Good day, and welcome to the Community Bank System Fourth Quarter 2023 Earnings Conference Call. All participants will be in a listen-only mode. Please note, this event is being recorded. I would now like to turn the conference over to Mr. Dimitar Karaivanov, President and Chief Executive Officer of Community Bank Systems. Please go ahead, sir.

Good morning, everyone, and thank you for joining Community Bank Systems Q4 2023 earnings call. The fourth quarter was an unusually noisy one for us. The company achieved record revenues in the quarter with strong and balanced performance across all of our four businesses. In fact, when looking at the full year 2023, three of our four businesses, banking, employee benefit services, and insurance services, had a record revenue performance. In addition, our balance sheet remains highly liquid and well capitalized. Our diversified business model and emphasis on below-average risk served us very well during a very volatile year. With that said, we also had a meaningful increase in expenses in 2023, which was particularly prominent this past quarter due to a number of elevated items. While this increase was well above our expectations, it does not reflect the core earnings power of the company going forward. With this noisy quarter behind us, as we look forward into 2024, we're optimistic about every one of our businesses. In our banking business, we continue to gain market share supported by more than $4 billion of available liquidity, low cost of funds, excellent credit quality, and robust regulatory capital levels. The opportunity to serve clients across our footprint has never been better, and our teams and balance sheet are open for quality business. In our employee benefit services business, we have a strong pipeline of client onboardings and our reputation is quickly growing at the national level. We were recently named a top 5 record keeper for all market sizes by the National Association of Plan Advisors. In addition, current market values provide a tailwind into 2024 after two years of headwinds. Our insurance services business, which grew 18% in 2023, is well positioned to continue to benefit from hard insurance markets, organic initiatives, and roll-up M&A activities. We were recently ranked as a top 75 P&C agency in the country and one of the nation's largest bank-owned insurance operations. Our wealth business also had a positive revenue year in 2023 and our assets under management are back to their previous peak levels from the end of 2021. That, plus the increased focus in investments in the business, position us well to regain momentum in 2024. Simply put, our focus for 2024 is to continue the revenue growth while moderating the cost pressures and achieving positive operating leverage. We're also hopeful for a more constructive M&A environment in 2024. I will now pass it on to Joe for more details on the quarter.

Thank you, Dimitar, and good morning, everyone. As Dimitar noted, the company's earnings results were down in the fourth quarter due largely to certain elevated noninterest expenses. Fully diluted GAAP earnings per share were $0.71 in the quarter, down $0.26 from the prior year's fourth quarter and $0.11 lower than the linked third quarter results. Fully diluted operating earnings per share, a non-GAAP measure, were $0.76 in the quarter, $0.20 per share lower than the prior year's fourth quarter and $0.06 per share lower than the linked quarter results. During the fourth quarter, the company recorded $123.3 million in noninterest expenses. This included $2.2 million of acquisition-related contingent consideration expenses, a $1.2 million restructuring charge related to the company's previously announced branch optimization strategy, a $1.5 million expense accrual related to the FDIC special assessment, $1 million of executive-related retirement expenses, as well as elevated fraud losses. On a full year basis, the company's core operating expenses, which excludes acquisition-related expenses and restructuring charges were up 10.2%. This increase was not only driven by upward pressure on market wages and some of the previously mentioned charges but are also reflective of the front-foot investments the company made in its leadership team talent across all lines of business, data systems, and risk management capabilities. The company recorded $177 million of total revenues in the fourth quarter, establishing a new quarterly record for the company. Comparatively, the company recorded total revenues of $175.9 million in the same quarter in the prior year and $175.4 million in the linked third quarter. The increase in total revenues over the prior year's fourth quarter was driven by a $4.1 million or 6.4% increase in noninterest revenues, partially offset by a $3 million or 2.7% decrease in net interest income. As Dimitar noted, the revenues were up in all lines of businesses on a full year basis and management believes the company is well positioned to grow total revenues again in 2024. The company recorded net interest income of $109.2 million in the fourth quarter. This was up $1.4 million or 1.3% on a linked quarter basis but down $3 million or 2.7% from the fourth quarter of 2022. Pressure on funding costs have not fully abated, but increases in both the outstanding balances and the yield on the company's loan portfolio largely offset the increase in funding costs between the periods. The company's total cost of funds in the fourth quarter of 2023 was 1.08% as compared to 88 basis points in the linked third quarter. The 20 basis point increase in funding costs in the quarter outpaced a 17 basis point increase in earning asset yields, resulting in a 3 basis point decrease in the company's fully taxable net interest margin from 3.10% in the third quarter to 3.07% in the fourth quarter. On a full year basis, noninterest revenues, excluding investment securities losses and gain on debt extinguishment, increased $8.2 million or 3.2%. This result is reflective of the company's diversified business model. Banking-related noninterest revenues decreased $1.9 million or 2.7% in 2023 due primarily to the company's decision to eliminate non-sufficient and unavailable funds fees on personal accounts late in the fourth quarter of 2022, while total revenues in all three of the company's non-banking businesses, employee benefit services, insurance services, and wealth management services were up year-over-year. Reflective of an increase in loans outstanding, a stable economic forecast, and increase in delinquent and non-performing loans, the company recorded a provision for credit losses of $4.1 million during the fourth quarter. Comparatively, the company recorded a $2.8 million provision for credit losses in the fourth quarter of the prior year and $2.9 million in the linked third quarter. The effective tax rate for the fourth quarter of 2023 was 22.8%, up from 22% in the fourth quarter of 2022. On a full year basis, the effective tax rate was 21.6% in 2023 as compared to 21.7% in 2022. Ending loans increased $254.5 million or 2.7% during the quarter, and $895.2 million or 10.2% over the prior year. The increase in loans outstanding in the fourth quarter was primarily driven by increases in the business lending and consumer mortgage portfolios. The increase in ending loans year-over-year was driven by organic loan growth in the company's business lending portfolio totaling $438.7 million or 12% and growth in all four consumer loan portfolios totaling $456.5 million or 8.8%. The company's ending total deposits were down $102.7 million or 0.8% from the end of the third quarter, driven by a net outflow of municipal deposits. On a full year basis, ending total deposits were down $84.2 million or 0.6%. The company's cycle-to-date deposit beta is 17%, reflective of a high proportion of checking and savings accounts, which represent 68% of total deposits and the composition and stability of the customer base. During the fourth quarter, the company secured $100 million in term borrowings at the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York at a weighted average cost of 4.55% to fund continued loan growth. Comparatively, during the fourth quarter, the weighted average rate on new loan originations was 7.57%. The company's liquidity position remains strong. Readily available sources of liquidity, including cash and cash equivalents, funding availability at the Federal Reserve Bank's discount window, unused borrowing capacity at the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York, and unpledged investment securities totaled $4.83 billion at the end of 2023. These sources of immediately available liquidity represent over 200% of the company's estimated uninsured deposits, net of collateralizing intercompany deposits. The company's loan-to-deposit ratio at the end of the third quarter was 75.1%, providing future opportunity to migrate lower-yielding investment security balances into higher-yielding loans. At December 31, 2023, all the company's and the bank's regulatory capital ratio significantly exceeded well-capitalized standards. More specifically, the company's Tier 1 leverage ratio was 9.37% at the end of 2023, which substantially exceeds the regulatory well-capitalized standard of 5%. The company's net tangible equity to net tangible assets ratio was 5.78% at the end of the year as compared to 4.81% at the end of the third quarter and 4.64% one year prior. During the fourth quarter, the company repurchased 107,161 shares of its common stock at an average price of approximately $41 per share, and 607,161 shares on a full year basis at an average price of approximately $49 per share. At December 31, 2023, the company's allowance for credit losses totaled $66.7 million, an increase from $64.9 million during the third quarter of 2023 and $61.1 million one year prior but remained stable at 69 basis points of total loans outstanding. During the fourth quarter of 2023, the company recorded net charge-offs of $2.3 million or 10 basis points of average loans annualized. The company's full year 2023 net charge-off ratio was 6 basis points of average loans. At December 31, 2023, non-performing loans totaled $54.6 million or 56 basis points of total loans outstanding. This was up from $36.9 million or 39 basis points at the end of the third quarter and $33.4 million or 38 basis points one year prior. There were three additional business lending relationships that were transferred to non-accrual status in the fourth quarter, all of which are well secured with no specific loss content identified. Loans 30 to 89 days delinquent were 50 basis points of total loans outstanding at December 31, 2023, as compared to 51 basis points at both the end of the third quarter of '23 and one year prior. Overall, the company's asset quality remains strong. We believe the company's diversified revenue profile, strong liquidity, regulatory capital reserves, stable core deposit base, and historically strong asset quality provide a solid foundation for future opportunities and growth. Looking forward, we are encouraged by the momentum in all of our businesses and prospects for continued organic growth. We believe funding cost pressures will abate in 2024, setting the table for expansion of net interest income, particularly in the last three quarters of the year. In addition, recent asset appreciation in both the stock and bond markets provides a tailwind for revenue growth in the employee benefit services and wealth management services businesses. That concludes my prepared comments. Thank you. Now, I'll turn it back to Chuck to open the line for questions.

And at this time, we'll take our first question from Mr. Alex Twerdahl with Piper Sandler. Please go ahead.

Hey, good morning, guys.

Good morning, Alex.

Good morning, Alex.

Hey, first, can you just give us a little bit more color on those three business lending relationships? What this collateral is behind them, what kind of loans they were, etc.?

It's actually a bit of a mixed situation regarding the individual credits. One relates to a mixed-use industrial and office property that was partially owner-occupied, but primarily classified as non-owner-occupied due to the majority of the space being rented out. The borrower faced cash flow issues outside of this property. As a result, we moved the loan to non-accrual status. After evaluating the asset, we believe we are well secured and have not identified any specific loss related to it. Additionally, we had a couple of smaller agricultural credits that were switched to non-accrual status because of cash flow challenges. The third property was owner-occupied, but the businesses operating within it were struggling. Overall, there isn't any systemic issue or common threat among the three situations.

I was wondering if you could provide more details on the loan growth you've experienced recently, particularly this quarter and the previous ones in the commercial sector. I'm interested in the size of the loans and the geographical distribution. Additionally, with the recent pullback in rates, I recall that last quarter you mentioned lending at about 250 basis points above the five-year mark. Have the spreads remained stable as rates have declined, or have they widened? Any additional insights would be greatly appreciated.

Sure. So, Alex, everything that we do is basically footprint borrowers. The majority of our growth has really come from our expansion in some of the larger metro areas, which we've talked about previously. In fact, every one of our regions had a growth year in '23. So, it's been strong across the board. We're active, engaged in the markets a lot more than we were historically. There is a very favorable competitive dynamic for us as well, where a lot of the other participants, frankly, don't have the liquidity or the regulatory capacity to service clients. So, we came into this cycle with a highly liquid balance sheet and no concentrations of any sort with plenty of runway. So, we've taken advantage of that. In terms of where we're lending today in terms of rates, they're very similar to the last quarter that we talked about. Our business lending is kind of in the low to mid-7%. We don't expect that to change much as again, we're benefiting from a bit of better spread due to competitive dynamics. So, even if the rates are going to drift down a little bit, I think we're going to hold the ground here on our side as much as we can.

Great. And so, it's like $170 million on commercial loan growth, like would that be several loans, several larger loans, or is it much more granular than that?

It is very detailed. I can't provide the exact average and median right now, but we can look into that later. The size of our loans is significantly low compared to our institution's size and lending capacity. We don't have many loans that even approach one-third of our lending limit. Therefore, there are numerous loans that contribute to that $170 million.

Great. And then just a final question, Dimitar, you said in your prepared remarks that you hope that 2024 would be a little bit more conducive for M&A. I'm just curious, in your mind, sort of what has to happen. And I guess, first off, if you're talking about bank M&A or some of the other lines that you're in? And then, if it's really more rate-driven and the rate mark driven or if it's driven more by sort of the willingness of the seller?

Yeah. So, in terms of our M&A focus, Alex, it hasn't changed. It is across all of our business lines. We generate a lot of capital, and our job as a management team is to deploy that capital for our investors. So, we're focused on all of them. We've been doing certainly a little bit more roll-up type opportunities in the non-banking businesses kind of as a matter of course. We're hopeful that there might be some larger opportunities on that side as well. But certainly, on the bank side, it's been a couple of years of headwinds, I would say, from an M&A perspective in terms of kind of figuring out the values, the rates, the marks. So, we're hopeful that this year, there's going to be a little bit more clarity and stability in the market, which would allow folks to kind of really understand what's on the balance sheet. We're hopeful that as we see more deals, they're also going to move a little bit faster through the approval process as well. But banks are sold, not bought. And we need to have willing sellers as well. So, we just think that the past couple of years were pretty hard. So, hopefully, it should get better from a pretty low base in terms of opportunities.

Great. And then, historically, CBU's appetite has been kind of $0.5 billion to $2 billion in terms of size. Has anything changed with respect to your appetite for bank M&A?

I think that's kind of where we feel that the best risk and reward lies in the opportunities. I think they'll kind of vary between in-market versus contiguous markets, the markets that we've talked about. But certainly, that size is where we feel is an appropriate risk and reward. It could be a little bit larger, but probably not by much.

Thanks for taking my questions.

Thank you, Alex.

The next question will come from Steve Moss with Raymond James. Please go ahead.

Hi, good morning.

Hi, Steve.

Good morning. Dimitar, just following up just on loan growth for a second. Do you think for the upcoming year, total loan growth of $600 million, $700 million? Or just kind of curious as to the pace of loan growth; will it be still pretty strong or how you're thinking about it?

Yeah, Steve, good question. We generally come into the years thinking of kind of mid-single digits. We certainly outperformed in the past couple of years by quite a margin. We didn't expect some of that. We didn't plan for it. But when you've got great borrowers and opportunities, you kind of take what they give you. The pipelines are strong. They're not as strong as they were probably last year on the commercial side at this point, but still pretty strong. The residential pipeline is also pretty good. We're still calling for mid-single digits. So we kind of feel comfortable at that level as we sit here today. But it will depend a lot on the competitive dynamics and price as well; we need to get paid for what we do. So there will be some perimeters around that as well.

Okay. Great. And then on the employee benefit services side, you said you're pretty upbeat about business development here going forward. I realize also during the quarter, you had some tailwinds from fixed income asset appreciation. Just kind of curious how you're thinking about the overall revenue growth for that business line this year?

We aim for high single-digit growth in that sector, which we estimate to be between 5% and 10%. This has been the typical performance on an organic basis, although it has been somewhat affected by market conditions. If asset values remain stable and we start to see recognition for our organic growth, along with continuing to leverage our strong pipelines, we believe achieving that high single-digit growth is definitely possible for us in 2024.

Okay. Great. And also for the insurance business, I realize it's a hard market. You had some very good year-over-year growth. Just curious, is it still close to a double-digit pace there?

I think that's fair for the current expectation. We've grown that business at over 10% in the past three years. Last year was 18%. I think, between some of the continued opportunities on the M&A side, kind of the small roll-ups, and kind of the market, and certainly, our teams are executing organically really well as well. So, double-digit, I think, is certainly achievable for us in 2024.

Okay. Great. I'm interested in your thoughts on the margin outlook for the next few quarters. How are you feeling about it, especially if we see some rate cuts as the year goes on?

Hi, Steve, it's Joe. I'll address that question. In my earlier comments, I outlined our expectations regarding net interest income, which we believe will grow year-over-year based on the current rate environment. This expectation is largely driven by the significant loan growth we’ve experienced over the past year, which is continuing and should enhance our overall earning asset yields. This growth is expected to contribute positively to net interest income. Additionally, we anticipate that the pressures on funding costs will ease throughout 2024. Typically, we don’t see a major increase in net interest income in the first quarter due to the shorter day count, but we expect to see growth beyond that point. Regarding the margin, I mentioned earlier that we reduced some borrowings to around 4.5%, with new loans being issued at about 7.5%. From this latest round of loan funding and origination, we achieved nearly a 3% margin. Our expectations are that the margin may decline slightly or stay flat, but we believe net interest income dollars will increase later in the year. With respect to the current rate environment, we’ve seen some relief on the long end, although this may put some pressure on loan yields moving forward. As Dimitar pointed out, we will strive to maintain our rates on new originations. If the Federal Open Market Committee implements any rate cuts on the short end, it should alleviate some of the pressure on our funding costs. Most of our funding sources are focused on the short end, and since we currently have an inverted curve, any decrease in the short end would significantly help stabilize our funding costs going forward.

Okay. Great. Thank you. Appreciate all the color, Dimitar and Joe.

The next question will come from Chris O'Connell with KBW. Please go ahead.

Hey, good morning. I just wanted to follow up on the NIM discussion. You guys have been holding in very well on the funding cost side. Do you have where the average CD cost was in Q4?

On new CDs?

No, just average for the quarter.

Yeah. So, we could provide that. Just give me a moment here, Chris.

And then basically, like on the interest-bearing deposit cost side, I mean, do you guys have full-cycle beta in mind or where you think that those costs could top out at some point over the course of 2024?

I believe, Chris, as we've discussed before, our overall expectation for full-cycle beta, which includes the noninterest-bearing component, is about 68% of the current balances. We previously mentioned a range of 20% to 25% for beta, and we still feel comfortable within that range. We are currently near the lower end of that spectrum. This could vary depending on the duration of this cycle. There may be a few quarters after the Fed halts rate hikes, and even when they lower rates, there might be a couple of quarters where the effects on the balance sheet linger. Therefore, we consider a total beta for the cycle to be in the mid-20% range, around 22% to 25%, which seems reasonable for us.

And Chris, just to follow up on your question on time deposits, so blended cost in Q4 is about 330 on time deposits.

Great. And then on the borrowing side, as far as the bulk of them, you guys have put on in the last couple of quarters, in the mid-4%s range, for the balance, which is mostly those customer repurchase agreements, which I know act a little bit more like deposits in terms of their cost structure. I mean, do you see more pressure on those costs as we enter 2024?

I believe that we typically see a significant repricing opportunity on customer repurchase agreements around midyear, particularly with municipal customers, which depends on the overall rate environment as we approach that time. However, these accounts generally do not represent a high-cost funding source for us, with a blended cost in Q4 of approximately 1.5%, primarily because they are mostly operational in nature. Therefore, they do not incur a high cost of funds for us.

Great. And just kind of tying it all together on the margin, I mean, in the event that we start getting Fed fund cuts around midyear, the initial reaction of the margin just off of that first quarter, do you expect that to be directionally upward or downwards? Any sense of the magnitude?

Chris, I think the really hard question there is what continuing remix will happen on the balance sheet in the year or in the quarter. I think if everything else is equal and we get a rate cut, there we do have clearly a number of accounts that will immediately reprice down predominantly in the money market space and kind of in line with that cut. So again, because our deposit base is heavily into noninterest-bearing or very low interest-bearing savings accounts and checking accounts, we might have benefit. But I don't think it will be as huge of a benefit in that immediate aftermath of a cut or two. So probably directionally in the direction we want to see it, which is a help, but probably not by a huge amount.

Great. And then last one for me is just what's a good go-forward tax rate?

I think it's fair to use somewhere between, call it, 21% and 22% on a go-forward basis. I think I mentioned in my prepared comments, the last two years, the weighted average has been about 21.5%. I think that's a fair expectation going forward.

Great. Thanks, Joe, Dimitar. Appreciate it.

You're welcome.

Our next question will come from Manuel Navas with D.A. Davidson. Please go ahead.

Hi, everyone. This is Sharanjit on for Manuel Navas. Thank you so much for taking my question. So, I was wondering what are the biggest wildcards for driving positive operating leverage in 2024.

So, thank you for that question. If you look at just the magnitude of our P&L, the biggest wildcard for us is always net interest income (NII). So depending on where NII trends, I think that's going to determine how much leverage we can drive in terms of efficiency to the bottom line. I think we feel reasonably good about our expense outlook for 2024 in terms of that mid-single-digit rate off of the core base that Joe mentioned. So I think that side of the equation is a little bit easier to put your arms around. But what happens with NII, depository mixing, Fed cuts, and pricing in the market is going to largely determine the outcome of the operating leverage.

Thank you so much. That was all for my questions.

You're welcome.

The next question will come from Matthew Breese with Stephens Inc. Please go ahead.

Hey, good morning, everybody.

Good morning, Matt.

Good morning, Matt.

The fee income growth as we go up and down in various business lines sounds pretty optimistic, robust. Dimitar, I'm just curious your thoughts on overall fee income as a percentage of revenues, which at nearly 40%, I think, is one of the largest differentiators of CBU versus your traditional bank competitors. I'm curious if longer term, you have any goals, if there is a percentage of revenues you'd like fee income to represent over time.

Yeah. So, Matt, I think that's a good question. It's something that we talk a lot about at the Board level and at the management level. And we run a diversified financial services company, not a bank office. So, all of our four businesses are equally important to our ability to generate returns going forward, our ability to grow the dividend, to create sustainable earnings. So, we've organized also our company along those lines. For example, I've got four direct reports for each one of the businesses. So our emphasis is to drive each one of those businesses. With that said, as you mentioned, we're about 40% right now. We don't really think of it as a hard and fast number of kind of where do we want to be. I think the more diversified we can be the better. But ultimately, it comes down to the quality of earnings. And certainly, in the banking business, there are plenty of quality ways to generate earnings on a sustainable basis. So, as you kind of look at our P&L, you're not going to see a lot of volatility in terms of mortgage fees or SBA fees or leasing fees. Those are the kind of things that we generally don't like because of the volatility aspect to it and kind of the quality aspect to it. But high-quality NII that is sustainable with a strong deposit base certainly is a quality earning outcome as well. So, we want to be as diversified as we can. We don't have a hard and fast rule. I think our goal is to always have quite a bit more than others because of just the nature of the company we run, which is a diversified financial services company, and we do plan on leaning into all of our businesses, both organically and inorganically.

Matt, I would just add one comment to Dimitar's, which is with four businesses, we do have the opportunity to deploy capital in four different businesses, whereas a lot of our peer institutions don't necessarily have all of those options. And there are times when opportunities present themselves in different businesses. And we're in the business of allocating capital to the one that makes the most sense, given our other alternatives in that moment. So, I think just kind of to level set that thinking is that we do have options to deploy capital in four different businesses. And I think the best option in the moment when we have those opportunities is kind of how we kind of look at that capital deployment. Again, a lot of our peer institutions have one or maybe two businesses in which they can deploy capital, and we have four.

Understood. Okay. I appreciate all that. I did want to touch just on your comments around the margin/NII outlook. I mean, just curious, so given your overall level of deposit costs, which sub-1% at this stage is pretty amazing. Dimitar, I think you suggested that with rates down, we'll see a lag. But is it possible for a time we may even see kind of a negative deposit beta, meaning deposit costs at your institution continue to decline, as I said, is cutting just because of that delta? And then second question is you had mentioned deposits that reprice immediately. How much of the deposit base in fact does that?

I think, Matt, if you look at historical cycles, there is a lag of a few quarters where deposit costs in the industry continue to rise while the Fed is not moving. If we were to quantify that beta, it would be a very large number. So, I don’t think we will be immune to that. However, the pace at which our deposit costs are increasing, as you’ve seen quarter by quarter, is consistently lower than that of the industry and our peers. I believe this trend will continue. Therefore, there will be some lagging effect when the Fed is not moving and deposits are still adjusting. Joe can provide you with the number of accounts that are more price-sensitive and likely to reprice quickly during a downturn.

Yeah. So, Matt, we do have approximately, call it, $7 billion of non-time deposits that are interest-bearing, right? So that's comprised of interest checking and savings and money market. And the money market being the more sensitive of the group there, the money markets totaled about $2.4 billion on roughly a $13 billion base, savings accounts are about $2.3 billion, and interest-bearing checking about $2.9 billion. So, if we have a reduction in the rates at the Federal Open Market Committee and debt funds come down in a quarter, that's the opportunity set for us. I would just emphasize that. The money market deposits are the more sensitive of those kind of three portfolios.

Matt, to add to that, we manage our ALCO to aim for a neutral outcome regarding rate exposure. It's important to consider our asset size. We've been trailing behind on the asset side in this cycle due to a more fixed profile on that front. This has allowed us to maintain our deposit base, which will also help us experience less pricing and repricing pressure on our assets during a downturn. Therefore, we anticipate our margin will likely remain relatively stable, possibly fluctuating slightly in response to a few rate cuts.

Okay, I understand. Thank you. I wanted to discuss the securities portfolio. Given the fluctuations in rates, is it correct to say that a lot of the increase is primarily due to valuation rather than purchases? Additionally, could you remind us what the cash flows are and what the outlook for that portfolio looks like in 2024?

So Matt, with respect to the cash flows, we have somewhat limited cash flows in '24 and '25, less than $100 million in each of those years. And as, if you recall, we did the repositioning back in the first quarter, we pulled forward most of the cash flows that were basically coming due in '24 and '25. We get to some more significant cash flows in '26 and '27 on a combined basis, about $1 billion in those years and then another $1 billion or so in '28 and '29. So we just effectively pulled forward those cash flows. We also have potentially small opportunities later in the year if we continue to kind of see this rate environment to pull forward some shorter-term securities, cash flows maybe at par without a loss and basically be able to migrate those into the loan portfolio, but we're only potentially looking at a couple of hundred million if we see that opportunity here in the coming quarters.

Thank you. My last question is about credit. Can you provide some general insights on what you're observing regarding consumers transitioning to indirect auto loans as the commercial real estate market changes? Additionally, how does this impact your provisioning and charge-off expectations for 2024? That's all I had. Thank you.

Sure, Matt. I'll take that. If you take a broader view of credit, we've been discussing the potential impact of a recession for a couple of years. Looking at our substandard and special mention categories, which serve as early warning signals, they're still about half of what they were before the pandemic. We've certainly seen some increases, and a few relationships have experienced more challenges this quarter, which is normal and expected, yet we remain well below historical averages. Our charge-offs in our commercial sector last year were just 1 basis point, while in the auto sector, they were around 20 to 22 basis points, a level we believe should be higher. The underlying factor here is the current economic environment, characterized by low unemployment and considerable government spending, which is supporting asset values across the board. In our mortgage sector, we're anticipating a slight increase in delinquencies as things normalize. However, we are able to recover fully because housing values in our markets have actually increased beyond pre-pandemic levels. Asset values are robust due to limited supply. Employment remains strong, and even if someone loses their job and becomes delinquent, finding a new job is relatively easy. On the commercial side, collateral values are holding up well, and those businesses continue to be profitable. We haven't observed significant pressure in any particular geography or industry. Notably, the government's substantial spending translates to a private sector surplus, contributing to abundant liquidity and activity in the system. Additionally, for the first time in a long while, we're seeing some economic benefits from investments in advanced technologies, such as the CHIPS Act, which is positively impacting our regions.

Great. I appreciate all that. That's all I had. Thank you.

Thank you, Matt.

You're welcome.

The next question is a follow-up from Chris O'Connell with KBW. Please go ahead.

Hey, I wanted to follow up on the $2.4 billion in money market that was mentioned. Do you know the current rate on those or what it was in the fourth quarter?

Yeah, on a blended basis, Chris, it's about 2%.

Great. That's all I had. Thank you.

This concludes our question-and-answer session. I would like to turn the conference back over to Mr. Karaivanov for any closing remarks. Please go ahead, sir.

Thank you, Chuck, and thank you all for your interest in our company, and we will see you again in April. Thank you.

The conference has now concluded. Thank you for attending today's presentation. You may now disconnect.