All right. Let's move on here. Thanks for being here again. I'm Alex Graham, Senior Research Analyst at UBS, covering the U.S. exchanges and business services company. Delighted to have, once again, I think for the last two years you were here, Warren, to have ICE here, Intercontinental Exchange, at this conference for the third time in a row, since it's been a UBS conference. So why, Warren, aren't we just going to dive right in? As you know, I'd like to start these conversations, discussions a little bit more of a high-level, followed eyes for 20 years or so. The company has certainly changed over that time frame. It's a very diversified company, three segments, a lot of different drivers, volatility, commodity prices, interest rates. AI is obviously a big topic at this conference. So as you as a manager or as the management team thinks about the outlook for the company here over the next few years, what gets you excited about ICE? How are your positions for attractive growth? Oh, okay.

Well, that's a good place to start, a broad place to start, but that's a good place to start. And thank you for having us again and happy to be here, happy to be back in sunny Miami. So I think, look, when we think about the next couple of years and what we're excited about, I think it's probably good to sort of ground yourself in what ICE is and what we look like. and now it's alluded to it a little bit, but we're a $10 billion revenue company with 60% operating margins. EBITDA, a little bit over $6.5 billion, about $4.2 billion of free cash flow for 2025. And importantly, spread across a number of very important asset classes, equities, mortgages, interest rates, commodities, really the main asset classes across the world. And importantly, within that, we're operating mission-critical businesses and technology and data services that are really the picks and shovels for the people that operate in those asset classes. And so when we think about our outlook and the business mix that we have, we really like that we're 50% recurring revenues, 50% transaction revenues. The transaction business is really spread across all those different asset classes, so a really diverse set of transaction revenues across different asset classes that help us. And ultimately what that helps us do is we've got a business that's very durable and has grown through many different market cycles, many different market environments that, you know, allows us to really look forward and invest in the future and continue to compound that growth through time. And so, you know, we've leveraged that diversity to do that. And as I think about the next couple of years, you know, we'll continue to do those things. I think we'll dig into some of them in more detail later. But there are really a ton of opportunities across the different areas of our exchange business. There's certainly a lot of opportunity with AI and our data services. We're largely proprietary data in terms of what we offer across mortgage, fixed income, and our exchange business. And so I think a lot of opportunity there with AI and the need for data services and data sets that will – quality data sets that will feed into those large language models over time. And so we're really ultimately trying to figure out where the puck is going to go and invest in those areas. And so I think we'll dig into it a little bit more, but ultimately that's kind of what we're thinking about in terms of where the business is going at the moment.

Cool, yeah, let's start digging in and starting with the largest franchise still today, which is energy trading. Very good year last year. Actually, very good start to this year as well, but that certainly makes people worry that comps are going to be tough. Growth has to inevitably slow down. So why does it have to slow down, or why not?

I think you asked me this question last year and the year before that, too. Is that your answer? No, no, no, no. But, you know, and I think it's been exceptional growth, and it's been exceptional growth for the last couple of years. And, actually, if you look past over the life of that energy business, the cumulative average growth rate has been sort of high single digits, It's now kind of edged into the double digits because of the recent trajectory. But certainly it's been strong well before this recent bout of strong volumes that, you know, really underpinned by a couple of secular things. I mean, I think what you've seen around the world is continual globalization of energy as an asset class. LNG has been, of course, an important part of that. It's more gas is getting on a boat, moving around the world. You know, we are the critical provider of risk management tools for that. We have a contract called the TTF contract that's really becoming and really has become the key benchmark for gas for people to price off of as they move LNG around the world. We have several contracts that hang off of that benchmark, whether it's our Japan Korea marker or some of our U.S. contracts that really are important kind of tools within that product suite that help people manage risk as they move gas around the world. We have a similar product suite over in our oil business. It's obviously the cornerstone of that is our Brent contract, where we have hundreds of other contracts that hang off of that contract that allow people to risk manage oil moving around the world from different locations. And so is that globalization and that complexity of the supply chains and things of that nature increase, you know, that's been a real benefit for our platform. And as new ones pop up or new opportunities pop up, you know, we are really well positioned to create those risk management tools and leverage the position we already have. And so, you know, that's been a real important thing for us. Obviously, as we talked about a little bit earlier, but artificial intelligence becomes more of a consumer of power and electricity and things of that nature. I think it will be just another leg of growth. I mean, without that, you know, energy looks like it's poised to grow quite nicely in terms of consumption, global consumption over the next several decades. But, of course, you add something like that, and I think it just is a further propellant. So we feel really good about that platform and its prospect for growth. I mean, as we're entering, well, we're in February now, but I think, you know, open interest is up nicely even after that strong month of volumes. And we continue to see that compound through all this volatility, which is a really good sign for the near-medium term, if not longer.

I'm not sure if this is a short-term, near-term question, but I want to touch on some geopolitical events and the impact on that business. I know there's a few things going on, and you talked about it on the call. The one that I had spent more time on and thought about is what's going on in Venezuela. Now, I'm not an energy market expert, but to me it sounds like it's changing the game of global energy markets and oil. So I'm wondering if you see that, what kind of impact it has to your business. But then also specifically, you just mentioned Brent and all these other contracts. Is that something where you will then have to launch a new contract if those markets become more open, or is your product set already well or even better positioned than others out there?

Yeah, so I think, look, that's a great example of what I was alluding to a little bit earlier, where you have potentially shifting here supply chains around the world with obviously a very important commodity or asset class. And so when we've seen things like this before, I mean, you go back a little bit to Russia and Ukraine to some degree, where Europe was consuming 40% of their gas from Russia, and now all of a sudden that war breaks out, and now Europe has to shift to consuming their gas and LNG from a bunch of other areas. You have a shifting supply chain dynamic. And so when that happens, it certainly creates demand for risk management tools and can be a long-tail demand for risk management tools as a result of that. And so it's obviously very early days in all this. I think should we or could we create a product? I mean, we could. You know, I think what we've always done at ICE is really follow the customer demand and what their pain points are. And so to the extent we see that opportunity and the customers are looking for that, you know, that's a product I think we can easily develop and fit into our product suite as we have done, you know, many times in the past and work with them on how to best design that. And so, I mean, that's been core to how we've built the business today. That's got thousands of contracts across energy has been really following the need of the customer and looking for the pain points that are within their workflow and then developing contracts around that. And so I think to the extent that that does evolve that way, that's something we can absolutely do. I'll say, too, on this point as well, we have several Canadian crude contracts as well that have benefited because they are somewhat similar to Venezuelan crude in terms of the quality and type and things of that nature, the grade quality and things of that nature. And so we've seen a little bit of benefit as people are using some of those to manage some of the risk that's out there today in that market and probably could be a beneficial thing for us to kind of build off of, if you will, depending on how that Venezuelan market evolves over time. But certainly a potential opportunity that we've proven in the past we can capitalize on.

Fair enough. Rounding it out on the derivatives trading side then, I mean, energy gets all the attention all the time, and it has been the growth engine for sure. I think I mentioned earlier about 14% growth in the last five years. but there are a few other businesses in there, rates, acts, etc. which have put on some decent growth as well I think the mid to high single digits anything that you are watching there anything new that you're doing in those marketplaces in particular as it relates to maybe 2026 and again tough comms with last year

yeah, it's a good question we don't get asked a lot about it but yes, open interest in our interest rate business for instance, is I think up almost 50% or so right now. And it's been really, in particular, our Sonya business, or sorry, our Sonya business, sorry, that's doing really well. So, you know, we've been happy with that performance, I think, that in terms of a near-term benefit, that certainly pretends for good volumes in the near term, I think. You know, in terms of interest rates broadly, you asked about futures, but we did get approval for U.S. Treasury clearing, you know, very recently, last week. And so that's an area, too, that we've been able to leverage a lot of the technology and expertise we have in clearing across a lot of different asset classes, but in this case, particularly within our CDS business, to bring this offering to market. It won't be something that necessarily near-term is helpful. I think a lot of those regulations don't come into place until the end of this year, early next year to begin with, but certainly I think a big market, the U.S. Treasury market is obviously significant in size. And so, you know, we think with the quality, the offering that we can bring to market, the expertise we have in clearing and all that, that we can certainly be a meaningful player within that space. And so, you know, that's a, I guess I'd clarify that somewhat interest rates, but in exciting areas for us, we've moved into 27, 28 for sure.

Okay, good. And then maybe just finishing up on the trading business, you know, there's been a lot of discussion around tokenization. even one of the firesides I hosted earlier, it was a big topic. And that's not just equities, but it's a lot of asset classes. But for you specifically, you made that announcement last week. Not last, sorry, recently, two weeks ago, was it? Something like that, on the NYC. So maybe you can just help us with what you're doing, what it means, any timelines. And then, as I mentioned, there are other asset classes that could maybe benefit from tokenization. also on the custody clearing side. So, yeah, what are you doing on the NYC, and what else are you thinking about?

So it's probably helpful to kind of start with what made us sort of decide to do this to some degree. And so we've obviously been hearing a lot about, and we've been studying tokenization and stable coins and that asset class broadly for quite a while now. And there's a clear interest from certain customers around the world for trading tokenized securities. And so we'll start with ETS, and we'll hopefully broaden that as the platform evolves. But what we'll be doing there is, I think, somewhat unique in that we'll be operating under the current regulatory overlay. So that's an important thing. Obviously, we bring the New York Stock Exchange brand and technology to all that. That's an important customer value proposition for us and others. And so I think as we think about how the world could evolve, we'll see. but certainly as it sits today the goal is to operate under the current regulatory overlay which I think is an important thing relative to maybe some other offerings that might be out there and so in addition to that we'll bring as I said the New York State's pillar technology being the underpinning technology stack there as well as some blockchains that we've built that have in-house and so I think importantly we have all the infrastructure technology infrastructure in place to do this and so it really becomes a pretty insignificant kind of incremental expense. These are all pillar for what it's worth is what underpins the New York Stock Exchange. You all know today, so that's not a new thing for us. And so, you know, the incremental expense there is pretty limited. And so like things we like to do at ICE, we're looking for adjacencies where we can leverage the existing technology stack and expertise into these kind of customer opportunities. And so we'll see, you know, how this all evolves. Like I said, there's certainly some interest from some customers around the world. And I think it can bring, you know, potentially some efficiency and settlement. You know, it's obviously got around-the-clock trading. You know, you can trade in Notional, although, you know, things of that nature that certainly certain customer sex or customer channels are looking for. And so, you know, at the end of the day, we'll see how that all evolves. But it's certainly something that we were able to do with some existing technology infrastructure at not a lot of incremental expense. And, you know, if it ends up being a big thing, then I think it's good to have been somewhat of a first mover here in that sense and catch that tail end versus waiting for it. And so in terms of timing, you asked that within that question. It's a bit of I've got to wait and see here because we do have to work through with regulators, you know, to help them understand what it is we're trying to do. And we'll do that over the next couple of months and hopefully get somewhere soon.

Fantastic. All right. And then moving, I guess, to the non-trading side of the business, which is really the FITS business on the data side, 80% of the business recurring and very good acceleration over the last few quarters. So can you talk about what's driving that? If the growth is sustainable, you just gave guidance and I think you made some comments that even you're trending towards the higher end of that range. So maybe talk a little bit more about what can get it to the higher end or if I look at my model, maybe even beyond that at some point.

Yeah, so it's been a bunch of different components of that business that have been driving that growth. And so in our fixed income data analytics business, it's our end-of-day pricing continues to trend well. I think it's electronification of fixed income, a shift to passive fixed income, of course, all those trends that have been around for a while. continue to proliferate throughout that ecosystem. We've been seeing benefit and demand for our pricing data, our real-time pricing data. Our indices have been a double-digit grower for quite a long time, and that, of course, has helped that business as well. And so all that has really continued and been the case for a couple of years now. Within our data and network technology business, our desktop business, our feeds business, have been growing high single-digit to low double-digit. Our feeds business has been benefiting from demand for our data service, high-quality data, as you're probably all aware. And then our desktop business has actually really benefited from our energy business. We have a big especially energy component of that. So that's been an area that's benefited as well. And so all of those have actually been drivers of the growth you've seen over the last couple of years. What's happened more recently within that growth is that our data center business, you hear us call it ICE Global Network, it's really connectivity to our exchanges. It delivers data to people. People are buying capacity. And what they want at the end of the day, and we're seeing increasingly want, is bigger pipes effectively, more demand for data, more demand to put volumes through or messaging through those pipes has increased significantly over the last couple of years. And so we've been investing in that data center footprint that we've had for quite a long time. Mawa is really the data center that came to us with the New York Stock Exchange acquisition. You know, we've built out some of it, but we have a lot of empty space within that building, and we're actually going to be building another building on that campus this year to bring more capacity. And so as that demand has come for more space, we've been investing in building out that space. And so, you know, you've seen that data network technology business within our fixed income data service business go from 5% in 2024 to 7% or more for 7% in the first half last year and now into the 10% range in the second half of last year. And so I think that can be kind of a lumpy business to some degree. Like you sell out some of the capacity and then you've got to reload, but it's something that we've been consistently looking at and investing in. And so I think as we think about the next couple of quarters here, it's got a good outlook. It's got a good outlook for the year. We think we can be in the high single digits for that business, and it's been a core part of, I think, a differentiating part of our strategy to kind of own that data center space. It's been an important part of what we've been able to accomplish. So we'll have a good outlook for that business, and I think the other ones continue to do what they've done is why you can get to those kinds of ranges, and we'll see if we can do a little bit better. But right now it feels pretty good.

Good. Excellent. And then staying on the data business for a second here, last time we did a chat like this actually not that long ago you had just done the poorly market investment and I think at that conference that we talked, you talked about why you did this investment we don't have to rehash all that but what I was actually interested in more is the maybe near term tangible commercial agreement you have with them I think there is I don't want to call it a data reseller but you're basically going to want to try to help them basically bring data to the marketplace. So can you give us an update on when you think this is coming, how we should be thinking even about the demand side of this obviously very strong growing marketplace and prediction markets? And then you're doing something similar with Reddit right now and some other places. So I don't know if there's any read-throughs yet, but I know this is all very new, but as I think about kind of little things that are new and maybe have a broad audience, obviously want to understand what that could be.

Yeah, it's a great question. And so these are data sets that I think we're increasingly finding and hearing from our customers that they're interested in us bringing together. I mean, it's all a bunch of raw data at the end of the day, and this is where ICE's expertise is, that we can help bring and harness and effectively create a product out of and then go and sell that to our institutional customer base, which those are the two things that maybe Polymarket or Reddit don't have as much of. in terms of being able to kind of create the product for the institutional investor and then obviously distribute it to those people. And so that's where we come in and we can really provide a value to that partnership. And so with Reddit, it's probably you can guess. I mean, it's sentiment and sort of signals that we'll be able to harness out of all the data that comes off of that platform and put it in a way that someone can kind of get a sense for what may be happening in equity markets or other asset classes as well. Polymarket is sort of a similar thing in that a lot of what you, If you've been on their website, a lot of what they're posting is real-time probabilities for events that are, in many cases, very adjacent to financial markets, commodity markets, markets that we operate. And so with that investment and that product, we spent a lot of time talking to customers about things that they were doing. And in some of those conversations, we understood that Polymarket was something that some of our investors or, sorry, some of our customers were utilizing to inform risk management strategies on their, you know, in their firms. And so, you know, we made this investment. We agreed to do a data deal. We've been working on that. I think we should have something soon in terms of getting it launched. But really what it is is going to be institutionalizing that data and delivering it to a way that those customers are used to consuming, you know, that kind of data and be able to effectively use it to risk manage better than they can today where they're kind of scraping it off the website. And so I think that's a lot of the value added. And then over time being able to combine these data sets with other data sets to really drive, you know, some interesting insights that you wouldn't be able to do if you didn't have all this stuff in one place. And so that's kind of the next step of this thing. But, again, it's about kind of creating – in this case, it's not necessarily proprietary, but it's certainly in partnership it is in that way, and we have some exclusive on it. So, you know, creating those kinds of data sets that can really be differentiated for our customers is really what we focus on, and this is just another example of that. So we'll see where it gets to. I think, you know, on a $2 billion-plus, you know, recurring revenue business line that we have today in Fixing Data Services, I don't know that it's moving the needle this year not much, But certainly over time, it all has to start from zero, and I think it could be material over time, so we'll see.

Before I get to the next question in FIT, just to clarify, I think when we talked about the guidance, I think you might have said at the end high single digits, but I think it's mid-single digits, but the higher end. All right. And hopefully we'll push it higher.

I figured I'll give you a chance. So the total recurring revenue, we said mid-single digits towards the higher end of that range, And then what I was referring to was the data and network technology business within that, which we think will be in the high school.

Okay, good. Thank you very much. Just making sure we're on the same page. And then on the transaction side of the business, the business doesn't get a lot of attention, but it's doing better, right? Now, I know there's, I think it's very heavy on the muni side, but some other credit business that you've been building. So maybe just give us a little bit of an update and how we should be thinking about 2026. And then, look, it's a business that within the ICE portfolio is smallish and you're not the market leader like you are in other parts of your business, generally speaking. So the question, of course, is do you still have ambitions to get there? Could M&A fit into that equation? How do we think about that business?

Well, let me start with how it's done. And so it was, I believe, a record year for that business or the combined business in that way. And, you know, we grew for the year, and, you know, we saw some really good strength across our municipal bond platform that tends to be more retail in nature. Munis in general tend to be more retail in nature. But also within our corporate business, we had a really strong year, and those are the two key components of that business. And I think one thing that we've tried to do over the last couple of years, and we'll come to your question about what's sort of new and what we're working on there, you know, we'll continue to refine protocols within that business. You know, we've refined our RFQ protocols. We do have click-throughs. to trade. That was kind of the core of those businesses when we purchased them about eight years ago or so, I think somewhere in that range. And so we've been developing new protocols around some of these asset classes as well. We'll continue to do that. That connected to the continued growth within our institutional channel. Those platforms when we bought them had really no institutional presence. And we've slowly but consistently grown that exposure and and grown that customer channel, both in munis and in corporates. And so, you know, that's another, obviously, key initiative that we'll be focused on as we move into the next year. And so, you know, I say all that and end this question with, you know, we're very happy with how that business has been doing. I think it's, you know, it's a helpful business to have, you know, relative to the data businesses that we have. You know, we've been able to kind of cross-sell, you know, across its help to have the data business to sell institutional customers on the trading and vice versa. And so all those things have been synergistic in that way. And so, you know, I've been happy with the performance. Don't feel as we necessarily need to do anything else in that sense. But, look, if you have our opportunity, and I would say this across any area of our business, if the opportunity arose, that something that made sense from an M&A perspective or a partnership or whatever it may be across some form of investment, you see us do a bunch of those things over the last couple of years, then that's something that we would evaluate at the time. But, as I said, happy with how it's doing.

Okay, great. All right, shifting to mortgage tech, which gets sometimes outsized attention for the size of the business, I'm saying. But, look, I'd say the last couple of years have obviously been challenged in that business, both on the recurring side and on the transaction side as well, although that's getting better a little bit here. So can you talk about how much of that business, you know, all those challenges have been really technical, any other factors at play? And then, you know, look, you just gave, obviously, an outlook for this year. Maybe you can talk a little bit more about the puts and takes. There's a lot of ins and outs, new customers coming in, some rolling off. So as we think maybe about the cadence and go through the year, anything you would highlight so we don't get too surprised as we kind of hopefully step up from these current run rates.

Yeah, well, so I would say that, and you've seen the growth improve over the last year, too, you know, relative to what we saw. So we were more in the, closer to the mid-single-digit range this year for that business overall and 5% in the fourth quarter. So we ended the year on, I think, a reasonably strong note. You know, obviously that was helped a little bit by the boom and refi, mini-boom and refi in the fourth quarter. And in January, I can tell you, it continues to be pretty good. But you don't know where that's going to ultimately go as rates move around as you move through that course of the year. And so I think we're very happy, given the fact that we're still in a mortgage market that last year was probably the third worst year in the last 30, with the two worst years before that being the year before and the year before that. So we're coming out of the depths of that sort of challenging market, for sure, and somewhat reasonably slow-paced, but certainly improving each year. And so I think that's been helpful, obviously, to our revenue to some degree because we get a little bit more transaction revenue, but I also think it's been helpful from just a customer sentiment and a customer investment standpoint, too. And so throughout these last couple of years, we've continued to see some strong sales, things of that nature. And so we're growing the network. Customers are buying more in Compass product They're buying more of our analyzers. We're adding customers to MSP, and so we're expanding our network, which is ultimately what we are really focused on at the end of the day, not necessarily what the mortgage rate is going to be next month. We figure if we can continue to grow this network through an environment like this, we'll be able to probably grow up better in a better environment, but when that environment does come, we'll be that much better off because we'll have that expanded network. And so, you know, as we think about next year, you know, that will be the goal for us, to continue to expand that network. We can't control interest rates. You know, we can't control those kinds of things. And so, but as we think about the next year, or this year, I should say, in terms of what we expect, you know, we do expect another year of low to mid-single-digit growth overall. I think towards the higher end of that range, you probably get an environment where it's sort of a low teens kind of origination market growth that still probably puts you in an abnormally low mortgage market relative to what you've seen historically, but certainly improving and heading in the right direction. And then towards the lower end, you'd probably have more flat to modest kind of origination And so, you know, and within that, you know, we do expect our recurring revenues to grow, which is somewhat of a proxy, not a perfect one for us, what I said earlier, which is us, you know, growing that network and setting us up for when that normalization does come. So we feel good about the progress we've made on that front. I think it'll be a solid year, ultimately. I can't predict what the market's going to look like, but I think ultimately it looks like it'll be a solid year, and, you know, I think we'll continue to make progress in

And then on the, staying on the mortgage business, you know, when it comes to new client wins, again, a lot of excitement when you had J.P. Morgan, because it's obviously a large, large client. There's been some other wins, and I think you just had the best quarter of new encompass signings, so it seems to be moving in the right direction, but I think everybody's waiting for these huge household names that I think we expected with ICE running this business and leveraging relationships that we're going to see more of that. So anything you can talk about how the pipeline is looking, how discussions with those larger players are, and then I need to ask about the other side. Anything else we should be mindful of where maybe something chunkier could be, for whatever reason, M&A, et cetera, could be getting lost.

Yeah, well, so on the big bank question, if you will. So, yeah, we've absolutely added several of those, and I would extend that into some of the medium and small-sized banks as well, and that was really a huge opportunity for ICE mortgage technology as we were acquiring Black Knight in 2023 is when we closed, but we announced it in 2022, was because the legacy Ellie Mae product and Compass, the loan origination system, had largely, almost entirely, been non-bank customers. And so it was a customer channel, banks this is, was a customer channel that we hadn't really tapped into. And one of the things that Black Knight brought us was the servicing platform, MSP, which had a ton of banks on it. And so we've been able to, I think, successfully cross-sell not just a large bank like J.P. Morgan, but a lot of the medium and smaller banks as well, and I think that's been a helpful thing for us. Now, one thing is that a lot of times, particularly the larger ones, it can take 18 months. It can take a couple years to implement those, and at times that's not because we're slowing things down. It's because the bank wants to go at a certain pace for whatever reason it may be, and we're happy to facilitate that. And so these can take a long time, and that's some of the reason I think maybe you're speaking to it in that way. And so as we look to next year, we'll see more of that start to come on. We've got now $100 million, roughly speaking, of revenue synergies that we've announced. That's up from $55 million when we announced them last year, or we gave you an update last year. I would say about a third or a little over a third of that $100 million is actually in our revenue run rate right now. And so over the next couple of years, not only will that 100 continue to go higher as we cross-sell, but more of that current 100 will start to come into that run rate and I think will, of course, be beneficial for us. But again, it can take some time to start the implementation. It can take some time to ramp that implementation once it is installed, and then that's a little bit what we're seeing. So I think we feel good about how things are coming on the implementation of the sales front for sure. On the attrition component, we haven't really seen, you know, So customers don't really leave unless it's for M&A consolidation or maybe if they go out of business. And so we've got a very high retention rate on that standpoint. But to Alex's question, there has been some M&A, some pretty unique M&A in the space the last year or so that will have an impact on us as we move through this year. It's probably two points on our recurring revenue or so that you can think through. We've talked about this a couple of times in the past, so it's not really new information on that front. But certainly, you know, a bit of a headwind that I think is unique in the space and, you know, with some of these sales coming through and the implementations coming through, as I said, you know, also we expect some of the minimums in our encompassed contract. We expect the headwind from those that we've seen the last couple of years to dissipate a little bit or, you know, we'll still have some headwind, but it'd be much less than what we had prior years. So all that kind of comes together, even with some of the headwinds from M&A, that it should lead to some growth in recurring revenue this year on top of what we saw last year, too, as well.

All right. And then quickly to round it out on the maybe other side of the income statement, can you just, for everybody's benefit, talk about your long-term expense philosophy? You are the CFO of the company. I think that's in your department. So, look, what are the biggest investment areas over the next couple of years we should be thinking about? You obviously just gave your 2026 cost guidance. So any particular items you would point out? Yeah.

Well, I mean, maybe it's a little – it's business as usual for us. And so we always are constantly and continuously investing in the business, whether it's some of the new opportunities. We talked a little bit about tokenization. We talked a little bit about U.S. Treasury clearing. Those are pretty small incremental investments because we've got the existing infrastructure in place. But, you know, we're continuously doing that, so we never have to catch up at one point. We don't get caught off guard. So we're always going to be investing in the business that's part of what we do every year and what we budget for. You know, the investments will change a little bit each year, of course, as we kind of – as things come up and whatnot. And so as we think about this year, you know, I think one thing to call out that maybe is a little bit, that is increasing a little bit, but none of it is AI. And so, you know, obviously we've talked a lot about some of the products that we're supporting on the mortgage side, whether it's some of the customer service products or some of the, you know, some of the analyzer products that help with your origination workflow and help automate those workflows, you know, those are investments we're making. But we're also making, we haven't talked as much about this, but, you know, investments in terms of employee productivity, bringing some of these models to our rolling out across our employee base to really drive, you know, increase productivity across it. And so that's certainly an area that we're investing in. It's a little different than maybe a few years ago. And then also, and I alluded to a little bit earlier, but our data center footprint is, of course, an area that we're investing in as we build those out further. Again, we have a lot of the real estate already, but fitting those out and then operating those, you know, costs a little bit more, of course, you know, as you get bigger in that space. But those are, of course, investments that we're more than happy to make. I mean, that's a business, as we said a little bit earlier, is growing in the double digits right now. So that's kind of a no-brainer. So I would say, you know, in addition to all the regular way investments that we do, obviously invest in our people, you know, and broadly across technology, I would say those are probably two areas that are maybe, I don't know if I'd call them unique because they'll probably be with us for a while here, but certainly a little bit different than maybe the last couple of years.

And then finishing up with capital allocation, of course, you know, You obviously delivered. You've been buying back more stock already here in the last couple of quarters. So I'm not sure if there's much else to talk about. But, yeah, look, is that the cadence that we should be expecting on the buyback side? M&A is always something that fits into the ICE strategy. We know that. So, look, anything that you would point to areas that you're excited about on the M&A side in particular?

Yeah. Yeah. Well, look, I'd say the way we think about it is, you know, we, like I said, we did $4.2 billion of free cash flow, so we're going to invest in the business before we do anything else. So that's the first thing is CapEx side, obviously, and other investments. And then we'll pay our dividend, of course. And we do like to grow that dividend. And, you know, over time, we like to be kind of more in the, have been more in the double digit range in terms of growth, maybe not every single year, but on average. And so that's an important component, I think, of the story for us. And then after that, yeah, Alex mentioned it earlier. I mean, we will look for M&A, and we are always looking for those opportunities. They have to meet the right criteria for us, and so it's got to generate the right returns. We've got to make sure we can get those synergies out. We want to make sure that we can grow that business or it grows our business faster than we otherwise would have grown. So the one plus one is three kind of a scenario. So all those things at a high level are really kind of the strategic boxes we want to check at the end of the day. And if we can do that, that's something we're going to take a closer look at. Absent something on the M&A front, you know, we've been happy to return the balance of that excess cash or capital to shareholders through buybacks. And, you know, more recently, we've also, we are at three times leverage. We do have a little bit of CP. CP is, you know, a foreign change in terms of where it's running right now, in terms of a rate. You know, that is something that, you know, we're happy to pay down a little bit, chip out a little bit. but I'd say more of the balance will go toward buybacks at the moment, given where our stock is. So, you know, again, you know, caveat being if we find investments or M&A opportunities or things like that, you know, we'll obviously, we'll divert capital that way. But absent those, I think it's what we've done historically, which has really returned all that to shareholders through buybacks, dividends. Amazing.

We probably have time for one question in the room. If anybody has anything pressing, you can do it through the iPad or app. but I'm happy to take a question in the room. We have mics. Common occurrence, everybody. Did we get to everything? Look, I'll ask one more question real quick, and I think you did talk about AI a little bit throughout the conversation, but anything you would talk about in terms of biggest opportunities for you on the revenue side or maybe also on the cost side, and then, look, it's been very topical around disintermediation again. You saw that last week. Your stock did get caught up in that as well, I think, a little bit. I think people are mostly focused on the FIT side, maybe a little bit on the mortgage side as well. You talked about it a little bit, but anything you can help us with in terms of how you're positioned to win but also to defend in that.

Yeah, and maybe that's one answer, right, because you kind of can't do both. So you think about the FIT business that we have. It's largely proprietary data. uh it's that and it's high quality proprietary data i mean we've always seen you vote we we are not the cheapest offering out there um we have seen for years people try to come in with which much lower cost offerings and the market the pendulum you know shifts back to the quality ultimately when you have volatility and so you and you've seen us obviously grow that through a number of different cycles and we have 50 something years of history across three million bonds, that it's just really difficult to replicate. And the secret sauce of that is the algorithm that we use to produce those prices and the reliability of those prices that you know they're right. I don't know that you can have that confidence with maybe an AI model or something along those lines. And you certainly don't want to have to rip all those correct prices and history of prices out of your models that you're using today and compliance models, all those kinds of things that are critically important. So, you know, as we think about what that means, it means that all these LLMs and all these AI tools are going to need and want, obviously, our high-quality data, and I think that's going to be where we play a role is we can provide that. And so I think we're thinking about this as a big opportunity for us from that perspective, from a proprietary data side on the fixed income side, but then also potentially on the mortgage side, too, where we have a lot of proprietary data as well. And so, you know, that's an area that we're excited about. I think it's still kind of early days in terms of us being an input there, but certainly an area that we've seen some interest in and are excited about. And so I think other than that, I think on the mortgage side, the opportunity for us is this is really a core system of record that we're offering people. This is a highly regulated business. You've got money flowing through these systems. They're core to people's operations. It feels pretty defensible at the end of the day from that perspective. and what we're ultimately trying to do here for people is create more efficiency in their workflow and again I think we're going to be building and you've heard us talk about the last couple of quarters a bunch of AI tools that we're going to be plugging into those networks those core systems of record that people operate across their businesses to really bring a greater efficiency than we were already bringing before and so when we look at AI as an opportunity for that business to bring more efficiency than what we've seen and I think really help advance the industry in terms of what we've been trying to do the last couple of years.

Okay, fantastic. Good place to end. So Warren, thanks for coming again, and please help me thank him. Thanks, everybody.