Thank you. Today, the company will be discussing GAAP P&L results and some important non-GAAP results intended to supplement your understanding of the company's financials. Reconciliations of GAAP to non-GAAP measures and other financial information are available in the press release issued today by the company and on the Investor Relations section of our website. Today's discussion contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws. Examples of such forward-looking statements include those with respect to the projections of financial and business performance, future macroeconomic and geopolitical conditions, the benefits of acquisitions and investments, anticipated industry trends, potential disruptions in our supply chain, the impacts of regulatory changes, including tariffs and changes in export controls, the recent U.S. China trade restrictions, the anticipated demand for products, our ability to develop, produce, and sell products, and the assumptions upon which such statements are based. These statements are subject to known and unknown risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed during this call. Information on risk factors and uncertainties is contained in our most recent filing on Form 10-K with the SEC for the fiscal year ended December 28, 2024, and in our other SEC filings, which are available on the SEC's website at www.sec.gov, and in our press release issued today. Forward-looking statements are made as of today, April 30, 2025, and we assume no obligation to update them. With that, we will now turn the call over to FormFactor's CEO, Mike Slessor.

Thanks, everyone, for joining us. As expected, FormFactor reported sequentially lower first quarter revenue and profitability due to anticipated reductions in demand for both DRAM probe cards and systems. In the current second quarter, we expect to deliver double-digit sequential revenue growth with increases across all our major served markets and segments and corresponding increases in gross margin and earnings per share. This anticipated second quarter revenue growth is driven primarily by hyperscalers' continued investments in generative AI, which is producing increased demand for high bandwidth memory DRAM probe cards and co-package optics test systems, paired with moderate growth in foundry and logic probe cards for new chip designs in important high unit volume end markets, specifically PCs and mobile handsets. We see no indication that these second quarter demand increases are driven by tariff-related acceleration of orders. If anything, our sequential growth outlook is tempered by the uncertainty created by the current tariff situation, and Shai will provide estimates of both revenue and gross margin reductions from specific tariffs. As a reminder, we manufacture approximately 80% of our revenue in the United States and therefore face a direct cost impact from tariffs on goods we import from non-U.S. suppliers. In addition, when we ship our products to countries such as China that have tariffs applied to goods that originate in the U.S., our U.S.-manufactured products now bear a higher cost for our customers. This is causing some customers to work with us to reevaluate their supply chains and cross-border logistics processes. We're taking a wait-and-see approach as we evaluate various tariff scenarios before committing to any significant changes to our manufacturing footprint and supply chain. The notable exception is China, where recent tariff increases on top of escalating U.S. export controls have driven a continued reduction in our revenue from that region. This further validates our proactive decision in 2023 to divest our China operations and to focus on other opportunities in regions. Now let's turn to market and segment level details. In DRAM probe cards, we experienced the expected first quarter reduction in revenue from the record level of the fourth quarter. This was due primarily to lower non-HBM demand caused by further tightening of export controls, which limited our ability to ship probe cards for advanced DRAM designs to China. In the current second quarter, we expect DRAM probe card revenue to return to record levels with sequential growth in HBM applications layered on top of steady demand in DDR5 and LPDDR5 applications. The strength in our HBM probe card demand is driven by three factors. One, continued shipments of probe cards for existing HBM3e designs running in high volume. Two, increasing shipments for new HBM4 designs, which as you've heard recently from our customers are being sampled and are expected to begin ramping in volume in the second half of 2025. And three, a growing contribution from a second HBM Probe Cards customer as we further diversify and grow our leadership position in HBM applications. HBM still comprises a small but growing portion of the total DRAM bits produced by our customers. However, because of their stack die architecture with eight, twelve, or even sixteen individual DRAM die, HBM represents a much larger portion of the total silicon area and wafers produced. Further, because HBM has increased test intensity, which expands the number of probe cards required for good die out, and higher test complexity, which raises the performance requirements of each probe card, HBM represents a significant part of overall test and probe card spending by DRAM customers. A recent third-party estimate placed HBM probe card intensity at almost 1%. That is, customers are spending nearly 1% of their HBM revenues on probe cards, a probe card intensity double that of the broader semiconductor industry. We believe these increases in test intensity and test complexity will continue to produce both market share and profitability gains for FormFactor as HBM and advanced packaging continue to grow, driven by the accelerating adoption of generative AI. Shifting to the foundry logic probe card market. Consistent with our outlook, first quarter demand in this market was essentially comparable to the fourth quarter. In the current second quarter, we're forecasting stronger foundry and logic demand driven by typical seasonal ramps of major mobile application processor designs and a family of client microprocessor designs. As with HBM and DRAM, advanced packaging continues to drive both higher test intensity and test foundry and logic market with a variety of new and challenging technical requirements for testing high-performance compute chips. Along with FormFactor's proprietary MEMS probes and high-throughput automated assembly robots, a key enabling component for advanced foundry and logic probe cards is complex multilayer organic substrates. In the first quarter, together with MBK Partners, we completed the acquisition of FICT Limited, the world's leading supplier of these multilayer organic substrates. This acquisition solidifies FormFactor's access to this important enabling technology and does so in a more capital-efficient, lower-risk, and faster way than either an outright acquisition or internal development some of our competitors have chosen to pursue. Returning to tariffs for a moment, as I mentioned earlier, we have no specific indications that this sequentially stronger foundry and logic outlook is due to tariff-related pull-ins. And in fact, since probe cards have short lead times and are a device-specific consumable specific to each individual customer chip design, it's unlikely that customers would run the risk of having excess probe card inventory across numerous chip designs only to mitigate a potential future tariff. Turning to our systems segment. The reduced first quarter revenue was consistent with our outlook, and we now expect moderate sequential growth in the current quarter. System growth is driven by our customers' rapid innovation in areas like quantum computing and high-performance compute with development programs that require leading-edge measurement systems like our CM300 Lab Probers and IQ3000 cryogenic probers. Co-package optics or CPO using silicon photonics is one of the key drivers of the expected second quarter and longer-term growth in the systems business. Several of our customers have recently announced the insertion of CPO into their product roadmaps to take advantage of its compelling power and speed advantages in data center applications. Our multi-year collaboration with these customers has produced FormFactor systems, software, and optical probes that rapidly and accurately test the photonic IC or PIC chips that are the heart of the co-package optics engine. This, in turn, has strengthened our leadership position in the silicon photonic lab space, where we have an installed base of over 100 systems worldwide. We're now extending that leadership to the production arena and in the second quarter plan to ship multiple systems to a single customer to support pilot production of the world's first high-volume co-packaged optics photonic integrated circuit. Although market estimates vary widely at this early stage of production and adoption, we expect CPO to be a significant mid-term growth driver for FormFactor systems and probe card businesses. In closing, we continue to strengthen FormFactor's industry and competitive position, both through the development of innovative and differentiated products and through partnerships with leaders like FICT, even as we deal with tariff headwinds. These internal and external initiatives are especially important and exciting as we meet the challenges of increased test intensity and higher test complexity associated with the adoption of advanced packaging in applications like high bandwidth memory and co-package optics. Successful execution of these and other initiatives will allow us to achieve and then surpass our target model that delivers $2 of non-GAAP earnings per share on $850 million of revenue. Shai, over to you.

Thank you, Mike, and good afternoon. As you saw in our press release, Q1 revenues were $171.4 million, $1.4 million above the midpoint of our outlook range, and non-GAAP gross margin of 39.2% was near the high end of the range. This, together with operating expenses slightly lower than the midpoint of the outlook, resulted in a non-GAAP EPS of $0.23 at the high end of the outlook range. First quarter revenues decreased 9.6% from the fourth quarter and increased 1.6% year-over-year from our Q1 24 revenues. Probe card segment revenues were $136.5 million in the first quarter, a decrease of $13.8 million or 9.2% from the fourth quarter. The decrease was driven by lower DRAM and Flash revenues, partially offset by higher foundry and logic revenues. System segment revenues were $34.8 million in Q1, a $4.4 million decrease from the fourth quarter and comprised 20.3% of total company revenues, down from 20.7% in the fourth quarter. Within the Probe card segment, Q1 Foundry and Logic revenues were $85 million, a $2 million or 2.4% increase from the fourth quarter. Foundry and Logic revenues increased to 49.8% of total company revenues compared to 44% in the fourth quarter. DRAM revenues were $48.9 million in Q1, $14.4 million or 22.8% lower than the record fourth quarter and decreased to 28.5% of total quarterly revenues as compared to 33.4% in the fourth quarter. Within DRAM, HBM revenues decreased $3 million from $32 million in Q4 to $29 million in the first quarter. Flash revenues of $2.4 million in Q1 were down $1.3 million from the fourth quarter and were 1.4% of total revenues in Q1 as compared to 1.9% in Q4. GAAP gross margin for the first quarter was 37.7% as compared to 38.8% in Q4. Cost of revenues included $2.6 million of GAAP to non-GAAP reconciling items, which we outlined in our press release issued today, and in the reconciliation table available in the Investor Relations section of our website. On a non-GAAP basis, gross margin for the first quarter was 39.2%, one percentage point lower than the 40.2% non-GAAP gross margin in Q4 and 1.2 percentage points above the midpoint of our outlook range. The decrease compared to Q4 is driven by lower non-GAAP gross margins in the Probe card segment. The increase compared to the midpoint of our outlook range is attributable mostly to a more favorable product mix. Our Probe card segment gross margin was 37.8% in the first quarter, a decrease of 2.2 percentage points compared to 40% in Q4. The decrease from Q4 was mainly a result of decreasing revenue. Our Q1 systems segment gross margin was 44.5%, an increase of 3.7 percentage points compared to 40.8% gross margin in the fourth quarter. The increase from Q4, despite the decrease in revenues, was mainly a result of a more favorable product mix and lower manufacturing spend. Our GAAP operating expenses were $61.3 million for the first quarter as compared to $66 million in the fourth quarter. Non-GAAP operating expenses for the first quarter were $50.2 million or 29.3% of revenue as compared with $55.2 million or 29.1% of revenues in Q4. The $5 million decrease relates mainly to lower performance-based compensation and facility expenses, partially offset by higher costs from annual benefits set at the beginning of the year. Company non-cash expenses for the first quarter included $9.8 million for stock-based compensation, $0.7 million for the amortization of acquisition-related intangibles, and depreciation of $8.2 million, all similar to the fourth quarter. GAAP operating income was $3.3 million for Q1 as compared to the GAAP operating income of $7.9 million in Q4. Non-GAAP operating income for the first quarter was $16.9 million compared with $20.9 million in the fourth quarter, a decrease of $4 million or 19.2%. This reduction in operating income is due to lower revenues combined with lower gross margins, partially offset by the decrease in operating expenses. GAAP net income for the first quarter was $6.4 million or $0.08 per fully diluted share, compared with a GAAP net income of $9.7 million or $0.12 per fully diluted share in the previous quarter. The non-GAAP effective tax rate for the first quarter was 14.7%, similar to the fourth quarter and at the low end of the previously communicated range for the year of 14% to 18%. First quarter non-GAAP net income was $18 million or $0.23 per fully diluted share, down from $21.3 million or $0.27 per fully diluted share in Q4. Moving to the balance sheet and cash flow. We generated free cash flow of $6.3 million in the first quarter compared to $28.8 million in Q4. The main reasons for the decrease were operating cash flows that were $12.4 million lower than in Q4, primarily driven by lower profitability and greater outflows for working capital of $8.2 million and capital expenditures that were $10.9 million higher than in Q4. We invested $18.6 million in capital expenditures during the first quarter compared to $7.7 million in Q4. We continue to expect capital expenditures of $35 million to $45 million in 2025. And as Mike mentioned, we are evaluating our capital investment plans in light of the evolving geopolitical and tariff environment. At quarter end, total cash and investments were $302 million, a decrease of $64 million from Q4. The main reasons for the decrease were the $67 million paid for the investment in FICT, partially offset by free cash flows of $6.3 million and cash received from the issuance of common stock in the amount of $21.6 million, including the $15 million received from the issuance of 335,000 shares to Adventist. At the end of the first quarter, we had one term loan with a balance totaling $13 million. Regarding stock buyback, during the first quarter, we used $22.1 million to repurchase shares, utilizing the remaining funds under the existing buyback program. We fully utilized this two-year plan approximately seven months ahead of its expiration date, and our Board of Directors approved a new two-year $75 million share repurchase program. The main purpose of our share repurchase program continues to be offset dilution of senior management's compensation. Turning to the second quarter non-GAAP outlook. We expect a significant increase in revenues in Q2 to $190 million plus or minus $5 million, with an increase in all major markets reserved, most notably in HBM DRAM and Foundry and Logic. This increase in revenues is expected to result in a higher non-GAAP gross margin of 40% plus or minus 150 basis points. At the midpoint of this outlook range, we expect Q2 operating expenses to be $52 million plus or minus $2 million, approximately $2 million higher than in Q1, mainly due to higher performance-based compensation. Non-GAAP earnings per fully diluted share for Q2 is expected to be $0.30 plus or minus $0.04. This Q2 outlook includes an estimated mid-single-digit million-dollar reduction in revenues and a one percentage point reduction in gross margins due to the impact of tariffs.

Hey, good afternoon. I'm Mike and Shai. Thanks for taking my questions. I think I want to start with the tariffs since it's very topical. Shai, if I hear you correctly, I think you are not just assuming some reduction in the gross margin because of tariff impact, but did I hear you that you are also baking in some revenue reduction because of tariffs? And if that's the case, can you walk us through how you come up with the quantification you just provided? Thank you.

Of course, yes. I do confirm that what I said in the prepared remarks is that we estimate mid-single-digit million-dollar reduction in revenues. And it comes to how we come up with this number. So, it's obviously a very dynamic and uncertain situation. And the estimated, and I think estimated is a key word here, the estimated mid-single million-dollar reduction across the overall revenue outlook is not tied to specific customers. But a good example would be China, right, where most of the estimated reduction relates to multinational customers operating outside of the free trade zone and are subject to the current tariffs. We are working closely with our customers and, actually, with our vendors as well, on different scenarios on a case-by-case basis. But as we said in the prepared remarks, we are thinking, at least for now, a wait-and-see approach as we evaluate various tariff scenarios before we commit to any significant changes to our manufacturing footprint or supply chain.

Got it. Thanks. The other part, definitely both Shai, both you and Mike talked about margin impact because there are, I mean, input manufacturing input actually coming outside of the U.S., while your manufacturing is very, very concentrated in the U.S. So, I wonder, can you provide a little bit more color or just give us some examples? What are some input materials you are seeing today, maybe subject to tariffs and give us some sense because we know that there's a 90-day pause as well, right? I mean, excluding China, should we expect to see more of gross margin reduction after the ninety days? That's the second part of this question. Thank you.

Alright. So, on the COGS side, as most of our manufacturing is in the U.S., about 80%, as Mike mentioned, imports of supplies, things like subcomponents that we import from Japan and from Germany, this will be subject to the import tariffs. And that's why we estimated the impact on the gross margin in Q2 to be a negative one percentage point. I think going forward, as we said, it's wait and see. It is a dynamic and uncertain situation, and we monitor it closely.

Yes. Thanks for taking the question, and congratulations on the business’s growth sequentially, Mike. I wanted to start by just talking about some of the key customer dynamics. So, your former number one customer, now number two, popped back up to 12% of sales in the quarter. Can you help us understand, given their commentary around product mix moving back to n minus one and n minus two, but with them pushing on 18A and even running some wafers on 14A, what's happening with that customer and how confident you are in what is in the first quarter at least a bit of an uptick in their business?

Yes. So, a good question, Craig. As you noted, this customer did return to our 10% customer list in the first quarter after not being there in the fourth quarter for the first time in a very, very long time. I think a couple of things. First of all, we do see increased activity in the client PC space as they ramp a new set of designs, really to try and regain their competitive position in one of their most important markets. And I think thematically, even as they go through a very significant turnaround, one of their stated objectives is to regain process and product leadership in their served markets. To do that, they're going to have to invest, right? And investing in leading-edge capital equipment, leading-edge test equipment and leading-edge consumables like those provided by FormFactor, I think, has got to be a key part of that. And so, we are, if you sort of read between the lines of our commentary on the increase in Q2, we do expect some continued strong activity there coming off what was a nice recovery in Q1. More broadly, I think, though, if you look at where we've taken the company over the last several years, one of the key drivers for our business now is HBM and the investments in generative AI, you know, things like co-package optics. And I think that represents a pretty significant transformation away from the very high indexing and concentration we had to client DC in the past. It's all part of the diversification strategy that we've been running for the past close to a decade. But I think indicative again, we're going to compete as hard as we can for the client PC business across multiple customers, but we've also kind of transformed our revenue drivers to make sure we're exposed to trends like generative AI and HBM and CPO.

That's helpful. And then the follow-up question is more on the DRAM business. So, it seems quite notable that despite the BIS restrictions on China and what that did, the revenue sequentially were back at records in the second quarter. Can you help us understand what the mix would be between HBM and non-HBM revenue in 2Q, that you factored into guidance? And then, as we think about the trend line for DRAM intermediate term, it seems like the magnitude of growth might mean that your now number one customer could approach 30% of sales in 2Q or if not, soon thereafter. Can you just talk about how we think about the path to low to mid 40% gross margins, given how high DRAM mix is indexing? Thank you.

Yes. I'll talk to the customer dynamic and then pass it over to Shai for the gross margin analysis. But if you listen closely to the comments we made prior on this call, really all the growth in DRAM is coming from HBM. We see the non-HBM, so DDR5, low power DDR5, a little bit of residual DDR4 continuing to be pretty steady, but flat at around $20 million a quarter, which historically for FormFactor is a cyclical low for the commodity DRAM business. So, really, all the sequential growth Q1 to Q2 that we're projecting is due to HBM growth. And I enumerated a couple of factors for that. One is continued strength in HBM3. Second is an acceleration of HBM4 that I think you've heard from all of our customers quite recently, and their customers as well. And then us continuing to round out our customer profile and revenue contributions. We have revenue contributions from all three HBM manufacturers, but we're beginning to see at least our second HBM customer start to drive a more significant contribution. Shai, do you want to discuss gross margin?

Of course. So first, I would like to emphasize that we are committed to the target model, including the 40% gross margin at $850 million of annual revenue run rate. However, we are currently delivering revenues with a very different mix than when we put our target model in place. There are a few things that we are doing now, we are working on together with things that need to happen in the market for us to achieve the target model gross margin. When it comes to revenue, we need the overall end markets to recover since we need a higher volume to achieve our model. And we're also targeting a higher market share in the higher-margin foundry and logic market. On improving the cost side, we're developing a lower-cost DRAM architecture as an example. We also have a few internal initiatives like ops organization consolidation that we did last year, things like lean manufacturing, automation. These all target gross margin improvements, and all of this together will get us to the target more than gross margin of 47%. Actually, if you go back a year ago, and I know that it seems like a long time now, but on the second quarter of 2024, with revenues of approximately $200 million gross margin was higher than 45%. That was a good validation point for us on our ability to make progress towards the target market.

Yes, good afternoon. Thank you for taking my questions. Mike, curious when you look at the second half of the year and we look at the high bandwidth memory growth, can you prioritize or rank the continuation of high bandwidth memory three versus growth coming from moving to four versus the growth coming from a new customer there?

Yeah. So, as we move through 2025, and I'll preface this with, you know, the comment that even in normal times, our visibility in this business is very limited. Remember, we have lead times well within a quarter. So, we're operating with short lead times and limited visibility even in normal times, and these are decidedly not normal times. What I would say about the mix of HBM3, which is primarily 3E at this point for us, transitioning to HBM4, we expect that crossover to happen sometime probably late in the second half of 2025 based on the different elements that we're seeing from customer forecasts, customer qualifications and our conversations with our key customers. I do think, based on what we see in terms of volume and market positions of our customers in HBM, we would continue to see a pretty strong contribution from the leader in HBM even as the transition goes from 3 to 4. They seem to have a pretty strong position as HBM4 begins to be sampled. But we're also excited about adding, you know, significant revenue contributions from a second HBM customer. And of course, we've got smaller but significant revenue contributions from the third major manufacturer as well. But I'd say the real driver is going to be continued 3 volumes and with a transition on a crossover to 4 sometime late in the year.

And is there a revenue or margin difference between three and four for you?

I wouldn't say a significant one. HBM generally has better margins than standard commodity DRAM because of the increased test complexity, things like higher speeds. There is a move to higher speed going from 3E to 4E that may drive a bit of an uplift, but I wouldn't consider it to be something that pushes HBM probe cards up into the foundry and logic margin space, for example.

Okay. And then as a follow-up, Shai, when you look at revenues in the first quarter, and say they were at the $212 level, would you have hit your $2 of earnings or do you need a different mix or more cost reduction programs to get there?

Yes. It's similar to my answer that I gave to Craig a few minutes ago, right? Even at higher volumes, we need a better mix, and there are still internal programs we're working on to get this improvement.

Hey, guys. This is Eddie for Krish. Maybe just a clarification about the tariffs. Correct me if I'm wrong, you mentioned one-point margin impact on the cost side for Q2. How should we think about the worst-case scenario for like September margin impact from the tariffs, just assuming like things don't change into September?

I think it's too early to say that, right? This is a very dynamic and uncertain situation. You can try to extrapolate that 1% into the future. But at this point, I think it's wait and see before making speculations.

Okay. Noted. And the question on the HBM side, I mean, one of your main customers, like they're opening up a big fab, and it will be operational later this year. I wonder, like historically, when these customers like open up new fabs, do you see like an increase in HBM probe-card demand, or is it really unrelated because customers can move their components from one fab to the other?

I think where a new fab is related to additional output and additional capacity, that will drive new probe card demand. If it's replacement capacity and if it's the situation I'm thinking about, it's not replacement capacity, it's additional capacity. That drives incremental demand for probe cards because the existing fabs are still running the old designs, still using and utilizing those probe cards. Now, one of the key factors in this is timing. And typically, it takes a few quarters for a new fab to become operational on ramp, and that's a best case. That's with some of the most operationally aggressive and efficient customers in the world. So, just because a new fab opens its doors and starts taking delivery of equipment, it's usually two to three quarters before you see significant probe-card demand associated with the wafers being output from that fab.

Okay. Well, thank you, Mike.

All right. Thanks.

Great. Thanks for taking my questions. I know it's very early and visibility is limited, but is customer dialogue as it relates to your foundry and logic business assuming that we do see an uptake in demand for PCs in the second half given end of life of Windows 10, it'll no one talks about anymore with all the tariff discussion. But, is, you know when we expect foundry and logic to return to a 100-plus million type of revenue in the back half of the year, is that fair?

Well, I think if you factor everything together on the last call, I reminded you I'll remind you that we did say we expected 2025 to be a growth year, and some of that was going to have to be driven by midyear second half foundry logic growth through some of these large consumer markets. I think the whole tariff and geopolitical situation has obviously thrown at least a shadow of doubt on top of that. But I think if you take that aside and assume there's going to be some sort of rational outcome to what's going on with tariffs right now and that the consumer continues to spend and there is this PC refresh cycle, I think your assumption is very, very valid. There's just a lot of ifs in that scenario as we look right now at some of the headwinds, mostly due to tariffs and U.S. Trade policy and a variety of reactions to U States trade policy as we operate in this business.

Great. Thank you. And then my second question, given the recent investment with Advantest, is there any update on anything on working together or thinking about markets together that make you more positive about the future, short, medium, or long term?

Yes. Well, I think the Advantest investment in FormFactor, and to be completely transparent, was simultaneous with some investment in one of our competitors. This is really a statement of, at least, Advantest's commitment to the open ecosystem, where any probe card, at least any leading probe card, works with any tester. Teradyne, the other major AT manufacturer, although they have not made an investment in it, there's very close collaboration with them as well. And I think as we move forward here, part of the things that have us optimistic about the growth of the business, things like advanced packaging and the adoption in both, places like HBM, but also in the GPU space, is driving a tremendous increase in complexity and a need for all of us as collaborators in building test systems to work closely together to make sure we're meeting this accelerated high-performance compute roadmap. So, I think it's a rational response that we're all working closely together, collaborating closely, and making sure that our R&D teams are very well aligned and interlocked in what we have to deliver to support each other's roadmaps. I think the exciting part of it is, when you lead in businesses like this and the technical complexity and speed is getting higher, the speed of innovation is getting higher, that really does create a significant competitive advantage and barriers for anybody else to enter.

Great. No other questions. Congrats on a good quarter and guide.

Thanks, Christian.

Yes, good afternoon. Thanks for taking my questions. I was wondering as far as the major GPU manufacturer, I think they've started to use advanced probe cards. Where are we on the qualification with that customer? And then you keep mentioning co-package optics. I'm wondering, is that the insertion point for you guys with this customer, or is that a separate kind of opportunity? Thanks.

Yeah. So, David, that customer has multiple opportunities both current and future for us. We've updated people in the past that we have a strong position in their switch business. The co-package optics opportunity has largely been in the lab space, but as we devoted some significant time on this call to updating you, we see this transitioning very rapidly into the production space. And if you go look at what these customers have said, what this customer in particular has said about CPO, co-package optics, insertion in the roadmap, I think it's pretty easy to connect those dots. On advanced probe cards for GPUs, we're addressing that opportunity through a qualification primarily at their foundry, and that qualification is going well. We've got cards there that are being evaluated. We think we've got a compelling technical solution. This is a new technology, a new product for us. We've got a compelling technical solution to go compete for that business, and I hope we'll be able to update you positively in the second half of the year. But we already have a pretty significant relationship with that customer in both the switch and co-package optics space and are now making some progress in pushing into the core GPU space.

So, it's kind of a three-headed opportunity there.

Yes. As with many of these customers, the opportunities are multifaceted. These are big companies with broad product lines. It goes to the fundamental strategy the FormFactor has driven of trying to lead in these related markets where we have fundamental technology competencies and product competencies and can offer a broad suite of products to help these customers with their test and measurement needs.

Okay. And then, one of the major OSATs reported last night and talked about making a huge investment in, test, and I think talked about similar to the things that you've talked about, higher intensity for both probe and test. But they went out of their way to highlight how they think there's going to be more test insertions. And I'm just kind of wondering, and this is involving advanced packages, both GPUs and high bandwidth memory. I'm just kind of wondering from your perspective, you've talked about an intensity level for these advanced packages. I think it's 25% to 35% higher. Would you expect that percentage to get higher going forward? Or if there were more test insertions, would that equate to more probe cards sold?

Thanks. Yes. Certainly, there's a good linkage or correlation between the number of test insertions and probe cards sold. And I'll take you back to the HBM example because it's one I think that most people have a pretty good understanding of. You know, as you're building an HBM product, it's a stack of 8, 12, even 16 die compared to a commodity DRAM that's a single die. Each one of those 16 die that's stacked up needs to be tested. So, you've got, in theory, 6 times, 16 times the test insertions that you otherwise would have. Now there's offsets to that. Right? There's not the bit count in each and therefore, the test time in each of the stack DRAM. But it gives you an indication of the increase in test intensity driven by this die disaggregation or chiplet architecture. Each of the chiplets or die going into these advanced packaging stacks, whether it be HBM, whether it be GPUs, whether it be client processors, they all need to be very close to known good. Otherwise, you end up with a scenario where a single die can essentially cause a scrap event for all the other die in the stack. And that's there's no question it's driving increased test intensity.

Thank you.

Thank you. And our next question is a follow-up from the line of Craig Ellis from B. Riley Securities. Your question, please.

Thanks for taking the follow-up question. Mike, I wanted to go back to some of the commentary you've had on CPO and it's benefiting the systems business now. You indicated it has the potential to benefit the probe card business. I don't recall your mentioning that before. The question is relative to an application that's very probe card intensive like the HBM examples you just provided to David and others that are much less probe card intensive, whether it's more the commodity DRAM, other memory types, etcetera, where do you expect CPO to fall out and how broad is your engagement in CPO? Thank you.

Yeah. Let me start with the second question first. I mean, our engagement in CPO, we run the same strategy there or have run the same strategy there that we've run across most of our businesses where we partner very closely with a handful of customers and make sure that we're serving their needs, and then we fan out to the rest of the industry. And we see that broadening right now. I think it's fair to say we're a recognized leader in the lab space in silicon photonics and co-package optics. That's now extending to this early production. If we go back to the impact on probe cards, we have brought it up a couple of times before. But we're early enough in the production ramp and optimization of this, where the different test insertions and the requirements for those test insertions are still really being optimized between us and our customers. I think it'll definitely be an electrical component and an optical component. And one of the reasons why we're so excited about CPO is that it brings these two things together, where we have fundamental expertise and a leadership position in the lab space as well as in the production space with production probe cards. So, the fusing of electrical and optical test is something where we think there's a big opportunity in front of us. A little hard to size and estimate right now in these early days, but I think you can stitch together sort of the fundamental strengths of FormFactor with the customer needs they're going to have as they try and ramp these devices.

That's helpful. Thanks.

Thanks, Craig.

Thank you. This does conclude the question and answer session of today's program. I'd like to hand the program back to Mike Slessor for any further remarks.

Thanks, everybody. Over the next month to 6 weeks or so, we've got several conference appearances where we hope to be able to continue to update you on the business. Hopefully, we'll have more clarity on tariffs and how we're responding. So, we hope to see you then. If we don't see you then, we'll see you when we announce second quarter results. Take care.

Thank you, ladies and gentlemen, for your participation in today's conference. This does conclude the program. You may now disconnect. Good day.