Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for standing by, and welcome to Navient's Fourth Quarter Earnings Conference Call. At this time, all participants are in a listen-only mode. After the speaker's presentation, there will be a question-and-answer session. Please be advised that today's conference is being recorded. I would like now to turn the conference over to Jen Earyes, Head of Investor Relations. Please go ahead.

Hello. Good morning, and welcome to the Navient earnings call for the fourth quarter of 2024. With me today are David Yowan, Navient’s CEO; Edward Bramson, Vice Chair of the Navient Board of Directors; and Joe Fisher, Navient’s CFO. Navient has updates to share with you this morning and has posted two separate presentations that will be referred to during this call. Both are available on navient.com/investors. First, we will refer to the January 2025 strategy update presentation posted on our website. Then, we will move to discuss the fourth quarter results and outlook for 2025. During this portion, we will refer to the fourth quarter 2024 earnings presentation, which you'll also find posted to our website. After the prepared remarks, we will open up the call for questions. Before we begin, keep in mind our discussion will contain predictions, expectations, forward-looking statements, and other information about our business that is based on management's current expectations as of the date of this presentation. Actual results in the future may be materially different from those discussed here. This could be due to a variety of factors. Listeners should refer to the discussion of those factors on the Company's Form 10-K and other filings with the SEC. During this conference call, we will refer to non-GAAP financial measures, including core earnings, adjusted tangible equity ratio, and various other non-GAAP financial measures that are derived from core earnings. Our GAAP results, description of our non-GAAP financial measures, and a reconciliation of core earnings to GAAP results can be found beginning in Navient's fourth quarter 2024 earnings release, which is posted on our website. Thank you, and I now will turn the call over to Dave.

Thanks, Jen. Good morning, everyone. Thank you for joining and for your interest in Navient. Let me start by laying out what we will share on this morning's call. I'll provide a recap of 2024 and share some of our plans for 2025. Ed will then provide a strategy update where we are in our transformation journey, and how the actions we have taken deliver value and better position us for the future. Lastly, Joe will share our fourth quarter results and our outlook for 2025. We'll then open it up for Q&A. A year ago, we set out to create a more focused and streamlined company. We set an ambitious goal of finalizing several key transactions during 2024 on an aggressive timeline. I'm pleased to say we achieved our objectives within that aggressive timeline. These transactions create a platform consisting of a consumer segment focused on growth through Earnest, and a legacy portfolio focused on maximizing cash flows through cost efficiency. During the fourth quarter, we signed an agreement to divest the government services businesses within our Business Processing Solutions segment. We anticipate that this transaction will close during the first quarter. This follows our servicing outsourcing agreement and the sale of our healthcare business earlier in the year. In many ways, the government services divestment is the most important of the three actions. Divesting GS enables us to eliminate the substantial shared service infrastructure and related expenses that supported servicing and BPS. We now have clear line of sight on the transition services we will provide under all three of these transactions. The transition services we provide for outsourcing and for healthcare are expected to wind down during the first half of this year. The government services transition services are expected to extend into early 2026 with many services completing before then. We have aggressive plans to eliminate these expenses as the TSAs expire, and we will not stop there in identifying additional opportunities in all parts of our business to become more efficient. We have already begun to realize the expense-reducing benefits of a variable cost servicing model. This has occurred sooner than we expected as our loan portfolios, especially our FFELP portfolio paid down more quickly. The healthcare sale unlocked value in a non-strategic business that was not reflected in our stock price. Proceeds from that sale gave us the flexibility to increase our share of purchases during Q4 and retire some unsecured debt. There were a number of factors that impacted 2024 results. Most significant was high levels of prepayment activity, which accelerated cash flows as well as the amortization expense of loan premium. The loss of a contract delayed the sale of government services and impaired its value. We recorded regulatory and restructuring costs associated with our transformation and the settlement of the CFPB lawsuit. In short, we've put a number of significant headwinds behind us. Our Consumer Lending business generated strong loan origination growth during 2024. Refi volume growth exceeded a billion dollars, 60% higher than the prior year, despite a slightly higher average rate environment. In-school volume grew 13% with improving margins and unit acquisition costs, achieving the growth we set within our targeted segment of this market. Consumer Lending is well-positioned to continue to grow origination volume and demonstrate operating leverage in 2025. We plan to increase loan origination volume by 30% this year. A large portion of that growth is expected in the second half of the year based on the current interest rate environment and the seasonal pattern of in-school originations. There are, as you all know, a number of comprehensive proposals the new administration may consider in determining Federal Education Loan policies and practices. These proposals contain elements that would produce expanded opportunities for private lending. Among these are a reduction or elimination of loan forgiveness programs and the elimination of the Grad PLUS loan program. The Grad PLUS loans include a program for graduate students. Origination levels in this program are roughly the current size of private student lending. A majority of our in-school lending is to graduate students. It's a market we understand well and are offering products and a customer experience tailored to the needs of this segment. It's too soon to tell what elements may be implemented or when they'll be implemented. But we possess the capacity, flexibility, products, and customer experience, and are excited about this potential sizable opportunity. With that said, our 2025 plans do not yet assume any expanded opportunities for our products as a result of policy changes. With that, let me turn it over to Ed.

Thank you, David. What we want to do today is to update you on the longer presentation that we did this time about a year ago. At that time, we identified four areas to improve shareholder value, each of which we're going to touch on to some extent today, some in more detail than others, and we'll get into that as we go through it. Before we start, it might be worth saying that we are a firm that's invested in turnarounds, and have done that for decades. One thing you find about turnarounds is that often it seems like there's a lot of work going on and nothing's really happening as a result, and then suddenly, it does. So, it's good to report on some positive things happening during this period. To begin with the areas that we're focusing on today, the first one is cost reductions, and we're going to talk about Phase 1 of that right now. On Page 3, we're calling this cost reductions Phase 1, which implies, as David said, that there's quite a bit more to come. As David said, the disposal of BPS and the outsourcing of loan servicing not just simplified the business but was critical in pursuing one of the first major cost reduction opportunities. Our total operating expenses in 2023 were approximately $700 million. Of that, about $200 million was incurred by Earnest and the extended part of BPS. Both of those entities were essentially standalone from a financial standpoint. So, what that means is that the corporate and shared expense segment that David referred to, which was in 2023 was the government services part of BPS, our internal loan servicing operations, and our corporate overheads, which were significantly shared expenses. If you take just that part of Navient last year, it spent $523 million and you can see that on the table. It also brought in $200 million of revenue. So, a simple way to think about it is that loan servicing and corporate overheads, on a net basis were about $320 million in 2023. If you look at the 2025 column, we're calling it continuing because it takes account of all of the reductions in transition service expenses that David identified and Joe will talk about later. A way to think about it is that $204 million you see is something you could call a run rate that we're currently at. If you take the difference, what that shares is that the first round of cost reductions yields something like $120 million in annual savings. That's almost 40% of our shared costs and overhead that have been reduced already. Importantly, none of the costs that have come out have any effect on our ability to grow or introduce new products; they're strictly recurring overhead costs or reduced costs of servicing. If you go to Page 4, it's important to put cost reductions in context. The cash flow impact indicates that our legacy loan portfolio, which Joe will detail later, currently has a positive inflow of about $6.5 billion before considering the cost of collecting it. By reducing our cost of collection and overheads by $120 million, we've added something like $1 billion to $1.5 billion of future cash flow compared to what we would have previously had. This gives us a recurring source of new capital to invest or return to shareholders each year. Another aspect of cost reductions is the impact on earnings. In essence, with a dollar uplift on earnings capacity, this will trend towards more than a dollar as the benefits from the outsourcing of servicing continue to grow. Our breakeven level for the consumer business is now less than it used to be. This means you can grow the consumer business and carry the expenses associated with it while remaining profitable because your breakeven is lower. Our expenses are lower, making Navient now more competitive in whatever it chooses to do, which is an important strategic item going forward. In focusing on the consumer segment, the reason we have, is that the federal segment, although it's nice business, can't grow since they're not issuing FFELP loans anymore. The consumer segment is where growth is possible, representing more than 70% of our current revenue at about $500 million in gross revenue.

Thank you, Ed, and everyone on today's call for your interest in Navient. I will review the fourth quarter and full year results for 2024 and provide our outlook for 2025 earnings per share. Our fourth quarter GAAP earnings per share were $0.22, bringing our full year GAAP earnings per share to $1.18. On a core earnings basis, the fourth quarter results were a loss per share of $0.24. Full year core earnings per share were $2. Significant items included in the quarter included a $0.20 loss from the expected sale of our government services business, $0.06 of regulatory and restructuring expenses, primarily driven by the strategic actions we are undertaking to restate and right-size the expense base of the Company, and $0.23 related to lower expected recovery rates and reserve build for our private education loan portfolio. Adjusting for these significant items, we earned $0.25 on a core basis. Before I go into the segments, I'd like to pause and acknowledge the devastating wildfires that struck Southern California this month. I encourage all borrowers impacted by this disaster and other natural disasters in recent quarters to take advantage of the various relief programs that we and the Department of Education offer to help you during these challenging times. Let me now provide further detail on results by segment beginning with the Federal Education Loan segment on Slide 4. The net interest margin for Q4 was 43 basis points, 3 basis points lower than the prior quarter. For the full year, segment NIM was 45 basis points, and we expect full year NIM to increase in 2025 to a range of 45 to 60 basis points. Prepayment activity was significantly lower in the fourth quarter than we experienced earlier in the year, totaling $300 million or 1% of the FFELP portfolio. This compares to average prepayments for the first nine months of the year of $1.7 billion per quarter. Recently issued injunctions caused certain federal forgiveness benefits and resulted in lower consolidation activity. We anticipate that our FFELP portfolio balance will total nearly $27 billion at the end of 2025. Compared to the prior year, our greater than 90-day delinquency rates increased to 8.7%, the charge-off rate improved to 11 basis points, and forbearance rates decreased to 14.7%. Now, let's turn to our Consumer Lending segment on Slide 5. Net interest margin in this segment was 277 basis points in the quarter compared to 284 basis points in the third quarter. For 2025, we anticipate our Consumer Lending NIM will be between 270 and 280 basis points, and our balance of private education loans will decline by 4% as our legacy book runs off and refinance loans become a greater percentage of our Consumer Lending book. Originations grew over 60% to $363 million compared to $223 million a year ago. Full year origination volume grew to $1.4 billion compared to $970 million a year ago. Late-stage delinquencies increased from the prior quarter to 2.7%, while forbearance rates decreased from the prior quarter to 2.7%. The decrease in forbearance is primarily a result of the disaster relief that was granted to followers impacted by federally declared natural disasters in the third quarter returning to repayment in the fourth quarter. Our allowance for loan loss, excluding expected future recoveries on previously charged-off loans for our entire education loan portfolio is $800 million, which is highlighted on Slide 6. Private education loan origination volume during the quarter added $6 million to the allowance. $32 million is related to the build for private education loan balances as we continue to see reduced collections. Slide 7 shows results from our Business Processing segments. We anticipate closing on our divestment of the government services business in the first quarter. During the fourth quarter, we classified the business as held for sale and recognized a loss of $28 million or $0.20 per share. After this classification, the government services business had a book value of approximately $40 million. In the third quarter, we completed the sale of our equity interests in the healthcare services business for $369 million, resulting in a $219 million gain on sale. Together, these two transactions will result in over $400 million of net proceeds and represent the divestment of Navient's Business Processing segment. Under the terms of these agreements, we will continue to provide services to BPS businesses for a period of time. Our expenses in providing these services and the revenue we receive under these transition services agreements or TSAs, as well as the TSA supporting the transfer servicing, will be reported in the other segment. Turning to expenses beginning on Slide 8, total expenses for the quarter were lower by 25% to $151 million. We anticipate that the expenses related to the total transition costs of our BPS businesses and outsource servicing will total approximately $60 million for 2025 with approximately 40% offset by revenues related to the TSAs. The completion of the TSAs will be important steps in our ability to remove these expenses. We remain confident in our ability to achieve the level of expense savings outlined in the slide that Ed reviewed with you earlier. Turning to our capital allocation and financing activity that is highlighted on Slide 9, in the quarter, we repurchased 4.4 million shares for $65 million. In the year, we reduced our share count by 9% through the repurchase of 11.5 million shares while increasing our adjusted tangible equity ratio to 10% from 8.2% a year ago. In total, we returned $249 million to shareholders through share repurchase and dividends. We continue to maintain disciplined asset liability and financing strategies. As we look at the next 12 months, we have $722 million of cash on hand and are well-positioned to significantly grow our high-quality loan products, manage our outstanding debt, and distribute to shareholders. Our 2025 outlook reflects a transition year in which we begin to take advantage of the more streamlined and leaner enterprise we are creating. Our primary focus will be on growing loan originations while delivering expense reductions. Our 2025 core earnings guidance is $1 to $1.20 per share. This range is after the $0.26 of net expenses related to the transition services agreements discussed earlier. Separately identifying these net expenses is designed to provide a sense of earnings on a continuing basis. We anticipate full year total loan originations to grow by 30% as we remain focused on high-quality borrowers. With the current expectation for moderately lower rates in the back half of 2025, we expect this growth to be back-loaded into the second half of the year. Our approach to share repurchases during 2025 will balance capital we allocate to loan growth with excess capital available to repurchase shares. We have $111 million of remaining authorization to repurchase shares, which we plan to deploy opportunistically in 2025. Our EPS range does not assume any additional share repurchases. Our current cash and capital positions provide ample capacity to repurchase shares, and we believe the current discounts of tangible book value presents an attractive opportunity. As I close, I'd like to thank all of our Navient team members for their significant accomplishments over the past year and continued dedication to generating value for all stakeholders. Thank you for your time, and I will now open the call for any questions.

And the first question will come from Sanjay Sakhrani with KBW. Your line is open.

So, a question for David and Ed. I definitely appreciate the strategic discussion and sort of flushing out the progress being made and how to think about it going forward. I'm just curious, like is that, is the decision to do this firm, so we should really expect you guys to curtail capital return and really focus on growth? And then maybe just specific to the growth, could you just talk about how you guys plan to accelerate originations and growth and when we can get to that expense run rate that you guys discussed on the $200 million?

Hi Sanjay, this is Ed. It seems my colleague has joined me. To give you some context, we're in the process of a turnaround, so there's a lot more detail to come, which we will provide in the second half. The core question you're asking is what the Company is going to look like. Currently, it's valued as if it might be fading away, and people are looking at existing assets as if they are stagnant. However, what we're saying is there's potential here for stability and growth, which will shift perceptions. I don't think it's appropriate to jump ahead and share everything since we are still in the turnaround, but hopefully, we'll have some positive updates for you later in the year.

And the expense run rate?

Sorry, what's your question on expenses?

You guys talked about how the core can come down to something more like $200 million. Is that just a philosophical, I'm sorry, I just want to make sure I understood that?

Yes, that's a real number based on TSA expenses running off from what we're currently spending. Then what it doesn't include is the next set of things we'll be doing, which we don't want to get your number for you yet. And it also doesn't include Earnest, by the way, which wasn't part of that process.

And maybe just a follow-up question for Joe. Same question I had last earnings call on. So, the write on the provisions, maybe you could just talk about how you feel about recovery rates now that you've taken another one. It sounded like you guys were comfortable last quarter, but there's been more adjustments. Can you just walk through that again? Thanks, Joe.

Thank you, Sanjay. I would say that as we continue to just monitor our portfolio, we have seen delinquencies creep up both in the FFELP and private portfolios. A portion of our reserve, $14 million was related to a reserve bill on the roughly $16 billion portfolio. That's obviously, there's a number of factors at play, whether it's inflation, interest rates, and some of the, obviously the federal portfolio and changes in policy potentially impacting the private portfolio. But at this point, we certainly feel appropriately reserved, but it is something that we'll monitor throughout the year.

The next question will come from Bill Ryan with Seaport Research. Your line is open.

First one, obviously there's some incremental excitement in-student lending about the possibility of some government programs, which you mentioned. Moving to the private sector, some of your peer stocks have kind of responded already to it in anticipation of the move. I was wondering if you could maybe talk a little bit about your infrastructure. I know you're predominantly graduate loans in the in-school channel already and you're in over a thousand schools, but what is the capacity that you see in the Company right now to ramp that up if that opportunity becomes available?

Yes, thanks Bill. As you know, there are a number of comprehensive proposals, some focused more on federal education lending policy, and some focused on broader parts of the government structure, but they include potential changes in Federal Education Loan policy. Within those proposals, there are a large number of elements. I think there are two things in all those proposals that are foreseeable and the impact and potential opportunity for us are foreseeable as well. The first is lower levels of loan forgiveness and perhaps changes in IDR programs. Those have an impact on our federal, our FFELP portfolio, for example, which was impacted last year by high levels of consolidation activity driven by high levels of loan forgiveness programs offered in the federal loan program. To the extent those are more predictable and even lower than they've been in the past, that extends the life of our existing debt portfolio, which we think is a good thing. The second foreseeable impact is the discussion about the potential elimination of the Grad PLUS program, and that's a federal market today that is about equal to the size of the private loan market as it exists today. This is a customer segment, the graduate that we have emphasized where a majority of our in-school origination is in the Grad program. We absolutely feel like we've got the products that meet the needs of this segment. We have the customer experience that seems to delight them based on all of the work that we do. We certainly have the financial and operational capacity to take on greater volumes if and when they present themselves.

Okay. And just one quick follow-up. You're talking about the $0.26 of expenses, some of that kind of carrying through into 2026 as well. Just kind of thinking about the elimination of it, is it going to be like the first quarter of 2026 and how much residual spillover will it be into the next year?

So, the way I think about it, we've made some really great progress so far today as Ed highlighted. If you think about, if you go to Slide 8 and look at the corporate expenses, one thing to think about there is we had $55 million in the fourth quarter of 2023. We had $50 million of expenses in the fourth quarter of ‘24, roughly $7 million of that is related to TSA expenses. So that gives you about a $12 million quarterly delta between the two years. So, it just demonstrates the progress we've made year-over-year. I would say, if you factor that in thinking about how we'll end at the end of the year, you're roughly about 50% of the way there in terms of taking out expenses. So, a wild card in all of this is TSAs could go longer than we anticipated. But as I highlighted in the last quarter's call, our expectation is that our Xtend transaction here with CorroHealth would end at some point in the first quarter, and we'll see what we're anticipating that would end in the first half of the year.

And the next question will come from Rick Shane with JPMorgan. Your line is open.

I apologize if I am a bit confused, but we'll try to get some clarity here. So, there is $110 million remaining on the repurchase authorization. Does the guidance that excludes any additional repurchases mean you will be opportunistic? Are you going to be programmatic, or are you essentially saying that in anticipation of these potential opportunities, you're going to significantly reduce the repurchases?

In the past, when we've given this guidance in terms of what our plans are for the year, that was fairly programmatic throughout the year and done for modeling purposes. We will be opportunistic here and we expect to be purchasers at these levels. Certainly, the discounts of tangible book value are attractive to us, but what we want you to take away is for modeling purposes to assume zero. That in no way means that we will not be buying shares this year. In fact, we are looking at it today in our purchasers as well.

Got it. Obviously, if you're going to be opportunistic given where you're trading versus tangible, that's helpful clarification. Look, the other thing here is, and there's been conversation, you guys pointed out your discount to book, you pointed it out on a relative basis. Implicitly, your guidance at the midpoint for 2025 suggests about a 5% ROE. If you add back the potential expense savings, which don't sound like they're going to materialize until really ‘26, you're talking about maybe a 6% ROE. In that context versus the peers that you guys pointed out, the valuation actually kind of makes sense. I'm curious what you think the potential ROTCE of this business is and how long it's going to take to achieve it.

Yes, so Rick, I mean, the first thing I'd say is that, the valuation isn't just a static about ROE and I know you understand that. I think your math on where we are in 2025 is probably about right. But the valuation's also going to depend on our ability to demonstrate growth and growth potential. I would call you back to last year; we managed to increase refi originations by 60% in a relatively stable even slightly headwind, interest rate environment. We are planning on increasing loan originations by 30% this year. Again, most of that will be back loaded, so it's going to be a combination of factors of return etc. Ed talked about the fact that one of the benefits of the expense reduction that we've done is it gives us an opportunity to lower our breakeven which helps us grow a little faster as well. We'll come back to you in the second half of the year with a better sense of what those growth opportunities are and the levels that we can achieve with a lower expense space.

I'd like to just add something by way of clarification because it probably hasn't come across very clearly. If you phrase the question like either what does it take to get book value, you can sort of say, arithmetically what it is because nothing else has changed. One of the things that we're trying to evaluate in the next few months is, if you think about it, let's say that you're not growing and your return on equity has to be 10%, 12% to make book. So, that's what you need to do. If you're starting to grow, you might need a lower return on equity to justify that. The reason I think that data might give you a less than direct answer is because we're trying to figure out what the best combination of growth and return would be for future share price.

Got it. And is the way somewhat to think of this that you're generating a return that is below hurdle rate now because you're essentially preserving capital for a potential opportunity, again effectively a doubling of some probability of a doubling of your TAM, and so it's a little bit like insurance? You have to pay for it now. You don't necessarily like it. But if you need it in the future or you need that capital in the future, you're going to be really glad you have it.

That's exactly right.

That maybe I'm less confused than I thought. Thanks, guys.

And the next question comes from Moshe Orenbuch with TD Cowen. Your line is open.

Hoping I guess given that your guidance for the, I mean, the FFELP portfolio is running off and the guidance for originations at 30% higher basically still leaves you with a 4% decline in the private portfolio in 2025. I mean, how long do you think it would take to get, how many years would it take to get to a point where the business actually in total is growing? Or I mean, are there other products? I mean, or is this just reliant on kind of changes in the Grad program from an administrative or regulatory standpoint?

Moshe, I think there are three parts to our answer to that, at least three parts. One part is, I think we've demonstrated growth and we think there's additional growth in the products that we've had that's reflected in the refi origination growth that we've had and that we're targeting. There are potential opportunities to expand growth in those products, particularly in the in-school market, if there's Federal Education Loan policy changes. We're not counting on those. We're not assuming any of those, but we have the capacity to do that. And if those opportunities present themselves, we want to be ready for that. The third opportunity is expansion in the product set, which we talked about somewhat last year, a little bit more. That's more to come on that, but that's another opportunity for us to grow our balances more rapidly than we have historically.

Got it. To clarify the 2025 guidance of $1 to $1.20, consider that aside from the $0.26 that will return to you as expenses decrease and the TSAs phase out, is the run rate at the end of 2025 expected to be higher or lower than at the beginning? Given that we have a smaller portfolio and some prospect of share repurchase, although it appears that will be significantly reduced after 2025, how do you see that run rate of $0.25 to $0.30 per quarter, or the average of $1 to $1.20, trending throughout 2025? If there are changes, what factors are influencing your outlook?

Yes, so there's a couple things. It's not just a straight line in every single quarter. And I'll try to avoid giving quarterly guidance here specifically, but I would say that our anticipation would be that you're at the high end of that range by the time you enter the fourth quarter. In the first and third quarters, there are seasonal factors that do pressure some of the expenses. Notably in the third quarter, you're in-school originations where you're taking a larger provision at that time, and you tend to have higher expenses associated with that in the quarter. Also, in the first quarter, we will have a little bit of additional expenses from the BPS business, as Dave and I both mentioned. It has not closed at this point in time. So, there were think about $40 million of expenses for the fourth quarter, and depending on if that close date is at the end of this month or next month, you would have expenses that are offset by revenue. So, I know that's a long answer, but a long way of saying that we would anticipate that you'd be on the higher end of that range as return to the fourth quarter, absent anything that is out of our forecast from the interest rate environment.

And our next question will come from Nate Richam with Bank of America. Your line is open.

I was just curious how you all are thinking about approaching this year in terms of the in-school loan product. I think you noted 30% origination growth on the total private portfolio. Just wonder if you can break that down for between the in-school and refinance. And then on that topic, just how many rate cuts are you guys expecting in your outlook?

I'll tackle the second question first and then address the first one as well. So, the second question, it's two rate cuts, so relatively flat curve at this point. The first one being in the first half of the year towards the back end, and then the last cut at the end of the year. So, there would be obviously pressure associated with that on the FFELP portfolio, which you wouldn't necessarily get the benefit of additional floor income in this year. So, that would be a positive going into 2026. In terms of origination guidance, the way we think about it is, as Dave highlighted, I did as well, that we do think that originations will see that in the back half of the year. But breaking down that 30%, it's roughly what you've seen from an in-school perspective, 10% consistent growth, high-quality borrowers, predominantly the graduate students and on the refi side, that would translate to roughly about 40% to 50% growth again in the back half of the year.

And then, I apologize if you addressed this with Rick's question, but can you talk a little further about the return profile with the Earnest business? I think you asked previously mentioned you're targeting around like mid-teens returns there, but just given the dynamics that we're seeing with like higher loss rates, delinquency rates, and the lower recovery outlook, I guess like how do these recent vintages line up with a target return profile?

Yes, so we're targeting, we have said we target mid-teen returns on Earnest, that's dependent on growth rates and our operating expenses, the operating leverage that we have in that business. You may see us take advantage of opportunities we see in the market to grow a little more rapidly, but in a steady-state run rate, we think that business could be a double-digit return business.

Okay. That's all for me.

And then your second question on the recovery rate. I'm sorry?

Yes. I was just curious your recovery outlook just changed anything or if that's like really in certain businesses or not?

Yes. So, look, I'd characterize the recovery rate as a really small change on a large volume amount that is very much a legacy issue for us. We've got a large number of loans that were originated decades ago, many of them charged off years ago. As we continue to try to recover against those loans, we have a set of assumptions about that recovery that's in our reserve rate, and we're continuously updating that. This is not a reflection obviously of credit quality on the existing portfolio, and the recovery rate on the much smaller amount of charge-off loans, more recent vintages, is absolutely in line with our expectations. So, this is very much a legacy issue, and a relatively small change that we continue to update as we learn more and have more experience in recovering new cash accounts receivables.

And our next question comes from Terry Ma with Barclays. Your line is open.

I just want to follow up on the Grad PLUS opportunity. I would imagine if that materializes, you would kind of compete for it more aggressively. So, maybe just talk about how that business or potential business could kind of fit alongside Earnest because it kind of looks like Earnest mainly refinances kind of Grad loans, but then you would potentially be also kind of originating Grad loans should the PLUS program be curtailed. So, can those two businesses be complementary?

Yes. So, they are complementary today in terms of we are originating to graduate students. So, the opportunity, if I'm understanding the question right, is if Grad PLUS were eliminated, is there additional opportunity for us? And I would say that yes. That is very much in our wheelhouse. That is, as Dave mentioned, what we're doing today from an in-school origination perspective. So, we feel that that's attractive and fits very well with the Earnest brand.

Got it. I guess I'm just questioning what's to stop potential grad students from kind of walking next door and just kind of refinancing with Earnest?

Once they've graduated? Sorry. So, once they have graduated from school, they'll certainly evaluate their options, and that's going to be an interest rate plan at that point for most of those borrowers. It's going to depend on their credit history, certainly how quickly they went from an undergrad to a graduate program and then graduated. For that whether they would get a better rate or not. It's also going to depend on whether they have a co-signer. But we think that establishing the brand early on and that familiarity with Earnest, as Ed highlighted, they have very high promoter scores, very well received. So, we think that relationship would just add value to the fact that while interest rates do play a significant part in refinancing, I would think the relationship would help as well.

And our next question will come from Jeff Adelson with Morgan Stanley. Your line is open.

Just on the new product expansion potential, I know you're in the testing phase still sounds like we'll get something later this year. And we've asked about this in prior calls, but just any sort of incremental learnings you've had on that front as you've gone through the testing. Do you think you've identified something that's tangible, that you'll be ready to announce later in the year? And just maybe, any more incremental color on what those products or enhancements might look like at this point?

I don't want to go into details about the products just yet, but I can describe how we see the assets that Earnest brings to the market. These include a simplified process to help people manage their debt burdens, which the refinancing product has effectively achieved, and we believe our credentials and capabilities in this area are very strong. Our customer experience after the origination process surprises and delights our customers as well. We are exploring other market opportunities where we can leverage our strengths, along with operating efficiencies from Earnest's online capabilities and reduced operating expenses, to find a match that also provides substantial returns for our shareholders. Our approach will be built on the assets we believe we have in relation to the market opportunities where we can apply these assets.

And just to circle back on grad plus, have you done any work on how much of that volume that $14 billion, $15 billion would actually be in your sort of credit box or what you'd be willing to actually pursue against others?

Yes, look, we've done some internal assessment. I'm not going to share that with you. I would just say that there's a lot of it's going to depend on exactly what the public policy changes are, but if you look at a couple scenarios, I think there's a possibility here where the opportunity for us, a fair share of the underwriting part of that market could represent a substantial opportunity for us. And I would just leave it at that.

If I could add something, on your first question, one of the things that we're really testing for and looking at to talk about later in the year is sort of an overall business model question because there's certain kinds of products you can do that have relatively low upfront costs but very good operating economics. Then you've got products that are more expensive to manage and generate and so on, which have higher upfront costs. The real question I think you're asking is, can you run those two in tandem? That's something we want to think about, and when we come back and talk later in the year, we'll be able to tell you what we’re going to try.

And the next question will come from Mark DeVries with Deutsche Bank. Your line is open.

Thanks. I had a question for Joe. Could you discuss how expected paydowns on the FFELP portfolio match up with your debt maturities and needs to access money markets down the road? And how the repositioning you guys are undergoing has impacted your ability to access those markets?

So, over the years, obviously, we've done a fair job in terms of matching up the maturity profile with our cash flows. Remember, Mark, when we covered us long enough seven years back when we used to talk about the towers ahead of us. We've really reduced that and given ourselves more funding flexibility. We have the ability today to go through multiple periods here without issuance. Having said that, I think if there are attractive opportunities, we would look to issue just to continue demonstrating access in that marketplace, but also funding any future opportunities that we see. We feel very good about our positioning even considering the slowdown in the FFELP portfolio that we're seeing. As you know, over the last several years, we've seen prepayments tick up and then come down, but our forecast is more in line with what you've seen historically in terms of prepayments, providing a decent sense of how those cash flows will match up.

And apologize if I missed this, but so there was a more than 500 basis point increase in FFELP delinquencies in the quarter. Could you discuss what drove that and kind of the implications for your business?

Yes. It's always difficult to say exactly what drove that just given that there are a number of factors at play today. But I would say the tougher challenge for us on the FFELP portfolio is the amount of noise from just loan forgiveness and loan policy limiting some of the ability to connect with borrowers. We will continue to monitor that. You've seen forbearance and other rates improve here, but the delinquencies in the early stage did spike up and we did take a small provision in the quarter.

And our next question comes from Ryan Shelly with Bank of America. Your line is open.

Hey, guys. Appreciate the question. Most of mine have been answered. Just one quick one here. As we think about sort of the growth opportunities going forward, it sounds like we'll get more color as the year goes on. But from a debt holder point of view, would you consider funding any of these potential growth opportunities by coming back to the market? And just on capital allocation as well, where should we think about ranking repayment of unsecured maturities?

Sure. I'll start with the first part of that question. If there are significant growth opportunities in front of us, unsecured debt issuance would play a part in that. Today, we have also other funding options available to us. We have over $700 million of cash on hand. We also have unencumbered loans that we can borrow against totaling about $1.3 billion. As we've demonstrated before in our encumbered portfolio, the OC there is another $4.8 billion. We do have other levers to pull in terms of pulling cash forward if we want to invest versus unsecured debt issuance. That said, it really depends on the level of growth we would see in both the in-school product, the refi, and anything else we determine we're going to pursue going forward.

I show no further questions in the queue at this time. I would now like to turn it back over to Jen for the closing remarks.

Thanks, Michelle. I want to thank everybody for joining today's call. Please contact me if we were not able to take your question or if you have any other follow-up questions. This concludes today's call.

This does conclude today's conference call. Thank you for participating. You may now disconnect.