Thank you. Today the company will be discussing GAAP P&L results and some important non-GAAP results intended to supplement your understanding of the company's financials. Reconciliations of GAAP to non-GAAP measures and other financial information are available in the press release issued today by the company and on the Investor Relations section of our website. Today's discussion contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Federal Securities Laws. Examples of such forward-looking statements include those with respect to the projections of financial and business performance, future macroeconomic and geopolitical conditions, the benefits of acquisitions and investments in capacity and new technologies. The impact of global, regional and national health crises, including the COVID-19 pandemic, anticipated industry trends, potential disruptions in our supply chain, the impacts of regulatory changes, including the recent U.S.-China trade restrictions, the anticipated demand for products, our ability to develop, produce, and sell products, and the assumptions upon which such statements are based. These statements are subject to known and unknown risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed during this call. Information on risk factors and uncertainties is contained in our most recent filings on Form 10-K with the SEC for the fiscal year ended December 30, 2023, and in our other SEC filings, which are available on the SEC's website at www.sec.gov, and in our press release issued today. Forward-looking statements are made as of today, October 30, 2024, and we assume no obligation to update them. With that, we will now turn the call over to FormFactor's CEO, Mike Slessor.

Thanks, everyone, for joining us today. Driven by growth in both of our segments, FormFactor's third quarter revenue exceeded the outlook range we provided in July and set an all-time record. In addition, DRAM probe-card revenue set a third consecutive quarterly record, and non-GAAP earnings per share was at the top end of the outlook range. In the current fourth quarter, we continue to experience record demand for DRAM probe-cards, with contributions from both DDR5 and High Bandwidth Memory, or HBM. This, together with moderate expected system segment growth, is helping partially offset a forecasted reduction in Foundry and Logic probe-card demand. Entering this year, it would have been difficult to predict the magnitude of the strength in DRAM, and FormFactor's ability to capitalize on this DRAM strength has been a major highlight throughout 2024. It results from our leadership position and significant market share in DRAM, which is one of the core tenets of our diversification strategy, providing us broad exposure to industry growth trends like Generative AI. FormFactor's diversification strategy features a broad lab-to-fab product portfolio across Foundry and Logic, DRAM, and Flash probe-cards, together with our system segment products. This strategy differentiates us from our direct competitors and makes it possible for us to compete for business across diverse demand pools at all major customers, which in turn produced relatively stable results during last year's downturn and the overall top-line growth we're delivering this year. These record levels of DRAM revenue, however, do produce a challenging product mix, and it's this DRAM-rich mix that is largely responsible for the third and fourth quarter gross margins below our target model gross margin of 47% at $850 million of annual revenue. As we've demonstrated in the past, a more balanced product mix with stronger Foundry and Logic probe-card demand produces gross margins approaching, and in some cases exceeding, the levels of our target model. We expect to deliver stronger gross margins when growth returns to the consumer-driven, high-unit volume end-markets that drive Foundry and Logic probe-card spending, like mobile handsets and client PCs. Turning now to market and segment level details. As I noted, the third quarter strength in DDR5, which we anticipated, produced another record-setting quarter of DRAM probe-card revenue. HBM revenue declined from the all-time high levels of the second quarter as we experienced the expected customer digestion following record shipments of probe-cards for HBM3 and HBM3e production designs in the two previous quarters. In the current fourth quarter, we expect further growth in DRAM probe-card revenue. We anticipate continued DDR5 strength along with sequential growth in HBM to roughly half of our DRAM shipments, with several initial HBM4 designs all across multiple DRAM customers. The beginning of HBM4 activity is significant as it puts us in a strong position as our customers start pilot production of this next major roadmap innovation in the high-performance memory that enables Generative AI. As we've discussed in the past, the advanced packaging processes used to construct HBM chips are powering FormFactor's current results and future opportunity. Each HBM chip, whether it's HBM3, HBM3e, or HBM4, is a stack of individual DRAM die assembled with advanced packaging processors. The disaggregation of a chip into subcomponent chiplets or tiles increases both test intensity and test complexity compared to an equivalent monolithic chip. The increase in test intensity is driven by the need for our customers to probe and test each component chiplet prior to stacking, and then to probe and test the multi-chiplet stack at various points during the assembly process. The increase in test complexity is driven by HBM performance requirements that are significantly more advanced than for standard unstacked DRAM products, involving higher test speeds and more challenging thermal scaling specifications. As the industry moves from HBM3 to HBM4, both layer counts and performance requirements, such as operating frequencies and power densities, are increasing dramatically. For example, our customers' roadmaps feature HBM4 products with stacks up to 16 high, double that of HBM3. The increase in layer count to 16 high stacks increases the number of probe-cards required for good chip out, since each component chiplet in the stack must be tested and verified prior to stacking. Similarly, the increase in clock speeds and power densities increases the performance requirements for the probe-card, necessitating higher test frequencies and more challenging thermal and power specifications. As we've seen with HBM3 and HBM3e in 2024, our differentiated ability to meet challenging performance requirements drives both market share and profitability gains, and we expect to benefit from the same dynamics as HBM4 reaches volume production next year. Shifting to the Foundry and Logic probe-card market, as expected, the third quarter was similar to the second quarter, where the ramp of new mobile application processor designs, together with client PC and server microprocessor designs, produced steady overall revenue. In the current fourth quarter, we expect a reduction in Foundry and Logic demand from the levels of the second and third quarter, as high unit volume end markets, in which FormFactor has a strong competitive position, like mobile handsets and client PCs, remain weak. It's our strategic priority to expand and diversify FormFactor's market position in Foundry and Logic, both through new customer qualifications in client PC and server applications, and through new products that will improve our competitive position in high-performance compute GPU applications. This will reduce our dependence on mobile and client PC by growing high-performance compute to achieve a more balanced opportunity profile, with broader exposure to hyperscaler Generative AI investment, similar to the strategy we're executing in DRAM for creating HBM-led exposure to AI. In the system segment, we delivered the expected sequential increase in third quarter revenue, as customers continue to engage us to solve the most complex electro-optical test and measurement challenges in areas like quantum computing and silicon photonics. Co-packaged optics using silicon photonics is an exciting opportunity for FormFactor, as we collaborate with leading customers in data center applications that utilize our turnkey measurement systems, built on our CM300 and SUMMIT200 engineering probers, together with our proprietary FEROS optical probes. We're also extending our unique electro-optical portfolio by partnering with other suppliers on the equipment needed for high-volume production. These partnerships are designed to ensure that as co-packaged optics matures and moves to high-volume production in the coming years, FormFactor's leadership positions in combined electrical and optical tests will provide a new growth vector for both our systems and probe-card businesses. Finally, as validation of FormFactor's technological and market leadership, I will be delivering one of four invited keynote addresses, along with executives from Synopsys, Meta, and AMD, at next week's IEEE International Test Conference. In the presentation, titled, 'From the Shadows to the Spotlight: Probe’s Role in Enabling Electronics Industry Innovation,' I'll explore how wafer tests and probing are a key enabler of economically viable semiconductor manufacturing at the leading edge, especially for advanced packaging architectures that rely on 2.5-D and 3-D stacking of chiplets. As we've discussed, these themes are moving FormFactor's markets and business today and underlie our long-term opportunity. In closing, we're proud of FormFactor's all-time revenue record, set in the third quarter, and are excited about the future as adoption of advanced packaging drives increased demand across FormFactor's entire lab-to-fab product portfolio. We continue to focus on investing in differentiated products and capabilities to drive market share and profitability gains and remain confident that when the Foundry and Logic market recovers, we will achieve and then surpass our target model that delivers $2 of non-GAAP earnings per share on $850 million of revenue. Shai, over to you.

Thank you, Mike. Good afternoon. As noted in our press release and mentioned by Mike, Q3 revenues reached $207.9 million, exceeding the upper limit of our forecast by $2.9 million, marking a record for the company. The non-GAAP gross margin stood at 42.2%, which is 0.8 percentage points below the midpoint of our expectations. This, along with operating expenses being slightly below our forecast midpoint, allowed us to achieve non-GAAP EPS at the top end of our range. Revenue for the third quarter grew by 5.3% sequentially and 21.2% year-over-year. The increase relative to our expected range stemmed from higher revenues in both the probe-card and system segments. Probe-card revenues were $172.2 million in Q3, up by $5.4 million, or 3.2%, from the previous quarter, primarily due to stronger Foundry, Logic, and DRAM revenues. The system segment brought in $35.7 million, a $5.1 million rise from Q2, making up 17.2% of total revenues, an increase from 15.5% in the previous quarter. In the probe-card segment, Foundry and Logic revenues for Q3 were $107 million, reflecting a 3.7% increase from Q2, and constituted 51.7% of total revenues, down from 52.5%. DRAM revenues reached a record of $60.2 million, $2.1 million, or 3.7%, higher than the previously established record in the second quarter, and accounted for 28.9% of total quarterly revenues, compared to 29.4% the prior quarter. In DRAM, HBM revenue fell from a record $43 million in Q2 to $29 million in Q3 as anticipated. Flash revenues of $4.5 million were down $0.5 million from Q2, representing 2.2% of total revenues in Q3, compared to 2.6% in the previous quarter. Our GAAP gross margin for Q3 was 40.7%, down from 44% in Q2. Revenues included $3 million in reconciling items from GAAP to non-GAAP, which we detailed in our recent press release and in the reconciliation table available on our Investor Relations website. Non-GAAP gross margin for the third quarter was 42.2%, a decrease of 3.1 percentage points from 45.3% in Q2 and 0.8 percentage points below the midpoint of our forecast. The decline compared to Q2 at higher revenue levels was mainly due to a less favorable product mix in both segments, as Mike mentioned. Compared to our expected midpoint, gross margin was lower primarily because of unanticipated quality-related expenses in the system segment. The gross margin for our probe-card segment was 42.3% in Q3, down 2.8 percentage points from 45.1% in Q2, while the system segment gross margin was 41.5%, a reduction of 4.7 percentage points from Q2’s 46.2%. GAAP operating expenses for Q3 totaled $66.9 million, compared to $69.4 million in Q2. Non-GAAP operating expenses were $59.3 million, or 28.5% of revenues, compared to $60.9 million, or 30.8% of revenues in Q2. The $1.5 million reduction was primarily due to lower performance-based compensation. Company non-cash expenses in Q3 included $8.9 million for stock-based compensation, $1.3 million lower than Q2 due to grant feature adjustments, $0.6 million for amortization of acquisition-related intangibles, consistent with Q2, and $7.6 million in depreciation, slightly higher than the previous quarter. GAAP operating income was $17.9 million for Q3, similar to prior quarter’s $17.8 million. Non-GAAP operating income for Q3 was $28.3 million, which was down slightly from $28.5 million in Q2, indicating a decrease of $0.2 million, or 0.7%. The rise in revenue and reduced operating expenses were countered by reduced gross margins. GAAP net income for Q3 was $18.7 million, or $0.24 per fully diluted share, down from $19.4 million, or $0.25 per share in Q2. The non-GAAP effective tax rate for Q3 was 13.4%, 2 percentage points lower than Q2’s 15.4%. We still anticipate our annual non-GAAP effective tax rate to fall between 14% and 18%. Non-GAAP net income for Q3 was $27.2 million, or $0.35 per fully diluted share, consistent with Q2 and at the upper end of our forecast range. As Mike mentioned, we remain focused on hitting our target model, which aims for $2 of non-GAAP earnings per share at $850 million in revenue, with a 47% gross margin and a 22% operating margin. Although we expect quarterly fluctuations mainly due to changes in product mix, achieving the 47% gross margin will require a more favorable product mix, particularly with a greater contribution from the higher margin Foundry and Logic market. Moving on to our balance sheet and cash flow. At the end of the quarter, total cash and investments totaled $360 million, down $5 million from Q2. We generated $20 million in free cash flow in Q3 compared to $14.2 million in the previous quarter, primarily due to higher operating cash flows driven by $2.4 million in increased non-cash expenses and a $3.1 million reduction in working capital outflows, partially offset by a $0.5 million rise in capital expenditures. In Q3 we spent $8.9 million on capital expenditures, slightly up from $8.4 million in Q2. Our expected range for CapEx in 2024 remains at $35 million to $45 million, and with three quarters completed, we now estimate being closer to the midpoint of that range. At the conclusion of Q3, we had one remaining term loan, with a balance of $14 million. Regarding stock buybacks, we utilized $16.9 million during Q3 to repurchase shares under our $75 million buyback program approved in Q4 2023, leaving $36.6 million available under this authorization. As a reminder, the primary objective of the share repurchase program is to counteract dilution from stock-based compensation. Now, turning to our non-GAAP outlook for the fourth quarter, we anticipate revenues of around $190 million, plus or minus $5 million, with a slight rise in DRAM and systems segment revenues offset by a decrease in Foundry and Logic. We expect the reduction in revenues compared to Q3 to lead to a non-GAAP gross margin of 41%, plus or minus 150 basis points. At the midpoint of these forecasts, we anticipate Q4 operating expenses will decrease to roughly $56 million, plus or minus $2 million, which is $3 million lower than Q3, mainly due to reduced performance-based compensation. For Q4, we expect non-GAAP earnings per fully diluted share to be about $0.29, plus or minus $0.04. A reconciliation of our GAAP to non-GAAP Q4 outlook can be found on our Investor Relations website and in our press release issued today. Now, let's open the call for questions.

Our first question comes from Krish Sankar of TD Cowen. Please go ahead, Krish.

Hi. Thanks for taking my question. Mike, I have two of them. First one, just curious, your large U.S. customer at about 17% of revenues in September is well telegraphed about your weakness. I'm kind of curious, have you started seeing weaknesses in your December guide, or do you think it's a calendar 2025 event, and how to reconcile your weakness to what you would expect from them in calendar 2025 in terms of revenues?

Yeah, I mean, calendar 2025, remember our lead times are pretty short, well within a quarter, and certainly for the high volume Foundry and Logic businesses, well within a quarter. So our visibility doesn't really extend into 2025. Having said that, the overall Foundry and Logic market, we are seeing weakness across various aspects of it. As I said in the prepared remarks, client PC and mobile handset are all, when I compare our fourth quarter outlook to our third quarter actual results, we're seeing softness in those two end markets. That's one of the reasons why it's so important for us to qualify in some of these other AI-driven applications like GPUs, to make sure that we're diversifying our Foundry and Logic business, which is our largest business and expected to grow significantly. We got to make sure we got the right market footprint there. But right now, Foundry and Logic outlook for 2025 don't have significant visibility there, but in the fourth quarter seeing pockets of sequential reduction in both mobile and PC.

Got it, got it. That's very helpful. And then I just wanted to touch base on the HBM side. It looks like HBM is probably going to grow again after a one-quarter digestion in September. (A) Is that true? And (B), what caused the digestion? And obviously there's a lot of optimism on HBM revenue growth for the industry into next year. Do you worry about, again, another pocket or another quarter where you might see a digestion? Just kind of curious what caused it in September and what is the likelihood it will not happen again next year?

Yeah. So if we track HBM through the quarters of 2024, second quarter, very strong results. We did convey to you that we expected some digestion in the third quarter; that happened. That can often be the case. Remember, our HBM revenue and overall market share really concentrated with the leading provider of HBM in the industry. As we move into the fourth quarter, the growth is driven by a couple of components, the sequential growth off of Q3. And yes, there is sequential growth expected in HBM off of Q3. Some of it is the resumption of spending by the leading HBM provider, but we're also beginning to see some diversification and activity at one of the other DRAM manufacturers, one of our other DRAM customers as they begin to build their DRAM market share.

We've got it. Thanks Mike.

Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Charles Shi of Needham & Company. Your question, please, Charles.

Good afternoon, Mike and Shai. Mike, I have a broader question about HBM, especially since Paradigm recently mentioned that the expectations for next year indicate a flat or declining test market. While your products complement testers, they aren't exactly the same type of capital goods. How do we reconcile a scenario where tester demand flatlines or falls next year while still anticipating growth in probe cards? Also, you discussed the technical aspects of HBM3, HBM3e, and HBM4 transitions. Can you clarify how the shift to HBM4 might impact probe card growth, especially considering that it may not significantly benefit testers, which tend to be more agnostic? I appreciate your insights on these topics. Thank you.

Yep. So, you alluded to it in the way you asked the question, Charles. Remember, probe-cards are a consumable that's specific to each customer chip design or each customer mask set. So, if we take the HBM example, as a customer moves not just from HBM3 to HBM3e to HBM4, that certainly drives demand for new probe-cards. But even inside those generations of HBM, there are multiple flavors of HBM. And so, you can think about three or four major HBM3 designs all requiring different probe-cards. Now, all of those chips are going to end up being tested by the same tester. The purpose of a probe-card is to customize the tester, so it can test these different chips. And so, that's how you reconcile the different growth cycles between probe-cards and ATE or testers. We've seen this before in the past, right. In Foundry and Logic, there's been large stubs of tester investment that then cool off, and we see some strong probe-card activity as customers release new chip designs to be able to utilize those testers. So, often through history, in both Foundry and Logic and memory, we've seen that decoupling. As to the transition from HBM3 to HBM3e to HBM4, we view this as being helpful to FormFactor, not just because of an increase in the available market. Remember, almost certainly, when we go from HBM3 to HBM4, the number of dye increases in the stack. I mentioned in the prepared remarks going from 8 to 16. That's all other things being equal going to require more probe-cards. But I think the other thing that's interesting is, and that's what we generally refer to as test intensity. I think the other thing is, when you look at customer roadmaps, as they go from HBM3e to HBM4, there's some significant increases in things like speed and power density, which drive a more capable probe-card, which typically we're able to get a higher value, a higher ASP for. So, I hope that addresses the two elements of the question. But remember, probe-cards are a device-specific consumable, different buy cycles than capital equipment like ATE.

Thanks. Maybe I just want to ask another question, a little bit of clarification. I look at your geographical breakdown for the quarter. Looks like the revenue from China picked up a little in Q3. Mind if you provide some insights into what's behind that number? Because we do understand that your China revenue can split between multinational and domestic China. What do you see there? Thanks.

Yeah. So, it's an interesting question. Obviously, China is on lots of people in the industry's minds right now. We've been pretty clear, that we think that our domestic China revenue, which still represents a significant fraction, is going to go to zero over time, some timeframe, because of the geopolitical issues, and because of our presence as a U.S. supplier governed by export controls from the Department of Commerce. Having said that, we did see a tick up in domestic China revenue as you noted, in the third quarter. It's in DRAM, and I think I'd characterize it probably as almost a last-time buy with one of our leading DRAM customers in China. We don't view it as sustainable, largely because of the geopolitical environment. To remind you, that's one of the reasons why we divested our China operations earlier this year. We're still able to do business there, but doing it through the company that bought our China operations as a distributor. So I'd classify this as being opportunistic. Here we had an opportunity in the third quarter to win some business, but I wouldn't model that through 2025.

Thanks Mike for the color.

Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Craig Ellis of B. Riley Securities. Please go ahead, Craig.

Yeah, thanks for taking the question, and congratulations on some of the records set in the quarter. Mike, I wanted to start just by following up the point that I thought you made well in responding to Charles's question around really intensity and complexity that are going up, and just see if I could get you to reflect a little bit and comment on calendar 2025 for high bandwidth memory. And the question is really this. As you look at the drivers that are fueling high bandwidth memory strength, the increased number of chips that are required for every GPU that's shipping as we go to more stacks and higher stacks, are you seeing any signs that customers are able to get yield dynamics to a level where probe-card intensity would decrease? Are we just running too fast from HBM3 to HBM3e to HBM4, etc., to get that kind of yield improvement?

Yeah, it's a great question, Craig, because obviously one of the things that's driving the very high test intensity with HBM is fairly low yields. The chiplet die themselves are pretty standard DRAM dyes, so they are not the yield issue. It's the complexity of the advanced packaging and assembly and stacking of those die that's causing the issues, and no question that's driving up test intensity. I think to your point, the industry is moving so quickly to both move from HBM3 to HBM3e to HBM4, but also to build capacity, that I don't think there's going to be a really significant yield improvement trajectory. Yes, it will get better, but when you look at the complexity, especially as you increase the number of die in the stack, it's simple arithmetic, right. 16 die is going to have lower yield than 8 die, even if you've got something close to known good die going into that stack. So, I think yields will improve for sure, but I think the overpowering increase, overdriving increase in test intensity really is associated with the dynamic of the industry moving so quickly to try and build, both capability through the HBM3 to HBM3e to HBM4 transitions, but also building capacity as fast as it can to support the GPU demand, which of course is all being pulled through by hyperscaler investments and generative AI.

Yeah, that's helpful. The tough math of many chips and many tech transitions, that’s all happening. Moving on, and then touching on the Foundry and Logic item. So, in a few of the recent calls you've noted that there was particular customer strength from the U.S. based customer, and you cautioned that there might be some digestion or a breather coming. It sounds like some of that may actually be at play in the fourth quarter, or is that in fact not the case? Have your views changed there, and if so, what's caused that view to change? Thank you.

No, I think if I look more broadly, any given customer is going to have quarter-to-quarter ups and downs. They are investing and ramping in individual designs or sets of designs. We saw this in Q3 with HBM, with our major customer there. So you are going to have quarter-to-quarter fluctuations with any customer. That's one of the reasons why we are so committed to this diversification strategy, and doing things like making sure we're qualified at all leading customers. In this case, the qualification of the large Fabless CPU and GPU customer remains a very high priority for us. Regardless of customer, I would expect to have quarter-to-quarter fluctuations. It's really the nature of the business.

And if I can sneak in one last one, you did mention the opportunity with GPUs. Can you talk about new customer penetration opportunities and progress made in the third quarter and potential for things to close as you get into 2025?

Yes. So, a couple of key customer qualifications that we've kept you at least at a high-level update on. One, is making sure we're qualified at the large Fabless CPU, GPU manufacturer. We've continued to make good progress there. Have worked with that customer to focus our qualification on an area where we're showing a differentiated capability, a smaller piece of the business, a specific application that gets us the toehold in, and we do expect to be qualified there, here in the fourth quarter. For the major GPU manufacturer, who is already a pretty significant customer for us, based on the networking business and the silicon photonics partnership with co-package optics, the focus there is really on getting qualified and penetrating their advanced packaging business as they start to package GPUs together with HBM on the co-los advanced packaging technology. That's something we continue to execute on, largely through the world's largest foundry, because they are doing all of the packaging and tests. But it's something we'll continue to keep you updated on as we continue to make progress.

Thank you, Mike.

Thanks Rick.

Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of David Dooley of Steelhead Securities. Please go ahead, David.

Yeah, thank you for taking my questions. Mike, I just had a couple questions. You've kind of answered part of them. But as far as your pause in the third quarter, do you think that had something to do with your largest customer migrating from HBM3 to HBM3e and then to HBM4 or from 8 stacks to 12 stacks? I'm just kind of curious if that had something to do with your pause.

Well, remember, I think you're talking about HBM specifically, but I want to remind people, for FormFactor overall, there was no pause in the third quarter. We set an all-time company revenue record, so we do want to keep that in context. There was a reduction in HBM revenue that we expected again through digestion. As I answered Craig's question, this happens all the time, right. Customers will take large shipments for the designs they are going to ramp and then have these periods of digestion. So I don't know that you can tie it to any particular transition, but it's again, one of the reasons why this diversification strategy that we've run for more than a decade is so important. If you look at any customer's revenue, it's going to be lumpy quarter-to-quarter as they take shipments and then use those shipments of probe-cards to produce wafer outs on a given design. Those happen for a quarter or two quarters, and then that customer resumes their buying as they transition to the next design. So, when you look at our revenue, there's a whole bunch of lumpiness with each customer. You can chalk it up to some of the node transitions, to some of the pauses, to some of the changes, but that's why we're committed to this broad-based diversification strategy across all the leading customers and all the important markets in the industry.

Okay. And then clearly your largest customer on their conference call is talking up significant DRAM bit growth, particularly in HBM. You have them moving from 8 high stacks to 12 high stacks, perhaps 16 high stacks. Yields are definitely going down with that. You have the Blackwell transition with a number of dyes going up for GPU significant. With all of these things, wouldn't you think your HBM revenue next year would grow significantly, because it's not just unit volume driven, but there are a bunch of different designs also on top of it?

Yes. No, those are good observations. One of the things in laying out those points, there's a lot of moving parts as well, right. Yield, design changes, wafer outs, and obviously, does the HBM or at what level does the HBM output get driven by continued hyperscaler AI spending, because that's the direct driver of it. I think with all those factors, our baseline assumption is that our HBM business is going to grow. Partially because, if you think about how our customers are approaching the market, they are essentially saying they are all sold out through 2025. They are adding capacity at a pretty good clip, and doing things like moving from HBM3 to HBM3e to HBM4, which are all different sets of probe-cards. So I think it's a reasonable assumption that if yields don't dramatically improve. As long as we're driven by those market dynamics, it's a reasonable assumption that our HBM business is going to grow.

Thank you.

Thanks Dave.

Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Dennis Piatanin of Stifel. Your question please, Dennis.

Thank you. This is Dennis on for Brian Chin. Given that you've alluded to the HBM spending reduction at the leading maker being over, directionally, how confident would you be that HBM revenue is higher in 2025 versus 2024? And on a related note, over what timeframe could we see the other two HBM customers add more significant revenue to your top line?

Yes. So, I think I answered the first part of that question for David. It depends on a lot of the underlying assumptions, but as long as hyperscaler AI spending continues, that drives GPU growth, that drives continued attachment and growth of HBM. So I think there's a reasonable chain there. And of course, if you think about the underlying transitions next year in going to HBM3 and then HBM4, which all require different probe-cards, I think there's a reasonable case to be made for growth there. You know, though, if you think about the customer base, and we pointed this out in the prepared remarks, we are seeing the customer base broaden a little bit. Now, if you look at HBM market share, not probe-card market share, but who is producing the HBM bits in the industry, it is very heavily indexed to a single one of our customers. So I think it's appropriate that our revenue also be indexed to that customer. In the fourth quarter, because we’re seeing – well, not because, the fourth quarter some of the growth, sequential growth in HBM we are seeing is driven by a second DRAM customer coming online and becoming a more significant part of the revenue. But I would expect, as long as those market share dynamics for our customers supplying HBM continue, we're going to continue to see some pretty heavy customer concentration in it. I think the only other point I'll make is, you talked about the dip in spending as being over. I'll again remind people that any one customer moves up and down quarter-to-quarter, and so I would expect quarterly fluctuations in digestion. Again, at the risk of being repetitive, that's why it's so important for us to broaden our customer and application base as part of executing our diversification strategy.

That's some really great detail. Thank you. For my follow-up, could you provide some additional color related to your GM guide for Q4 being a little bit lower versus Q3? The mix, what segment markets are doing, kind of etc.

Yeah, I’ll let Shai handle it.

Yes, I will take that. So if you look at revenue outlook, the midpoint of the outlook for Q4 is $190 million, which is below the record of $208 million we did in Q3. And this is the main contributor to the decrease in gross margin we see Q3 to Q4. It's 1.3 percentage points lower at the midpoint of the outlook. It's really about volume. If you look at the mix, there is no major difference on the impact of the mix on the gross margin, although we see Foundry and Logic down and expect DRAM to go up a little bit, but we don't see a major impact on the mix of the gross margin. It's really about volume.

I appreciate it. That's it from me. Thank you.

Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Christian Schwab of Craig-Hallum. Please go ahead, Christian.

Thanks. Hey Mike. I know you mentioned HBM4, but HBM3e should still be about 80% of the bits shipped next year, right?

Yeah. So HBM3e is definitely going to dominate the bits shipped in ‘25 next year. Remember, we're going to lead the bits shipped, because our business, the probe-cards have to be in place, the testers have to be in place for those chips to then be produced, ramped, and be shipped. We're going to lead output, and the transitions are happening so fast from HBM3 to HBM3e to HBM4, that late ‘25 into ‘26, we'd expect HBM4 to start to take over, and that's why we're seeing the activity now, so that everything is ready on what's a pretty complex process.

Great. Thank you, because my work says about 80% of the bits will be HBM3e. I just wanted to confirm that. Will we ship to all three high bandwidth memory guys in ‘25?

Well, we have shipped, and I said this in the prepared remarks, we are shipping HBM cards to all three major DRAM manufacturers. Now, it's again, heavily indexed towards one, because one customer is producing the lion's share of the HBM bits in the industry, but I think a bright spot in Q4 is, we are starting to see a significant contribution in our revenue from a second DRAM customer for HBM.

Okay. And then my last question, with Blackwell needing probe-cards and the other ones not, could that customer, whether it be a location in Taiwan or however you are going to label that customer, is that somebody you would anticipate becoming a 10% plus customer sometime in ‘25?

Sort of it's an interesting case, because it depends how it works, right? Fabless customers have different procurement models for probe-cards. Sometimes they outsource it to particularly the foundry, and so the foundry is actually the customer that will report in our revenue. Sometimes it's the Fabless customer themselves. That one, I suspect is going to be revenue attributed to the foundry, given their ownership of the overall assembly, the co-los assembly and test process. And they haven't been a 10% customer for a while. They've been awfully close, sort of high single digits. I would expect some of these new advanced packaging opportunities, like co-los, to drive them up into double digits and have them become a 10% customer, at least sometime in 2025.

Great. All right, no other questions. Thanks.

Thanks, Chris.

Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Tom Diffely of D.A. Davidson. Please go ahead, Tom.

Yeah, good afternoon. Thank you for the question. Just to follow-up, another high bandwidth memory question. On the back of Christian's question, given your unique capabilities across doing different types of forms and formats, would you expect the share to be fairly strong at all three makers of HBM over time, or are there certain factors that go into perhaps not making that so?

Well, I think a couple of things, right. Customers can always make choices on where they put their test dollars, right. And there's times we've seen, and we've seen this in standard DRAM, where some customers have chosen to emphasize other areas of performance, maybe where we're not as strong, and that's caused share to go to our competitor. I think for HBM we're pretty focused on some of the core enabling technologies, things like high speed. This is an area that over the years we've invested in. Part of that was the acquisition of Cascade Microtech in 2016 to get us some RF know-how. And although that was really focused on the RF business, some of that know-how has come over to our DRAM roadmap as well and is driving some of the competitive advantage for high-frequency test and enabling HBM. I think realistically, our share with our current leading customer is pretty strong, and I would not expect to be able to drive that degree of share concentration. But I would expect, you know you've got two suppliers worldwide who can do this. Both of us understand we're capable and are going to behave rationally as we serve the overall growth of the DRAM market driven by HBM. But I'm not sure that I'd expect the degree of share at the other two that we have at the leading HBM customer right now.

Okay, no that's fair. So Mike, I'm curious, what are you seeing in the kind of traditional DRAM market today? Have you seen signs of a recovery there?

I don't know that I say recovery. We are surprised at the strength in DDR5, right. If you look at Q3, for example, we had HBM step down sequentially, but we still set a DRAM record above $60 million in quarterly revenue, and we expect DDR5 to be a significant part of the growth off of that record here in Q4. So whether you attribute that to a cyclical recovery in DRAM, whether its customers just managing their mix, I don't know. But the strength in DDR5, given in-market DRAM things like spot pricing and inventories, is a little bit surprising.

Okay, great. And then finally, Shai, you talked about the systems business having some cost issues. If you could maybe just elaborate on that, that would be great.

Sure. So, I talked about unexpected quality-related costs in Q3. These are things like warranty and inventory scrap, inventory write-offs. So that was the main reason for the additional expenses we saw in Q3. But there's no change in our goal and target for the systems business to achieve high 40s, low 50s growth margin for that segment.

Okay, maybe just to clarify, that was just a one-quarter issue, or do you see it dragging out for a few more quarters?

These specific issues are things that were identified and are limited to that quarter. But we need to remember that there could be some mix shift within the systems segment as well, and we did sell the FRT business that was a higher margin within the systems business. But there's no structural change there, and then we think we're going to get back to the high 40s, low 50s.

Okay, great. Thank you both for your time today.

Thanks Tom.

Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Gus Richard of Northland Capital Markets. Please go ahead, Gus.

Yes, thanks for letting me ask the question. Looking at the gross margin in the quarter is down 280 bits sequentially, the logic versus DRAM mix is about the same as was flash. And what changed was HBM versus DDR5. And I'm just wondering, can you talk a little bit about the decline in gross margin? Is that just purely a function of mix change in DRAM? And is there a premium for probe-cards for HBM?

Indeed, it was from the change of mix on higher volume. That's obvious that it's because of mix. And the HBM probe-card is a differentiated product. We invested a lot in R&D in it, and it's differentiated. And that's why within that band of DRAM gross margin, HBM is on the high end of that range, yes.

Okay, all right, that makes sense. And then just any predictions on when you expect co-packaged optics to sort of hit volume production or get out, more out into the field?

Yeah, I don't think our timing view has changed on that much. It's probably late next year, early into 2026. But given all of the work that has to be done between now and then to make this production worthy, there's a lot of activity right now, and that's one of the reasons why we keep updating people on our progress. We have more than 100 systems in labs and pilot lines around the world, but those are really low-volume applications. Where our focus is now, partnering with both leading customers in the industry and other equipment suppliers who have pieces of the high-volume ready, things like testers and handlers and probers. We’re continuing – that's a huge focus for our systems business right now. And we've got plenty to do, because it's very complex and combines both electrical tests and optical tests. It's going to take us until the end of 2025 and into 2026 to really together make this production worthy.

Got it. Thanks so much.

Thank you. As there appear to be no further questions in queue, I would now like to turn the conference back to Mike Slessor for closing remarks.

Great. Thanks everybody for joining us today. Obviously an interesting time in the industry as we continue to execute on the great position we're in with HBM. Looking forward to seeing you at some of the end-of-the-year conferences if you are able to attend, and if not, as we move into 2025. Stay safe and healthy and talk to you soon. Bye-bye.

This concludes today's conference call. Thank you for participating. You may now disconnect.