Good morning, and welcome to the Wave Life Sciences First Quarter 2025 Earnings Conference Call. As a reminder, this call is being recorded and webcast. I now turn the call over to Kate Rausch, Vice President, Investor Relations and Corporate Affairs. Please go ahead.

Thank you, operator, and good morning to everyone on the call. Earlier this morning, we issued a press release outlining our first quarter 2025 earnings update, including progress updates for obesity and AATD clinical trials. Joining me today with prepared remarks are Dr. Paul Bolno, President and Chief Executive Officer; Dr. Erik Ingelsson, Chief Scientific Officer; and Kyle Moran, Chief Financial Officer. The press release issued this morning is available on the Investors section of our website, www.wavelifesciences.com. Before we begin, I would like to remind you that discussions during this conference call will include forward-looking statements. These statements are subject to several risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those described in these forward-looking statements. The factors that could cause actual results to differ are discussed in the press release issued today and in our SEC filings. We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements for any reason. I'd now like to turn the call over to Paul.

Thanks, Kate. Good morning, and thank you all for joining us on today's call. For over a decade, we've been relentlessly committed to unlocking the broad potential of RNA medicines to transform human health. With our clinical pipeline progress over the last 12 months, we've made significant strides towards realizing this vision as we've rapidly advanced our INHBE obesity, AATD, DMD and HD programs, demonstrating the impact of our novel and proprietary oligonucleotide chemistries in the clinic. It is our unique platform that has enabled us to assemble our multimodal pipeline, pioneer RNA editing and most recently, advance oligonucleotides into common diseases such as obesity. In just the past 2 months since our fourth quarter update, we've continued the positive momentum across our pipeline by delivering the first 48-week FORWARD-53 clinical results of WVE-N531 for DMD that have put us on track for our first NDA filing. We've also demonstrated our consistent execution by advancing our obesity and AATD clinical trials towards multiple meaningful data inflection points this year. I'll begin with an update on these ongoing clinical studies and then review our recent positive results in DMD. Starting in obesity, we are continuing to make tremendous progress in our INLIGHT clinical trial with WVE-007, our GalNAc-siRNA INHBE candidate designed to deliver healthy, sustainable weight loss. Despite the rapid ascension of GLP-1s as standard of care, their use is often limited by frequent dosing, loss of muscle mass, poor tolerability, including GI side effects and high discontinuation rates. With an ability to deliver sustainable, healthy weight loss with preservation of muscle and without the common negative side effects increasingly associated with GLP-1s, WVE-007 would unlock the next frontier in obesity treatment for more than 1 billion people living with obesity globally. Leveraging human genetic insights, WVE-007 is designed to drive weight reduction through an entirely unique mechanism of action that induces fat burning without impacting muscle mass with infrequent dosing of once or twice a year. Our preclinical data on 007 have corroborated the strong genetic evidence for the INHBE target. With just a single dose of WVE-007, we've demonstrated weight loss on par with semaglutide and importantly, without suppressing food intake or loss of muscle mass. We've also shown synergies with GLP-1s, including as an add-on for individuals requiring greater weight loss or who cannot tolerate high doses of GLP-1s. And notably, we demonstrated WVE-007's potential as an off-ramp to GLP-1s, enabling long-term healthy weight maintenance. This maintenance approach would avoid the weight regain that is common when discontinuing GLP-1s and the associated metabolic risk of weight cycling. We are advancing WVE-007 in the INLIGHT clinical trial in overweight and obese, but otherwise healthy adults with a BMI between 28 and 40. Today, we can share that we have completed dosing in the first 2 single-dose cohorts of the study and remain on track to deliver initial data from the trial in the second half of this year, which will include safety, tolerability and early changes in body weight as well as biomarkers reflective of healthy weight loss. Turning to WVE-006, our GalNAc RNA editing oligonucleotide or AIMer for alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. WVE-006 is designed to be the first treatment for AATD that addresses the root cause of the disease with a convenient subcutaneously dosed therapeutic. WVE-006 does not require IV administered LNPs or complex delivery vehicles like other treatments in development. And by editing at the RNA level, WVE-006 differs from DNA editing technologies, which rely on hyperactive exogenously delivered artificial enzymes. Preclinical data has clearly demonstrated DNA-based editing results in irreversible collateral bystander edits and indels, and these known bystander edits must be taken into consideration when interpreting clinical results. As a quick reminder, our restoration clinical program began with dose escalation of WVE-006 in healthy volunteers. And earlier this year, we announced the completion of the multi-dosing in the final cohort at dose levels greater than any plan for AATD patients in our RestorAATion-2 study. In this ongoing RestorAATion-2 study, we are dosing individuals who have the homozygous PiZZ mutation. We delivered a breakthrough in the field of RNA medicines last year with the first-ever clinical demonstration of RNA editing in humans. We observed a mean 6.9 micromolar of circulating M-AAT and 10.8 micromolar of total AAT 2 weeks after a single dose in the first 2 patients in the 200-milligram cohort. We also observed increases in AAT from baseline as early as day 3 and as late as day 57, highlighting WVE-006's impressive durability of effect. In both RestorAATion-2 and the completed RestorAATion-1 clinical trial of healthy volunteers, we reported that 006 was well tolerated with a favorable safety profile. Following our announcement last year, interest in our study remains very high. In the first quarter, we initiated multi-dosing in the first cohort of RestorAATion-2, where patients are receiving 200 milligrams of WVE-006 every other week. This dosing interval is consistent with our preclinical data, but I'll remind you that our proof of mechanism clinical data suggests the potential for monthly or less frequent dosing intervals. Dosing is also underway in our second single-dose cohort at 400 milligrams. Looking ahead, we are on track to share comprehensive updates from RestorAATion-2 this year with data from the complete 200-milligram multi-dose and single-dose cohorts expected in the third quarter and data from the complete 400-milligram single-dose cohort expected in the fall. We believe this higher single-dose cohort, coupled with the multi-dose 200-milligram data will give us meaningful insights into extending the dose interval as our preclinical and clinical data support the potential for extended dosing intervals in subsequent cohorts. These data will also inform the therapeutic potential of WVE-006 and our pipeline of RNA editing programs. Behind 006, we are advancing a wholly owned discovery pipeline addressing both hepatic and extrahepatic targets. We unveiled 3 of these programs at our Research Day last year, which collectively provide the potential to address upwards of 10 million patients. We are sharing preclinical data from these programs at multiple medical meetings in the second quarter and expect to share additional new preclinical data from our hepatic and extrahepatic RNA editing programs throughout the remainder of this year. We are on track to initiate clinical development of new programs in 2026. I'll now turn to WVE-N531 for DMD. Since March, we have been actively engaged with the DMD community, sharing our exciting FORWARD-53 clinical results. These data have supported WVE-N531 as a best-in-class and important new therapeutic option for boys with exon 53 amenable DMD. Following 48 weeks of treatment with WVE-N531, we observed a statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvement of 3.8 seconds in time to rise versus natural history, which is the largest effect observed relative to any approved dystrophin restoration therapy at 48 weeks. We also saw additional functional benefits observed in other outcome measures, including NSAA. With biopsies taken after 24 and 48 weeks of treatment, we were able to evaluate muscle health over time. We saw the first ever demonstration of substantial improvements in muscle health with exon skipping, including a statistically significant reduction in fibrosis and decreases in CK and circulating inflammatory biomarkers. In addition, we've also observed clinical evidence of myogenic stem cell or satellite cell uptake of WVE-N531 earlier in our trial. This is particularly notable as myogenic stem cells are the progenitor cells for new myoblasts, which would support the improvements in muscle health and muscle fiber maturation we observed at 48 weeks. We are not aware of any other clinical data for exon skippers or gene therapy that have been able to demonstrate myogenic stem cell uptake. Dystrophin expression averaged 7.8% between the 24- and 48-week time points with 88% of boys above 5% average dystrophin. WVE-N531 was safe and well tolerated with no serious adverse events. DMD is a devastating disease that impacts individuals early in life. Each year, there are approximately 20,000 new cases of DMD with up to 10% amenable to exon 53 skipping. There is an urgent need for more effective and safe therapeutic options for patients. Despite the limitations of currently marketed therapies, sales of exon skipping therapies were about $1.1 billion in 2024. Notably, up to half of exon 53, 51 and 45 patients remain untreated with exon skipping therapy, which, through our conversations with KOLs are due in a large part to the burden of weekly dosing and limited evidence of benefit. Our data with N531 strongly demonstrate its potential to be a best-in-class treatment for boys amenable to exon 53 skipping. Following a positive and productive meeting with the CDER division of the FDA on our 24-week data and initial plans for our confirmatory trial, the FDA has confirmed to us that the accelerated approval pathway with dystrophin expression as a surrogate endpoint remains open. We are aligned with the agency on next steps for N531, and we intend to submit an NDA in 2026 for accelerated approval of N531 with a monthly dosing regimen. In the interim, we plan to continue to engage the agency with our new 48-week data, particularly in light of our statistically significant and clinically meaningful time to rise data as well as other functional outcomes and our planned global confirmatory trial. To support a monthly dosing regimen at launch, all participants in the extension portion of FORWARD-53 are receiving monthly dosing, and we are expanding the trial to include additional boys who will be dosed monthly. Beyond N531, we are advancing an exon skipping franchise with candidates that leverage our best-in-class chemistry, and we anticipate filing CTAs for multiple candidates in 2026. Finally, turning to WVE-003 for the treatment of Huntington's disease. There is an urgent unmet need in HD as the disease impacts more than 200,000 people in the U.S. and Europe alone, and there are no disease-modifying therapies available. HD is a devastating autosomal dominant genetic disease that impacts multiple generations of family members and is sometimes compared to having Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and ALS all at once. Using our platform specificity of stereochemical control and best-in-class chemistry, we developed WVE-003 using a first-in-class allele-selective approach. By reducing mutant Huntington at the mRNA and protein level, WVE-003 addresses the underlying drivers of neurodegeneration. And by sparing wild-type protein, which is critical to the health of the central nervous system, WVE-003 is uniquely positioned to address the full spectrum of HD from early asymptomatic stages to the onset of symptoms and beyond. In our SELECT-HD trial, we demonstrated the impact of our novel chemistry and allele-selective approach as we observed potent and durable mutant Huntington reductions of up to an industry-leading 46% and preservation of wild-type Huntington with just 3 doses. Importantly, we observed a statistically significant correlation between allele-selective mutant Huntington reductions and slowing of caudate atrophy, marking the first time this correlation has been observed in HD. This correlation is particularly notable as caudate is one of the primary areas where HD manifests in the brain, with atrophy beginning many years before symptom onset and continuing at a steady rate of decline of about 2% to 4% per year. Analyses have also demonstrated that caudate loss correlates with clinical outcomes. At the beginning of the year, we shared our own internal analysis, which investigated natural history data sets, including Track and Predict-HD and observed that an absolute reduction of just 1% in the rate of caudate atrophy is associated with the delay of onset of disability by more than 7.5 years. This is a staggering number with meaningful implications for health and economic outcomes and provides further evidence supporting rate of caudate atrophy as a primary endpoint for efficient clinical trials. These data, along with the full clinical results from SELECT-HD were both part of our engagement with FDA last year that led to supportive initial feedback, and we are continuing to prepare for a global potentially registrational Phase II/III study of WVE-003 in adults with SNP3 and HD using caudate as a primary endpoint. And we remain on track to submit clinical trial applications, including an IND application for this Phase II/III study in the second half of this year. And we are actively engaged in discussions with prospective strategic partners. With that, I'll turn the call over to Erik to share more detail on our INHBE program and the emerging wholly owned pipeline.

Thank you, Paul, and thank you to everyone joining us on the call today. I'll begin by discussing our INHBE program for obesity. As Paul shared earlier, there have been numerous efforts to develop therapies in the obesity space. So it's important to examine how our INHBE GalNAc-siRNA approach differs from current treatments such as GLP-1 agonists and other therapies in development. Among the reasons that I'm very excited about this program is to target strong foundation in human genetics. Several large human genetic studies have found that carriers of heterozygous loss of function variants in the INHBE gene have favorable metabolic profiles, including reduced abdominal obesity and visceral fat, serum triglycerides, ApoB, fasting glucose, HbA1c and decreases in several measures of liver disease. Importantly, these carriers also have reduced risk of type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease. So essentially, the outcome studies have already been conducted for this target using nature's experiments. This is particularly notable for the development of WVE-007 as targets supported by human genetics are on average associated with a 2 to 4x higher probability of success in drug development. Importantly, in addition to evidence from human genetics and our convincing preclinical data, internal work has also demonstrated a strong correlation of circulating activin E levels with BMI in blood samples from humans, providing an additional confirmation of the importance of this mechanism in driving obesity. INHBE is a gene predominantly expressed in liver that produce the hepatokine activin. Activin E is then secreted from the liver and binds to receptor in adipose tissue called ALK7. With easy access to energy dense food in modern society, liver INHBE mRNA is upregulated, resulting in higher circulating activin E levels, which promotes increased fat storage and abdominal obesity. We chose to target the ligand INHBE over the receptor, ALK7 for several reasons. First, using our best-in-class oligonucleotide chemistry to turn off protein production directly at the upstream source is the most efficient way to down regulate activity of this ligand receptor pair. And second, GalNAc conjugates allow for highly specific and efficient targeting the liver cells. INHBE silencing in the liver leads to lower circulating Activin E levels and less ALK7 activation in fat. This results in increased adipose lipolysis, decreased abdominal obesity and ultimately, healthy weight loss and an improved cardiometabolic profile. We continue to make great progress in INLIGHT as we've already completed dosing in the first 2 cohorts, and we look forward to sharing data from the trial in the second half of this year. These data will include safety, tolerability and biomarkers reflective of healthy weight loss, and we'll also be looking at early changes in body weight. Recall that the current standard of care approaches such as GLP-1s are associated with substantial muscle loss, which can account for up to approximately 40% of total weight loss. WVE-007 leverages an orthogonal mechanism from GLP-1s, focusing on peripheral action directly on fat tissue rather than the centrally acting appetite regulation. Therefore, delivering a similar magnitude of pound-by-pound weight loss at a comparable time on treatment would suggest substantially larger effects on fat loss than the current standard of care. Combining this with the retention of skeletal muscle, which has a crucial role in glucose uptake, highlights the potential of this program to result in profound improvements of insulin sensitivity and lower risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The upcoming data will provide us with valuable insights into WVE-007's potential to transform obesity treatment paradigm. Now turning to our emerging pipeline. Our WVE-006 proof of mechanism data last year demonstrated that we could drive impressive potency and durability of effect in the clinic with an AIMer. Now with the advance of RNA editing in the clinic, we have the privilege of helping define how this new modality is applied. Behind WVE-006, we're continuing to advance a wholly owned discovery pipeline addressing both hepatic and extrahepatic targets. As with WVE-006, our pipeline programs are strongly supported by human genetics, offer novel ways to treat diseases in areas of high unmet need and feature readily accessible biomarkers and approaches to assess pharmacodynamics along with the established regulatory path. We unveiled 3 of these programs at our Research Day last fall, which used GalNAc conjugation. These programs included our PNPLA3 RNA correction approach, aimed at addressing the 9 million I148M homozygous individuals in the U.S. and Europe with a variety of liver diseases, and our LDLR upregulation and ApoB correction programs, which together would address approximately 1 million people living with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia in the U.S. and Europe. It should also be noted that the LDLR upregulation approach has an opportunity for a substantial indication expansion to individuals with statin intolerance or prior cardiovascular disease with uncontrolled LDL cholesterol. In addition to these programs, we also have shared preclinical data highlighting our ability to direct silencing and editing to high-priority extrahepatic tissues, including CNS, skeletal muscle, adipose, heart, pancreas and lungs. One application of these capabilities that we shared at our Research Day last fall was our ability to apply our AIMers to support RNA editing across CNS tissues in Rett syndrome. In this devastating disease, the R168X mutation in the MECP2 gene on the X chromosome leads to a neurodevelopmental disorder in females. Our AIMers, which are designed to edit the R168X mutation to generate full-length MECP2 protein with an R168W substitution, showed substantial increases in protein expression throughout the CNS in a humanized mouse model. Further, next week in an oral presentation at the ASGCT 28th Annual Meeting, we'll share additional preclinical data demonstrating proof of principle for AIMers in lung indications, including cystic fibrosis. In cystic fibrosis, the W1282X and the G542X nonsense mutations result in stop codons that prevent protein production. Without the protein, there is no way for current small molecule approaches to impact these individuals. The preclinical data we plan to share next week demonstrate that in CFTR W1282X human bronchial epithelial cells, CFTR AIMers increased expression of CFTR mRNA threefold and restored up to 50% of functional wild-type CFTR protein levels, which is well above the expected threshold to improve lung function. We're actively engaged with the CF Foundation as our AIMers have the potential to edit and restore protein production, which would be incredibly meaningful for this segment of the CF community that currently have no treatment options. As we look to the remainder of the year, we plan on sharing new preclinical data from our emerging pipeline in 2025, highlighting our path to initiating clinical development of additional wholly owned programs in 2026. With that, I'd like to turn the call over to Kyle to provide an update on our financials. Kyle?

Thanks, Erik. Our revenue for the first quarter of 2025 was $9.2 million as compared to $12.5 million in the prior year quarter. The year-over-year decrease was attributable to the timing of revenue recognized under our collaboration agreement with GSK. Research and development expenses were $40.6 million for the first quarter of 2025 as compared to $33.4 million in the same period in 2024. This increase was primarily driven by spending for our INHBE program, RNA editing programs as well as compensation-related expenses, including share-based compensation. Our G&A expenses were $18.4 million for the first quarter in 2025 as compared to $13.5 million in the prior year quarter, primarily related to share-based compensation as well as professional fees. As a result, our net loss was $46.9 million for the first quarter of 2025 as compared to a net loss of $31.6 million in the prior year quarter. We ended the first quarter of 2025 with $243.1 million in cash and cash equivalents compared to $302.1 million as of December 31, 2024. We expect that our current cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to fund operations into 2027. It is important to note that potential future milestones and other payments to Wave under our GSK collaboration are not included in our cash runway. I'll now turn the call back over to Paul for closing remarks.

Thank you, Kyle. Our consistent execution in the clinic has positioned us to deliver on multiple key milestones throughout 2025, including the first demonstration of healthy weight loss with INHBE and the first multi-dose data in RNA editing. We look forward to keeping you updated on our progress throughout the year as we continue to reimagine what's possible for patients. With that, I'll turn over the call to the operator for Q&A.

We have the first question from Joon Lee of Truist Securities.

For the INHBE program, what's the trigger for data disclosure? Would you need to have completed dosing in all 5 SAT cohorts for the disclosure or once you have reached some other internal threshold? And I have a quick follow-up question.

Yes. Thank you for the question, Joon. So the way the current study is running is, as we said on the call today, the first 2 cohorts are dosed. That's very important as it puts us on track for delivering data. The disclosure will be triggered, as you'd imagine, we'll be looking at time points, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months. And so we have an internal disclosure cutoff where we would do a cut of the data to disclose. As we said, target engagement, weight loss and biomarkers. We haven't updated which one of those would be the time point for that disclosure.

Got it. And then you have a few drugs slated for accelerated approval, including for DMD and Huntington's. Can you confirm that they are all under CDER and not CBER? And any risks to the accelerated approval process for you guys?

Yes. I think to elevate and answer your first question, it is CDER, not CBER. I think when we talk about genetic medicines in a broad context, I think we have to recognize there are different divisions that still cover the concept of looking at genetically defined medicines. But we are a big small molecule, not a gene therapy or a protein biologic. What's also important to note is our conversations as we've exchanged with the agency have not changed. So the cadence of communication remains consistent. The discussions that we have shared with you all publicly have been aligned around the accelerated approval pathway and nothing has suggested that there is a change to that. I think it's also important to step back and reflect that we've also taken a comprehensive approach to advancing our programs. If we think about DMD, this is not just a discussion on dystrophin. It's a conversation on dystrophin, muscle health and ultimately, as we've shared, statistically significant and clinically meaningful outcome benefits. And so the nature of the discussion that we'll have around the 48 weeks is really around utilizing the concordance of clinical data along with biomarker. Same thing is true in HD, where it's not just about industry-leading 46% reduction in mutant protein and wild-type sparing, it's the consistency of what we've seen in correlation of caudate, which is the key anatomical endpoint. And so I think the comprehensive nature of our data will continue to support our filings and dialogue with the agency.

If I could squeeze one more in just on the Huntington's program, the recent data, very fresh data from Vutrisiran, the splice modulator. It seems to imply that the MRI of the caudate may not be as consistent per their data. Any thoughts there? And also, they include a Stage III, which I don't think you'll be including in your proposed Phase II/III, any thoughts based on that read-through from that data?

Yes. No, I think I look at that data in the context of tominersen and other pan-silencing approaches that have looked at imaging over time. And it's difficult, and I can't comment on their MRI quality of their patients in Stage III and how those studies were run. What I can do is step back and say, when one looks at Track and Predict-HD at the quality of MRI imaging and the consistency with which you can see changes, actually, MRI has been highly consistent. And this isn't just around our own internal analyses. There have been analyses of other groups, Sarah Tabrizi's team and Jeff Long will publish soon his report from University of Iowa. And so MRI has been highly consistent. And so I think it is an opportunity for us to really reflect now on a number of pan-silencing approaches that take down the healthy protein and really look at this as an opportunity as allele-selective silencing on mutant reduction, not the least of which is we've had substantially more mutant Huntington lowering than any of the other programs. So again, the consistency with which we saw reduction of protein correlating with caudate is a very different program.

We have the next question from the line of Joseph Schwartz from Leerink Partners.

Jenny on for Joe. Congrats on all the progress. For alpha-1, even with single dose data at the lowest dose that you've tested, you're getting to that previously established 11 micromolar threshold range for total AAT protein. First, do you think there are any additional benefits to getting above that threshold? And if so, at what point would there be no additional benefit? And second, can you talk a little bit more about the major pros and cons of RNA editing versus DNA editing in diseases like alpha-1? You pointed out bystander edits and reversibility as major points of differentiation in the past. But just wondering if you think there are other things that an alpha-1 patient might consider if they were to have multiple options in the future?

Thank you for the question. If we step back to the target product profile, the idea of reaching roughly 11 micromolar, similar to what an MZ patient has, is a useful benchmark. That doesn’t mean there aren’t additional opportunities to continue correcting the protein over time — not only for lung protection but also to clear hepatic aggregates more quickly by preventing further protein aggregation. It’s very encouraging that we’re already at that threshold with the lowest single dose. What’s important now is the 200-milligram multi-dose study, which should show how much higher we can push levels. Importantly, it’s not just about total protein; tracking M protein levels specifically will be critical to seeing continued improvement. We previously saw over 60% of total serum protein at about 7 micromolar, and pushing M protein even higher toward a heterozygous level could further improve liver clearance. In SERPINA1 models we’ve seen Z protein fluctuate over time, so following total protein gives a sense of the reservoir that may be clearing from the liver, which is distinct from M protein that is produced, secreted, and protects the lung. There’s more opportunity with repeat dosing and higher doses to drive improvement toward near-normal levels, and it’s an exciting place to start. Regarding DNA editing versus RNA editing, one key distinction is the possibility of bystander edits and indels. Bystander edits or indels can knock a protein out of frame or create altered isoforms that misfold. Those isoforms can behave differently functionally — for example, they can show different activity in neutrophil inhibition assays — and this protein is highly sensitive to mutations in terms of aggregation. We don’t yet know whether some bystander-edit isoforms will aggregate in the liver and become trapped, so it will be important to study the long-term impact of these edits on patients. A second important consideration, which applies particularly to DNA editing, is delivery. DNA and RNA editing approaches that use lipid nanoparticles can cause sporadic ALT elevations, accumulation of particles, and hepatic injury. For patients with hepatic insufficiency, repeated IV dosing with LNPs is likely not ideal for the liver. That concern influenced our decision to start with a GalNAc-conjugated approach that does not require LNPs and avoids generating bystander isoforms or indels.

We have the next question from the line of Eric Joseph from JPMorgan.

This is Ron, on for Eric. I wanted to ask about the scope of analysis you're going to look at for AAT expression in terms of protein concentration, its functionality, whether it's M or Z protein. And to what extent did the recent competitor disclosure serve? Does it serve as a road map for the type of endpoints you'd like to report? And then just another short one is specifically in the readout disclosure before, were the AAT levels measured through turbidity or through LC-MS?

Great. I think our disclosures, which preceded that of others was an update on proof of mechanism. But I think it's the totality of data as we shared. It's total protein. It's importantly M protein and looking at that, which is edited protein. And then it's following that over duration of time. And so the next update because we'll have both single and multi-dose data for the complete cohort will be a totality of understanding the dynamics of what happens with single-dose intervals and that editing over time. And importantly, what happens with the repeat dosing. Every time we've seen repeat dosing with PN chemistry, we see that that tends to lead to more drug retention, therefore, not just higher potential production of protein, but actually longer duration of activity. And so we'll be able to plot those kinetics over time. And I think it's important on the longitudinal side of the data to have the full disclosure. We've seen with others that there's actually potential with some of the DNA editors waning activity. So I think for us to have a complete data set that we can follow over time, I think it's going to give us a very good opportunity to follow not just the potency, but also the duration. We have had and we shared before, the elastase inhibition work. So again, the functionality of the protein. But again, in the absence and as we've shown that these proteins aren't bystander, it is pure wild type. We wouldn't expect that to be different and nonfunctional. We shared that early, but we would just share the elastase inhibition assay as part of that. We haven't shared data on the assay that we're using for the total AAT.

We have the next question from the line of Yun Zhong from Wedbush.

A follow-up question on the AATD program reporting. Why do you divide the data set into 2 separate announcements, third quarter versus fall? And why don't you just combine data from both cohorts into a more comprehensive data set? Do you think it's important to provide maybe some piece of data as soon as it becomes available?

Yes. That's a wonderful question that everyone thinks about when considering whether to hold back and wait. I think we can be very confident that dosing is complete, patients are fully enrolled, and we're going to deliver multi-dose data. We have absolute specificity for the timing of that data set. It's a comprehensive data set and, in totality, a very material one. When we reach that conclusion, we'll share the data. As we're enrolling the 400-patient cohort, I can't say that's the reason we say fall. If enrollment moves faster, it's not to say we couldn't bring those data in earlier, but we don't plan to hold one data set back for the other. We believe the 200 multi-dose cohort is highly informative not just for alpha-1 antitrypsin but also for other AIMer programs; it will help us understand, for the first time, how human modeling translates from mouse to nonhuman primate to human repeat dose. Understanding that pharmacology is important. The 400 cohort is enrolling very well, so there is an opportunity to have that on the earlier side, and we'll provide updates in the future.

Okay. Then on the DMD program, would you expect to include monthly dosing data into the NDA submission package?

Yes, that is the plan. Based on our discussions with the agency, we intend to have monthly dosing in the label. Updates on the extension expansion will match the anticipated filing timeline. We're also engaging the agency to discuss the 48-week clinical data and perhaps include clinical data in the label as well. If we think about the comprehensive differentiation from other exon skipping therapies — the opportunity for monthly dosing and the opportunity for the highest level of dystrophin seen, and again I'm referring to the commercial 53-patient population as we go into that — the ability to show holistic change, improvement in muscle health, reduction in fibrosis, and clinical outcome measurements with safety that does not look different than standard of care is a real opportunity. We want to be able to capture that.

We have the next question from the line of Salim Syed from Mizuho.

I have a couple of questions. One on INHBE: Paul, from your comments about the 1, 3 and 6 month time points, have you decided which time point you will use as the cut-off, or are you considering a different approach? Also, can you remind me whether you have access to the blinded data that could inform your decision, or has that not been disclosed? It wasn't clear. I have another question and then a follow-up.

I'll take that one right away. No, we are not observing the data. We just haven't disclosed where those cutoffs will be. Those are simply the time points involved in the study, but we haven't decided when we'll make a cut, and we have a predefined opportunity to review the data. I think what's interesting is that sometimes people are late in thinking about GLP-1s and weight loss. To put it in context, in a placebo-adjusted analysis for GLP-1s at 1, 3, and 6 months you see roughly a 1% to 1.5% weight loss at one month, about 4% at three months, and around 7% at six months. We have a real opportunity to define the kinetics of INHBE, and a grand slam would be seeing a similar profile composed entirely of fat loss rather than muscle loss, given that about 40% of the percentage body weight loss on GLP-1s is muscle. I think within a relatively short time frame we can substantially differentiate INHBE as a best-in-class healthy weight loss solution.

Okay. Just to be clear, you're not looking at blinded data and you already have a predefined time cutoff, you just haven't disclosed it.

Correct. Correct.

We have the next question from the line of Catherine Novack from Jones Research.

Just thinking about the enrollment for the monthly DMD cohorts, how many additional DMD patients do you expect that you'll need to ensure monthly dosing regimen at launch? And then following up on that, as you're enrolling in the study and working with these investigators, are you getting any indication that providers are maybe reassessing the risk-benefit profile of gene therapy in DMD?

Yes. The short answer is yes. In general, there were a lot of questions and concerns. Clinicians are considering that some boys are amenable to exon skipping while others are not, and that distinction drives treatment decisions. If a boy is not amenable to exon skipping but is amenable to gene therapy, clinicians may choose gene therapy. However, based on recent signals and our discussions with clinicians, when exon skipping is likely to be beneficial they tend to favor that approach. We'll see how that translates into practice, but feedback has been highly encouraging. On enrollment, to return to that point, the 11 boys in the study have rolled into monthly dosing on the extension. For guidance, we expect the expansion cohort to equilibrate so that the total number of patients will be similar to other exon-skipping exon 53 programs, such as Viltepso, and supportive of an NDA filing in 2026.

Okay. That's helpful. And then thinking about the AATD program, how are you interpreting your increase in serum Z protein versus being significant decrease in Z protein? What do you hypothesize is happening to the Z protein aggregates in the liver with DNA base editing versus RNA base editing?

Yes, it's interesting, and I'm glad you asked the question. When we looked at all of our preclinical work, and that was really what drove us to really dig into the aggregates is when we saw that secondary increase in Z protein, the Z protein isn't being produced through M proteins, but produced through editing. Z protein is actually coming into serum by a byproduct of breaking up the aggregates in the liver, right? That's the reservoir that leads to that Z protein increases. And so the fact that we are seeing that, which correlated very much to what we saw in our preclinical models is highly encouraging of both the lung and liver applications of our RNA editing format. I think it raises into questions in this kind of plateauing almost of protein without seeing those corresponding increases. And again, of whether or not with DNA editors, whether or not there's increased protein actually aggregating in the liver, whether or not there's actually any breakdown of that protein from the liver. And I think that's a great question that continue to be explored as these two technologies move forward in treating both lung and liver is what is happening to the Z protein that's aggregating in the liver. So we can be very clear, edited protein, M protein increasing, Z protein coming out of that reservoir. But I think it's interesting to continue to follow these over time.

Maybe just to add, this is also why we think it's important to focus on the M protein because it's just an easier benchmark to compare across different approaches.

We have the next question from the line of Steve Seedhouse from Cantor Fitzgerald.

This is Nick, on for Steve. Two for us. First, what does the distribution profile look like in lung tissue with your existing AIMers? And are there any novel modifications or conjugation methods you're using here to optimize PK? I have a follow-up.

Yes. I mean, one, I'll refer you definitely to the R&D Day deck which was pretty comprehensive as we think about not just for AIMers, but also our siRNA formats where we saw incredible silencing and durability in CNS and muscle. So I think about the totality of the work that we've done on a platform context in driving distribution to a variety of cell types. You can think about editing liver, adipocytes and others. And so how we drive that can be through PN variants. And so these are modifications to the chemistry on the backbone separate from distinct GalNAc-like delivery. We also have activities delivering specifically to certain cell types in a way that would be similar to GalNAc, and we're excited to share those updates as we move into R&D Day later this year. But I think the real opportunity is continuing to see we've optimized GalNAc delivery and showed that consistently. We've removed GalNAc and drove the editing and high efficiency levels to a variety of very important tissues, of which there's really strong genetic targets. And we'll continue to provide updates on that, both in medical meetings, as Erik shared at ASGCT and others and then into the fall at R&D Day.

Maybe just to add as well that we don't need a conjugate for getting into lung. It's all about the chemistry optimization with the PN chemistry, et cetera.

Got it. Makes sense. Okay. And for INHBE, Arrowhead has mentioned they intend to do quarterly dosing for their program. Just wanted to check your view on that, given you previously talked about Wave targeting in every 6-month or annual dosing interval. Are you still confident in that strategy for WVE-007?

Yes. Very confident in our strategy. And I think that goes back to the preclinical data that we've had versus the preclinical data of our peers. The data that we have suggests much greater potency and durability. We shared that in the NAR paper a couple of years ago that we have 30-fold the improvement in AGO2 loading over the best-in-class siRNA formats, and that's not just Arrowhead. And so as we think about this opportunity, what it really provides is depth of knockdown to that kind of amplitude potency, but most importantly, durability. So we have a differentiated siRNA format from the other siRNA companies, and we think this is a very attractive opportunity and place to apply it.

We have the next question from the line of Roger Song from Jefferies.

This is Shasha, on for Roger. I had a follow-up question for your INHBE program. I just wanted to know what you think would be a successful data readout and what benchmarks you're using for that as you consider that.

Yes. I mean, as we shared before, it's important to think about where the references are around the GLP-1 weight loss over these various time points. So if you're around 1%, 1.5% at 1 month, around 4% at 3 months and somewhere around 5% to 7% as you go into the 6-month time frame. Remembering that those percent body weight losses at those various time points, again, sometimes I know we tend to think about this weight loss as one category. But if you think about the movement and even the FDA guidance at the beginning of the year around what healthy weight loss looks like in terms of fat loss versus muscle, 40% of those numbers on body weight loss are driven off of muscle loss. So a home run and more likely a grand slam as you see similar like we saw in the mouse weight loss, that is all fat. That would be incredible. I think the opportunity to still continue to see the fat loss component of that or more is also there. But everything in the animal model suggests a similar cadence. But I think it's important for us to think about the characterization of percent body weight loss and just how much of that GLP-1 loss is actual muscle and the fact that we don't see that. So I think the data preclinically are highly encouraging, and we'll be generating that data second half that will be encouraging in terms of the program's future.

We have the next question from the line of Ryan Deschner from Raymond James.

This is Anthony, on for Ryan. I wanted to ask what specific biomarkers are you planning to report for this readout from INLIGHT for WVE-007?

Yes. The disclosed biomarkers in addition to, obviously, body weight will be Activin E. So that's the disclosed biomarker that we've reported. There are other exploratory endpoints that we are looking at that we haven't disclosed. But Activin E will be important. And that will give us a sense of target engagement. They're also going to inform as the last question, an ability to follow these patients out over time and look at the durability of effect. So Activin E will be an important biomarker to look at. And we will have additional biomarkers that we'll be evaluating in an exploratory fashion as part of the study.

We have the next question from the line of Ananda Ghosh from H.C. Wainwright & Company.

Two questions from me. The first one is a lot of GLP-1 discussion revolves around the pleiotropic effects. I was wondering what does the fundamental biology talk about inhibin and the pleiotropic effects of weight loss in terms of the signaling pathway? The second question is, I wanted to understand your thoughts on Fazirsiran and how does it differentiate with your program?

Can you repeat the last portion of the question? I'll take the first one on your pleiotropic effect, then we'll come back to the second one to confirm we heard it correctly. Regarding the impact of INHBE biology, what’s intriguing—and what we saw in our preclinical data and in human genetics, as Erik noted—is that Activin E is a hepatokine that supports sustaining adipocytes. The biology aligns well: both the Activin E ligand and its receptor, INHBE, feature prominently in the genetics, so there is good concordance between the target ligand and the receptor. We saw this in the DIO mouse model across several experiments—single dose studies, head-to-head versus GLP-1s, and combinations with GLP-1s—which showed the mechanism is orthogonal to GLP-1s and ultimately supports sustaining and maintaining weight loss. So again, there’s strong concordance between those activities.

Yes. Maybe just to add to this. So the ligand receptor pair is very specific in this case. So we don't expect any primary pleiotropy. Now obviously, we would expect downstream positive effects of targeting ALK7. So increasing lipolysis will lead to a lot of downstream positive metabolic effects, but that's not primary pleiotropy.

And in terms of Fazirsiran for AATD: If we think about siRNA and the reason why we've got really potent durable siRNA is why we didn't take a GalNAc potent siRNA forward in alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is the recognition that actually potency could be potentially detrimental. It's a protein that you need. So therefore, to turn off that protein would ultimately put patients on a course for IV protein replacement therapy; you prevent the protection of the lung. And so therefore, this is the benefit of multimodal platforms as we could step back and actually say, even though we could, it's not the best tool to do that job; editing is the best tool to do that job where you create a functional protein and therefore, restore function to protecting the lung, but also allow the removal of aggregates from the liver. So again, the opportunity that we have with different tools is and despite a potentially best-in-class siRNA format, we wouldn't apply our siRNA format to that. But we do see in terms of differentiation of siRNAs, and we shared this again in that NAR paper, highly potent, highly durable siRNA format, not just in GalNAc in the liver, but in CNS and other tissues as well.

We have the next question from the line of Luca Issi from RBC.

This is Lisa, on for Luca. Maybe a couple here on A1AT. The A1AT program makes progress. Just wondering if you can share what you need to see before starting a Phase II. Is the bogey to achieve A1AT serum above 11? Or do you need to see something closer to 20 micromolar, which is more in the normal range? Any color here would be helpful.

Yes. I think the goal is that we'll complete this study, and that will guide the framework and planning of Phase II. We're already at 11 micromolar at the single lowest dose. With more doses and greater frequency the opportunity is really twofold. First, pushing that dynamic range between 11 and 20 micromolar and determining not just the total level but what dynamic range we can achieve with an M-edited protein. Second, and as many of you know, in this Phase I/II study we want to define not just potency but durability. We'll be able to assess dosing frequency and the target product profile in terms of alpha-1 antitrypsin levels, and that will be determined at the end of the study as we plan for Phase II.

And Paul, maybe one on the regulatory path here. How are you thinking about a path to approval for A1AT? Will you potentially need to run a head-to-head study versus augmentation therapy, should it be fully approved by the time you're ready to head to a pivotal study? Any color here on your thinking about regulatory would be helpful.

Yes. I mean, this is the wonderful aspect of being partnered: as the studies potentially become more complex, we still believe there's a pathway for approval based on whether alpha-1 antitrypsin reaches human levels, healthy protein is differentiated, and those changes still meet a therapeutic threshold for approval. That should support an accelerated pathway and a different approach than IV protein replacement. So editing versus protein replacement should be a potential pathway. I think the opportunity we've discussed, and our partner will be thinking a lot about, is finding ways to further differentiate this program and drive opportunities for expansion. If we think about AATD in total, and why we're incredibly excited about the data we'll have this year and what it will inform going forward, there's a belief that a number of COPD patients who are technically called nonresponders may actually be alpha-1 antitrypsin patients. The opportunity ahead to consider respiratory endpoints and regulatory pathways still points to an approach driven by numerical thresholds in terms of delivery. But the hepatic endpoints should not be forgotten. There's an opportunity to bifurcate subsequent studies to include patients with liver disease and to ultimately build liver and lung into a combined label. AATD patients aren't just lung patients or liver patients; they're AATD patients with both lung and liver disease. So the opportunity ahead is to think of this not just as a treatment for lung disease, but as a treatment for AATD. Our partner and we are both excited about what that opportunity provides.

We have the last question from the line of Madison from B. Riley.

So with the 200 mg single dose, we've already seen that your own AATD conversion is over 60%. Do you believe or are you confident that the 200 mg multi-dose and/or the 400 mg single dose could push that conversion rate to over 80%? And any feedback site-specific feedback you're getting regarding enrollment? And then a follow-up.

Yes. I think on the last one, enrollment is going very well, particularly after we had our last data set. So our conversations with KOLs were achieving heterozygous levels after the lowest single dose is highly encouraging along with the profile. I do think if we think about both the opportunity and actually why the 200-milligram multi-dose is so important is if you think about the total amount of drug under the 200-milligram dosing, there's a lot of doses, a lot of medicine into the cells and a lot of opportunity to see how that ultimately pushes the upper bounds of editing. The 400 mg is a single dose, right? So we're going to get a good sense of dose response between 200 mg versus 400 mg on a single-dose basis where we can flatten out some of the pharmacokinetics. But the 200 mg multi-dose is going to be extraordinarily informative, and it's why we're excited for that data this year.

Got it. Understood. And then I also wanted to ask you've mentioned Rett syndrome today a couple of times as a potential indication that would be appropriate for RNA editors. Have you discussed how you would get across the blood-brain barrier? Is this something related to your PN or your stereopure chemistry? Or would you need some type of shuttle vehicle?

Yes. So just to step back MECP2, I think we've got a variety of opportunities that we shared well beyond CF, MECP2, LDLR, ApoB, others. So we've shared a whole range. Importantly, MECP2 is important, as we're really defining what CNS editing looks like, both from an intrathecal standpoint. And as you mentioned, and we're going to have opportunities as we think about Research Day later this year to think about alternative approaches that we're doing for delivery. And so we've spent a lot of efforts in looking at how we deliver. And this is not just unique for AIMers, how we think about siRNAs, how we think about our AIMer technology, but being able to think about accessibility. So there's more to come as we think about the platform approaches, as we get into Research Day second half of this year. But we've spent a lot of time thinking about alternative ways of delivering across the blood-brain barrier.

Got it. That's helpful. And then my last question is, have you said how many boys you would enroll in the expanded open-label cohort in the N531 trial? And then at what point you would reengage with the FDA?

Yes. So the engagement around the 48-week data and our plan for confirmatory, we have, as we said earlier, the alignment on what's required for filing. To talk about numbers, we said the extension cohorts, that's the 11 boys continuing on monthly plus the additional expansion cohort that we would expect to be in line with other exon 53 files like Viltepso would all be supportive of the NDA filing in 2026. And that would be the next update is on that filing.

That concludes our question-and-answer session. I would like to turn the conference over to Dr. Paul Bolno for closing comments.

Thank you for joining our call this morning. We look forward to connecting with many of you at upcoming conferences. Have a great day.

Thank you. The conference has now concluded. Thank you for attending today's presentation. You may now disconnect.