Average EPP AUM reached new milestones and exceeded $1 trillion for the first time ever. Product innovation remains a key driver of growth in our index business, with 38% of the trailing 12-month net inflows driven by products launched over the last five years, and 22% driven by products launched over the last three years. We launched 34 new products in the quarter, including 11 insurance products, demonstrating the breadth of our innovation pipeline. We also continue to expand our global reach. 50% of all new products introduced this quarter were launched outside the United States. We're pleased to introduce expanded access to the NASDAQ 100 with the recent launches of BlackRock's IQQ and State Street's QNDX ETF in the United States. We also continued to grow our long-standing relationship with Invesco, expanding global investor access to QQQ ETF, which we cross-listed in Japan in the second quarter. Turning to workflow and insights, revenue grew 5% with continued momentum and analytics. In corporate solutions, we continue to operate in a challenging environment. however, clients remain highly engaged with our AI-enabled capabilities, with 65% of board advantage users and 79% of IR Insights clients leveraging our AI tools. Within analytics, we deliver double-digit revenue growth from bookings and a higher retention rate in both investment and data link. Growth in investment has been driven in part by AI adoption. More than a quarter of new bookings date are associated with ai use cases we also continue to expand the reach of investment data assets which now include almost 91 000 private funds within data link we see sustained demand for our unique data assets this quarter we are pleased to introduce the data link model context protocol or mcp which will deliver frictionless client connectivity to power agentic workflows. This capability makes it easier for clients to integrate NASDAQ's trusted data, including our market data, directly into AI-driven applications, enhancing the value and reach of our data assets across the AI ecosystem. Turning to financial technology, we achieved an outstanding quarter, delivering revenue growth of 15%. The performance was underpinned by strong engagement across our clients for solutions that address market modernization, the transition to always-on trading and the evolving regulatory landscape. Our sales cycles, our contract term lengths, and our bookings mix between existing and new clients have remained consistent, reflecting the durable nature of our mission-critical solutions. In the quarter, we signed 58 new clients, seven cross-sells, and 107 upsells, driving 16% ARR growth. In financial crime management technology, NASDAQ Verifin delivered 22% revenue growth driven by significant expansions across key client segments. Our product suite now serves more than 2,800 clients, representing over $13 trillion in collective assets. During the quarter, we signed 47 new S&B clients and continue to see strong momentum in the enterprise clientele with two expansions, two renewals, and two cross-sells. Early in the third quarter, we signed an additional enterprise expansion and across Dell, totaling 11 enterprise signings so far in 2026, which already exceeds the total number of signings we had in all of 2025. NASDAQ Verifing continues to accelerate AI innovation in its business and across its platform. Our agentic AI workforce is now used by 750 clients. In the second quarter, we announced an expansion of the workforce, including two new agentic workers which we've moved into beta one for aml structuring alerts and the second for ach fraud alert triage the new role-based workers enable end-to-end automation of financial crime workflows from fraud and aml alert reviews to investigations and reporting we also plan to introduce new auto dispositioning capabilities in q3 and flexible deployment options that extend our AI solutions across third-party systems by the end of the year. Verikant's agentic AI workforce expansion reflects our broader AI-first development approach, which is transforming every stage of the product development lifecycle, from design and development to testing and deployment. This enables us to increase innovation velocity, expand our product roadmap, and bring new capabilities to clients faster than ever before. Regulatory technology delivered sustained growth driven by significant expansions to always-on markets and infrastructure modernization. Overall, we signed nine new clients, including two cross-sells and 63 upsells. In Axiom SL, we deepened relationships with existing clients while expanding our global footprint with continued strength in our cloud bookings. During the quarter, a U.S. bank expanded its footprint with Axiom SL as the client grew through acquisition and faced more significant regulatory requirements. Additionally, a top four Australian bank expanded their relationship with us to leverage our cloud-enabled regulatory reporting solution, reinforcing the global demand for our platform. In surveillance, we delivered strong growth while experiencing significant demand from clients expanding into new markets, including energy and digital assets. This demand included significant renewal and expansion with a global broker dealer, as well as a renewal with a key global financial institution. We signed three upsells for our cross-product surveillance capability, which we launched earlier this year. The new solution enables our clients to detect complex market abuse tactics across multiple markets and asset classes, highlighting the power of our new signals-based detection. We also secured a tier one client for our newest AI solutions, Calibration Co-Pilot and Gen AI News Co-Pilot in July, reflecting growing demand for AI-powered workflows and positioning us for broader adoption over time. Capital markets technology continued to deliver strong performance, highlighted by significant new clients and excellent revenue growth and trade management services. In the quarter, we signed seven new clients, including three cross-sells and 42 upsells. In market technology, we maintained momentum while advancing key infrastructure modernization initiatives. We made further progress in the rollout of our Eclipse product suite, with two existing clients committing to the migration of their market platforms to Eclipse. We also completed three modernization programs, including going live with clearing for BYMA, Argentina Stock Exchange, and with trading for Nuom, a regional market operator that integrates the Peru, Chile, and Colombia stock exchanges. In Calypso, we signed several new clients that expand the reach of our products to new countries, institutions, and asset classes, including our first U.S. Treasury clearing deals with two large financial institutions. Additionally, earlier this week we announced a deal with the Georgian Financial Markets Treasury Association to modernize the country's treasury and financial markets infrastructure. As part of this deal, five leading commercial banks in the country of Georgia will adopt the CLPSO platform with opportunities to onboard more banks over time. With this deal, CLPSO now operates in more than 70 countries. Additionally, we piloted tokenized collateral trades on the Canton network in July alongside two of the world's leading asset managers. Specifically, tokenized money market funds were successfully transmitted as collateral through Calypso, leveraging the Canton network. Now turning to market services, the division delivered 11% organic net revenue growth against a backdrop of record industry volumes in U.S. options and U.S. cash equities. We also achieved record volumes for index options, doubling year-over-year revenue for the fourth consecutive quarter. In European cash equities, we experienced higher industry volumes and delivered a three percentage point increase in lit market share, bringing us to 74%. On June 18th, we achieved a record Triple Witch event, recording $296 billion, the largest ever in notional value traded. That date also marked a record date for U.S. equity industry volumes with 34.6 billion shares traded on the day. The Russell reconstitution on June 26 set new records across the board, achieving our highest ever revenue, our highest ever share volume in the cross at 4.6 billion shares, and a record notional value traded of $334 billion, more than triple the prior Russell rebalance record set last year. Looking ahead to near-term milestones, we remain on track for a projected launch of 23-5 trading on December 6, 2026. Additionally, we received SBC approval to lift event options and remain on track for launch in the fourth quarter. Overall, our results demonstrate the strength of a business increasingly driven by recurring revenue from deeply integrated platforms and long-term growth trends that are still in the early innings, such as AI adoption and market modernization, including tokenization and always-on markets. Markets are evolving rapidly as new technologies, asset classes, market structures, and resiliency requirements reshape the financial system. NASA continues to be a leader in this transformation by building the trusted resilient infrastructure that enables institutions and and market operators to modernize responsibly to serve both institutional and retail investors. Our role is to help design a durable investor experience with the goal to increase investor access while also protecting investors and the broader financial system through the markets we operate, the technology we provide to other markets, our index and analytics products and our risk management solutions. Our competitive position reflects decades of investment in a deep client community, gold standard data, mission-critical technology platforms, and exceptional technical talent. Together, these advantages have created powerful network effects across our ecosystem. AI is enabling us to strengthen these advantages by enhancing the pace and scope of product capabilities that we can deliver to our clientele. Looking ahead, we're energized not only by the strength of our performance, but the breadth and depth of the dialogue we have with clients and the scale of the opportunity in front With that, I'll turn the call over to Sarah to walk through the financial results in more detail.

Thank you, Adina, and good morning, everyone. In the second quarter of 2026, NASDAQ delivered exceptional results headlined by Solition's revenue growth of 17%, including the second straight quarter of double-digit revenue growth in all three financial technology subdivisions. We had diluted EPS growth of 25%, exceeding a dollar in quarterly EPS for the first time in the company's history. Let's start with quarterly results on slide 11. We reported net revenue of $1.5 billion up 15%, with solutions revenue of $1.2 billion up 17%. Operating expense was $621 million dollars of 10%, leading to an operating margin of 57% and an EBITDA margin of 60%, both of two percentage points over the prior year period. This resulted in net income of $605 million dollars and the utility PS of one dollar and seven cents of 25 percent. Slide 12 shows the drivers of our 15 percent net revenue growth for the quarter. We generated 11 percentage points of alpha, the second consecutive quarter of double digit alpha growth driven by new and existing clients and product innovation. Meanwhile, beta factors contributed four percentage points of growth this quarter, driven by higher valuations in NASDAQ indices and higher derivatives volumes in index and higher overall volumes in market services. Let's review division results starting on slide 14. In capital access platforms, we delivered revenue of $621 million, up 18%, with AIR growth of 8%. Data and listings was up 9% for both revenue and AIR. Data revenue growth was strong and driven primarily by up sales, new sales, and usage. Listings revenue benefiting from the improving IPO environment and pricing increases, partially offset by delisting and lower amortization of prior-period initial listing fees, which were marginally better than our expectations. Index revenue was up 35%, and AR, which covers a very small portion of revenue increased 8%. Revenue growth was permanently driven by record average GDP IOM surpassing $1 trillion in the second quarter, bolstered by record net inflows of $109 billion over the last 12 months, including a record $51 billion in the second quarter. Volume-based revenue also contributed to growth with record derivatives contract volumes of 33 percent in the quarter. Notably, volume growth outside of the U.S. was very similar to growth in the U.S., reflecting the strength of the product ecosystem in regions around the world where perpetual-style derivatives are already available. The volume growth was partially obsessed by the continued mix-shift in derivatives volumes from higher-priced e-mini contracts to lower-priced micro-e-mini contracts. In workflow and insight, revenue was up 5% in the quarter, with AR growth up 6%. The revenue increase was driven primarily by analytics, mainly from investment and DataLink. Corporate solutions revenue was essentially flat. Excluding the one-time revenue item related to a contract modification in our index business, quarterly operating margin for the cap division was 63%, up 4 percentage points for the prior year period. Before we wrap on capital access platforms, we are continuing to optimize our portfolio with two transactions. Earlier this week, we announced an agreement to sell NASDAQ fund secondaries to NASDAQ private market, where we remain an investor and strategic partner. This transaction brings together two highly complementary businesses and strongly positions NASDAQ private market to capitalize on the significant opportunity to provide secondary liquidity infrastructure for both private company shares and private fund interests. And today, we are announcing that we have entered into an agreement to acquire DASITI, an AI-powered due diligence platform used by institutional asset allocators and managers across public and private markets. Sarsity will be integrated into NASDAQ investment to provide a seamless experience across investment's institutional network. On a profound basis for the last 12 months, these two transactions would have combined to result in a net increase in revenue of approximately $4 million to NASDAQ, and both companies are still early stage. We did not provide purchase or disposition prices for the transactions, as neither of them is material. Moving to financial technology on slide 15. Revenue was $539 million, up 15%, driven by double-digit growth across all three subdivisions. AR growth was 16%. Our business continues to see strong demand across all FinTech subdivisions and high levels of client engagement. The division signed 58 new clients, 107 upsells, and seven cross-sells in the quarter. Cross-sells continue to represent over 15% of the FinTech pipeline. Financial client management technology revenue grew 22% in the quarter, with AR growth of 17% and net revenue retention of 110%. We signed 47 new SMB clients in the second quarter, reflecting continued momentum in the SMB client cohort. In enterprise, we signed two cross-sells, two expansions, and two renewals in the quarter, as well as one additional cross-sell and an expansion early in the third quarter. Regulatory technology delivered revenue growth of 13% and AR growth of 14%, affecting strong performance across both surveillance and accutimate cells. The subdivision delivered 90 clients, including three cross-sells and 63% in the quarter. Capital market technology revenue grew 14% with an AAR worth of 17%. The STEP division delivered seven new clients, including three 4,042 upsells. The quarter's strong performance reflects demand for data-centered services, as well as a pricing increase in trade management services, and continued execution at Calypso, including a strategic long-term renewal with a large global bank. Performance in the quarter was partially offset by lower professional services revenue. As a note, capital markets technology revenue growth in the third and fourth quarter of 2025 benefited from a contribution from Caliso upfront revenue, which will create a tougher comp for capital market technology in the upcoming two quarters. Financial technology quarterly operating margin was 46% in line with the prior year period. Turning to market services on slide 16, we had record quarterly net revenue of $340 million, up 11%. Worth in the quarter was driven by record industry volumes across U.S. equities and U.S. options and strong volumes across European equities and fixed income. We also continue to deliver alpha as reflected in higher market share and higher capture in U.S. equities, indexed options revenue more than doubling versus the prior year period for the fourth straight quarter, strong adoption of newly launched short-dated options products and higher market share in European equities. This performance was partially offset by lower capture in U.S. options, driven by a continued mix shift in the composition of order flow as new consolidators have entered our markets, and lower U.S. state plan revenue, primarily driven by lower audit revenue, following an industry-wide adjustment in the prior year period, which we had called out last year. Quarterly operating margin for the division was 64%, up one percentage points versus the prior year period. The financial system is undergoing one of its most significant periods of modernization in decades. The shift is visible across multiple dimensions. In the move towards 23.5 trading, the adoption of tokenized assets, the use of AI across financial infrastructure, and the development of new instruments such as perpetual-style derivatives and prediction markets. This market evolution enables NASDAQ to expand its role across the financial ecosystem. Perpetual-style derivatives are the latest example of a potential product innovation being considered by U.S. regulators. Today, U.S. regulatory approval has been limited to instruments outside the scope of NASDAQ's U.S. markets. Should there be a consideration by the SEC and the CSTC to expand U.S. approval across equity products, including options and equity-linked index products, even in an extreme case, we would still expect minimal crossovers, representing less than 1% of our total revenue. Over time, however, such innovations, to the extent they are durable, can create opportunities for us, as they expand market access and increase demand for trusted and resilient market infrastructure. NASDAQ thrives in an environment that enables responsible innovation while remaining focused on protecting investors. Moving to expense on slide 17, we had operating expense of $641 million in the second pollute, an increase of 10%, driven by employee compensation, reflecting the timing of our annual compensation cycle, as well as incentive compensation, driven by our strong revenue execution. increased marketing expense due to a strengthening IPO environment, investment in technology to support revenue and drive innovation and growth, and severance cost. The second for the operating margin was 57% and the EBITDA margin was 60%, both of two percentage points versus the prior year period. We are updating our non-GAAP expense guidance for the youth to a range of $2.530 billion to $2.570 billion from $2.485 billion to $2.545 billion with two primary drivers of the increase. Higher employee compensation given the strong revenue performance we have experienced due to date an increased marketing expense due to a strengthening IPO environment, with marketing expense having a larger effect within a quarter of the planned IPO. To note, in the third quarter of 2025, we collected a $5 million regulatory fine, which was recorded as a contra expense. As a result, we expect a tougher expense comparison in the upcoming quarter. We maintain our 2026 non-gas tax rate guidance of 22.5% to 24.5%. Turning to capital allocation on slide 18. NASDAQ generated free cash flow of $477 million in the second quarter. over the last 12 months, NASDAQ generated $2.2 billion in free cash flow at a conversion ratio of 97%. We paid a dividend of 31 cents per share, or $174 million in the quarter, representing a 31% annualized payout ratio. During the quarter, we repurchased a total of 4.1 million shares of our common stock for $356 million. In combination with the dividend, Nasdaq returned over $530 million to shareholders in the second quarter. In the first half, we have repurchased $903 $3 million compared to $616 million of repurchases in all of 2025. In July, we launched a $200 to $250 million variable accelerated share repurchase plan, which will be completed in the third quarter. We finished the quarter with a gross leverage ratio of 2.6x driven by FDAC growth and a net repayment of approximately $162 million of gross debt. In closing, NASDAQ delivered another quarter of excellent execution. Our results reflect the strength of our business model, highlighted by growth-based revenue growth across all three divisions, expanding margins, rigorous capital allocation, and mid-20s EPS growth. As we enter the second half of the year, we are extremely confident in our opportunity and we are focused on executing on our ambitious strategic objectives to deliver long-term value for shareholders. With that, I will open the call for Q&A.

Thank you. As a reminder, to ask a question, you would need to press star 11 on your telephone. To withdraw your question, please press star 1-1 again. We ask that you please limit yourselves to no more than one question, and we ask that you please limit yourselves to no more than one, but feel free to go back into the queue, and if time permits, we will be happy to take your follow-up questions at that time. Please stand by while we compile the Q&A roster. I assure our first question comes from the line of Ashish Sabadra from RBC Capital Markets. please go ahead.

Thanks for taking my question. Really solid results. Adina, you mentioned several AI initiatives across all segments and significant client adoption of your AI solutions. How has your thinking evolved on AI monetization? Are you primarily focused on driving better sales momentum, retention, and pricing power, or do you also see opportunities to charge separately for AI capabilities? And then how do you envision AI monetization over the midterm? Thanks.

Great. Thank you. We actually take an approach that's product by product and, frankly, capability by capability. So in some cases, we are integrating the AI capabilities into the core product, and we would look to evaluate the pricing of that product over time based on the value we're providing to our clients. And that would be in the case of the calibration copilot and some of the work we're doing in BoardVantage and IR Insight. But then we also have other capabilities where we are charging as a new module, but we are taking kind of a freemium approach. So with, for instance, in anti-financial crimes, the Verifin and in surveillance, the Gen AI News copilot within surveillance and all of the digital workers within Verifin, We're basically offering a certain number of alerts for free, and then if they want to have the ability to have an unlimited number of alerts that they're working through the digital workers, then they would pay a subscription fee, basically an upsell. And we do have clients definitely signing up for the upsell. We're in the process of contracting many clients, actually, for the upsell. But we also want to make sure we're driving usage because it's the best way for them to prove value to themselves and for us to prove that we can charge successfully for these great capabilities. So we're in the very early innings of monetizing our AI capabilities, but we're very encouraged by the way that the clients are moving from free to a paid subscription. So in terms of monetization overall, we're not providing any sort of details on that yet, but over time, we'll make sure that we continue to update you on the progress of our AI strategy.

Thank you. And I share our next question comes from the line of Eli Aboud from Bank of America. Please go ahead.

Good morning. Thanks for taking the question. I was hoping to unpack the strong results in trade management services. I think you've flagged trade management services as the strongest performer in your capital markets tech business for a couple quarters in a row now. To what extent are you seeing new trading firms come into your data center versus existing clients demand more bandwidth? And then how much of this do you think is tied to the use of generative AI in trading?

Sure. So it is really coming from new and existing clients. And it is definitely just demand for connectivity, for power, and for the ability for them to drive their trading strategies. I would not say that it's really AI, gen AI driven. A lot of trading strategies are algorithmic AI, and that's been in the markets now for a long time. But it's definitely more from the fact that they have, you know, there's more trading. There are more strategies that people are deploying. they're trying to make sure that they're looking at multi-asset class strategies and things like that that really drive the usage of our connectivity services. And then also we did have a pricing increase earlier this year that's flowing through the financials as well as we mentioned in the first quarter, and that's also benefiting us. And one other thing I should mention on the AI strategy is also in data. We have been very intentional about making sure that our data is ready and available. It's kind of what we call AI ready to be able to be integrated into AI workflows. That would include our investment data as well as our data link data, which includes our market data. So by offering our data out through into these AI work and into the workflows, we are making it so that we have more demand, frankly, just for our data assets. So people should know that that's also part of our AI strategy.

Thank you.

Thank you. And I share our next question comes from the line of Alex Graham from UBS. Please go ahead.

Yes. Hey, good morning, everyone. I found it interesting that you mentioned perps proactively, I think three times, if I counted correctly on this call. So considering that you're pretty far away from that topic, I think, although I think you've gotten caught up in this narrative a little bit, but just wondering, sounds like you're certainly evaluating what your role could be. So maybe you can elaborate a little bit when you talk to regulators, how you think it's going to evolve, where you can potentially lend technology, offer some products yourself, and then maybe at the very least, are you getting some interest to maybe license the NASDAQ index to some overseas purse providers, and how do you feel about that in general?

All right, great. I think perpetuals are definitely a topic that has come up, obviously, and we did try to address it in terms of how do we see the overlap with our existing business today from a trading perspective and from kind of just overall what is a perpetual derivative, where are they today? They're really outside of the scope of the NASDAQ world today. If they were to come into the equities world, it would have to be the result of a joint regulatory approval from both the SEC and the CFTC. So that's just a different bar that would have few past. But we also provided you a hypothetical that were they to cross that Rubicon and bring them into the equity space, we would still see very little overlap. The qualities of perpetuals are very different than the qualities of options and futures in our space. I would say just to kind of give you a little framing and then I'll talk to you about the opportunity in front of us. If you think about what do perpetuals solve in the crypto ecosystem, they solve the ability for investors to trade on margin, meaning they solve the ability to trade with leverage, and they provide a more elegant way to short crypto assets. Those two things are very, very accessible in the equities world today. And the benefit in the equities world with options is that you have convexity of return. It's a linear return structure. So there are a lot, and the carrying costs are much lower. So it's just there's structural advantages that are already offered in the equities world that I think address a lot of the benefits that investors use perpetuals for in the crypto world. But when we look at it in terms of our opportunity in front of us, we have a few things. One is on technology. We are providing surveillance technology and also for trading technology. So our market technology or surveillance technology are relevant to markets that are looking to launch or provide perpetuals, and then also to trade perpetual, so NTS. And we also want to make sure that things like risk management and other technologies that CLIPSO offers, potentially regulatory reporting could also be covered. So we do see it as an opportunity for us to expand our fintech division. In terms of licensing the NASDAQ 100 or QQ2, those are conversations that we would have with our partner CME and others to consider as we move forward.

Very good, thanks.

Thank you. And Aishan, next question comes from the line of Owen Lau from Claire Street. Please go ahead.

Thank you for taking my question. Do you have more color on the roadmap of asset managers leveraging tokenized funds or assets as collateral? I think in the third quarter, you mentioned that two large asset managers completed tokenized collateral trades on the Canton network. I'm wondering how Calypso can monetize it incrementally and the pace of adoption there.

Yeah, sure. So the way that we're working with the industry is we want to make sure that Calypso – we already have this great Calypso – sorry, collateral management keys really in Calypso that's used by hundreds of firms around the world. So we provide them a very good way for them to determine what's the optimal collateral they should have in every collateral pool that they have to operate with. Now, what we're working on with Canton is to make sure that we can facilitate the movement of collateral in a tokenized form. So we had two major asset managers, essentially I think it was like a proof of concept, that we executed in the second quarter to demonstrate that we couldn't, you know, They take a tokenized money market fund that they've created, the asset managers created, and they're able to put it into the collateral network through Calypso and transfer that collateral using Tantan. So it's basically a proof of concept on how do we turn Calypso not only from collateral management to a collateral network in a tokenized form. And the way that we would charge for that ON over time, because this is still a proof of concept, is it would be a new module. I could think of it as an upsell to offer the ability to actually manage collateral movement in addition to collateral management. And so that's the way that we've monetized it going forward. But we're very excited because it was fun because the guys were there that day, and they basically kind of came out of the room going, victory. You know, it's pretty easy. Yep, the money moved. So that was pretty neat. But we definitely feel like we can be a part of that tokenization effort with the buy side and the sell side going forward.

Thank you.

Thank you. And I'm sure our next question comes from the line of Patrick Molle from PIPA Sandler. Please go ahead.

Yes, good morning. Adina, I would love to get your thoughts on the IPO environment here. And then as you look out to the back half of 2027, how much of your IPO pipeline today is idiosyncratic mega deals versus, you know, what you would maybe view as a more durable broadening of the pipeline?

Sure. You know, actually, it really is a broadening of the pipeline. So, you know, we just are seeing a lot of really great companies coming out across, and there are certain themes to it. But we are actually focused on a broader pipeline as we would be on some of the larger opportunities. I think it actually shows up a little bit in the second quarter where you had these really large marquee listings. Obviously, you had SpaceX, but we also had Cerebris. We also had Parabolus, and we had Continuum, and we actually had a major data center company come live. Some very large raises had SK Hynix in the third quarter. But the pipeline is pretty broad across the themes of anything related to AI infrastructure and build out, including power and any, you know, the things that will actually drive compute capabilities, as well as we are seeing pickup in healthcare and biotech listings, which is very exciting, given the fact we've had a dearth of that over the last few years. so we're very excited to see that. And then the defense industry is also seeing some really good companies come out. And companies that serve the defense industry, not only like actual building the defense systems, but building the components to the defense systems like Arxis and other compounders that are really interesting coming into the market as well. And then also, we also are seeing more consumer companies coming out into the market. So it's becoming more and more broad-based, and we're very excited about that.

Thank you. And I'm sure our next question comes from the line of Alexander Blostein from Goldman Sachs. Please go ahead.

Hey, good morning. Thank you for the question. I was hoping to zoom out and maybe talk about profitability in business as a whole.

NASDAQ's put out a couple quarters of really good operating leverage now, and I understand there's some kind of low-hanging fruit, higher incremental margin talents and whether it's trading or index but as you think about just where you are and the efficiencies from ai whether it's on the top line or the bottom line how do you think about the margins as a whole over the next couple years and where do you think they could ultimately go so thank you alex um with as soon as you have uh noted uh for the first half of this year really very strong performance and uh what i think um you are reminding everyone is the gap that we are creating between our revenue especially in solutions as well as the operating expense and that has been something which we've been very consistent with which is we fund our investments very well and that's why you're seeing us within the front foot as we are able to deal with the transformation and becoming able to transform that into additional time and opportunities with our clients. But we are also working on efficiencies, and we've been very good at doing that over the years, and that will continue with Gen AI.

Thank you.

And I share a next question. It comes from the line of Simon Klinch from Ruts Child & Co. Please go ahead.

Thanks for taking my question. Adina, I was wondering if you could just elaborate a bit more. With all the AI tools you're rolling out to your clients and the good uptake you're getting from clients. Could you give us a sense of, I guess, how rapidly and how sophisticated your clients are at the outset at using these products and how to think about the sort of momentum in that usage? Is it something that's really going to build over time or are they actually coming at it with a fairly sophisticated approach already and sort of getting really stuck in straight away?

Yeah, actually, it's interesting. I mean, I would say that the clients are downright eager to be able to take advantage of the automations we're able to deliver because for them, it's a direct return on investment to them to be able to be more efficient internally. So, first of all, the way that we're deploying the AI capabilities out for our products makes it very easy to adopt. It's not hard for them to say, yeah, I would automate that workflow to make it so that I can investigate a potential criminal actor. I can make sure that I can see all the investigation. I can see all the sites of the sources that the AI generated. I can also have the AI write the report. I can review the report, and I can click and go right into and submit that report. So it's a very easy use case. Like, these are easy use cases for the clients to adopt. They also recognize that it saves up to 80% of their time. So it's also, you know, it's an easy sell, to be honest with you. But we also bring our clients together. we actually recently had an event in Boston with 150 of our anti-financial crime clients, and we were walking them through the pipeline of additional agentic workers that we're bringing, and we thought maybe they'd say, well, we can only take so many. Let's make sure that we pace ourselves here because we're talking about some acceleration, and instead they're saying, yeah, please bring it on, but let's work together to figure out how to make sure that we can demonstrate, we can show to our CFO and our CTO the clear return so that we can adopt these as fast as possible. So it was a really, it was very encouraging. I think also, you know, we are very mindful in how we orchestrate the AI into the tooling in terms from a security perspective, a resiliency perspective, so that it is, you know, in terms of our clients, they're obviously doing reviews of us as we are introducing these tools, and we feel very good about the diligence they do on us before they adopt them. So it's been pretty smooth so far.

That's really great.

Thank you very much.

Sure.

Thank you. And I share our next question. It comes from the line of Brian Bedell from Deutsche Bank. Please go ahead.

Thanks for taking my question. Great to see the really strong revenue progress across the solutions businesses. But I did want to talk about the actual markets business and more of a broader picture question, Dina, just your views on the future of Reg NMS, just given with the SEC proposals out, and more broadly, just the evolving market structure. Clearly, order protection is going to be important for your views, I'm sure. But how about your views on strengthening the NBBO, allowing exchanges to subpenny price, for example, And how would that interact with tokenizing securities in terms of, you know, tokenized securities trading alongside certificated form? And I think you said you were rolling your plan to start that in the first quarter of next year. If you could just talk about the timing on that.

Sure. Yeah, it's a big topic. So let's start with Regan MS and the Order Protection Rule, which we call OPR, just so everyone knows why I use that acronym. So the Order Protection Rule has been in place now for 20 years. And interestingly, I was at NASDAQ before the Order Protection Rule was put in place. And at that time, we were not in favor of introducing that rule into the markets. So we have a long history of understanding it, understanding the effect of it, the consequences that come from it. And Reg and MS, there's some benefits to what order protection rule has brought, which is, of course, all the markets now are intimately networked together to create a lot of resiliency. And I think that's important to recognize is because we have to route to each other, we've connected with each other. And by connecting with each other, it means that there's more resiliency in the markets. But there's also more fragmentation of order flow. And it has kept us from being able to innovate because, you know, coincident with the order protection rule, it basically says that everything has to be price time ordered. And it doesn't allow for us to have a more flexible structure around, should it be price size? You know, if you get size done, can you do that a penny away from the inside and still be compliant with best decks? But if you take away the order protection rule and you think, okay, now we can innovate, we have three markets, exchanges. We should be able to drive and experiment with different market models to see how they serve the client's needs. Today, also, it's really a two-tiered market between on-exchange and off-exchange. We really can't compete in the off-exchange space, can't segment order flow. We can't do a lot of things that we think will serve investors better. And by loosening up the order protection rule and saying, well, let's allow more innovation to come in, it allows us to think about how we can serve clients in a different way in working with the SEC. So we see some benefits, but we also have to make sure we don't lose sight of the benefits OPRs brought in terms of the resilience of the ecosystem, the transparency of the best bid and offer, and making sure that investors are protected in the process. So that's a big body of work that we'll be working on with the SEC and with our clients. Outside of that, if you think about tokenized equities, we have two projects going on with tokenized equities. One is to collaborate with the DTCC as they're trying to make sure that they allow for the settlement tokenized shares. All of that's post-trade. And then the other is to work with Kraken to say, is there a new model that can be created leveraging the NASDAQ token design and having a flow through of the token through instantaneous settlement and having the actual rights and everything related to the equity conveyed to the client, to the investor with instantaneous settlement. And for that, we do expect that to be something we launched in the early next year with Kraken. But Kraken has been a great partner, but it is not exclusive to them in terms of our ability to distribute that to other trading venues. And so we're in the midst of it. I think it actually has, combined with 23.5 trading, it really opens the aperture and accessibility of equities to more investors. So we see it as a net positive to us and to the industry in general.

That's great, Caller. Thank you very much.

Thank you.

Thank you. And I share our next question comes from the line of Dan Fannin from Jefferies.

Please Thanks. Good morning. I wanted to follow up on Verifin and the momentum in that business. Curious about progress outside the U.S. And then as you think about the longer or the medium-term target of mid-20s growth, what do you think is a reasonable time period to hit those numbers?

Sure. So outside the United States, we continue to engage with our key clients in Europe and demonstrate and prove out our solution. I would say sales cycles are slow. When you're trying to land in an entirely new jurisdiction, it just takes a long time to get through the internal processes within the large banks. But we have been able to prove true value to them through our proofs of concepts. So it's really more a matter of just getting through the internal process and to say that this is a worthwhile investment for them versus the many other things that they're dealing with in their own regulatory environment but we do actually we still have a lot of a lot of confidence in our ability to go in and land and expand there but it's just taking longer to to make sure that we're showing some beachhead clients um in terms of the media term outlook um one thing to just remind you of is we did mention earlier this year that we had a lot of the signings of our enterprise clients in the second half of last year and it takes around a year to really onboard them fully and to recognize the recurring revenue that comes from them. So we would anticipate that the ability to show the benefit of the second half of the year's signings would start to flow in the second half of the year this year. And so that helps. And then we also have, of course, 11 new signings so far this year.

Upsells do actually are able to be implemented faster than new sales so there is some benefit from that so we still continue to underwrite the medium-term outlook for the business great thank you thank you and i share our next question comes from the line of michael zippers from morgan stanley please go ahead great thank you for taking the question wanted to ask about market tech just curious how you're thinking about new and emerging opportunities for the market tech business in the world of defi where firms like Hyperliquid are enabling third-party builders and developers to deploy their own exchange and markets on their protocol? I guess what's the opportunity for a NASDAQ chain and blockchain-native market tech offering?

Yeah, so we don't have a layer one. I mean, that's not something that we've chosen to invest in, but we work with multiple layer ones. Our view is that, first, we should be interoperable. You know, we're a horizontal market operator. We believe in the horizontal infrastructure really driving and maximizing accessibility to investors. So everything we're building, we're building for interoperability across multiple-layer ones. In terms of like native DeFi venues, that's not a space that we've actually engaged in from a market tech perspective. We've been more engaged with.