Greetings and welcome to the Starwood Property Trust Fourth Quarter 2025 earnings call. At this time, all participants are in a listen-only mode. A question-and-answer session will follow the formal presentation. If anyone should require operator assistance, please press star zero on your telephone keypad. It is now my pleasure to introduce your host, Zach Tannenbaum, Director of Investor Relations. Thank you. You may begin.

Thank you, operator.

Good morning and welcome to Starwood Property Trust earnings call. This morning, we filed our 10-K and issued a press release with a presentation of our results, which are both available on our website and have been filed with the SEC. Before the call begins, I would like to remind everyone that certain statements made in the course of this call are forward-looking statements, which do not guarantee future events or performance. Please refer to our 10-K and press release for cautionary factors related to these statements. Additionally, certain non-GAAP financial measures will be discussed on this call. For reconciliation of these non-GAAP financial measures to the most comparable measures prepared in accordance with GAAP, please refer to our press release filed this morning. Joining me on the call today are Barry Sternlich, the company's chairman and chief executive officer, Jeff DeModica, the company's president, and Rena Paneri, the company's chief financial officer. With that, I'm now going to turn the call over to Rena.

Thank you, Zach, and good morning, everyone. Today, we reported distributable earnings of $160 million, or $0.42 per share, for the fourth quarter. While our reported results reflect the timing of capital deployment and balance sheet optimization initiatives, our underlying earnings power continues to build. Importantly, we exited 2025 with enhanced liquidity and embedded earnings from this year's investments and unfunded commitments, all of which will increasingly contribute in 2026, with our dividend coverage expected to improve steadily throughout the year. Our quarterly results were impacted by temporary timing issues, adjusted for which DE would have been $0.49. The first is our newest net lease cylinder, which on a run rate basis would have contributed $0.06 of incremental DE to the quarter, but instead contributed $0.03. We anticipated this dilution at acquisition, knowing that we would have near-term carry from capital raised, and there would be a timing gap while we ramped acquisitions and optimize the platform's capital structure. As Jeff will discuss further, we have made progress towards these initiatives and expect to see reduced dilution going forward. As a reminder, the weighted average lease term of this portfolio is 17.3 years, with occupancy of 100% and 2.3% annual rent escalations. The second timing issue was higher than normal cash balances, which led to $0.04 of reduced earnings. We completed three securizations in the quarter, one in each of commercial lending, infrastructure lending, and net lease that combined created incremental proceeds of $290 million. We also continued to shift secured debt to unsecured debt, issuing $1.1 billion of high yield in the quarter, and executed a takeout refinancing on part of our affordable multifamily portfolio, which generated cash of $240 million in late September and October. All of this cash will ultimately be a source of incremental DE as it gets deployed into new investments across our diversified cylinders. Stepping back to the full year, we reported DE of $616 million or $1.69 per share. As we continue the theme of proactive capital repositioning, we had temporary reductions to earnings of $0.14 this year, resulting from our $4.4 billion of equity, unsecured debt, and term loan issuances, along with our new $2.2 billion net lease acquisition. DE adjusted for these timing issues, and the $0.12 realized loss we recorded upon sale of a foreclosed asset earlier this year was $1.95 versus our full-year dividend of $1.92. Given our enhanced earnings power as a result of this year's strategic transactions, and as we continue on our path to resolving our non-accrual and REO assets, we see a clear line of sight to earnings that cover our dividend, a dividend that we have never cut. Our diversified lines of business continue to perform at scale, allowing us to deploy $12.7 billion in 2025, our second largest investing year to date. This included $6.4 billion in commercial lending, a record $2.6 billion in infrastructure lending, and $2.4 billion in net lease. $2.5 billion of our deployment was in the fourth quarter, bringing total undepreciated assets to a record $30.7 billion at year end. As a testament to our continued diversification, commercial lending now makes up just 54% of our asset base. I will now take you through our individual segment results, beginning with commercial and residential lending, which contributed DE of $176 million to the quarter, or 46 cents per share. In commercial lending, we originated $1.7 billion of loans, of which we funded $1.2 billion, along with $223 million of pre-existing loan commitments. After factoring in repayments of $670 million, we grew the funded loan portfolio by $823 million in the quarter to $16.6 billion, our second highest level since inception. In addition, we have $1.9 billion of unfunded commitments, which will generate future earnings as these loans fund. We also completed our fourth actively managed CLO for $1.1 billion with a weighted average coupon of SOFR plus 165. On the topic of credit quality, our portfolio ended the year with a weighted average risk rating of 3.0, consistent with last quarter. We have $680 million of reserves, $480 million in CECL, and $200 million of REO impairments. Together, these translate to $1.84 per share of book value, which is already reflected in today's undepreciated book value of $19.25. This quarter, we classified a $91 million, five-rated first mortgage loan on a multifamily property in Phoenix as credit deteriorated. The loan already maintained an adequate general reserve, but based on our recent appraisal, we reclassified $20 million of our reserve from general to specific. Jeff will go into more detail on our credit migration and asset management initiative. Turning to residential lending, our on-balance sheet loan portfolio ended the year at $2.3 billion, consistent with last quarter, as $58 million of repayments were largely offset by $31 million of positive mark-to-market adjustments, resulting from slightly tighter credit spreads. Our retained RMBS portfolio remained relatively steady at $405 million. Next is infrastructure lending. This segment contributed DE of $27 million, or $0.07 per share, to the quarter. Our strong investing pace continued with $386 million of new loan commitments in the quarter and a record $2.6 billion in a year. Repayments totaled $568 million during the quarter and $2 billion for the year, with the loan portfolio increasing $300 million this year to $2.9 billion. We also completed our sixth actively managed CLO for $500 million and priced our seventh for $600 million at record low spreads over SOFR of $172 and $168, respectively. Non-recourse, non-mark-to-market CLO financing now constitutes 75% of our infrastructure debt. In our property segment, we recognized $49 million of DE, or $0.13 per share in the quarter. In our Woodstar Fund, comprising our affordable multifamily portfolio, we recorded a net unrealized fair value increase of $17 million in the quarter for GAAP purposes. The value was determined by an independent appraisal, which we are required to obtain annually. Also during the quarter, we sold a 264-unit multifamily portfolio for a net DE gain of $24 million. The $56 million sales price was in line with our GAAP fair value. And finally, we completed the second part of our takeout refinancing that I discussed earlier. The independent appraisal, third-party sale at our carrying value, and takeout refinancings collectively provide market confirmation of our valuation. Also in this segment is our new net lease platform, which reported its first full quarter of DE totaling $12 million. We acquired 16 properties for $182 million during the quarter, bringing post-acquisition purchases to $221 million, in line with our underwriting, but with the timing back-ended to the last month of the quarter. On the capital markets front, we completed our first ABS transaction since acquisition with $391 million of financing at a weighted average fixed rate of 5.26%, a record-tight spread for this platform. Given the back-end acquisition timing and mid-quarter execution of accretive ABS financing, our reported DE understates the earnings power embedded in this platform. Concluding my business segment discussion is our investing and servicing segment. Collectively, the cylinders in this segment contributed DE of $46 million or 12 cents per share to the quarter. Our conduit, Starwood Mortgage Capital, completed three securitizations, totaling $276 million at profit margins that were at or above historic levels. This brings our year-to-date total to 16 securitizations for $1.2 billion. In our special servicer, our active servicing portfolio rose to $11 billion with $1 billion of new transfers in. Our named servicing portfolio ended the year at $98 billion. As a result of near-record maturity defaults in CMBS, servicing fees increased to $38 million this quarter, bringing year-to-date fees to $107 million. This is up 47% from last year and the highest level they have been since 2017. We've always told you that our servicer is a positive carry credit hedge that earns more money in times of real estate distress, and that hedge is once again proving itself this quarter. Our CMBS portfolio grew by $82 million during the quarter, primarily driven by new purchases of $101 million, offset by cash collections of $17 million. As a result of the maturity defaults noted above, we also recognized net DE impairments of $13 million. And lastly, on this segment's property portfolio, we sold a mixed-use property and retail center for a total of $36 million, resulting in a net gap gain of $10 million and a net DE gain of $3 million. Turning to liquidity and capitalization, we had our most active capital markets year in our history. We executed a record $4.4 billion of corporate debt and equity transactions, including $1.6 billion in unsecured notes, $1.6 billion in term loan repricings, a $700 million term loan B, and a $534 million equity raise that was accretive to gap book value. We continued our focus on conservative leverage, ending the year with a debt-to-undappreciated equity ratio of 2.4 times, more than a full turn lower than our closest peer. With this year's continued shift away from repo, our unsecured debt now represents 18% of our total debt, up from 16% a year ago, and our off-balance sheet debt now stands at 22% of our debt, up from 17% a year ago. Our current liquidity is $1.4 billion, with availability across our financing lines of $11.9 billion. This, along with our ability to consistently access the unsecured and structured credit markets at attractive spreads and across multiple asset classes reflects the strength of our platform and provides significant flexibility as we enter 2026. With that, I will turn the call over to Jeff.

Thanks, Rena. As we enter 2026, our priorities are clear. Resolve legacy credit, maintain a conservative balance sheet, and selectively grow our highest returning businesses to restore full earnings power. We exited 2025 with continued stabilization in credit markets and improving transaction activity. Activity is still below peak levels, but trending positively as liquidity returns and rates move lower, supporting originations, refinancings, and more constructive resolution outcomes. Real estate as an asset class has taken longer to normalize than many other parts of the economy, and performance remains uneven across sectors and geographies. We don't expect the volatility in corporate credit markets to have a large impact on CRE fundamentals, which have largely insulated and outperformed in the lower-rate environment. We built Starer Property Trust to operate through cycles, and this year reflected that. In 2025, we raised and repriced a record $4.4 billion of capital in corporate debt, with our debt issued at the tightest spreads in our 16-year history, strengthening liquidity, preserving flexibility to deploy capital accretively while maintaining low leverage, and significantly extending corporate debt maturity. We continued to diversify our business in 2025 with the acquisition of our net lease business, which added over $2 billion of long-term accreted assets with 2.3% annual rent bumps that will add incremental future distributable earnings for years to come. Cap rates have come down since we closed, as have financing costs, which increases the value of the existing portfolio we purchased as we have optimized their financing structure, adding to the long-term tailwinds of the business. As Reena mentioned, we closed one securitization in Q4 and another after quarter end, both at a lower cost of funds than we underwrote, and we are in the process of significantly improving our bank line financing spreads. We continued to increase our pace of investing across businesses in 2025, investing $12.7 billion, including $2.5 billion in the fourth quarter alone. This was our second-largest investing year in our 16-year history, and notably, our global team achieved that volume in an environment where overall industry transaction and origination volumes remained well below historical averages. We anticipate another robust origination year in 2026, which will produce additional earnings along with the funding of $1.9 billion of unfunded commitments Rina mentioned. In commercial lending, we originated $1.7 billion in the fourth quarter and $6.4 billion for the full year. Our portfolio is expected to grow to a record $17 billion in the first quarter, and we expect to continue this momentum in 2026. U.S. office loans represent only 8% of our diversified asset base, the lowest percentage in our history, and well below that of our peers. We have done this by repositioning our loan book to more stable assets like multifamily and industrial, which accounted for 72% of 2025 originations. I will start my discussion on credit and asset management with some positive outcomes starting with multifamily loans to undercapitalized borrowers who are unable to continue to fund through resolution. We have executed multiple sales of multifamily REO at our original basis and have more slated for sale at or near our original basis. We have intentionally avoided forced liquidation, and in doing so, have protected shareholder value by taking over management, executing unfinished business plans, and increasing occupancy and property values. We're seeing tangible improvement across portions of our office portfolio, highlighted by approximately 800,000 square feet of leasing finalized during the fourth quarter, the highest quarterly leasing volume of the year. This total includes a 200,000-square-foot lease at a Brooklyn property that was previously risk-rated 5. That 630,000-square-foot asset was vacant coming out of COVID, and with the pending execution of a third substantial lease, will be 100% leased to three strong credits on a 32-year weighted average lease term, with average annual rent escalations of 2.2%. This is a great outcome for shareholders, again, reflecting our patience, active engagement, and improved leasing momentum. Sales activity has also improved, allowing $200 million of office loans to repay at par in 2025. Year-to-date in 2026, an additional $200 million of loans originated as office have sold or are in the process of closing, including $115 million related to a formerly risk-rated five asset also in Brooklyn. Patience has paid off for us in the past when managing foreclosed assets, and we present value and probability weight potential REO outcomes individually as we decide whether to liquidate or hold and reposition assets, bringing the full strength of the Starwood platform to bear on these situations. We ended the year with approximately $1 billion of commercial loans on non-accrual and $624 million of foreclosures. That exposure is concentrated in a small number of assets, and each of those is in an active execution phase with defined business plans being managed by our in-house asset management team at Starwood. Turning to rating migrations, we had three assets migrate to five in the quarter. The first is a $108 million studio production asset in New York that we co-originated Paris-Passou with two large U.S. banks and owned 32% of the first mortgage. Utilization declined materially following the writers and actors strike. The sponsor has invested substantial equity since origination, but the property has not yet stabilized as originally underwritten. Second is a $269 million industrial asset outside the Midtown Tunnel in New York. We increased the risk rating this quarter due to the sponsor's unwillingness to contribute additional capital. We have increased our involvement and are executing a revised plan with the sponsor, who is currently negotiating lease proposals representing a substantial portion of the vacant space. This newly constructed, well-located asset is positioned for potential near-term stabilization. We also downgraded a $33 million multifamily asset outside Dallas. We anticipate assuming ownership via foreclosure in the near term. Upon transition, we intend to implement a focused value-add plan, as we have successfully done on similar multifamily projects. Our basis is below replacement cost, and our captive asset management team expects to be able to execute on a value-add business plan in the coming quarters. We also downgraded one loan to a four rating, a $90 million mixed-use portfolio in Ireland that we restructured to extend term and provide flexibility while assets are sold down. While asset sales have taken longer than originally contemplated, Transactions completed to date have been in line with underwriting, and our base case continues to support full repayment over time. These are active asset management situations with defined action plans, and while resolution timing may vary, we are highly focused on resolving non-earning assets. Redeployment of this capital will be a tailwind to earnings as we achieve resolutions. Our energy infrastructure lending platform had its largest origination year ever in 2025, investing $2.6 billion across the segment. The portfolio now totals almost $3 billion and remains diversified across power and midstream assets and has one of the highest ROEs in our portfolio. These are senior-secured, asset-backed investments supported by durable cash flows and long-term demand drivers in energy and power markets. Loan-to-values continue to fall in this segment as loan performance remains strong, power needs and capacity auction prices continue to increase, and returns remain attractive. Finally, with the pricing of our seventh CLO, 75% of our SIFT loans now benefit from term non-market-to-market financing, reducing funding volatility. Turning to our new net lease business, Fundamental Income, Rina mentioned our integration is on plan, and we currently have a large pipeline and expect to increase volumes over the course of this year, which, along with 2.3% annual rent escalations, will increase returns in this cylinder each quarter and year. Rina told you we completed our first ABS financing in Q4, and subsequent to quarter end, we executed our second securitization for $466 million, again at tighter than underwritten spreads, which will allow us to continue to accretively invest in this cylinder at today's cap rate. Our net lease business, along with our other own real estate, adds duration and contractual cash flow to the platform, and over time, we expect it to become a more meaningful contributor to run rate earnings. We are a hybrid company with approximately $7.5 billion in real estate, or 24% of our balance sheet. We are different than other mortgage REITs in our peer group. In a period where our stock is significantly underperformed, the stocks of equity REITs and triple net lease REITs have significantly outperformed STWD and other mortgage REITs, with the largest underperformance coming in the last few months. It is important to remember that we are no longer simply a mortgage read. We operate a diversified real estate finance platform with true scale, operating businesses, and a strong, well-capitalized balance sheet with access to capital at the lowest spreads in our history. The diversity and stability across our portfolio continues to uniquely insulate us through periods of sector instability. Our leverage is significantly lower than our peer Group at just 2.4 turns today. While we could enhance near-term earnings by increasing leverage, we have deliberately chosen not to do so, instead prioritizing a strong, durable balance sheet to support our generational vehicle. Insider ownership further reinforces that alignment, standing at approximately 6% or $380 million today, greater than the insider ownership of all our peers combined. We continue to look internally for ways to improve how we operate. We are investing in tools and technology to streamline underwriting, asset management, and reporting processes, and we expect to increasingly leverage data analytics and AI-driven tools as part of that effort. The foundation is in place for STWD 2.0 to come out of this cycle successfully as the only CRE mortgage REIT that never cut its dividend. Looking ahead to 2026 and beyond, resolving our non-accrual in REO or increasing originations pace or volume would allow us to earn more than the $1.95 we earned this year, excluding temporary items that Rina noted. With that, I will turn the call to Barry.

Thank you, Zach, Rina, and Jeff, and good morning, everyone. I'm going to use a slightly different tack as I talk about our earnings and what's going on in our industry and the greater real estate markets this quarter. I think you can see that 2025 was a transition year for started property trust. I'm going to take some comments out of my earnings release and talk about some of the points I made and elaborate on them. The really good news is we built an incredible machine here. We have all the pieces in place to outperform for our shareholders in the long run. And some of our core business had exceptional years with a growing loan book, which has reached record highs, as well as the continued great performance of our multifamily book. Jeff mentioned that 24% or 5% of our assets are in real estate. Our affordable housing book is in some of the best markets in the United States, Orlando and Tampa, where rents remain roughly 50%, 40% below market rates, and we're exceptionally full and have great pricing power. You can see that with the increase in value of the portfolio just in the quarter that Irina talked about. But in addition to our originations, which were strong throughout the year, Our infrastructure lending business, Heritage GE Capital, GE itself, I guess, had a great year. The conduit team had the second-best year in their history. It's rated one of the best conduits in the country. Our special servicing arm, formerly LNR, had a great year also, counterbalancing some of the weakness and some of the property lending earnings and continues to be the number one or two special servicer in the country with an ever-growing book of named servicing and active servicing in its belly. And those businesses delivered excellent results for the year. And even our residential lending businesses, which have been somewhat dormant, gained in value over the year as spreads and rates declined. Those are all really good news. So I tasked Rina in telling me, like, why are we not performing at the levels we have in the past with such good news in the portfolio? And what we saw are three real reasons for that. One, the lack of prepayment penalties that have always been part of our business, but our borrowers stretched maturities and went to not prepaying them, that disappeared. Equally important was we've taken into our earnings non-cash losses, and they are used differently by some of our peers. But if you actually include them because they're not non-cash, we would have covered our dividend. And that also included in that statement the drag of having excess cash. We used to run this enterprise at 2.4 to 2.5 leverage. Beginning of the year, we started at 2.1 leverage, which is a turn to a turn and a half inside many of our peers. And it's really the nature of the composition of our business lines. And then with the fundamental investment we made in the third quarter of the year, we actually, that business, because of its stability and the duration of the cash flows, we levered 3 to 1. and that dragged our overall leverage levels back to 2.4 at the end of the year. But the bulk of our business, X, the fundamental business, triple net lease business, still remains historically under leveraged. And we have a lot of cash trapped in the business. We estimate the cash drag at something like 7 cents for the year. If you add them combined, it's almost 20 cents of earnings. I think it's 12, 7, and something else in Reena can give you the specifics. And that will reliably cover our dividend. So, and then we look at our non-accrual book, which some may look as a problem, and we kind of do, but we also look at it as an opportunity. It's future earnings power for us. When we have first mortgages, like Jeff said, along with two money-centered banks, it's inconceivable the property's not valuable. It's just probably a borrower. In many cases, we find our borrowers are underwater. They don't want to put the money in for TIs. They don't want to put their money in to reposition or even fix out a space for a tenant. So we have to take it back. It takes a lot of time. And once we have control, we can retenant it, reposition it, and in fact, then sell it. So we've chosen long ball. We've chosen the way to approach our company because we own roughly $400 million of stock along with our shareholders as if your capital was our own. And we've chosen to do what's best for ourselves over the long run. A prime example would be an office building that was bought by a household-named firm for $400 million. Our loan was $200 million. We took it back. We could sell it, but it's an office building. We're converting it to a rental building. We're underway. It's going to be a great building in the center of Washington, D.C., and we're confident that we'll return our investment or close to it and maybe make some money depending on how well we do with our renovation. That's far more attractive to us than just dumping it and moving on. So you're going to see these assets, because we are a real estate player at our heart. You're going to see us take back assets, reposition them, and then sell them. And Jeff mentioned in our prior years we've made substantial earnings doing that. We didn't intend to be loan-to-own. Let's not kid ourselves. But given what's happened in the marketplace with the massive increase in rent rates and then the slowdown of the recovery of rents as the market had been overbuilt, we know that going forward these assets will produce earnings for us in the future, albeit not at the pace that I might have hoped, but real estate isn't really that kind of business. and we're very confident in the future earnings power of our business and especially next year as we continue to roll out the capital we've committed but haven't funded on loans we've made this year which Jeff mentioned in just one of our $1.9 billion our triple net lease business which was diluted I think it was six cents in a year should turn accretive next year and we love that business 15 year plus leases never a default ever has ever had if we actually underwrote it with defaults but we've never had a default um and they're just getting to scale now with our capital we've also found that with our expertise in capital markets we've improved materially improved their financing um and so our roes are rising rapidly we just have a lot of overhead on the scale of the business it is today so as the we add assets we get exponential uh better contribution to our to our earnings going forward. And again, I think we will work through this REO book as due haste. We've urbanized ourselves to do so, but we haven't netted those losses against the assets directly and continue to carry them in the manner that Rina has shown you, which is a little different than some of our peers. I think if you look at the industry as a whole, we were facing headwinds for the last three or four years. I mean, real estate wasn't going anywhere. Rates were rising. Everything was outperforming. But I think it's safe to say as we look forward that we have tailwinds now. The decreases in supply in the multifamily market dropping 60%, 70% eventually. We will see record absorptions of apartments in the last year in the United States. Record absorptions. So with supply down and people still being unable to buy homes, we expect the multifamily markets to turn around and that will help our borrowers and that will lower LTVs. And right now, we're going to get an asset back. We're kind of not sure we should sell it or fix it up and then sell it later. But we also think the second big tailwind is interest rates. They're going lower, the pace of which nobody quite can figure out, whether AI, how deflationary it is, how fast it will happen. Will it be deflationary? But interest rates will be lower. The economy is bifurcated. I know the administration doesn't like to talk about a K economy, but you see it. You see in the hotel industry, the only sector of the market that was up last year was luxury. Every other sector, upscale, upper upscale, midscale, lower scale economy, everything was down. And also cost to build, replacement costs continue to stay high. And while they may have dropped a little bit, the cost of building a home, they still remain well above our basis in almost any of the assets in our book. So new supply will be hindered until rents begin to rise again. I guess the negative and the thing that gets us concerned, of course, is AI, what it will mean for wealth, and potentially unemployment. But I think this will be a little bit, the market's wrestling with this right now. We're all watching it and deciding what we think. I think there's one other positive I should mention, which is as rates fall, our transaction volumes will pick up and that will give us more opportunities to refinance other people and other deals or make new loans and new deals and I think real estate as it usually is, is usually a safe haven during times of tumult in the marketplace so overall I think we had a solid year and we positioned ourselves really well for the future for the next couple of years we're excited with our team I also think we're going to make a strong effort to reduce our costs and use AI to do what we do, like everyone else, with higher productivity and less cost embedded in the structure. And that's unique to us. We have very large businesses tucked into our mortgage book, all of which are supported by the REIT. And we hope we can make our people more productive and do so in an efficient manner, and we're very excited about taking on those challenges. So with that, I want to thank the team, and thank you for your support, and we'll take your questions.

Thank you. We will now be conducting a question and answer session. If you would like to ask a question, please press star 1 on your telephone keypad. A confirmation tone will indicate your line is in the question queue. You may press star 2 to remove yourself from the queue. For participants using speaker equipment, it may be necessary to pick up the handset before pressing the star keys.

One moment, please, while we poll for questions.

Our first question comes from the line of Don Fandetti with Wells Fargo. Please proceed with your question.

Hi, good morning. It seems like you're increasing the CRE loan portfolio again in Q1. Can you talk about the pace throughout 2026 and also the return profile of these originations versus historical?

Good morning, by the way.

I think I mentioned in my script that we expect the loan portfolio on the CRE side to go over $17 billion in the first quarter. That would be the first time. You know, we've been growing the loan book for every quarter since COVID, every quarter in COVID, every quarter since we started. I think we've made commercial real estate loans. So it's nothing new. We are obviously sitting on a little bit more liquidity after all the cash out refinancings and raises that we were able to do last year. So our pace has increased as we try to deploy that. Rena spoke a little bit about drag last year. I think we did $6.5 billion or so of CRE lending. We expect to do at least that this year. My gut is that you're going to have more maturities this year. You have people who have executed their business plans on post-COVID or post-rate rise loans. You have a number of loans from before that period that simply need to move out of the pipe. And we also have lower rates, which will create more transaction volume. You know, in 2021, you had high $600 billion of transactions in the market. You'll add two-thirds of that this year. So as transactions move up, as rates move down, as maturities come, we expect more opportunities. We borrow inside most of our peer group. Our last term loan was at 175 over, I believe, on a new issue, which was incredible. And in the high yield markets, we're somewhere around 200 over. No one in our space, well, one person in our space can borrow there, but the rest can't. I think we have a cost of funds advantage. Also being the biggest, We have bigger relationships with the banks who we will tend to repo with. They pick up a cross from us. The cross is worth more with us than it is with anyone else because our lines are bigger, and we have relationships. So I think it looks like a very good year for originations. Last year was our second biggest. I would hope that we would be able to beat that number this year. We have $2 billion closed or in closing in the quarter, so we are still pedal down. We know we have to originate more loans and thoughtfully work out of the REOs and non-accruals to get back to the run rate that we keep talking about by late 26 where we're covering the dividend.

Got it. And I guess, you know, what is your expectation for credit migration near term? I mean, it sounds like you're playing the long game, which we appreciate, but I guess that also means that we'll continue to see these sort of like one off type migrations.

Yeah, Barry, I'll let you go after. Maybe I'll start. You know, in migration, there are people who sell things right away. There are people who, and that is a business plan. There are people like us who will work on them. We don't have a business plan for what we do with a credit and putting the pig through the python. on. We look at every one of them individually. We try to present value what we think the value of getting the amount of cash we would get back in a distressed-ish sale today without working on the asset. And then what's the present value of the cash we get back over the time that we would do it. And then against that, we make assumptions of where we think the property could end up, positives, negatives. We look at our liquidity, our cost of capital, et cetera. And we look at what information can Starwood, the manager, bring to bear to make the asset better. We have a great history of making assets better than the next buyer. The next buyer is going to be a 20% return private equity guy who's going to buy from us at a 10% to 12% cost of capital, and then he's going to back up his bid a little bit because of the things that he doesn't know. We know the asset. We have a lower cost of capital. We can borrow against the assets significantly cheaper than corporate debt than he can. That all goes into our individual business plans as we look at each individual asset without having a business plan that we are a fourth seller or a carrier of assets. And when we look at those, we make the decision as a management team across Starwood Capital and Star Property Trust to either stay in and ride it, which we've done successfully. Barry gave you an example of another one that we're redeveloping we expect to have successfully done. I gave you examples of a number of them that I think we resolved $300 million last year in actual resolutions, not foreclosures. We don't call foreclosures resolutions. Some people do. We had $130 million more fallout, so it would have been $430 million. We hope to resolve. We have a sheet, and we look quarterly at what we expect to resolve. Our goal is to resolve most of a billion dollars this year. And if we execute on that, great. And if we don't, it's going to be because we looked at the present value of the cash flows and the cash flow we got today, and we're going to make the best decision for shareholders on each bespoke asset. So we don't really have a plan. But you asked about credit migration. I think we have our arms around where we think the potential problems are. As you look at that, property types are going to make a difference. The market it's in is going to make a difference. Tenant movements are going to make a difference. It's all very bespoke, but we feel like we really have our arms around where the potential problems are going to be.

Got it. Thank you.

Should I add a few things? Can you hear me okay? yeah go ahead barry yeah i mean i hate to say we don't have a plan we have business much individual aspects and it's it's been um remarkable the amount of money we had one assets that the cap stack was a billion dollars for more than 400 million and the borrower walks when when they walk you know they really haven't obviously tenants want to lease they know the building's in trouble they're not gonna go in the building it's the ti the borrower has absolutely zero incentive to do anything so in multiple cases in our pipeline we expect that and like we are not supposed to be leaking their building towards us and if we're going to put the absurdy here into the ti we want to get the asset back because we can exercise their positions so you know we find them once you play hardball we play fairball and we try to work with our borrowers if we can i think the multi-business is particularly interesting i mean it's one of these businesses you all remember from a long ago we started i-star but what's called star financial changes into i-star and wound up taking back a whole bunch of stuff in txc and sharing themselves into a quasi-equity and paid a fortune obviously our the best thing we can do in a loan is get our money back and that's primarily our business or at least half our business and we're happy to play in that ball game uh it's time in the real estate but you know long term you make more money on the asset since we're comfortable owning great assets although we are looking at what we can recycle once we save a lot of your assets and i'd say like for the most part it's mostly good news you get the staff that's bad to find out there's great demand for it and we're expected to be able to move these properties but i don't get to do this on a quarterly basis our fans don't don't uh march to our quarter rivers and our borrowers don't give up the keys to everything they're you know always willingly in many cases they do uh and and work collaboratively but in the exception they might move slower i think um people are surprised i think in the real estate world today i think borrowers are surprised at the slow pace in the covering of the multi-family market and while you have some positives to coastlines and maybe some of the food color cities have saw no supply but you haven't seen the green shoots you would look at parents reports of every public company, maybe say one, and the growth rate of the Sunbelt markets is not great. The rental growth is not great. We're getting positives on the rules and negatives on releases pretty much across the board. And maybe you're plus one or minus one or plus two or minus two, but it's not robust. And expenses continue to march higher. So you have stressed TNLs. On the other hand, we look at our attachment rates, where we're alone as opposed to like build it or bought it in many cases our loans are traditionally that's a chunk of capital or position multi i'm kind of happy to get it down um we are able to move them you'll see this was probably half a dozen assets we've been in our pipeline in our year today um but you know i'm mixing mixed emotions um if we really like the market the sunbelt may be overbuilt but it's where all the jobs are it's where it's where all the companies are being moving their headquarters It's where the factories are being built, and it's where the cost of living is generally less. It's where the right to work states. They're attractive states and attractive markets for the re-shoring of the industrialization of the country. So, you know, when you know there's a new factory going up in a year and a half, and they have to build in the market, do you want to sell the multi now? Or do you want to be the guy? Jeff said it's an opportunity fund who's going to buy the asset. And we're not as what we do in another part of our world. I always tell Jeff and Dennis, our head of your generation, like, we'll buy it. We don't do that, but we would. And in case, we already own it, so we'll just keep it in the reef. If we want to keep it, we'll just hold it. So, you know, I think it's sloppy for you because we're not – we're a unicorn in our space. And if we really thought, you know, we had an issue, we, you know, we're not worried. is when you take out the non-cash loss, you take out some of the cash track that we know we're going to put into place, and we're pretty confident in front of the middle, we'll reach very leveraged with overhead base. And so once it reaches critical mass at all, we don't have to have a body or a dollar to go to that. So it becomes pretty positive and reliable and recurring and stable, which is exactly that we used to go public in 2009, consistent labor. We've had some potholes, but if you're on the playing field, you have this kind of disruption in our markets including the pandemic in the office markets. It's inevitable, but I'm fairly proud of the same way we're negotiating. I think it's a nice job on some of these oil assets. We're looking at whether we should turn our tools back on in some asset cases, you know, because the performance has improved. So it's a mishmash.

It's unfortunately a little hard to say.

Thanks.

Thank you.

As a reminder, if anyone has any questions, you may press star 1 on your telephone keypad to join the queue. Our next question comes from the line of Gabe Boggy with Raymond James. Please proceed with your question.

Hey, good morning, all, and thanks for taking the questions. I wanted to talk about the residential portfolio and then the infrabook. So on Resi, Jeff, is there a point where, I don't know, in the market where rates get to a certain level where you guys look holistically and say that maybe you can sell the portfolio to kind of unearth the capital that sits under that to go make more infra or CRE loans? And then, Barry, on the infra side, Barry and Jeff, let's just remind us, what's the total opportunity set for the infra lending business? You know, who are your true competitors and how big can that book get over time? Thanks.

Thanks, Gabe. Hey, Barry, again, I'll start unless you want to start. But, you know, your first question on Resi, Resi performance has been great. I think we had a markdown or a gap book value of $247 million back in 22 when the rate change happened. We are significantly below that today. I think it's 100 and after hedges might be a little bit higher than that. But we've got back a significant portion of that by holding on the same strategy that we've used. And also the thing that would surprise you is because we have a lot of legacy RMBS in bonds that we have, I think our ROE on our Resi portfolio, that's heard for you to see because you see loans marked at 96 or 97 that we paid 101 or 102 for. I think our run rate ROE is around 11% today across the entire Resi business. So to your point, two things will make it get better, spread tightening or lower rates. Spread tightening has come our way. Securitization spreads have tightened 25 basis points since January 1st alone. We're at the tightest securitization spreads since the middle of 2022. to. Securization issuance, I think, is $10 billion year-to-date versus $5.3 billion at this time last year. Insurance cares about these assets. They get great insurance treatment, and that along with the street conduits and others, there's a great bid for the types of assets that we've historically liked. That's allowed us to mark them up. That's allowed us to reduce that gap book value loss significantly. So from here, if we can't count on spreads being significantly tighter from here. They probably can tighten a bit, but they've made their move. So to get back from the 96 or 97 or $98 price to par or 101 or 102 rates are going to be the other piece. You mentioned that. Low rates help us because it increases CPRs. We were running at five or six CPR in our non-QM book the last couple of years. We're up to eight or nine CPR today. We get more back at par when that happens. That's good. I think in the house, although we never make bets on rates, we believe rates are probably headed lower. It certainly feels like the AI-driven productivity will match that of previous productivity gains that we've seen and drive rates lower. We don't make any real bets based on that. But if I'm betting on that and betting on rates going lower, that will certainly help that book. As you know, we hedge that book. And so we're always moving our hedge around a little bit. The only way we probably get back to getting that full write-down back is by reducing that hedge a bit and being correct on rates going lower, not something we historically do. And I think we'll wait and see. You create a distributable earnings loss when you take that gap book value hit into earnings. We like the assets. They're returning 11. So I don't think we're going to rush to sell. Barry, unless you have anything on rates, I would then move to Infer. And I have Sean Murdoch in the room.

Barry, do you have anything you want to add on residential not really i mean no we want to go back into adding value and where we're going back into the business it was a good business we're between in place following them we're capable uh we just have to make the numbers work so if we can we would really go back and then if we have that as well so one of the reasons you have a diversified business model is when some aren't available you have money to put out like the verticals. And we should give this introduction to Sean, because we precisely went into that business to have another material lending vertical. So Sean, all yours.

Yeah, well, before we go, I will say we looked at, I think, 21 different resi originators last year. We've talked about getting back into resi originations. The combination of rates being a little bit low and spreads being a little bit tight make it a little bit hard to jump in today, but we're always looking. I can't imagine we don't get back in the origination game on the resi side in the near future. We're just waiting for the right opportunity. And on the infrastructure side, you asked about the potential sides of the market. So I'm going to turn it to Sean Murdoch, who's done a great job of doing sole originations to kind of get off the treadmill of what that market is. But Sean's here who runs that business for us.

Sure. I mean, I think the best way to contextualize the opportunity is to just talk about energy consumption in the United States and a couple of great points, electricity consumption over the next five years is supposed to grow at sort of a 5% kind of annual CAGR. Another good statistic to look at is the LNG export boom we've had in the U.S. We're exporting roughly 15 BCF a day of gas to consumers around the world, that's supposed to double over the next five years. So we feel like there's a big tailwind to growth, both from, you know, the obvious AI data center value chain, as well as LNG exports and other sort of new initiatives that create, you know, a bigger market for us in which to prosecute opportunity. You asked about our competitors. You know, I think it's similar to Dennis's business in CRE lending. You know, we've got commercial banks that still make loans in our space. We also compete with alternative debt funds. They're just maybe not as many as either, given ESG constraints around some participants in the market. The third issuer of infra-CLOs did their first deal at the end of last year, concurrent with our seventh deal, Bearings Asset Management. So competition is growing a little bit, But I think the tailwinds on, you know, demand for energy are significant and inform a much larger opportunity set for us over time.

Thank you, guys.

Thank you. Again, as a reminder, pressing star 1 on your telephone keypad will join you into the queue so you can ask your question. Our next question comes from the line of Jade Rahmani with KBW. Please proceed with your question.

Thank you very much. Just at a high-level follow-up to Don's initial question, do you think credit is getting better or worse? You know, it does seem to have deteriorated in the quarter. However, these could have been primarily problems you already knew about. And the new problems seem to be not in the office. I think that everyone's culled over the office exposure quite thoroughly, but in multifamily, where, as Barry noted, rents remain soft and also industrial. So could you just comment on, you know, your overall view on credit trends?

And you can go after. You know, we had, I hope you heard in the beginning of my discussion, we had a lot of leasing last year across a lot of assets that we may not have thought we would have that. There are always some idiosyncratic things that might happen in the portfolio. And as you mentioned, you know, a couple of industrials, one of them that we moved to five that we actually feel very good about potential leasing on, but we felt it was right to move it to five because the sponsor stepped away. One was a studio deal, not something that was really in our office purview. So I think where it comes from here, as we've seen green shoots, and I mentioned a number of green shoots, and the REO sales at our basis in multi. As I look at our multi book, even if you have a four-cap asset from 2021 that you wrote a loan on expecting a five-and-a-half debt yield, if you only achieved a four-and-three-quarter or five debt yield, you're not losing much money on those. They're very close, and it's just a matter of which side of par are you on. So I think the multi-losses across most of our books should be paper cuts unless someone made a really big mistake. So rates will help bail that out. If you end up with a 3% area forward sofa, which is what the market's saying today, those losses should be completely immaterial for just about everybody. If forward sofa backs up to 4%, then there might be a slightly different discussion. But you nailed it on a few bespoke industrial assets, whether it's market or tenant or other reasons, that's where we're seeing a couple of things pop up. But I would say overall, the positives are better than the negatives. And when I say positives are better than the negatives, to your question, to me, that means the credit cycle has turned a bit. Barry, do you have something to add to that?

Real estate is going to catch a bit. I mentioned that whenever the equity markets rock and shake, people come back. to the top of the sector, the largest sector, the largest asset factor in the world. We were operating in Europe, the US, Australia, and in general, markets are better. We're all confused, I think, would be the word I do. Excited and terrified is really common. I mean, talk about the world and this AI tumult and all the question marks and the fear and the anxiety. And yet, you know, if you see the markets, they're behaving pretty well. The New York City's office market, even despite Montgomery, has been pretty strong. The housing market remains very strong. So the West Coast continues to perform pretty well. And I think the political class and political interactions is something to watch. you know i think i think we have to be careful about both the union costs and assets we lend against and also um cities like of course new york city automatically can copy taxes 80 percent i mean that takes the value of an office building down material if we can actually do it so um we're blessed with not that big a portfolio from the city um and uh we've avoided most of those loans but um that's going to be a an earthquake if he passes that and it's going to go through and then you'll see the interesting thing is sometimes the tenant will pick up those real face backs and if you don't you do what you do on uh certainly on the red ball um on the role of other times so i don't know but it's when it's kind of uncertainty it's uh it's a strange world but in general we're definitely have tailwinds i mean the tailwinds are here i think what you're seeing in our we see it in our special services because some bars are just giving up i mean they They plan for things to get better. It will stay a lot to 25. 25 has passed. You know, the insurance fell, but the NLI lag didn't go up. And whether it's Paris, they kept rates up, or immigration, 2 and a half million people using it, it's last year. Gross growth, actually negative growth in U.S. population for the first time in, I think, ever. I think it's 50 years, never, ever. So, you might have to chat that one. But, I mean, that's definitely affected department markets. You know, there's no doubt, there's deportations and the lack of not only people emigrating voluntarily, but we used to get a million or so legal in events a year, and the U.S., just as you see, international travel is not the most hospitable place at the moment for for the center of people's affections. And so, you know, they're not traveling here and in the middle of the war. When people leave the country, it's actually economic growth. I think some of the weakness of GDP is the factory of no contribution from immigration. So, you know, I think most of us wanted to shudder or seriously lower the amount of illegal immigrants or shudder completely, But legal, I'm going to say, I'm going to be very much in favor of when we need to be able to act together. And the country will be good for the economy, but for the real estate market.

Thank you very much.

Just on the earnings path to covering the dividend, over what time frame is reasonable to expect? Is it your expectation that by the fourth quarter of this year, DE will be in line to potentially greater than the dividend?

And are there any outsized gains you're expecting in 2026? what's outside i'm on an airplane right to this call so right i muted it um i i think you'll see us get a little better every quarter we have a lot of things it's hard to say because there's there are some things we're considering i mentioned turning on non-cooler loans but um that we're still evaluating and uh uh so and and we have some really good things in the pike but we have to get them done so i'd say that um again if you take out the non-cash loss we have the earnings power we wouldn't have it anytime we want it we can sell up assets in our Baltimore there are 56 of them Jeff yep you know we're just trying to we're like I said we're playing long ball and that the assets great and contributing meaningfully and should have virtually no real serious competition it is i have to say if you don't know how hard it is to build affordable housing in this country it is ridiculous and um and and we're in the business i sort of entered it on the equity side and uh with all the what i'll call the brifters along the way that you pay off the consults back the grants you need the not-for-profit you have to get involved it costs almost twice as much now to build an affordable building as a market rate building so the way to do these is not the current structure you basically should build a market rate apartment and then just donate it through not-for-profit and we'd have more affordable housing it's a was an eye-opening experience for me and and uh it takes you know 14 different grants from 13 different associations and you have to do the facts created equity it's quite a weird business um and it doesn't really work very well um they need to do something about this but we should trash the whole structure and try something else because we need affordable housing in all these markets and we have done it's uh you know miami is the most unaffordable city united states half the population makes less than fifty thousand dollars a year occupancy in affordable housing is 99 and a half percent and don't remember affordable housing rents never go down they cannot go down legally so what we're finding though is that the calculation of the rent growth is strong but our ability to pass it on gets a little tough sometimes because you know you feel bad with the people have nowhere to go so it's a very odd corner of the world in real estate that I think we're the late Mason's largest affordable housing owner it was 62,000 units across our portfolio so it's a It's a fascinating business. And you can, and we look at markets where affordable rents have approached market rents, which like Austin, Texas, you can't raise rents where people just move out. But in Orlando and Tampa, where the Reed owns its properties, were, as I mentioned, 30% below market rents. So we're pretty protected with that good runway. And they're also high-cost cities because they're in high-cost cities by the federal government. So we always wind up with a roll over rents But I think, what's the number, you know, that rolled over from two guys and then 25 into two tries and 26 that we can't, couldn't take last year?

Yeah, it's about 9%, Barry, that's carryover.

I mean, 9%? 9%, so it would allow us to take, like, 8 or 9 or 10 individual markets and then the rest of it. The calculation in Orlando, I think, last year was 15% rent for us. They wouldn't let us pass it on, but we take five or six points in the next year. So it's, as I said, it's the gift that keeps on giving. And when we bought those, I think you know me. I said, I want to buy things in the REIT that we'll never have to sell. And I want my kids' estates to have and their grandkids and their gifts. And that is that book. It's a shame to sell it, but it does have. We have no equity in the portfolio. We have refinanced all of our equity. We just did another $2 or $3 million out, negative taxes. and we have a $2 billion gain, something like that. So that's even material on equity base.

About one and a half, Barry.

Yeah.

Okay, well, there we go. Thanks, Barry. So, Jade, I think the earnings trend is improving. I think, as Barry just said, our billion and a half of Woodstar gains give us unique staying power, and we'll continue to work the year to maximize shareholder value. you know, to Barry's other point, and I made it in my opening remarks, but I don't want it to be lost on people. The equity REITs are doing really well. Owning real estate, long-term assets, like Barry said, has been a pretty good trade. For whatever reason, our stock is not trading very well, but we are 24% owned real estate with long duration and large gains. And- Can I, Jeff, can I interrupt?

This is something we didn't say, and I think we should say. You know, our triple net lease business in the market would be by, I think Jeff Johnson, you know, 6%, 6% dividend yield. That's the comp, so if you take the high end, there's some trading even tighter than that. So if it gets to scale and we're not getting the performance of our stock and they continue to do this like a junk credit, we'll spin it out. Because, you know, we have a big gain in that business, or we'll have a big gain in the business. and it's obvious to us that a 60% dividend stream trading in a 10.8% dividend stock is ridiculous. So we're not idiots. I mean, but we'll grow the book and then we'll spin it out and create like we did long ago when we spun out our residential housing business and created Star Waypoint. We'll do the same thing. I mean, we have to get recognized for the value of the portfolio and the stability of the income stream. And, you know, our credit markets actually appreciate it. We have the tightest threads in our sector, but the equity markets don't. And I think it's confusion over some of the different accounting methods between the different firms in our space. And also, I think, you know, they don't have diversification. They don't have the kind of company we put together by purpose. We continue to look at other things, too. So Sean just lost a very large deal. Well, maybe he lost it. We're hoping to get it back. But, you know, there are other things that we have up our sleeve, which could deploy capital really rapidly and get us the earnings power we need faster. So that's why it's hard to answer that question.

That was I asked earlier. Thank you, operator. Are there any more in the queue?

There are no further questions at this time.

Thank you, Barry.

Thank you, everyone. Thank you. Thanks, everyone. I'll be with you next quarter.

Thank you.

And this concludes today's conference, and you may disconnect your lines at this time. Thank you for your participation. Have a great day.