•Optimize our content portfolio, engagement and retention
•Increase monetization through subscription and advertising.
Nature of Business
We are a leading live TV streaming platform for sports, news, and entertainment. Our revenues are almost entirely derived from the sale of subscription services and the sale of advertisements in the United States, though we have expanded into several international markets, with operations in Canada, Spain and France.
Our subscription-based services are offered to consumers who can sign-up for accounts at https://fubo.tv, through which we provide basic plans with the flexibility for consumers to purchase the add-ons and features best suited for them. Besides the website, consumers can also sign-up via some TV-connected devices. Our platform provides, what we believe to be, a superior viewer experience, with a broad suite of unique features and personalization capabilities such as multi-channel viewing capabilities, favorites lists and a dynamic recommendation engine as well as 4K streaming and Cloud DVR offerings.
On October 17, 2022, we ceased operation of our business-to-consumer online mobile sportsbook ("Fubo Sportsbook") in connection with the dissolution of our wholly-owned subsidiary, Fubo Gaming, Inc. ("Fubo Gaming"). The results of operations of Fubo Sportsbook are presented as discontinued operations in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.
Segments
In connection with the dissolution of Fubo Gaming and the termination of Fubo Sportsbook, assets and liabilities and the operations of our former wagering reportable segment have been reported in discontinued operations for all periods presented. With respect to our continuing operations, we operate as a single reportable segment.
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Key Factors and Trends Impacting Performance
Our financial condition and results of operations have been, and may in the future be, affected by a number of factors and trends, such as those described in Part II, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” and the following:
Brand Awareness
Building and maintaining a strong brand is important to our ability to attract and retain subscribers, as potential subscribers have a number of pay TV choices. We and our competitors attract new subscribers from each other’s existing subscriber bases as well as from first-time purchasers of Pay TV services. We continue to experience increased competition, including from larger companies with greater resources to promote their brands through traditional forms of advertising, such as print media and TV commercials, as well as Internet advertising and website product placement. We primarily rely on paid marketing channels (such as social media, search advertising, display advertising, radio, out of home and television) to grow our brand and reach new subscribers. If these channels become less efficient our growth could be adversely affected.
Subscriber Acquisition, Retention and Engagement
Our long-term growth will depend in part on our ability to grow and retain our subscriber base, as well as increased engagement by our subscribers. The relative service levels, content offerings, pricing and user experience of our platform will impact our ability to attract and retain subscribers versus our competitors. Any perceived decline in platform value, whether through new features, pricing adjustments, or content changes, could hurt our ability to attract and retain customers. Aggressive promotions by competitors could further impact our value proposition.
Acceleration or Deceleration of Cord-Cutting
In recent years, including as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, we and other streaming services experienced rapid growth in adoption as consumers engage with streaming video and audio through a variety of devices, including connected TVs, mobile phones, and tablets. Although traditional Pay TV still accounts for a meaningful share of TV viewing hours for U.S. households; the proportion has declined in recent years as customers cut the cord. While we believe consumers are increasingly favoring the streaming services based on, among other factors, customer experience and pricing considerations, these positive trends for our business may not continue during future periods.
Shift of Advertising Dollar Spend from Traditional Pay TV to Connected TV
Our business model depends on our ability to grow ad inventory on our platform and sell it to advertisers. We operate in a highly competitive advertising industry and we compete for revenue from advertising with other streaming platforms and services, as well as traditional media, such as radio, broadcast, cable and satellite TV, and satellite and internet radio. Many advertisers devote a substantial portion of their advertising budgets to traditional media, and we expect advertisers may do so in the future. Although traditional TV advertisers have shown a growing interest in over-the-top (“OTT”) advertising, we cannot be certain that their interest will increase in the future. If advertisers do not perceive meaningful benefits of OTT advertising, the market may develop more slowly than we expect, which could adversely impact our operating results and our ability to grow our business. In addition, advertising spend is affected by broader macroeconomic conditions, and therefore economic downturns and recessionary fears may also negatively impact our ability to capture advertising dollars.
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Content Acquisition and Renewal
Our ability to compete successfully will depend, among other things, on our ability to obtain desirable content and deliver it to our subscribers at competitive prices. The addition or loss of popular content or channels, including our ability to enter into new content deals or negotiate renewals with our content providers on terms that are favorable to us, or at all, could affect our results and our ability to grow our business. Content costs represent the majority of our “Subscriber related expenses” and the largest component of our total operating expenses. We have seen an increase in these costs in recent periods, and we expect further increases in the future. Moreover, the renewal of long-term content contracts may be on less favorable pricing terms in the future. As a result, our margins may face pressure if we are unable to renew our long-term content contracts on acceptable pricing and other economic terms or if we are unable to pass these increased programming costs on to our subscribers. In addition, as content providers bring to market their own direct-to-consumer streaming services, including the simulcasting and/or exclusive distribution of sporting events, the differentiated value proposition offered by our aggregated content mix may diminish. Moreover, if current or future content partners refuse to grant our subscribers access to stream certain channels, or make their content available on their own DTC platform or our competitors’ platforms, whether exclusively or at more attractive pricing, this could adversely affect our ability to acquire and retain subscribers, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Seasonality
We generate significantly higher levels of revenue and subscriber additions in the third and fourth quarters of the year. This seasonality is driven primarily by an influx of new subscribers at the start of the National Football League and college football seasons. Our operating results may also be affected by the scheduling of major sporting events that do not occur annually, such as the World Cup or Olympic Games, or the cancellation or postponement of sporting events. In addition, we typically see subscribers on our platform decline from the fourth quarter of the previous year through the first and second quarter of the following year.
Macroeconomic Factors
Macroeconomic factors, including mounting inflationary cost pressures and potential recession indicators, have created significant volatility, uncertainty, and economic disruption. We continue to monitor the effects of the macroeconomic environment and take appropriate steps designed to mitigate the impact on our business; however, the nature and extent of this impact in future periods remains difficult to predict due to numerous uncertainties outside our control.
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Components of Results of Operations
Revenues
Subscription
Subscription revenue consists of subscription plans sold through the Company’s website and third-party app stores.
Advertising
Advertising revenue consists of fees charged to advertisers who want to display ads (“impressions”) within the streamed content.
Other
Other revenue consists of distribution fees and commissions earned on sales through a channel distribution platform.
Subscriber related expenses
Subscriber related expenses consist primarily of affiliate distribution rights and other distribution costs related to content streaming.
Broadcasting and transmission
Broadcasting and transmission expenses consist primarily of the cost to acquire a signal, and transcode, store, and retransmit it to the subscribers.
Sales and marketing
Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of payroll and related costs, benefits, rent and utilities, stock-based compensation, agency costs, advertising campaigns and branding initiatives.
Technology and development
Technology and development expenses consist primarily of payroll and related costs, benefits, rent and utilities, stock-based compensation, technical services, software expenses, and hosting expenses.
General and administrative
General and administrative expenses consist primarily of payroll and related costs, benefits, rent and utilities, stock-based compensation, corporate insurance, office expenses, professional fees, as well as travel, meals, and entertainment costs.
Depreciation and amortization
Depreciation and amortization expense includes depreciation of fixed assets and amortization of finite-lived intangible assets.
Other income (expense)
Other income (expense) primarily consists of the change in fair value of financial instruments, interest income, interest expense and financing costs on our outstanding borrowings and amortization of debt discount.
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Income tax benefit
The income tax benefit is driven by the change in deferred tax assets and liabilities and resulting change in valuation allowance.
Net income (loss) from discontinued operations
The income (loss) from discontinued operations primarily consists of operating expenses related to the launch and wind down of the wagering business, impairment expense associated with the write-off of goodwill, intangible assets, and other assets, and re-evaluation of certain contract termination costs.
Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, and 2022 (in thousands):
| For the Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| Revenues | |||||||||||
| Subscription | $ | 1,249,579 | $ | 905,886 | |||||||
| Advertising | 115,370 | 101,739 | |||||||||
| Other | 3,276 | 1,071 | |||||||||
| Total revenues | 1,368,225 | 1,008,696 | |||||||||
| Operating expenses | |||||||||||
| Subscriber related expenses | 1,213,253 | 976,415 | |||||||||
| Broadcasting and transmission | 68,824 | 73,377 | |||||||||
| Sales and marketing | 207,045 | 183,615 | |||||||||
| Technology and development | 67,675 | 69,264 | |||||||||
| General and administrative | 64,282 | 81,151 | |||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 36,496 | 36,731 | |||||||||
| Total operating expenses | 1,657,575 | 1,420,553 | |||||||||
| Operating loss | (289,350) | (411,857) | |||||||||
| Other income (expense) | |||||||||||
| Interest expense | (13,712) | (14,194) | |||||||||
| Interest income | 10,971 | 2,498 | |||||||||
| Amortization of debt discount | (2,574) | (2,476) | |||||||||
| Gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt | 1,607 | — | |||||||||
| Change in fair value of warrant liabilities | — | (1,701) | |||||||||
| Other income (expense) | (923) | 1,019 | |||||||||
| Total other expense | (4,631) | (14,854) | |||||||||
| Loss from continuing operations before income taxes | (293,981) | (426,711) | |||||||||
| Income tax benefit | 879 | 1,666 | |||||||||
| Net loss from continuing operations | (293,102) | (425,045) | |||||||||
| Discontinued operations | |||||||||||
| Net income (loss) from discontinued operations before income taxes | 5,185 | — | (136,874) | ||||||||
| Income tax | — | — | |||||||||
| Net income (loss) from discontinued operations | 5,185 | (136,874) | |||||||||
| Net loss | (287,917) | (561,919) | |||||||||
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Revenue, net
During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized revenues of $1,368.2 million compared to $1,008.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase of $359.5 million was primarily due to an increase in subscription revenue of $343.7 million, comprising $205.7 million from increases in our subscriber base and $138.0 million from increases in subscription package prices and attachments sold. Advertising revenue increased $13.6 million primarily due to an increase in the number of impressions sold offset by a decrease in CPMs.
Subscriber related expenses
During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized subscriber related expenses of $1,213.3 million compared to $976.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase of $236.8 million was primarily due to an increase in affiliate distribution rights and other distribution costs primarily resulting from an increase in subscribers and contractual rates.
Broadcasting and transmission
During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized broadcasting and transmission expenses of $68.8 million compared to $73.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease of $4.6 million was primarily due to a reduction in expenses resulting from initiatives implemented by the Company to optimize our cloud infrastructure.
Sales and marketing
During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized sales and marketing expenses of $207.0 million compared to $183.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase of $23.4 million was primarily due to a $17.8 million increase in marketing expense to acquire new customers and a $5.3 million increase in payroll expense due to an increase in employee headcount and salaries.
Technology and development
During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized technology and development expenses of $67.7 million compared to $69.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease of $1.6 million was primarily due to a decrease in payroll expense of $2.7 million and a decrease in contractor expense of $1.6 million partially offset by an increase of $2.0 million in stock-based compensation.
General and administrative
During the year ended December 31, 2023, general and administrative expenses totaled $64.3 million compared to $81.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease of $16.9 million was primarily due to a decrease of $4.4 million for sales tax due to the absence of a reserve in the current year, a $4.0 million decrease in stock-based compensation, a $2.0 million decrease in professional fees, and an $8.8 million decrease in payroll expense, partially offset by a $2.9 million increase in amortization of content production costs.
Depreciation and amortization
During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized depreciation and amortization expenses of $36.5 million compared to $36.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease of $0.2 million is primarily related to the full amortization of certain intangible assets in prior periods offset by an increase in amortization from the capitalization of internal use assets and the purchase of intangible assets.
Other income (expense)
During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized $4.6 million of other expense (net) compared to $14.9 million of other expense (net) during the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease of $10.2 million is primarily related to a $1.6 million gain on extinguishment of debt in 2023, an increase in interest income of $8.5 million due to an increase in cash invested in interest-bearing accounts, and a decrease in interest expense of $0.5 million due to the repurchase of convertible notes.
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Income tax benefit
During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized an income tax benefit of $0.9 million compared to $1.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease of $0.8 million in the income tax benefit is primarily due to the change in the valuation allowance resulting from our inability to fully recognize the future tax benefits on current year losses.
Net income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax
During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized net income from discontinued operations of $5.2 million compared to a net loss of $136.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. The net income in 2023 is due to a gain on the settlement and remeasurement of certain liabilities. The net loss in 2022 is due to the discontinuance of the operations of our wagering business in October 2022.
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Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):
| For the Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||
| Revenues | |||||||||||
| Subscription | $ | 905,886 | $ | 564,441 | |||||||
| Advertising | 101,739 | 73,749 | |||||||||
| Other | 1,071 | 180 | |||||||||
| Total revenues | 1,008,696 | 638,370 | |||||||||
| Operating expenses | |||||||||||
| Subscriber related expenses | 976,415 | 593,241 | |||||||||
| Broadcasting and transmission | 73,377 | 55,563 | |||||||||
| Sales and marketing | 183,615 | 135,720 | |||||||||
| Technology and development | 69,264 | 55,418 | |||||||||
| General and administrative | 81,151 | 89,039 | |||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 36,731 | 37,666 | |||||||||
| Total operating expenses | 1,420,553 | 966,647 | |||||||||
| Operating loss | (411,857) | (328,277) | |||||||||
| Other income (expense) | |||||||||||
| Interest expense | (14,194) | (13,451) | |||||||||
| Interest income | 2,498 | — | |||||||||
| Amortization of debt discount | (2,476) | (14,928) | |||||||||
| Gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt | — | (380) | |||||||||
| Change in fair value of warrant liabilities | (1,701) | 2,659 | |||||||||
| Other income (expense) | 1,019 | (90) | |||||||||
| Total other expense | (14,854) | (26,190) | |||||||||
| Loss from continuing operations before income taxes | (426,711) | (354,467) | |||||||||
| Income tax benefit | 1,666 | 2,681 | |||||||||
| Net loss from continuing operations | (425,045) | (351,786) | |||||||||
| Discontinued operations | |||||||||||
| Net income (loss) from discontinued operations before income taxes | (136,874) | (31,177) | |||||||||
| Income tax | — | — | |||||||||
| Net income (loss) from discontinued operations | (136,874) | (31,177) | |||||||||
| Net loss | (561,919) | (382,963) | |||||||||
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Revenue, net
During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized revenues of $1,008.7 million compared to $638.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase of $370.3 million was primarily due to an increase in subscription revenue of $341.4 million, comprising $290.5 million from increases in our subscriber base, $29.1 million from increases in subscription package prices and attachments sold and $21.8 million from the acquisition of Molotov S.A.S. ("Molotov") in December 2021. Advertising revenue increased $28.0 million primarily due to an increase in the number of impressions sold.
Subscriber related expenses
During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized subscriber related expenses of $976.4 million compared to $593.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase of $383.2 million was primarily due to an increase in affiliate distribution rights and other distribution costs resulting from an increase in subscribers.
Broadcasting and transmission
During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized broadcasting and transmission expenses of $73.4 million compared to $55.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase of $17.8 million was primarily due to a higher number of linear feeds due to additional channel launches.
Sales and marketing
During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized sales and marketing expenses of $183.6 million compared to $135.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase of $47.9 million was primarily due to a $19.3 million increase in stock-based compensation, $21.3 million increase in marketing expenses to acquire new customers for the streaming platform and a $5.7 million increase in payroll expense due to an increase in employee headcount.
Technology and development
During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized technology and development expenses of $69.3 million compared to $55.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase of $13.9 million was primarily due to an increase of $8.8 million in salaries due to an increase in employee headcount, $2.6 million in software expense and $3.7 million in cost from the acquisitions of Molotov and Edisn in December 2021.
General and administrative
During the year ended December 31, 2022, general and administrative expenses totaled $81.2 million compared to $89.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease of $7.8 million was primarily due to a decrease in stock-based compensation of $16.2 million, $7.6 million in sales tax and $5.7 million in professional fees, partially offset by a $15.6 million increase from the acquisition of Molotov and $4.7 million increase in salaries due to an increase in employee headcount.
Depreciation and amortization
During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized depreciation and amortization expenses of $36.7 million compared to $37.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease of $1.0 million is primarily related to a reduction of amortization expense of $6.7 million, partially offset by increased amortization expense of $5.8 million from the acquisitions of Molotov and Edisn in December 2021.
Other income (expense)
During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized $14.9 million of other expense (net) compared to $26.2 million of other expense (net) during the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease of $11.3 million is primarily related to a $4.4 million reduction in the change in fair value of warrant liabilities, a $0.4 million decrease in loss on extinguishment of debt, and an increase in interest income of $2.5 million, partially offset by an increase of $12.5 million in amortization of debt discount and a decrease of $0.7 million of interest expense.
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Income tax benefit
During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized an income tax benefit of $1.7 million compared to $2.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease of $1.0 million in the income tax benefit is primarily due to the change in the valuation allowance resulting from our inability recognize the future tax benefits on current year losses.
Net income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax
During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized a net loss from discontinued operations of $136.9 compared to $31.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2021. The change of $105.7 million is primarily due to an increase in the operating expenses of the wagering business and a charge for the impairment of goodwill, intangible assets and other assets.
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Key Performance Metrics
We use certain key performance metrics to monitor and manage our business, including to measure our operating performance, identify trends affecting our business and make strategic decisions. We believe these key performance metrics provide useful information to investors in evaluating our operating results in the same manner management does.
Paid Subscribers
We believe the number of paid subscribers is a relevant measure to gauge the size of our user base. Paid subscribers are total subscribers that have completed registration with Fubo, have activated a payment method (only reflects one paying user per plan), from which Fubo has collected payment in the month ending the relevant period. Users who are on a free (trial) period are not included in this metric.
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had approximately 1.6 million and 1.4 million paid subscribers in the United States and Canada ("North America" or "NA"), respectively. We had approximately 0.4 million and 0.4 million paid subscribers in the remaining territories in which the Company operates ("Rest of World" or "ROW") as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Average Revenue Per User
Beginning in the third quarter of 2022, Average Revenue Per User (“ARPU”) is calculated using GAAP Subscription revenue and GAAP Advertising revenue. Previously, ARPU was calculated using Platform Bookings, which consisted of GAAP Subscription revenue and GAAP Advertising revenue, adjusted for deferred revenue.
We believe ARPU provides useful information for investors to gauge the revenue generated per subscriber on a monthly basis. ARPU, with respect to a given period, is defined as total Subscription revenue and Advertising revenue recognized in such period, divided by the average daily paid subscribers in such period, divided by the number of months in such period. Advertising revenue, like Subscription revenue, is primarily driven by the number of subscribers to our platform and per-subscriber viewership such as the type of, and duration of, content watched on platform. We believe ARPU is an important metric for both management and investors to evaluate the Company’s core operating performance and measure our subscriber monetization, as well as evaluate unit economics, payback on subscriber acquisition cost and lifetime value per subscriber. In addition, we believe that presenting a geographic breakdown for North America ARPU and ROW ARPU allows for a more meaningful assessment of the business because of the significant differences in both Subscription revenue and Advertising revenue generated on a per subscriber basis in North America when compared to ROW due to our current subscription pricing models and advertising monetization in the two geographic regions.
Our NA ARPU was $82.25 and $72.74 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Our ROW ARPU was $6.82 and $6.14 for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Gross Profit and Gross Margin (GAAP)
Gross Profit is defined as Revenue less Subscriber related expenses and Broadcasting and transmission. Gross Margin is defined as Gross Profit divided by Revenue. We believe these measures are useful because they represent key profitability metrics for our business and are used by management to evaluate the performance of our business, including measuring the cost to deliver our product to subscribers against revenue.
Our gross profit was $86.1 million and $(41.1) million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Our gross margin was 6.3% and (4.1)% for the same periods, respectively.
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The tables below provide a reconciliation of NA ARPU and ROW ARPU to GAAP Subscription and Advertising Revenue (in thousands, except average subscribers and average per user amounts):
Reconciliation of GAAP Subscription and Advertising Revenue to North America ARPU:
Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | |||||||||||||
| As-Reported | As-Reported | |||||||||||||
| Subscription Revenue (GAAP) | $ | 1,249,579 | $ | 905,886 | ||||||||||
| Advertising Revenue (GAAP) | 115,370 | 101,739 | ||||||||||||
| (Subtract): | ||||||||||||||
| ROW Subscription Revenue | (31,674) | (23,207) | ||||||||||||
| ROW Advertising Revenue | (1,123) | (1,134) | ||||||||||||
| Total | 1,332,152 | 983,284 | ||||||||||||
| Divide: | ||||||||||||||
| Average Subscribers (North America) | 1,349,647 | 1,126,461 | ||||||||||||
| Months in Period | 12 | 12 | ||||||||||||
| North America Monthly Average Revenue per User (NA ARPU) | $ | 82.25 | $ | 72.74 | ||||||||||
Reconciliation of GAAP Subscription and Advertising Revenue to ROW ARPU:
Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| As-Reported | As-Reported | ||||||||||
| Subscription Revenue (GAAP) | $ | 1,249,579 | $ | 905,886 | |||||||
| Advertising Revenue (GAAP) | 115,370 | $ | 101,739 | ||||||||
| (Subtract): | |||||||||||
| North America Subscription Revenue | (1,217,905) | (882,679) | |||||||||
| North America Advertising Revenue | (114,247) | (100,605) | |||||||||
| Total | 32,797 | 24,341 | |||||||||
| Divide: | |||||||||||
| Average Subscribers (ROW) | 401,009 | 330,222 | |||||||||
| Months in Period | 12 | 12 | |||||||||
| ROW Monthly Average Revenue per User (ROW ARPU) | $ | 6.82 | $ | 6.14 | |||||||
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that we will continue as a going concern, which contemplates the continuity of operations, realization of assets, and liquidation of liabilities in the normal course of business. See Note 16 in the accompanying consolidated financial statements for a further discussion of our cash commitments and contractual obligations as of December 31, 2023, including lease obligations and sponsorship agreements, in addition to our discussion below regarding the dissolution of Fubo Gaming in October 2022.
Our primary sources of cash are receipts from subscribers and advertising revenue as well as proceeds from equity and debt financings. Our primary uses of cash are content and programming license fees and operating expenses, including payroll-related, marketing, technology and professional fees. In addition, prior to the dissolution of our subsidiary, Fubo Gaming, on October 17, 2022, and the concurrent termination of operations of Fubo Sportsbook, our primary uses of cash included expenses related to the launch and operations of our wagering business.
In February 2021, we raised $389.4 million, net of offering expenses, through the sale of $402.5 million aggregate principal amount of 3.25% senior convertible notes due 2026 (the "2026 Notes"). The 2026 Notes bear interest at a rate of 3.25% per annum, payable semi-annually each year. In October 2023, the Company repurchased $5.0 million principal amount of the 2026 Notes for $3.3 million. In January 2024, we exchanged (the "Exchange") $205.8 million principal amount of the 2026 Notes for $177.5 million in aggregate principal amount of the Company’s new convertible senior secured notes due 2029 (the “2029 Notes”). Upon completion of the Exchange, the aggregate principal amount of the 2026 Notes outstanding is $191.7 million, and the aggregate principal amount of the 2029 Notes outstanding is $177.5 million. At our election for any interest period, the 2029 Notes will bear interest at a rate of (i) 7.50% per annum on the principal amount thereof if interest is paid in cash and (ii) 10.00% per annum on the principal amount thereof if interest is paid in kind, in each case payable semi-annually each year.
We currently have an effective shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (No. 333-258428) initially filed with the SEC on August 4, 2021, as amended (the “2021 Form S-3”), pursuant to which we may offer, from time to time, in one or more offerings any combination of common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, purchase contracts and units of up to $750.0 million in the aggregate. We also have an additional effective shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (No 333-266557) filed with the SEC on August 5, 2022 under which we may offer, from time to time, in one or more offerings any combination of common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, purchase contracts and units of up to $750.0 million in the aggregate. On August 4, 2022, we entered into an at-the-market sales agreement with Evercore Group L.L.C., Citigroup Global Markets Inc., Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC and Needham & Company, LLC, as sales agents, under which we may, from time to time, sell shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $350.0 million through the sales agents (the "ATM Program") under our 2021 Form S-3.
During the year ended December 31, 2023, we sold 81,694,729 shares of our common stock under the 2021 Form S-3 and the ATM Program, resulting in net proceeds of approximately $116.9 million, after deducting agent commissions and issuance costs. As of December 31, 2023, we had cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of $251.4 million.
As a result of the dissolution of Fubo Gaming and termination of Fubo Sportsbook operations, we have incurred immaterial cash charges to date and may incur further cash charges, the amount and timing of which cannot be estimated at this time.
Based on our current outlook, we expect to primarily use our cash and cash equivalents, and cash flows from operations, to fund our operations. However, our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including, but not limited to, those detailed in Part II, Item 1A, Risk Factors in this Annual Report. We therefore may from time to time seek to raise additional capital, including selling shares of our common stock under our ATM program to, among other things, fund repurchases of our debt or equity securities or, if a change in market conditions or other circumstances impacts our current outlook and/or liquidity needs, to fund our operating plan. Subject to market conditions, we also may opportunistically choose to raise capital from time to time to strengthen our balance sheet and enhance our liquidity. In addition, we may seek to repurchase, refinance or restructure our outstanding debt securities prior to their maturity in one or more transactions, which may involve the payment of cash or the issuance of additional debt or equity securities.
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No assurance can be given that any future financing will be available or, if available, that it will be on terms that are satisfactory to us. Issuing additional shares of our capital stock, other equity securities, or additional securities convertible into equity may dilute the economic and voting rights of our existing shareholders, reduce the market price of our common stock, or both. Debt securities convertible into equity could be subject to adjustments in the conversion ratio pursuant to which certain events may increase the number of equity securities issuable upon conversion. Preferred stock, if issued, could have a preference with respect to liquidating distributions or a preference with respect to dividend payments that could limit our ability to pay dividends to the holders of our common stock. Our decision to issue securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, which may adversely affect the amount, timing, or nature of our future offerings. As a result, holders of our common stock bear the risk that our future offerings may reduce the market price of our common stock and dilute their percentage ownership. If we are unable to raise additional capital due to unfavorable market conditions, including rising interest rates, or otherwise, or generate cash flows necessary to expand our operations and invest in continued innovation, we may not be able to compete successfully, which would harm our business, operations, and financial condition.
Our future capital requirements and the adequacy of our available funds will depend on many factors, including our ability to successfully attract and retain subscribers, develop new technologies that can compete in a rapidly changing market with many competitors and the need to enter into collaborations with other companies or acquire other companies or technologies to enhance or complement our product and service offerings. We believe our existing cash and cash equivalents will provide us with the necessary liquidity to continue as a going concern for at least the next twelve months.
In addition to the foregoing, based on our current assessment, we do not expect any material impact on our long-term development timeline, revenue levels and our liquidity due to macroeconomic factors, including inflationary cost pressures and potential recession indicators. However, we are continuing to assess the impact that macroeconomic factors may have on our operations, financial condition and liquidity, which depends on factors beyond our knowledge and control. See Note 11 in the accompanying consolidated financial statements for further discussion regarding our outstanding indebtedness.
Cash Flows (in thousands)
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||||
| Continuing operations: | |||||||||||||||||
| Net cash used in operating activities | (173,045) | (289,786) | (171,896) | ||||||||||||||
| Net cash used in investing activities | (25,417) | (5,987) | (30,377) | ||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by financing activities | 111,233 | 296,270 | 511,958 | ||||||||||||||
| Discontinued operations | |||||||||||||||||
| Net cash used in operating activities | (4,577) | (26,915) | (24,031) | ||||||||||||||
| Net cash used in investing activities | — | (6,436) | (45,795) | ||||||||||||||
| Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (91,806) | (32,854) | 239,859 | ||||||||||||||
Continuing Operations
Operating Activities
For the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash used in operating activities was $173.0 million, which consisted of our net loss of $293.1, adjusted for non-cash movements of $91.5 million. The non-cash movements consist primarily of $36.5 million of depreciation and amortization expenses, $51.2 million of stock-based compensation, $2.6 million of amortization of debt discounts, $3.1 million amortization of right of use assets and $1.6 million gain on extinguishment of debt. Changes in operating assets and liabilities resulted in cash inflows of approximately $28.6 million, primarily due to a net increase in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other current and long-term liabilities of $56.0 million due to timing of payments and a net increase in deferred revenue of $24.8 million, partially offset by increases in accounts receivable of $36.2 million and prepaid expenses, prepaid sports rights and other assets of $16.0 million.
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For the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash used in operating activities was $289.8 million, which consisted primarily of our net loss of $425.0 million, adjusted for non-cash movements of $95.9 million. The non-cash movements consist primarily of $36.7 million of depreciation and amortization expenses, $52.5 million of stock-based compensation, $2.5 million of amortization of debt discounts and $3.1 million amortization of right of use assets, partially offset by $1.7 million of change in fair value of warrant liability. Changes in operating assets and liabilities resulted in cash inflows of approximately $39.3 million, primarily due to a net increase in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other current and long-term liabilities of $63.3 million due to timing of payments and a net increase in deferred revenue of $21.1 million, partially offset by increases in accounts receivable of $9.8 million and prepaid expenses, prepaid sports rights and other assets of $35.3 million.
For the year ended December 31, 2021, net cash used in operating activities was $171.9 million, which consisted primarily of our net loss of $351.8 million, adjusted for non-cash movements of $102.3 million. The non-cash movements consist primarily of $37.7 million of depreciation and amortization expenses, $53.2 million of stock-based compensation, $14.9 million of amortization of debt discounts and $1.0 million amortization of right of use assets, partially offset by $2.7 million of change in fair value of warrant liability and $2.7 million of deferred income tax benefit. Changes in operating assets and liabilities resulted in cash inflows of approximately $77.6 million, primarily due to a net increase in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other current and long-term liabilities of $73.4 million due to timing of payments and a net increase in deferred revenue of $26.1 million, partially offset by increases in accounts receivable of $15.0 million and prepaid expenses, prepaid sports rights and other assets of $6.8 million.
Investing Activities
For the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash used in investing activities was $25.4 million, which primarily consisted of $1.1 million of capital expenditures, $17.3 million for capitalized internal use software, $3.6 million for purchase of software licenses and a $3.5 million strategic investment.
For the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash used in investing activities was $6.0 million, which primarily consisted of $1.1 million of capital expenditures, and $4.9 million for capitalized internal use software.
For the year ended December 31, 2021, net cash used in investing activities was $30.4 million, which primarily consisted of $3.4 million of capital expenditures, $4.1 million for capitalized internal use software, and $22.9 million for acquisitions.
Financing Activities
For the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash provided by financing activities was $111.2 million. The net cash provided is primarily related to approximately $116.9 million of net proceeds received from the “at-the market” offering and $0.4 million of proceeds received from the exercise of stock options and warrants. These proceeds were offset by a $3.3 million repurchase of convertible notes and $2.1 million redemption of non-controlling interest.
For the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash provided by financing activities was $296.3 million. The net cash provided is primarily related to approximately $292.1 million of net proceeds received from the “at-the market” offering and $5.8 million of proceeds received from the exercise of stock options and warrants. These proceeds were offset by repayments of $1.7 million of outstanding debt.
For the year ended December 31, 2021 net cash provided by financing activities was $512.0 million. The net cash provided is primarily related to $389.4 million of proceeds received from the issuance of senior convertible notes, $140.4 million of proceeds received from the “at-the market” offering, and $6.8 million from the exercise of stock options and warrants. These proceeds were partially offset by repayments of $24.7 million of outstanding debt.
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Discontinued operations
Operating and Investing Activities
For the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash used in operating activities was $4.6 million relating to the settlement of certain liabilities of Fubo Gaming.
For the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash used in operating and investing activities was $26.9 million and $6.4 million, respectively, due to the launch of Fubo Sportsbook in the fourth quarter of 2021. Fubo Sportsbook was terminated in October 2022.
For the year ended December 31, 2021, net cash used in operating and investing activities was $24.0 million and $45.8, respectively, due to the launch of Fubo Sportsbook.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements and related disclosures requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. We have identified all significant accounting policies in Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report.
Business Combinations
We recognize, separately from goodwill, identifiable assets and liabilities acquired in a business combination at fair value on the date of acquisition. We use our best estimates and assumptions to accurately assign fair value to the tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date as well as the useful lives of those acquired intangible assets. We estimate the useful lives of the intangible assets based on the expected period over which we anticipate generating economic benefit from the asset. The determination of the fair value of acquired identifiable intangible assets requires us to make significant estimates and assumptions regarding projected revenue and growth rates, royalty rates, and discount rates. Unanticipated events and circumstances may occur that may affect the accuracy or validity of such assumptions, estimates or actual results. We also review our intangible assets for impairment whenever changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset is not recoverable.
In accounting for the Merger described in Note 5 to our consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report, judgment was required in determining the accounting acquirer. Our evaluation of the accounting acquirer considered various indicators including voting rights, minority voting interest, composition of board of directors, composition of management and relative size of the entities. We ultimately concluded that Facebank Pre-Merger was the accounting acquirer in the Merger because (i) FaceBank Pre-Merger’s shareholders owned approximately 57% of the voting common shares of the combined company immediately following the closing of the Merger (54% assuming the exercise of all vested stock options as of the closing of the transaction) and (ii) directors appointed by FaceBank Pre-Merger would hold a majority of board seats in the combined company.
Goodwill
We test goodwill for impairment on an annual basis during the fourth quarter of each calendar year or earlier when circumstances dictate. We measure recoverability of goodwill at the reporting unit level. The process of determining the fair value of a reporting unit is highly subjective and involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions. In performing our annual assessment, we can opt to perform a qualitative assessment to test a reporting unit’s goodwill for impairment or we can directly perform a quantitative assessment. Based on our qualitative assessment, if we determine that the fair value of our reporting unit is, more likely than not, less than its carrying amount, then the quantitative assessment is performed. Any excess of the reporting unit’s carrying amount over its fair value will be recorded as an impairment loss.
We performed our annual impairment test in the fourth quarter of 2023 and concluded that no impairment charges were necessary.
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In the second quarter of 2022, we identified a triggering event that required us to perform a quantitative assessment of impairment of goodwill as of June 30, 2022. We concluded that the fair value of goodwill attributable to the Wagering reporting unit was less than its carrying value, which resulted in full impairment of the goodwill of $10.7 million. There was no impairment identified for the Streaming reporting unit as of June 30, 2022.
In the fourth quarter of 2022, we identified a triggering event that required us to perform a quantitative assessment of goodwill for the streaming reporting unit as of December 31, 2022. The results of the impairment test also showed that the fair value of the streaming reporting unit was in excess of its carrying value by 3.5%. Therefore no impairment charge was recorded during the quarter ended December 31, 2022.
Intangible Assets
We amortize purchased-intangible assets on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the assets. We review purchased-intangible assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the useful life is shorter than we had originally estimated or that the carrying amount of assets may not be recoverable. If such facts and circumstances indicate an asset’s carrying amount may not be recoverable, we assess the recoverability of purchased-intangible assets by comparing the projected undiscounted net cash flows associated with the asset group against their respective carrying amounts. Impairment, if any, is based on the excess of the carrying amount over the fair value of these asset groups. If the useful life of the asset is shorter than originally estimated, we accelerate the rate of amortization and amortize the remaining carrying value over the new shorter useful life
The Company determined that the initiation of a strategic review of its interactive wagering business in August 2022 constituted a triggering event, in that there would be a significant change in the extent and manner in which the long-lived assets of Fubo Sportsbook would be used, and there was an expectation that the assets would be sold or otherwise disposed of. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company determined the carrying value of the asset groups, within Fubo Sportsbook, did not exceed future undiscounted cash flows. The Company then calculated the fair value of the asset groups as the present value of the estimated future cash flows and determined that the carrying value exceeded the fair value in certain instances. Based on this analysis, the Company recognized an aggregate non-cash impairment charge of $76.7 million which represented substantially all of the long-lived assets of Fubo Sportsbook.
Stock-Based Compensation
We recognize stock-based compensation for stock-based awards (including stock options, restricted stock units, and restricted stock awards) in accordance with ASC No. 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”). Determining the appropriate fair value of stock-based awards requires numerous assumptions, some of which are highly complex and subjective.
Stock-based awards generally vest subject to the satisfaction of service requirements, or the satisfaction of both service requirements and achievement of certain performance conditions or market and service conditions. For stock-based awards that vest subject to the satisfaction of service requirements or market and service conditions, stock-based compensation is measured based on the fair value of the award on the date of grant and is recognized as stock-based compensation on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. For stock-based awards that have a performance component, stock-based compensation is measured based on the fair value on the grant date and is recognized over the requisite service period as achievement of the performance objective becomes probable.
We estimate the fair value of our stock option awards on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Black-Scholes option-pricing model requires the use of judgments and assumptions, including fair value of our common stock, the option’s expected term, the expected price volatility of the underlying stock, risk free interest rates and the expected dividend yield.
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The fair value of our restricted stock units and restricted stock awards is estimated on the date of grant based on the fair value of our common stock.
The Black-Scholes model assumptions are further described below:
•Common stock – the fair value of the Company’s common stock.
•Expected Term - The expected term of options represents the period that the Company’s stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding based on the simplified method, which is the half-life from vesting to the end of its contractual term. The simplified method was used because the Company does not have sufficient historical exercise data to provide a reasonable basis for an estimate of expected term.
•Expected Volatility – The Company historically has lacked sufficient company specific historical and implied volatility information. Therefore, it estimates its expected stock volatility based primarily on the historical volatility of a publicly traded set of peer companies with consideration of the volatility of its own traded stock price.
•Risk-Free Interest Rate - The Company bases the risk-free interest rate on the implied yield available on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with an equivalent remaining term.
•Expected Dividend - The Company has never declared or paid any cash dividends on its common shares and does not plan to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future, and, therefore, uses an expected dividend yield of zero in its valuation models.
The following assumptions were used in determining the fair value of stock options granted during the year ended December 31, 2023:
| Dividend yield | — | % | ||||||
| Expected price volatility | 49.8 | % | ||||||
| Risk free interest rate | 3.9 | % | ||||||
| Expected term (years) | 6 years | |||||||
There were no stock options granted during the year ended December 31, 2022.
If any of the assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model change significantly, stock-based compensation for future awards may differ materially compared with the previously granted awards.
We account for forfeitures as they occur.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report for a discussion of recent accounting policies.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
We are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business, including risks relating to changes in interest rates and foreign currency. The following discussion provides additional information regarding these risks.
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Interest Rate Risk
As of December 31, 2023, we had cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash of $251.4 million. Our cash equivalents are generally invested in money market funds and time deposits. Interest paid on such funds fluctuates with the prevailing interest rate. In addition, as of December 31, 2023, we had $405.4 million of outstanding indebtedness on a consolidated basis which included $397.5 million of convertible notes and other notes outstanding with an aggregate principal of approximately $7.9 million. Our indebtedness bears interest at a fixed rate. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes and have not used any derivative financial instruments to manage our interest rate risk exposure. As of December 31, 2023, a hypothetical 10% change in interest rates would not have resulted in a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
Foreign Currency Risk
Revenues denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar account for approximately 2.4% and 2.4% of the consolidated amount for the three months and year ended December 31, 2023, respectively. Our financial statements are reported in U.S. dollars and, accordingly, fluctuations in exchange rates will affect the translation of our revenues and expenses denominated in foreign currencies into U.S. dollars for purposes of reporting our consolidated financial results. Our most significant currency exchange rate exposures are the euro and the Canadian dollar. As of December 31, 2023, a hypothetical 10% change in the relative value of the U.S. dollar to other foreign currencies would not have resulted in a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
The financial statements required by this Item 8 are appended to this Annual Report. An index of those financial statements is found in Item 15 of Part IV of this Annual Report.
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
Not applicable.
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Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.
A.Limitations on effectiveness of controls and procedures
In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.
B.Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, evaluated, as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act). Based upon that evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that, as of December 31, 2023, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.
C.Report of Management on Internal Controls over Financial Reporting.
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the Company. As of December 31, 2023, management completed an assessment of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on the 2013 Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO) framework. Based on that assessment, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2023. KPMG, our independent registered public accounting firm, has issued an attestation report on our internal control over financial reporting, which is included below.
D.Audit Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
72
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors
fuboTV Inc.:
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited fuboTV Inc. and subsidiaries' (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated March 4, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Report of Management on Internal Controls over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ KPMG LLP
New York, New York
March 4, 2024
73
E.Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended December 31, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Item 9B. Other Information.
(a) None.
(b) During the three months ended December 31, 2023, no director or “officer” (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) under the Exchange Act) of the Company adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,”
Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.
Not Applicable.
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PART III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.
Our board of directors has adopted a written Code of Business Conduct and Ethics applicable to all officers, directors and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions. We have posted a current copy of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics on our investor relations website under the Governance tab at https://ir.fubo.tv. In addition, we intend to post on our website all disclosures that are required by law or the NYSE listing standards concerning any amendments to, or waivers from, any provision of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics. The information contained on our website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report.
The remaining information required by this item will be included in our definitive proxy statement for our 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, and such required information is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 11. Executive Compensation.
The information required by this Item 11 will be included in our definitive proxy statement for our 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders and such information is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.
The information required by this Item 12 will be included in our definitive proxy statement for our 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders and such information is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.
The information required by this item will be included in our definitive proxy statement for our 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, and such information is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.
The information required by this item will be included in our definitive proxy statement for our 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, and such information is incorporated herein by reference.
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PART IV
Item 15. Exhibit and Financial Statement Schedules
(a)(1)Financial Statements.
The following documents are included on pages F-1 through F-47 attached hereto and are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Reference is made to the Index to Consolidated Financial Statements on Page F-1.
(a)(2)Financial Statement Schedules.
All financial statement schedules are omitted because the information called for is not required or is shown either in the consolidated financial statements or in the notes thereto.
76
(a)(3)Exhibits.
The following is a list of exhibits filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K:
| Exhibit Number | Incorporated by Reference | Filed / Furnished Herewith | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Exhibit Description | Form | File No. | Exhibit | Filing Date | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2.1 | 8-K | 000-55353 | 2.1 | 3/23/2020 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3.1(a) | S-1 | 333-176093 | 3.1(i) | 8/5/2011 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3.1(b) | S-1 | 333-176093 | 3.1(ii) | 8/5/2011 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3.1(c) | 10-K | 000-55353 | 3.1(iii) | 3/31/2015 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3.1(d) | 8-K | 000-55353 | 3.1 | 1/29/2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3.1(e) | 8-K | 000-55353 | 4.1 | 6/28/2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3.1(f) | 8-K | 000-55353 | 4.2 | 6/28/2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3.1(g) | 8-K | 000-55353 | 4.1 | 7/26/2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3.1(h) | 8-K | 000-55353 | 3.1 | 3/6/2017 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3.1(i) | 8-K | 000-55353 | 3.1 | 12/5/2017 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3.1(j) | 8-K | 000-55353 | 3.1 | 8/6/2018 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3.1(k) | 8-K | 000-55353 | 3.1 | 9/11/2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3.1(l) | 8-K | 000-55353 | 3.1 | 3/23/2020 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3.1(m) | 8-K | 000-55353 | 3.2 | 3/23/2020 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3.1(n) | 10-Q | 000-55353 | 3.1(n) | 7/6/2020 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3.1(o) | 10-Q | 000-55353 | 3.1(o) | 7/6/2020 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3.1(p) | 10-Q | 000-55353 | 3.1(p) | 7/6/2020 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
77
| 3.1(q) | 10-Q | 000-55353 | 3.1(q) | 7/6/2020 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3.1(r) | 10-Q | 000-55353 | 3.1(r) | 7/6/2020 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3.1(s) | 10-Q | 000-55353 | 3.1(s) | 7/6/2020 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3.1(t) | 8-K | 000-55353 | 3.1 | 8/13/2020 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3.1(u) | S-1 | 333-249783 | 3.1(u) | 10/30/2020 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3.1(v) | S-3 | 333-266557 | 3.1(v) | 8/5/2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3.1(w) | 10-Q | 001-39590 | 3.1(w) | 8/7/2023 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3.2 | 8-K | 001-39590 | 3.1 | 3/2/2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4.1 | 10-K | 001-39590 | 4.1 | 3/25/2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4.2 | 10-Q | 000-55353 | 4.5 | 7/6/2020 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4.3 | 8-K | 001-39590 | 4.1 | 2/2/2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4.4 | 8-K | 001-39590 | 4.2 | 2/2/2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4.5 | 8-K | 001-39590 | 4.1 | 1/2/2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4.6 | 8-K | 001-39590 | 4.2 | 1/2/2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4.7 | 8-K | 001-39590 | 99.2 | 1/2/2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4.8 | * | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.1† | 10-Q | 000-55353 | 10.2 | 7/6/2020 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.2† | 10-Q | 000-55353 | 10.3 | 7/6/2020 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
78
| 10.3† | 8-K | 001-39590 | 10.1 | 6/20/2023 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.4† | 10-K | 001-39590 | 10.4 | 3/1/2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.5† | 10-K | 001-39590 | 10.5 | 3/1/2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.6† | 10-K | 001-39590 | 10.6 | 3/1/2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.7† | 8-K | 001-39590 | 10.2 | 5/8/2023 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.8† | 10-Q | 001-39590 | 10.1 | 8/8/2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.9† | 10-Q | 001-39590 | 10.2 | 8/8/2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.10† | 10-Q | 001-39590 | 10.3 | 8/8/2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.11† | 10-Q | 001-39590 | 10.4 | 8/8/2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
10.12† | 10-Q | 001-39590 | 10.1 | 8/7/2023 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
10.13† | 10-Q | 001-39590 | 10.2 | 8/7/2023 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
10.14† | 10-Q | 001-39590 | 10.3 | 8/7/2023 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
10.15† | 10-Q | 001-39590 | 10.4 | 8/7/2023 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
10.16† | 8-K | 000-55353 | 10.2 | 4/7/2020 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
10.17† | 8-K | 001-39590 | 10.1 | 5/8/2023 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.18 | 8-K | 001-39590 | 10.1 | 3/3/2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
79
| 10.19 | 10-Q | 001-39590 | 10.6 | 11/3/2023 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.20 | 10-K | 001-39590 | 10.23 | 3/25/2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
10.21† | 10-K | 001-39590 | 10.15 | 3/1/2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
10.22† | 10-Q | 001-39590 | 10.5 | 11/3/2023 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.23 | 10-Q | 000-55353 | 10.31 | 7/6/2020 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
10.24 | 8-K | 001-39590 | 10.10 | 8/5/2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.25 | 8-K | 001-39590 | 10.1 | 1/2/2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 21.1 | 10-K | 001-39590 | 21.1 | 2/27/2023 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 23.1 | * | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 31.1 | * | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 31.2 | * | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 32.1 | ** | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 97.1 | * | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 101.INS | Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. | * | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 101.SCH | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document | * | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 101.CAL | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document | * | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 101.DEF | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document | * | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 101.LAB | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document | * | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 101.PRE | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document | * | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
80
| 104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) | * | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| * | Filed herewith. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ** | Furnished herewith. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| † | Indicates management contract or compensatory plan. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Item 16. Form 10-K Summary
None.
81
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
| FUBOTV INC. | ||||||||
Dated: March 4, 2024 | By: | /s/ David Gandler | ||||||
| David Gandler | ||||||||
| Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) | ||||||||
POWER OF ATTORNEY
KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints David Gandler and John Janedis, and each of them, as his or her true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent, with full power of substitution and resubstituting, for him or her and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities to sign any and all amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorney-in-fact and agent full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in connection therewith, as fully to all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that each of said attorney-in-fact and agent or his substitutes or substitute, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
82
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
| Signature | Title | Date | ||||||||||||
| /s/ David Gandler | Chief Executive Officer and Director | March 4, 2024 | ||||||||||||
| David Gandler | (principal executive officer) | |||||||||||||
| /s/ John Janedis | Chief Financial Officer | March 4, 2024 | ||||||||||||
| John Janedis | (principal financial officer and principal accounting officer) | |||||||||||||
| /s/ Edgar Bronfman, Jr. | Executive Chairman and Director | March 4, 2024 | ||||||||||||
Edgar Bronfman, Jr. | ||||||||||||||
| /s/ Ignacio Figueras | Director | March 4, 2024 | ||||||||||||
| Ignacio Figueras | ||||||||||||||
| /s/ Julie Haddon | Director | March 4, 2024 | ||||||||||||
| Julie Haddon | ||||||||||||||
| /s/ Daniel Leff | Director | March 4, 2024 | ||||||||||||
| Daniel Leff | ||||||||||||||
| /s/ Laura Onopchenko | Director | March 4, 2024 | ||||||||||||
| Laura Onopchenko | ||||||||||||||
/s/ Pär-Jörgen Pärson | Director | March 4, 2024 | ||||||||||||
| Pär-Jörgen Pärson | ||||||||||||||
83
fuboTV Inc.
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements
| Page | ||||||||
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Auditor Name: | F-2 | |||||||
F-4 | ||||||||
F-5 | ||||||||
F-7 | ||||||||
F-9 | ||||||||
F-11 | ||||||||
F-1
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors
fuboTV Inc.:
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of fuboTV Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated March 4, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Sufficiency of audit evidence over subscriber related expenses
As discussed in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company recorded $1,213.3 million of subscriber related expenses during the year ended December 31, 2023, which primarily related to costs for affiliate distribution rights related to content streaming. The cost of affiliate distribution rights is generally incurred on a per subscriber basis and is recognized when the related programming is distributed to subscribers.
We identified the evaluation of the sufficiency of audit evidence over subscriber related expenses related to affiliate distribution rights as a critical audit matter. This matter required subjective auditor judgment given the nature of audit evidence over the completeness and accuracy of the subscriber data used in the determination of affiliate distribution rights expense.
F-2
The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We applied auditor judgment to determine the nature and extent of procedures to be performed over subscriber related expenses related to the cost for affiliate distribution rights. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls over the recognition of costs related to affiliate distribution rights. This included controls related to the completeness and accuracy of the subscriber data used in the affiliate distribution rights computations, including relevant general and application information technology controls. We developed an expectation of subscriber related expenses related to affiliate distribution rights based upon the change in average monthly subscribers per monthly subscriber count reports and the contractual rate per the affiliate distribution rights agreements and compared the amounts recorded to our expectation. We evaluated the completeness and accuracy of monthly subscriber count reports by validating whether certain subscribers were appropriately included or excluded from the monthly subscriber count reports based on underlying supporting documentation. We evaluated the sufficiency of audit evidence obtained over subscriber related expenses related to affiliate distribution rights by assessing the results of procedures performed, including the appropriateness of the nature of such evidence.
/s/ KPMG LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2020.
New York, New York
March 4, 2024
F-3
fuboTV Inc.
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(in thousands, except for share and per share information)
| December 31, 2023 | December 31, 2022 | ||||||||||
| ASSETS | |||||||||||
| Current assets | |||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Accounts receivable, net | |||||||||||
| Prepaid sports rights | |||||||||||
| Prepaid and other current assets | |||||||||||
| Assets of discontinued operations | |||||||||||
| Total current assets | |||||||||||
| Property and equipment, net | |||||||||||
| Restricted cash | |||||||||||
| Intangible assets, net | |||||||||||
| Goodwill | |||||||||||
| Right-of-use assets | |||||||||||
| Other non-current assets | |||||||||||
| Total assets | $ | $ | |||||||||
| LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY | |||||||||||
| Current liabilities | |||||||||||
| Accounts payable | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | |||||||||||
| Notes payable | |||||||||||
| Deferred revenue | |||||||||||
| Long-term borrowings - current portion | |||||||||||
| Current portion of lease liabilities | |||||||||||
| Liabilities of discontinued operations | |||||||||||
| Total current liabilities | |||||||||||
| Convertible notes, net of discount | |||||||||||
| Deferred tax liabilities | |||||||||||
| Lease liabilities | |||||||||||
| Other long-term liabilities | |||||||||||
| Total liabilities | |||||||||||
| COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Note 16) | |||||||||||
| Redeemable non-controlling interest | |||||||||||
| Shareholders’ equity: | |||||||||||
Common stock par value $ | |||||||||||
| Additional paid-in capital | |||||||||||
| Accumulated deficit | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Non-controlling interest | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive income | ( | ||||||||||
| Total shareholders’ equity | |||||||||||
| TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY AND TEMPORARY EQUITY | $ | $ | |||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-4
fuboTV Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss
(in thousands, except for share and per share information)
For the Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||||
| Revenues | |||||||||||||||||
| Subscription | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Advertising | |||||||||||||||||
| Other | |||||||||||||||||
| Total revenues | |||||||||||||||||
| Operating expenses | |||||||||||||||||
| Subscriber related expenses | |||||||||||||||||
| Broadcasting and transmission | |||||||||||||||||
| Sales and marketing | |||||||||||||||||
| Technology and development | |||||||||||||||||
| General and administrative | |||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | |||||||||||||||||
| Total operating expenses | |||||||||||||||||
| Operating loss | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Other income (expense) | |||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Interest income | |||||||||||||||||
| Amortization of debt discount | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Change in fair value of warrant liabilities | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Other income (expense) | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Total other expense | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Loss from continuing operations before income taxes | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Income tax benefit | |||||||||||||||||
| Net loss from continuing operations | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Discontinued operations | |||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) from discontinued operations before income taxes | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Income tax | |||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) from discontinued operations | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Net loss | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Less: Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest | |||||||||||||||||
| Net loss attributable to common shareholders | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||||||
F-5
fuboTV Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss (Continued)
(in thousands, except for share and per share information)
For the Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income (loss) | |||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency translation adjustment | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Comprehensive loss attributable to common shareholders | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||||||
| Net loss per share attributable to common shareholders | |||||||||||||||||
| Basic and diluted loss per share from continuing operations | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||||||
| Basic and diluted income (loss) per share from discontinued operations | $ | $ | ( | $ | ( | ||||||||||||
| Basic and diluted loss per share | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||||||
| Weighted average shares outstanding: | |||||||||||||||||
| Basic and diluted | |||||||||||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-6
fuboTV Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity
For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
(in thousands except for share information)
| Preferred stock | Common Stock | Additional Paid-In Capital | Treasury Stock | Accumulated Deficit | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | Non-controlling Interest - | Total Shareholders’ Equity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares | Amount | Shares | Amount | Shares | Amount | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2020 (As restated) | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Conversion of Series AA Preferred Stock | ( | ( | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock in connection with Molotov acquisition | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock in connection with Edisn acquisition | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock/At-the-market offering, net of offering costs | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Exercise of warrants | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of treasury stock in connection with acquisitions | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Recognition of debt discount on 2026 Convertible Notes | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Exercise of stock options | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Delivery of common stock underlying restricted stock units | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares repurchased in connection with separation agreement | — | — | ( | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency translation adjustment | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | — | — | ( | — | ( | — | — | — | — | — | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss attributable to common shareholders | — | — | — | — | — | — | ( | — | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2021 | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | ( | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock/At-the-market offering, net of offering costs | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| — | — | — | — | ( | — | — | — | — | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Exercise of common stock warrants | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Exercise of stock options | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Delivery of common stock underlying restricted stock units | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of restricted stock | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Molotov non-controlling interest | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency translation adjustment | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ( | — | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss attributable to common shareholders | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ( | — | — | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2022 | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
F-7
fuboTV Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity (Continued)
For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
(in thousands except for share information)
| Preferred stock | Common Stock | Additional Paid-In Capital | Treasury Stock | Accumulated Deficit | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | Non-controlling Interest - | Total Shareholders’ Equity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares | Amount | Shares | Amount | Shares | Amount | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2022 | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock/At-the-market offering, net of offering costs | — | $ | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Exercise of stock options | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Delivery of common stock underlying restricted stock units | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cancellation of escrow shares in connection with Edisn acquisition | — | — | ( | — | ( | — | — | — | — | — | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of restricted stock | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Molotov non-controlling interest | — | — | — | — | ( | — | — | — | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency translation adjustment | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss attributable to common shareholders | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ( | — | — | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2023 | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | ( | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-8
fuboTV Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(in thousands, except for share and per share information)
For the Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||||
| Cash flows from operating activities | |||||||||||||||||
| Net loss | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||||||
| Less: Income (Loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Net loss from continuing operations | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: | |||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | |||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | |||||||||||||||||
| (Gain)loss on extinguishment of debt | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Amortization of debt discount | |||||||||||||||||
| Deferred income tax benefit | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Change in fair value of warrant liabilities | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Amortization of right-of-use assets | |||||||||||||||||
| Other adjustments | |||||||||||||||||
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities of business, net of acquisitions: | |||||||||||||||||
| Accounts receivable, net | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other assets | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Prepaid sports rights | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Accounts payable | |||||||||||||||||
| Accrued expenses and other liabilities | |||||||||||||||||
| Deferred revenue | |||||||||||||||||
| Lease liabilities | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Net cash used in operating activities - continuing operations | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Net cash used in operating activities - discontinued operations | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Net cash used in operating activities | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Cash flows from investing activities | |||||||||||||||||
| Cash paid for acquisitions, net of cash acquired | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Purchases of short-term investments | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from maturity of short-term investments | |||||||||||||||||
| Purchases of property and equipment | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from sale of property and equipment | |||||||||||||||||
| Capitalization of internal use software | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Purchase of intangible assets | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Purchase of strategic investment | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Net cash used in investing activities - continuing operations | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Net cash used in investing activities - discontinued operations | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Net cash used in investing activities | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
F-9
fuboTV Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Continued)
(in thousands, except for share and per share information)
For the Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||||
| Cash flows from financing activities | |||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from the issuance of common stock, net of offering costs | |||||||||||||||||
| Redemption of non-controlling interest | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from convertible note, net of issuance costs | |||||||||||||||||
| Repurchase of convertible notes | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Vested restricted stock units settled for cash | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from exercise of stock options | |||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from the exercise of warrants | |||||||||||||||||
| Repayments of notes payable and long-term borrowings | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by financing activities - continuing operations | |||||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by financing activities - discontinued operations | |||||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by financing activities | |||||||||||||||||
| Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period | |||||||||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Supplemental disclosure of cash flows information: | |||||||||||||||||
| Interest paid | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Income tax paid | |||||||||||||||||
| Non cash financing and investing activities: | |||||||||||||||||
| Conversion of Series AA preferred stock to common stock | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock in connection with acquisitions | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Reclassification of the equity components of the 2026 Convertible Notes to liability upon adoption of ASU 2020-06 | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Strategic investment - marketing commitment | $ | ||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of treasury stock in connection with acquisitions | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Cashless exercise of warrants | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Unpaid intangible assets included in accounts payable | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Unpaid financing costs included in accounts payable | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Unpaid property and equipment included in accounts payable | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-10
fuboTV Inc.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
(in thousands, except for share and per share information)
Note 1 - Organization and Nature of Business
Incorporation
fuboTV Inc. (“Fubo” or the “Company”) was incorporated under the laws of the State of Florida in February 2009 under the name York Entertainment, Inc. The Company changed its name to FaceBank Group, Inc. on September 30, 2019. On August 10, 2020, the Company changed its name to fuboTV Inc. and as of May 1, 2020, the Company’s trading symbol was changed from “FBNK” to “FUBO.” The Company’s common stock was approved for listing on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) in connection with a public offering in October 2020 and commenced trading on the NYSE on October 8, 2020.
Unless the context otherwise requires, “Fubo,” “we,” “us,” “our,” and the “Company” refers to the Company and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis.
Nature of Business
The Company is principally focused on offering consumers a leading live TV streaming platform for sports, news, and entertainment through its streaming platform. The Company’s revenues are almost entirely derived from the sale of subscription services and the sale of advertisements in the United States, though the Company has expanded into several international markets, with operations in Canada, Spain and France.
The Company’s subscription-based streaming services are offered to consumers who can sign-up for accounts through which the Company provides basic plans with the flexibility for consumers to purchase incremental features that include additional content or enhanced functionality (“Attachments”) best suited for them. Besides the website, consumers can also sign-up via some TV-connected devices. The Fubo platform provides a broad suite of unique features and personalization tools such as multi-channel viewing capabilities, favorites lists and a dynamic recommendation engine, as well as 4K streaming and Cloud DVR offerings.
Note 2 - Liquidity, Going Concern and Management Plans
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern, which contemplates the continuity of operations, realization of assets, and liquidation of liabilities in the normal course of business.
The Company had cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash of $251.4 million (excluding discontinued operations), working capital deficit of $111.4 million (excluding discontinued operations) and an accumulated deficit of $1,845.5 million as of December 31, 2023. The Company incurred a net loss from continuing operations of $293.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Since inception, the Company’s operations have been financed primarily through the sale of equity and debt securities. The Company has incurred losses from operations and negative cash flows from operating activities since inception and expects to incur substantial losses.
As discussed further in Note 14, during the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company received net proceeds of approximately $116.9 million (after deducting $2.8 million in commissions and expenses) from sales of 81,694,729 shares of its common stock, at a weighted average gross sales price of $1.46 per share, pursuant to at-the-market sales agreement with its sales agents.
The Company believes that its current cash and cash equivalents provide it with the necessary liquidity to continue as a going concern for at least one year from the date of issuance of these financial statements.
F-11
In addition to the foregoing, the Company cannot predict the potential impact on its development timelines, revenue levels and its liquidity due to macroeconomic factors, including inflationary cost pressures and potential recession indicators, which depend on factors beyond the Company's knowledge or control. Based upon the Company’s current assessment, it does not expect the impact of macroeconomic factors to materially impact the Company’s operations. However, the Company is continuing to assess the impact that the macroeconomic factors may have on its operations, financial condition and liquidity.
Note 3 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation
The Company’s consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP” or “U.S. GAAP”). The Company’s consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and the accounts of the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiaries, its non-wholly owned subsidiaries where the Company has a controlling interest and variable interest entities ("VIE") formed in connection with the Company's collaboration with Maximum Effort on the launch and distribution of the Maximum Effort Channel, and production and development of original programming (the "MEC Entities"). Generally accepted accounting principles require that if an entity is the primary beneficiary of a VIE, the entity should consolidate the assets, liabilities and results of operations of the VIE in its consolidated financial statements. The primary beneficiary is the party that has both of the following: (i) the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE, and (ii) the obligation to absorb the losses or rights to receive the benefits of the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The Company considers itself to be the primary beneficiary of the MEC Entities and accordingly, has consolidated these entities since their formation in 2023, with the equity interests of the unaffiliated investors presented as non-controlling interests in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Unless otherwise indicated, amounts provided in these Notes pertain to continuing operations only (see Note 4 for information on discontinued operations).
At December 31, 2023, $13.5 million of the VIE's assets and $3.0 million of its liabilities are reflected in the Company's consolidated balance sheet.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Those estimates and assumptions include allocating the fair value of purchase consideration to assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business acquisitions, useful lives of property and equipment and intangible assets, recoverability of goodwill and intangible assets, accruals for contingent liabilities, equity instruments issued in share-based payment arrangements, and accounting for income taxes, including the valuation allowance on deferred tax assets.
Segment and Reporting Unit Information
Operating segments are defined as components of an entity for which discrete financial information is available that is regularly reviewed by the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) in deciding how to allocate resources to an individual segment and in assessing performance. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer is determined to be the CODM. As discussed in Note 1, the Company ceased operations of Fubo Sportsbook in connection with the dissolution of Fubo Gaming in October 2022. Consequently, the wagering reportable segment has been eliminated. Subsequent to the dissolution of Fubo Gaming, the CODM reviews financial information and makes resource allocation decisions at the consolidated group level. The Company has one operating segment as of December 31, 2023, the streaming business.
F-12
Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash
The Company considers all highly liquid investments with remaining maturities at the date of purchase of three months or less to be cash equivalents, including balances held in the Company’s money market accounts. Restricted cash primarily represents cash on deposit with financial institutions in support of a letter of credit outstanding in favor of the Company’s landlord for office space. The restricted cash balance has been excluded from the cash balance and is classified as restricted cash on the consolidated balance sheets.
The following table provides a reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash within the consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total of the same on the consolidated statement of cash flows (in thousands):
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Restricted cash | |||||||||||
| Total cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash | $ | $ | |||||||||
Certain Risks and Concentrations
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of demand deposits and accounts receivable. The Company maintains cash deposits with financial institutions that at times exceed applicable insurance limits.
The majority of the Company’s software and computer systems utilize data processing, storage capabilities and other services provided by Google Cloud Platform and Amazon Web Services, which cannot be easily switched to another cloud service provider. As such, any disruption of the Company’s interference with Google Cloud Platform and Amazon Web Services could adversely impact the Company’s operations and business.
Fair Value Estimates
The carrying amounts of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities, such as cash, other assets, accounts payable and accrued payroll, approximate their fair values because of the short maturity of these instruments. The carrying amounts of notes payable and long-term borrowings approximate their fair values due to the short-term maturity and the fact that the effective interest rates on these obligations are comparable to market interest rates for instruments of similar credit risk.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The Company accounts for financial instruments under Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 820, Fair Value Measurements. This statement defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value in generally accepted accounting principles, and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. To increase consistency and comparability in fair value measurements, ASC 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three levels as follows:
Level 1 — quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;
Level 2 — observable inputs other than Level 1, quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active, and model-derived prices whose inputs are observable or whose significant value drivers are observable; and
Level 3 — assets and liabilities whose significant value drivers are unobservable.
F-13
Accounts Receivable, net
The Company records accounts receivable at the invoiced amount less an allowance for any potentially uncollectible accounts. The Company’s accounts receivable balance consists of amounts due from the sale of advertisements and subscription revenue. In evaluating our ability to collect outstanding receivable balances, we consider many factors, including the age of the balance, collection history, and current economic trends. Bad debts are written off after all collection efforts have ceased. Based on the Company’s current and historical collection experience, management concluded that an allowance for credit losses was not necessary as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.
No individual customer accounted for more than 10% of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, one customer accounted for more than 10% of accounts receivable.
Property and Equipment, Net
Property and equipment is stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of the lease term or the estimated useful life of the assets. When assets are retired or otherwise disposed of, the cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is reflected in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss in the period realized. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred.
Licensed Content
The Company entered into various license agreements to obtain rights to certain live sports events. Costs incurred in acquiring certain rights to live sporting events are accounted for in accordance with ASC 920, Entertainment—Broadcasters (“ASC 920”). These program rights are recorded in subscriber related expenses in a manner consistent with how it expects to monetize the licensed content, which is primarily based on subscription revenue.
Cash flows for licensed content are presented within operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows.
Impairment Testing of Long-Lived Assets
The Company evaluates long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their net book value may not be recoverable. When such factors and circumstances exist, the Company compares the projected undiscounted future cash flows associated with the related asset or group of assets over their estimated useful lives against their respective carrying amount. Impairment, if any, is based on the excess of the carrying amount over the fair value, based on market value when available, or discounted expected cash flows, of those assets and is recorded in the period in which the determination is made.
F-14
Exit and Disposal Costs
Goodwill
The Company tests goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level on an annual basis on October 1 for each fiscal year or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of goodwill may not be recoverable. The Company assesses qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a single reporting unit is less than its carrying amount under Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2017-04, Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Accounting for Goodwill Impairment, issued by the FASB. If it is determined that the fair value is less than its carrying amount, the excess of the goodwill carrying amount over the implied fair value is recognized as an impairment loss.
Intangible Assets, net
The Company’s intangible assets represent definite lived intangible assets, which are being amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives as follows:
| Customer relationships | |||||
| Trade names | |||||
| Capitalized internal use software | |||||
| Software and technology | |||||
We capitalize qualifying development costs associated with software that is developed or obtained for internal use, provided that management with the relevant authority authorizes and commits to the funding of the project, it is probable the project will be completed and the software will be used to perform the function intended. Capitalized costs, including costs incurred for enhancements that are expected to result in additional significant functionality are capitalized and amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life, which approximates three years . Costs related to preliminary project activities and post-implementation operation activities, including training and maintenance, are expensed as incurred.
Non-Controlling Interest
Non-controlling interest as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 represents Pulse Evolution Corp. shareholders who retained an aggregate 23.4 % interest in that entity following the Company's acquisition of Evolution AI Corporation, and Maximum Effort Productions, LLC and MEP FTV Holdings, LLC 50.0 % interest in the MEC Entities. Non-controlling interest is adjusted for the non-controlling interest holders’ proportionate share of the earnings or losses even if loss allocations result in a deficit non-controlling interest balance.
F-15
Leases
The Company accounts for its leases under ASC 842, Leases. Under this guidance, arrangements meeting the definition of a lease are classified as operating or financing leases and are recorded on the consolidated balance sheets as both a right-of-use asset and lease liability, calculated by discounting fixed lease payments over the lease term at the rate implicit in the lease or the Company’s incremental borrowing rate. Lease liabilities are increased by interest and reduced by payments each period, and the right-of-use asset is amortized over the lease term. For operating leases, interest on the lease liability and the amortization of the right-of-use asset result in straight-line rent expense over the lease term.
In calculating the right-of-use asset and lease liability, the Company elects to combine lease and non-lease components. The Company excludes short-term leases having initial terms of 12 months or less, if any, from the new guidance as an accounting policy election, and recognizes rent expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
Revenue From Contracts With Customers
The Company recognizes revenue from contracts with customers under ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (the “revenue standard”). The core principle of the revenue standard is that a company should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. A good or service is transferred to a customer when, or as, the customer obtains control of that good or service. The following five steps are applied to achieve that core principle:
•Step 1: Identify the contract with the customer
•Step 2: Identify the performance obligations in the contract
•Step 3: Determine the transaction price
•Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract
•Step 5: Recognize revenue when the company satisfies a performance obligation
In 2023, the Company generated revenue from the following sources:
1.Subscriptions – The Company sells various subscription plans through its website and third-party app stores. These subscription plans provide different levels of streamed content and functionality depending on the plan selected. Subscription fees are fixed and paid in advance by credit card primarily on a monthly basis. A subscription customer executes a contract by agreeing to the Company’s terms of service. The Company considers the subscription contract legally enforceable once the customer has accepted terms of service and the Company has received credit card authorization from the customer’s credit card company. The terms of service allow customers to terminate the subscription at any time, however, in the event of termination, no prepaid subscription fees are refundable. The Company recognizes revenue when it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring control of the promised services to the customers, which is ratably over the subscription period. Upon the customer agreeing to the Company’s terms and conditions and authorization of the credit card, the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits of the streamed content ratably throughout the term of the contract. Subscription services sold through third-party app stores are recorded gross in revenue with fees to the third-party app stores recorded in subscriber related expenses in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss. Management concluded that the customers are the end user of the subscription services sold by these third-party app stores.
2.Advertising – The Company executes agreements with advertisers that want to display ads (“impressions”) within the streamed content. The Company enters into individual insertion orders (“IOs”) with advertisers, which specify the term of each ad campaign, the number of impressions to be delivered and the applicable rate to be charged. The Company invoices advertisers monthly for impressions actually delivered during the period. Each executed IO provides the terms and conditions agreed to in respect of each party’s obligations. The Company recognizes
F-16
revenue at a point in time when it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring control of the promised services to the advertiser, which generally is when the advertisement has been displayed.
3.Other revenue – Other revenue consists of distribution fees and commissions earned on sales through a channel distribution platform. The Company recognizes revenue at a point in time when it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring control of the promised services to the customers.
Subscriber Related Expenses
Broadcasting and Transmission
Broadcasting and transmission expenses are charged to operations as incurred and consist primarily of the cost to acquire a signal, transcode, store, and retransmit it to the subscriber.
Sales and Marketing
Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of payroll and related costs, benefits, rent and utilities, stock-based compensation, agency costs, advertising campaigns and branding initiatives. All sales and marketing costs are expensed as they are incurred. Advertising expense totaled $151.0 million, $133.2 million and $111.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Technology and Development
Technology and development expenses are charged to operations as incurred. Technology and development expenses consist primarily of payroll and related costs, benefits, rent and utilities, stock-based compensation, technical services, software expenses, and hosting expenses.
General and Administrative
General and administrative expenses consist primarily of payroll and related costs, benefits, rent and utilities, stock-based compensation, corporate insurance, office expenses, professional fees, as well as travel, meals, and entertainment costs.
Stock-Based Compensation
The Company accounts for the fair value of restricted stock units using the closing market price of its common stock on the date of the grant.
The Company accounts for share-based payment awards exchanged for services at the estimated grant date fair value of the award. Stock options issued under the Company’s long-term incentive plans are granted with an exercise price equal to no less than the market price of the Company’s stock at the date of grant and expire up to ten years from the date of grant. These options generally vest over a period.
The Company estimates the fair value of stock option grants using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and the assumptions used in calculating the fair value of stock-based awards represent management’s best estimates and involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management’s judgment.
Expected Term - The expected term of options represents the period that the Company’s stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding based on the simplified method, which is the half-life from vesting to the end of its
F-17
contractual term. The simplified method was used because the Company does not have sufficient historical exercise data to provide a reasonable basis for an estimate of expected term.
Expected Volatility – The Company historically has lacked sufficient company specific historical and implied volatility information. Therefore, it estimates its expected stock volatility based primarily on the historical volatility of a publicly traded set of peer companies with consideration of the volatility of its own traded stock price.
Risk-Free Interest Rate - The Company bases the risk-free interest rate on the implied yield available on U. S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with an equivalent remaining term.
Expected Dividend - The Company has never declared or paid any cash dividends on its common shares and does not plan to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future, and, therefore, uses an expected dividend yield of zero in its valuation models.
The Company accounts for forfeited awards as they occur.
Income Taxes
The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method, in which deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carry forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in operations in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is required to the extent any deferred tax assets may not be realizable.
Foreign Currency
The Company’s reporting currency is the U.S. dollar while the functional currencies of non-U.S. subsidiaries is determined based on the primary economic environment in which the subsidiary operates. The financial statements of non-U.S. subsidiaries are translated into United States dollars in accordance with ASC 830, Foreign Currency Matters, using period-end rates of exchange for assets and liabilities, and average rates of exchange for the period for revenues, costs, and expenses and historical rates for equity. Translation adjustments resulting from the process of translating the local currency financial statements into U.S. dollars are included in determining other comprehensive income (loss).
F-18
Net Loss Per Share
Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period.
The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted net loss per share (in thousands, except per share data):
Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||||
| Basic loss per share: | |||||||||||||||||
| Loss from continuing operations | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||||||
| Less: net loss attributable to non-controlling interest | |||||||||||||||||
| Loss from continuing operations available to common shareholders | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Net loss attributable to common shareholders | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||||||
| Shares used in computation: | |||||||||||||||||
| Weighted-average common shares outstanding | |||||||||||||||||
| Basic and diluted loss per share from continuing operations | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||||||
| Basic and diluted income (loss) per share from discontinued operations | $ | $ | ( | $ | ( | ||||||||||||
| Basic and diluted loss per share | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||||||
The following common share equivalents are excluded from the calculation of weighted average common shares outstanding because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive:
| December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||||
| Warrants to purchase common stock | |||||||||||||||||
| Stock options | |||||||||||||||||
| Unvested restricted stock units | |||||||||||||||||
| Convertible notes variable settlement feature | |||||||||||||||||
| Total | |||||||||||||||||
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
The Company continually assesses any new accounting pronouncements to determine their applicability. When it is determined that a new accounting pronouncement affects the Company’s financial reporting, the Company undertakes a study to determine the consequences of the change to its financial statements and assures that there are proper controls in place to ascertain that the Company’s financial statements properly reflect the change.
In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. The ASU requires disclosures to include significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker, among other provisions. The ASU is effective for fiscal year periods beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted and the ASU requires retrospective application to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Company is currently evaluating the standard to determine the impact of adoption to its consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
F-19
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvement to Income Tax Disclosures to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. The ASU primarily enhances and expands both the income tax rate reconciliation disclosure and the income taxes paid disclosure. The amendments in ASU 2023-09 address investor requests for enhanced income tax information primarily through changes to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. Early adoption is permitted. A public entity should apply the amendments in ASU 2023-09 prospectively to all annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this standard on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
Note 4 - Discontinued Operations
Dissolution of Fubo Gaming
As discussed in Note 1, on October 17, 2022, the Company dissolved its wholly owned subsidiary Fubo Gaming Inc. ("Fubo Gaming"). In connection with the dissolution of Fubo Gaming, the Company concurrently ceased operation of Fubo Sportsbook.
Net income (loss) from Fubo Gaming's discontinued operations consists of the following for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||||
| Revenues | |||||||||||||||||
| Wagering | $ | $ | ( | $ | ( | ||||||||||||
| Total revenues | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Operating expenses | |||||||||||||||||
| Sales and marketing | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Technology and development | |||||||||||||||||
| General and administrative | |||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | |||||||||||||||||
| Gain on extinguishment and remeasurement of certain liabilities | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Impairment of goodwill, intangible assets, and other long-lived assets, net | |||||||||||||||||
| Total operating expenses | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Operating income (loss) | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Other income (expense) | |||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Other income (expense) | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Total other expense | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) from discontinued operations before income taxes | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Income tax benefit | |||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) from discontinued operations | $ | $ | ( | $ | ( | ||||||||||||
During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded a $6.7 million gain on extinguishment and remeasurement of certain liabilities.
During the year ended December 31, 2022 the Company incurred non-cash impairment charges totaling $87.4 million primarily consisting of prepaid market access agreements, intangible assets and goodwill.
Included in the table above, during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded $15.9 million and $10.6 million, respectively, of stock-based compensation expense. There was no stock-based compensation expense recorded during the year ended December 31, 2023 pertaining to Fubo Gaming.
F-20
During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company incurred certain immaterial charges in connection with the dissolution, primarily related to severance and other employee-related costs.
The carrying amounts of the major classes of assets and liabilities classified as discontinued operations as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows (in thousands):
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| ASSETS | |||||||||||
| Current assets | |||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Prepaid and other current assets | |||||||||||
| Total assets - discontinued operations | $ | $ | |||||||||
| LIABILITIES | |||||||||||
| Current liabilities | |||||||||||
| Accounts payable | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | |||||||||||
| Lease liabilities | |||||||||||
| Total liabilities - discontinued operations | $ | $ | |||||||||
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company's accrued expenses and other current liabilities of its discontinued operations included $17.4 million and $24.7 million, respectively, primarily related to contract termination costs.
Note 5 - Acquisitions
Molotov S.A.S
On December 6, 2021, the Company acquired approximately 98.5 % of the equity interests in Molotov S.A.S (“Molotov”), a television streaming platform located in France, for €101.7 million or $115.0 million (“Molotov Acquisition”). In the first quarter of 2023, the Company acquired the remaining 1.5 % of the equity interests in Molotov. The consideration paid in cash totaled €14.4 million or $16.3 million, and the issuance of 5.7 million shares of the Company’s common stock with a fair value of approximately $98.8 million. Molotov is included in the streaming segment and its contribution to revenue and operating loss during the year ended December 31, 2021 was $1.4 million and $8.1 million, respectively.
The Molotov Acquisition was accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with ASC 805, which requires recognition of assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their respective fair values on the date of acquisition.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company finalized its purchase price allocation of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the December 6, 2021 acquisition of Molotov based on new information obtained about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded measurement period adjustments to its acquisition date goodwill to record the non-controlling interest of $1.8 million for the remaining 1.5 % of Molotov’s equity interest and adjustments to right of use assets, lease liabilities, accounts payable, and accrued expenses based on additional information obtained about conditions that existed as of the acquisition date.
F-21
The following table presents the allocation of the purchase price to the net assets acquired, inclusive of intangible assets, with the excess fair value recorded to goodwill (in thousands):
| Assets acquired: | |||||
| Cash | $ | ||||
| Accounts receivable, net | |||||
| Prepaid and other current assets | |||||
| Property and equipment, net | |||||
| Other non-current assets | |||||
| Intangible assets | |||||
| Goodwill | |||||
| Right-of-use assets | |||||
| Total assets acquired | |||||
| Liabilities assumed: | |||||
| Accounts payable | |||||
| Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | |||||
| Deferred revenue | |||||
| Long-term borrowings - current portion | |||||
| Lease liabilities | |||||
| Total liabilities assumed | |||||
| Redeemable non-controlling interest | |||||
| Net assets acquired | $ | ||||
Goodwill, which is not deductible for tax purposes, primarily represents the benefits expected to result from the assembled workforce of Molotov. The Company allocated the goodwill to its streaming segment.
The Company recognized $2.7 million of acquisition-related costs for the Molotov Acquisition that were expensed as incurred during the year ended December 31, 2021. These costs were included in general and administrative expense in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.
The estimated useful lives and fair value of the intangible assets acquired are as follows (in thousands):
| Estimated Useful Life (in Years) | Fair Value | ||||||||||
| Customer relationships | $ | ||||||||||
| Trade name | |||||||||||
| Software and technology | |||||||||||
| Total | $ | ||||||||||
F-22
Note 6 - Revenue from Contracts with Customers
Disaggregated revenue
The following table presents the Company’s revenues disaggregated into categories based on the nature of such revenues (in thousands):
Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||||
| Subscription | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Advertising | |||||||||||||||||
| Other | |||||||||||||||||
| Total revenues | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
The following tables summarize subscription revenue and advertising revenue by region for the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):
Subscription
Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||||
| United States and Canada (North America) | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Rest of world | |||||||||||||||||
| Total subscription revenues | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
Advertising
Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||||
| United States and Canada (North America) | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Rest of world | |||||||||||||||||
| Total advertising revenues | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
Contract balances
For the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Company did not recognize material bad-debt expense and there were no material contract assets recorded on the accompanying consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.
The contract liabilities primarily relate to upfront payments and consideration received from customers for subscription services. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company’s contract liabilities totaled $90.2 million and $65.4 million, respectively, and are recorded as deferred revenue on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
Transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations
The Company does not disclose the transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations since subscription and advertising contracts have an original expected term of one year or less.
F-23
Note 7 - Property and equipment, net
Property and equipment, net, is comprised of the following (in thousands):
| December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| Useful Lives (Years) | 2023 | 2022 | |||||||||||||||
| Furniture and fixtures | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
| Computer equipment | |||||||||||||||||
| Leasehold improvements | Term of lease | ||||||||||||||||
| Less: Accumulated depreciation | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Total property and equipment, net | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
Depreciation expense totaled $1.5 million, $1.2 million, and $0.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 respectively.
Note 8 - Intangible Assets and Goodwill
Intangible Assets
The table below summarizes the Company’s intangible assets at December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):
| Useful Lives (Years) | Weighted Average Remaining Life (Years) | December 31, 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intangible Assets | Accumulated Amortization | Net Balance | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Customer relationships | — | $ | $ | ( | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Trade names | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Capitalized internal use software | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Software and technology | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | ( | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Useful Lives (Years) | Weighted Average Remaining Life (Years) | December 31, 2022 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intangible Assets | Accumulated Amortization | Net Balance | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Customer relationships | $ | $ | ( | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Trade names | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Capitalized internal use software | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Software and technology | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | ( | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
The intangible assets are being amortized over their respective original useful lives, which range from to nine years . The Company recorded amortization expense of $35.0 million, $35.5 million, and $36.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 including amortization related to impaired intangible assets. Intangible assets includes an impairment charge of $100.3 million related to the historical Facebank reporting unit.
F-24
The estimated future amortization expense associated with intangible assets is as follows (in thousands):
| Future Amortization | |||||
| 2024 | |||||
| 2025 | |||||
| 2026 | |||||
| 2027 | |||||
| 2028 | |||||
| Thereafter | |||||
| Total | $ | ||||
Goodwill
The following table is a summary of the changes to goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| Beginning balance | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Molotov acquisition | ( | ||||||||||
| Foreign currency translation adjustment | ( | ||||||||||
| Ending balance | $ | $ | |||||||||
As a result of sustained decreases in the Company’s stock price and market capitalization, the Company conducted an interim impairment test of its goodwill and long-lived assets as of June 30, 2022. The results of the assessment indicated there was no impairment to the streaming business.
The Company performed its annual test for goodwill impairment for the streaming reporting unit as of October 1, 2023 and 2022. Based on a qualitative analysis, it was determined that it was more likely than not that goodwill was not impaired.
Between October 1, 2022 and December 31, 2022, the Company experienced sustained decreases in its stock price and market capitalization. As a result, the Company conducted an impairment test of its goodwill and long-lived assets as of December 31, 2022. The Company estimated the fair value by weighting results from a market approach and an income approach. Significant assumptions inherent in the valuation methodologies included, but are not limited to, prospective financial information (including revenue growth and subscriber related expenses), a long-term growth rate, discount rate, and comparable multiples from publicly-traded companies in the same industry. The results of the impairment test showed that the fair value of the streaming reporting unit was in excess of its carrying value. Therefore, it was determined that goodwill is not impaired.
The process of determining the fair value of a reporting unit is highly subjective and involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions. The Company’s impairment test as of December 31, 2022 reflected an allocation of 50% and 50% between income and market-based approaches, respectively. The income-based approach also takes into account the future growth and profitability expectations. Significant inputs into the valuation models included the control premium, discount rate, and revenue market multiples as follows:
| December 31, 2022 | |||||
| Control premium | |||||
| Discount rate | |||||
| Revenue multiples | |||||
F-25
Note 9 – Accounts Payable, Accrued Expenses and Other Long-Term Liabilities
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other long-term liabilities are presented below (in thousands):
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| Affiliate fees | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Broadcasting and transmission | |||||||||||
| Selling and marketing | |||||||||||
| Accrued compensation | |||||||||||
| Legal and professional fees | |||||||||||
| Sales tax | |||||||||||
| Accrued interest | |||||||||||
| Subscriber related | |||||||||||
| Shares settled liability | |||||||||||
| Other | |||||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | |||||||||
Note 10 - Income Taxes
The loss before income taxes on continuing operations includes the following components (in thousands):
For the Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||||
| United States | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| International | |||||||||||||||||
| Loss before income taxes | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
The benefit of income taxes on continuing operations for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 consist of the following (in thousands):
December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||||
| U.S. Federal | |||||||||||||||||
| Current | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Deferred | |||||||||||||||||
| State and local | |||||||||||||||||
| Current | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Deferred | |||||||||||||||||
| Foreign | |||||||||||||||||
| Current | |||||||||||||||||
| Deferred | |||||||||||||||||
| Income tax benefit | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
F-26
A reconciliation of the statutory federal rate on continuing operations to the Company’s effective tax rate on continuing operations is as follows:
| December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||||
| Federal rate | % | % | % | ||||||||||||||
| State income taxes, net of federal benefit | |||||||||||||||||
| Other nontaxable of nondeductible items | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Change in fair value of derivative, warrant liability, and gain on extinguishment of convertible notes | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Amortization of debt discount | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Foreign rate differential | |||||||||||||||||
| Effect of changes in tax laws or rates enacted in the current period | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Change in valuation allowance | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Other | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Income tax benefit | % | % | % | ||||||||||||||
The components of our deferred tax assets are as follows (in thousands):
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| Deferred tax assets: | |||||||||||
| Net operating losses | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Accruals and deferrals | |||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | |||||||||||
| Interest expense limitation | |||||||||||
| Leasing assets | |||||||||||
| Other | |||||||||||
| Total deferred tax assets | |||||||||||
| Less: Valuation allowance | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Net deferred tax assets | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Deferred tax liabilities: | |||||||||||
| Intangible assets | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Property and equipment | |||||||||||
| Deferred state income tax | |||||||||||
| Total deferred tax liabilities | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Net deferred tax assets (liabilities) | $ | $ | ( | ||||||||
F-27
In assessing the Company’s ability to recover its deferred tax assets, the Company evaluated whether it is more likely than not that some portion or the entire deferred tax asset will be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income in those periods in which temporary differences become deductible and/or net operating losses can be utilized. The Company considered all positive and negative evidence when determining the amount of the net deferred tax assets that are more likely than not to be realized. This evidence includes, but is not limited to, historical earnings, scheduled reversal of taxable temporary differences, tax planning strategies and projected future taxable income. A significant piece of objective negative evidence evaluated was cumulative loss incurred over the three-year period ended December 31, 2023. Such objective evidence limits the ability to consider other subjective evidence, such as our projections for future growth. Based on the weight of available evidence, the Company determined that its U.S., French and Spanish deferred tax assets were not realizable on a more-likely-than-not basis and that a full valuation allowance is required. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company's valuation allowance increased by $62.5 million.
As of December 31, 2023, the Company had federal net operating loss carryforwards of $1,381.0 million. These U.S. federal net operating loss carryforward may be subject to a substantial annual limitation under Section 382 due to ownership changes that may have occurred or that could occur in the future. Approximately $88.1 million of the U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards begin to expire in 2033 to 2037, if not utilized. The remaining $1,292.9 million can be carried forward indefinitely but are only available to offset 80% of future taxable income.
As of December 31, 2023, the Company had state net operating loss carryforwards of $538.5 million. The state net operating loss carryforward of $513.8 million will begin to expire in 2033 through 2043, in varying amounts if not utilized. Approximately $24.7 million can be carried forward indefinitely but are only available to offset 80% of future taxable income.
As of December 31, 2023, the Company had foreign net operating loss carryforwards of $172.6 million. With the exception of the loss carryforwards attributable to the Company’s Indian subsidiary which may be carried for eight years, the foreign net operating loss carryforwards will carryforward indefinitely but are subject to a limitation on the amount that can be used to offset taxable income in a given year.
Utilization of the NOL carryforwards may be subject to a substantial annual limitation due to ownership change limitations that may have occurred or that could occur in the future, as required by the Internal Revenue Code, as well as similar state provisions. In general, an “ownership change” as defined by Code Sections 382 and 383, results from a transaction or series of transactions over a three-year period resulting in an ownership change of more than 50 percentage points of the outstanding stock of a company by certain shareholders or public groups. Since the Company’s formation, the Company has raised capital through the issuance of capital stock on several occasions which, combined with the purchasing shareholders’ subsequent disposition of those shares have resulted in such an ownership change and could result in an ownership change in the future upon subsequent disposition.
The Company conducted an analysis of our stock ownership under Internal Revenue Code Section 382 and 383. The net operating loss carryforwards are subject to annual limitations as a result of the ownership changes in 2015, 2016, 2019 and 2020. Approximately $1.1 million of the net operating loss carryforwards are expected to expire before the utilization.
The Company follows the provisions of FASB Accounting Standards Codification (ASC 740-10), Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes. ASC 740-10 prescribes a comprehensive model for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure in financial statements of uncertain tax positions that have been taken or expected to be taken on an income tax return. No liability related to uncertain tax positions was required to be recorded in the financial statements as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.
The Company’s policy is to recognize interest and penalties accrued on uncertain income tax positions in income tax expense in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The Company had not
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The Company is subject to taxation in the United States and various state jurisdictions, France, Spain and India. The Company had been delinquent in filings since December 31, 2014. There are no ongoing examinations by taxing authorities at this time. The Company’s tax years 2013 through 2023 will remain open for examination by the federal and state authorities for three and four years, respectively, from the date of utilization of any net operating loss credits. The Company’s 2020 to 2023 tax years will remain open for examination by the Spain tax authority for four years starting from the day following the date of termination of the voluntary tax filing period. The Company’s 2020 - 2023 tax years remain open for examination in France. The Company's 2022-2023 tax years are open for examination by the Indian tax authority.
Note 11 - Notes Payable, Long-Term Borrowing, and Convertible Notes
Notes payable, long-term borrowings, and convertible notes as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 consist of the following (in thousands):
| Note | Stated Interest Rate | Principal Balance | Capitalized Interest | Debt Discount | December 31, 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2026 Convertible Notes | % | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Note payable | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| BPi France | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Note | Stated Interest Rate | Principal Balance | Capitalized Interest | Debt Discount | December 31, 2022 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2026 Convertible Notes | % | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Note payable | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| BPi France | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2026 Convertible Notes
On February 2, 2021, the Company issued $402.5 million of convertible notes (“2026 Convertible Notes.”) The 2026 Convertible Notes bear interest from February 2, 2021, at a rate of 3.25 % per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on February 15 and August 15 of each year, beginning on August 15, 2021. The 2026 Convertible Notes will mature on February 15, 2026, unless earlier converted, redeemed, or repurchased. The net proceeds from this offering were approximately $389.4 million, after deducting a discount and offering expenses of approximately $13.1 million.
The Company adopted the ASU 2020-06 on January 1, 2022 using the modified retrospective method. After adoption, the Company accounts for the 2026 Convertible Notes as single liability measured at amortized cost. The Company did not elect the fair value option. The Company will apply the if-converted methodology in computing diluted earnings per share if and when profitability is achieved.
The initial equivalent conversion price of the 2026 Convertible Notes was $57.78 per share of the Company’s common stock. Holders may convert their 2026 Convertible Notes on or after November 15, 2025, until the close of business on the second business day preceding the maturity date or prior to November 15, 2025 under certain circumstances including:
i.during any calendar quarter (and only during such calendar quarter) commencing after the calendar quarter ended on March 31, 2021, if the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on the last trading day of the
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immediately preceding calendar quarter is greater than or equal to 130 % of the conversion price on each applicable trading day;
ii.during the five -business day period after any five consecutive trading day period in which the trading price for each trading day of such five consecutive trading day period was less than 98 % of the product of the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock and the conversion rate on each such trading day;
iii.if the Company calls any or all of the 2026 Convertible Notes for redemption, at any time prior to the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the redemption date; or
iv.upon the occurrence of specified corporate events.
The Company may also redeem all or any portion of the 2026 Convertible Notes after February 20, 2024 if the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock has been at least 130 % of the conversion price then in effect for at least 20 trading days during any 30 consecutive trading day period ending on, and including, the trading day immediately preceding the date on which the Company provides notice of redemption at a redemption price equal to 100 % of the principal amount of the 2026 Convertible Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date. Upon conversion, the Company can elect to deliver cash or shares or a combination of cash or shares.
If the Company undergoes a fundamental change (as defined in the Indenture), subject to certain conditions, holders of the 2026 Convertible Notes may require the Company to repurchase for cash all or any portion of their 2026 Convertible Notes at a repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2026 Convertible Notes plus any accrued and unpaid interest. In addition, if a corporate event (as defined in the Indenture) occurs prior to the maturity date or if the Company issues a notice of redemption, the Company may be required increase the conversion rate by a pre-defined amount for any holder who elects to convert their 2026 Convertible Notes in connection with such a corporate event.
During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company repurchased $5.0 million principal amount of the 2026 Convertible Notes for $3.3 million and recognized a gain on extinguishment of $1.6 million.
During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Company paid $13.1 million, $13.4 million, and $7.0 million, respectively, of interest expense in connection with the 2026 Convertible Notes and recorded amortization expense of $2.6 million, $2.5 million, and $2.4 million, respectively, which is included in amortization of debt discount in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the net carrying value of the 2026 Convertible Notes was $391.7 million and $394.1 million, respectively, with unamortized debt discount and issuance costs of $5.8 million and $8.4 million, respectively.
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the estimated fair value (Level 2) of the 2026 Convertible Notes was $288.2 million and $183.1 million, respectively.
Note payable
The Company has recognized, through the consolidation of its subsidiary Evolution AI Corporation (“EAI”), a $2.7 million note payable bearing interest at the rate of 10.0 % per annum that was due on October 1, 2018 (“CAM Digital Note”). The cumulative accrued interest on the CAM Digital Note amounts to $3.3 million. The CAM Digital Note is currently in a default condition due to non-payment of principal and interest. The outstanding balance as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, including interest and penalties, is $6.3 million and $5.7 million, respectively, and is included in notes payable on the accompanying consolidated balance sheet.
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BPi France
The Company assumed through the acquisition of Molotov in December 2021, $2.4 million in notes bearing interest rates of 2.25 % per annum. During the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company repaid principal of approximately $0.4 million and $0.4 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the principal balance totaled approximately $1.6 million and $2.0 million, respectively, and is included in long-term borrowings-current portion on the accompanying consolidated balance sheet.
Societe Generale
The Company assumed through the acquisition of Molotov in December 2021, $1.3 million in notes bearing interest rates of 0.25 %. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company repaid principal of $1.3 million.
Other
The Company assumed, through the consolidation of its subsidiary EAI, a $30,000 note payable due to a relative of the former Chief Executive Officer, John Textor bearing interest at the rate of 4.0 % per annum. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the principal balance and accrued interest totaled approximately $38,000 and $37,000 , respectively.
Note 12 – Segments and Geographic Information
The Company ceased operations of Fubo Sportsbook in connection with the dissolution of Fubo Gaming in October 2022. Consequently, the wagering reportable segment has been eliminated. The Company has one operating segment as of December 31, 2023, the streaming business.
The following tables set forth our financial performance by geographical location (in thousands):
Total long-lived assets and rights-of-use assets
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| United States | |||||||||||
| Rest of world | |||||||||||
Total revenue
| December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||
| United States | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||
| Rest of world | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Total revenue | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||
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Note 13 - Fair Value Measurements
The following table classifies the Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis into the fair value hierarchy as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):
Fair valued measured at December 31, 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Quoted prices in active markets (Level 1) | Significant other observable inputs (Level 2) | Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Financial assets at fair value: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Money market securities | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total financial assets at fair value | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
Fair valued measured at December 31, 2022 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Quoted prices in active markets (Level 1) | Significant other observable inputs (Level 2) | Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Financial assets at fair value: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Money market securities | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total financial assets at fair value | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
Derivative Financial Instruments
Certain of the Company’s warrants are classified as liabilities and measured at fair value on the issuance date, with changes in fair value recognized as other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.
The following table presents changes in Level 3 liabilities measured at fair value (in thousands) for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. Unobservable inputs were used to determine the fair value of positions that the Company has classified within the Level 3 category.
| Warrant liabilities | |||||
| Fair value at December 31, 2020 | $ | ||||
| ( | |||||
| Redemption | ( | ||||
| Fair value at December 31, 2021 | |||||
| Change in fair value | |||||
| Redemption | ( | ||||
| Fair value at December 31, 2022 | |||||
There were no
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Note 14 - Shareholders’ Equity
Authorized Share Capital
The Company amended its articles of incorporation on January 9, 2019 to increase the authorized share capital to 400.0 million shares of common stock.
Common Stock Activity
At-the-Market Sales Agreements
2021 ATM Program
On August 13, 2021, the Company entered into an at-the-market sales agreement (the "2021 Sales Agreement") with Evercore Group L.L.C., Needham & Company, LLC and Oppenheimer & Co. Inc., as sales agents (each, a “prior manager” and together, the “prior managers”), pursuant to which the Company, from time to time, sold shares of its common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $500.0 million through the prior managers. The Company paid the prior managers a commission of up to 3.0 % of the aggregate gross proceeds the Company received from all sales of the Company’s common stock under the 2021 ATM Offering. Effective August 4, 2022, the Company terminated the 2021 ATM Offering.
During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company received net proceeds of $140.4 million (after deducting $3.5 million in commissions and expenses) from sales of 5,338,607 shares of its common stock, at a weighted average gross sales price of $26.96 per share pursuant to the 2021 Sales Agreement.
2022 ATM Program
On August 4, 2022, the Company entered into an at-the-market sales agreement (the "Sales Agreement," and together with the 2021 Sales Agreement, the "ATM Sales Agreements") with Evercore Group L.L.C., Citigroup Global Markets Inc., Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC and Needham & Company, LLC, as sales agents (each, a “manager” and together, the “managers”) pursuant to which the Company may, from time to time, sell shares of its common stock, having an aggregate offering price of up to $350.0 million through the managers.
Upon delivery of a placement notice and subject to the terms and conditions of the Sales Agreement, the managers may sell the shares by methods deemed to be an “at-the-market” offering as defined in Rule 415(a)(4) promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. Subject to the terms and conditions of the Sales Agreement, each manager will use commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices to sell the shares from time to time, based upon the Company’s instructions. The Company will pay the managers a commission for their services in acting as agents in the sale of common stock at a commission rate of up to 3 % of the gross sales price of the shares of the Company’s common stock sold through them pursuant to the Sales Agreement. The Company is not obligated to, and cannot provide any assurances that it will, make any sales of the shares under the Sales Agreement. The offering of shares of common stock pursuant to the Sales Agreement will terminate upon the earlier of (i) the sale of all common stock subject to the Sales Agreement or (ii) termination of the Sales Agreement in accordance with its terms.
During the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company received net proceeds of approximately $116.9 million and $292.1 million, respectively (after deducting $2.8 million and $6.6 million in commissions and expenses, respectively) from sales of 81,694,729 and 50,620,577 shares of its common stock, respectively, at a weighted average gross sales price of $1.46 and $5.90 per share, respectively, pursuant to the ATM Sales Agreements. As of December 31, 2023, there was $156.3 million of common stock remaining available for sale under the 2022 Sales Agreement.
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Year ended December 31, 2022
Framework Agreement with MEP FTV
On August 2, 2022 (the "MEP Effective Date"), Fubo Studios Inc. (formerly known as Fubo Entertainment Inc.), a subsidiary of the Company, entered into a binding framework agreement (the “MEP Framework Agreement”) with MEP FTV Holdings, LLC (“MEP FTV”) and Maximum Effort Productions, LLC. (“MEP” and, together with MEP FTV, “Maximum Effort”), memorializing the parties’ collaboration on a forthcoming Maximum Effort linear channel and original programming for launch on Fubo. Maximum Effort is a premiere entertainment production company led by Ryan Reynolds and George Dewey. Pursuant to the MEP Framework Agreement, the Company and Maximum Effort desire to work together to (1) develop scripted and unscripted television programs intended for initial distribution on Fubo’s platform (the “MEP Projects”) and (2) create a new television channel with unique content, features and functionality (the “MEP Network”).
In connection with the MEP Framework Agreement, as consideration for Maximum Effort’s participation in the collaboration, the Company entered into a Restricted Stock Award Agreement dated August 12, 2022 (the “MEP RSA Agreement”) pursuant to which it has agreed to issue to MEP FTV (i) 2,000,000 shares of restricted common stock, of the Company, within 10 business days after the MEP Effective Date; (ii) a number of shares of common stock determined by dividing $10.0 million by the 30 -day volume weighted average closing price of common stock for the 30 trading days preceding the first anniversary of the MEP Effective Date, within 10 business days after the first anniversary of the MEP Effective Date; and (iii) a number of shares of common stock determined by dividing $10.0 million by the 30 -day volume weighted average closing price of common stock for the 30 trading days preceding the second anniversary of the MEP Effective Date, within 10 business days after the second anniversary of the MEP Effective Date (collectively, the “MEP Shares”). The MEP Shares will be subject to transfer restrictions until various time- and performance-based milestones are met, and, during this restricted period, will be subject to potential forfeiture if the MEP Framework Agreement is terminated under certain conditions. The parties agreed that 80 % of the equity grant shall be allocated as consideration for the MEP Projects and 20 % of the equity grant shall be allocated as consideration for the MEP Network.
During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company issued 3,778,718 shares of restricted common stock in connection with the first anniversary of the MEP Effective Date.
Because shares of the Company’s common stock will be issued as consideration for the MEP Framework Agreement, the Company accounted for the MEP RSA Agreement pursuant to the non-employee guidance in ASC 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation.
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Warrants
Pursuant to the MEP Framework Agreement, on August 12, 2022, the Company issued MEP FTV a warrant to acquire 166,667 shares of the Company’s common stock with an exercise price of $15.00 per share. The warrant is exercisable on or prior to August 2, 2032, provided that the price per share of the Company’s common stock equals or exceeds a 30 -trading day volume weighted average closing price of $30.00 at any time prior to third anniversary of the grant date. The fair value of the warrant was measured on August 12, 2022, using the Monte Carlo valuation model, and the fair value totaled approximately $0.4 million. The derived service period was determined to be 1.7 years. As of December 31, 2023, the unrecognized stock-based compensation totaled $0.1 million.
A summary of the Company’s outstanding warrants as of December 31, 2023, are presented below (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):
| Number of Warrants | Weighted Average Exercise Price | Total Intrinsic Value | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022 | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Outstanding as of December 31, 2023 | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
The Company estimated the fair value of the warrants granted during the year ended December 31, 2022 using the Monte Carlo valuation model as follows:
| Dividend yield | ||||||||
| Expected price volatility | ||||||||
| Risk free interest rate | ||||||||
| Expected term (years) | ||||||||
There were no warrants granted during the year ended December 31, 2023.
Year ended December 31, 2021
In January and February 2021, 9,807,367 shares of Series AA Preferred Stock converted into 19,614,734 shares of common stock. On March 1, 2021, we consummated an offer to exchange the remaining outstanding shares of Series AA Preferred Stock for two shares of our common stock per share of Series AA Preferred Stock (the “Exchange Offer”). As a result of the Exchange Offer, 13,412,246 shares of Series AA Preferred Stock, representing 100 % of the outstanding shares of Series AA Preferred Stock, were exchanged for 26,824,492 shares of our common stock.
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Note 15 - Stock-Based Compensation
Equity Incentive Plans
On April 1, 2020, the Company approved the establishment of the Company’s 2020 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (the “2020 Plan”). On November 20, 2022 and April 20, 2023, the Company amended the 2020 Plan to increase the maximum aggregate number of shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2020 Plan by 2,500,000 shares and 17,500,000 shares, respectively. On June 15, 2023, the Company's shareholders approved the amended 2020 Plan. The 2020 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance units and performance shares to its employees, directors and consultants. As of December 31 2023, there are 7,399,380 shares available for future issuance under the 2020 Plan.
The Company assumed the fuboTV Inc. 2015 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2015 Plan") on April 1, 2020. No shares are available for future issuance under the 2015 Plan.
On August 3, 2022, the Company's board of directors (the "Board") approved the adoption of the 2022 Employment Inducement Equity Incentive Plan (the “2022 Inducement Plan”), which was adopted without shareholder approval pursuant to Rule 303A.08 of the New York Stock Exchange Listed Company Manual. The 2022 Inducement Plan provided for the grant of equity-based awards, including non-statutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance units and performance shares, and its terms are substantially similar to the 2020 Plan, with the exception that awards can only be made to new employees in connection with their commencement of employment. No shares are available for future issuance under the 2022 Inducement Plan.
On August 7, 2023, the Board approved the adoption of the 2023 Employment Inducement Equity Incentive Plan (the “2023 Inducement Plan”), which was adopted without shareholder approval pursuant to Rule 303A.08 of the New York Stock Exchange Listed Company Manual. The aggregate number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the 2023 Inducement Plan is 3,000,000 . The 2023 Inducement Plan provides for the grant of equity-based awards, including non-statutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance units and performance shares, and its terms are substantially similar to the 2020 Plan, with the exception that awards can only be made to new employees in connection with their commencement of employment. As of December 31 2023, there are 2,724,451 shares available for future issuance under the 2023 Inducement Plan.
During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 the Company recognized stock-based compensation expense as follows (in thousands):
Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||||
| Subscriber related | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Sales and marketing | |||||||||||||||||
| Technology and development | |||||||||||||||||
| General and administrative | |||||||||||||||||
| $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
During the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, in connection with the MEP Framework Agreement (See Note 14), the Company recorded approximately $6.5 million and $2.9 million of stock-based compensation expense, respectively, to shares settled liability. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, $5.1 million and $2.9 million, respectively, is included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities and other long-term liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet.
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Stock Options
The Company provides option grants to employees, directors, and consultants under the 2020 Plan. The fair value of each stock option grant is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model.
A summary of stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2023, is as follows (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):
| Number of Shares | Weighted Average Exercise Price | Total Intrinsic Value | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022 | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Granted | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Exercised | ( | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Forfeited or expired | ( | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Outstanding as of December 31, 2023 | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Options vested and exercisable as of December 31, 2023 | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
The following was used in determining the fair value of stock options granted during the year ended December 31, 2023:
| Dividend yield | % | |||||||
| Expected price volatility | % | |||||||
| Risk free interest rate | % | |||||||
| Expected term (years) | ||||||||
As of December 31, 2023, the estimated value of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested options was $2.8 million to be recognized over a period of 1.1 years.
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Performance-Based Stock Options
On October 8, 2020, the Company awarded the CEO an option to purchase 4,100,000 shares of common stock which was eligible to vest based upon the achievement of certain predetermined goals for each of the five years in the performance period related to stock price, revenue, gross margin, an increase in the number of subscribers, the launch of new markets and, commencing in 2023, creation of new revenue streams. The terms of the option provided that the Company's Board would review and certify attainment of such goals annually from 2021 through 2026 on a given certification date subsequent to the Company’s calendar year end (the "Determination Date") to determine if any vesting was warranted. The Board had the discretion to determine vesting at, above, or below 20% of the shares subject to the performance option on a given Determination Date. All shares were eligible for vesting until the Determination Date following the 2025 calendar year. Any such vesting was subject to the CEO’s continuation in service with the Company through the applicable Determination Date. Because the number of shares to be earned on each Determination Date was subject to the discretion of the Board, the compensation expense was adjusted each reporting period for changes in fair value prorated for the portion of the requisite service period rendered and based on the number of shares expected to be earned. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Board determined that the option would vest with respect to 820,000 shares for the 2021 calendar year.
On April 20, 2023, the Company entered into the first amendment to the performance-based stock options described above that were awarded to its CEO. The amendment did not adjust the total number of options granted (4,100,000 options), the exercise price of $10.00 per share or the expiration date of October 7, 2030. Under the terms of the amendment, the original vesting conditions were modified with respect to the 3,280,000 performance-based stock options that remained unvested. The modified vesting of the stock options is based upon the achievement of certain performance metrics (the "Performance Criteria") during the period from January 1, 2025 through December 31, 2025, including 50 % vesting based on the Company's adjusted EBITDA, 25 % vesting based on revenue criteria, and 25 % vesting based on the number of subscribers achieved. The Company’s Board will certify the Company’s performance relative to the Performance Criteria on or prior to February 20, 2026 (the “Certification Date”). If a change in control event occurs on or prior to December 31, 2025, all of the unvested options (measured at target performance) will vest on February 20, 2026 (or the date of an earlier termination of employment without cause or for good reason (a "Qualifying Termination") following the change in control), provided the CEO continues to provide services through such date. In the event of the CEO’s Qualifying Termination prior to a change in control, if the termination occurs on or prior to December 31, 2025, then all unvested options (measured at target performance) will vest as of the date of termination, and if the termination occurs on or after January 1, 2026, a number of unvested options, determined based on actual performance during the performance period, will vest on date performance is certified. Compensation cost related to the modification of the 3,280,000 unvested options will be recognized over the requisite service period for the new award beginning on the amendment date and ending on the Certification Date based on the probability of achievement of the Performance Criteria. There is no accounting impact on the fully vested 820,000 shares as a result of the amendment. The fair value of the options as of the amendment date totaled $1.2 million, and during the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized stock-based compensation expense of $0.3 million.
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Modification of Options and Restricted Stock Units
During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Board of Directors approved a modification to stock option and restricted stock award grants to employees who terminated from the Company. The modifications accelerated the vesting of unvested stock options and restricted stock awards as of the termination date and provided the option holders with an additional months post-termination to exercise their stock options. The modifications resulted in incremental stock-based compensation expense of $2.1 million and $10.6 million during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The incremental stock-based compensation expense for modifications of stock option and restricted stock awards during the year ended December 31, 2023 was no t material.
Market and Service Condition Based Stock Options
A summary of activity under the Plan for market and service-based stock options for the year ended December 31, 2023 is as follows (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):
| Number of Shares | Weighted Average Exercise Price | Total Intrinsic Value | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022 | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Outstanding as of December 31, 2023 | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Options vested and exercisable as of December 31, 2023 | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Stock based compensation expense is based on the estimated value of the awards on the grant date, and is recognized over the period from the grant date through the expected vest dates of each vesting condition, both of which were estimated based on a Monte Carlo simulation model.
There were no
During the year ended December 31, 2021, 1,375,000 stock options with a fair value of $19.2 million were granted to an employee of the Company. The options vest on the earlier of each anniversary of the grant date or based on the achievement of pre-established parameters relating to the performance of the Company’s stock price. During the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022, 2021, the Company recognized $3.3 million, $7.8 million, and $7.2 million respectively, of stock-based compensation related to its market and service-based stock options. As of December 31, 2023, there was $0.9 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense for market and service-based stock options.
Service-based Restricted Stock Awards
MEP Framework Agreement - MEP Project Restricted Stock Awards
In connection with the MEP Framework Agreement, stock-based compensation cost for MEP Project restricted stock awards (the "MEP Project RSAs") totaling approximately $23.0 million measured as the fair value of the 1,600,000 shares issued for the first tranche issued on August 12, 2022 at $7.0 million, plus the fixed monetary amount of $8.0 million settleable in shares on August 2, 2023, and the fixed monetary amount of $8.0 million settleable in shares on August 2, 2024. Compensation cost will be recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the three-year service period as if the Company paid cash for the services. The second two tranches are liability classified because they are a fixed monetary amount, settleable in shares. As compensation cost is recognized for these tranches, a corresponding credit to share-based liabilities will be recorded and reclassified to equity upon issuance of the related shares.
In connection with the MEP Project RSAs, as of December 31, 2023 the unrecognized stock-based compensation totaled $12.3 million, and $3.7 million of shares liability in accrued expenses and other current liabilities and other long-term liabilities was recorded on the consolidated balance sheet.
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Performance-based Restricted Stock Awards
MEP Framework Agreement - MEP Network Restricted Stock Awards
The restricted stock awards allocated as consideration for the MEP Network (“MEP Network RSAs”) are performance-based RSAs. The performance condition consists of creating a new television channel with unique content, features and functionality. Compensation cost is measured on the grant date for shares that vest based upon the achievement of the performance condition are recognized when probable over the requisite service period, that is the implicit service period over which the performance conditions are probable of achievement.
Stock-based compensation cost for the MEP Network RSAs totaling approximately $5.7 million is measured as the fair value of the 400,000 shares issued for the first tranche issued on August 12, 2022 at $1.7 million, plus the fixed monetary amount of $2.0 million, settleable in shares on August 2, 2023, plus the fixed monetary amount of $2.0 million, settleable in shares on August 2, 2024 The Network RSAs were subject to forfeiture until launch of the Network which occurred in June 2023. The Company will recognize the total fair value of $5.7 million ratably over the two-year period.
In connection with the MEP Network RSAs, as of December 31, 2023, the unrecognized stock-based compensation totaled $1.7 million, and $1.4 million of shares liability in accrued expenses and other current liabilities and other long-term liabilities was recorded on the consolidated balance sheet.
Time-Based Restricted Stock Units
A summary of the Company’s time-based restricted stock unit activity during the year ended December 31, 2023 is as follows:
| Number of Shares | Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value | ||||||||||
Unvested at December 31, 2022 | $ | ||||||||||
| Granted | $ | ||||||||||
| Vested | ( | $ | |||||||||
| Forfeited | ( | $ | |||||||||
Unvested at December 31, 2023 | $ | ||||||||||
During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company granted 13,912,089 time-based restricted stock units which generally vest annually over a four-year period, subject to the recipient’s continuation in service through each applicable vesting date. The fair value of restricted stock units is measured based on their fair value at grant date which totaled $44.0 million. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company issued 3,443,251 shares of common stock to its Board of Directors and employees in settlement of vested restricted stock units.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company granted 12,803,284 time-based restricted stock units which generally vest annually over a four-year period, subject to the recipient’s continuation in service through each applicable vesting date. The fair value of restricted stock units is measured based on their fair value at grant date which totaled $47.2 million. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company issued 1,576,231 shares of common stock to its Board of Directors and employees in settlement of vested restricted stock units.
As of December 31, 2023, the estimated value of unrecognized stock-based compensation related to restricted stock units totaled $72.6 million, had an aggregate intrinsic value of $64.6 million, and a weighted average remaining contractual term of 3.0 years.
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Performance-Based Restricted Stock Units ("PRSU")
A summary of the Company’s performance-based restricted stock unit activity during the year ended December 31, 2023 is as follows:
| Number of Shares | Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value | ||||||||||
Unvested at December 31, 2022 | $ | ||||||||||
| Granted | $ | ||||||||||
| Vested | ( | $ | |||||||||
| Forfeited | ( | $ | |||||||||
Unvested at December 31, 2023 | $ | ||||||||||
On November 3, 2021, the Company granted 1.9 million performance-based restricted stock units (“PRSUs”) to the Chief Operating Officer ("COO") of the Company. The PRSUs were eligible to vest over a period of 5 -calendar years through 2025, subject to the achievement of certain established performance metrics including revenue targets, subscriber targets, and the launching of new markets (and, with respect to 2023, the creation of one or more new revenue streams). The determination of the actual number of PRSUs that would vest each year during the five-year performance period would be determined upon the achievement of the predetermined performance targets. Any such vesting would be subject to the COO’s continuation in service with the Company through the applicable vesting date. At each reporting period, the Company made a determination of the most likely outcome for achievement of each performance metric, which could have resulted in a cumulative catch-up as the Company assessments were evaluated. The fair value of the PRSUs was measured based on their grant date fair value which totaled $64.4 million.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company determined the performance metrics were met for 286,667 PRSUs and 93,333 PRSUs were forfeited. The Company recognized stock-based compensation of $14.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2022.
During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company determined that the performance metrics for 380,000 PRSUs were met, and accordingly, recognized stock-based compensation of $5.6 million.
On November 20, 2023, the Company entered into the first amendment to the PRSUs described above that were awarded to its COO. The amendment did not adjust the total number of PRSUs granted (1.9 million PRSUs). Under the terms of the amendment, the original vesting conditions were modified with respect to the 1,140,000 PRSUs that remained unvested as of the amendment date. The modified vesting of the PRSUs is based upon the achievement of the Performance Criteria during the period from January 1, 2025 through December 31, 2025, including 50 % vesting based on the Company's adjusted EBITDA, 25 % vesting based on revenue criteria, and 25 % vesting based on the number of subscribers achieved. The Company’s Board will certify the Company’s performance relative to the Performance Criteria on or prior to the February 20, 2026 (the “Certification Date”). If a change in control event occurs on or prior to December 31, 2025, all of the unvested PRSUs (measured at target performance) will vest on or prior to February 20, 2026 (or the date of an earlier "Qualifying Termination" following the change in control), provided the COO continues to provide services through such date. In the event of the COO’s Qualifying Termination prior to a change in control, if the termination occurs on or prior to December 31, 2025, then all unvested PRSUs (measured at target performance) will vest as of the date of termination, and if the termination occurs on or after January 1, 2026, a number of unvested PRSUs, determined based on actual performance during the performance period, will vest on date performance is certified. Compensation cost related to the modification of the 1,140,000 unvested PRSUs will be recognized over the requisite service period for the new award beginning on the amendment date and ending on the Certification Date based on the probability of achievement of the Performance Criteria. The fair value of the unvested PRSUs as of the amendment date totaled $7.2 million and will be expense pro-rata over the requisite service period. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized stock-based compensation expense of $8.7 million related to the PRSUs. As of December 31, 2023, unrecognized stock-based compensation totaled $6.8 million.
There is no accounting impact on the fully vested 666,667 shares that had fully vested as of the amendment.
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On May 9, 2023, the Company entered into a PRSU agreement with the Company's CEO. The PRSU agreement provides the right to earn shares of the Company's common stock upon achievement of certain performance criteria, with 730,338 shares being earned at target performance and up to 1,095,507 shares being earned at maximum performance. The number of PRSUs eligible to vest will be determined based upon the achievement of annual performance-based vesting conditions for the 2023, 2024, and 2025 calendar years. The Company accounts for the PRSUs as three separate awards each with a requisite service period beginning on January 1st of the applicable year. For year one, the Company has defined the performance targets including adjusted EBITDA, revenue, and the number of subscribers, and determined the grant date is June 15, 2023. The Company's Board will define the performance criteria for years two and three no later than March 15, 2024 and 2025, respectively (the grant date of those respective tranches). Any PRSUs that are eligible to vest based on performance relative to the pre-determined annual performance objectives will vest on the date on which the Company’s performance for the 2025 performance year is certified, which will occur on or before February 20, 2026. Any such vesting is subject to the employee’s continuation in service with the Company through the applicable vesting date. The Company's Board will review attainment of such performance conditions annually from 2024 through 2026 on a given certification date (subsequent to the Company’s calendar year end) to determine if any PRSUs should be eligible to vest. The PRSUs contain both service and performance vesting conditions. Compensation cost related to the target PRSUs will be recognized over the requisite service period based on the probability of achievement of certain performance thresholds. The fair value of the PRSUs is measured based on their grant date fair value which totaled $0.7 million for the year one tranche.
On November 20, 2023, the Company entered into PRSU agreements with various executive employees (the "Executives") covering a total of 569,475 shares in the aggregate. Under the terms of the agreements, the PRSUs will be eligible to vest based upon the achievement of the Performance Criteria during the period January 1, 2025 through December 31, 2025, including 50 % vesting based on the Company's adjusted EBITDA, 25 % vesting based on revenue criteria, and 25 % based on the number of subscribers achieved. The Company’s Board will certify the Company’s performance relative to the Performance Criteria on or prior to the February 20, 2026 Certification Date. If a change in control event occurs on or prior to December 31, 2025, all of the unvested PRSUs (measured at target performance) will vest on February 20, 2026 (or the date of a "Qualifying Termination" following the change in control), provided the Executives continues to provide services through such date. In the event of an Executive's Qualifying Termination prior to a change in control, if the termination occurs on or prior to December 31, 2025, then all unvested PRSUs (measured at target performance) will vest as of the date of termination, and if the termination occurs on or after January 1, 2026, a number of unvested PRSUs, determined based on actual performance during the performance period, will vest on date performance is certified. Compensation cost related to the unvested PRSUs will be recognized over the requisite service period for the new award beginning on the grant date and ending on the Certification Date based on the probability of achievement of the Performance Criteria. The fair value of the PRSUs totaled $1.9 million, and during the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized stock-based compensation expense of $0.1 million. As of December 31, 2023, unrecognized stock-based compensation totaled $1.8 million.
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Note 16 - Commitments and Contingencies
Leases
The following summarizes quantitative information about the Company’s operating leases (amounts in thousands, except lease term and discount rate):
The components of lease expense were as follows (in thousands):
Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||||
| Operating leases | |||||||||||||||||
| Operating lease cost | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Other lease cost | |||||||||||||||||
| Operating lease expense | |||||||||||||||||
| Short-term lease rent expense | |||||||||||||||||
| Total rent expense | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
Supplemental cash flow information related to leases were as follows (amounts in thousands):
Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||||
| Operating cash flows from operating leases | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Right of use assets exchanged for operating lease liabilities | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Weighted average remaining lease term - operating leases | |||||||||||||||||
| Weighted average remaining discount rate - operating leases | |||||||||||||||||
Maturities of the Company’s operating leases from continuing operations, are as follows (in thousands):
| Year Ended December 31, 2024 | $ | ||||
| Year Ended December 31, 2025 | |||||
| Year Ended December 31, 2026 | |||||
| Year Ended December 31, 2027 | |||||
| Year Ended December 31, 2028 | |||||
| Thereafter | |||||
| Total | |||||
| Less present value discount | ( | ||||
| Operating lease liabilities | $ | ||||
During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded an impairment charge of approximately $2.3 million for the right of use asset balances recorded in connection with Fubo Gaming (See Note 4).
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Other Contractual Obligations
The Company is a party to several non-cancelable contracts with vendors and licensors for marketing and other strategic partnership related agreements where the Company is obligated to make future minimum payments under the non-cancelable terms of these contracts as follows (in thousands):
Annual Sponsorship Agreements
| Year Ended December 31, 2024 | $ | ||||
| Year Ended December 31, 2025 | |||||
| Year Ended December 31, 2026 | |||||
| Year Ended December 31, 2027 | |||||
| Year Ended December 31, 2028 | |||||
| Thereafter | |||||
| Total | $ | ||||
Sports Rights Agreements
The Company entered into various sports right agreements to obtain programming rights to certain live sporting events.
Future payments under these agreements are as follows:
| Year Ended December 31, 2024 | $ | ||||
| Year Ended December 31, 2025 | |||||
| Year Ended December 31, 2026 | |||||
| Year Ended December 31, 2027 | |||||
| Year Ended December 31, 2028 | |||||
| Total | $ | ||||
During the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company made upfront payments totaling approximately $27.4 million and $54.7 million, respectively, which are recorded in prepaid sports rights on the consolidated balance sheet.
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Contingencies
The Company is subject to certain legal proceedings and claims that arise from time to time in the ordinary course of its business, including relating to business practices and patent infringement. Litigation can be expensive and disruptive to normal business operations. Moreover, the results of complex legal proceedings are difficult to predict and the Company’s view of these matters may change in the future as the litigation and events related thereto unfold. When the Company determines that a loss is both probable and reasonably estimable, a liability is recorded and disclosed if the amount is material to the financial statements taken as a whole. When a material loss contingency is only reasonably possible, the Company does not record a liability, but instead discloses the nature and the amount of the claim, and an estimate of the loss or range of loss, if such an estimate can reasonably be made. Legal expenses associated with any contingency are expensed as incurred.
The Company is engaged in discussions with certain third parties regarding patent licensing matters. The Company is not able to reasonably estimate whether it will be able to reach an agreement with these parties or the amount of potential licensing fees, if any, it may agree to pay in connection with these discussions, but it is possible that any such amount could be material.
Legal Proceedings
The Company is and may in the future be involved in various legal proceedings arising from the normal course of business activities. Although the results of litigation and claims cannot be predicted with certainty, currently, the Company believes that the likelihood of any material adverse impact on the Company’s consolidated results of operations, cash flows or our financial position for any such litigation or claims is remote. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on the Company because of the costs to defend lawsuits, diversion of management resources and other factors.
Said-Ibrahim v. fuboTV Inc., David Gandler, Edgar M. Bronfman Jr., & Simone Nardi, Case No. 21-cv-01412 (S.D.N.Y) & Lee v. fuboTV, Inc., David Gandler, Edgar M. Bronfman Jr., & Simone Nardi, Case No. 21-cv-01641 (S.D.N.Y.) (consolidated as In re fuboTV Inc. Securities Litigation, No. 21-cv-01412 (S.D.N.Y.))
On February 17, 2021, putative shareholders Wafa Said-Ibrahim and Adhid Ibrahim filed a class action lawsuit against the Company, co-founder and CEO David Gandler, Executive Chairman Edgar M. Bronfman Jr., and CFO Simone Nardi (collectively, the “Class Action Defendants”). Plaintiffs allege that Class Action Defendants violated federal securities laws by disseminating false and misleading statements regarding the Company’s financial health and operating condition, including the Company’s ability to grow subscription levels, prospects, future profitability, seasonality factors, cost escalations, ability to generate advertising revenue, valuation, and entering the online sports wagering market. The Plaintiffs allege that Class Action Defendants violated Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”) and Rule 10b-5 thereunder, as well as Section 20(a) of the Exchange Act, and seek damages and other relief.
On February 24, 2021, putative shareholder Steven Lee filed a nearly identical class action lawsuit against the same Defendants.
On April 29, 2021, the court consolidated Said-Ibrahim v. fuboTV Inc., David Gandler, Edgar M. Bronfman Jr., & Simone Nardi, Case No. 21-cv-01412 (S.D.N.Y) and Lee v. fuboTV, Inc., David Gandler, Edgar M. Bronfman Jr., & Simone Nardi, Case No. 21-cv-01641 (S.D.N.Y.) under In re FuboTV Inc. Securities Litigation, No. 1:21-cv-01412 (S.D.N.Y.). The court also appointed putative shareholder Nordine Aamchoune as lead plaintiff.
On July 12, 2021, Lead Plaintiff filed an Amended Class Action Complaint. Lead Plaintiff seeks to pursue this claim on behalf of himself as well as all other persons who purchased or otherwise acquired Company securities publicly traded on the NYSE between March 23, 2020 and January 4, 2021, inclusive, and who were allegedly damaged thereby.
The Class Action Defendants filed a motion to dismiss the Amended Class Action Complaint on September 10, 2021. Lead Plaintiff filed an opposition on November 9, 2021. Class Action Defendants filed their reply in support of the motion to dismiss on December 9, 2021. On March 30, 2023, the Court granted the Class Action Defendants' motion to dismiss without prejudice.
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On May 22, 2023, Lead Plaintiff filed a Second Amended Class Action Complaint, which amended the class period to purchases or acquisitions between May 20, 2020 and January 4, 2021, inclusive. The Class Action Defendants filed their motion to dismiss the Second Amended Class Action Complaint on August 1, 2023. Lead Plaintiff filed his opposition on September 14, 2023. The Class Action Defendants filed their reply on October 5, 2023.
At this time, the Company cannot predict the outcome, or provide a reasonable estimate or range of estimates of the possible outcome or loss, if any, with respect to this matter. The Company believes the claims alleged in both lawsuits are without merit and intends to vigorously defend these litigations.
DISH Technologies, LLC, et al. v. fuboTV Media Inc., No. 1:23-cv-00986 (D. Del)
On September 6, 2023, DISH Technologies L.L.C. and Sling TV L.L.C. (collectively, “DISH”) filed a complaint in the District of Delaware alleging that fuboTV Media Inc. (“fuboTV Media”) infringes certain of DISH's patents by streaming video through a fuboTV Media application and seeking damages and injunctive relief.
On December 14, 2023, following a series of stipulated extensions, fuboTV Media filed a motion to dismiss the complaint asserting that DISH’s patents are invalid. Briefing on the motion is complete and a hearing is currently scheduled for March 25, 2024.
At this time, the Company cannot predict the outcome, or provide a reasonable estimate or range of estimates of the possible outcome or loss, if any, with respect to this matter. The Company believes it has meritorious defenses and intends to defend itself vigorously in this matter.
Fubo Gaming Dissolution
Following the dissolution of Fubo Gaming in October 2022, the Company has received communications from several commercial partners of Fubo Gaming, alleging breach by Fubo Gaming of applicable agreements. Certain of these parties have also asserted that the Company is a guarantor of Fubo Gaming’s obligations under the applicable agreements. On May 2, 2023, one such party (comprising two related plaintiff entities, Dynamo Stadium, LLC and Dynamo Soccer, LLC (together, “Dynamo”)) filed Demands for Arbitration with the American Arbitration Association ("AAA") against Fubo Gaming, alleging breaches by Fubo Gaming of a sports betting agreement and a sponsorship agreement, as well as against the Company for alleged guaranty obligations under the sports betting agreement. Dynamo is seeking monetary damages and costs. On February 5, 2024, the AAA dismissed the arbitration relating to the sponsorship agreement, and, on February 27, 2024, the AAA dismissed without prejudice the arbitration relating to the sports betting agreement.
Additional allegations or litigation may arise against Fubo Gaming or the Company in the future related to the dissolution of Fubo Gaming, including potential breach of contract claims by other commercial partners of Fubo Gaming or claims seeking to hold the Company responsible for Fubo Gaming’s contractual obligations (on contractual guaranty and other bases). At this time, the Company cannot predict the outcome, or provide a reasonable estimate or range of estimates of the possible outcome or loss, if any, with respect to any such matters, including the Dynamo matter. The Company believes it has meritorious defenses and intends to defend itself vigorously in any such matters.
FuboTV Inc. and FuboTV Media Inc. vs. The Walt Disney Company, ESPN, Inc., ESPN Enterprises, Inc., Hulu, LLC, Fox Corporation, and Warner Brothers Discovery, Inc.
On February 20, 2024, the Company filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York asserting federal and state antitrust claims against The Walt Disney Company (“Disney”), ESPN, Inc. and ESPN Enterprises, Inc. (collectively, “ESPN”), Hulu, LLC (“Hulu”), Fox Corporation (“Fox”), and Warner Brothers Discovery, Inc. (“WBD”). The Company's complaint asserts four major categories of claims. First, the complaint alleges that the announced joint venture between Disney, WBD, and Fox is unlawful under Section 7 of the Clayton Act and Section 1 of the Sherman Act. Second, the complaint alleges that “bundling” requirements imposed by Disney, ESPN and Fox constitute unlawful tying and block-booking arrangements under Section 1 of the Sherman Act. Third, the complaint alleges that the Defendants’ use of “most-favored-nation” clauses in their carriage agreements, in combination with other anticompetitive terms, violates Section 1 of the Sherman Act. Fourth, the complaint alleges that all of this conduct violates New York’s Donnelly Act, N.Y. Gen. Bus. Law § 340, for the same reasons it violates federal antitrust law. The Company’s complaint seeks injunctive relief to stop the proposed joint venture and other practices described above, damages for harm already suffered because of those practices, and other relief.
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At this time, the Company cannot predict the outcome, or provide a reasonable estimate or range of estimates of the possible outcome, if any. However, the Company believes it has meritorious claims and will continue to pursue its rights vigorously in this matter.
Note 17 - Subsequent Events
On December 29, 2023, the Company entered into a privately negotiated exchange agreement with certain affiliates and related funds of Mudrick Capital Management, L.P., which were holders of its existing 2026 Convertible Notes, to exchange $205.8 million principal amount of the 2026 Convertible Notes for $177.5 million in aggregate principal amount of the Company’s new convertible senior secured notes due 2029 (the “2029 Notes”), subject to customary closing conditions. The exchange closed on January 2, 2024, when the 2029 Notes were issued pursuant to, and are governed by, an indenture, dated as of January 2, 2024, among the Company, the guarantors identified therein and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as trustee and collateral agent.
At our election for any interest period, the 2029 Notes will bear interest at a rate of (i) 7.50 % per annum on the principal amount thereof if interest is paid in cash and (ii) 10.00 % per annum on the principal amount thereof if interest is paid in kind, in each case payable semi-annually in arrears on February 15 and August 15 of each year, beginning on February 15, 2024. The 2029 Notes will mature on February 15, 2029, unless earlier converted or repurchased.
The initial conversion rate of the 2029 Notes is 260.6474 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of 2029 Notes, which represents an initial conversion price of approximately $3.8366 per share of common stock. Holders may convert their 2029 Notes at their option in the following circumstances:
◦during any calendar quarter commencing after the calendar quarter ending on March 31, 2024 (and only during such calendar quarter), if the last reported sale price per share of common stock is greater than or equal to 130 % of the conversion price for each of at least 20 trading days, whether or not consecutive, during the 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter;
◦during the consecutive business days immediately after any consecutive trading day period (such consecutive trading day period, the “measurement period”) in which the trading price per $1,000 principal amount of 2029 Notes for each trading day of the measurement period was less than 98 % of the product of the last reported sale price per share of common stock on such trading day and the conversion rate on such trading day;
◦upon the occurrence of certain corporate events or distributions on the Company’s common stock, as provided in the Indenture; and
◦on or after November 15, 2028 until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately before the Maturity Date.
The Company may cause all outstanding 2029 Notes to be automatically converted, subject to certain conditions, if, at any time on or after January 2, 2025, the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock has been at least 200 % of the conversion price then in effect for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during any 30 consecutive trading day period, the last of which 20 trading days is no more than 10 trading days before the date that the Company provides the notice of forced conversion.
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